most active stories on air staff and wpm interns thu november 15, 2012 why coke cost a nickel for 70 years originally published on mon november 19, 2012 12 : 04 pm prices change ; that ' s fundamental to how economies work. and yet : in 1886, a bottle of coke cost a nickel. it was also a nickel in 1900, 1915 and 1930. in fact, 70 years after the first coke was sold, you could still buy a bottle for a nickel. three wars, the great depression, hundreds of competitors — none of it made any difference for the price of coke. why not? in 1899, two lawyers paid a visit to the president of coca - cola. at the time, coke was sold at soda fountains. but the lawyers were interested in this new idea : selling drinks in bottles. the lawyers wanted to buy the bottling rights for coca - cola. the president of coca - cola didn ' t think much of the whole bottle thing. so he made a deal with the lawyers : he ' d let them sell coke in bottles, and he ' d sell them the syrup to do it. according to the terms of the deal, the lawyers would be able to buy the syrup at a fixed price. forever. andrew young, an economist at west virginia university, says the president of coke may have signed the contract just to get the guys out of his office. " anytime you ' ve got two lawyers in your office, you probably want them to leave, " young says. " and he ' s saying, ' i ' ll sign this piece of paper if you ' ll just please leave my office. ' " bottled drinks, of course, took off. and coca - cola was in a bind. if the bottlers or a corner store decided to raise the price of a bottle of coke, coca - cola wouldn ' t get any extra money. so, if you ' re coca - cola, you want to somehow keep the price down at 5 cents so you can sell as much syrup as possible to the bottlers. what do you do? " one thing you do is blanket the entire nation with coca - cola advertising that basically has ' 5 cents ' prominently featured, " young says. the company couldn ' t actually put price tags on the bottles of coke saying " 5 cents. " but it could paint a giant ad on the side of a building right next to the store that says, " drink coca - cola, 5 cents. " " since everybody was brainwashed — people saw these ads all


coke saying " 5 cents. " but it could paint a giant ad on the side of a building right next to the store that says, " drink coca - cola, 5 cents. " " since everybody was brainwashed — people saw these ads all over — it was hard for anyone to increase the price, " says daniel levy, a professor of economics at bar - ilan university in israel and at emory university in atlanta. that contract with the bottlers eventually got renegotiated. but the price of coke stayed at a nickel. that was partly due to another obstacle : the vending machine. the coca - cola vending machines were built to take a single coin : a nickel. levy says the folks at coca - cola thought about converting the vending machines to take a dime. but doubling the price was too much. they wanted something in between. so they asked the u. s. treasury to issue a 7. 5 - cent coin. at one point, the head of coca - cola asked president eisenhower for help. ( they were hunting buddies. ) no luck. in the end, inflation killed the nickel coke. the price of the ingredients rose. in the late 1940s, some stores sold cokes for 6 cents. the last nickel coke seems to have been in 1959. the nickel price had lasted over 70 years. and in retrospect, andrew young says, it wasn ' t a bad thing for the company. it ' s one reason coke is everywhere today. the company couldn ' t raise the price. so it did the only thing it could : it sold as many cokes as possible. linda wertheimer, host : all prices change. that ' s basic economics. and yet, know what the price of coca - cola was in 1886? a nickel. steve inskeep, host : in 1900? a nickel. wertheimer : 1910, still a nickel. inskeep : 1920, a nickel. wertheimer : david kestenbaum, with our planet money team, has the strange story of why coke price got stuck for so long. david kestenbaum, byline : daniel levy stumbled on this economic mystery while he was on a tour of the coca - cola museum in atlanta with his kids. the tour guide just mentioned that for decades coke had cost a nickel. and levy thought wait, what? daniel levy : and i said can you say that again? and he repeat that. and i, kind of, grabbed my head. right? i said


guide just mentioned that for decades coke had cost a nickel. and levy thought wait, what? daniel levy : and i said can you say that again? and he repeat that. and i, kind of, grabbed my head. right? i said how can that be? kestenbaum : levy is an economist at bar ilan university and emory university, and he enlisted a colleague. andrew young : daniel came and said that he ' d found this crazy thing, do you want to help me out with this project? kestenbaum : this is andrew young, now an economist at west virginia university. the more the two thought about it, the same price for 70 years, the stranger it seemed. think of all that had happened? levy : we had great depression. young : three wars, spanish - american, world war i, world war ii. levy : competitors including pepsi - hundreds of competitors. levy : various lawsuits, and none of these things made any difference. kestenbaum : andrew young found one story that seems to explain part of the mystery. in 1899, two lawyers, from chattanooga, tennessee, pay a visit to the president of coca - cola. at the time, coca - cola is sold at soda fountains. but the lawyers are interested in this new thing - bottles - selling drinks in bottles. they want to buy the bottling rights. and the president of coke thinks pfft bottles. so he agrees to sell them the syrup to make coca - cola for a fixed price forever. the contract had no end date. young : my best take on it is, i mean, any time you got two lawyers in you office you probably want them to leave. right? and he ' s saying i ' ll sign this piece of paper if you all just please leave my office. kestenbaum : bottled drinks took off and coca - cola was in a bind : if the bottlers or a corner store decided to raise the price of a bottle of coke, coca - cola wouldn ' t get any extra money. so if you ' re coca - cola, you want to somehow keep the price down at five cents, so you could sell as much as possible. what do you do? young : well, one thing you do is blanket the entire nation with coca - cola advertising that basically has five cents prominently featured. kestenbaum : think about how brilliant this was. the company couldn ' t actually put a sticker on the bottles of coke saying five cents. but it could paint an ad on the side


- cola advertising that basically has five cents prominently featured. kestenbaum : think about how brilliant this was. the company couldn ' t actually put a sticker on the bottles of coke saying five cents. but it could paint an ad on the side of a building right next to the store that says drink coca - cola - five cents. here ' s daniel levy. levy : point is that since everyone was brainwashed, people saw these ads all over. it was hard for anyone to increase the price. kestenbaum : that weird contract with the bottlers eventually got renegotiated. but still, the price of coke stayed a nickel, in part because of another obstacle - this one about the size of a refrigerator and painted red - the vending machine. the coca - cola vending machines were built to take a single coin, a nickel. levy says the folks at coca - cola thought about converting the vending machines to take a dime. but that would double the price. really, what they wanted was something in between. levy : it is so a clever idea, what they came up with. they said how about we ask the treasury to issue a seven and a half cent coin. kestenbaum : the u. s. treasury, the government? levy : yeah. yeah, yeah, yeah. kestenbaum : at one point, the head of coca - cola asked the president of the united states - eisenhower - for help. they were hunting buddies. but no luck. the thing that finally undoes the nickel coke is inflation. the price of the ingredients, of everything, starts to go up and up. in the late 1940s, some stores sold cokes for six cents, seven cents. the last nickel coke seems to have been in 1959. the nickel price had lasted over 70 years. and in retrospect, andrew young says, it wasn ' t a bad thing for the company. it ' s one reason coke is everywhere today. the company couldn ' t raise the price so it did the only thing it could. it sold as many cokes as possible. young : at one point, associated with the military, there were coca - cola bottling operations on every continent except for antarctica during world war ii. all there to make sure that our soldiers could always get coca - cola for a nickel. kestenbaum : nickel coke appears to be the longest documented case of a price not changing, in modern history. david kestenbaum, npr news. wertheimer : it ' s


swallowtails : ozark woodland swallowtail ( papilio joanae ) ( lepidoptera : papilionidae : papilioninae : papilionini ) profile prepared by mace vaughan and matthew shepherd, the xerces society for invertebrate conservation the ozark woodland swallowtail is restricted to dry forests in the ozark region of missouri and northern arkansas. this butterfly is not rare where it occurs and populations appear stable currently with few direct threats. however, due to its very restricted range, populations may be vulnerable to catastrophic events such as wildfire or the widespread treatment of forests with pesticides. xerces red list status : vulnerable canada – species at risk act : n / a canada – provincial status : n / a usa – endangered species act : none usa – state status : none iucn red list : n / a the ozark woodland swallowtail is not rare where it occurs but it has a very limited range, essentially the ozarks of missouri and rarely arkansas. currently, populations appear stable and secure but this could quickly change. the ozark woodland swallowtail is, like other members of the family papilionidae ( swallowtails ), a large, showy butterfly. its wingspan is 3¼ to 4 1 / 16 inches ( 8. 2 to 10. 2 cm ). this swallowtail is nearly identical to the black swallowtail ( papilio polyxenes ). males are black on both sides. the uppersides have both postmedian and marginal bands of irregularly shaped yellow spots. on the hind wings between these two bands is a submarginal band of indistinct blue spots, with a red eye spot on the trailing edge. the black pupil of the eye touches the inner edge of the wing. the undersides of the wings are similarly marked, except that the yellow spots are whitish or with an orange tint and the blue spots more obvious. females are similar to males, except that they are dark brown. on the upperside, the yellow spots are generally smaller and paler than the males and the blue spots on the hindwing more extensive ( appearing more like patches than spots ). on the underside, the forewing spots are fainter and the hindwing spots are brighter. papilio joanae j. r. heitzman, 1974. it was previously considered synonymous with papilio polyxenes fabricius, 1775. common names include ozark swallowtail and joan ’ s swallowtail. this is a woodland butterfly found in the ozark


. r. heitzman, 1974. it was previously considered synonymous with papilio polyxenes fabricius, 1775. common names include ozark swallowtail and joan ’ s swallowtail. this is a woodland butterfly found in the ozark dry forests. it is associated with cedar glades and openings, and other sparsely wooded areas. larval hostplants are yellow pimpernel ( taenidia integerrima ), meadowparsnip ( thaspium sp. ), and golden alexanders ( zizia aurea ). joan ’ s swallowtail does not use highly disturbed or agricultural habitats. there are two flight periods between april and september. this species overwinters as chryslids and the first generation of adults emerges in april. eggs are laid singly on hostplants and the caterpillars eat leaves and flowers. adults drink nectar of rose verbena ( glandularia sp. ), wood betony ( stachys sp. ), puccoon ( lithospermum sp. ), and false garlic ( nothoscordum sp. ). the ozark woodland swallowtail is restricted to the ozark region of missouri and northern arkansas. there is one isolated record from kentucky. courtesy of butterflies and moths of north america, big sky institute. populations of this butterfly appear stable currently with few direct threats. due to its very restricted range, however, populations may be vulnerable to catastrophic events such as wildfire or the widespread treatment of forests with pesticides. when the gypsy moth reaches the ozarks — as it almost certainly will — spraying will pose a significant threat to this butterfly : there is growing evidence that ozark woodland swallowtail larvae are exceptionally sensitive to btk, and may even be killed by month - old residue on leaves. collection of the ozark woodland swallowtail for sale may be of growing concern if collection pressure increases. the collection of this species likely won ’ t pose a problem at current levels given the current population size. because of the high price paid for pinned specimens ( $ 200 or more ), it may become a significant threat that needs to be addressed. although this species is not rare in the areas where it is found, its range is small enough to warrant conservation attention. small populations are vulnerable to environmental change. while occasional wildfires may not harm the species and can improve and open up new habitat, burns on a cycle shorter than five or ten years, or of large areas, could have a negative impact on local populations.


populations are vulnerable to environmental change. while occasional wildfires may not harm the species and can improve and open up new habitat, burns on a cycle shorter than five or ten years, or of large areas, could have a negative impact on local populations. great care needs to be taken when planning and implementing spraying operations for forest pests. monitoring of known populations would be valuable to assess the impacts of environmental changes, especially if the gypsy moth reaches the ozarks. studies into the impacts of forestry practices, such as thinning and herbicide use, would be useful. heitzman, j. r. 1974 [ “ 1973 ” ] a new species of papilio from the eastern united states ( papilionidae ). journal of research on the lepidoptera. 12 ( 1 ) : 3 - 7. heitzman, j. r., and j. e. heitzman. 1987. butterflies and moths of missouri. missouri department of conservation, jefferson city, mo. opler, p. a. ( chair ), j. m. burns, j. d. lafontaine, r. k. robbins, and f. sperling. 1998. scientific names of north american butterflies. fort collins, co. opler, p. a., and v. malikul. 1992. a field guide to eastern butterflies. peterson field guide # 4. houghton - mifflin co., boston, ma. scott, j. a. 1986. the butterflies of north america. stanford university press, stanford, ca. big sky institute, butterflies and moths of north america : ozark swallowtail ( accessed 1 / 21 / 09 ) natureserve explorer ( accessed 9 / 23 / 08 ) vaughan, d. m., and m. d. shepherd. 2005. species profile : papilio joanae. in shepherd, m. d., d. m. vaughan, and s. h. black ( eds ). red list of pollinator insects of north america. cd - rom version 1 ( may 2005 ). portland, or : the xerces society for invertebrate conservation.


| yale - new haven teachers institute | | home | elsa m. calderon the art component includes visual art and film. art and film are essential components of this unit and are covered in several ways : using specific artists to introduce literature, using specific artists and films to present the themes covered in literature in a different way, and using art and film to highlight the themes of race and ethnicity. the artists themselves are of diverse racial backgrounds and their works reflect in different ways the hispanic identity. a schematic chart is provided to enable spanish teachers to adapt the sequence to the needs of their particular students. the sequence tracks the recommended authors for ap literature, includes background information of the authors ' countries and cultures, and connects these authors to artists who reflect the three ethnicities that make up the hispanic identity : spanish, african, and native american. in order for all students to succeed in the ap course, the pre - ap course must be rigorous and preparatory. it must build on the four skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing, so that the students enter the ap class with a high level of proficiency in all four skills. it must enrich the students´view of hispanic culture. culture is an intrinsic part of the ap course and culturally authentic materials must be presented throughout the year. this unit does not address all these needs, since that would be an ambitious and lengthy publication. rather, this unit provides the ap teacher with ideas for motivating students to continue the study of spanish and to increase mastery of the four skills via a unit that encompasses art, film, and literature. it is my hope that new ap teachers may find this unit useful and that veteran ap teachers may find renewed energy by incorporating some of the ideas in this unit into their lesson plans. the central metaphor is the one offered by carlos fuentes in his book and films of the same title : the buried mirror. ( 2 ) he states that the connection between latin america, spain, and latinos in the united states is similar to a series of mirrors that reflect back and forth across the ocean. he notes the importance of mirrors in history, art, and literature. he mentions the mirrors of don quixote, the mirror of velazquez, the mirror of quetzalcoatl, and the buried mirror of the indigenous populations of mexico. he proposes that the hispanic culture in general has several levels and compares that multiplicity or complexity to a mirror that lies partly concealed, partly buried. ( 3 ) it is the challenge of all students of spanish culture and literature


the indigenous populations of mexico. he proposes that the hispanic culture in general has several levels and compares that multiplicity or complexity to a mirror that lies partly concealed, partly buried. ( 3 ) it is the challenge of all students of spanish culture and literature to examine this conceit and develop their own buried mirror after careful examination of their own ethnic background. a related theme to that of the buried mirror is that of the buried city. throughout the conquest of latin america, it was the custom of spanish conquistadores to raze the indigenous cities and build their cities on top, effectively burying the ancient city in an effort to eradicate the older culture. mexico city is an example of this burial, in that the aztec city of tenochtitlan lies buried under the modern mexico city. the painting by antonio ruiz of la malinche illustrates this buried identity ( 4 ). it shows a sleeping aztec woman, la malinche, under a blanket that is weighed down by an intricate system of buildings, a city in effect. beneath the reality of one culture or city is the physical reality of an older culture which may lie dormant but will never be forgotten by its people. some authors have commented on this brutal custom of the spanish conquistadores to destroy a sacred site or vibrant city and construct a spanish building. luis recalde writes in his curriculum unit 99. 02. 10 that the spanish tried to " destroy and bury the cultures of the natives, as in the classic case of tenochtitlan. " he notes that the spanish gained control of the conquered population as they physically destroyed symbols of their past and their present, including religious centers and religious buildings. ( 5 ). for purposes of this unit, students may benefit by reading about the conquistadores in mexico, in order to understand the message of ruiz ' painting, a recommended source for teachers and students is the book by luis rivera pagan, entitled evangelizacion y violencia : la conquista de america, cited by recalde in his 1999 unit : art images of tenochtitlan - past and present : the case of the virgin of guadalupe. ( 6 ) in literature, this buried background may be found in the poem of nicolas guillen, in his poem entitled the ballad of my two grandfathers. one of the grandfathers is a white spanish conquistador, whereas the other grandfather is an african slave. they had never met, but the author is the grandson of these two men and he joins them in his poem, that they may


hispanic culture may be viewed as an aleph, where all may be seen at the same time, without confusion. these ideas and metaphors of carlos fuentes and jorge luis borges are very deep and challenge the students to use their imaginations and higher thinking skills to comprehend them and to apply them to latin america today. i have found my students respond well to these intellectual challenges and it is my challenge as a teacher to facilitate discussions, help students analyze and apply the concepts and metaphors, and suggest artistic and writing activities so that students may show evidence of their grasp of these themes. as compared to the mirror, which reflects and at times distorts, but nevertheless reveals much to you, especially if you look at the buried mirror, the aleph discloses all to you in one blinding moment. students will study the aleph as a metaphor, read borges´story entitled the aleph, as well as other stories in the book of the same title, and design their own alephs, in written form as well as in original illustrations. note on the metaphor of the mirror : the authors and artists who explicitly use the metaphor of the mirror, buried mirror or buried city are so indicated. however, the author of this unit has used the metaphor of the mirror in a broader way, to include reflections, distortions, and omissions. the other authors and artists have been included because the way they handle the discussion of race and ethnic identity suggests an understanding of the multiple ethnic layering that inherently includes the concept of more than one, as in more than one ethnicity, with the likelihood that one is viewed and one is kept hidden or buried. what is perhaps buried in the americas is the history of the native americans, the precolombian civilizations, and the ensuing african presence. what is perhaps buried in spain is the history of oppression of the gypsies and the persecution and expulsion of the moors and jews. the reasons i chose these three paintings, besides being readily available in both text and video formats, are that they introduce the themes of racial and ethnic identitites in latin america, they reflect the ethnic heritage and cultural reality of colombia, cuba, and mexico, and they have stimulated wonderful student discussions with my students as art per se. each painting embraces a relevant theme in latin america. la familia presidencial depicts extremely fat people who are archetypes found in latin america : the family, the priest, and the military man. umbral depicts three figures of african origin. el


relevant theme in latin america. la familia presidencial depicts extremely fat people who are archetypes found in latin america : the family, the priest, and the military man. umbral depicts three figures of african origin. el jaguar y la serpiente is rooted in the indigenous cultures of mexico by its use of animals that have a strong symbolic value for the native mexicans. after viewing the three paintings and discussing their connection to the three cultures, students are encouraged to research the three artists and bring to class further examples of their art. the art component includes, besides these three introductory artists, the following artists : salvador dali and pablo picasso, from spain, diego rivera and frida kahlo, from mexico. to a lesser degree, diego velazquez, from spain, antonio martorell, from puerto rico, are also part of this unit. works of art of the mexican artists, antonio ruiz, and the puerto rican artist, edda w. santiago, are also briefly noted. some of these are included in the textbook pasaporte but teachers are encouraged to go to art books, museums, and even the internet for selected art pieces of these artists. the sole example of antonio ruiz, entitled la malinche, is a cover for a book of poems by federico garcia lorca, and the drawings of edda w. santiago are taken from a 1993 calendar entitled yo soy boricua, dedicated to puerto rican women. i have also used a poster for 1999 hispanic heritage month, which depicts three women of different races, wrapped in all the flags of spanish - speaking countries. the chart in this unit suggests one way that these pieces of art may be connected to the literature component, but teachers are free to use them in a different sequence or to make substitutions. the art component is not intended to be the central part of this unit, but is rather intended to highlight, explore, and at times dissent from, the literature, which is the main component. students, however, seem to delight in the art discussions because they are more direct and less complicated than reading a novel or even a short story, and the themes to be subsequently elaborated in the literature may be more easily discussed when viewing the art. in the seminar by professor bryan wolf, we learned techniques for examining not only mainstream artists, but also artists of color who have developed a dialogue with the mainstream traditions. professor wolf elicited lively discussions by carefully presenting questions to the class about the art itself, the intent of the artist, and


learned techniques for examining not only mainstream artists, but also artists of color who have developed a dialogue with the mainstream traditions. professor wolf elicited lively discussions by carefully presenting questions to the class about the art itself, the intent of the artist, and how the particular work grappled with issues of gender, race, and ethnicity. these insights and strategies were helpful to me as a teacher of spanish and i intend to use them in my classroom and in this unit. chart of countries, artists, authors, and films : - 1. write your personal aleph poem. - 2. relect upon the artwork of isaias mata that illustrates the essay by carlos fuentes and draw your own collage. - 3. write an essay, 250 words minimum, about carlos fuentes ' message of diversity and inclusion. use the ap rubrics for assessment on a scale of 1 - 9. - 1. view the art of wifredo lam, fernando botero, and rufino tamayo and connect to the words of carlos fuentes. choose one example of art and describe it to the class. - 2. view the art of wifredo lam and identify the african presence. research santeria and how it shaped the art of wifredo lam. - 3a view the art of fernando botero and identify his political commentary and perspective on appearance, humor, and colombian archetypes. - 3b view the art of salvador dali and connect to poems by federico garcia lorca. - 4. view the art of rufino tamayo, diego rivera, and frida kahlo and identify the indigenous presence. research printed material and internet. - 5. connect the art of wifredo lam to the poetry of nicolas guillen : la balada de los dos abuelos, bucate plata, and el apellido by writing a lengthy essay about the thematic style, languge, and symbols that evoke an african presence. - 6. connect the art of fernando botero to the short stories of gabriel garcia marquez : un dia de estos and cronica and write a comparative essay about two symbols in latin america : the priest and the soldier as developed in the art and literature of these two famous colombians. - 7. view dreams of malinche by antonio ruiz and connect to the history of tenochtitlan. write a descriptive essay that shows you understand the readings on tenochtitlan and the mexico - spanish encounter, and the image of the buried city. - 8. rec


malinche by antonio ruiz and connect to the history of tenochtitlan. write a descriptive essay that shows you understand the readings on tenochtitlan and the mexico - spanish encounter, and the image of the buried city. - 8. recite one of the poems by nicolas guillen and analyze it for the class in a way that shows understanding of his language, tone, style, and symbols. use the poetry guide sheet provided by the teacher. - 1. watch the first five minutes of cristina saralegui and describe to the class what you observed. after viewing the entire segment of the show of cristina, react to the poem by the chicano author. as follow - through, read the poem by langston hughes, translated into spanish, of i, too, sing america, and write your own poem about your feelings of inclusion or exclusion into mainstream america. - 2. watch the film la casa de bernarda alba for 5 minutes only, and comment on the following : symbols, images, stereotypes of women, stereotypes and myths of spanish women. comment on the stage setting and what message it communicates. - 3. watch the entire film of casa de bernarda alba and compare the film to the play. for your first draft, compare the first act in the movie with the first act in the play. for your final draft, write a 300 word comparison essay. - 4. watch the video a very old man with enormous wings, by gabriel garcia marquez, and compare to the short story. - 5. watch the video a miracle in rome, by gabriel garcia marquez, and compare to the video a very old man with enormous wings, also by garcia marquez. write a comparative essay of 300 words, using the rubrics for a comparative essay and the ap rubrics for writing an essay. - 6. write a script for an imaginative and modern interpretation of la casa de bernarda alba, set in new haven, and videotape it. - 7. watch the 5 videos of carlos fuentes, entitled el espejo enterrado, or buried mirror, and complete the pre - viewing questionnaires and the post - viewing questionnaires for each one. after each video, do one writing project and one artistic project, as assessment. the 5 videos are : la virgen y el toro, la batalla de los dioses, la edad de oro, el precio de la libertad, and las tres hispanidades. - 8. read the pablo neruda


videos are : la virgen y el toro, la batalla de los dioses, la edad de oro, el precio de la libertad, and las tres hispanidades. - 8. read the pablo neruda poems los conquistadores and macchu picchu and view the video the conquistadors, about francisco pizarro´s conquest of peru. write an expository essay about the facts and the myths of macchu picchu in the form of a report. then, write a poem about a clash between any two cultures, in ancient times or modern times, that resulted in a new culture or community. 2. carlos fuentes, el espejo enterrado. madrid : santillana, s. a. 1997. 4. dawn ades, art in latin america. new haven : yale university press. 1989, p. 223. 5. luis recalde. art images of tenochtitlan - past and present : the case of the virgin of guadalupe, a curriculum unit of the yale new haven teachers institute, # 99. 02. 10, p. 2. 6. luis rivera pagan. evangelizacion y violencia : la conquista de america. san juan : editorial cemi. 1991, p. 259. 7. pasaporte, p. 17. • aley, margaret, and louis albini. galeria de arte y vida. lake forest : mcgraw - hill, 1989. useful for samples of spanish art : el greco, velazquez, murillo, goya, picasso, and dali, and for reading passages for advanced spanish classes. anderson imbert, enrique, and eugenio florit. literatura hispanoamericana. chicago : holt, rinehart and winston, inc., 1970. recommended for spanish 4 honors and spanish ap. has a useful glossary of literary terms in the back. i found it useful for this unit because it includes excerpts from jorge luis borges ; gabriel garcia marquez ; especially un hombre muy viejo con unas alas enormes ; and pablo neruda. ayllon, candido, et al. spanish composition through literature. upper saddle river, new jersey : prentice hall, 1996. includes innovative ideas for using literature as a starting point for teaching writing skills. • borges, jorge luis. aleph. madrid : alianza editorial, s. a., 1995. recommended for this


, new jersey : prentice hall, 1996. includes innovative ideas for using literature as a starting point for teaching writing skills. • borges, jorge luis. aleph. madrid : alianza editorial, s. a., 1995. recommended for this unit. borges is one of the five ap authors. i find some of the easier stories appropriate for spanish 4 honors : la casa de asterion and los dos reyes y los dos laberintos, and that way students are familiar with borges as they enter the spanish ap class. i like to save emma zunz for spanish ap. • borges, jorge luis. ficciones. madrid : alianza editorial, s. a., 1995. recommended for this unit. i have taught la forma de la espada and sur in my spanish ap classes. borsi, emilia and fay r. rogg. el arte de escribir. new york : mcgraw - hill, inc., 1994. a textbook used for teaching writing skills at colleges ; may be useful for high school students at an advanced level. cabrera infante, guillermo. vistas del amanecer en el tropico. new york : penguin books, 1974. a poetic and richly visual collection of brief passages about cuba, teachers should use discretion since some chapters have violence and explicit language. chang - rodriguez, raquel, and malva e. filer. voces de hispanoamerica. 2nd. ed. boston : heinle & heinle, 1996. a useful anthology of latin american literature and a must read for all teachers. for this unit, includes works by jorge luis borges, nicolas guillen, pablo neruda, carlos fuentes, gabriel garcia marquez, and rosario ferre. • de burgos, julia. poemas de julia de burgos. rio piedras, puerto rico : ediciones huracan, 1982. a collection of poems by julia de burgos, including themes of love, nature, and identity. • diaz, jose m., and stephen collins. abriendo paso. boston : heinle & heinle, 1995. an ap textbook which includes excerpts of the recommended ap authors used in this unit : borges, garcia lorca, and garcia marquez. falcon, rafael. lo afronegroide en el cuento puertorriqueno. miami : ediciones personales, 1993. very informative and insightful book about the african presence in puerto


garcia lorca, and garcia marquez. falcon, rafael. lo afronegroide en el cuento puertorriqueno. miami : ediciones personales, 1993. very informative and insightful book about the african presence in puerto rican literature. fletcher, valerie. crosscurrents of modernism : four latin american pioneers. washington, d. c. : smithsonian press, 1992. i found this to be the best source of biographical information on wifredo lam and includes a solid explanation of santeria and the african influences on his art. the section on diego rivera is also highly informative. the other two artists are joaquin torres - garcia and matta. fuentes, carlos. el espejo enterrado. madrid : santillana, s. a., 1997. the seminal book for this unit, which proposes and describes the central metaphor of the buried mirror. the book itself is difficult reading for students due to its unual organization and its overwhelming wealth of information, but useful for teachers who may select excerpts for student use. • garcia lorca, federico. bodas de sangre ; yerma. mexico : editorial porrua, 1999. one of the three plays by garcia lorca that students should read, whether in spanish 4 honors or ap spanish. • garcia lorca, federico. la casa de bernarda alba. madrid : castalla, 1990. another play by garcia lorca for recommended student reading. • garcia lorca, federico. romancero gitano. new york : penguin books, 1996. recommended reading for ap students of spanish language and spanisih literature, but i included this edition for a second reason : the cover is malinche´s dream by antonio ruiz. • garcia marquez, gabriel. cronica de una muerte anunciada. white plains : longman, 1996. this book makes garcia marquez more accessible for high school students, with its biographical information, chapter by chapter student exercises and glossaries, and an ap section. • guillen, nicolas. songoro cosongo. buenos aires : editorial losada, 1992. this and the following two books comprise a collection of poems by guillen which are recommended for student reading. guillen, nicolas. summa poetica. edited by luis inigo madrigal, madrid : ediciones catedra, 1990. guillen, nicolas. west indies ltd.. la habana : imp. ucar, garcia y cia., 1934. • kanter, abby


by luis inigo madrigal, madrid : ediciones catedra, 1990. guillen, nicolas. west indies ltd.. la habana : imp. ucar, garcia y cia., 1934. • kanter, abby. encuentros maravillosos : gramatica a traves de la literatura. glenview, illinois : scott foreman addison wesley, 1995. a rich collection of short stories by the recommended ap authors, many of which i have used in my ap classes. lindsay, arturo. santeria aesthetics in contemporary latin american art. washington : smithsonian institution press, 1996. an exciting and informative book for those teachers who want to read about the basics of santeria and how it has inspired artists of latin america. • marques, sarah. la lengua que heredamos. new york : john wiley & sons, inc., 1996. a very useful book for native speakers who need to refine their writing skills. it is organized by country and includes culture and literature as well as grammar exercises. martinez, juan a. cuban art & national identity ( the vanguardia painters, 1927 - 1950 ) gainesville : university press of florida, 1994. solid reading for teachers who want an overview of cuban art during this period. • neruda, pablo. selected poems, a bilingual edition. new york : dell publishing co., inc., 1970. a wonderful collection of neruda´s poems, with several chosen for the themes of race and ethnicities of latin america : vienen por las islas, amor america, y alturas de macchu picchu. another poem that my students read which is not found in this collection is oda a la papa, which extolls the potato, an american crop. pagolotti, graziella. wifredo lam. la habana : editorial jose marti, 1997. very useful book on lam for those teachers who are seeking examples of his art, rather than biographical information. it includes more than 50 samples of this art. ramos rosado, marie. ( 1991 ). la mujer negra en la literatura puertorriquena cuentistica. unpublished doctoral dissertation, university of puerto rico, rio piedras, puerto rico. http : / / www. fempress. cl - base - especialespecialmjpr - literat. htm. doctoral dissertation examines the lack of black women as central figures in puerto rican literature, dating


puerto rico. http : / / www. fempress. cl - base - especialespecialmjpr - literat. htm. doctoral dissertation examines the lack of black women as central figures in puerto rican literature, dating back to the 19th century and including the 20th century. • samaniego, fabian et al. dime : pasaporte al mundo 21. lexington. : d. c. heath, 1995. this textbook is one of the central textbooks for this unit and is referred to as pasaporte. the textbook used at james hillhouse high school for spanish 4 honors and for native speakers classes, as well as used as a reference for ap classes. teachers may follow the sequence of the book, pick and choose chapters of interest, and use the excellent ancillary materials : listening audiocassettes and cultural videocassettes. the video includes a segment of carlos fuentes explaining the metaphor of the buried mirror, a central metaphor for unit. • valette, rebecca m. and joy renjilian - burgy. album : cuentos del mundo hispanico. lexington : d. c. heath and company, 1993. a useful textbook to be used in spanish ap classes. includes the recommended ap authors. varona - lacey, gladys. introduccion a la literatura hispanoamericana : de la conquista al siglo xx.. lincolnswood : national textbook compny, 1997. another exemplary anthology of hispanic literature for teachers who want the overview. for this unit, it is useful in that it includes five selections of borges and two selections of carlos fuentes and gabriel garcia marquez. virgilio, carmelo l., teresa valdiviseso, and edward h. friedman. aproximaciones al estudio de la literatura hispanica. 3rd. ed. new york : mcgraw - hill, 1994. includes literature from spain and latin america and is an excellent textbook of literary analysis for advanced spanish students. a plus for ap spanish students is the complete text of federico garcia lorca´s play, la casa de bernarda alba. • walqui - van lier, aida, and ruth a. barraza. sendas literarias. boston : heinle & heinle, 1996. highly recommended literary selections, to supplement pasaporte textbook or any appropriate grammar textbook. i have found it useful for native speakers, spanish 4 honors, and ap spanish classes


##arias. boston : heinle & heinle, 1996. highly recommended literary selections, to supplement pasaporte textbook or any appropriate grammar textbook. i have found it useful for native speakers, spanish 4 honors, and ap spanish classes. el super ( a film about a cuban´s dream of returning to cuba ) ( spanish with english subtitles. ) ( 90 minutes ) films for the humanities and sciences, p. o. box 2053, princeton, nj, 0054 - 2052. a source for spanish videos, with a website at www. films. com. fuentes, carlos : el espejo enterrado, set of 5 videos ( spanish ) garcia lorca, federico : the house of bernarda alba, ( english ) garcia lorca, federico : blood wedding ( flamenco dance, 82 minutes ) garcia marquez, gabriel : a miracle in rome ( 76 minutes ) a very old man with enormous wings ( 90 minutes ) garcia marquez, gabriel : an interview with gabriel garcia marquez. ( 59 minutes ) i am cuba / soy cuba ( spanish with english subtitles, 141 minutes ) multicultural books and videos. a source for spanish videos, with a website at www. multiculbv. com. mundo 21 video program, ancillary to dime : pasaporte al mundo 21. rivera, diego : portrait of an artist ( home vision videos ) rivera, diego : the frescoes of diego rivera contents of 2001 volume iv | directory of volumes | index | yale - new haven teachers institute


மிகக... மததிய நரவள ( ministry of water resources ), முலலைப பிரசசனையை புளளி... பாரவைககு.. mullai periyar dam issue on 29 - 10 - 1886 a lease indenture for 999 years was made between maharaja of travancore and secretary of state for india for periyar irrigation works by another agreement in 1970, tamil nadu was permitted to generate power also. 2. the mullaperiyar dam was constructed during 1887 - 1895 across periyar river in the then travancore state ( now kerala ) territory after said indenture. the periyar dam with full reservoir level of 152 ft. provides for diversion of water from the reservoir through a tunnel to vaigai basin in tamil nadu for irrigation benefits in 68558 ha. 3 in 1979, reports appeared in kerala press about the safety of mulla periyar dam. on 25th november, 1979 chairman, cwc held discussions at thirvananthapuram regarding strengthening periyar dam with officers of irrigation and electricity, deptt. of kerala and pwd of tamil nadu. in the meeting, emergency measures to be completed before next monsoon ( 1980 ), medium term measures and long - term measures for strengthening of periyar dam were decided. one of the emergency measures was to keep the shutters of spillway raised fully to lower the reservoir level to 136 ft. 4. a second meeting under the chairmanship of chairman, cwc was held on 29th april 1980 at new delhi and it was opined that after the completion of emergency and medium term measures in the form of cable anchoring, the water level in the reservoir can be restored up to 145 ft. as per the memorandum on the rehabilitation of mulla periyar dam prepared by cwc and forwarded to tamil nadu on 25th march, 1986, emergency measures were implemented. in the aforesaid memo, cwc gave its recommendation about peak flood and size of additional vents to be added in the spillway for implementing remaining emergency measure of providing additional spilling capacity. it also gave its recommendation about the design details of concrete backing on the downstream face of the dam. besides this, cwc suggested the government of tamil nadu to examine the possibility of raising the top of rcc parapet by another two feet apart from


. it also gave its recommendation about the design details of concrete backing on the downstream face of the dam. besides this, cwc suggested the government of tamil nadu to examine the possibility of raising the top of rcc parapet by another two feet apart from few other suggestions. it was opined in the forwarding note that after completion of the proposed strengthening measures, provision of other additional vents and implementation of other suggestions, periyar dam would be competent to hold water upto frl of 152 ft. 6. the matter became subjudice with several petitions in the kerala and tamil nadu high courts. all these cases were transferred to the supreme court which heard the matter and desired in its order dated 28. 4. 2000 that honorable minister ( wr ) may convene a meeting of the chief ministers of both the states of kerala and tamil nadu to amicably resolve the issue.. 7. honorable minister ( wr ) convened the inter - state meeting on 19. 5. 2000 and as decided in the meeting, an expert committee under member ( d & r ), cwc with representatives from both states was constituted in june 2000 to study the safety of the dam with respect to strengthening of dam carried out by the government of tamil nadu on the advice of central water commission and advise regarding raising of water level in the reservoir beyond 136 ft as a result of strengthening of dam. 8. the committee in its report of march, 2001 opined that with the strengthening measures implemented, the water level can be raised from 136 ft. to 142 ft. without endangering safety of the dam. further raising of water level to 152 ft. will be considered after balance strengthening measures are implemented. 9. in the case of transfer petition ( civil ) no. 779 - 783 / 1998 dr. subramanian swamy vs tamil nadu, the report of the expert committee was filed in the honorable supreme court on 31. 8. 2001 and also sent to the state governments of kerala and tamil nadu. 10 in writ petition ( c ) no. 386 of 2001 ( mulla periyar environmental protection forum vs union of india and ors ) the supreme court in its judgement dated 27. 2. 2006, permitted the government of tamil nadu to raise the water level of mulla periyar dam from 136 ft. to 142 ft. and take up the remaining strengthening measures. 11. consequent to the aforesaid orders of the supreme court of india, the kerala government passed the kerala irrigation and water conservation ( amendment ) act 2006 which received


136 ft. to 142 ft. and take up the remaining strengthening measures. 11. consequent to the aforesaid orders of the supreme court of india, the kerala government passed the kerala irrigation and water conservation ( amendment ) act 2006 which received the assent of the governor on 18th march 2006 which prohibited the raising of water level beyond 136 ft. in the mulla periyar dam as mullaperiyar dam was placed under the schedule of " endangered dams ". 12. the government of tamil nadu filed a suit no. 3 of 2006 - state of tamil nadu v / s state of kerala and union of india in the honorable supreme court on 31. 3. 2006 praying for - - declaration of kerala irrigation and water conservation ( amendment ) act 2006 passed by kerala legislature as unconstitutional in its application to and effect on mulla periyar dam. - pass a decree of permanent injunction restraining kerala from application and enforcing impunged legislation enforcing with or obstructing tamil nadu from increasing the water level to 142 feet and from carrying out the repair works as per judgment of supreme court dated 27th february 2006. 13. a review petition filed by the state of kerala on 3. 4. 2006 was dismissed by the supreme court on 27. 7. 2006. 14. in the matter referred to in para 13 above, the honorable supreme court has passed an order on 25. 9. 2006 stating the two state governments independently or with the intervention of the union of india may try to sort out the dispute, if possible. 15. the honorable union minister ( wr ) convened an inter - state meeting of the chief ministers of states of tamil nadu & kerala on mulla periyar dam issue on 29. 11. 2006 at new delhi. honorable union minister ( wr ) further discussed matter with the minister ( wr / pw ) from the states of tamil nadu & kerala on18. 12. 2006. the states of tamil nadu and kerala reiterated their respective stand in the meetings and no consensus could be reached regarding a solution acceptable to both states. the matter is now subjudice. 16. subsequently, honorable chief minister of tamil nadu met honorable prime minister on 18. 12. 2007 and honorable prime minister suggested him to have a meeting with honorable chief minister of kerala on mulla periyar issue. honorable chief minister of tamil nadu met honorable chief minister of kerala on 19. 12. 2007 in presence of honorable union minister of water resources. further a letter dated 20. 12. 2007 was received from the honorable chief minister of tamil nadu mentioning


issue. honorable chief minister of tamil nadu met honorable chief minister of kerala on 19. 12. 2007 in presence of honorable union minister of water resources. further a letter dated 20. 12. 2007 was received from the honorable chief minister of tamil nadu mentioning that in the above meeting, honorable chief minister of tamil nadu suggested to oversee the seepage measurement of the dam by engineers not belonging to either of the two states through cwc and honorable chief minister of kerala agreed to consider them. 17. later, the govt. of tamil nadu forwarded a letter dt 22 / 1 / 08 of honorable chief minister of kerala addressed to honorable chief minister of tamil nadu wherein it is mentioned that in the meeting dt 19 / 12 / 2007 he suggested a joint mechanism to monitor the seepage. the govt. of tamil nadu also enclosed a letter dated 4 / 2 / 2008 from honorable chief minister of tamil nadu addressed to honorable chief minister of kerala wherein it is mentioned that joint monitoring was not discussed in the meeting. 18. cwc was requested to suggest a suitable mechanism for monitoring the seepage and possible structure of the committee to monitor it. they suggested a nine - member committee headed by a chief engineer, central water commission having representatives from both states for monitoring the seepage of mulla periyar dam. the composition of the committee along with terms of reference was sent to chief secretary, government of tamil nadu and kerala vide letter dated 28. 4. 2008 for their concurrence / suggestions. 19. the government of tamil nadu vide its letter dated 17. 6. 2008 has sent its comments on the proposed monitoring committee stating that the present proposal of the government of india to constitute a committee comprising officers from cwc, tamil nadu government and kerala government to measure the seepage in mulla periyar dam is not in conformity with the discussion held in the meeting dated 19. 12. 2007 and proposal will lead to more and more complications and thus not acceptable to govt. of tamil nadu. the govt. of kerala vide letter dt 24. 2. 2009 informed that the stand taken by the govt. of tamil nadu for neutral agency of experts excluding those form kerala and tamil nadu is not acceptable to them. 20. in the meanwhile, govt. of kerala has got done hydrological review studies from a professor of iit, delhi and has since filed the said hydrological studies report in the honorable supreme court on 15. 07. 08 in connection with suit no. 3 of 2006 filed by the government of tamil nadu. it has been concluded


from a professor of iit, delhi and has since filed the said hydrological studies report in the honorable supreme court on 15. 07. 08 in connection with suit no. 3 of 2006 filed by the government of tamil nadu. it has been concluded in the report that the mulla periyar dam is hydrologic ally unsafe for passing the estimated probable maximum flood ( 2, 91, 275 cusec / 8, 248 cusec ) with the existing spillway capacity. comments of hydrological studies organisation, cwc on the report were forwarded to the govt. advocate as per instructions of mowr vide cwc letter dated 13. 10. 08. cwc has commented that the difference in the adopted values of design rainfall ( storm ) depth, time distribution of rainfall, unit hydrograph & infiltration rate have resulted in estimation of higher flood peak ( pmf ) and the said studies by the iit professor does not appear to be well founded. 21. meanwhile the government of kerala constituted a committee in may 2009 which submitted its report in june, 2009. the committee suggested mapping of the underwater area, installation of highly sensitive computer operated seismograph and construction of a new dam downstream of existing dam. the committee has also opined that the dam has reached such a deteriorated condition that no amount of rectification work could salvage it to a safe and healthy condition. keeping in view this report, minister ( wr ) advised chairman, cwc in july, 2009 to constitute a team of officers to visit the dam and assess the present condition of the mulla periyar dam and look into the issues raised in the report of the above expert committee. the team had proposed a visit to the dam from 22 - 25 july, 2009 and the conveniences of the government of kerala and tamil nadu for the visit were sought. the government of tamil nadu agreed to the proposed visit but the government of kerala requested for postponement of the proposed visit because of torrential rains. thereafter, the visit could not materialize 22. thereafter, secretary ( wr ) convened a meeting on the mulla periyar dam on 31. 7. 2009. the meeting was attended among others by principal secretary, pwd, tamil nadu and additional chief secretary, wrd, kerala. in the meeting the representative of kerala informed that the kerala govt. visualizes construction of new dam as the only feasible solution and they have started survey and investigation for a new dam at an alternate site downstream of the existing dam and they may also consider the construction of a


the representative of kerala informed that the kerala govt. visualizes construction of new dam as the only feasible solution and they have started survey and investigation for a new dam at an alternate site downstream of the existing dam and they may also consider the construction of a new dam at their own cost. representative of kerala stated in the meeting that the govt. of kerala also recognizes the established uses of water from the dam by tamil nadu as per the existing agreement between the two states and will continue the same after the construction of a new dam. in the said meeting the representative of govt. of tamil nadu informed that the govt. of tamil nadu would examine the proposal of the govt. of kerala for new dam after the same is formally received from them. in view of this, honorable minister ( wr ) vide do dated 26. 08. 2009 requested honorable chief minister, kerala to send the proposal in this regard to the govt. of tamil nadu for their consideration. 23. later, govt. of tamil nadu vide letter dated 14. 9. 09 mentioned that as regards the decision that has emerged in the meeting, to examine the proposal of the kerala government for the construction of a new dam by tamil nadu government, the government of tamil nadu had already communicated to the government of india as well as to the government of kerala that there is no need for construction of a new dam by the kerala government, as the existing dam after it is strengthened, functions like a new dam. they also mentioned that honorable chief minister of tamil nadu in his letter dated 13. 07. 09 to honorable chief minister of kerala had mentioned that kerala govt. may not raise the issue of new dam any more. 24. the govt. of kerala vide letter dated 26. 9. 2009 sent comments on the minutes of the meeting dated 31. 7. 2009 mentioning that the statement the govt. of kerala also recognizes the established use of water from the dam by the tamil nadu as per the existing agreement between the two states and continue the same after the construction of new dam is not acceptable. what was mentioned in the meeting was that kerala is willing to give water to tamil nadu. 25. further, honorable supreme court heard the issues related to mulla periyar dam on 10. 11. 2009 and passed the order that, as the case involves the resolution of said questions, the suit may be placed before the honorable chief justice of india for necessary directions for placing it before a constitution bench. the contesting parties shall maintain status quo in respect of mulla periyar dam as existing today


involves the resolution of said questions, the suit may be placed before the honorable chief justice of india for necessary directions for placing it before a constitution bench. the contesting parties shall maintain status quo in respect of mulla periyar dam as existing today. however, order of status quo will not be an impediment for the plaintiff ( state of tamil nadu ) to carry out maintenance and repairs for proper upkeep of the said dam. 26. the case was heard by five judges on 18. 2. 2010 and the court directed central govt. to constitute an empowered committee in this regard which would hear the parties to the suit on all issues that will be raised before them, and furnish a report, as far as possible, with in six months from their constitution. 27 following the order of honorable supreme court dated 29. 02. 2010, centre ( mowr ) has constituted an empowered committee vide notification dated the 30th april, 2010. the committee started its functioning and was to submit its report within six months period. further, supreme court vide its order dated 20th september, 2010 has extended the term of committee by a further period of six months. therefore, implementing the said directions of the supreme court, the central government extends, the terms of empowered committee for a further period of six months w. e. f. 30th october, 2010 vide notification dated the 28th source : http : / / mowr. gov. in / i... gid = 1 & sslid = நிரநதர விடிவு கிடடுமோ...? தரவு தனித சமைககுமோ..? edited by, 21 december 2011 - 07 : 33 am.


| manage email | view as a web page | building a just and sustainable world september / october 2009 welcome back to school! now more than ever the world needs people who not only are culturally and ecologically literate, but also who know how to question and can relate well to people. how do we help our students learn these capabilities? in the newest issue of yes!, learn as you go, you ’ ll find classroom tools and inspiring articles that develop the skills and relationships so needed at this time. in addition to these yes! materials, we are pleased to share the lesson plans of rethinking schools, an organization dedicated to the creation of a humane, caring, multiracial democracy. may your school year be filled with meaningful learning and relationships. head of school and teacher vicki newberry brought a place - based curriculum to her independent middle school in molokai, hawaii. now aka ' ula school students thrive as they research and create positive solutions for environmental issues affecting their own community. read vicki ’ s story. more of your stories : anthropology 101. hands - on sustainability curriculum. chicken soup for the soul in the classroom. discovering the beauty of teenagers. local food in schools. send us your own story to share with our growing network of yes! educators. knock, knock : turning pain into power demonstrates how daniel beaty ’ s poem gives students the opportunity to write about issues in their lives that rarely surface in schools. here ' s a resource to connect your students ’ learning with their local community, culture, and environment. also learn how knowing yourself can translate to being an even better teacher. a whole - body project where students collaborate to create a gigantic living symbol of nature, shaped by their own bodies, often along with recyclable materials. this amazing team - building activity uses math, art, and cooperation to help students understand their interconnection with each other and life. beloved educator parker palmer discusses the connection between classroom teaching and the teacher ' s inner life. palmer ' s center for courage and renewal has multimedia resources and retreats to feed and care for teachers, clergy, activists, and others who serve their communities. things i want to learn … from yes! contributing editor frances moore lappe : from yes! board member puanani burgess : from yes! contributing editor carol estes : index : in this issue how to get more yes! yes! web picks yes! in spanish | yes! is published by the nonprofit positive futures network : : www. yesmagazine. org


a team of researchers has come up with a way to stop malicious code from spreading from one virtual machine to the hypervisor and from there to other virtual machines. the researchers from north carolina state university said that their " hypersafe " technology could protect virtualised system against this kind of threat, known as " virtual machine escape ". the team ' s research is set to be presented in a paper called hypersafe : a lightweight approach to provide lifetime hypervisor control - flow integrity on 18 may at the thirty - first ieee symposium. while such virtual machine risks remain largely theoretical, the fear of them is holding back wider adoption of technologies such as cloud computing, according to assistant professor of computer science xuxian jiang and phd student zhi wang, the developers of the technology. cloud computing routinely relies on virtualisation to host the computing capacity of multiple customers on the same physical system, raising the possibility that a compromise of a virtual machine belonging to one customer could spread to those of other customers. the software developed by jiang and wang, called hypersafe, aims at stopping such attacks by protecting the integrity of the hypervisor, they said. it uses two techniques to ensure this integrity : non - bypassable memory lockdown and restricted pointer indexing. the first relies on security features built into modern processors to lock down the memory range that includes executable code, according to the researchers. the effect is to protect the hypervisor ' s code and static data from being compromised, even in the presence of exploitable memory corruption bugs such as buffer overflows, they said. new code can only be introduced by the hypervisor administrator. the second technique — restricted pointer indexing — creates an initial profile of the hypervisor ' s normal behaviour, and then prevents any deviation from that profile. " restricted pointer indexing introduces one layer of indirection to convert the control data into pointer indexes, " jiang and wang wrote in the paper. " these pointer indexes are restricted such that the corresponding call / return targets strictly follow the hypervisor control flow graph, hence expanding protection to control - flow integrity. " only the hypervisor administrators can introduce changes to the hypervisor code, according to jiang. so far the hypersafe code developed by jiang and wang works with the bitvisor and xen hypervisors, but the researchers said it could be adapted for other type - i, bare - metal hypervisors such as vmware esx and microsoft hyper - v. in its


poalei tziyon - ( hebrew " workers of zion " - pronounced " poh ah lay tseeyon " ) - movement of marxist zionist jewish workers circles founded in various russian cities about the turn of the century. the first of these groups was the poalei tziyon party in minsk, founded in 1897. however, their ideology was not marxist and not identified with later poalei tziyon groups. poalei tziyon began in earnest in russia after the bund rejected zionism in 1901. poalei tziyon came into existence in the usa in 1903, at the " radical poalei tziyon organization. branches in other countries formed between 1904 and 1907 : austria, canada, england, argentina, romania and later ( 1910 ) in bulgaria. in the period of 1903 - 05 three different tendencies competed within jewish socialist circles - territorialism, autonomy ( cultural and political autonomy within a socialist state and proletarian zionism. from these, three parties were formed in 1905 and 1906 : the s. s. ( zionist - socialists ) the y. s. ( jewish socialists ) and the poalei tziyon. in december of 1905, the main themes of poalei tziyon ideology were enunciated by ber borochov. immediately after that poalei tziyon was formed in poland as well. david ben - gurion had joined a local poalei tziyon group in 1904. in march1906 a formal poalei tziyon party was formed at poltava, under the leadership of ber borochov. it was called the jewish socialist democratic workers party - poalei tziyon. " the poalei tziyon platform of 1906 describes at length the major ideological tenets of the party and its differences from other parties. the key features of its ideology were acceptance of the marxist view of history with the addition of the role of nationalism, which borochov believed could not be ignored as a factor in historical development. a jewish proletariat would come into being in the land of israel, according to poalei tziyon, and would then take part in the class struggle. the program was approved in the second party congress in august of1907, in karkhov. ( krakow ). poalei tziyon participated in the zionist congress from the beginning of its existence, and with the founding of the world federation of poalei t


party congress in august of1907, in karkhov. ( krakow ). poalei tziyon participated in the zionist congress from the beginning of its existence, and with the founding of the world federation of poalei tziyon, they were recognized as an autonomous federation within the world zionist organization. in 1906 they rejoined the social democratic party from which they had previously been expelled. in 1909 the poalei tziyon party of russia left the zionist organization. in 1906, party branches were formed in austria, the land of israel and other countries. poalei tziyon began in the land of israel in 1904 with the beginning of the second aliya. in october 1906, the platform of the party was promulgated in a meeting in ramleh. at the beginning of 1907, the first formal congress of " the jewish social democratic workers party in the land of israel - poalei tziyon " was held. the first world congress of the poalei tziyon was held in the hague in august of 1907. the second congress, held in karkhov in 1909, ratified a separate fund for the palestine poalei tziyon for independent action, and also worked for independent representation of jews in the socialist international. a third congress was held in 1911 in vienna. in 1920, at the fourth ( or fifth, as a congress was held in stockholm in 1919 ) the world federation split over questions of its relations to zionism, activism in the land of israel and the question of conditions for joining the socialist international. in ottoman eretz yisrael ( land of israel ), poalei tziyon founded the hashomer guard organization that guarded settlements, and took up the ideology of conquest of labor ( kibbush ha ' avoda ) and avoda ivrit. poalei tziyon members were insrumental in setting up the first workers commune in sejera and the first kibbutz. poalei tziyon set up employment offices, kitchens and health services for members. these eventually evolved into the institutions of labor zionism in israel. during world war i, poalei tziyon in palestine and the usa was instrumental in recruiting members to the jewish legion. after the first world war, poalei tziyon in palestine was merged by david ben - gurion into the achdut ha ' avoda party, which eventually became mapai and achdut avoda - poalei tziyon.


first world war, poalei tziyon in palestine was merged by david ben - gurion into the achdut ha ' avoda party, which eventually became mapai and achdut avoda - poalei tziyon. its members were instrumental in forming theg ' dud ha ' avoda work battalion, which spawned several kibbutzim. the leaders of poalei tziyon included ber borochov, yitzhak ben zvi, rachel yanait ( later rachel yanait ben - tzvi, wife of y. ben - tzvi ), y. tabenkin, s. kaplansky, a. kashin, n. nir, david ben - gurion and others. in august of 1917 the last congress of poalei tziyon took place in russia, with the participation of borochov. in the october revolution, the poalei tziyon were the first jewish party with sympathies for the soviets, but they suffered from factionalism as well as persecution after the revolution. in 1919 part of the party split to form the " jewish communist poalei tziyon party ", which was disbanded in 1922. the social democratic poalei tziyon party which also later changed its name to the " jewish communist poalei tziyon party " continued to exist in the ussr until 1928, when it was outlawed by the regime and liquidated by the nkvd.. in poland and other central and eastern european countries, poalei tziyon functioned until world war ii, when most members who did not migrate to palestine perished in the holocaust. in the usa, poalei tzyion founded the hechalutz movement and the yiddisher arbeiters farband. remnants of poalei tziyon are still active in great britain. synonyms and alternate spellings : poale ziyon poalei zion, poalei tzion, poaley tzion < poale zion... further information : labor and socialist zionism hebrew / arabic pronunciation and transliteration conventions : ' h - ( ' het ) a guttural sound made deep in the throat. to western ears it may sound like the " ch " in loch. in arabic there are several letters that have similar sounds. examples : ' hanukah, ' hamas, ' haredi. formerly, this sound was often represented by ch, especially in german transliterations of


like the " ch " in loch. in arabic there are several letters that have similar sounds. examples : ' hanukah, ' hamas, ' haredi. formerly, this sound was often represented by ch, especially in german transliterations of hebrew. thus, ' hanukah is often rendered as chanuka for example. ch - ( chaf ) a sound like " ch " in loch or the russian kh as in khruschev or german ach, made by putting the tongue against the roof of the mouth. in hebrew, a chaf can never occur at the beginning of a word. at the beginning of a word, it has a dot in it and is pronounced " kaf. " u - usually between oo as in spoon and u as in put. a - sounded like a in arm ah - used to represent an a sound made by the letter hey at the end of a word. it is the same sound as a. haganah and hagana are alternative acceptable transliterations. ' a - notation used for hebrew and arabic ayin, a guttural ah sound. o - close to the french o as in homme. th - ( taf without a dot ) - th was formerly used to transliterate the hebrew taf sound for taf without a dot. however in modern hebrew there is no detectable difference in standard pronunciation of taf with or without a dot, and therefore histadruth and histadrut, rehovoth and rehovot are all acceptable. q - ( quf ) - in transliteration of hebrew and arabic, it is best to consistently use the letter q for the quf, to avoid confusion with similar sounding words that might be spelled with a kaf, which should be transliterated as k. thus, hatiqva is preferable to hatikva for example. this site is a part of the zionism and israel on the web project this work and individual entries are copyright © 2005 by ami isseroff and zionism and israel information center and may not reproduced in any form without permission unless explicitly noted otherwise. individual entries may be cited with credit to the encyclopedia and dictionary of zionism and israel zionation - zionism - israel web log zionism & israel news israel : like this, as if bible bible quotes history of zionism zionism faq zionism israel center maps of israel jew israel advocacy zionism and its impact israel christian zionism site map


common names in english : annual, purple ammannia, scarlet toothcup, scarlet ammannia, scarlet loosestrife, toothcup, valley redstem, or trees ; young stems often quadrangular. leaves opposite, often decussate, or whorled, rarely subalternate to alternate, simple, entire ; pinnately veined, secondary veins typically joined in a series of intramarginal arches ; stipules vestigial or absent. inflorescences racemes, cymes, or panicles ; flowers axillary, usually 4 -, 6 - or 8 - merous, sometimes 3 - or 5 - merous, bisexual, regular or irregular. floral tube perigynous, hemi - epigynous, or epigynous in fruit, membranous to leathery, often 6 - 12 - ribbed ; sepals valvate, equal to much shorter than floral tube, membranous to thickly leathery, persistent ; epicalyx alternating with sepals or absent. petals inserted of floral tube, alternating with sepals, crinkled, clawed or not, frequently caducous, rarely absent. stamens usually biseriate and 2 a — as many as sepals, sometimes uniseriate, inserted near base of floral tube or higher, or numerous, multiseriate, with at least some inserted at floral rim just below sepals ( punica, sonneratia, and some duabanga ) ; anthers versatile [ rarely basifixed ]. ovary superior, half - inferior, or inferior, 2 - 6 - or multi - loculed, with many ovules per locule ; style simple ; stigma capitate, conic - peltate, or punctiform ; placentation axile, sometimes free central at fruit maturity. fruit partly or completely surrounded by persistent floral tube, loculicidally dehiscent or irregularly dehiscent capsules, infrequently indehiscent, leathery, or berrylike. seeds usually numerous, without endosperm ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat or convolute. about 31 genera and 625 - 650 species : widespread in tropical regions, less common in temperate regions ; ten genera and 43 species ( ten endemic, four introduced ) in china. from the morphological standpoint, the lythraceae sensu lato ( including trapaceae ) have a very generalized morphology, without a single


less common in temperate regions ; ten genera and 43 species ( ten endemic, four introduced ) in china. from the morphological standpoint, the lythraceae sensu lato ( including trapaceae ) have a very generalized morphology, without a single unique, defining character, i. e., there is no morphological synapomorphy that defines the family. at the same time, the genera are distinct. the position of the ovary in duabanga, punica, sonneratia, and trapa is variable : superior to partly inferior in sonneratia ; partly inferior in duabanga ; and partly, nearly, or completely inferior in punica and trapa. several other features ally these genera to the lythraceae sensu stricto, including opposite and simple leaves, commonly held wood anatomical characters ( true for the myrtales generally ), development of a persistent floral tube, valvate sepals, 4 - or 6 - merous flowers, introrse and versatile anthers, axile placentation, and seeds without endosperm. of the four genera, trapa is the most divergent, but still sufficiently similar to the lythraceae and onagraceae to have been considered for membership within either family, or as a closely related family ( as has been done in the present flora ). the inclusion of sonneratia, duabanga, and punica in the lythraceae adds some additional derived features to the definition of the family, but at the same time, brings together taxa that we know, from molecular sequence data, represent a single historical lineage. that knowledge of evolutionary relationship is lost if the genera are maintained as separate families, whereas the taxonomic utility of the flora is not affected by their inclusion in an expanded lythraceae. the molecular data from four genes ( three chloroplast and one nuclear ) unquestionably place not only duabanga, punica, and sonneratia, but also trapa, within the lythraceae. punica is well supported as a member of a clade of genera that includes capuronia lourteig, galpinia n. e. brown, and pemphis ( from east africa and madagascar ). duabanga and lagerstroemia are sister genera, and sonneratia and trapa, as unlikely as it may seem morphologically, are also sister genera. duabanga, lagerstroemia, sonneratia, and trap


urceolate, 3 - 5 mm ; sepals 4 ( or 5 ), broadly deltate ; epicalyx segments thickened, ca. as long as sepals. petals 4 ( or 5 ), rose - purple, obovate, ca. 2 mm. stamens 4 ( - 7 ), slightly exserted. style ca. as long as or longer than ovary, well - exserted. capsules 3. 5 - 5 mm in diam., equal to or exceeding floral tube, rarely included. fl. jul - oct, fr. aug - nov. 2n = 66. [ source ] habit : forb / herb, subshrub • flower color : red typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2, 085 meters ( 0 to 6, 841 feet ). - whittaker & margulis, 1978 - haeckel, 1866 - cavalier - smith, 1981 - sinnott, 1935 ex cavalier - smith, 1998 - vascular plants - kenrick & crane, 1997 - brongniart, 1843 - takhtajan, 1967 - superorder : myrtanae ( ) - takhtajan, 1967 - subclass : rosidae ( ) - takhtajan, 1967 - class : spermatopsida ( ) - brongniart, 1843 - infraphylum : radiatopses ( ) - kenrick & crane, 1997 - subphylum : euphyllophytina ( ) - phylum : tracheophyta ( ) - sinnott, 1935 ex cavalier - smith, 1998 - vascular plants - subkingdom : viridaeplantae ( ) - cavalier - smith, 1981 - kingdom : plantae ( ) - haeckel, 1866 - plants ammannia teres raf. publishing author : rottb. publication : pl. hort. univ. ( havn. ) programm. descr. ( 1773 ) 7 members of the genus ammannia zipcodezoo has pages for 7 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus : a. auriculata ( eared redstem ) · a. baccifera ( blistering ammania ) · a. coccinea ( annual ) · a. latifolia ( koehne ammannia ) · a. ramosior ( lowland toothcup ) · a. robusta ( grand redstem ) · a. senegalensis ( red ammannia ) - search for pictures


( annual ) · a. latifolia ( koehne ammannia ) · a. ramosior ( lowland toothcup ) · a. robusta ( grand redstem ) · a. senegalensis ( red ammannia ) - search for pictures : images. google. com - search for scholarly articles : google scholar - search using scientific name and vernacular names : all the web | altavista canada | altavista | excite | google | hotbot | lycos - search using specialized databases : genbank | medline | scirus | cisti / cal | agricola periodicals | agricola books - a flora of california, by willis linn jepson. san francisco, calif., cunningham, curtis & welch, 1909 - url p. 559. - a flora of western middle california, berkeley, cal., encina publishing company, 1901. url. - a general system of gardening and botany. founded upon miller ' s gardener ' s dictionary, and arranged according to the natural system. by george don. london, printed for c. j. g. and f. rivington, 1831 - 38. url p. 710. - a guide and key to the aquatic plants of the southeastern united states, by don e. eyles and lynne robertson, jr. with original drawings by garnet w. jex. washington, u. s. govt. print. off., 1963. url p. 125. - a report upon the grasses and forage plants of central texas. by h. l. bentley... washington, govt. print. off., 1898. url p. 31. - an enumeration of philippine flowering plants, manila, bureau of printing, 1922 - 26. url p. 136. - an illustrated flora of the northern united states, canada and the british possessions : from newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of virginia and from the atlantic ocean westward to the 102nd meridian / by nathaniel lord britton and hon. addison brown. new york : scribner, 1913. url p. 577, p. 578, p. 578. - an illustrated guide to the flowering plants of the middle atlantic and new england states ( excepting the grasses and sedges ) the descriptive text written in familiar language, by george t. stevens... with more than 1800 illustrations from drawings by the author. new york, dodd, mead and company, 1910. url p. 420


the grasses and sedges ) the descriptive text written in familiar language, by george t. stevens... with more than 1800 illustrations from drawings by the author. new york, dodd, mead and company, 1910. url p. 420. - anales de la sociedad espanola de historia natural. madrid : la sociedad, url p. 244, p. 244. - annual report missouri botanical garden. 20 1909 st. louis : board of trustees, 1890 - 1912. url p. 164, p. 207. - aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern united states, by donovan s. correll and helen b. correll. [ washington ] environmental protection agency ; [ for sale by the supt. of docs., u. s. govt. print. off. ] 1972. url p. 1162, p. 1163. - bartonia ; proceedings of the philadelphia botanical club... 58 1994 philadelphia, philadelphia botanical club, academy of natural sciences. url p. 86. - biological survey of a prairie landscape in montana ' s glaciated plains : final report / helena, mont. : montana natural heritage program : 2001. url. - botanical explorations in southern texas during the season of 1894. [ lancaster, pa. ] the new era printing house, 1895. url p. 69. - botanical survey of nebraska. conducted by the botanical seminar. i - vii. lincoln, neb., 1892 - 1904. url. - bulletin / illinois natural history survey. urbana, state of illinois, dept. of registration and education, natural history survey division, 1918 - 1985. url p. 251, p. 280, p. 281, p. 399, p. 433, p. 475, p. 539. - bulletin of the torrey botanical club. 37 1910 new york : torrey botanical club, 1870 - 1996 url p. 115, p. 119, p. 121, p. 154. - california fish and game. [ san francisco, etc. ] : state of california, resources agency, dept. of fish and game. url p. 66. - catalogue of plants found in new jersey by n. l. britton. trenton : john l. murphy pub. co., 1889 url p. 107. - contributions from the united states national herbarium 2 1891 - 1894 washington, d. c. : smithsonian institution press, 1890 - url p.


the climate of middle illinois. peoria, ill., j. w. franks & sons, 1887. url,, p. 48, p. 77. - flora washingtonensis ; a catalogue of the phaenogamia and pteridophyta of the state of washington, n. p., 1892 url. - flora of guatemala / paul c. standley and louis o. williams. 24 1962 chicago, ill. : chicago natural history museum, 1962. url p. 241. - flora of illinois, containing keys for identification of flowering plants and ferns. notre dame, ind., university of notre dame press, 1963. url p. 160. - flora of indiana, by charles c. deam. indianapolis, wm. b. burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. url p. 697. - flora of jamaica, containing descriptions of the flowering plants known from the island, by william fawcett and alfred barton rendle. london. printed by order of the trustees of the british museum, 1910 - url p. 294, p. 294. - flora of japan : in english : combined, much revised and extended translation / by the author of his flora of japan ( 1953 ) and flora of japan, pteridophyta ( 1957 ) ; edited by frederick g. meyer and egbert h. walker. washington : smithsonian institution, 1965. url p. 649. - flora of nebraska ; a list of the conifers and flowering plants of the state with keys for their determination. plainview, neb. [ c1912 ] url. - flora of nebraska ; a list of the ferns, conifers and flowering plants of the state with keys for their determination. plainview, neb., 1923 url p. 150. - flora of peru / by j. francis macbride. 13 1941 chicago, [ ill. ] : field museum of natural history, url p. 217. - flora of yucatan, by paul c. standley. 3 1930 chicago, field museum of natural history, 1930. url p. 369. - flora of southeastern washington and adjacent idaho / by charles v. piper and r. kent beattie. lancaster, pa. : new era, 1914. url p. 168. - flora of the aguan valley and the coastal regions near la ceiba, honduras, by t. g. yuncker. 9 1940 [ chicago


kent beattie. lancaster, pa. : new era, 1914. url p. 168. - flora of the aguan valley and the coastal regions near la ceiba, honduras, by t. g. yuncker. 9 1940 [ chicago ] 1940. url p. 318. - flora of the northwest coast, including the area west of the summit of the cascade mountains, from the forty - ninth parallel south to the calapooia mountains on the south border of lane county, oregon. lancaster, pa., press of the new era printing company, 1915. url. - flora of the northwest coast : including the area west of the summit of the cascade mountains, from the forty - ninth parallel south to the calapooia mountains on the south border of lane county, oregon / by charles v. piper and r. kent beattie. lancaster, pa. : press of the new era printing company, 1915. url p. 245. - flora of the southeastern united states ; being descriptions of the seed - plants, ferns and fern - allies growing naturally in north carolina, south carolina, georgia, florida, tennessee, alabama, mississippi, arkansas, louisiana, and in oklahom by john kunkel small. new york, the author, 1913. url p. 826, p. 826, p. 827. - flora of the southeastern washington and adjacent idaho, lancaster, pa., press of the new era printing company, 1914. url. - flora of the state of washington. by charles v. piper. washington, govt. print. off., 1906. url p. 398. - flora of the vicinity of new york ; a contribution to plant geography. [ new york ] 1915 url p. 460, p. 653. - flowers and insects ; lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty - three flowers, by charles robertson. carlinville, ill., n. p. 1928. url p. 143. - forest conditions of mississippi. [ jackson, miss. ] : mississippi state geological survey, 1913. url p. 158. - gray ' s school and field book of botany : consisting of " lessons in botany " and " field, forest, and garden botany " bound in one volume. new york : american book company, [ between 1895 and 1900 ]. url p. 178. - gray ' s school and field book of botany. consisting of " lessons in botany, " and " field, forest, and


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utah state university, usu - utc specimen database - biodiversity heritage library namebankid : 2651074 - catalogue of life accepted name code : its - 27091 - global biodiversity information facility taxonkey : 13743007 - globally unique identifier : urn : lsid : ipni. org : names : 552672 - 1 - grin nomen number : 403806 - integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) taxonomic serial number ( tsn ) : 27091 - international plant names index ( ipni ) id : 552672 - 1 - mobot nameid : 19200303 - natural heritage network species identifier : pdlyt01020 - u. s. d. a. plant symbol : amte6 - zipcode zoo species identifier : 20823 - haining qin, shirley a. graham & michael g. gilbert " lythraceae ". in flora of china vol. 13 page 274, 290, 400. published by science press ( beijing ) and missouri botanical garden press. online at efloras. org. [ back ] - haining qin & shirley a. graham " ammannia ". in flora of china vol. 13 page 275. published by science press ( beijing ) and missouri botanical garden press. online at efloras. org. [ back ] - mean = 243. 730 meters ( 799. 639 feet ), standard deviation = 252. 800 based on 851 observations. altitude information for each observation from british oceanographic data centre. [ back ]