thousands face delay in medical tests by liz szabo thousands of patients in the usa may face delays in getting key medical tests because of a global shortage of radioactive tracers, which are used to perform bone scans and to assess blood flow to the heart, experts say. the radiotracer in short supply, mo - 99, is mostly used to observe blood flow to the heart and in bone scans that assess the spread of cancer, says robert atcher, president of the society of nuclear medicine. used in 80 % of nuclear medicine procedures, the drug also is used to measure kidney function and to gauge whether cancers have spread to the lymph nodes during some breast cancer surgeries. the impact on patients is “ very serious, ” atcher says. about half of the 20 million nuclear medical scans performed in the usa each year are for urgent needs, he says. in some cases, cancer patients may safely delay the tests for a few days or weeks. but others, such as those who have had heart attacks, may not be able to wait and may have to have more invasive procedures, such as angiograms, says atcher of the los alamos national laboratory in new mexico. the shortage stems from the shutdown of three of the world ’ s six facilities that make radioisotopes, according to an article by the british nuclear medicine society in the current british medical journal, or bmj. reactors in france and belgium have closed for scheduled maintenance, while a dutch reactor unexpectedly shut down in late august because of a problem in its cooling system. the dutch reactor, which supplies about half of the usa ’ s supply of mo - 99, isn ’ t expected to reopen until late october. mo - 99 has a half - life of less than three days, so it can ’ t be stockpiled or stored for very long. half - life is the time required for a radioactive substance to lose 50 % of its activity by decay. the shutdown of a canadian reactor in november and december last year delayed exams for about 50, 000 patients in the usa, which has no facilities to make mo - 99, according to the bmj article written by alan perkins, andrew hilson and john hall. all the reactors that make nuclear medicines are about 40 years old, the article states. as the reactors age, shortages could become more common. ( c ) copyright 2008 usa today, a division of gannett co. inc.


cooperating comes easy to elephants in a series of tests in thailand, researchers learned that elephants can cooperate to solve a problem, as reported in monday ’ s edition of proceedings of the national academy of sciences. “ elephants are socially complex, ” lead researcher joshua m. plotnik, study leader from the university of cambridge explained to ap, “ they help others in distress. " “ they seem in some ways emotionally attached to each other, so you would expect there would be some level of cooperation. ” however, he added, “ i was surprised how quickly they learned. ” six pairs of elephants were tested 40 times over two days and every pair figured it out, succeeding on at least eight of the last 10 trials. the tests involved food rewards placed on a platform on the ground connected to a rope with the elephants behind a fence. the elephants, to get the food closer to them, had to pull the two ends of the rope at the same time to drag the platform under the fence. pulling one end resulted in nothing but rope. in another experiment, the researchers left only one end of the rope within reach of the elephants, with the other end coiled on the table. the elephants didn ’ t bother to pull the rope, seeming to recognize that it wouldn ’ t work if their partner couldn ’ t pull the other end. it is hard to draw a line between learning and understanding, the researchers concluded, but the elephants did engage in cooperative behavior and paid attention to their partner. adam stone, elephant program manager at zoo atlanta, told ap it was significant that the elephants learned quickly. “ we ’ re learning about the amazing mind of the elephant, ” he said. it was long thought that learning and cooperation were limited to primates, and “ it ’ s interesting to see that these other species are on the ball, ” stone explained. associate director of animal care science at the smithsonian ’ s national zoo, don moore, explains that observations of elephants have suggested that they cooperate, but it hadn ’ t been experimentally tested before. “ elephants are big, they ’ re social, they live long lives and they ’ re really, really smart, ” he said. the youngest elephant in the study quickly learned that she did not have to do any pulling to get a treat. “ she could just put her foot on the rope, so her partner had to do all the work, ” said dr. plotnik. many scientists, photographers and film - makers have documented remarkable behavior by wild elephants, including “ targeted helping ” of other elephants that


that americans love their cars or that our infrastructure is built around them isn ’ t something people argue with, but what to do about it is a source of debate. in their book, creating green roadways : integrating cultural, natural, and visual resources into transportation, james l. sipes, asla, and matthew l. sipes offer up practical construction, design advice on how we might begin to move beyond basic transportation. sipes and sipes, a landscape architect and engineer respectively, haven ’ t just written a book about roads. as they say in their introduction, they ’ ve written a book about “ pedestrians and bicycle facilities, streetscapes, community character ; protecting cultural and natural resources and ensuring creatures large and small can cross the road safely. it is about multimodality, natural processes, and energy efficiency. ” with common language, thorough research and numerous case studies, the sipes provide the reader with sound arguments for making our roadways green. they define green roadways as highways and roads that are site specific, that respect both the visual character of the place as well as plant and animal life. green roadways work with a site ’ s watershed, maintain green corridors, and protect open spaces. it is possible, the authors maintain, to create roads that both meet traditional engineering standards and minimize their impact on the environment. more than that, though, green roadways are about getting people out of their cars – walking, biking and using public transportation. they contend that the time is ripe for this green conversion, citing quite a few scary statistics : 33 percent of our nation ’ s roadways are in “ poor or mediocre ” condition ; 36 percent of our major urban highways are congested ; and 26 percent of bridges are “ structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. ” they point to the collapse of the i - 35 w bridge over the mississippi in minneapolis as an example of what might happen if we don ’ t make these changes. and not to put too fine a point on it, since the book has gone to press, yet another bridge has collapsed, this time on i - 5 over the skagit river in washington state. the number of cars on our roads has quadrupled from 65 million cars and trucks in 1955 to 246 million today, and where in 1970 vehicles in the us traveled 1 trillion miles per year, in 2010 that number had increased to 3 trillion miles per year while the amount of paved roads increased only 1. 97 percent. these numbers are staggering, and the basic argument that the


where in 1970 vehicles in the us traveled 1 trillion miles per year, in 2010 that number had increased to 3 trillion miles per year while the amount of paved roads increased only 1. 97 percent. these numbers are staggering, and the basic argument that the sipes make is that building more roads won ’ t solve these problems. after all, how will laying down more roadways provide a solution when we can ’ t maintain what we have? instead, their book makes a strong case for integrating roads, bridges, trails, walkways and other elements so they become assets, not liabilities. as they say, “ roads and highways have such an impact on our communities that we need to start thinking about them in terms of quality of life. ” in urban and suburban areas, especially on local and neighborhood roads, the move should be on “ de - emphasizing roads. ” they should be narrowed and their visual impact lessened, sidewalks widened, and opportunities for sociability increased. the use of rain gardens and bioswales rather than a reliance on drains also lessens the environmental impact of roads. greener roundabouts can be used to slow traffic, and in the case of the roundabout in normal, illinois, it was designed as a community gathering places as well as a system for underground storm water collection. our interstates can be retrofitted to allow for wildlife crossings, either as land bridges or underpasses, which protect habitat and wildlife populations that live around highways. the authors note that the average cost of repair to a vehicle after a crash involving an animal is $ 2, 900, a figure that certainly makes these changes worthwhile. both sipes, who do believe there is still a place for pleasure driving, especially along the nation ’ s scenic and historic roads, provide the reader with examples of roads that are done well. they also offer recommendations for protecting the environmental, cultural and historical resources along these roadways. the authors are dedicated to turning our transportation systems to assets, not liabilities, and have written a book to help guide this transformation. this guest post is by heidi petersen, student asla, asla 2013 summer intern and master ’ s of landscape architecture candidate, illinois institute of technology ( iit ) image credits : ( 1 ) island press, ( 2 ) portland library streetcar stop / j. sipes, ( 3 ) atlanta ’ s 15th street / edaw, ( 4 ) portland green street rain garden / kevin robert perry, city of portland, ( 5 ) normal, illinois roundabout / city of normal, illinois


streetcar stop / j. sipes, ( 3 ) atlanta ’ s 15th street / edaw, ( 4 ) portland green street rain garden / kevin robert perry, city of portland, ( 5 ) normal, illinois roundabout / city of normal, illinois, ( 6 ) proposed wildlife crossing / washington department of transportation, ( 7 ) stone retaining wall / depositphotos. com, ( 8 ) blue ridge parkway linn cove viaduct / wikipedia commons the dirt has initiated a new bi - weekly feature highlighting news stories from around the web on landscape architecture. for more la in the news, check out land, asla ’ s newsletter. if you see others you ’ d like included, please email us at “ in 1996, when developers proposed a residential community atop the slag heaps that for decades had greeted parkway travelers at the inbound entrance to the squirrel hill tunnel, a dream once envisioned by famed landscape architect frederick law olmstead but long thwarted by the demands of the steel industry would finally become possible. ” “ as many metropolitan areas around the midwest begin to reap the benefits of a downtown resurgence that has graced cities from cincinnati to chicago, cleveland plans to turn its lackluster public square into a 10 - acre park in the heart of downtown. ” “ a new ‘ toolbox ’ is put together annually by the danish organization sustainia, aiming to differentiate itself from other sustainability awards by focusing exclusively on solutions that are available today. by highlighting trends as well as the solutions that already exist to capitalise on them, sustainia aims to create an army of world - changing ideas. ” “ the curving benches are a tip of his cap to jens jensen, the early 20th - century danish - american landscape architect who brought the feeling of the prairie, and native american traditions, to chicago ’ s parks and countless public and private landscapes across the country. ” these articles were compiled by phil stamper, asla public relations and communications coordinator image credit : mountain laurel at brooklyn botanic garden / randy harris for the new york times. i have been under stress watching the recent events taking place in my native turkey. these events began with peaceful demonstrations on may 29 by environmentally - minded citizens who wanted to preserve one of the last remaining green spaces in istanbul. they did not want to see a planned demolition and privatization of a public park known as gezi ( promenade ) park in a major public open space in the district of taksim. however, excessive use of force by the riot police — with their use of water cannons, rubber bullets,


demolition and privatization of a public park known as gezi ( promenade ) park in a major public open space in the district of taksim. however, excessive use of force by the riot police — with their use of water cannons, rubber bullets, and tear gas to disperse the demonstrators — quickly brought more protesters, who then introduced an anti - government agenda. public gatherings in support of the gezi park as well as anti - government demonstrations quickly spread over to other major cities and 78 of turkey ’ s 81 provinces. the use of excessive force by police to disperse the protestors in istanbul, the capital city of ankara, and the third largest city izmir, has been clearly documented by the international media. as a result, prime minister recep tayyip erdogan and his religious - based conservative government are looking vulnerable for the first time in his ten - year administration. despite significant economic successes under his leadership, this episode has the potential to tarnish the international image and reputation of turkey, a majority muslim country with a strongly secular tradition. i believe these sad developments can be linked to the top - down planning style of the prime minister, who once again took center stage to explain his vision for this public square and park during these tragic events. furthermore, instead of trying to calm the protestors and approve the requested dialog for public participation, the pm sent in his supporters in addition to riot police. the announced plans by the istanbul city government, which were strongly promoted by the pm, initially called for razing the park to build a shopping mall inspired by a demolished ottoman military barracks. based on initial protests, the pm backed off plans for a shopping mall on the site, but there are still plans to remove the existing park and building “ something ” there. for the rest of the taksim square, the pm calls for removing several stores to bring an existing church into the open and build a “ major mosque ” on the other side of the street, in a location that used to be a private theater for musical performances. this is proposed under the guise of open dialog and respect for both religions. as for the proposed plans and designs : the overall plan, which calls for the removal of the park, calls for several underground tunnels to alleviate traffic congestion that currently plagues the square. they would add very large turf areas in the shape of tulips, which are a revered flower in turkey and also known to have religious symbolism referring to the prophet muhammad. the pm ’ s statement suggesting that “ something ” will be built


square. they would add very large turf areas in the shape of tulips, which are a revered flower in turkey and also known to have religious symbolism referring to the prophet muhammad. the pm ’ s statement suggesting that “ something ” will be built there proves that there is no design thought given either to the master plan or the street - level designs ( see videos below ) : as an educator, i would call the proposed overall plan for the square and the park sophomoric at best. this park has been the subject of many of my projects when i was an undergraduate student in late 1970s. over the years the park has been encroached upon along its edges and has received minimal maintenance and care ; an occasional bench replacement is about that seems to be done. despite their neglect, trees have matured and provide the only shaded area and refuge from the highly - motorized greater taksim square. the current state of the park reminds me of bryant park in new york city prior to its most recent renovations. it ’ s true that something needs to be done to take advantage of this wonderful green oasis in the sea of cars dominating taksim square. however, the proposed removal of the park to establish a private shopping center or “ something ” is not what is needed. the use of earlier ottoman military barracks as an inspiration for the proposed shopping center ( or some other type of building ) is also highly questionable. these barracks were the scene of one of the bloodiest uprisings by mullahs, who wanted religious laws enacted during the last decades of the ottoman empire ( similar to those used in iran or by the taliban today ). ataturk ( father of turks ), the founder of today ’ s modern turkey, was the ottoman military commander who quashed these uprisings in the late 1800s and consequently ordered the destruction of the barracks after the establishment of turkey in 1923. the promotion of the image of these barracks by the pm as a back drop to the proposed developments begs the question : how much respect does the current government have for the strong secular traditions of the country? the proposed plans do not seem to give even a cursory thought to the needs of pedestrians. they do not offer any significant design elements for the human scale. perhaps another unstated objective of the pm is to minimize and eventually remove the monument to the independence war, which houses sculptures of ataturk, his commanders, and the unknown soldiers during the final days of the occupied ottoman empire. the videos released by the metropolitan city government of the proposed


pm is to minimize and eventually remove the monument to the independence war, which houses sculptures of ataturk, his commanders, and the unknown soldiers during the final days of the occupied ottoman empire. the videos released by the metropolitan city government of the proposed development make this meaningful landmark look as insignificant as an ant. pm erdogan ’ s government owes some of its economic successes to the privatization of many government institutions, holdings, and services. some of these privatization efforts were perhaps necessary to encourage private financing and development. but selling national treasures is highly questionable. the government has sold parts of the first model farm in ankara established by ataturk to international clients to establish a private resort. at the present, there is extensive clear cutting in the ataturk farm. let me explain the significance of this : could you imagine the u. s. government selling president jefferson ’ s monticello? similarly, how would the american public react if the u. s. government or the national parks service were to sell some of much - cherished open fields not covered by memorials in the national mall in washington, d. c. for a private shopping mall development? this is exactly what is happening in istanbul and other cities in turkey. all of these tragic events could have been avoided if either the pm erdogan or his representatives were to institute a public hearing system in their planning and design process. instead the pm is more concerned with the demonstrators questioning his authority and calls them “ capulcu, ” meaning marginal and extreme. at other times, he ’ s called these concerned citizens of turkey “ terrorists. ” this is quite ironic considering that it ’ s the pm ’ s government who is holding talks with a convicted killer and the head of the internationally recognized terrorist group pkk ( kurdish separatists ). prime minister erdogan pm and all of his representatives must recognize they are elected to represent the people. these people have shown up in unprecedented numbers to express their opinions and represent themselves. if the pm and his government continue to ignore the voice of the people, they may not be re - elected as the peoples ’ representatives. finally, mr. erdogan needs to make up his mind if he wants to be the prime minister of turkey, the mayor of city of istanbul, or an urban designer. if the prime minister has no intention of going back to school, then he should let the real design professionals do their job and concentrate on managing the government in a way that will make all turkish citizens proud. this guest post is by professor sadik


. if the prime minister has no intention of going back to school, then he should let the real design professionals do their job and concentrate on managing the government in a way that will make all turkish citizens proud. this guest post is by professor sadik artunc, fasla, rla, head of the department of landscape architecture, mississippi state university. a native of turkey, professor artunc has a bs and ms in forestry and forest engineering from the university of istanbul and an mla from the university of michigan. prior to arriving in the united states in 1975, he worked in turkey as a forester for the ministry of forestry, as a recreation planner in the central planning office, and as the planning director of the olympus national park for the department of national parks. image credits : ( 1 - 2 ) turkish revolution, ( 3 ) the huffington post, ( 4 - 5 ) taksim square / wikipedia the national building museum ’ s summer mini - golf is back, this time with two courses of nine holes each. each hole was constructed around the theme “ building the future ” and was designed by a variety of architects, landscape architects, designers and contractors. a group of four of us played through both courses ; the highlights, favorites and frustrations of which are detailed below. perhaps the coolest looking hole on either course was holograph hole on the green course. designed and built by architecture firm skidmore, ownings & merrill with help from students at catholic university ’ s school of architecture, this hole featured a 3 - d virtual cityscape in glowing holographic green. calling attention to the digital tools that architects now use, this hole highlights how 3 - d technology is also changing the design process. par was 2. half of our crew scored on par, the other half a 3. is it an acceptable excuse to say the sci - fi surroundings were a bit distracting because they were just so awesome? foreward thinking, hole 6 on the green course, was built and designed by studios architecture, under the premise that we can be sustainable by revitalizing old buildings. common materials came together in the construction of this hole, along with two separate paths, one of which was up a ramp and down a xylophone. this route was, of course, not the direct route. par was 3, which our group easily made, with the exception of yours truly, who got stuck trying unsuccessfully to use the xylophone. this resulted in 2 over par, though the invitation to draw on the


course, not the direct route. par was 3, which our group easily made, with the exception of yours truly, who got stuck trying unsuccessfully to use the xylophone. this resulted in 2 over par, though the invitation to draw on the chalkboard walls took away some of the sting. hole 8 on the green course, capital rivergreen, designed by shalom baranes associates and built by winmar construction, showcases d. c. ’ s relatively new yards park, which runs along the anacostia river. depending on where you stand, panels line up to create large pictures of the landscape in and surrounding the park. play is directed around a tiny navy yard metro sign and over the park ’ s iconic bridge rendered in miniature. enjoyment of this hole has to do with an interest in community green space and not just because of a score of 2 on a par 3. our merry band of mini golf players made it through the “ easy ” green course, which was par 25, with a respectable 24 and 25, as well as a slightly less than respectable 26 and 28. but who ’ s judging? we ’ re just having fun. on to the blue course, which, you guessed it, was the “ hard ” course. some of the holes on this course seem nearer to impossible than hard, but again, who ’ s judging? first up was mount vernon triangulation, which at first blush is deceptively simple – lines of light form triangles on a flat rectangle with a straight path to the hole. then you step on it and realize that where you stand affects the shape of the putting green. designer, e / l studio, and builders, think make build ; flor ; and independent custom metalworks, want to teach participants about triangulation, which is a process that determines a location by using other known and fixed points. upon closer inspection, the lines of blue lights also form a map of the mount vernon triangle. it is possible to direct the ball by jumping from side to side and changing the shape of the course rather like a game of pinball, but no need, we were all off to a good start scoring on par or below on this hole ’ s par 3. the evolution of the office, hole 2, which was designed by determined by design and built by davis construction, reminds us that technology has fundamentally changed how, and where, we work. our laptops and smartphones give us the opportunity to take our work from the office to the park bench. this,


designed by determined by design and built by davis construction, reminds us that technology has fundamentally changed how, and where, we work. our laptops and smartphones give us the opportunity to take our work from the office to the park bench. this, like many holes on the blue course, provides the player with two routes, generally one more direct than the other. not wanting to say no to challenge, i chose the route over the desks and back around the park bench. the angle is a bit awkward and high off the ground, so it seemed like a good idea to use the club like a pool cue. that is until the ball went flying off the bench and landed on the other side of the room. this resulted in a score of 4, 2 over par, with my mini - golf associates scoring at par, or 1 over. you might guess who chose the direct route. hole 4, the future ’ s looking up!, designed by bonstra i haresign architects and built by monarc construction, shows the player the latest in green roof technology. play is a straight shot uphill, once you get past the drainage elements and round the chimney. but don ’ t get too confident, or you ’ ll end up in the roof ’ s gutter which sends you back down the hill. par was 3, though only one in our group scored that, with the rest of us scoring a very sorry and disappointing 6. tomorrow ’ s water, hole 5, sponsored by the american society of landscape architects ( asla ) and designed and built by students at virginia tech ’ s washington - alexandria architecture center is not only arguably the most beautiful hole on either course, it is without question one of the most difficult. carved in layered wood, this hole shows in topographic detail d. c. ’ s watershed and forces the player to confront something that few of us ever consider in our day - to - day lives : where does storm water go and how does it get there? par is 3, though if it weren ’ t for witnessing a hole in one, one might argue par should be nigh impossible. unlike water which flows where it will, there is one route that will lead you directly to the hole, but beware falling off the edge. if that happens, you might have to call it at 6 strokes rather than admitting the 15 strokes you took to try and get back on track. the blue course ’ s hole 7 provides a much needed respite after the frustrations of some of the earlier holes on the


might have to call it at 6 strokes rather than admitting the 15 strokes you took to try and get back on track. the blue course ’ s hole 7 provides a much needed respite after the frustrations of some of the earlier holes on the course. imagination powers the future, designed and built by hargrove, inc., is whimsical, colorful, and a direct shot with a par 3. this hole is based on the idea that imagination and creativity make the world a better place. we were all happy to make it under par, with one in the group getting a hole in one. the last hole on the blue course, participatory terrain, designed by d. c. - based landscape architecture firm, landscape architecture bureau ( lab ), built by harkins builders, and sponsored by the jbg companies, requires the player to choose a side on a yes or no question, and by placing a pink plastic rod on the side of their answer, decide themselves how to change the route to the hole. the question our group confronted, “ should we prepare for an asteroid to hit the earth? ” was split pretty evenly between the yes and no camps, something that may have helped direct the ball neatly to the hole, under the par 3, with one of us scoring a hole in one. come back each week for a new question, and new challenge. blue course ’ s par was a 26, and proved for most of us to be as much of a challenge as it was billed to be. we scored a 29, a 31 ( uffda, that ’ s yours truly ), a 23 ( show - off ), and a 28. at $ 5 per course per person, this is truly a fun time. come down and show off your mad mini - golf skills and prove you ’ re up for the challenge. this guest post is by heidi petersen, student asla, asla 2013 summer intern and master ’ s of landscape architecture candidate, illinois institute of technology ( iit ) image credits : ( 1 ) mini golf clubs / anne mcdonough photography, ( 2 ) holograph hole / kevin allen photography, ( 3 ) foreward thinking / emily clack photography, ( 4 ) capital rivergreen / kevin allen photography, ( 5 ) mount vernon triangulation / emily clack photography, ( 6 ) the evolution of the office / anne mcdonough photography, ( 7 ) the future ’ s looking up! / kevin allen photography, ( 8 )


welcome to honolulu no one knows for certain when honolulu was founded. hawaiian oral histories and modern archeology indicate a settlement in honolulu about 1100 a. d., but it may have been settled earlier as the first polynesian migrants arrived nearly 2, 000 years ago. king kamehameha i, who conquered oahu in a decisive battle fought the length of nuuanu valley, moved his court from hawaii island to waikiki in 1804. he relocated to what is now downtown honolulu five years later. the royal housing complex site is under the marin building built next to nimitz highway at queen and bethel streets. the monarchs also maintained official residences in kailua on hawaii and lahaina on maui. when honolulu ( meaning sheltered harbor ) was named is unclear. the old name for honolulu is said to be kou, a district roughly encompassing the area from nuuanu avenue to alakea street and from hotel street to queen street ( then the edge of the waterfront ) which is the heart of the present downtown district. honolulu harbor, known also as kulolia, was entered by the first foreigner, captain william brown of the english ship butterworth, in 1794. he named the harbor fair haven. other foreign captains then referred to it as brown ' s harbor. the name honolulu ( with numerous variations in spelling ) soon came into use. in the 1800s, the city of honolulu was the area near the harbor which is now referred to as downtown honolulu. honolulu became the most important shipping point in hawaii. it flourished with the sandalwood export and then as a supply port for whalers. sugar, pineapples, light manufacturing, tourism and defense installations followed as economic mainstays and the last two remain so to this day. seamen, colonizers, adventurers, merchants and missionaries from america and europe westernized the hawaiian islands. probably the greatest influence was by the group of missionaries who arrived from new england in 1820. they left a lasting imprint in fields of religion, education, economics and politics. later, immigrants from asia brought other cultural values and practices that helped to fashion the unique hawaiian culture of today. in 1850, kamehameha iii proclaimed honolulu the capital city of his kingdom. it is still the capital and dominant city of the nation ' s 50th state.


october 21, 2008 the new times ( kigali ) by edwin musoni the washington - based, u. s. national press club together with the pneumococcal awareness council of experts ( pace ) will on friday this week recognize and honour the ministry of health for its ground - breaking efforts to introduce a pneumococcal vaccine in africa. pneumococcal is a bacteria that causes meningitis. rwanda was the first african country to introduce the pneumococcal vaccine in africa and has since been leading the way on the continent. [ see note. ] before the introduction of the vaccine, rwanda had one of the highest rates of pneumococcal infections in the world and to date the country has one of the strongest immunization programs in africa. according to a press statement, as countries around the world consider the inclusion of pneumococcal vaccines in their immunization programs, this event will demonstrate the global need and broad international support for increased efforts to prevent pneumococcal disease. when contacted on the day ’ s arrangements, newly appointed permanent secretary in the ministry of health, dr. agnes binagwaho, said that she was not in a position to comment on anything before she is officially sworn in. meanwhile scientific study indicates that pneumococcal disease is a leading cause of serious illness in children and adults throughout the world and is caused by a common bacterium called pneumococcus which can attack different parts of the body. science indicates that when pneumococcus bacteria invade the lungs, they cause the most common form of community - acquired bacterial pneumonia ; when bacteria invade the bloodstream, they cause bacteremia ; and when they invade the covering of the brain, they cause meningitis. pneumococci may also cause middle ear infection called otitis media and sinusitis. currently there are more than 90 known pneumococcal types ; the ten most common types account for approximately 62 percent of invasive disease worldwide. note : the pneumococcal awareness council of experts ( pace ) has contacted allafrica to clarify that rwanda has not yet introduced the pneumococcal vaccine but that thanks to the collaborative efforts of the government of rwanda and gavi alliance, the rwanda ministry of health expects to introduce the pneumococcal vaccine into its national immunization program in january 2009. this will make rwanda one of the first two countries in


the traditions of the hopi, by h. r. voth,, at sacred - texts. com long ago the badger and the small gray mice ( tucan homihtci ) were hopi, but they were very bad and hence became these two animals. they were both doctors. the badger doctor cured people mostly by herbs, of which he made decoctions and lotions, etc. the mice effected their cures by singing, rattling, rubbing, and by kneading the bodies, scraping the skins, and by other means of sorcery. these two were rivals, and the badger doubted whether his rival, the mouse, really knew anything about diseases and medicine, so he decided to try him. one time he fasted for four days and four nights, and when he had become very weak he sent for his rival, the mouse. the latter brought with him a rattle, a buckskin, in which he had some medicines wrapped up, and also a small medicine bowl. in the latter he made a mixture containing different medicines. this he placed beside the couch where the old man badger was lying and then sang the following song, accompanying it with his rattle : uma wurz, tusan - homihtci, you, of course, a small gray mouse, badger old man, the tucan mouse a medicine man heart ( that ) something ( in order ) to find out, four days ( you ) fasted. aayoooo, ayoayo, ayoayo. after he was through singing he told his rival, the old man badger, that he should eat well and then he would get well, and then laughingly left. the old man badger was astonished and said to himself : " i did not know that he could look inside of me. he is certainly a great doctor. " hereupon he ordered something to eat and got well. 228 : 1 told by lomavantiwa ( shupaulavi ).


the meaning of this word has always been in dispute and must remain a matter of sheer conjecture. there are four references in the text. i. l. 59. ' oh boyan, hadst but thou sung of these hosts... weaving together from both ends of this epoch, racing down the path of troyan! ' ii. l. 209. ' there have been the ages [ or, reading on the authority of karamzin,, the affrays ] of troyan, the years of yaroslav have passed by, there have been the regiments of oleg. ' iii. l. 288. contumely arose in the forces of dazbog ' s descendant [? russia, the civilizing power ; compare a curious passage in ипат. 1114 where a myth is told at length of a king of egypt, dazbog, who civilized men and was succeeded by the sun ], stepped like a maiden in the land of troyan... ' iv. l. 569. ' in the seventh age of troyan, vseslav cast his lot for a maiden dear to him. ' † in this last passage e. reads зояни. if my view holds good that troyan is derived from три three, this would be a natural eror ; in the original ms. all numbers were designated by cyrillic letters ; and were copied by musin - puskin as arabic numerals : hence the original may have had fояни, which was copied out as зояни by the clerk and then taken for зояни. if, again, on reading these passages, it appears that by substituting ' russia ' for ' troyan, ' a simple and satisfactory sense is obtained, the last passage is an amplification of the first, and it will be found there are exactly seven generations between vseslav and rurik, the founder of the dynasty. it is evident that the phrase is highly poetical, and that it is associated with boyan, the range of whose verse is set out in the very corrupt passage at the end, рекъ боянъ и хокды... l. 745 [ v. the note on this passage ]. there have been very many speculations. 1. ( 1 ) geographical. that the land and path of troyan refer to some country either east or west of medieval russia, anyhow in


745 [ v. the note on this passage ]. there have been very many speculations. 1. ( 1 ) geographical. that the land and path of troyan refer to some country either east or west of medieval russia, anyhow in polovsk territory. there is a town called troitsk in orenburg on the river уи and увелка ; a place троянъ in bulgaria in the lobec district on the river osma whence roads lead to lovec, teteren and selvi. sederholm states that the country between the pruth and the ister was called provincia traiani in the geographia antiqua of cellarius. in the historical map for the year 895 there is a spot in the danube near lat. 44° long. 40°, marked pons traiani. - - this is the district identified with the " trojan " country by other theorists. to these facts may be added a town troyan in smolensk, south of krasny, and troyanovka in poltava [ dubenski ], and troilov on the river don near the kagalnik or kayala. no doubt other names can be traced. ( 2 ) weltmann altogether rejects троянъ and substitutes краянъ the border land, this is very violent and does not explain all the passages. ii. that the word stands for trajan, the roman emperor. this theory is not altogether fantastic ; for trajan built a road and a wall in dacia ; the road running from varhely along the river strey ( which falls into the maros ) thence to karlsburg and so north to torda ( salinum ) where it divided one branch leading to kolosvar and the other north east. there is some evidence that the name of trajan survived in legend. sederholm quotes a topical былина of the reign of catherine ii commemorating a turkish war. on this theory boyan ' s mind soared back very far to the oldest, prehistoric battle - fields of the slavs. in south russia there is a long wall балъ трояновъ connected with traditions of троянъ царь ермаланекіи [ римлянскіи ] and coins of trajan have been found by his walls on the danube


connected with traditions of троянъ царь ермаланекіи [ римлянскіи ] and coins of trajan have been found by his walls on the danube. lastly, as evidence of the permanence of trajan ' s name, a miracle, of clement, pope of rome, commences thus. къ попу клименту отъ рима озимьстровану въ херсонъ траияну царемь. [ изв. отд. рус. я. и словес. - - vi спб. 1903 ]. iii. the possibilities of this flexible root are still unexhausted. the word has been taken, mainly by petrusevic and vyazemski, to mean trojan, to be the russian tradition of homer ; and in this connection the maiden is construed as the evil star of helen, as the blood - thirsty artemis of tauris, whose rites were recorded both by euripides and by strabo. [ v. note ]. this school tries to prove a russian tradition, similar to that which obtained in england, france and germany, of tracing ancestries back to hector of troy. it is argued that the lower danube country was called dardania in strabo ' s time. this land would have served as a mart for interchange of the thoughts of the east and the west. but granting these facts - - and very much of the vast erudition brought to bear on them is quite irrelevant to russia - - it is difficult to see how the land - locked state of medieval russia could have imported very much of this lore. the incessant warfare internal and external, the barring of the road to constantinople by the polovtsy and bolgars, and the hostility of the catholic powers to the north west, have made russian medieval productions peculiarly native ; and it is difficult to discern any connection with ancient greece, even in its medieval garb. rambaud ( la russie epique ) whose authorities are vyazemski, kireyevski and others, also supports the theory of classical origin. iv. troyan has also been taken to be a pagan god of slavdom. for this theory there is fairly strong


) whose authorities are vyazemski, kireyevski and others, also supports the theory of classical origin. iv. troyan has also been taken to be a pagan god of slavdom. for this theory there is fairly strong external evidence. miklozis cites from vostokov of the ancient slavs ; - - " believing in many gods, in perun, and khors, div and troyan, who were men of past days ; perun amongst the greeks, khors in cyprus, troyan an emperor at rome... ' it has been supposed that troyan was the god of the dead, but i cannot find any proof. in ' the virgin ' s descent into hell ' [ leo wiener ' s translation ]. ' these are they who did not believe in the father.... they changed troyan, khors, veles, perun to gods.... ' as a supernatural being, troyan is found in several serbian legends. buslayev [ москвитянинъ 1842 no. 11 ] quotes karadzic and says ; there was once a city of troyan on mount tsera near dvorissa where tsar troyan lived. every night he drove to srem [ sirmia ], to see a maiden he loved. he went by night because he feared the day as it might heat him. when he arrived at srem, he gave his horses oats and at cock ' s crow [ до куръ v. l. 595 ] returned. but one day the husband of the maiden put sand into the manger instead of oats and slit all the cocks ' tongues. the tsar was kept waiting and stayed too long. the sun had already risen. he fled and hid behind a hayrick, but the cows came along and tore it down and so the tsar melted. ' further [ древности 1865 moscow vol. i матеріалы ] in the слово и откровеніе св. апостоловъ, xvi. troyan is recorded amongst the pagan gods, the passage, apparently being the one first quoted. in serbian and bulgarian traditions of troyan or troim [ vuk stepanovic 1852 2nd edition ] troyan appears as a nocturnal being who fears daylight, may have three heads [?


, the passage, apparently being the one first quoted. in serbian and bulgarian traditions of troyan or troim [ vuk stepanovic 1852 2nd edition ] troyan appears as a nocturnal being who fears daylight, may have three heads [? false etymology from три ] and wings which melted in the sun ; and in further development as a midas with goat ' s ears. there are bulgarian songs of a town troyan the inhabitants of which believed in gold and silver. it therefore appears that the southern slavs had legends of a nocturnal gnome who bore this name. to attach this tale to vseslav and to translate до куръ by cock ' s crow would be ridiculous and out of style with the poem. v. it remains to sum up and, if possible, extract something coherent from this nebulous being. i take it that troyan is a name for russia, derived from the significant number three, and that it was thus written in the lost ms. there were the three scandinavian brothers who arrived at kiev [ v. nestor 6370 ], rurik, sineus and truvor. as the hills of kiev came into sight they asked : " whose is this town? " the reply was ; - - " there were three brothers kii, scek and khoriv [ i. e. the ancestors of kiev, cechs and croatians ] who built this little town, and they perished and we sit here paying tribute to the khozars. " - - it was always the same tradition of the subject slavs. - - druhenski states that all the slavs use the word троянъ as a nickname ; that it means the third, and generally the third son. - - he proceeds to support his argument for шестикрыльци and осмомысле as a play on numbers ; [ v. notes on these words ]. thus the land of rurik, of the third brother, may have been a poetical name ; the exactness of the seven generations ( l. 568 ) seems to me conclusive proof. the word next acquired alien import ; the traditions of trajan who was worshipped in his lifetime, and who, after his death, was long remembered for his great road and wall, tendered this title of russia more imperial and more dignified. there also existed a belief in a subterranean god troyan, a gnome ar sprite, condemned


americans ' collective $ 16 trillion national debt, with about one - third of it piled up during just the past three and one - half years under president barack obama, has become a major issue in this year ' s presidential election. but the amount we owe as a nation is just part of americans ' debt burden. before he took office, obama promised to reduce unemployment dramatically. he has failed signally to accomplish that. one ramification of obama ' s failure has been that many young americans graduating from college can ' t find jobs and, in desperation, go back to school. many others enroll in higher education for the first time, also in attempts to make themselves marketable to potential employers. that has resulted in an explosion of debt among students and their parents. when obama took office, the total student loan debt in the united states was $ 579 billion. it now stands at $ 914 billion - an increase of more than 50 percent. when obama took office, only about 15 percent of u. s. households owed student loan debt. the percentage has gone up to 19 percent. analysts say there is no doubt part of the increase in student loan debt is because of high unemployment. so yes, the nation ' s debt has increased dramatically because of obama ' s policies - but so has the debt owed personally by millions of american students and their families.


the indigenous religion of japan is shinto ( 神 道 ), the " way of the gods ". the central text of shinto is the kojiki ( 古 事 ), which outlines the ancient mythology whereby japan ' s ancestral gods and lands were born. if you ' ve ever taken a course in world religions, you know how crucial myths are to any culture. core myths explain why we do what we do ; why we live like we live. for example, the judaeo - christian creation story explains such things as why humans differ qualitatively from animals, why there is evil and death in the world, and why we get weekends off from work to sit around watching japanese movies. similarly, the japanese creation story, contained in the kojiki provides the central ancient explanation as to why japanese do what japanese do, etc. it should be no surprise that contemporary publications of the kojiki include manga versions aimed at educating and entertaining japanese youth ( and cartoon - loving gaijin ). the following are scans of a manga version i picked up in ikebukuro. the following is taken from kojiki : kumon no manga koten bungakukan published by kumon shuppan in 1990. western readers can purchase it online here, but as you can see from this exercise, the text is japanese and is without translation. japanese manga ( and books ) are generally read from right to left ( in other words : right top to right bottom, then left top to left bottom. ). the numbering system i added to the manga frames will help you, but remember, this " r - to - l " principal also applies to the speech balloons within any given frame. the translations below are my own. they are accurate but occasionally embellished for emphasis. ( thus, just for the record, " biotch " and " punk ass " are not necessarily literal translations of the ancient, sacred kojiki... ) in terms of context, what you see below is chapter one of a total of nine ( manga ) chapters. but while this is just the introductory portion of a much ( much ) larger story, this is by far the most famous and well - known episode, explaining and introducing the central characters within the ancient shinto cosmology. one last note : for those of you diligently ( and wisely ) comparing the original japanese dialogue with my own translation, please note that i have chosen to ignore purely expressive gestures when unaccompanied by any other (


##ami ( female ) : you are such a great man. izanagi ( male ) : and you are very beautiful. izanagi : now we are wonderfully man and wife! 12. narrator : but, their union produced only stillborn children. izanami : ( crying ) why? why?? 13. voice from heaven : izanami!!. izanagi : ame - no - minaka - nushi - no kami!! 14. ame - no - minaka - nushi - no kami : during your wedding ceremony you committed a grave error by speaking first. return and repeat the ceremmony correctly!! ( see notes below ) 15. izanagi and izanami : yes, we will obey! 16. narrator : following this, the couple had many divine children, one after the other. 17. narrator : of these children, the eight islands ( of japan ) were born. 18. narrator : following these, izanami gave birth to thirty four gods. the god of homes, the god of rivers, the god of sea, the god of argriculture, the god of mountains... 19. narrator : during the brith of the thirty - fifth child... izanami : ( screaming ) the pain!! the pain!! izanagi : izanami! whats wrong!? 20. izanagi : the god of fire!! 21. izanagi : izanami!! don ' t die!!! 22. izanagi : you!!! for your day of birth i give you this!! 23. narrator : as soon as he cut the god of fire, the ( far more turbulent ) gods of sword and dragon were born. 24. narrator : while mourning the death of izanami, izanagi buried her beneath the ground. 25. izanagi : i must see you again!! i cannot abandon you!! 26. izanagi : in order to meet with you once again, i will descend into the realm of the dead. 27. narrator : the bottom of the world... here the souls of the dead live on, in what is known as yomi - no - kuni ( 国 / land of yellow sulfur ). 28. izanagi : ( pounding on the door of yomi ) izanami!! izanami!! i want to see you once more. i have come


- kuni ( 国 / land of yellow sulfur ). 28. izanagi : ( pounding on the door of yomi ) izanami!! izanami!! i want to see you once more. i have come this far to see your form once again. 29. izanami : ( from behind the door ) izanagi! i cannot go back [ to the land of the living ], for i have already eaten from the food of hell ( yomi no kuni / 国 ). 30. izanami : ( from behind the door ) please wait here while i go ask the god of this land. while you are waiting you must promise not to try to look at my form. 31. narrator : but no matter how long he waited, izanami did not return. izanagi : so slow!! 32. izanagi : i ' ll light this comb tooth and just take a quick look inside. 33. izanagi : izanami! are you in here? 34. izanagi : izana... 35. izanami ( demonically changed ) : you have broken your promise!! izanami! are you in here? 36. izanami ( demonically changed ) : you have come to see!! so now that you have seen this form of mine, you may never leave this land again! 37. izanagi : help me!!! 38. izanagi : i ' ll give you this! narrator : izanagi took the band from his hair made of vine and threw it to the ground, where it changed into a ripened grape vine. izanagi ( running while demons gobble up the grapes ) : my chance to flee! 39. demon : huh? wait!! izanagi : they won ' t give up! 40. narrator : next, izanagi threw down teeth from his bamboo comb which suddenly grew into bamboo hearts ( a delicacy ). demon 1 : delicious! demon 2 : you ' re eating mine! izanagi : here they come again. aahh! a peach tree! ( izanagi throws fresh peaches on the ground which explode. ) izanagi : i can see the exit!! 41. izanami : izanagi!! izanami : i will never forgive you for seeing me this way! 42. izanami : let us live here together in this land, just like


i can see the exit!! 41. izanami : izanagi!! izanami : i will never forgive you for seeing me this way! 42. izanami : let us live here together in this land, just like we once did. izanagi : no way biotch!! don ' t come near me! you are not the same izanami i once knew! 44. ( izanagi rolls a massive stone over the entrance to hell. ) izanami ( from behind the boulder ) : izanagi! remove this stone! why must you be so cruel to me? 45. izanami ( from behind the boulder ) : you!! listen to me now! every single day from this day forth, i will kill 1, 000 living souls in your land!! 46. izanagi : if that is the case, izanami, i will give birth to 1, 500 children each day, in front of your very eyes!! 47. izanagi : aahh! the dawn! your light was a tremendous help! 48. izanagi : i was a fool for traveling to the land of hell ( yomi no kuni / 国 )! here at this water let me wash off the impurity ( of my encounter with the land of the dead ). 49. izanagi : what the?! 50. narrator : from the splashing ( of izanagi ' s purification in the ) water, three gods were born. 51. izanagi : i have given brith to many children, but you, my last children are by far the most superb! 52. izanagi ( to the female ) : to you i give the name amaterasu ( 天 ) and in my place you shall occupy the high plain of heaven. amaterasu : yes, father. 53. izanagi : your name will be tsukuyomi ( 月 見 ) and you shall occupy the land of evening. tsukuyomi : i obey. 54. izanagi : and you, susanoo ( 之 男 ), shall occupy the plain of the sea. 55. izanagi : susanoo! susanoo : yes, i understand! izanagi wondering to himself : what ' s up with his punk ass? 56. narrator : in this way the lands of the heaven, evening and seas were entrusted to these three gods. first, go back and take a close look at


! izanagi wondering to himself : what ' s up with his punk ass? 56. narrator : in this way the lands of the heaven, evening and seas were entrusted to these three gods. first, go back and take a close look at the marriage ceremony depicted here ( 10 - 16 ). did you catch what the inital transgression was regarding their ceremony, resulting in izanami ' s inability to give birth? it was because the woman spoke before the man. thus here, just as in the judaeo - christian creation story, woman is viewed as divinely subordinate to man. and to this day, gender inequality is a very evident ( and protected ) aspect of contemporary japanese culture. second, notice how death turns the beloved goddess izanami into a terrifying demon. from this principal myth is drawn the common cultural conclusion that departed souls tend to change radically from their former selves. loved ones may indeed become terrifying apparitions if not properly placated. this, of course, fuels more than a gazillion good japanese ghost stories. and third, if you haven ' t already guessed, the last goddess, amaterasu is the most prominent of all the shinto deities. her name literally means the " shining one of heaven ". in common western parlance she is known as the " sun goddess ". according to later chapters of this tale ( in both the kojiki and nihongi ), the first human emperor of japan, jimmu, derives his lineage from amaterasu and is thus himself of divine origin. this tradition was carried through centuries of japanese cultural history, even into the modern era, so much so that japan ' s 1945 post - war constitution, written by mcarthur, contains a clause which explicitly decalres the emperor to be purely human and not divine. to this day, the image of amaterasu, the bright red sun, is the national symbol of japan.


under the sea - grades : 3 – 5 - unit plan : - locate and use the table of contents, index, and glossary, in non - fiction books. - sort ocean animals into different categories according to ecosystem and / or classification. - overhead projector or chart paper to record responses for kwl ( what students know, what they want to know, what they have learned ) - markers or pens - a selection of non - fiction books to read aloud on ocean animals - colored sentence strips - index cards ( 40 ) - tape or magnets - cart of books on ocean animals - bookmark forms with name, animal name, page number, index, table of contents, and glossary printed on them - task card set up and prepare - make kwl chart on chart paper or a plastic, overhead sheet. make three columns : what students know, what they want to know, and what they have learned. - post chart paper or get an overhead projector - select students who will copy animal names off the chart and onto the blank index cards ( one name per card ). day 1 step 1 : assess prior knowledge " now that we have learned so much about the ocean and its importance to us, it ' s time to study specific animals and their ecosystems in the ocean. you will be learning how to do research on an ocean animal of your choice. can anyone name some animals that live in the ocean? " record student responses on the kwl chart. ( to save teacher time, i usually have a few students write the names of the animals on index cards as i write them on the chart. ) once everyone that would like to participate has contributed, lead the class into a discussion about what they would like to know about the various animals listed. record these responses on the kwl chart. keep the kwl chart hanging in the room and add new information as it is found. step 2 : introduce research materials " where are we going to find information about these amazing creatures? " ( the students will have lots of ideas, such as the library, internet, or textbooks. ) " non - fiction picture books are one of my favorite resources. i have some beautiful big books by melvin berger about the coral reefs and sharks. some of you might think that big books are for younger children, but wait until you see these! i think you ' ll change your mind. " read aloud and discuss the two big books. see our best books for teaching this unit for other good books. any book about the topic will do. define


children, but wait until you see these! i think you ' ll change your mind. " read aloud and discuss the two big books. see our best books for teaching this unit for other good books. any book about the topic will do. define and use the table of contents, index, and glossary. show several examples. explain that these tools will come in handy when students are trying to find a book that has information about the ocean animal they have chosen to research. day 2set up and prepare : - have a system to quickly divide students into small groups of 3 - 4. - have students who finish class - work early, or are willing to stay in at recess time, help you find a book that mentions each animal that you have on index cards. use the index card as a bookmark for the page in the book that talks about the animal. - prepare enough books so that each group will have at least four books. each set of books can be placed in a tub for easy distribution. - place task card in computer center in the classroom. - write the classes of ocean animals ( fish, mammal, reptile, crustacean, mollusk, amphibian ) on one set of sentence strips. - on sentence strips of a different color or white sentence strips with a different colored marker, write the following ocean zones : the sunlit zone which includes the coral reef, the tide pool, the rocky ocean floor, and the sandy ocean floor ; the twilight zone ; the deep ocean ; and the abyss. - duplicate bookmark forms ( enough for the class plus fifteen ). - get an overhead projector. step 3 : categorizingdivide the class into small groups of three or four students. the names of the animals that the students brainstormed have been printed on index cards and the index cards have been placed in books that have information on that animal. give a set of books or a tub of books to each group. have students remove the cards from the books. on the board, post the sentence strips with the animal classifications on them. ( mammal, fish, reptile, amphibian, crustacean, mollusk, etc. ) give the student groups a couple of minutes to decide which classification fits each of their animals named on the index cards. tell the students that they will each be responsible for one animal and that they should be able to support their classification decisions based on prior instruction. have the group agree on each member ' s answer. then have each student, coming to the


index cards. tell the students that they will each be responsible for one animal and that they should be able to support their classification decisions based on prior instruction. have the group agree on each member ' s answer. then have each student, coming to the board with his or her group, post an animal card under the classification heading where he or she feels it belongs. " are there other ways to group these animals? what about where they live? what is that called? " ( students should be able to provide you with " environment " or " ecosystem. " ) " either way of grouping the animals is helpful to scientists, whether it ' s by classification or ecosystem. " this is important because the students will need to be able to classify both ways when they choose an animal for their research. ask the students to come and get the index cards they posted and take them back to their seats. change headings from classifications to ecosystems, posting sunlit zone ( which includes different areas such as the coral reef, sandy ocean floor, tide pools, etc. ), twilight zone, deep ocean, and abyss. ask the students, by group, to take the same animals they posted by class and post them again where they might live in the ocean. point out to students that knowing about an animal ' s ecosystem and classification can lead them more quickly to information about a specific animal. if they are looking for a gray whale, they won ' t have to look in any of the books about fishes, because whales are mammals and don ' t belong to the fish group. " i will call you up by groups to retrieve your index card. after you get your cards, you will look for this same animal in one of the books i have placed with your group. you will fill out a bookmark like this one ( use the overhead to show what the bookmark form looks like and to help kids track ). it has a place for your name, the animal ' s name, the number of the page you found in the book where your animal is discussed, and how you found that page. did you look in the glossary, the index, or the table of contents? if you cannot find your animal in any of the books at your group, raise your hand and i will let you come to the book cart to see if you can find a better book. once you find a reference to your animal, complete the answers on the bookmark. next, read about your animal. when you are finished, put your bookmark and index card in


the book cart to see if you can find a better book. once you find a reference to your animal, complete the answers on the bookmark. next, read about your animal. when you are finished, put your bookmark and index card in the book on the page that talks about your animal. " during the class period for teaching reading / language arts, have students practice using the table of contents, glossary, and index of their reading books. homework : students will choose two animals from two different categories ( either two different classifications or two different environments ) and in one or two simple sentences explain why these animals fit into two different categories. ( students could not choose a narwhale and sperm whale since they are part of the same mammal classification and same environment. they could choose viperfish and clown anemonefish, since one lives in the deep ocean and the other lives in the sunlit zone of the ocean. ) did the children enjoy the activities? did they stay engaged? where were the problem areas? what do you need to review? do students know where to look for the glossary, index, and table of contents? circulate and check that students have correctly found information. ask students if they read anything about classification or ecosystem. note the students who seem to be having difficulty. have ready extra animal index cards to give to students who finish quickly. have them fill out another bookmark form.


oct. 31, 2009 a collaborative research team from the uniformed services university of the health sciences ( usu ), australian animal health laboratory and national cancer institute, a component of the national institutes of health, reports a major step forward in the development of an effective therapy against two deadly viruses, nipah virus and the related hendra virus. nipah and hendra viruses are found in pteropid fruit bats ( flying foxes ) and are characterized by their recent emergence as agents capable of causing illness and death in domestic animals and humans. in experiments carried out in ferrets at the australian animal health laboratory in geelong, victoria, australia, where there is a high - level safety and security facility for working with live nipah and hendra viruses, the team of researchers demonstrated that giving an anti - virus human monoclonal antibody therapy after exposure to nipah virus protected the animals from disease. " these findings are extremely encouraging and clearly suggest the potential that a treatment for hendra virus infection in a similar manner should be possible, given the very strong cross - reactive activity this antibody has against hendra virus, " said deborah middleton, d. v. m., ph. d., who directed the animal experiments at the australian animal health laboratory. recent earlier work at the national cancer institute and usu resulted in the discovery and development of a human monoclonal antibody, m102. 4, which could attack a critical component of both the nipah and hendra viruses. antibodies - - proteins found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates - - are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize viruses and bacteria. the study ' s corresponding authors are christopher c. broder, ph. d., professor of microbiology at usu, and katharine bossart, ph. d., a usu alumna, now an assistant professor in the department of microbiology, boston university school of medicine and an investigator at the national emerging infectious diseases laboratories institute in boston. the pair led a team of researchers to test the effectiveness of the new antibody therapy in animals. the experiments were supported in part by the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases, nih. the henry m. jackson foundation for the advancement of military medicine, inc. provides research support and management capabilities to the research team. " we now have good evidence that this antibody could save human lives and the insights offered about how it works also could potentially provide a starting point to developing tools for targeting other diseases, " said study


provides research support and management capabilities to the research team. " we now have good evidence that this antibody could save human lives and the insights offered about how it works also could potentially provide a starting point to developing tools for targeting other diseases, " said study co - author dimiter s. dimitrov, ph. d., senior biomedical research scientist at the national cancer institute. nipah and hendra viruses, members of the henipavirus family, are highly infectious agents that emerged from flying foxes in the 1990s to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in australia, bangladesh, india, malaysia and singapore. recent outbreaks have resulted in acute respiratory distress syndrome and encephalitis, person - to - person transmission, and up to 75 percent case fatality rates among humans. additionally, these properties could allow the viruses to be used as bioterror weapons. initial experiments by the researchers using ferrets found that m102. 4 was well tolerated, exhibited no adverse effects and retained high neutralizing activity. the findings suggested that m102. 4 could potentially be used as a preventive or post - exposure agent, a diagnostic probe or a research reagent. hendra virus re - emerged again in august 2009, resulting in the death of several horses and one human. during the outbreak, in a compassionate attempt to save a human life, an available low dose of m102. 4 was administered to an individual with advanced encephalitic disease. although there were no adverse side effects, the patient did not improve as the irreversible damage by the virus had already been done. like other antimicrobials, the clinical success of this antibody will depend on dose and time of administration. as hendra and nipah viruses cause severe disease in humans, a successful application of this antibody as a post - exposure therapy will likely require early intervention. " in order to make clinical use of this therapeutic antibody against hendra or nipah virus, larger amounts will need to be prepared under proper manufacturing guidelines, carefully evaluated again in animal models and safety tested for human use " said dr. broder. dr. bossart noted, " we hope this demonstration of anti - viral activity will foster some immediate activities to facilitate further development for future use in humans. " " there are currently no licensed and approved vaccines or therapeutics for prevention and treatment of disease caused by these viruses for humans or livestock, " said dr. broder. " this fully - human monoclonal antibody


for future use in humans. " " there are currently no licensed and approved vaccines or therapeutics for prevention and treatment of disease caused by these viruses for humans or livestock, " said dr. broder. " this fully - human monoclonal antibody is the first antiviral agent against the nipah and hendra viruses that has a genuine potential for human therapeutic use. " " the generation of these antibodies as therapeutics could help control outbreaks in geographical regions susceptible to henipaviruses, and could turn information from a deadly pathogen into a benefit for mankind, " said dr. dimitrov. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by henry m. jackson foundation for the advancement of military medicine, via eurekalert!, a service of aaas. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - bossart et al. a neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protects against lethal disease in a new ferret model of acute nipah virus infection. plos pathogens, 2009 ; 5 ( 10 ) : e1000642 doi : 10. 1371 / journal. ppat. 1000642 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


jan. 26, 2012 it comes as a surprise to many that male house mice produce melodious songs to attract mates. unfortunately for us, because the melodies are in the ultra - sonic range human ears cannot detect them. through spectrographic analyses of the vocalizations of wild house mice, researchers at the university of veterinary medicine, vienna have found that the songs of male mice contain signals of individuality and kinship. their results appear in the journal physiology & behavior and in the journal of ethology. it has been known for some time that house mice ( mus musculus ) produce ultrasonic vocalizations ( usvs ) during courtship but it has generally been assumed that these are no more than squeaks. however, recent spectrographic analyses have revealed that usvs are complex and show features of song. although the vocalizations are inaudible to human ears, when playbacks of recorded songs are slowed down their similarity to bird song becomes striking. frauke hoffmann, kerstin musolf and dustin penn of the university of veterinary medicine, vienna ’ s konrad lorenz institute of ethology aimed to learn what type of information is contained in males ’ songs for the discerning ear of the female mouse to detect. their initial studies, the first to study song in wild mice, confirmed that males emit songs when they encounter a females ’ scent and that females are attracted to males ’ songs. additionally, the scientists discovered that females are able to distinguish siblings from unrelated males by their songs – even though they had previously never heard their brothers sing. in their recent studies, penn ’ s group recorded and analysed the courtship calls of wild - caught male house mice for the first time, using digital audio software to examine parameters such as duration, pitch and frequency. they found that males ’ songs contain “ signatures ” or “ fingerprints ” that differ from one individual to another. moreover, they confirmed that the songs of siblings are very similar to one another compared to the songs of unrelated males, which helps explains how females can distinguish unrelated males. this finding could potentially lead us to understand how female mice avoid inbreeding. interestingly, in some species of birds the males with the most complex songs appear to be most successful at attracting females. further studies are needed to determine whether the complexity of male mouse vocalizations has an effect on females that is similar to that of “ sexy syllables ” in birds. the vocalizations of wild house mice differ significantly from those of inbred strains of laboratory mice. wild male mice produce


whether the complexity of male mouse vocalizations has an effect on females that is similar to that of “ sexy syllables ” in birds. the vocalizations of wild house mice differ significantly from those of inbred strains of laboratory mice. wild male mice produce more syllables within high frequency ranges than laboratory mice, a result that is consistent with other studies that find genetic effects on mouse song. “ it seems as though house mice might provide a new model organism for the study of song in animals, ” says dustin penn. “ who would have thought that? ” other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - frauke hoffmann, kerstin musolf, dustin j. penn. spectrographic analyses reveal signals of individuality and kinship in the ultrasonic courtship vocalizations of wild house mice. physiology & behavior, 2012 ; 105 ( 3 ) : 766 doi : 10. 1016 / j. physbeh. 2011. 10. 011 - frauke hoffmann, kerstin musolf, dustin j. penn. ultrasonic courtship vocalizations in wild house mice : spectrographic analyses. journal of ethology, 2011 ; 30 ( 1 ) : 173 doi : 10. 1007 / s10164 - 011 - 0312 - y note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


dec. 14, 2012 all a question of timing : when bushcrickets mate, the male attaches a sticky package, the so - called spermatophore, to the female ' s abdomen. alongside the sperm themselves, this ' bridal present ' consists of a protein - rich mass that the female eats after mating. it then takes several hours for the sperm to find their way into the female ' s reproductive tract. but, who decides when that will happen? a study by the bielefeld biologists professor dr. klaus reinhold and dr. steven ramm suggests that it is the male who determines the dynamics of this process even when he has long ' hopped off ' somewhere else. they published their results at the beginning of december in the online first version of the journal behavioural ecology and sociobiology. in contrast to direct sperm transfer, the use of a spermatophore could grant the female more influence over the fertilization or non - fertilization of her eggs. however, the results of the bielefeld study cast doubt on this assumption. they suggest a high degree of male control over this decisive stage in reproduction. for their study, professor dr. klaus reinhold and dr. steven ramm from bielefeld university paired males and females from two subspecies of the bushcricket poecilimon veluchianus in whom the time between pairing and sperm transfer differ. whereas in the subspecies poecilimon veluchianus minor, sperm are transferred within the first three hours, the transfer in poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus starts only after four hours. if the two subspecies are interbred - - the researchers thought - - then the number of transferred sperm after three hours would indicate whether it is the male or the female who determines how long this transfer takes. the researchers mated nine to twelve pairs in each of the four possible combinations of poecilimon veluchianus minor and poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus. three hours after mating, they examined how many sperm they could find in the female ' s reproductive tract. the result : the sperm from the males of the ' faster ' subspecies poecilimon veluchianus minor could be found in the females of both subspecies. in contrast, the males in the ' slower ' sub - species poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus had transferred almost no sperm at all to either type of female. the researchers conclude from this experiment that the males control


subspecies. in contrast, the males in the ' slower ' sub - species poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus had transferred almost no sperm at all to either type of female. the researchers conclude from this experiment that the males control the speed of transfer over the sperm package. however, this does not automatically lead to the conclusion that the female is powerless. females can also influence whether sperms are transferred by how quickly they eat the spermatophore. in addition, the larger the male, the larger the size of the sperm package, and this influences how long the females need to consume the protein. as a result, the sperm have more time to transfer to the female - - and the female ' s eggs have a greater chance of being fertilized by a ' high - quality ' male. professor reinhold stresses, ' our findings show that the females do not determine the transfer - - not that they could not do so. ' other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - klaus reinhold, steven a. ramm. male control of sperm transfer dynamics in a spermatophore - donating bushcricket. behavioral ecology and sociobiology, 2012 ; doi : 10. 1007 / s00265 - 012 - 1459 - 4 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


anancus sp., photo : michael lahanas the jaw of anancus, an extinct gomphotheriid elephant. anancus is an extinct genus of gomphothere that lived in the late miocene and early pleistocene, from 3 to 1. 5 million years ago. their fossils have been found in africa, europe, and asia. anancus stood around 3 metres ( 9. 8 ft ) tall, and closely resembled a modern elephant. it had two tusks, whereas most other gomphotheres had four. aside from its somewhat shorter legs, anancus was also different from modern elephants in that its tusks were much longer, up to 4 m ( 13 ft ) in length. the tusks were probably defence weapons. the molars were not composed of lamellae like those of true elephants, but had cusps, like tapir and pig molars ; anancus appears to have lived in forests, eating from trees and shrubs and digging out tubers and roots in the forest floor, and it died out when these forests gave way to grasslands. although not as famous, anancus was at least as big as its cousins the mammoths. 1. ^ a b palmer, d., ed ( 1999 ). the marshall illustrated encyclopedia of dinosaurs and prehistoric animals. london : marshall editions. p. 241. isbn 1 - 84028 - 152 - 9. * benes, josef ( 1979 ). prehistoric animals and plants. prague : artua. p. 263. source : wikipedia, wikispecies : all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license


what is scientology? scientology definiton : scio ( latin ) “ knowing, in the fullest sense of the word, ” logos ( greek ) “ study of. ” thus scientology means “ knowing how to know. ” developed by l. ron hubbard, scientology is a religion that offers a precise path leading to a complete and certain understanding of one ’ s true spiritual nature and one ’ s relationship to self, family, groups, mankind, all life forms, the material universe, the spiritual universe and the supreme being. scientology addresses the spirit — not the body or mind — and believes that man is far more than a product of his environment, or his genes. scientology comprises a body of knowledge which extends from certain fundamental truths. prime among these are : man is an immortal spiritual being. his experience extends well beyond a single lifetime. his capabilities are unlimited, even if not presently realized. the aims of scientology written by l. ron hubbard in september 1965. a civilization without insanity, without criminals and without war, where the able can prosper and honest beings can have rights, and where man is free to rise to greater heights, are the aims of scientology. first announced to an enturbulated world in 1950, these aims are well within the grasp of our technology. nonpolitical in nature, scientology welcomes any individual of any creed, race or nation. we seek no revolution. we seek only evolution to higher states of being for the individual and for society. within the vast amount of data which makes up scientology ’ s religious beliefs and practices there are many principles which, when learned, give one a new and broader view of life. knowing the tone scale, for instance, a person can see how best to deal with a grumpy child, mollify an upset friend or get an idea across to a staid employer. these principles amount to a huge area of observation in the humanities. it is a body of knowledge there for the learning. there is nothing authoritarian in it. it is valuable purely as a body of knowledge. frequently asked questions since the forming of the first church of scientology in 1954, the religion has grown to span the globe. today, more than 10, 000 scientology churches, missions, related organizations and affiliated groups minister to millions in 165 countries. and those numbers are constantly growing ; in fact, scientology ’ s presence in the world is growing faster now than at any time in its history. who was l. ron hubbard? l. ron hubbard was an author, philosopher, humanitarian and founder of


and those numbers are constantly growing ; in fact, scientology ’ s presence in the world is growing faster now than at any time in its history. who was l. ron hubbard? l. ron hubbard was an author, philosopher, humanitarian and founder of the scientology religion. he was born march 13, 1911, in tilden, nebraska, and passed away january 24, 1986. his long and adventurous road to discovery began at an early age. under the tutelage of his mother, a thoroughly educated woman, he was reading well beyond his years : shakespeare, greek philosophy and an array of later classics. yet his early years were far from bookish and with his family ’ s move to helena, montana, he was soon breaking broncos with the best of the local wranglers. l. ron hubbard quote : “ for nearly a quarter of a century, i have been engaged in the investigation of the fundamentals of life, the material universe and human behavior. such an adventure leads one down many highways, through many byroads, into many back alleys of uncertainty, through many strata of life … ” dianetics : understanding the mind the dianetics symbol uses the greek letter delta as its basic form. the green stripes stand for growth, the yellow stripes are for life. the four green stripes represent the four subdivisions of man ' s urge to survive which are delineated in dianetics. dianetics : dia ( greek ) through, nous ( greek ) mind or soul. to understand exactly how scientology is used, something should be known of the track of research l. ron hubbard traveled and the antecedent of scientology — dianetics. dianetics is a methodology which can help alleviate unwanted sensations and emotions, irrational fears and psychosomatic illnesses ( illnesses caused or aggravated by mental stress ). it is most accurately described as what the soul is doing to the body through the mind.


| richard warburton, coos bay, oregon | in 1999, richard warburton had his prostate removed as treatment for prostate cancer. at that time, his surgeon realized his lymph nodes were enlarged and he was diagnosed with indolent chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( cll ). leukemia is a cancer that disrupts the normal development of blood cells. inside most of your bones is a soft spongy material called bone marrow where blood stem cells ( immature blood cells ) are made. a blood stem cell becomes one of two types of stem cells : myeloid or lymphoid, which mature into different kinds of blood cells. myeloid stems cells become red blood cells that carry oxygen to and from the tissues in your body ; platelets that help your blood to clot to control bleeding ; and infection - fighting white blood cells known as granulocytes. lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblasts, which mature into b lymphocytes ( b cells ), which produce antibodies that identify and destroy bacteria and viruses ; t lymphocytes ( t cells ), which fight against viruses and stimulate b cells to produce antibodies ; and natural killer ( nk ) cells, which kill tumor cells and disease - carrying microorganisms. with cll, lymphocytes stop maturing and don ’ t die off like normal lymphocytes. as a result these abnormal white blood cells slowly start to crowd out healthy red and white blood cells and platelets, preventing them from doing their jobs, which makes the person become anemic, or contract infections, and bleed easily. “ cll is essentially an indolent b - cell non - hodgkin lymphoma, ” says dr. ajay gopal, a medical oncologist at seattle cancer care alliance. “ cll has more of a blood / marrow manifestation. so, you ’ ll often hear cll ( chronic lymphocytic leukemia ) called small lymphocytic lymphoma ( sll ). ” “ i didn ’ t receive any treatment initially, ” richard recalls. “ but i had my white blood cell count checked periodically and noticed that my counts were increasing about 2. 3 percent per month, doubling in two years. by 2005, my counts were up to 200, 000 ( normal white blood cell counts are 4, 500 to 10, 000 ). ” richard began to experience headaches, nausea, and hot flashes at night. treatment for


doubling in two years. by 2005, my counts were up to 200, 000 ( normal white blood cell counts are 4, 500 to 10, 000 ). ” richard began to experience headaches, nausea, and hot flashes at night. treatment for cll starts with “ watchful waiting, ” especially when there are no symptoms, as was with richard ’ s case. chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation, and bone marrow transplantation are currently used to treat cll once it moves out of the “ indolent ” phase. but these options didn ’ t appeal to richard because of their risk of side effects. so, he began looking online for information about cll treatments. he searched the cll topics web site ( www. clltopics. org ), a non - profit organization that was created to help disseminate information about this disease. it was on this web site that richard found dr. ajay gopal, who was conducting a clinical trial for the treatment of cll. clinical trial for cll fred hutchinson cancer research center protocol 6071 ( also known as nci protocol 6957 ) is a phase i - ii trial of a drug called fenretinide and rituximab for people who have b - cell lymphoma. the goal of this study, among other things, is to determine the response rates of fenretinide and rituximab in patients with this disease ( and in richard ’ s case, cll ) and then to be able to estimate the overall survival, progression - free survival, time to progression, disease - free survival, and pet responses of patients treated on this study. richard contacted seattle cancer care alliance and was evaluated by dr. gopal who signed richard up for this study in april 2007. “ in less than three months, my white blood cell count was down to 100, 000, ” richard says. “ my symptoms went away and my physical abilities seemed to increase. without treatment my white blood cell count could have risen to 400, 000 by now ( from the 200, 000 it was at the start of the trial ). ” the treatment richard received began with fenretinide. the rituximab was added a few months later and caused his white blood cell count to bounce high and low a little before stabilizing at 35, 000, where it has remained for the past two years, back to the levels richard had in 2001. “ most patients tolerate the therapy well with much fewer side effects than


cell count to bounce high and low a little before stabilizing at 35, 000, where it has remained for the past two years, back to the levels richard had in 2001. “ most patients tolerate the therapy well with much fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy, ” says dr. gopal. “ and some patients have had prolonged disease control. ” as of 2009, richard takes rituximab every three months and fenretinide pills on a reduced dose three times a week. his white blood cell count continues to decline and his bone marrow biopsies, which he receives quarterly, have not changed. “ my cll appears to be more indolent than before, ” richard says. overall his health is good. his psa ’ s are immeasurable since his surgery, so his prostate cancer is no longer a concern. and his cll is under control and hasn ’ t affected his lifestyle, so richard is happy. “ dr. gopal couldn ’ t have done a better job. he ’ s very forth - coming and provided excellent care. i would have preferred a complete cure, but at 75 years old, i ’ m happy to get 10 more years. ” richard ’ s advice to other cll patients is to be an advocate for yourself and be part of the decision - making process. his primary oncologist in his oregon hometown hadn ’ t heard of dr. gopal ’ s trial. the current treatments for cll come with side effects that he has not experienced on his current treatment course. “ dr. gopal is the only doctor i talked to who knew about cll. org and the company and what they are doing, ” richard says. “ i might not have known about or been able to participate in this trial otherwise. ” as of may 2012, richard is doing well. on march 9, 2011 however, he had his left breast removed after a diagnosis of paget ' s nipple disease, a rare type of cancer involving the skin of the nipple and areola. he had chemotherapy and radation after that until january 2012 and now takes tamoxifen daily. " for the last few months, my blood counts have been normal, as the the cytoxan for my breast cancer really cleaned up my cll at the same time, " richard says. richard will keep us posted... * this study is funded by the nci and in part by cll topics. it is not limited to cll and the nci supplies the fenreitini


summarized with assistance from shannon ingram, siecus program research intern source : anil chaturvedi et al., “ human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the united states, ” journal of clinical oncology ( october 2011 ). the u. s. has experienced a noteworthy rise in the number of cancers of the throat and mouth over the past 25 years. a team of cancer researchers studied 271 cancerous tissue specimens from three different national registries to determine whether human papillomavirus ( hpv ) played a role in this rise. 1 until now, evidence has been lacking. the tissue samples had been obtained from patients over a 20 - year period ( 1984 - 2004 ). the researchers also projected the future burden of oropharyngeal cancers through the year 2030, along with other head / neck and cervical cancers. · the overall rise in throat and mouth cancers from 1984 - 2004 was strongly associated with hpv infection ; by contrast, the incidence ( i. e. rate of new cases ) of such cancers caused by tobacco and alcohol use declined over the same time period. · hpv prevalence in throat / mouth tumors increased from 16. 3 % in the 1980s to 72. 7 % in the 2000s. · the increase in throat / mouth tumors caused by hpv “ perhaps arises from increased oral sex and oral hpv exposure. ” 2 · by 2020, the number of hpv - positive throat and mouth cancers in the u. s. is expected to surpass the number of cervical cancers. · people with oropharyngeal cancers associated with hpv infection have “ substantially better survival ” compared to those with similar cancers linked to tobacco and alcohol use. prevention of hpv infection is a key objective of any sexual health promotion program. the researchers have demonstrated a link between hpv and cancers of the throat and mouth. however, the researchers did not set out to demonstrate the cause of these hpv infections and further research is necessary to better understand the role that oral sex plays in the rise of hpv - positive oropharyngeal cancers in the u. s. research is also needed to determine whether an hpv vaccination can protect against infection of the throat and mouth. sexuality educators should include these findings in discussions of sexual health risks, while carefully explaining to learners that much remains unknown about oral sex and hpv transmission. 1 chaturvedi ak, engels ea, pfeiffer rm, hernandez by, xiao w, kim e


under the collaborative umbrella of the archaeology education clearinghouse ( aec ), representatives from the society for historical archaeology ( sha ), society for american archaeology ( saa ), and archaeological institute of america ( aia ), came together at the national council for the social studies ( ncss ) conference to share archaeology education resources with social studies educators from around the nation. ncss is a national organization for all sorts of educators concerned with social studies, including classroom teachers, administrators, college and university educators, and those who specialize in curriculum and policy. over the course of two november days in seattle, over 300 people stopped by the aec vendor booth. over half of the folks who stopped by the aec booth engaged in conversations with meredith langlitz, christy pritchard, or mary petrich - guy. these archaeologists spoke with educators, shared information, and, demonstrated the engaging utility of archaeology as a tool for meeting curriculum requirements. in addition to the vendor booth, pritchard, assisted by langlitz, led a session for 35 classroom teachers, “ archaeology and social studies : making the past come alive in your classroom! ” the range of archaeology lesson plans available through aec impressed conference attendees. many washington teachers were familiar with the state organizations listed on a state resource flyer, such as the burke museum, but were unacquainted with the abundance of teaching resources accessible through the aec. even educators weighed down by the barrage of promotional materials enthusiastically picked up the “ ultralight ” aec flyer to take home and access the web of archaeology teaching materials. educators can then use the materials from the sha, saa, and aia in classrooms and interpretive settings to meet national and state curriculum standards. in its fifth year, the aec provides a point of access to all three organizations ’ k - 12 education materials ranging in focus from what is archaeology, prehistoric, historic, and classical archaeology, to careers in archaeology. a range of lesson plans compiled by the three organizations cover the ten themes of social studies in national curriculum : 2. time, continuity, and change 3. people, places, and environments 4. individual development and identity 5. individuals, groups, and institutions 6. power, authority, and governance 7. production, distribution, and consumption 8. science, technology, and society 9. global connections 10. civic ideals and practices though the utility of archaeology as a social studies teaching tool may be clear to archaeologists, and some teachers are big fans, many conference attendees asked questions like, “ i teach u.


technology, and society 9. global connections 10. civic ideals and practices though the utility of archaeology as a social studies teaching tool may be clear to archaeologists, and some teachers are big fans, many conference attendees asked questions like, “ i teach u. s. history, how does that relate to archaeology? ” luckily, representatives from each society were able to connect with teachers across the broad spectrum of social studies topics and had example lesson plans on hand. to reinforce the idea that social studies teachers already use archaeological information in the classroom, aec representatives passed out “ i teach archaeology ” stickers. designed for conference nametags, these handy visuals are also potential conversation - starters beyond the vendor ’ s booth. overall, the attendance of the aec at the ncss conference was a success. archaeologists engaged in hundreds of conversations with educators and armed them with great a great point of contact to access hundreds of educational resources. it was a pleasure to connect with so many fabulous educators. next year ’ s ncss conference is in st. louis and attendance is expected to be even greater! national council for social studies 2012 national curriculum standards for social studies : chapter 2 – the themes of social studies. national council for social studies, silver spring, md. < http : / / www. socialstudies. org / standards / strands > accessed 10 december.