week 28 of 52 : pandemic preparedness according to the center for disease control ( cdc ), serious, contagious disease outbreaks can and do happen. cdc investigates new contagious diseasesa€ ” averaging one new contagion per year. given our vast array of transportation systems, these diseases can end up at our doorstep far more rapidly compared to any other time in recorded history. since pandemics are fast moving, vaccinations would be useless. when an outbreak occurs, those living in cities, and those living in close proximity of others will be more at risk. statistics from previous pandemics indicate that 30a€ “ 60 percent of the population will contract an illness. any pregnant women, infants, elderly people, or those with chronic medical conditions are also at risk and could be the first of the population to contract the contagious illness. when the pandemic begins, many will remain in a state of denial about any approaching epidemics and not want to think of the long lasting repercussions of such a disaster. being prepared before the mass come out of their daze will ensure that you are better prepared before the hoards run to the store to stock up. having first hand knowledge of the government ’ s protocols before this type of emergency arises can help put you ahead of the game. understanding that our lives will change drastically if the population is faced with a pandemic and being prepared for this can help you make better choices toward the well being of your family. some changes could be : - challenges or shut downs of business commerce - breakdown of our basic infrastructure : communications, mass transportation, supply chains - payroll service interruptions - staffing shortages in hospitals and medical clinics - interruptions in public facilities – schools, workplaces may close, and public gatherings such as sporting events or worship services may close temporarily. - government mandated voluntary or involuntary home quarantine. with any type of disaster or emergency, the responsibility falls more heavily upon our shoulders to ensure that we are able meet our needs. however, this is not anything new to a prepper. we believe in being self reliant, and if you have followed the 52 - weeks to preparedness series, you should well be on your way to handle such a disaster. so how do we prepare properly for this type of emergency? similar to other emergencies we simply prepare as much as we can because any steps taken toward preparedness are better than none at all. here are a few ideas to consider on how to better prepare for family


do we prepare properly for this type of emergency? similar to other emergencies we simply prepare as much as we can because any steps taken toward preparedness are better than none at all. here are a few ideas to consider on how to better prepare for family for this type of emergency : - taking proper illness precautions – avoid touching your mouth, nose and eyes during any pandemic. - create a sick room for the home. - keep your immune systems up by getting lots of sleep, having a good diet and taking vitamins and antioxidants to protect your health. - stay inside and avoid contact with others. some of the following suggestions to purchase have been repeated in previous newsletters. ensure that you have these items on hand in order to prepare for this type of emergency. to read more about pandemic preparedness, click here. preps to buy : - have a two - week supply of emergency foods that require no refrigeration. - store 1 gallon of water per person per day, in clean plastic containers. avoid using containers that will decompose or break, such as milk cartons or glass bottles. - supply of nonprescription drugs - pain relievers - cold medicines - stomach remedies - anti - diarrheal medication - vitamins that have immune boosting enhancers. - fluids with electrolytes ( such as sports drinks ). - bleach or disinfectant - garbage bags to collect soiled clothing and bedding before they are washed. - a thermometer - latex cleaning gloves - disposable gloves ( in quantity ) - hand wipes - alcohol - based hand sanitizers or homemade hand sanitizer supplies - an extra supply of your regular prescription drugs and medical supplies. - n95 respirator masks ( in quantity ) - understand your communities role in pandemic preparedness. find out ahead of time what your communitya€™s protocols are in the case of a sudden onset pandemic. - for those with special needs, ensure that you have supplies ready for them ( infants, elderly, handicapped, etc. ). - plan accordingly for pets as well. - talk with family members and loved ones about how they would be cared for if they became ill. - finding out your employera€™s plans and ask your childa€™s school or day care what their protocol is during epidemic outbreaks. - have some supplies prepared in your workplace. - identify how you can get information, whether through local


horticulture, a pillar of the dutch economy, has already achieved remarkable productivity increases through the use of natural gas for heating, lighting and co2. further innovative technologies that could aid the transition toward sustainable energy use, including heat / cold storage and deepgeothermal heat sources, are currently in development and spreading. however, there is a need to better understand the processes of technology diffusion in this industrial cluster to help stakeholders retain their competitive advantage and establish the best way to influence the energy future in the region and in the sector. this presentation discusses the experimental results of a series of agent based models of the greenhouse horticulture sector in the netherlands, simulating the technological innovation decisions of greenhouse growers. surveys of greenhouse growers suggest that innovation decisions are made on the basis of personal experience and information shared from other growers. in the model, each greenhouse grower must learn how to operate a greenhouse by evaluating their repertoire of technologies, exchanging information with other growers about their technological evaluations and purchasing new technologies to augment, expand or replace the existing selection. the interactions of greenhouse growers and the flow of information between them lead to emergent patterns, including diversity, adaption and complexity, in the diffusion of technologies throughout the community. these emergent patterns of diffusion indicate that technological innovations develop and spread according to evolutionary mechanisms, suggesting that influencing, supporting or advocating the diffusion of sustainable technologies in this sector must also follow evolutionary mechanisms. as an evolving system, the reality of technology, innovation and transitions may require new approaches to management that work with, rather than against, the properties of evolving systems. survey results, horticulture cluster background, model design and simulation results will be presented and implications for regional industrial management are discussed.


tougher legislation needed on hate crimes may 21, 2010.... here in canada, the gravity of hate crimes was officially recognized in 1970, when the government amended the criminal code to include hate propaganda as a punishable offence. in 1996, the government also introduced enhanced sentencing provisions for offences motivated by hate, and in 2001 included mischief to religious property as a specific hate - motivated offence. despite this evolution, we argue that these legislative responses to hate have not gone far enough. the problem most concerning to many diverse communities and law enforcement officials involves the fact that there are still no direct provisions in the criminal code to identify hate crime as a violent offence ( such as assault ) or as a crime against a person or individual property ( such as vandalism )..... in canada, the supreme court has ruled that individuals have the right to hold discriminatory beliefs ; however, they do not have the right to act upon them in public space. this is the difference between belief ( freedom of conscience and speech ) and conduct ( freedom to act in discriminatory ways )..... hate is a learned behaviour, which divides families and communities. rather than let hate divide us, we call for communities to stand united against hate and announce that it is not a value that will be tolerated in the province of alberta. after all, hate imprisons everyone : the victim, perpetrator, and community. to help achieve this vision of a hate - free alberta, we call on the province to develop a strategy against hate. it should include : - directed advocacy to include specific provisions within the criminal code of canada for hate crime offences ; - development of a standardized definition and response to hate crime ; - mandatory reporting of hate crime statistics by all law enforcement agencies ; - support for restorative justice and innovative educational programs ( punish the problem, not the people ) ; - creation of a provincial hate crimes office to help with investigation, training, public education, and support for victimized communities.


h. changes in level of the land. the following is a table showing the probable changes in level in the locality : higher land when valleys on the peninsula were eroded. depression, accompanied by invasion of valley floors by the sea. practical still - stand, no major movement when spit was constructed. depression till the spit was awash and barrier beach constructed on the lake margin, and the boring of the stumps now exposed on the seaward margin. at this time shore platforms were cut on the ends of the spurs along the tai tapu - little river road. elevation of from 12 to 15 feet, the present level. it will now be advisable to compare this sequence of events with any chronology of movements of the land indicated in the adjacent districts. to the south there is definite evidence of a downward movement of the land in the neighbourhood of timaru, the drowned river stream valleys incised in the edge of the timaru downs, as well as the presence of submerged forests at pareora and to the north of timaru indicating such a movement clearly. further north the dominant feature of the sea coast, that is, the sea cliff north and south of the mouth of the ashburton river, and specially between it and the rakaia, postulates long continued erosion, with little change in level of the land. there may be a slight downward movement, but an upward movement is not ruled out, since the attack on a somewhat easily eroded shore line might rapidly obliterate any shore platform or marine terrace that might have been formed. between taumutu and the rakaia mouth there are lagoons ponded back behind a barrier beach, but these can be explained without any demand for a sinking sea - coast, although some slight movement in that direction may have occurred. these lagoons and other pieces of swampy land may quite well represent shallow salt - water areas that have formed behind a barrier beach, and have been partly filled with detrital matter so that they are slightly above sea - level and are now fresh, if containing water, or have been turned into swampy land. on the northern side of banks peninsula there is evidence of recent uplift of from 12 to 15 feet as suggested by haast, speight and jobberns. this will naturally correlate with the uplift inferred in connection with the spit. there is also evidence for a higher level of the land from the records of the artesian wells of christchurch in that peat beds occur at various horizons down to 600 feet beneath the


the land, so the alternation of land and sea over the area, evidenced by the inter - stratification of land and marine beds, was repeated several times. some of the shells brought up from the artesian wells are very stout in substance, and this is a feature shown by shells living on open beaches. so it is probable that the water where they lived was not very well sheltered, and therefore there was no effective protection against the seas sweeping up from the south round the western side of the peninsula. the closing of the southern entrance to this strait by the ellesmere spit no doubt took place during a period of relative still - stand of the coast, when the depth of water to the south of the peninsula was such that the transport of material could take place across the strait, and the drift did not follow the line of its western margin. this depth might have been due to change in level of the land or to the progradation of the shore line. it is unlikely that the depth of water at this time exceeded 30 feet, that is, the approximate thickness of the gravel forming the spit. the fact that the land was much higher than at present within fairly recent times is evidenced by the coastal features of banks peninsula. the drowned valleys which mark the whole seaward fringe, and the alluvium - filled valleys facing the plains all demand a lowering of the land to account for them. no precise determination of the amount of lowering that has taken place can be made from considerations affecting them, except that the minimum amount must be measured by the depths of the seaward end of the valleys. now the depth of water at the entrance to akaroa harbour is 18 fathoms, so there must have been a minimum subsidence of the land amounting to just over 100 feet, but this estimate does not allow for the fact that the harbour may be partly filled with sediment washed from the neighbouring hills, or that the land may have extended some distance further seaward. the only occurrence that i know of where the depth of alluvium has been determined is in the case of the valley behind the town of sumner where, on boring for water, solid rock was struck at a depth of about 200 feet, so that there is thus indicated a further amount of subsidence. this submergence must have taken place before the spit was constructed. i cannot see any evidence for the additional submergence of 800 feet postulated by jobberns ( 1928, pp. 556 - 7 ). the presence of


be in existence, especially as the last phase of the glaciation was posterior to the formation of the plains, for moraine lies on top of the gravels at the rakaia gorge and in the ashburton valley. i must also express my present disagreement with a suggestion of my own advanced many years ago ( 1908, p. 32 ), that the ends of the spurs reaching down on the southern side of banks peninsula owed their flat extremities to marine erosion when the land stood at a lower level. i am sorry that i must apply the same test as given above and conclude that there has been no definite submergence and subsequent uplift of the coast to the extent demanded by the height of the ends of the spurs. i submitted my original contention to professor w. m. davis when he was on a visit here, and he said that he saw no evidence of this submergence, and the subsequent uplift, nor does he mention the point in his recent work on coral islands, although he takes banks peninsula as one of his types of depressed and eroded islands ( 1928, pp. 151 - 4 ). it seems more satisfactory to attribute the flat terminations of the spurs to the existence of a flat or flatter capping of hard rock, such as does occur on the outskirts of the volcanic mass, especially where the lavas are fluid as basalts usually are. there are no beaches on these flat spurs to support the contention that the land form is due to marine erosion. the covering of loess would naturally be deposited when the land was at a higher level and there has been no depression to wash this off since it was blown from the front of the glaciers and from the streams issuing from them in pleistocene times.


sacred - texts legends & sagas index previous next the miracle of st. nicholas dear god, great marvel is it unseen wonders to behold! in st. paul ’ s white monastery were tables of the gold, and all the saints in order were seated. at the head was the thunderer elijah ; where the midst of the board was spread, were mariya and sava ; at the bottom of the board were holy friday and sunday. to the glory of christ the lord to drink, and begin the festival, st. nicholas stood up, but he fell asleep in a little and in slumber dropped the cup. it fell on the golden table, but broke not, nor spilled the wine. we have not slumbered, brother, though we drank cool wine ere now, | elijah then rebuked him : | | “ nicholas, brother mine, | nor dropped cups from our fingers. why dost thou slumber so? ” i closed my eyes for a little and a strange dream came to me. | said st. nicholas : | | “ elijah the thunderer, let be! | there were three hundred caloyers1 set sail on the blue sea, and they bore sacrificial gifts to the famous holy height of athos ; yellow wax they bore and also incense white. the wind arose among the clouds ; the waves of the sea it smote, to drown three hundred caloyers. but they cried as from one throat : ‘ aid us, god and st. nicholas! come, wherever thou mayst be! ’ and i aided them and the caloyers came home again from sea ; safe home came the three hundred, and o their hearts were light! they bore the sacrificial gifts unto the holy height of athos ; yellow wax they bore and white incense as well. at that time did i slumber, and the cup from my fingers fell. ” 1 monks of the greek church.


naloxone hydrochloride being used to save lives to view our videos, you need to install adobe flash 9 or above. install now. then come back here and refresh the page. troy, n. y. - - when a person overdoses on drugs, time is of the essence for emergency responders. but before emts arrive, police need to secure the scene. in the past, officers couldn ' t treat the person for an overdose. now, in rensselaer county, they can. county deputies can now counteract the high and allow the patient to breath with a drug called naloxone hydrochloride, more commonly known as narcan. the program is the first of its kind in the state. deputies have been trained and are now carrying narcan. " this is particularly important in the rural portions of rensselaer county where, is served by many volunteers, who, as dedicated as they are, we are few and far between and the deputies oftentimes get to the scene before we do, " rensselaer county sheriff ’ s office ems instructor lynn kane. authorities say this new tactic can help intercede with opiate based drugs, like heroine. they say overdosing on prescription drugs is becoming a larger problem.


validity evidence for the test of silent reading efficiency and comprehension ( tosrec ) an essential component of a response to intervention ( rti ) framework is a screening process that is both accurate and efficient. the purpose of this study was to analyze the validity evidence for the test of silent reading efficiency and comprehension ( tosrec ) to determine its potential for use within a screening process. participants included 226 students in grades 1 to 5. validity evidence was analyzed through ( a ) correlation with performance on concurrent, individually administered oral reading fluency ( orf ) measures, ( b ) correlation with performance on concurrently administered reading comprehension measures, ( c ) correlation of fall and winter tosrec performance with a state reading outcome measure administered in spring, ( d ) a binary classification analysis to predict whether students met grade - level performance benchmarks on a state reading assessment, and ( e ) a stepwise regression analysis examining the variance in performance on a state assessment accounted for by tosrec and orf. the concurrent correlations of tosrec with orf were high, with the exception of the fall fourth grade administration. correlations of tosrec and outcome measures were consistent with those of orf. the binary classification analysis examining the tosrec ’ s ability to accurately predict those students who did not meet grade - level performance benchmarks on the state ’ s reading assessment demonstrated high classification accuracy ( 90 % ) as well as high sensitivity ( 78 % ) and specificity ( 86 % ). finally, a regression analysis indicated that the tosrec accounted for additional unique variance in state assessment performance above and beyond orf. implications for practice are discussed. johnson, evelyn s. ; pool, juli l. ; and carter, deborah r.. ( 2011 ). " validity evidence for the test of silent reading efficiency and comprehension ( tosrec ) ". assessment for effective intervention, 37 ( 1 ), 50 - 57. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1177 / 1534508410395556


doomsday is still a long way away, but this is what might happen. have you ever wondered where we and our planet originally came from or what might happen to our galaxy billions of years from now? these aren ’ t just philosophical questions — scientists have been looking for clues to our origins and our fate for the last few decades. however, five chinese scientists say that we need to understand the nature of dark energy to truly foresee the destiny of the universe. scientists believe that dark energy makes up 70 per cent of the universe ’ s current content, thanks to calculations about how it affected expansion after the big bang. but its properties, which have not been completely defined, may decide the fate of the universe. one scenario is that everything will end in a big rip, when dark energy density grows to infinity in finite time, and its gravitational repulsion will tear apart all the objects in the universe. scientists from the university of science and technology of china, northeastern university, and peking university have examined the possibility of this cosmic doomsday in a study published in sci china - phys mech astron. “ we want to infer from the current data what the worst fate would be for the universe, ” the authors said in the study. to explore this scenario, they needed to find a parametrisation that would cover the overall expansion history of the universe. they eventually settled on a divergence - free parametrisation for dark energy, called the ma - zhang parameterisation, to predict the evolution of the universe and how far away we are from doomsday. using the current cosmological observations, the authors found that in the worst - case scenario, our universe can still exist at least 16. 7 billion years before it ends in a big rip. however, this is the worst - case scenario — the best - fit result suggested that the universe would last another 103. 5 billion years. but the researchers wanted to see what would happen in the worst case scenario. ” the question of ‘ where are we going ’ is an eternal theme for human beings, so we should have courage to explore this theme. ” they then focused on this scenario and considered the fate of stars and galaxies. in the event that dark energy increases until it can overcome the forces holding objects together, the milky way will be torn apart 32. 9 million years before the big rip. the earth will be ripped from the sun and the moon from the earth two months and five days before doomsday respectively. the sun will be destroyed 28 minutes


the dumpster behind homer babbidge library is always filled to the brim. but not with discarded candy wrappers, old coffee cups and used tissues. it is brimming with books. “ it was like a treasure trove, ” said one student who crept across campus in the middle of a winter ’ s night to rescue stacks of books from the giant metal bin two years ago. uconn ’ s main library has ushered in the digital age, in part by tossing away countless books, regardless of their condition. “ as far as i understand it, the director of the library is taking low circulation books and seeing if there are digital copies of them elsewhere, ” a library student employee said. “ and if there are, they throw [ the books ] away. ” a variety of titles among these books are volumes of environmental records, public service announcements and other itemse used less frequently than other research materials. but many of the books that take the trip to the dumpster have recently passed through the library ’ s conservation lab, meaning they have been widely circulated and are in close - to - new condition. the conservation lab, part of the university ’ s preservation department until it was recently disbanded, repairs library books that are worse for wear so they can be returned to babbidge ’ s shelves. the move to digitization has also sent books to the dumpster. as a research library, babbidge sees an influx of new materials on a yearly basis. digitizing books removes the need to pay for increased storage as the library ’ s collection grows. the process itself is far cheaper than traditional book repairs, which require expensive material and hours of manual labor. “ at only a dime per page, [ digitization ] is among the lowest of any other ethical efforts in the industry, ” said david lowe, leader of the digital program team. the digital age uconn is not alone in the move to digitization. other major universities, including new york university and northwestern university, have also expanded their preservation departments to include digitization. but at uconn, these two departments are separate. and while the leader of the digitization department says the two speak to each other on a daily basis, their efforts still seem counterproductive. “ we fix things so they can be kept longer, ” the student employee said. “ [ the other department is ] responsible for digitizing things so they can be thrown away. ” but while the two departments work in conflict with one another, some enterprizing and adventurous students are


when precipitation patterns change part a : what is drought? in lab 3, you learned to interpret climographs to understand a location ' s normal climate. another way that climographs can be used is to plot current conditions over a background of the average conditionsthis provides a graphic way to see how the current year compares to the long term average. these dynamic graphs indicate if current conditions are abnormally hot, cold, wet, or dry. - click the thumbnail image at right to see a larger view of a climograph for san antonio, texas. the graph shows conditions for january through mid - july of 2008. - examine the graph to interpret the conditions in san antonio. the background colors ( pale red for temperatures and light green for accumulated precipitation ) show the average conditions compiled from many years of data. the brighter red and green lines show daily temperatures and accumulated rainfall through july of 2008. - what does the graph indicate about san antonio ' s temperature? the temperature was above average during january but has been in the normal range since then. - what does the cumulative rainfall graph indicate? rainfall has been below normal all year. the cumulative total for 2008 is roughly one third of the normal total for the end of july. - what does the graph indicate about san antonio ' s temperature? - explore current dynamic weather and climate conditions for stations in the united states via data located at noaa ' s southern regional climate center ( srcc ). once on this page, choose ' station a station ' from the link under the auto - generated graphic. - to generate temperature and accumulated precipitation maps for any region of the country, start at the select a station link above, and type in the name of your station. on the map that appears, click the map icon and then click ' more. ' you can switch between the tabs to see the station information, annual summaries, and climate normals. use the pull down menu to change to another year of interest. - the national weather service ( nws ) provides local climate records and summaries. use the following instructions to locate a climograph for your area of interest. note : instructions will vary by climate office ; not all climate offices offer these types of graphs. a few that do include : cleveland, ohio, and burlington, vt. - go to the nws home page weather. gov, enter your city and state and click go. - on the page that opens, click the forecast office title on the upper - left of the page. this will take


and burlington, vt. - go to the nws home page weather. gov, enter your city and state and click go. - on the page that opens, click the forecast office title on the upper - left of the page. this will take you to the local climate office page. - scroll down the menu list on the left - hand side of the page and click the link for ' local ' under the ' climate ' header. - on the page that opens choose the local data / records tab. look at the list of choices and locate the climate graphs. stop and think1. list 5 cities or locations for which you examined dynamic climographs or accumulated precipitation maps. include the date range that you observed. tell whether each location is wetter than normal, about normal, or drier than normal. explain your reasoning. the word " drought " means different things to different people. what visions does the term bring to your mind? parched land, dried crops, dust storms, and starving livestock are some of the scenes that people associate with the term drought. unlike most hazardous weather conditions, drought is not always obvious. drought can be years in the making, as moisture in the soil evaporates and surface water sources disappear due to the lack of rain. - read the information at what is drought? to come up with your own meaningful definition of drought. discuss your definition with a lab partner to see if it can be improved. stop and think2. write a definition for drought, in your own words. - learn all about drought at the unl drought for kids page. - find out what the how drought is studied by reading the links on the, how do people study drought? page. - learn about the physical processes that cause or contribute to drought in earth observatory ' s north american drought article. read the information about each contributing factor and view the animations about soil moisture ( on the second page of the article ). the animations will help you to visualize the feedback loop that exists among rainfall, soil moisture, and temperature. - what are some of the indicators that drought is present? indicators of drought include soil moisture that is below normal, lower - than - normal rainfall or snowpack, and decreased water levels in streams and reservoirs. - the 3 main contributors to drought are high temperatures, low soil moisture content, and atmospheric circulation patterns that keep rain away from an area. tell how each of these factors promotes drought. higher surface temperatures result in an increase in evaporation of water. this leads to less


in order to answer this question, we have to know what money is, and then we will know why some people like it and hold it so important. money can be defined as any good or token that functions as a medium of exchange. it is socially and legally accepted in payment of goods and services and in settlement of debts. money also serves as a standard of value for measuring the relative worth of different goods and services. in english dictionary, money defined, amongst other definitions, is wealth reckoned in terms of money. in my mother tongue money is “ maa - lee ”, meaning which is mine, what i own, be it coins, a piece of land, a house, etc. money as a medium of exchange is intermediately used in trade to avoid barter system. we, the human beings tend to like to have, not to have - not ; a feature that was taken, in a way or another, against communism. naturally, the more items you have represent by the medium of exchange ; money, the more you will be able to get what you want ; easiness, comfort and convenience of living. therefore, money is very important ; it is, in a way, the blood running in the veins of life. in my mind, money is very important in general, but in particular ; on a personal level, it is relative. money can not buy real happiness, real love, but may help in attaining to both. money is transitional, we are born without it. we visit our grave naked and empty - handed. we hoard money in between birth and death. we should not concentrate on hoarding it as if it is our only duty in life. some people are rich, but are also fools and unhappy. others are poor, but are happy and content. money is the purest form of representation of materialism. therefore, the issue depend on what and who you are.


holi is a festival which is celebrated on the full moon day of march, marking the arrival of spring. mythologically there are different stories to the origin of the festival. the colors that spread on that day not only makes the cloths and walls dirty but also affect the skin and even the scalp, believes the experts. most of thecolors available in the markets have harsh chemicals and contains chemicals like mica and even lead. the synthetic colours often include lead oxide, engine oil, diesel, chromium iodine and copper sulphate which can cause skin irritation and even blindness if the exposure is very high. most people prefer the use of herbal colors but are not available everywhere. experts also say that the people should use natural colours and herbal dyes. experts have said that one should wear a cap and well covered clothing to protect as much body as can be protected. it is usually the opposite as people look to wear lesser cloths for holi, experts say that the people should cover themselves properly. famous beauty expert shahnaz hussain said that holi is mostly played outside and hence people should sun creams. she said, “ sun exposure can also have a detrimental effect on the skin. apart from harmful ultraviolet radiation, sun exposure makes the skin dry by causing depletion of moisture and also tans the skin. ” the use of castor or olive oil can help remove the colors easily and one should not rub the skin for removing the chemicals, she added. the experts also suggest against using hot water as it leaves color lines. people with a history of eczema or atopic dermatitis are at a high risk of developing allergic contact dermatitis to holi colours and dyes. in other suggestions she said that the people can use lemon juice with water to condition hair and two tablespoons of honey with half a cup of yogurt and a pinch of turmeric to remove the tan. the use of soyabean flour or besan with milk is also advised to remove colour and replenish and rejuvenate the skin.


san juan de la maguana | — municipality — | | san juan de la maguana | | • total | | 1, 726. 74 km2 ( 666. 70 sq mi ) | | elevation | | 415 m ( 1, 362 ft ) | | • density | | 76. 5 / km2 ( 198 / sq mi ) | | including populations of its municipal districts | | time zone | | ast ( utc - 4 ) | | • summer ( dst ) | | ast ( utc - 4 ) | | distance | | 85 km ( 53 mi ) to azua 120 km ( 75 mi ) to santo domingo the municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 132, 177 : 69, 329 men and 62, 848 women. the urban population was 66. 33 % of the total population. in this numbers are included the population of the municipal districts that are part the municipality. the population of the city of san juan without those municipal districts was 78, 313. the valley area of san juan was the seat of maguana whose leader was caonabo. caonabo in aboriginal language means " gran senor de la tierra or great lord of the earth ". caonabo was the cacique or chief of the taino, upon the death of his uncle and became the most important and powerful ruler in hispaniola at the time. he led the taino revolt against the spanish invaders and was captured and died in a shipwreck while being taken to spain as a prisoner. a brother of caonabo and other allied taino caciques led the revolt against the spanish and finally lost the battle in 1495. in 1606, those that were living in san juan de la maguana were ordered by the spanish king to move to a place to the northwest of the city of santo domingo and the region was left without people for several years. after the dominican independence in 1844, there were some battles in this region between the haitian and dominican armies. the most important battle was the santome battle on 22 december 1855 in a savanna to the west of the city where the dominican army won the fight. san juan de la maguana is in the centre of the san juan valley, the old taino maguana, with the cordillera central ( " central mountain chain " ) to the north and east, and the sierra de neiba to the south. to the west there is a chain of low hills. the river san


old taino maguana, with the cordillera central ( " central mountain chain " ) to the north and east, and the sierra de neiba to the south. to the west there is a chain of low hills. the river san juan is the main river of the region and the city was founded on the left ( eastern ) side of this river. - el rosario - hato del padre - la jagua - las maguanas - hato nuevo - las charcas de maria nova - pedro corto - sabana alta - superficies a nivel de municipios, oficina nacional de estadistica - de la fuente, santiago ( 1976 ) ( in spanish ). geografia dominicana. santo domingo, dominican republic : editora colegial quisqueyana. - oficina nacional de estadistica. " ix censo nacional de poblacion y vivienda. informe basico " ( in spanish ) ( pdf ). http : / / censo2010. one. gob. do / resultados / resumen _ resultados _ generales _ censo _ 2010. pdf. retrieved 2013 - 1 - 29. - garrido, victor ( 1972 ). " el valle de la maguana " ( in spanish ). espigas historicas. santo domingo, dominican republic : academia dominicana de la historia, vol. xxxi. pp. pp. 329 - 339. - oficina nacional de estadistica. " division territorial 2008 " ( in spanish ) ( pdf ). http : / / www. one. gob. do / index. php? module = uploads & func = download & fileid = 1098. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 01. | provincial capitals of the dominican republic | | azua • bani • barahona • bonao • comendador • cotui • dajabon • el seibo • hato mayor • higuey • jimani • la romana • la vega • mao • moca • monte cristi • monte plata • nagua • neiba • pedernales • puerto plata • sabaneta • salcedo • samana • san cristobal • san francisco de macoris • san jose de ocoa • san juan de la maguana • san pedro de macoris • santiago de los caballeros • santo domingo • santo domingo este |


psoriasis ( sore - eye - ah - sis ) is a medical state that occurs when skin cells grow too quickly. faulty signals in the immune system cause new skin cells to form in days rather than weeks. the body does not shed these surplus skin cells, so the cells pile up on the surface of the skin and lesions form. in plaque psoriasis, skin rapidly accumulates at these sites, which gives it a silvery - white appearance. for more information please visit himalayahomeremedies. com plaques frequently occur on the skin of the elbows and knees, but can affect any area, counting the scalp, palms of hands and soles of feet, and genitals. in contrast to eczema, psoriasis is more likely to be found on the outer side of the joint. the disorder is a chronic returning situation that varies in strictness from minor localized patches to complete body reporting. fingernails and toenails are frequently affected ( psoriatic nail dystrophy ) and can be seen as an inaccessible symptom. are you a psoriasis patient? are you searching for a good psoriasis treatment? oh!!! then there is good news for you. now you will not face any further complication related to psoriasis. you have already suffered a lot in the cage of this dreadful illness psoriasis. not only you but also your entire family has also suffered a great mental, corporeal and social trauma. wherever you are, but now you are at the right place, where you will get the perfect treatment to get rid off this frightful disease. 1. the use of curd in the form of buttermilk has proved useful in psoriasis and the patient should drink it in liberal quantities. 2. do not control natural urges like sickness, urination, bowel emptying etc. 3. avoid taking spicy food and consume only easily digestible food. 4. do not eat too much of salt, sour or acidic foods 5. avoid consuming reverse foods 6. include more fruits, vegetable, fruit juices in your diet. bitter gourd, curd, boiled vegetables, pumpkin etc... are good psoriasis diet. 7. avoid animal fats, eggs, process canned foods from your diet. home remedies for psoriasis 1. in a small cup of olive oil, put 2 drops of calendula oil and 1 drop of oregano oil. rub it on the affected area. 2. in 4


foods from your diet. home remedies for psoriasis 1. in a small cup of olive oil, put 2 drops of calendula oil and 1 drop of oregano oil. rub it on the affected area. 2. in 4 cups of water, boil 4 marigold heads, for about 2 minutes. once cooled, massage the lotion into your scalp. then, wash the hair with a mild shampoo. add lemon juice or cider vinegar to the rinsing water to ensure a thorough rinse. 3. mix a cup of freshly organized bitter gourd juice with a tsp of limejuice. drink this mixture every day, on an empty stomach, for 4 to 5 days. 4. mud packs are effective in treat psoriasis. take powdered fuller ' s earth and add enough water to form a paste. apply this paste on the affected area, let it dry and rinse off. it will help take away toxins from your skin. 5. mix aloe vera gel and garlic oil in equal proportions. apply on the affected area. this is a high - quality natural remedy for psoriasis. 6. seawater is beneficial in curing psoriasis. regular seawater baths as well as application of salt water over the affected parts is one of the best ways of treating psoriasis. 7. wash the exaggerated area to ensure that it is clean. next, apply cashew nut oil on it and keep it all night. wash off in the morning.


by zeina makhoul tuesday morning, i met with the nurses and the child development workers to learn about the clinical care at bssk. children are measured regularly ( weight, height and head circumference ). growth charts, similar to the ones used at vct, are used to track growth. hemoglobin is measured every 3 months. all children at bssk, whether anemic or not, receive iron supplements and a calcium / vitamin d / b12 supplement. when needed, the child development workers conduct an evaluation of the motor and mental development of infants and young children and an iq test for older children. child development worker demonstrating iq test the staff kindly translated their menus from marathi ( language spoken in pune ) to english. they had a menu for each of season, winter ( october - february ), summer ( march - june ) and rainy ( june - september ), because of the seasonality and therefore market availability of the fruits and vegetables. for example, summer is the season for mangos and sugar cane so the menu included fresh mango, mango juice and sugar cane juice for snacks. during the summer, children are also given buttermilk ( yogurt drink ) instead of curd ( yogurt ) in an attempt to replenish fluid lost in the very hot summer months. winter is the best season for most vegetables. as for fruits, oranges, grapes, papayas and strawberries are in season. during the rainy season, the staff avoids serving leafy greens as they hard to digest and tend to harbor bacteria because of the rain. all seasons and every single day, children are served dhal and rice, chapatti ( or a variation ) and most times a vegetable ( such as cabbage, green peas, okra, carrots, spinach ) for lunch and dinner. the diet is for the most part vegetarian, except for certain sundays when chicken or egg curry is served. the menus need to be further analyzed to determine if children are receiving nutrients in amounts that are adequate for their growth. it ’ s important to keep in mind that certain factors may increase the risk for undernutrition even if dietary intake is adequate. infants waiting patiently to be fed i headed to the infants ’ room and found many of them lying on a mattress on the floor waiting patiently for their turn to be fed. caregivers sat on the floor with crossed legs and a pillow under one side of their body to get in feeding position. they picked up the children one by


of them lying on a mattress on the floor waiting patiently for their turn to be fed. caregivers sat on the floor with crossed legs and a pillow under one side of their body to get in feeding position. they picked up the children one by one, fed them, burped them and put them in their cribs. with some help from a couple of the nurses, at least 8 infants were fed and burped in less than an hour. the children with cleft lip / palate were fed with a spoon. i asked whether they had ever used cleft bottles, the nurses said that they used to have them but not anymore. the caregivers seemed to be comfortable using the spoon. sister ashaa helping caregivers with feeding caregiver feeding a child with a cleft lip after an extensive discussion with the nurses around the medical charts, growth charts, and the use of supplements, the staff gathered in the conference room for a presentation on the nutrition screening tools that we plan to pilot test at bssk among other sites. the staff had very helpful and important feedback. explaining the nutrition screening form to nurses as jennifer and i were wrapping up for the day, roxana and the staff surprised us with a cake celebration and beautiful hand - made gifts by women in their community center program. the celebration was really in honor of jennifer. as part of her new job, as holt ’ s initiative director, she will not be involved with bssk and vct in the same capacity and so will be not be traveling as frequently, or not at all l, to india. the staff wanted to say thank you and not goodbye but “ see you later ”! i will definitely miss her the next time i ’ m in india. i set the timer on my camera and we all gathered for what might be a last photo with jennifer at bssk. roxana presenting jennifer with a gift the next morning, we joined the children and staff for morning prayers, 3 oms and a number of spiritual songs. i couldn ’ t help but smile when i heard the children ’ s sweet voices. i joined the cooks in preparing lunch. i observed as they pressure - cooked the dhal, chopped the tomatoes and cilantro using a traditional, dangerous looking, chopping knife. when i asked if i can help, they brought me a regular knife and a cutting board! chapattis were freshly made right before lunch. right next to the kitchen, in the storage room, there were canisters of


##ping knife. when i asked if i can help, they brought me a regular knife and a cutting board! chapattis were freshly made right before lunch. right next to the kitchen, in the storage room, there were canisters of whole wheat, homemade infant cereal, cracked wheat, several types of lentils, ghee, and a 4 - foot pile of sugar bags. traditional chopping knife cook making cabbage dish that ’ s a lot of sugar! every wednesday afternoon, a group of foster moms bring their children to bssk to be examined by dr. sarda, another pediatrician at bssk. the foster moms reported whether or not they had concerns about the child ’ s health or feeding. i asked again about feeding practices in india and dr. sarda confirmed that the introduction of rice cereal and cow or buffalo milk at 2 - 3 months is a common practice. cow milk is usually recommended because it resembles breast milk, he said, but when it ’ s not accessible, buffalo milk is used instead. dr. sarda and i exchanged business cards and he promised to send me a book on nutrition that he has written. foster moms waiting to talk to dr. sarda it was time to say goodbye to the children, the staff and roxana and take the 3 - hour drive to mumbai and then a 27 - hour trip back to seattle. sigh! in the next few months, i will be processing all the information that i learned at the village in haiti and vct and bssk in india and using it to customize a nutrition screening system that works for all sites. i ’ m hoping to return to haiti and india around may to launch the pilot phase. when i return, i will not see many of the children i met, a bitter but sweet feeling as i know they will have joined a loving family.


dow chemical explains the science of transmitting the olympic games with more than four billion people expected to watch the london 2012 opening and closing ceremonies in june, you may wonder how the olympic games make it to your living room from a camera halfway around the world. dow chemical has the answers for you. as the official chemistry company of the london 2012 olympic games, dow chemical will provide wire and cable materials to enable reliable transmission and distribution of signals, while protecting the cables from damage during the olympic games. between your tv and the olympic games in june, signals will be transmitted through copper conductors inside the cables provided by dow. global telecommunications platform leader for dow electrical & telecommunications, damien polansky, explained to tmcnet how it is possible for viewers to watch the olympic games so clearly all over the world. “ these transmission media require durable, efficient and long - lasting insulation and jacketing materials to ensure uninterrupted signals over the life of these systems – whether in the olympic broadcast center or the infrastructure carrying the signals across continents to our homes, ” said polansky. the electrical performance of dow ’ s insulating materials results in more efficient communications, ultimately helping reduce power consumption. the damage resistant technology provided allows the wire and cables to be easily re - used and recycled. dow ’ s solutions inside wire and cables will also have a lasting impact on london ’ s technology infrastructure and will be re - used in other projects after the games. “ our materials are designed to handle everyday abuse allowing for recycle and reuse of the finished cables. and the electrical performance of our insulating materials allow for more efficient communications, increasing the span between expensive electronics and / or reducing the power consumption for telecom networks, ” said polansky. additionally, for highly flexible applications for indoor use, dow ecolibrium bio - based plasticizers from dow electrical & telecommunications are a family of phthalate - free and lead - free plasticizers produced for use in wire insulation and jacketing. made from nearly 100 percent renewable feedstocks, dow ecolibrium bio - based plasticizers help cable - makers and original equipment manufacturers ( oems ) reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 40 percent if used instead of traditional pvc plasticizers. dow ecolibrium bio - based plasticizers are the first bio - based plasticizers on the market with the ability to meet all requirements for flame resistance and exhibit the same performance and feel as incumbent pvc plasticizers. so, how long do these dow features last? “


august 24th, 2011 by hasham pregnancy symptoms early : the early symptoms of pregnancy vary from woman to woman and even from pregnancy to pregnancy. so not every woman has the same symptoms or even the same symptoms from one pregnancy to the next. also, because the early symptoms of pregnancy often resemble what happens right before and during menstruation, you may have some of the symptoms and not recognize them. what follows is a description of some of the most common early symptoms of pregnancy. it ’ s important to keep in mind that the symptoms may be caused by other things besides being pregnant. so the fact that you notice some of these symptoms does not necessarily mean you are pregnant. the only way to tell for sure is with a test. early symptom of pregnancy : spotting and cramping a few days after conception, the fertilized egg attaches itself to the uterine wall. this can cause one of the earliest signs of pregnancy — spotting and, sometimes, cramping. known as implantation bleeding, this early symptom occurs anywhere from six to 12 days after the egg is fertilized. the cramps resemble menstrual cramps, and some women mistake them and the bleeding for the start of their period. the bleeding and cramps, however, are slight. other things that can cause this symptom include the actual start of menstruation, altered menstruation, using a different birth control pill, infection, or abrasion from intercourse. in addition to bleeding, you may notice a white, milky discharge from your vagina. this is related to the fact that, almost immediately after conception, the vaginal walls begin to thicken. it is the increased growth of cells lining the vagina that causes the discharge. this discharge can continue throughout your pregnancy, but typically it ’ s harmless and doesn ’ t require treatment. however, if you notice a foul odor to the discharge or a burning and itching sensation, you should contact your doctor. these could be signs of a yeast or bacterial infection. pregnancy symptoms before missed period : question : did you have pregnancy symptoms before missed period? answer : there are a number of reasons one might experience pregnancy symptoms before a missed period. this is largely due to hormonal shifts in the body before your missed period is noted. as you have heard early pregnancy tests are testing even before a missed period, and this means that the pregnancy hormones are swirling, particularly hcg, even though in very low concentrations. women who are very in


the body before your missed period is noted. as you have heard early pregnancy tests are testing even before a missed period, and this means that the pregnancy hormones are swirling, particularly hcg, even though in very low concentrations. women who are very in tune with their bodies or who are very sensitive may be able to notice these slight differences. you may feel pregnancy fatigue or even morning sickness. you may also find that if someone has an irregular periods that it may be harder to figure out when they are pregnant without the regular cycle signs. or you may see that someone has break through bleeding in pregnancy and her pregnancy is not as quickly diagnosed either due to irregular bleeding. this may mean she has pregnancy symptoms but misses them for awhile, assuming they are from another cause like illness or stress. once she figures out that these symptoms may be caused by pregnancy, she may be confused because she has not had a missed period. pregnancy 10 days after conception : what is a pregnancy blood test? a pregnancy blood test or a pregnancy serum test is a test that measures the exact amount of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ) in the bloodstream of a woman. if there is a sufficient amount of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ), then the test is returned positive. this means that you are pregnant. if however, there is an inadequate amount of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ) in your blood, the test results are negative. and this means that conception has not occurred. is 10 days after conception too early for a reliable blood test? human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ) is a hormone that is produced by the placenta of women who are pregnant. it is detectable in the blood and urine only within 10 days of fertilization. all blood tests can give you reliable results only after these first 10 days. after the fertilized egg implants, or attaches, to the inside of the uterus or other structure inside the mother, the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ) rise rapidly. the levels continue to increase throughout the first trimester of pregnancy and reach a peak 60 to 80 days after the fertilized egg implants. what signs should i look out for to help me with early pregnancy detection? if you are trying to get pregnant, your anxiety about finding out whether or not you are pregnant is only natural. though blood pregnancy tests have their limitation, there are many ways of


a study in canada cited by alan johnson when education secretary found that the introduction of tighter provincial restrictions on leaving school between 1920 and 1990 had helped in raising both average attainment and average incomes. the study found that students compelled to attend an extra year of school experienced an average increase in annual income of about 12 %. it also found that compulsory schooling is closely associated with significant benefits. mike doesn ' t link to the study, but i suspect he means this pdf. and if he does, there ' s a problem, because it shows the exact opposite of what mike and alan johnson would like. here ' s page 17 : average grade attainment is 0. 24 points higher with a school - leaving age of 14 compared to a lower or no school leaving age... raising the dropout age to 15 versus 14 exhibits an even larger increase in average grade attainment ( 0. 63 points ). however, the effect from increasing the limit age again to age 16 is negative. ( emphasis added ). this is exactly what the law of diminishing returns predicts. if someone has little education, there ' s a decent gain from giving them more. but the more schooling they have, the smaller are the marginal gains from more of it. worse still, the paper suggests there might be negative spillovers from higher school leaving ages. it finds ( table 2 ) that raising the leaving age to 16 has a small but significant negative effect upon students ' chances of getting degrees. this is consistent with the possibility that forcing people to stay at school disrupts the learning experience for those who want to learn. there might be a case for raising the education leaving age to 18. but it ' s not to be found in the paper cited by mike or alan johnson. i hope this isn ' t supposed to pass for evidence - based policy - making.


washington - - the food and drug administration here participated in an emergency meeting last week convened by the world health organization in geneva, switzerland, to discuss reports that acrylamide, a known carcinogen in animals, is present in high levels in some starchy foods cooked at high temperatures. twenty - seven food - safety experts from around the world were to examine existing evidence and consider possible recommendations. the first study, by swedish scientists announced april 23, implicated carbohydrate foods such as french fries, potato chips and cereal as potentially cancer - causing, due to the presence of acrylamide in high amounts. the who said last week that national food agencies in england and norway have published similar findings. " we are currently recommending sticking to a balanced diet, " a spokesman for the fda told sn last week as the consultation was under way ; the consultation includes three representatives of that agency. since the unsettling findings were announced two months ago, the fda has developed a method to measure acrylamide levels in food, and the agency is now measuring the acrylamide levels in a limited set of foods, the spokesman said. results will be available in a couple months. preliminary results will be useful to compare with findings of other countries for future research, the spokesman said. " over the long term, the fda intends to measure acrylamide in a larger set of foods and to carry out research on how and why acrylamide is formed in certain foods, " he said, adding that the best advice is to " follow the dietary guidelines, and don ' t panic. " the u. s. news media picked up the initial story immediately, alerting, if not alarming, consumers nationwide by broadcasting images of french fries and potato chips. the center for science in the public interest here released a statement in april from cspi executive director michael f. jacobson that called the swedish discovery " extremely worrisome " and said this discovery gives consumers another reason to " slash their consumption of french fries and potato chips. " " [ however ], we have not seen a decline in the sales of our french fries, potato chips or bread since the swedish findings were announced, " jamie miller, spokesman for giant food, landover, md., told sn. the grocery manufacturers of america, based here, agreed with the fda in saying last week that consumers need not make changes in their dietary habits.


december is a time for friendship, and what better way to demonstrate friendship to children, than through a picture book? here are a few of sylvan dell ’ s favorite books about friendship with fun and easy activities that you can do this holiday season. newton and me – while at play with his dog, newton, a young boy discovers the laws of force and motion in his everyday activities. told in rhyme, lynne mayer ’ s newton and me follows these best friends on an adventure as they apply physics to throwing a ball, pulling a wagon, riding a bike, and much more. with the help of sherry rogers ’ playful illustrations, children will learn that physics is a part of their world. they will realize that newton ’ s laws of motion describe experiences they have every day, and they will recognize how forces affect the objects around them. activity : help you child get to know their friends. start a conversation and learn about their family pet or favorite toy. encourage your child to ask questions. moose and magpie – it isn ’ t easy being a moose. you ’ re a full - grown adult at the age of one, and it itches like crazy when your antlers come in! in bettina restrepo ’ s moose and magpie, young moose is lucky to find a friend and guide in the wisecracking magpie. “ what do the liberty bell and moose have in common? ” the magpie asks as the seasons begin to change. then, when fall comes : “ why did the moose cross the road? ” vivid illustrations by sherry rogers bring these characters to life. laugh along with moose and magpie, and maybe - just maybe - moose will make a joke of his own! activity : comedy hour – give your child and friends a “ microphone ” and encourage them to tell jokes. make sure they know not to tell jokes at their friend ’ s expense. home in the cave – baby bat loves his cave home and never wants to leave it. while practicing flapping his wings one night, he falls, and pluribus packrat rescues him. they then explore the deepest, darkest corners of the cave where they meet amazing animals — animals that don ’ t need eyes to see or colors to hide from enemies. baby bat learns how important bats are to the cave habitat and how other cave - living critters rely on them for their food. will baby bat finally venture out of the cave to help the other animals? activity : prepare a winter scavenger hunt for your child and friends.


to the cave habitat and how other cave - living critters rely on them for their food. will baby bat finally venture out of the cave to help the other animals? activity : prepare a winter scavenger hunt for your child and friends. they can go on an adventure together and the reward can be a cup of hot coco and talking about their fun adventures of the day. habitat spy – let ’ s spy on plants, insects, birds, and mammals in 13 different habitats. told in rhyming narrative, habitat spy invites children to search for and find plants, invertebrates, birds, and mammals and more that live in 13 different habitats : backyard, beach, bog, cave, desert, forest, meadow, mountain, ocean, plains, pond, river, and cypress swamp. children will spend hours looking for and counting all the different plants and animals while learning about what living things need to survive. activity : while running those busy errands this season turn off the radio and play “ i spy ” in the car while driving around town. the giraffe who was afraid of heights – imagine if the one thing that keeps you safe is what you fear the most. this enchanting story tells of a giraffe who suffers from the fear of heights. his parents worry about his safety and send him to the village doctor for treatment. along the way, he befriends a monkey who is afraid of climbing trees and a hippo that is afraid of water. a life - threatening event causes the three friends to face and overcome each of their fears. the “ for creative minds ” section includes fun facts and animal adaptation information, a match - the - feet game and a mix - n - match activity. activity : sending out holiday cards? help your child make a holiday card thanking their friends for their help and friendship throughout the year. champ ’ s story : dogs get cancer too! – children facing cancer — whether their own, a family member ’ s, a friend ’ s, or even a pet ’ s — will find help in understanding the disease through this book. a young boy discovers his dog ’ s lump, which is then diagnosed with those dreaded words : “ it ’ s cancer. ” the boy becomes a loving caretaker to his dog, who undergoes the same types of treatments and many of the same reactions as a human under similar circumstances ( transference ). medical writer and award - winning children ’ s author, sherry north artfully weaves the serious subject into an empathetic story that even


on this date in history : according to h. l. mencken, the first bathtub was installed in the white house in 1851 by president millard fillmore. mencken wrote in a new york newspaper that the first bathtub in the united states was an “ elegant mahogany contraption ” installed in the home of a cincinnati businessman in 1842. he said after that point, that the practice of bathing became popular with the wealthy. he said when word reached the masses a public outcry against the “ epicurean and obnoxious toy from england ” was “ designed to corrupt the democratic simplicity of the republic. ” mencken added that it was fillmore was responsible for the public ’ s acceptance for the habit of regular bathing. on this day in 1917, mencken was basking in the glow created by his article in the new york evening mail titled ” a neglected anniversary. ” he was probably still chuckling the day after his work was published because it was an elaborate hoax. december 1917 was a time of great sadness around the world due to world war i. he decided that a spoof on bathtub history would be a good way to raise the spirits fo his readers. and who better to include in the hoax but the historically hapless millard fillmore. mencken ’ s joy turned to shock when he learned that his words were taken as gospel. in 1926, he was so uneasy with the fact that his fiction was considered to be real history that he wrote a public confession of his hoax. but, no one listened and the result of his little tale have continued to this day with some sources claiming that fillmore did indeed install the first bathtub in the white house. the real truth is that copper bathtubs and a shower were installed in the executive mansion on the first floor in 1833 or 1834. a permanent bathtub was put in the second floor of the white house in 1853. mencken would have been better off publishing a true story about the white house bathtub. president william howard taft was 6 ’ 2 ″ and weighed a rotund 300 pounds. he had once become stuck in the normal presidential tub. so, he installed a tub that was 41 inches across and 7 feet long. it is said that it could hold four regular size men. the truth was stranger than fiction and this little story may be a good example of how if a lie is told enough times by enough people, then the lie becomes the truth. it also may be a good example of how we should not necessarily believe everything


high temperatures over several days or more for a crop such as corn ( maize ) can reduce the crop yield substantially. but new crop research reveals that it is not so much the heat and heat stress that impacts the plants, but water stress caused by increased evapo - transpiration through vapour pressure deficit ( vpd ) - the plants version of human sweating to cool down. the new understanding comes from research and modelling by one of australia ' s leading crop scientists, professor graeme hammer, from the university of queensland. graeme has spent much of the last decade as professor in crop science at uq ' s queensland alliance for agriculture and food innovation ( qaafi ) developing increasingly sophisticated computer models to predict the growth and yield of agricultural crops. lead author for the study was david lobell, an assistant professor in environmental earth system science and associate director of the center on food security and the environment at stanford university. i reported back in 2009 that climate change likely to severely damage u. s. crop yields based upon increasing summer temperatures ( schlenker et al 2009 ). and indeed crop yields do decrease as temperature rises and the number of days above optimum temperature increases. on a global basis a correlation has been observed between reduced yield and higher average seasonal temperatures. lead author david lobell examined global trends in crop production in a 2011 paper - climate trends and global crop production since 1980 ( abstract ) detailing that : "... in the cropping regions and growing seasons of most countries, with the important exception of the united states, temperature trends from 1980 to 2008 exceeded one standard deviation of historic year - to - year variability. models that link yields of the four largest commodity crops to weather indicate that global maize and wheat production declined by 3. 8 and 5. 5 %, respectively, relative to a counterfactual without climate trends. for soybeans and rice, winners and losers largely balanced out. climate trends were large enough in some countries to offset a significant portion of the increases in average yields that arose from technology, carbon dioxide fertilization, and other factors. " for example, maize has been found to be sensitive to extreme heat with multiple days above 30 degrees c. but the actual mechanism for how temperature affected crop yield was unknown. high temperatures an indirect driver of plant water stress and crop yield what professor hammer and his co - researchers have shown is that heat is an indirect driver of reduced crop yield through increased plant evapo - transpiration. the evaporative demand for water - causing increased plant water use - that will ultimately


and crop yield what professor hammer and his co - researchers have shown is that heat is an indirect driver of reduced crop yield through increased plant evapo - transpiration. the evaporative demand for water - causing increased plant water use - that will ultimately cause the decline in crop yield, is much more important, with direct heat stress on reproductive organs a much more minor role. " these two factors are often related, but until now we were simply attributing projected yield declines to increases in temperature and heat stress - and it ' s more complex than that, " professor hammer said. here is how the research paper describes what is going on inside the plants : ".... hotter days tend to have higher vapour pressure deficit ( vpd ) between the saturated leaf interior and the ambient air, and high vpd drives faster transpiration rates. plants typically respond to higher vpd by reducing stomatal conductance, which effectively saves soil moisture for periods with less evaporative demand, at the cost of reduced carbon assimilation during high - vpd portions of the day. " so what happens when it gets really hot is that the plants increase their transpiration ( sweating ) to try and keep cool, while closing down their photosynthesis activities. this happens even when soil moisture is maintained through irrigation. the researchers documented this in field research in the us state of iowa. " our computer models are able to separate the mechanisms and explain what is actually going on. increasing temperatures mean increasing demand for water and so greater plant water use and ultimately more water stress during the crop life cycle. " explained professor hammer. the researchers also imply that increased atmospheric co2 may reduce crop sensitivity to extreme heat by increasing transpiration efficiency. but the sensitivity gains are likely to be no more than 25 per cent. the researchers stress more research is needed in this area. the crop sensitivity to extreme heat days " will remain a severe constraint to crop production for the foreseeable future. further increases in t ( temperature ) will contribute to greater vpd and water stress, and will probably also cause direct heat damage to be increasingly common. designing appropriate crop development and management strategies for dealing with extreme heat should be an emphasis of future work. " the research paper concludes. to make the point clearer graeme hammer used an analogy of the effects upon a person standing in a hot desert : " you would start to sweat more as the temperature increased and more rapidly use up your reserves of water. it ' s a relatively simple concept, but one that has been overlooked until now.


of the effects upon a person standing in a hot desert : " you would start to sweat more as the temperature increased and more rapidly use up your reserves of water. it ' s a relatively simple concept, but one that has been overlooked until now. " he said. the abstract for the paper - the critical role of extreme heat for maize production in the united states ( abstract ) is reproduced below : statistical studies of rainfed maize yields in the united states and elsewhere have indicated two clear features : a strong negative yield response to accumulation of temperatures above 30 °c ( or extreme degree days ( edd ) ), and a relatively weak response to seasonal rainfall. here we show that the process - based agricultural production systems simulator ( apsim ) is able to reproduce both of these relationships in the midwestern united states and provide insight into underlying mechanisms. the predominant effects of edd in apsim are associated with increased vapour pressure deficit, which contributes to water stress in two ways : by increasing demand for soil water to sustain a given rate of carbon assimilation, and by reducing future supply of soil water by raising transpiration rates. apsim computes daily water stress as the ratio of water supply to demand, and during the critical month of july this ratio is three times more responsive to 2 °c warming than to a 20 % precipitation reduction. the results suggest a relatively minor role for direct heat stress on reproductive organs at present temperatures in this region. effects of elevated co2 on transpiration efficiency should reduce yield sensitivity to edd in the coming decades, but at most by 25 %. - adapted from university of queensland media release, 4 march 2013 - global warming affects crop yields - but it ' s the water not the heat - david b. lobell, graeme l. hammer, greg mclean, carlos messina, michael j. roberts & wolfram schlenker. 3 march 2013, nature climate change ( 2013 ) doi : 10. 1038 / nclimate1832 the critical role of extreme heat for maize production in the united states ( abstract ) - lead image - drought corn in west kentucky august 2012, by cranestation / flickr, creative commons 2. 0 attributuion


a few notes on nomenclature : if you hail from britain or a place formerly under british rule, you ’ re likely to refer to all winter squash as “ pumpkin. ” the same idea applies to spanish - speaking cultures here, in central america and in parts of the caribbean, where it ’ s generically referred to as calabaza. on this side of the pond, anglos tend to make the distinction between jack - o - lantern pumpkins and the many other varieties of winter squash. share don ’ t let the word “ winter ” fool you : winter squash is actually harvested in autumn before a hard frost and stored for later. when most people had root cellars, they would harvest the squash in the fall and store it through the cold season, hence the name. and the botanical difference between winter squash and summer squash? very little. they ’ re both from the same plant family, cucurbita, and both ripen on a vine, but look and act like they ’ re from different tribes. zucchini and the summer varieties have tender skin and almost nonexistent seeds and can be eaten raw. winter varieties boast tougher skins, larger seeds and a flesh that needs to be cooked. squash is most likely native to guatemala and mexico and surrounding areas dating to 10, 000 years ago. according to cookbook author and mexican cooking authority diana kennedy, calabaza is one of the earliest known foods to be domesticated in pre - columbian mexico. however, it may have been the seeds that were sought after, not the flesh, which would make sense, given the central role pumpkin seeds ( pepitas ) play in moles and other sauces throughout mexico, particularly in the yucatan. it is believed that christopher columbus brought squash to europe. ( read entire post. )


mystic — yellow pink has always been an inconsistent molter. but last summer, when the 14 - year - old male african penguin shed his waterproof feathers, they never grew back. that ' s when penguin trainers at mystic aquarium began to worry that yellow pink would get cold in the 65 - degree water of the exhibit where he and the other penguins swim. so they fashioned him a 3 mm wet suit out of a piece of an old diving wet suit, with openings for his flippers and a velcro closure. the suit now allows yellow pink to go in the water without getting chilled. " he ' s done really well with it. it hasn ' t affected his swimming or movement, " said assistant trainer josh davis friday afternoon, as yellow pink stood still while davis put his wings through the two holes and secured the velcro closure. he then began to waddle around. yellow pink — aquarium penguins are named after the identifying beads they wear — did not go swimming friday, as all the aquarium ' s penguins are kept inside when the air temperature drops below 26 degrees. the penguins are native to the more temperate climate of south africa, not antarctica. yellow pink is the first penguin at the aquarium to experiencee " premature feather loss, " a rare condition that davis said few other aquariums have experienced. in 2007, a children ' s book called " pierre the penguin " was published about an african penguin at the california academy of sciences in san francisco who had the same problem. he would not swim because of the cold and was shunned by his fellow penguins. when he began wearing a wet suit, he was accepted back into the group. davis said yellow pink will continue to wear his wet suit until he grows new feathers, though it is not clear when that will happen. according to the aquarium, the penguins ' dense coat of 70 feathers per square inch are coated with an oil they produce from a gland near the base of their tail. davis said that underneath the feathers, the penguins have a layer of gray downy feathers that keep them warm. in yellow pink ' s case, the gray feathers are now exposed and get wet. " it ' s sort of like wearing a wet fleece, " he said. the wet suit, though, traps a thin layer of water against the penguin ' s body, which is then heated by the bird ' s body temperature. davis said the trainers know the wet suit is working because when they remove it from yellow pink, warm water runs off it. he said that even though the


i am just … stunned. vaccines being made to protect people from swine flu may not be so healthy for threatened species of sharks. that ’ s because millions of doses of the pandemic h1n1 / 09 vaccine contain a substance called squalene, which is extracted from shark livers. ( get more swine flu facts. ) olive oil, wheat germ oil, and rice bran oil also naturally contain squalene, albeit in smaller amounts. but for now squalene is primarily harvested from sharks caught by commercial fishers, especially deepwater species. ( related : “ tomato, tobacco plants produce sars vaccine. ” ) “ there are several very disturbing issues associated with use of shark - liver - oil squalene, ” said mary o ’ malley, co - founder of the volunteer - run advocacy group shark safe network. “ the deepwater sharks targeted have extremely low reproductive rates, and many are threatened species. ” that ’ s it, friends. the world is mad. as ted koren says on his blog, think about it : we are risking the total decimation of a species for a psychological pandemic flamed by organizations seeking wealth, rather than health. most disturbing is when one thinks that many of these vaccines, in fact millions of these vaccines, are being recalled almost weekly because of poor production. so not only are these sharks being slaughtered at an alarming rate, but they are being harvested for a largely ineffective product that needs to be regularly be trashed because of potency issues ( see here and here ). i ’ m gonna go cry now.


pass legislation and usurp the courts, because the political authority had the supposed superiority over the population of villeins. shortly after the statutes of merchants was passed, the jews were forced to leave england. the presumption is, there were others who desired to take their place and run the law merchant business themselves. 8. merchants create money from debt this will be a very short explanation of a very complex issue. money of intrinsic value, as gold or silver, which is mined, coined or weighed, and used in the exchange of goods or service increases as more gold and silver is put into circulation. if there is no money of intrinsic value, how does paper " money " come into circulation? how does it increase? a promise to pay is the substitute for real lawful dollars. you may be creating " money ", when you believe you are agreeing to be a debtor. at the time the government of the united states was taking gold out of circulation, congress was discussing the issue of money. below is a congressional discussion on the banking emergency relief act of 1933. if the republican party had released itself from the clutches of wall street and expanded the currency immediately after the stock - market crash in 1929 or within a year after the crash, our people would have been saved from this awful money panic. our president will doubtless ask amendments to this new law when conditions are more normal and when it is better understood. under the new law the money is issued to the banks in return for government obligations, bills of exchange, drafts, notes, trade acceptances, and banker ' s acceptances. the money will be worth 100 cents on the dollar, because it is backed by the credit of the nation. it will represent a mortgage on all the homes and other property of all the people in the nation. congressional record, house, mr. patman, march 9, 1933, p. 83 we see above that when banks give the federal reserve regional banks ( i believe, not the u. s. treasury ) government obligations, bills of exchange, drafts, notes, trade acceptances, and banker ' s acceptances, they receive " money ". this is new " money ", meaning paper or computer digits. when the bank receives a promissory note from you and passes it on to the federal reserve, the bank receives the value, dollar for dollar, in paper federal reserve notes or digits into its account. if you give the bank, or if a middle man delivers it, a $ 100, 000 note, there will then be


the federal reserve, the bank receives the value, dollar for dollar, in paper federal reserve notes or digits into its account. if you give the bank, or if a middle man delivers it, a $ 100, 000 note, there will then be $ 100, 000 more " money " in the total banking system. you just created money. the following are two examples of trade acceptances, which i believe includes the paper you sign when you use a credit card. a trade acceptance is a draft or bill of exchange, drawn by the seller on the purchaser of goods sold, and accepted by such purchaser, and its purpose is to make the book account liquid and permit the seller to raise money on it before it is due under the terms of sale. legal discount corporation v. martin hardware co., 91 p. 2d 1010, 1012 ( wash ). a trade acceptance is a draft drawn by the seller of goods upon the buyer for the purchase price of such goods, which draft has been accepted by the buyer. a trade acceptance properly drawn is negotiable paper and its use results in advantages to both buyer and seller. it is however properly used to represent current merchandise transactions only, and is in this respect distinguished from a promissory note which may be given for a past - due account, borrowed money or for any other consideration. trade acceptances are bills of exchange " arising out of actual commercial transactions " which federal reserve banks may discount under section 2 of article 13 of the federal reserve act, 12 u. s. c. a. 343, and which they may purchase in the open market under section 1 of article 14, 12 u. s. c. a. 353. state trading corporation v. jordan, 22 a. 2d 30, 34 ( penn ). many think they are debtors when they sign a paper evidencing a debt, but actually they just provided the other party with an asset that can be sold or delivered benefiting the holder. 9. statute merchant, statute staple it was the concept of a security interest in another ' s possessions that was innovative and devastating in its results. under the common law, possession was everything, or, as they say, nine - tenths of the law. the law merchant is saying possession means very little if someone has a piece of paper presenting a claim in the nature of a security interest. some of the english statutes referenced in the quotes above became known as statute merchant and statute staple. concerning imprisonment, the following is footnote 46 from


means very little if someone has a piece of paper presenting a claim in the nature of a security interest. some of the english statutes referenced in the quotes above became known as statute merchant and statute staple. concerning imprisonment, the following is footnote 46 from the shetar ' s effect on english law. 46. m. elon, restraints of the person as a means in the collection of debts in jewish law ( 1961 ) ( precis of doctoral dissertation ) ( jewish tradition had no personal imprisonment for debt, reasoning that if a debtor ' s home could not be entered, even less could the debtor be taken ; in the 13th century, jewish scholars began to debate and approve imprisonment for evasive debtors, but only in carefully prescribed conditions ). unlike jewish law, english law specifically envisioned such imprisonment. see, statute of merchants, 1285, 13 edw., smt. 3 ( establishing imprisonment of the body of a defaulting debtor ) ; statute of avon burnell, 1283, 11 edw. ( if debtor ' s goods insufficient to satisfy debt, debtor imprisoned pending repayment, but creditor responsible for assuring bread and water sufficient to sustain life of imprisoned debtor, who must further reimburse creditor upon release ). the difficulty in rationalizing how debtors could be put in prison stems from deuteronomy 24, which suggests that giving a pledge does not allow for diminishing the life of the debtor or interfering with his body, since only an object is pledged. 6no man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge : for he taketh a man ' s life to pledge. 71f a man be found stealing any of his brethren of the children of israel, and maketh merchandise of him, or selleth him ; then that thief shall die ; and thou shalt put evil away from among you. 10when thou dost lend thy brother any thing, thou shalt not go into his house to fetch his pledge. 11thou shalt stand abroad, and the man to whom thou dost lend shall bring out the pledge abroad unto thee. 12and if the man be poor, thou shalt not sleep with his pledge : 131n any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee : and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the lord thy god. deuteronomy 24 173. see statute of merchants, 128


pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee : and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the lord thy god. deuteronomy 24 173. see statute of merchants, 1285, 13 edw., stat. 3 ( upon creditors presentation of debt instrument to mayor, debtor arrested and imprisoned ; if he has not paid within three months, he is enabled to sell his lands or chattels to satisfy the debt ; if he still has not paid in another three months, a reasonable portion of his lands and chattels are delivered to the creditor to hold as security against ultimate repayment or until the debt is satisfied out of their proceeds ). see also a. w. b. simpson, supra note 119, at 127 - 28 ( same ). the statute - merchant and statute - staple were, in themselves, securities. if you acknowledge a debt is due, this can be converted into " money " in an accounting system like the exchequer of england or federal reserve in the united states. " statute " also sometimes means a kind of bond or obligation of record, being an abbreviation for " statute merchant " or " statute staple. " black ' s 4th ed " statute " statute - merchant. in english law. a security for a debt acknowledged to be due, entered into before the chief magistrate of some trading town, pursuant to the statute 13 edw. i. de mercatori - bus, by which not only the body of the debtor might be imprisoned, and his goods seized in satisfaction of the debt, but also his lands might be delivered to the creditor till out of the rents and profits of them the debt be satisfied. black ' s 4th ed. statute merchant. hist. 1. one of two ~ century statutes establishing procedures to better secure and recover debts by, among other things, providing for a commercial bond that, if not timely paid, resulted in swift execution on the land, goods, and body of the debtor. 13 edw., ch. 6 ( 1283 ) ; 15 edw., ch. 6 ( 1285 ). these statutes were repealed in 1863. 2. the commercial bond so established. cf. statute staple. " it is not a little remarkable that our common law knew no process whereby a man could pledge his body or liberty for payment of a debt under edward i, the tide turned. in the interest of commerce a new form of security, the so - called


it is not a little remarkable that our common law knew no process whereby a man could pledge his body or liberty for payment of a debt under edward i, the tide turned. in the interest of commerce a new form of security, the so - called ' statute merchant ', was invented, which gave the creditor power to demand the seizure and imprisonment of his debtor ' s body. " 2 frederick pollack & frederic w. maitland, the history of english law before the time of edward 1 ( 2nd ed. 1899 ) black ' s law dictionary, 7th ed. ( 1999 ) statute staple. list. 1. a 1353 statute establishing procedures for settling disputes among merchants who traded in staple towns. the statute helped merchants receive swift judgments for debt. 2. a bond for commercial debt. a statute staple gave the lender a possessory right in the land of a debtor who failed to repay a loan. " a popular form of security after 1285 was the ' statute staple ' - whereby the borrower could by means of a registered contract charge his land and goods without giving up possession ; if he failed to pay, the lender became a tenant of the land until satisfied. it later became a common practice under the common - law forms of mortgage likewise to allow the mortgagor to remain in possession as a tenant at will or at sufferance of the mortgagee. " j. h. baker, an introduction to english legal history 354 ( 3 ed. 1990 ) black s law dictionary, 7th ed. ( 1999 ) commercial bonds are being created by the commercial statutes. bonds, like all other evidences of debt and promises to pay, are valuable in the current international marketplace. it rather comes down to the fact that, when dealing with the institutions of the great merchants, you really cannot be a debtor because there is no money, and they are not loaning anything they had when you walked in the front door. what they loan is what you create with your signature. 10. medieval european fairs of the merchants earlier we saw : " the lex mercatoria would seem to be in part based on roman law, in part maritime custom, in part the law of the medieval european fairs, and to a great extent upon the last. " the following are some observations concerning medieval european fairs, and how those " courts " operated with respect to the " great merchants ". the following quotes are found in the ' law merchant ' and the fair court of st. ives, 1270 - 1324, by stephen edward sachs


medieval european fairs, and how those " courts " operated with respect to the " great merchants ". the following quotes are found in the ' law merchant ' and the fair court of st. ives, 1270 - 1324, by stephen edward sachs, 2002. notice that the political officials will receive benefits from the merchant ' s fair and the courts of the merchants. it is also interesting to observe that the accused could bring his law by oath, or ask for an inquest like a jury, which could go out to gather evidence to aid the accused. the abbot is the head or superior of a monastery and possibly the top official of the vill. the fines and amercements paid in the fair court went to the abbot ' s treasury, and the watchmen and constables as well as the jurors of presentment were unfree men who owed services to the abbot as their lord. the abbot ' s men were responsible for collecting payments to the court, for distraining absent defendants by seizing their goods, and for conducting unlucky defendants to jail.... furthermore, st. ives was not a free town, but a vill whose residents were largely of villein status and who owed tenurial obligations. the abbot therefore had direct, persona. jurisdiction over the many residents of st. ives who appear in the court rolls, and they came before the fair court as before the court of their lord. the merchants ' decision - making role is emphasized by the parties themselves in


artist : pascal, blaise ( 1623 - 1662 ) | confronting bodies : king louis xiv date of action : 1657 specific location : france description of artwork : " lettres a un provincial ", 1656 - 1657 : written in defense of antoine arnauld an opponent of the jesuits and defender of jansenism who was on trial before the faculty of theology in paris. pascal ' s 18 letters dealt with divine grace and the ethical code of the jesuit. they included a blow against the relaxed morality that the jesuits were said to teach and that was the weak point in their controversy with port - royals. " pensees, " 1670 : work of christian apologetics as a consequence of his meditations on miracles and other proofs of christianity. the work remained unfinished at his death. description of incident : 1657 france : " lettres a un provincial " burned for being too free with the dignity of all secular authorities. 1660 : pascal converted to jansenist teaching and his " lettres a un provincial " aroused a storm of controversy because of their anti - jesuit flavor. results of incident : 1660, france : louis xiv ordered that the book " lettres a un provincial " " be torn up and burned at the " croix du tiroir " at the hands of the high executioner, fulfillment of which is to be certified to his majesty within the week ; and that meanwhile all printers, booksellers, vendors and others, of whatever rank or station, are explicitly prohibited from printing, selling, and distributing, and even from having in their possession the said book... under pain of public ( exemplary ) punishment. " 1789 rome, italy : " pensee " placed on the index " avec les notes de m. voltaire. " source : banned books 387 b. c. to 1978 a. d., by anne lyon haight, and chandler b. grannis, r. r. bowker co, 1978. | fileroom search | table of contents | category homepage | ncac |


employee of madame walker ’ s empire, majorie joyner, invented a permanent wave machine. this device, patented in 1928, curled or " permed " women ’ s hair for a relatively lengthy period of time. the wave machine was popular among women white and black allowing for longer - lasting wavy hair styles. marjorie joyner went on to become a prominent figure in walker ’ s industry, though majorie joyner never profited directly from her invention, for it was the assigned property of the walker company. marjorie joyner was born in 1896 in the rural blue ridge mountains of virginia and moved to chicago to study cosmetology. madam walker was a chicago business women who had come to fame as the beauty product supplier to hollywood star josephine baker. marjorie stewart joyner invented her wave machine as a solution to the hair problems of african american women, however, she never profited form her invention. madame walker owned the rights. marjorie joyner became thee director of madame walker ' s beauty schools. together with mary bethune mcleod, majorie joyner founded the united beauty school owners and teachers association marjorie joyner also volunteered for several charities that helped house, educate, and find work for african americans during the great depression. related innovations madame walker madame walker was a st. louis washerwoman turned entrepreneur, who in 1905 invented a method to soften and smooth black women ' s hair. joyner worked for walker ' s company.


last time we looked at aperture priority mode and how depth of field can help you be more creative with your photography. with aperture priority mode the camera chooses the shutter speed for the shot. ( image : fireworks at disney by express monorail ) so this time we ’ re going to look at what happens when you flip it around and use shutter priority mode ( tv ), and have full control over the shutter and let the camera choose the aperture. what ’ s a shutter? the shutter in this case is the opening in the camera body that lets light through to the image sensor. but more importantly you can control how long the light gets to go through to the image sensor, or how long the image sensor is ‘ exposed ’ to the light. that ’ s why it ’ s called exposure! as opposed to the aperture opening we talked about last time, where the aperture controls the amount of light coming into the camera through different sized holes or ‘ apertures ’ in the lens. the shutter controls how long that light then gets to pass through onto the image sensor. shutter speed is measured in seconds and fractions of a second eg : 1 / 1000 1 / 500 1 / 250 1 / 125 1 / 60 1 / 30 1 / 15 1 the greater the denominator the faster the shutter speed. my camera goes from 1 / 4000 of a second all the way up to 30 seconds ( in tv mode ). but this on its own doesn ’ t explain what these shutter speeds do or how they work. take a look below : how do i use it? changing the shutter speed can make your images very creative, here are some examples of what you can do with it. 1. long exposures one thing you can do using a long exposure is night photography. you need a long exposure in the seconds range to capture the scene nicely. but i think you can create some very nice effects with this type of photography, like a cityscape with roads, and you get the motion blur of a cars lights that leaves trails across the image. another essential bit of kit for night photography is a tripod, it ’ s impossible to use those kind of slow shutter speeds without one. in fact anything from around 1 / 30 of a second or slower you ’ ll need a ( sturdy ) tripod to eliminate any blur from hand shake ( unless you have a very steady hand! ). and you can create some stunning images as you can see from the examples above. this image of the london eye had an exposure of 45 seconds. and the