{"text": "parshat bo : educational slavery in order for the satisfied to really understand hunger, he must experience the sensation of hunger. only then can he actually relate to hunger correctly. torah scribe photo : courtesy derech ami we read in this week \u2019 s parsha about the last stages of am yisrael \u2019 s exile in egypt. at first glance, this exile seems surprising and confounding. was it that before god chose us as the nation that would receive the torah and fulfill the eternal role of being a light unto nations, was am yisrael oppressed in egypt, demeaned and enslaved? was it a coincidence that in the process of choosing the nation we went through slavery and oppression, or was it planned and part of the process? did we benefit from it? in the torah, we read a clear answer to the question of whether or not this was planned and a process. during the \u201c brit ben habetarim \u201d \u2013 the covenant of the halves \u2013 god promised the patriarch abraham that a great nation would come of him that would carry an eternal message for the entire world. but along with this promise, god revealed to abraham that the process would not be an easy or simple one. a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and shall serve them ; and they shall afflict them... and afterward shall they come out with great substance. \u201d ( genesis 15 : 13 - 14 ) after reading these clear words, our wonder only intensifies. why? why was it necessary for am yisrael to be a nation of slaves before entering its land and conducting an independent life there? why did am yisrael \u2019 s mission of spreading the light of faith and morality in the world have to be preceded by a period of oppression and degradation? we find the answer to this question in moshe rabbenu \u2019 s parting speech from am yisrael prior to his death. in this long speech which is spread out over much of the book of deuteronomy, he refers to am yisrael \u2019 s period of slavery in egypt as the \u201c iron melting pot \u201d \u2013 the oven where iron is heated and then shaped into an attractive utensil. this expression teaches us that the period of slavery was actually a period of education. yisrael was to sit in its land, independent, proud and secure, it had to undergo an educational process in egypt that was not so simple. how was the nation educated during this difficult time? the answer to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45918954345194385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24f75846-0dd2-4d14-8d72-fb87cc11aefc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.921800"}
{"text": "actually a period of education. yisrael was to sit in its land, independent, proud and secure, it had to undergo an educational process in egypt that was not so simple. how was the nation educated during this difficult time? the answer to this is explicitly written in the torah. the torah warns us seven times about our treatment of the stranger, the slave, the poor, and the unfortunate, and explains that the basis for this warning is the nation \u2019 s period of slavery in egypt. \u201c love therefore the stranger ; for you were strangers in the land of ( deuteronomy 10 : 19 ) another example : \u201c thou shalt not oppress a hired servant that is poor and needy, whether he be of thy brethren, or of thy strangers that are in thy land within thy gates... thou shalt not pervert the justice due to the stranger... but thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in egypt... therefore i command thee to do this thing. \u201d ( deuteronomy 24 : 14 - 18 ) there are five more places where the torah warns us that we should behave toward the weak in society with justice and compassion \u2013 because we, the nation sitting its own land, were in the past slaves in egypt. god wanted to choose am yisrael, give it the torah, be good to it, and bequeath the land of israel to it. but this promise was accompanied by a big risk. the nation might feel proud and self - confident which would be expressed by treating the weak, the strangers, the orphans, and the slaves in an estranged and unfair manner. the nation had to undergo an educational process, to experience the taste of humiliation, to live oppressed and enslaved, in order for the nation \u2019 s collective memory to always contain the knowledge that a weak man is still a man deserving of rights just as anyone else, and deserving of honest and fair in order for the satisfied to really understand hunger, he must experience the sensation of hunger. only then can he actually relate to hunger correctly. for a nation to remember to always behave according to morality and justice, it has to experience \u2013 before becoming a nation that lives in its own land \u2013 discrimination and degradation. only then can a nation clearly understand the feelings of the weak and needy, take pity on them and treat them honestly, and live according to the mission it was given \u2013 to be a light unto nations. rabbi shmuel rabinowitz is rabbi of the western wall and its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5317969645873463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24f75846-0dd2-4d14-8d72-fb87cc11aefc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.923412"}
{"text": "place of publication : poltava ( tsarist russia ) | years of publication : 1910 - 1915 years available on the website : 1910 - 1915 frequency weekly newspaper chief editor and publisher : eliyahu \u02bfaqiva rabinovich ( 1861 \u2013 1917 ) the newspaper ha - modia \u2014 according to its subtitle \u2014 was an orthodox jewish weekly that succeeded the orthodox monthly ha - peles, which had also been published by eliyahu \u02bfaqiva rabinovich ( 1861 \u2013 1917 ) in poltava between 1901 and 1905. each issue of the newspaper usually began with a signed editorial by rabinovich, usually relating to internal orthodox matters, such as the council of orthodox rabbis, debates with other newspapers, various jewish political movements ( in particularly, zionism ), cultural trends ( such as general education ), and information about the situation of the jews throughout the russian empire as seen from an orthodox perspective. rabinovich tended to sign other articles that he wrote in the same issue as \u2018 the editor \u2019 or under a pen name, or sometimes left them unsigned. rabinovich himself served as an orthodox rabbi in poltava from 1893 until his death in 1917. at the start of his career, he was attracted to the hovevey tsiyyon ( heb. \u2018 lovers of zion \u2019 ) movement. however he subsequently became disappointed with zionism and eventually turned into one of its most bitter opponents. in addition to his status as an influential rabbi within the circles of non - zionist jewish orthodoxy, he was also a philosopher and one of the founders of agudat yisra\u02beel ( heb. \u2018 the society of israel \u2019 ). despite the fact that the newspaper was aimed at orthodox jews in general, its readers were primary from the city of poltava ( whose jewish population numbered some twelve thousand jews ) and from its surrounding province ( around 112 thousand jews ). there are no details available regarding the distribution of ha - modia, although judging from its style and its language ( hebrew ), one must assume that it was not particularly large and that its target audience consisted of the hebrew - reading orthodox elite. at the beginning, page numbers were absent from contents of each issue. editing of the paper was fairly disorganised. it was never clear when one article concluded and another began or where an article continued, and sometimes lines of vertical text appeared \u2014 perhaps to maximise the use of the page in its entirety. most of the issues of ha - modia included between twelve to sixteen pages and they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40483086608557656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbad226a-aed4-412f-b4e4-5ef719550ef6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.927718"}
{"text": "one article concluded and another began or where an article continued, and sometimes lines of vertical text appeared \u2014 perhaps to maximise the use of the page in its entirety. most of the issues of ha - modia included between twelve to sixteen pages and they usually featured one or two articles in addition to the main editorial, such as a story emphasising the orthodox values of the newspaper, a column of letters to the editor, of which the majority dealt with local religious matters, or criticism of the religious behaviour of various institutions and individuals in the style of responsa ( for example, the opening of jewish - owned banks on the sabbath ). the column of letters to the editor appeared frequently in rashi script, as did a few other articles in other sections. from the content, it is unclear why the editor chose to use this script sometimes and the regular square script at other times. each of the main editorials that appeared at the start of each issue were printed in square script. the last page of ha - modia consisted of advertisements ; most of these aimed at publicising rabbinical texts, the majority of which were published by rabinovich \u2019 s own printing house. another column in the newspaper was dedicated to news relating to the jewish people, which also included reports from palestine. the ultra - orthodox ( heb. haredi ) newspaper published by agudat yisra\u02beel, which began to appear in 1950 in israel, preserves the name of ha - modia from poltava. the microfilm copy is in a very good condition. in some parts, there are light dirty spots or the text has seeped through onto the opposite side of the page \u2014 both problems relating to the manner in which the newspaper was stored.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4544774336428976, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbad226a-aed4-412f-b4e4-5ef719550ef6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.928401"}
{"text": "- total external debt : $ 28 653 million ( world bank, 2005 ) - total external debt payments : $ 5 586 million ( world bank 2005 ). - population : 28. 0 million ( world bank, 2005 ) - percentage of adults who can read and write : 87. 9 % ( hdr 2005 ) - average life expectancy : 70. 7 years ( hdr 2005 ) - hiv prevalence : 0. 6 % ( hdr 05 ) - total health spending : 1. 9 % of gdp ( hdr 04 ) - total spending on debt service payments : 7. 07 % of gdp - annual gdp : $ 79. 4 billion ( hdr 2005 ) drop the debt fast peru is the focus of the drop the debt fast on saturday 3 may. recent political history in 1542 the spanish conqueror francisco pizarro defeated the inca empire in peru and established lima as the principle city of spain \u2019 s colonial possessions in south america. the peruvians later gained independence from spain in 1824 after a struggle led by jose de san martin and simon bolivar. following its independence, peru became involved in a series of territorial disputes, firstly with chile during the 19th century and later in the 20th century with equador. peru \u2019 s political development in the 20th century has been tumultuous. in 1968 general valasco overthrew the elected president fernando belaunde terry. corruption and abuses of human rights were widespread under valasco \u2019 s regime, which led, along with his deteriorating health, to his replacement by general moralez bermundez. under bermundez, there was a return to civilian government with a new democratic constitution. in 1985, alan garcia was elected as president, and during his presidency economic and human rights problems in peru escalated. peru suffered from hyperinflation and massacres carried out by the military of people belonging to or suspected of belonging to the terrorist group \u2018 the shining path \u2019. the election of fujimori as president in 1990 did bring about an improvement to economy in peru as he implemented drastic economic reforms, which brought hyperinflation down considerably. however, accusations of bribery and corruption within his regime caused economic chaos once more and brought about his resignation. since fujimori, there have been improvements in the management of the peruvian economy. however, although the successive president implemented reforms to bring about a boom in the economy, actual poverty in peru only decreased by 5 % and over half of all peruvians are still estimated to be living below the poverty line, the re - election of garcia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39345539043639083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35ebd54b-9fc2-4281-b999-feb790bab5d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.932810"}
{"text": "however, although the successive president implemented reforms to bring about a boom in the economy, actual poverty in peru only decreased by 5 % and over half of all peruvians are still estimated to be living below the poverty line, the re - election of garcia in 2006, has confirmed the continuation of economic reforms. despite his disappointing term as president in the 1980s, he claimed to have learned from his mistakes, and is attempting to decrease poverty, especially in peru \u2019 s southern highlands, where poverty is most acute. peru is a hugely divided society, in economic and ethnic terms. with one of the highest levels of poverty in latin america, over half the population live below the poverty line and a large proportion of those live in \u2018 extreme poverty \u2019, meaning they are unable to meet even their most basic needs. where poverty is prevalent, so are the other classic symptoms of deprivation such as high illiteracy rates, high infant mortality and relatively low life expectancy. although these conditions of poverty are most acute in rural areas, it is also widespread in urban areas, especially lima. hand in hand with this poverty, there are also substantial degrees of wealth. however, the two lifestyles are kept completely separate and there is little scope for redistribution or social advancement. peru also suffers from divides along ethnic lines. although the precise boundaries between ethnicities have been blurred by inter - marriage and migration, there is a fairly close connection between skin colour and social position ; the darker your skin, the lower your status. the cancellation of peru \u2019 s external debt would allow the much needed investment in public services such as health care and education which would help break down economic and ethnic barriers causing extreme levels of poverty for some peruvians. where has the debt come from? peru \u2019 s foreign debt increased substantially in the 1970s, like many other latin american countries, increasing sevenfold between 1970 and 1976. during this period the peruvian government set about financial development. however, they did so without foreign investment, a strong private sector or sufficient tax system, and thus relied heavily on borrowing abroad. the debt problem in peru really began in 1975 as interest rates soared and was made worse by the poor use to which the money was put. examples of the ineffective use of the money was large amounts of military spending, development projects that primarily benefited foreign firms and the growth of ineffective and poorly managed peruvian public sector. debt cancellation status peru is officially classed as a lower - middle income country by the world bank. it is therefore not eligible for the heavily indebted poor countries initiative or the multilateral debt relief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4189654801511242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:35ebd54b-9fc2-4281-b999-feb790bab5d9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.933762"}
{"text": "the handbook of environment and society focuses on the interactions between people, societies and economies, and the state of nature and the environment. editorially integrated but written from multi - disciplinary perspectives, the handbook of environment and society is organised in seven sections : - environmental thought : past and present - valuing the environment - knowledges and knowing - political economy of environmental change - environmental technologies - redesigning natures - institutions and policies for influencing the environment key themes include : locations where the environment - society relation is most acute : where, for example, there are few natural resources or where industrialization is unregulated ; the discussion of these issues at different scales : local, regional, national, and global ; the cost of damage to resources ; and the relation between principal actors in the environment - society nexus. ' this is a monumental and timely contribution to scholarship on society and environments. the handbook makes it easy and compelling for anyone to learn about that scholarship in its full manifestations and as represented by some of the most highly respected researchers and thinkers in the english - speaking world. it is wide - reaching in scope and far - reaching in its implications for public and private action, a definite must for serious researchers and their libraries ' bonnie j. mccay, professor, rutgers university, usa ' this is the desert island book for anyone interested in the relationship between society and the environment. the editors have assembled a masterful collection of contributions on every conceivable dimension of environmental thinking in the social sciences and humanities. no library should be without it! ' associate professor robyn eckersley, university of melbourne, australia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5254055195602179, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9fafb4f8-c09d-4722-bc80-48fe29284cfb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.935487"}
{"text": "think. plan. act. making an emergency plan in advance allows you to consider different situations. use common sense and make the best decisions for you and your family. when making your plan, think about the people and places in your daily lives. talk to close friends and family about their plans. develop plans together and include versions for work, school and other places you spend time. the more options you can think of now, the more prepared you will be later. item needs consider any of the special needs of your family and make a plan to keep them safe. include special situations for infants, children, adults, and seniors. be sure to consider : - baby supplies - medication, medical treatments work, and daycare plansschools, businesses and daycare providers should have an emergency plan. be sure to include their actions into your family plan, especially : breakdown plan think about how you would respond to a utility service disruption, including : - natural gas if you are an employer, think about how your business will react in an emergency : in a moving vehicle think about how an emergency could affect you in a moving - natural disasters ( weather, earthquake, etc. ) - road conditions - power lines - vehicle trouble ( explosion, mechanical failure, etc. ) a high rise building know how to react to an emergency in a high - rise building, with tips like : - stay or go evaluation - locate multiple exits - key safety instructions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42874611316606953, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8afc7fa1-c89c-4193-86b5-ff5e3ea61b4f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.937794"}
{"text": "author : this chapter originally appeared as a part of simkovics, 1998, stefan simkovics ' master ' s thesis prepared at vienna university of technology under the direction of o. univ. prof. dr. georg gottlob and univ. ass. mag. katrin seyr. this chapter gives an overview of the internal structure of the backend of postgres. after having read the following sections you should have an idea of how a query is processed. don ' t expect a detailed description here ( i think such a description dealing with all data structures and functions used within postgres would exceed 1000 pages! ). this chapter is intended to help understanding the general control and data flow within the backend from receiving a query to sending the results. here we give a short overview of the stages a query has to pass in order to obtain a result. a connection from an application program to the postgres server has to be established. the application program transmits a query to the server and receives the results sent back by the server. the parser stage checks the query transmitted by the application program ( client ) for correct syntax and creates a query tree. the rewrite system takes the query tree created by the parser stage and looks for any rules ( stored in the system catalogs ) to apply to the querytree and performs the transformations given in the rule bodies. one application of the rewrite system is given in the realization of views. whenever a query against a view ( i. e. a virtual table ) is made, the rewrite system rewrites the user ' s query to a query that accesses the base tables given in the view definition instead. the planner / optimizer takes the ( rewritten ) querytree and creates a queryplan that will be the input to the executor. it does so by first creating all possible paths leading to the same result. for example if there is an index on a relation to be scanned, there are two paths for the scan. one possibility is a simple sequential scan and the other possibility is to use the index. next the cost for the execution of each plan is estimated and the cheapest plan is chosen and handed back. the executor recursively steps through the plan tree and retrieves tuples in the way represented by the plan. the executor makes use of the storage system while scanning relations, performs sorts and joins, evaluates qualifications and finally hands back the tuples derived. in the following sections", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5298081237504924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3aa46c79-c265-4a30-a6aa-fe4ce255093a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.940978"}
{"text": "| grump meter helps children control anger | | written by ellen portnoy, contributing writer | | wednesday, july 18 2012 10 : 12 | sometimes uncontrolled anger in children and teens can lead to the one event that parents, teachers, doctors and friends cannot fix \u2014 suicide. lynn kaufman, who has a master \u2019 s degree in social work, has devoted the last 22 years helping children and families talk about their anger, become aware of their angry moods, recognize oncoming anger signs and control their angry behaviors. \u201c i found the issues around families and children very interesting, \u201d said kaufman. \u201c i am interested in how relationships among people work. i am interested in children and families learning to control their anger and express it in positive and constructive ways. i am interested in people in a family understanding each other \u2019 s anger so that each member of the family has ways to be known and understood. \u201d this interest first brought her to kvc behavioral health care in wyandotte county in 1990. the focus of the treatment center was \u201c anger control. \u201d although the social workers were following a program on anger control developed by arnold goldstein, ph. d., kaufman decided that something more was needed. \u201c i decided that children would benefit from a tool that would help them identify their angry moods and escalating anger, \u201d she said. \u201c i developed the grump meter and immediately saw how children used it and how it helped them identify their anger and put words and new thoughts to their angry moods. \u201d she then started using the grump meter to teach anger control to families. families were encouraged to acknowledge anger, frustration and fear connected to aggressive and destructive behaviors. \u201c to my surprise, \u201d she added, \u201c the parents loved the tool and wanted to use it with their children. \u201d the grump meter can be any size. it is basically a ruler with five categories, blue for calm ; green for grumpy ; yellow for caution ; orange for stop ; and red for explosion. the tool became so helpful that kaufman and her daughter, janet kaufman, ph. d. decided to write a book. \u201c the grump meter, a family tool for anger control, \u201d so that many more families could use the techniques to help negotiate and manage their expression of strong feelings in new ways. \u201c i recognized immediately that the color and the simplicity of the book were very helpful to family understanding of anxiety, sorrow, grief, loss and anger, \u201d said kaufman. \u201c the children were able to see from colors how they changed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48293931132007095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfabb6e4-aa9b-4c00-bf97-0114a17b1ec7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.945455"}
{"text": "in new ways. \u201c i recognized immediately that the color and the simplicity of the book were very helpful to family understanding of anxiety, sorrow, grief, loss and anger, \u201d said kaufman. \u201c the children were able to see from colors how they changed feelings during one day. this helped them be aware of where they were on the grump meter and to reach the goal of coming back to blue. the goal of the grump meter is to have a blue day and to avoid the ride to red. \u201d besides helping children and their parents know where a child is on the grump meter, the book also provides ways to bring a child down from the danger zones of orange and red, and move back to the calmer green and blue zones. others are also aware of the impact kaufman has made on the children in kansas. in april she was honored by the university of kansas as the 2012 outstanding ku social work alumna. in her nomination of kaufman, hildy flanigan stated : \u201c in 2004, kvc opened a licensed hospital for preteens and teens. lynn was the first social worker on that unit. most of the children admitted to the hospital came with suicide ideation and / or attempts to end their lives. to help children find the language to understand their own life stories and find reasons to live instead of die, and to help them find language and their own creativity and courage, lynn turned to literature, writing, group process family dialogue and behavioral approaches, including anger control. \u201d kaufman said that 99 percent of children that she sees come in following suicide thoughts, feelings and actions. \u201c when shown the grump meter, they immediately point to red \u2014 the area of the most anger. they identify \u2018 red \u2019 as the mood they were in when they attempted to end their lives, \u201d said kaufman. \u201c once they started to drop to orange and yellow and green, they have no thoughts of suicide. that change can take place within hours of admission to the hospital where the \u2018 work \u2019 begins. \u201d \u201c what is in their minds when they want to kill themselves? \u201d kaufman asks. \u201c why is this day different from all other days? \u2019 the answer is that every child has an answer to the question and describes an issue or a story or a crisis that they cannot solve. they feel hopeless to find answers and in those moments, they see no other way to solve their problems. once they see options and consider new thoughts, their need to die is decreased. every single child who survives an attempt to end their lives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49502324895695227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dfabb6e4-aa9b-4c00-bf97-0114a17b1ec7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.949719"}
{"text": "the solution for climate change! at the same time these panels are able to capture co2 and ch4 the keshe foundation is proud to announce the development of \" day & night panels \" which deliver current day and night at levels considerably higher than those from present solar panel models. these d & n panels will be able to supply constant power to electrical and electronic devices. this new technology is under patent application. from the air and convert them to a liquid state. co2 and ch4 are important greenhouse gases. power generating systems for power stations, power farms, local and household power units and remote generators. which last several years instead of a few days, for computers and cellular phones. which last several years instead of a few days, for powering and cooling micro - electronics. in power stations to create a head of steam for turbines. for electric heating and light. for industrial processes. for obtaining water and desalination. we are initially offering 10, 000 units of 3 - 4 kw ac / dc and 1000 units of 10 kw ac / dc portable domestic keshe electric power generators. this web page gives a new insight into the energy production capabilities of our systems. the concept of energy creation behind the development of this reactor is based on a new understanding of the laws of physics. our technology results from applying this new understanding of the cooperation and interaction of the atomic structure of gases and matters upon each other. the principles of the behavior of gases and liquids in the environment have been studied and catalogued in detail over the past decades. this is an important factor in the development of any energy system that has to be portable and light, but at the same time flexible, powerful and functional to justify its use in any system, such as production of power, gravity or anti - gravity, shielding, medical purposes and so forth. for this system to meet these criteria it is important to use hydrogen as the primary catalyst. in 2005 prof. dr. ir. marc van overmeire of the univertity of brussels ( vub ), at the request of flag ( flanders aerospace group ) looked into mr keshe \u2019 s energy concept and produced the following evaluation ( download the pdf ), concluding that the concepts behind this method of energy production are valid. the use of the system as an energy source this system is a fully integrated electro - nuclear - magnetic power generator. the system, in its core, creates the magnetic force field that man is used to as part of the magnetic fields of the earth. the unit generates magnetic fields", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5886426223226703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9a0ed0e-66e6-43a9-b97e-e191bbe74d36>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.963598"}
{"text": "scientists are astonished from the amazing camouflage of that little insect when attacking its victim \u2026. a dragonfly is a type of insect belonging to the order odonata. it is characterized by large multifaceted eyes, two pairs of strong transparent wings, and an elongated body. even though dragonflies possess 6 legs like any other insect, they are not capable of walking. dragonflies are valuable predators that eat mosquitoes, and other small insects like flies, bees, ants, and butterflies. they are usually found around lakes, ponds, streams and wetlands because their larvae, known as \" nymphs \", are aquatic. in a published research by prof. aikiko mezuhtani of the center for visual science at the australian national university in canberra, there was a proof that dragonfly male is professional in camouflaging when moving as it deludes the eye of the victim so that it see it stable while attacking. the amazing design of wings and body enable the insect to make unlimited maneuvers while flying so that it can attack the victim so easily. scientists say that dragonflies use movement for their camouflage, camouflage is usually associated with immobility as it occupies the same spot in the retina of the victim. so that the victim sees it stable when it is moving, scientists say that this technique is complicated and very strange. the dragonfly uses fast, complicated and unseen movement to attack the victim. prof. mezuhtani and the team used stereoscopic cameras to reconstruct the movements of the insect in three dimensions. after a long study they discovered that this insect can arrange its wings and body during flying to make the victim see it as if it is stable. most animals can skillfully conceal themselves when stationary, but they may become apparent as soon as they move. the dragonfly uses another technique and without that it may die by hunger, but allah almighty taught that insect a unique technique to catch its victims. scientists say that the brain of the dragonfly is so small in comparison with the volume of the executed complicated arithmetic operations which produce that fast movement in the three directions. the eye covers the entire head and without that perfect design dragonfly wouldn \u2019 t be able to live and get its food. nature inspired human for many inventions, but the abilities of the dragonfly are more advanced than any other superior invention. scientists say that till now they don ' t know how that insect had got these abilities to perform such complicated technique as the executed motions are amazing, also they say that it would be impossible for that insect to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48971244520778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9ab4c89-1e98-4a71-81f8-2aebf5e4bf00>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.973276"}
{"text": "are more advanced than any other superior invention. scientists say that till now they don ' t know how that insect had got these abilities to perform such complicated technique as the executed motions are amazing, also they say that it would be impossible for that insect to learn itself and without the help of anyone. so who taught it that technique, nature or coincidence? look at this amazing design of wings, human can \u2019 t mimic it by using the latest technology methods. who did create that perfect design, nature or the insect itself? atheists must answer that question otherwise they should believe that allah almighty is the only creator or they should tell us, who is the creator? after all of the above we must realize our weakness in comparison with that little insect. but we may find some people who claim that nature created this wonderful insect!!! allah says : \" ( or do they assign to allah partners who created the like of his creation, so that the creation ( which they made and his creation ) seemed alike to them? \" say : \" allah is the creator of all things ; and he is the one, the irresistible. ) \" ( quran 13 : 6 ) we can only say what allah says in the holy qur ' an : \" ( this is the creation of allah. so show me that which those ( whom you worship ) besides him have created. nay, the zalimun ( polytheists, wrongdoers and those who do not believe in the oneness of allah ) are in plain error. ) \" ( quran 31 : 11 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5022272743866267, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e9ab4c89-1e98-4a71-81f8-2aebf5e4bf00>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.974704"}
{"text": "brasilia, the capital of brazil brasilia is a federal district, and has been the capital of the country since 1960. futuristically designed by oscar niemeyer and lucio costa, the city is in constant evolution and renewal. its bold architectural design, green areas and modern buildings prompted unesco to add it to the world heritage list. brasilia was first and foremost built in order to give an impulse to the development of the country ' s interior. juscelino kubistchek, president of brazil from 1956 to 1960, wanted to open up the broad hinterland. according to his vision, the country ' s development should not be restricted to the narrow coastal strip along the atlantic. the site chosen for the new capital was centrally located, distant 2, 120 km ( 1, 317 miles ) from belem, 1, 015 km ( 630 miles ) from sao paulo and 1, 148km ( 713 miles ) from rio de janeiro. the nearest railroad was 125 km away ( 77 miles ), the nearest paved road was 640 km away ( 397 miles ), and the nearest airport was 190 km ( 118 miles ) from what would become brasilia. seen from the air, brasilia has the shape of an airplane, with the government and administrative buildings forming the fuselage and the wings being residential quarters. to the east, the city is bordered by a half - moon artificial lake. to the west, land rises slightly to the highest point of the city, 1200 meters above sea level. today, brasilia is becoming the link between east and west, north and south of south america, also catering to the atlantic and pacific markets.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4414516517480688, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1250fe98-181f-4b80-bc85-13bb306f5de3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.979408"}
{"text": "in flowing free - verse poems, a 15 - year - old white american girl who grew up in japan recounts a kaleidoscope of devastations, recoveries and irreparable damage \u2014 ranging from the geopolitical to the personal. emma \u2019 s lived in japan since infancy. when her family moves to massachusetts for her mother \u2019 s breast - cancer treatment, emma starts getting migraines. she hates \u201c abandoning japan \u201d just months after the 2011 tohoku earthquake / tsunami ; she wants to continue helping her friend madoka \u2019 s relatives shovel sludge from their drowned houses and wait for word of a missing aunt. japan \u2019 s \u201c endless stretches of mangled homes / the tangled mountains of debris / and all the broken towns and families \u201d feel like emma \u2019 s own. in massachusetts, \u201c i don \u2019 t know when to say what / i don \u2019 t know if something \u2019 s funny or not. \u201d she writes a poem : \u201c lonely is / when the language outside / isn \u2019 t the language inside. \u201d as emma volunteers, helping a physically disabled adult write poetry, and meets a multigenerational cambodian community with khmer rouge history, thompson nimbly braids political tragedy, natural disaster, ptsd, connections among families, and a cautious, quiet romance into an elegant whole. this is an artistic picture of devastation, fragility, bonds and choices ; here \u2019 s hoping some tohoku tsunami books from a japanese perspective will join it. ( poetry list, recommended resources ) ( fiction. 14 & up )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45951730488082493, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ecaac88-0d04-483c-be27-e62b32bcbb5d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.984294"}
{"text": "ktm user pages click here to find the comments for this topic carolyn ' s dead right about saxon : the program moves students along at a brisk clip. * i was thinking about it just last night, while i was doing my own saxon lesson. i ' d put money on it i ' m learning lots more than christopher, whose book is, technically speaking, more advanced. and i ' d put money on it he ' d end the year knowing more than he ' s going to know with prentice - hall if he were using saxon, too. slow and steady wins the race the conventional wisdom about ' behavioral ' programs like saxon math is that they ' re remedial ; they ' re for slow learners. well, it ' s true. if i were teaching a class of slow learners, i ' d choose saxon math in a heartbeat. but saxon also moves fast learners through material at a fast clip. if you ' re a fast learner, you just work through the material more quickly. back when christopher and i were using saxon 6 / 5, the 5th grade book, we were doing complete full lessons a day for a time. only recently have i realized that teaching to mastery means accelerating a student ' s rate of learning. high achievers move faster with direct instruction : tarver and jung reported that the direct instruction program was equally effective for lower and higher performing children who participated in the study. other studies provide additional evidence that direct instruction programs accelerate the learning of high - performing students in language ( robinson & hesse, 1981 ), reading ( schaefer, 1989 ; sexton, 1989 ), and science ( vitale & romance, 1992 ). low achievers move faster, too direct instruction is, expliticly, a teaching approach designed to produce ' maximum acceleration ' for all students at all levels. ( see : student - program alignment and teaching to mastery by siegfried engelmann ) not only can low achievers be accelerated, when they are accelerated their learning curves look like those of fast learners : i find this counterintuitive and almost bizarre. when taught to mastery, low iq students learn at the same clip as high iq students? hard to believe. on the other hand, i wouldn ' t be surprised. so many of our decades - old beliefs about students and learning are just pure ideology. so i hope engelmann ' s right. here ' s what he has to say : even students who would be predicted to have low levels of achievement benefit greatly from direct instruction. gersten, becker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4877351589205052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5282c10-7e75-478a-ac96-59c64bc67b86>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.998600"}
{"text": "about students and learning are just pure ideology. so i hope engelmann ' s right. here ' s what he has to say : even students who would be predicted to have low levels of achievement benefit greatly from direct instruction. gersten, becker, heiry, and white ( 1984 ) examined the yearly achievement test profiles of students in direct instruction classrooms to determine whether annual gains made by students with low iq scores differed significantly from the gains made by students with average or superior iq scores. figure 2. 11 [ above ] shows the yearly gains made by students in reading as measured by the wide range achievement test. as shown in this figure, students with higher iq test scores started at higher achievement levels and ended with higher levels than their peers with lower scores. however, the pattern of growth of students with low iq scores is remarkably similar to that of other students. the group with the lowest scores ( under 70 ) gained nearly as much each year in reading as students with much higher scores. by the end of third grade, those students with the lowest iq scores were performing at the 70th percentile, or a grade equivalent of 4. 3. the results are even more pronounced in math as seen in figure 2. 12 [ below ]. this figure shows the students \u2019 performance on the metropolitan achievement test. the growth rate for all groups of students corresponds to one grade equivalent for each year in school. these results provide evidence that direct instruction is appropriate for, and effective with, a wide variety of individuals including those with low iq scores, those with iq scores in the average range, and those with high iq scores. in addition, because children in this study were taught in small homogeneous groups ( having students with relatively the same skill levels ), the gains of students with lower iq scores were not made at the expense of other students nor the other way around. several reviews of research focusing on the use of direct instruction with special education populations have all converged on the finding that direct instruction is measurably effective with these students. white ( 1988 ) reviewed 25 such studies and found that all comparisons favored the direct instruction group. forness, kavale, blum, and lloyd ( 1997 ) conducted an analysis of various intervention programs for special education and determined direct instruction to be one of only seven interventions with strong evidence of effectiveness. perhaps because direct instruction programs have been so successful with students who have failed in other instructional programs, their use is commonly associated with children who are behind, who are failing, or who are at risk for failure. and some have questioned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49188449427284897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5282c10-7e75-478a-ac96-59c64bc67b86>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:48.999804"}
{"text": "evidence of effectiveness. perhaps because direct instruction programs have been so successful with students who have failed in other instructional programs, their use is commonly associated with children who are behind, who are failing, or who are at risk for failure. and some have questioned their appropriateness for general education. however, figures 2. 11 and 2. 12 provide direct evidence of the effectiveness of direct instruction for students with iq scores in the middle range and those in the upper range. engelmann and carnine ( 1989 ) found that typical second graders who had received 2 years of direct instruction scored an average 4. 6 grade equivalent in reading on a standardized achievement test. the children \u2019 s average scores in science and math were 4. 0 and 3. 4, respectively. other researchers have arrived at similar findings. tarver and jung ( 1995 ) investigated the effects of a direct instruction math program ( connecting math concepts ) and a discovery learning math program on the math achievement and attitudes of general education students in the primary grades. they found that, at the end of second grade, the children in the direct instruction program scored higher on measures of math computation and math concepts than children in the comparison group. in addition, children in the direct instruction program had significantly higher scores on a survey of attitudes about math. finally, tarver and jung reported that the direct instruction program was equally effective for lower and higher performing children who participated in the study. other studies provide additional evidence that direct instruction programs accelerate the learning of high - performing students in language ( robinson & hesse, 1981 ), reading ( schaefer, 1989 ; sexton, 1989 ), and science ( vitale & romance, 1992 ). acceleration for all students through direct instruction in a nutshell kumon is an acceleration program, too interestingly, kumon adds the element of teaching children to become ' self - learners, ' i. e. self - teachers : our aim should be to educate our students so well through the kumon method that they don ' t have to depend solely on classroom activities to be able to deeply understand the course content. students who develop this capacity will have a good chance to enter leading universities. to make this possible, we must help students acquire the ability of self - study from an early age and accelerate their level of study beyond their school grade. ( emphasis added ) here is the irony. when ed and i told our ' team ' that we want the school to be responsible for christopher ' s learning, as opposed to christopher being responsible for christopher ' s learning, the principal objected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5157525349783064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5282c10-7e75-478a-ac96-59c64bc67b86>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.001031"}
{"text": "school grade. ( emphasis added ) here is the irony. when ed and i told our ' team ' that we want the school to be responsible for christopher ' s learning, as opposed to christopher being responsible for christopher ' s learning, the principal objected. christopher has to learn to be responsible, he said. he ' ll need it in high school. it was another helicopter parent moment, though neither hostile nor critical. the essential meme in middle schools everywhere seems to be that helicopter parents don ' t ' allow ' their children to grow up and become responsible for themselves and their studies. but kumon says that a teach - to - mastery approach builds responsibility in children. i don ' t understand quite how that happens. but i believe that it does. i think this is one of those bayesian issues where parents have the right idea, without knowing why they have the right idea. a parent sees his child floundering and failing, and knows this is a bad thing. the parent knows the child will be far better off if the school continues to ' coddle ' and ' protect ' him while he learns the material his teachers are teaching. but how do we know this? what are we basing it on? it ' s the same problem parents have ' knowing ' fuzzy math is bad. the minute i heard about fuzzy math, i knew it was bad. but could i say why it was bad? no. same thing with ' responsibility. ' obviously, i want christopher to grow up to be a responsible person. and yet, somehow, i ' m in the position of arguing ' against ' christopher being responsible. i know \u2014 in the bayes way of knowing \u2014 i ' m right. but i don ' t know why. update 10 - 20 - 2006 : now that my child has spent one year in a math class in which full responsibility was placed upon parents for reteaching and students for learning, this issue is no longer a mystery. * ed. update 4 - 21 - 2006 : dan has some reservations on this score. it ' s certainly true that the saxon books have a tremendous amount of repetition from one book to the next. mike feinberg of kipp on spiral curricula steve and susan j on spiral curricula acceleration versus remediation parents ' stories about spiralling curricula - - catherinejohnson - 26 jan 2006 back to : main page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5076208387102683, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5282c10-7e75-478a-ac96-59c64bc67b86>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.002086"}
{"text": "webmd medical news louise chang, md july 4, 2011 - - late talkers or children with limited number of words by age 2 may have some behavioral and emotional issues as toddlers, but these issues will not follow them through their childhood and teen years. the new findings appear in the august issue of pediatrics. researchers followed more than 2, 800 children from birth through age 17. the 142 children who were late talkers did show mild levels of behavioral and emotional problems at age 2, but they were not at greater risk for such issues as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct problems, anxiety, or depression as they grew up. the findings \" support a wait - and - see approach to behavioral and speech and language intervention among late talkers with otherwise normal development, \" conclude study authors led by andrew j. o. whitehouse, phd, of the university of western australia in subiaco, western australia. as many as 18 % of children are \u201c late talkers, \u201d but most will catch up by the time they enter school. the new findings may not apply to children with persistent language impairment and / or other developmental delays. the late talkers in this study did not have any other developmental delays, intellectual disability, or hearing problems. they only showed expressive language delays. the key is whether or not the late talker catches up, melissa wexler gurfein, a speech - language pathologist in new york city, says in an email. \" there is no way of knowing whether a child who has been identified as a late talker at age 2 will eventually catch up to the language skills of his same - aged peers, \" she says. \" it ' s no surprise that late talkers at age 2 may seem to have more behavioral difficulties, \" she says. \" the frustration of not being able to communicate successfully could be a possible cause of disruptive behavior. \" but as a child matures and develops more age - appropriate language skills, his frustration with communication and disruptive behaviors may resolve. \" for the child who continues to demonstrate language delays as he matures, this may not hold true, \" she says. \" the best thing to do for a child who is identified as a late talker is to provide early intervention to help him become as successful of a communicator as he can be since there is no way to identify if he will develop the appropriate language skills to do this on his own, \" she says. children under age 3 with developmental delays, including speech delays, qualify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41851412164180885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd8eff05-43ac-4c1a-809f-b8068fc38650>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.010758"}
{"text": "successful of a communicator as he can be since there is no way to identify if he will develop the appropriate language skills to do this on his own, \" she says. children under age 3 with developmental delays, including speech delays, qualify for free evaluation through early intervention. if they are found to have any significant delays, they are eligible for free catch - up services. rahil briggs, psyd, an infant - toddler psychologist / behavioral expert at the children ' hospital at montefiore in the bronx, n. y., says that the children in this study fall into a very specific category, and the findings can ' t be generalized to late talkers with other developmental delays. \" a 50 % delay for a kid expected to have 50 words is far different than a kid expected to have thousands of words, \" she says. \" at age 4, if your child remains delayed, they still have enough words to get their needs met. \" a 50 % delay is far more deleterious and troublesome to the 2 - year - old, \" she says. this helps explain why late talkers with no other issues will outgrow behavioral and emotional issues linked to frustration about their inability to communicate and be understood. \" reassuringly, the study found that expressive language delay was not a risk factor for later emotional and behavioral problems, \" says andrew adesman, md, the chief of developmental & behavioral pediatrics at steven & alexandra cohen children ' s medical center of new york in new hyde park. most children express themselves verbally soon after birth and speak their first word or words at one year. \" between the first and second birthday, we expect children to progress from one to 50 words, \" he says. \" for children who are not meeting those milestones, the first question is are there are any difficulties understanding language and can they follow a simple command such as ' bring me a toy, ' \" he says. other receptive language milestones include being able to point to body parts. \" the kids who we worry about most are those with receptive language delays and socialization difficulty, \" he says. briggs adds : \" concerned parents should keep a language diary and write down each new word that their child says so they do not over - or underestimate the number of words their child has when the pediatrician asks about language development, \" she says. \" speak to your pediatrician or trusted child development specialist and make sure their child is hearing ok, and there is not a more serious language", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41497209814274777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd8eff05-43ac-4c1a-809f-b8068fc38650>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.011788"}
{"text": "##estimate the number of words their child has when the pediatrician asks about language development, \" she says. \" speak to your pediatrician or trusted child development specialist and make sure their child is hearing ok, and there is not a more serious language disorder that is not only affecting them now, but may affect them later on, \" she says. the researchers did account for certain factors linked to speech and behavioral issues such as mom ' s age and education level, income, smoking or alcohol use during pregnancy, but they did not account for maternal depression, she says. maternal depression is predictor of language delay, she says. \" we know that if moms are depressed they are less likely to chat up their toddlers all day, \" she says. sources : whitehouse, a. pediatrics, 2011. andrew adesman, md, chief, developmental & behavioral pediatrics, steven & alexandra cohen children ' s medical center of new york, new hyde park. melissa wexler gurfein, speech - language pathologist, new york. rahil briggs, psyd, infant - toddler psychologist / behavioral expert, children ' hospital at montefiore, new york. here are the most recent story comments. view all the views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of newssource 16 the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. see additional information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44075425065899965, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bd8eff05-43ac-4c1a-809f-b8068fc38650>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.012296"}
{"text": "most active stories - five things you should know about the proposed marijuana rules - daredevil photographer posts photos taken at dizzying heights - 3 pulled from skagit river after i - 5 bridge collapse in mount vernon - ' pot - bellied ' pig : local butcher spikes pig feed with weed - ' staggering ' rate hike under obamacare no longer likely news & music contributors blues time machine many rivers converged to make a new orleans classic : ' iko iko ' it \u2019 s one of the most iconic songs from new orleans, and like the city, it \u2019 s origin and meaning are a product of may different influences. its meaning is still being debated by scholars and linguists, but \u201c iko iko \u201d was first recorded in 1953 by james \u201c sugar boy \u201d crawford, who wrote the pop song \u201c jock - a - mo \u201d based on 2 different mardi gras indian chants. the mardi gras \u201c indians \u201d are actually african - american groups who have been parading as indian tribes at mardi gras since the mid - 19th century. over the years the custom has evolved into a competition based on costumes and dances. to learn more about the mardi gras indians here \u2019 s a wikpedia article : the precise origin and meaning of the lyrics has been the subject of much debate. theories about the origins include louisiana creole french, choctaw and chickasaw, and west african. here is one of many articles that attempt to parse the linguistics : whatever the exact source of the chants, \u201c iko iko \u201d tells the story of two competing tribes confronting each other at a parade. and though \u201c sugar boy \u201d crawford recorded it in 1953, the dixie cups ( 2 sisters and a cousin ) said they learned the song from their grandmother, making it much older. the dixie cups recorded it in 1965 ; apparently it was not planned, they were just messing around in the studio, not knowing that the tape was rolling. here \u2019 s a live clip of them singing \u201c iko iko \u201d : mac rebennack, better known as dr. john, has been a mainstay of new orleans music, going back to the 1950 \u2019 s, when he started work as a session player. his 1968 album gris - gris, and 1972 \u2019 s gumbo ( with \u201c iko iko \u201d ) introduced the pop music world to the intricately syncopated and funky sounds of new orleans. this clip shows dr. john at the piano explaining what influenced him : along", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4433349448036076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0e4f995-49a1-4595-ac4b-e7f2977c347e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.015075"}
{"text": "according to the un children \u2019 s fund ( unicef ), lack of water safety regulations, inter - ministerial coordination and surveillance can paint a deceptively benign portrait of water quality. \u201c there are different interpretations of water safety among the line ministries [ working on water issues ], which makes it hard to draw a conclusion about water quality, \u201d rolf luyendijk, senior statistician for water and sanitation at unicef, said. taps, boreholes, covered wells or springs, as well as rainwater, are considered \u201c improved \u201d and \u201c safe \u201d water sources but they do not guarantee safe drinking water, he said. \u201c water from a dug well may not meet microbiological standards and may still be deadly, \u201d he told irin. according to the world health organisation ( who ), contaminated water contributes to more than two million deaths from diarrhoea each year, plus millions of other cases of waterborne diseases. in 2004, unicef and who piloted rapid water assessments in bangladesh, china, ethiopia, india, jordan, nicaragua, nigeria and tajikistan, which showed that only piped came close to meeting international guidelines. other water sources labelled as \u201c improved \u201d were about half - way compliant with the international guidelines. luyendijk told irin ministries working on water and sanitation need to improve data coordination and water quality surveillance to find out if investments are reaching the neediest. \u201c there is an enormous amount of money invested in boosting access [ to safe water and sanitation ] and those improvements have not reached the poorest quintile [ 20 percent ], \u201d he said. while 84 percent of people living in low - income countries are reported to use improved water sources, eight out of 10 people without access live in rural areas, according to the latest who - unicef report on water and sanitation coverage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4297046493502264, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3a5b1f1-b329-4061-bd82-dfb852e643eb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.017919"}
{"text": "abstract : the first half of this decade saw landmark advances in the communication industry, particularly in broadband technologies. the next generation communication networks will be based on fast switching and streamlined protocols, and the impact of high - capacity broadband networks on application developers and users will be nothing short of revolutionary. designing and implementing network infrastructures that support the multimedia services are critical to the business success in the 90s and beyond. this course brings needed perspective to students seeking to understand high speed networks and services. the course focuses its learning on a thorough understanding of asynchronous transfer mode ( atm ), a major technology that is anticipated to play a major role in shaping networking of the future, and its coexistence with ip networks. course benefits : the course provides an in - depth description of the atm technology. the atm protocol architecture is discussed in depth and atm technical considerations and implications on future network services are explored. several proposed congestion and flow control algorithms will also be studied. realizing the importance of internetworking, the ietf and the atm forum are pursuing standardizing technologies that will allow ip to be run over atm, including lan emulation, ip multicasting over atm and short - cut - routing. in addition, multilayer switching has been adopted by vendors to combine the speed and manageability of switching with the internetworking ability and flexibility of ip. these ip / atm protocols and technologies will be presented and discussed. audience : this course is of interest to network reseachers, telecommunication managers, network supervisors, system support engineers, lan managers and administrators, system integrators and computer and information science students. 1. b - isdn architecture overview 2. atm architecture 3. atm adaptation layer and qos service architecture segmentation and reassembly cbr, vbr - rt, vbr - nrt, abr, ubr 4. atm call admission and traffic access control traffic descriptor, qos parameters, effective bandwidth generic cell rate algorithm ( gcra ), leaky bucket traffic policing and shaping 5. packet scheduling and buffer management weighted fair queueing 6. abr flow control 7. lan emulation lecs, les, bus, and lec 8. ip over atm classical ip over atm, multicast address resolution server ( mars ), next hop resolution protocol ( nhrp ), and multiprotocol over atm ( mpoa ) 9. multilayer switching 10. reservation protocol ( rsvp ) about the speaker : taieb znati is an associate professor of computer science and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5421830975607861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60d2babd-a268-4045-991e-36623ed0a9e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.025087"}
{"text": "hop resolution protocol ( nhrp ), and multiprotocol over atm ( mpoa ) 9. multilayer switching 10. reservation protocol ( rsvp ) about the speaker : taieb znati is an associate professor of computer science and telecommunication university of pittsburgh, pittsburgh pa dr. znati obtained a ph. d. degree in computer science at michigan state university, east lansing, in april 1988, and a master of science degree at purdue university, west lafayette, indiana. he joined the faculty of the department of computer science with a joint appointment in the graduate program of telecommunications at the university of pittsburgh in the fall of 1988. prior to that date, he was a system manager and a networking coordinator at the case center for computer aided design at michigan state university. as a network coordinator, dr. znati developed a plan of networking requirements for the college of engineering. at inria ( france ), dr. znati was part of the syrius research group where he participated in the design and analyis of distributed database systems. dr. znati current research interests are in the areas of distributed systems, wired and wireless real - time communication networks to support multimedia applications, and local area networks with a particular emphasis on the design and analysis of communication protocols for distributed real - time systems. he has published numerous papers in these areas and develped different frameworks to support quality of service requirements of multimedia applications. dr. znati also participated in the development of several programs of continued education. he is a regular participant in \" network focused college \" education program and the advanced technology innovation program at the information networking institute ( ini ) of carnegie melon university. dr. znati was also invited to present lectures and tutorials in networking and distributed multimedia systems related topics in the united states of america and abroad. dr. znati chaired multiple conferences and workshops in the field of distributed multimedia systems, high speed communication networks and simulation. he was frequently invited to be a member of a panel to discuss future developments in multimedia systems and high speed networks from the perspective of researchers, developers and users.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5946008543136039, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:60d2babd-a268-4045-991e-36623ed0a9e3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.026518"}
{"text": "deciphering poor penmanship postal worker is a specialist in cracking the code of bad handwriting. during the christmas mail rush, it may be comforting to know the u. s. postal service has a building that serves as a last defense for poor penmanship. workers inside the salt lake city remote encoding center spend hours going through mail, trying to decipher where the mail is supposed to go. as a data conversion operator, holli apodaca ' s job is to figure out mysteries. and because she is so good at figuring them out, she can solve roughly 8, 000 mysteries in a single day. \" we get the worst of the worst, \" apodaca said. she and other data conversion operators don ' t see the actual envelops, just an image taken by a robot that couldn ' t read them at a processing facility somewhere in america. \" without us, all these letters and the other types of mail we key would have to be hand - sorted, which is more time consuming and more costly, \" apodaca explained. salt lake city is one of two facilities doing this type of work ; the other is in wichita, kansas. \" right now we ' re doing between 4 million and 5 million pieces of mail a day, \" said karen heath, a manager at salt lake ' s remote encoding center. sometimes, it ' s just the zip code that can ' t be read. other times, the ink has smeared. but often, it ' s just good, old - fashioned bad penmanship. \" we ' re now called \u2018 scribble specialists, ' \" heath said. \" the last two months, we have become known as the \u2018 scribble specialists. ' \" close to 1, 100 workers decipher addresses at the salt lake facility, which is open 24 hours a day. using their computers, they can zoom in on images, rotate them - whatever it takes to get the letter mailed. \" it is nice you can get it to where it actually needs to go without having to have somebody else handle it, \" apodaca said. of course, they also know where letters from children simply addressed to santa or the north pole are supposed to go. \" we know to send it to the zip code in alaska, \" heath said. workers say the volume of mail starts to slow down the day before christmas. even still, there will always be thousands and thousands of letters to go through. their advice : take your time when writing an address.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4838935490955822, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:424c67fc-8ad5-4827-b383-19de562fe8e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.030456"}
{"text": "facts about obesity overweight and obesity together make up a leading preventable cause of death in the u. s. obesity is a chronic disease that can seriously affect your health. overweight means that you have extra body weight, and obesity means having a high amount of extra body fat. being overweight or obese raises your risk for health problems, including coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. public health experts agree that overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions in this country and around the world, although the increase seems to have leveled off recently. more than a third of u. s. adults are obese. people ages 60 and older are more likely to be obese than younger adults, according to the most recent data from the national health and nutrition examination survey. and the problem also affects children. one out of five, or 17 percent, of u. s. children ages 6 to 19 is obese. overweight and obesity are different points on a scale that ranges from being underweight to being morbidly obese. where you fit on this scale is determined by your body mass index ( bmi ). bmi is a measure of your weight as it relates to your height. bmi usually gives you a good idea of the amount of body fat you have. it ' s used by health care provider to find out your risk for obesity - related diseases. occasionally, some very muscular people may have a bmi in the overweight range. but these people are not considered overweight because muscle tissue weighs more than fat tissue. in general, a bmi from 18. 5 to 24. 9 in adults is considered normal. a bmi of more than 25 is considered overweight. a person is considered obese if the bmi is greater than 30 and morbidly obese if the bmi is 40 or greater. in general, after the age of 50, a man ' s weight stays about the same. his weight even drops slightly between ages 60 and 74. a woman ' s weight continues to increase until age 60, and then begins to drop. obesity can also be measured by waist - to - hip ratio. this is a measurement tool that looks at the amount of fat on your waist, compared with the amount of fat on your hips and buttocks. the waist circumference tells the amount of abdominal fat. a waist circumference of more than 40 inches in men and more than 35 inches in women may increase the risk for heart disease and other diseases tied to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48755306960485545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d01c5923-9067-426d-95ea-3522d44230a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.040716"}
{"text": "hips and buttocks. the waist circumference tells the amount of abdominal fat. a waist circumference of more than 40 inches in men and more than 35 inches in women may increase the risk for heart disease and other diseases tied to being overweight. talk with your health care provider if you have questions about healthy body weight. what causes obesity? in many ways, obesity is a puzzling disease. experts don ' t know exactly how your body regulates your weight and body fat. what they do know is that a person who eats more calories than he or she uses for energy each day will gain weight. but the risk factors that determine obesity can be complex. they are usually a combination of genes, socioeconomic factors, metabolism, and lifestyle choices. some endocrine disorders, diseases, and medications may also affect a person ' s weight. factors that may affect obesity include : genetics. studies show that the likelihood of becoming obese can be passed down through a family ' s genes. researchers have found several genes that appear to be linked with obesity. genes, for instance, may affect where you store extra fat in your body. but most researchers think that it takes more than just one gene to cause an obesity epidemic. they are continuing to do more research to better understand the how genes and lifestyle interact to cause obesity. because families eat meals together and share other activities, environment also plays a role. metabolism factors. how your body uses energy is different from how another person ' s uses it. metabolism and hormones can differ from person to person, and these factors play a role in how much weight you gain. one example is ghrelin, a hormone that regulates appetite. researchers have found that ghrelin may help trigger hunger and give you a feeling of fullness. another example is polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ), a condition in women caused by high levels of certain hormones. a woman with pcos is more likely to be obese. socioeconomic factors. how much money you make can affect whether you are obese. this is especially true for women. women who are poor and of lower social status are more likely to be obese than women of higher socioeconomic status. this is especially true among minority groups. lifestyle choices. overeating and a lack of exercise both contribute to obesity. but these are lifestyle choices that can be changed. if many of your calories come from refined foods or foods high in sugar or fat, you will likely gain weight. if you don ' t get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46146801630970175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d01c5923-9067-426d-95ea-3522d44230a3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.041810"}
{"text": "and a lack of exercise both contribute to obesity. but these are lifestyle choices that can be changed. if many of your calories come from refined foods or foods high in sugar or fat, you will likely gain weight. if you don ' t get much if any exercise, you ' ll find it hard to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight. medicines. medicines like corticosteroids, antidepressants, and antiseizure drugs can cause you to gain weight. emotions. emotional eating \u2013 eating when you ' re bored or upset \u2013 can lead to weight gain. too little sleep. people who sleep fewer than five hours a night are more likely to become obese than people who get seven to eight hours of sleep a night. health effects of obesity obesity has a far - ranging negative effect on health. each year in the u. s., obesity - related conditions cost more than $ 100 billion and cause premature deaths. the health effects linked with obesity include : high blood pressure. excess weight requires more blood to circulate to the fat tissue and the blood vessels to become narrow. this makes the heart work harder, because it must pump more blood against more resistance from the blood vessels. more circulating blood and more resistance also means more pressure on the artery walls. higher pressure on the artery walls increases the blood pressure. excess weight also raises blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels and lowers hdl ( \" good \" ) cholesterol levels. type 2 diabetes. obesity is the major cause of type 2 diabetes. obesity can make your body resistant to insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar. when obesity causes insulin resistance, your blood sugar level rises. even moderate obesity dramatically increases the risk for diabetes. heart disease. atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, happens more often in obese people. coronary artery disease is also more common in obese people because fatty deposits build up in arteries that supply the heart. narrowed arteries and reduced blood flow to the heart can cause chest pain called angina or a heart attack. blood clots can also form in narrowed arteries and cause a stroke. joint problems, including osteoarthritis. obesity can affect the knees and hips because extra weight stresses the joints. joint replacement surgery may not be a good choice for an obese person because the artificial joint has a higher risk of loosening and causing further damage. sleep apnea and respiratory problems. sleep apnea causes people to stop breathing for brief periods during sleep. sleep apnea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44981030371868735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d01c5923-9067-426d-95ea-3522d44230a3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.042895"}
{"text": "not be a good choice for an obese person because the artificial joint has a higher risk of loosening and causing further damage. sleep apnea and respiratory problems. sleep apnea causes people to stop breathing for brief periods during sleep. sleep apnea interrupts sleep and causes sleepiness during the day. it also causes heavy snoring. breathing problems tied to obesity happen when added weight of the chest wall squeezes the lungs. this restricts breathing. sleep apnea is also linked with high blood pressure. cancer. being overweight or obese increases your risk for a variety of cancers, according to the american cancer society. these include cancers of the colon and rectum, esophagus, kidney, and pancreas. among obese women, the risk increases for cancer of the endometrium, or the lining of the uterus, and breast in those who have gone through menopause. men who are overweight may have a higher risk for prostate cancer. metabolic syndrome. the national cholesterol education program says that metabolic syndrome is risk factor for cardiovascular disease. metabolic syndrome has of six major parts : abdominal obesity, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, inflammation, and higher than normal levels of certain clotting chemicals in the blood. psychosocial effects. people who are overweight or obese can have problems socially or psychologically. this is because the culture in the u. s. often values a body image that ' s overly thin. overweight and obese people are often blamed for their condition. other people may think of them as lazy or weak - willed. it is not uncommon for people who are overweight or obese to earn less than other people or to have fewer or no romantic relationships. some people ' s disapproval of those who are overweight may progress to bias, discrimination, and even torment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4435784069580931, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d01c5923-9067-426d-95ea-3522d44230a3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.043634"}
{"text": "abusing the keys to the blog a bit here, but i thought i \u2019 d appeal to the substantial collective knowledge of our readership. another research project has piqued my interest in existing cases, historical and contemporary, in which particular groups ( indigenous people, primarily ) are granted international border crossing privileges by virtue of their membership in that group. examples : indigenous peoples residing in the vicinity of the us / canada border have extensive free passage rights and a right to reside in the country not of their citizenship, as outlined in the jay treaty ( 1794 ) and again in the treaty of ghent ( 1814 ). more here. on the us / mexico border, no broad indigenous right of free passage exists. however, for at least some groups such arrangements have come to exist. the kickapoo were chased out of the great lakes region and moved around for much of the 19th century, eventually settling in two locations : a federal territory created for them in indian territory and some land granted to them by the mexican government in coahuila. the two groups maintained cultural, political and economic ties, and the ins informally granted the kickapoo free and unfettered passage from the 1950 \u2032 s on. that arrangement was eventually codified in the kickapoo band of texas act in 1983. in 1751, the stromstad treaty between denmark and sweden codified the boundary between the ( then danish ) territory of norway and sweden. this law contained a \u201c lapp codicil, \u201d which granted members of the lapp people free passage rights across this border for the purposes of nomadic reindeer herding. i \u2019 m looking for more examples of the phenomenon. i \u2019 d be interested in border crossing rights for indigenous peoples or other specific ethnic or national groups, whether achieved via international treaties, national legislation, and administrative practice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5021763535137327, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:926d74da-45d5-4549-9487-446f028a7bd4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.046681"}
{"text": "leo baeck was born in lissa ( now leszno, poland ), in the then german province of posen on may 23, 1873, the son of a rabbi. after attending the conservative jewish theological seminary in breslau ( now wroclaw, poland ), he moved to berlin to study at the more liberal lehranstalt fur die wissenschaft des judentums in berlin. by 1897 he had secured his first post as rabbi in oppeln ( now opole, poland ). in oppeln, baeck made his mark as an intellectual and a modern theologian in, with the publication of das wesen des judentums ( \u201c the essence of judaism \u201d ) in 1905. written in response to adolf von harnack \u2019 s das wesen des christentums ( \u201c the essence of christianity \u201d ), the book is a passionate argument for the enduring relevance of judaism. rather than the cult based on outmoded rituals and laws that harnack saw in judaism, baeck located the essence of judaism in the intersection between rational ethics and a personal experience of the divine. the commandment to search the scriptures for ethical principles, he argued, made judaism an evolving, perpetually modern tradition of critical thought. a humanist, a scholar, and a modern theologian, a man deeply versed in both rabbinical study and western culture, a feldrabbiner during world war one, baeck was irreversibly committed to the cause of jewish life in germany. in many ways he symbolized the delicate, fertile symbiosis of jewish and german thought that characterized the years before hitler \u2019 s reich. a stoic, baeck remained at his post as the civilization he loved was shredded. he was a reluctant interlocutor with the nazis from their rise through the final solution, a stance for which he was rewarded with dispatch to the theresienstadt concentration camp. \u2013 roger cohen, from leo baeck institute at 50, 2005. in 1912 leo baeck was called to berlin, where he worked both as a rabbi at the large synagogue on fasanenstra\u00dfe as well as a lecturer at the hochschule fur die wissenschaft des judentums. a patriot who was committed to the cause of jewish life in germany, baeck emerged as an important symbolic and political leader of german jewry. during the first world war, baeck served as a chaplain ( feldrabbiner ) in the german army. in 1918 he returned to berlin and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49111938610300293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cfd21b5-9d40-49eb-b8ce-9b75df6f67e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.052129"}
{"text": "life in germany, baeck emerged as an important symbolic and political leader of german jewry. during the first world war, baeck served as a chaplain ( feldrabbiner ) in the german army. in 1918 he returned to berlin and worked at the prussian culture ministry as an expert in hebrew. in addition to his position as a rabbi and his lecturing at the hochschule, leo baeck also became president of the union of german rabbis ( allgemeiner deutscher rabbinerverband ) in 1922. he was elected president of the german b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith order in 1924. at this time baeck also joined the central - verein deutscher staatsburger judischen glaubens, and the jewish agency for palestine. when the nazis rose to power in 1933 leo baeck was elected president of the reichsvertretung der deutschen juden, an umbrella organization of german - jewish groups founded to advance the interests of german jewry in the face of nazi persecution. the organization was forced to change its name to the reichsverband der juden in deutschland in 1935 to reflect the nazi view that there were no \u201c german jews \u201d but only \u201c jews in germany. \u201d as the head of this organization, baeck worked to maintain the morale of german jews and alleviate the discrimination and persecution of the jews by the national socialists. under baeck, the organization also helped jews emigrate from germany. in spite of several offers of emigration, leo baeck refused to leave germany or his community, even after jewish businesses and synagogues ( including his home congregation at fasanenstrasse ) were burned and looted in november 1938. he is reported to have said that he would only leave germany when he was the last jew remaining there. he remained the nominal president of the reichsverband when it was placed under nazi control and renamed the reichsvereinigung der juden in deutschland. when this organization was finally disbanded in 1943, leo baeck, along with his family members, was sent to the concentration camp at theresienstadt ( terezin ) at the age of seventy. during his time in theresienstadt, leo baeck continued to teach, holding secret lectures on philosophy and religion in the barracks of the camp. in spite of being forced to perform hard labor, he also managed to begin a manuscript that would later become dieses volk \u2013 judische existenz, ( \u201c this people israel : the meaning of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.378435302047461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cfd21b5-9d40-49eb-b8ce-9b75df6f67e2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.053166"}
{"text": "religion in the barracks of the camp. in spite of being forced to perform hard labor, he also managed to begin a manuscript that would later become dieses volk \u2013 judische existenz, ( \u201c this people israel : the meaning of jewish existence \u201d ) an interpretation of jewish history. the camp was liberated in may 1945 by the red army. none of baeck \u2019 s four sisters survived theresienstadt. after the liberation of the camp, leo baeck eventually made his way to england where his daughter ruth resided. he received many citations and honors as a result of his efforts under the nazis, and spent much of his next years travelling and lecturing, as well as writing and helping to found several organizations with the goals of assisting the remnants of european jewry. he also reached out to the new federal republic of germany and to israel. in 1955, a group of emigre german - jewish intellectuals including hannah arendt, martin buber, robert weltsch, and gershom scholem met in jerusalem to found an institute that would preserve the history of the german - jewish culture. they named the institute in baeck \u2019 s honor and appointed him its first president. although leo baeck died just over a year later, on november 2, 1956, he left an indelible imprint on the mission and work of the leo baeck institute.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44514698551037235, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cfd21b5-9d40-49eb-b8ce-9b75df6f67e2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.056926"}
{"text": "search the library by daniel j. schultz the second amendment to the united states constitution states : \" a well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. \" the reference to a \" well regulated \" militia, probably conjures up a connotation at odds with the meaning intended by the framers. in today ' s english, the term \" well regulated \" probably implies heavy and intense government regulation. however, that conclusion is erroneous. the words \" well regulated \" had a far different meaning at the time the second amendment was drafted. in the context of the constitution ' s provisions for congressional power over certain aspects of the militia, and in the context of the framers ' definition of \" militia, \" government regulation was not the intended meaning. rather, the term meant only what it says, that the necessary militia be well regulated, but not by the national government. to determine the meaning of the constitution, one must start with the words of the constitution itself. if the meaning is plain, that meaning controls. to ascertain the meaning of the term \" well regulated \" as it was used in the second amendment, it is necessary to begin with the purpose of the second amendment itself. the overriding purpose of the framers in guaranteeing the right of the people to keep and bear arms was as a check on the standing army, which the constitution gave the congress the power to \" raise and support. \" as noah webster put it in a pamphlet urging ratification of the constitution, \" before a standing army can rule, the people must be disarmed ; as they are in almost every kingdom in europe. \" george mason remarked to his virginia delegates regarding the colonies ' recent experience with britain, in which the monarch ' s goal had been \" to disarm the people ; that [ that ]... was the best and most effectual way to enslave them. \" a widely reprinted article by tench coxe, an ally and correspondent of james madison, described the second amendment ' s overriding goal as a check upon the national government ' s standing army : as civil rulers, not having their duty to the people duly before them, may attempt to tyrannize, and as the military forces which must be occasionally raised to defend our country, might pervert their power to the injury of their fellow citizens, the people are confirmed by the next article in their right to keep and bear their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.515744300142076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79caff3e-bee7-4639-9a74-643787525a6a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.076763"}
{"text": "to tyrannize, and as the military forces which must be occasionally raised to defend our country, might pervert their power to the injury of their fellow citizens, the people are confirmed by the next article in their right to keep and bear their private arms. thus, the well regulated militia necessary to the security of a free state was a militia that might someday fight against a standing army raised and supported by a tyrannical national government. obviously, for that reason, the framers did not say \" a militia well regulated by the congress, being necessary to the security of a free state \" - - because a militia so regulated might not be separate enough from, or free enough from, the national government, in the sense of both physical and operational control, to preserve the \" security of a free state. \" it is also helpful to contemplate the overriding purpose and object of the bill of rights in general. to secure ratification of the constitution, the federalists, urging passage of the constitution by the states had committed themselves to the addition of the bill of rights, to serve as \" further guards for private rights. \" in that regard, the first ten amendments to the constitution were designed to be a series of \" shall nots, \" telling the new national government again, in no uncertain terms, where it could not tread. it would be incongruous to suppose or suggest the bill of rights, including the second amendment, which were proscriptions on the powers of the national government, simultaneously acted as a grant of power to the national government. similarly, as to the term \" well regulated, \" it would make no sense to suggest this referred to a grant of \" regulation \" power to the government ( national or state ), when the entire purpose of the bill of rights was to both declare individual rights and tell the national government where the scope of its enumerated powers ended. in keeping with the intent and purpose of the bill of rights both of declaring individual rights and proscribing the powers of the national government, the use and meaning of the term \" militia \" in the second amendment, which needs to be \" well regulated, \" helps explain what \" well regulated \" meant. when the constitution was ratified, the framers unanimously believed that the \" militia \" included all of the people capable of bearing arms. george mason, one of the virginians who refused to sign the constitution because it lacked a bill of rights, said : \" who are the militia? they consist now of the whole people. \" likewise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5131991308688333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79caff3e-bee7-4639-9a74-643787525a6a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.078008"}
{"text": "included all of the people capable of bearing arms. george mason, one of the virginians who refused to sign the constitution because it lacked a bill of rights, said : \" who are the militia? they consist now of the whole people. \" likewise, the federal farmer, one of the most important anti - federalist opponents of the constitution, referred to a \" militia, when properly formed, [ as ] in fact the people themselves. \" the list goes on and on. by contrast, nowhere is to be found a contemporaneous definition of the militia, by any of the framers, as anything other than the \" whole body of the people. \" indeed, as one commentator said, the notion that the framers intended the second amendment to protect the \" collective \" right of the states to maintain militias rather than the rights of individuals to keep and bear arms, \" remains one of the most closely guarded secrets of the eighteenth century, for no known writing surviving from the period between 1787 and 1791 states such a thesis. \" furthermore, returning to the text of the second amendment itself, the right to keep and bear arms is expressly retained by \" the people, \" not the states. recently the u. s. supreme court confirmed this view, finding that the right to keep and bear arms was an individual right held by the \" people, \" - - a \" term of art employed in select parts of the constitution, \" specifically the preamble and the first, second, fourth, ninth and tenth amendments. thus, the term \" well regulated \" ought to be considered in the context of the noun it modifies, the people themselves, the militia ( s ). the above analysis leads us finally to the term \" well regulated. \" what did these two words mean at the time of ratification? were they commonly used to refer to a governmental bureaucracy as we know it today, with countless rules and regulations and inspectors, or something quite different? we begin this analysis by examining how the term \" regulate \" was used elsewhere in the constitution. in every other instance where the term \" regulate \" is used, or regulations are referred to, the constitution specifies who is to do the regulating and what is being \" regulated. \" however, in the second amendment, the framers chose only to use the term \" well regulated \" to describe a militia and chose not to define who or what would regulate it. it is also important to note that the framers ' chose to use the indefinite article \" a \" to refer to the militia, rather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.535943996729564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79caff3e-bee7-4639-9a74-643787525a6a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.079396"}
{"text": "use the term \" well regulated \" to describe a militia and chose not to define who or what would regulate it. it is also important to note that the framers ' chose to use the indefinite article \" a \" to refer to the militia, rather than the definite article \" the. \" this choice suggests that the framers were not referring to any particular well regulated militia but, instead, only to the concept that well regulated militias, made up of citizens bearing arms, were necessary to secure a free state. thus, the framers chose not to explicitly define who, or what, would regulate the militias, nor what such regulation would consist of, nor how the regulation was to be accomplished. this comparison of the framers ' use of the term \" well regulated \" in the second amendment, and the words \" regulate \" and \" regulation \" elsewhere in the constitution, clarifies the meaning of that term in reference to its object, namely, the militia. there is no doubt the framers understood that the term \" militia \" had multiple meanings. first, the framers understood all of the people to be part of the unorganized militia. the unorganized militia members, \" the people, \" had the right to keep and bear arms. they could, individually, or in concert, \" well regulate \" themselves ; that is, they could train to shoot accurately and to learn the basics of military tactics. this interpretation is in keeping with english usage of the time, which included within the meaning of the verb \" regulate \" the concept of self - regulation or self - control ( as it does still to this day ). the concept that the people retained the right to self - regulate their local militia groups ( or regulate themselves as individual militia members ) is entirely consistent with the framers ' use of the indefinite article \" a \" in the phrase \" a well regulated militia. \" this concept of the people ' s self - regulation, that is, non - governmental regulation, is also in keeping with the limited grant of power to congress \" for calling forth \" the militia for only certain, limited purposes, to \" provide for \" the militia only certain limited control and equipment, and the limited grant of power to the president regarding the militia, who only serves as commander in chief of that portion of the militia called into the actual service of the nation. the \" well regula [ tion ] \" of the militia set forth in the second amendment was apart from that control over the militia exercised by congress and the president, which extended only to that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5329993318045263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79caff3e-bee7-4639-9a74-643787525a6a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.080398"}
{"text": "the militia called into the actual service of the nation. the \" well regula [ tion ] \" of the militia set forth in the second amendment was apart from that control over the militia exercised by congress and the president, which extended only to that part of the militia called into actual service of the union. thus, \" well regula [ tion ] \" referred to something else. since the fundamental purpose of the militia was to serve as a check upon a standing army, it would seem the words \" well regulated \" referred to the necessity that the armed citizens making up the militia ( s ) have the level of equipment and training necessary to be an effective and formidable check upon the national government ' s standing army. this view is confirmed by alexander hamilton ' s observation, in the federalist, no. 29, regarding the people ' s militias ability to be a match for a standing army : \"... but if circumstances should at any time oblige the government to form an army of any magnitude, that army can never be formidable to the liberties of the people, while there is a large body of citizens, little if at all inferior to them in discipline and use of arms, who stand ready to defend their rights.... \" it is an absolute truism that law - abiding, armed citizens pose no threat to other law - abiding citizens. the framers ' writings show they also believed this. as we have seen, the framers understood that \" well regulated \" militias, that is, armed citizens, ready to form militias that would be well trained, self - regulated and disciplined, would pose no threat to their fellow citizens, but would, indeed, help to \" insure domestic tranquility \" and \" provide for the common defence. \" 1. in constitutional or statutory construction, language should always be accorded its plain meaning. see, e. g., martin v. hunter ' s lessee, 14 u. s. ( 1 wheat. ) 304, 326 ( 1816 ). 2. \" on every question of construction [ of the constitution ] let us carry ourselves back to the time when the constitution was adopted, recollect the spirit manifested in the debates, and instead of trying what meaning may be squeezed out of the text, or invented against it, conform to the probable one in which it was passed. \" thomas jefferson, letter to william johnson, june 12, 1823, the complete jefferson, p. 32. 3. \" the congress shall have power..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5046903878815729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79caff3e-bee7-4639-9a74-643787525a6a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.081385"}
{"text": "text, or invented against it, conform to the probable one in which it was passed. \" thomas jefferson, letter to william johnson, june 12, 1823, the complete jefferson, p. 32. 3. \" the congress shall have power... to raise and support armies.... \" u. s. const., article i, section 8, cl. 12. 4. senate subcommittee on the constitution of the comm. on the judiciary, 97th cong., 2d sess., the right to keep and bear arms ( comm. print 1982 ), at 5. 5. 3 j. elliot, debates in the several state conventions 380 ( 2d ed. 1836 ). 6. originally published under the pseudonym \" a pennsylvanian, \" these \" remarks on the first part of the amendments to the federal constitution \" first appeared in the philadelphia federal gazette, june 18, 1789, at 2, col. 1. they were reprinted by the new york packet, june 23, 1789, at 2, cols. 1 - 2, and by the boston centennial, july 4, 1789, at 1, col. 2. the u. s. supreme court, in u. s. v. miller, 307 u. s. 174, 83 l. ed. 2d 1206, 59 s. ct. 816 ( 1939 ), noted that the debates in the constitutional convention, the history and legislation of the colonies and states, and the writings of approved commentators showed that the militia comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense - - a body enrolled for military discipline. 7. 11 papers of james madison 307 ( r. rutland & c. hobson ed. 1977 ) ( letter of oct. 20, 1788, from madison to edmund pendleton ) ( emphasis added ). 8. an examination of the other nine amendments of the bill of rights shows that they were designed, like the second amendment, to declare rights retained by the people ( 1 - 9 ), or the states ( 10 ), and to provide a clear list of powers not given to the national government : \" congress shall make no law.... \" ( amendment i ) ; \" no soldier shall.... \" ( amendment iii ) ; \" the right of the people... shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue.... \" ( amendment iv ) ; \" no person shall... ; nor shall any person... ; nor shall private property be taken", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.505734685260498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79caff3e-bee7-4639-9a74-643787525a6a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.082243"}
{"text": "right of the people... shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue.... \" ( amendment iv ) ; \" no person shall... ; nor shall any person... ; nor shall private property be taken.... \" ( amendment v ) ; \" in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy.... \" ( amendment vi ) ; \" in suits at common law... the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by jury, shall be otherwise re - examined in any court of the united states.... \" ( amendment vii ) ; \" excessive bail shall not be required.... \" ( amendment viii ) ; \" the enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. \" ( amendment ix ) ; \" the powers not delegated to the united states by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. \" ( amendment x ). 9. 3 j. elliot, debates in the general state conventions 425 ( 3d ed. 1937 ) ( statement of george mason, june 14, 1788 ), reprinted in levinson, the embarassing second amendment, 99 yale l. rev. 637, 647 ( 1989 ). see supra note 6 and accompanying text. 10. letters from the federal farmer to the republican 123 ( w. bennet ed. 1978 ) ( ascribed to richard henry lee ), reprinted in levinson, supra note 9, at 647. see supra note 6 and accompanying text. 11. s. halbrook, that every man be armed : the evolution of a constitutional right, p. 83 ( the independent institute, 1984 ). 12. u. s. v. verdugo - urquidez, 494 u. s. 259, 265 ( 1990 ) ( \" the second amendment protects ' the right of the people to keep and bear arms '.... \" ). 13. \" the times, places and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof ; but the congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. \" ( article i, section 4 ) ; \" the congress shall have power... to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4903136407999083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79caff3e-bee7-4639-9a74-643787525a6a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.083120"}
{"text": "may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. \" ( article i, section 4 ) ; \" the congress shall have power... to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the indian tribes.... \" ( article i, section 8, cl. 3 ) ; \" the congress shall have power... to coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures.... \" ( article i, section 8, cl. 5 ) ; \" no preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. \" ( article i, section 9 ) ; \" in all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. in all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the congress shall make. \" ( article iii, section 2, cl. 2 ) ; \" no person held to service or labour in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due. \" ( article iv, section 2, cl. 3 ) ; \" the congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the united states ; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the united states, or of any particular state. \" ( article iv, section 3, cl. 2 ). 14. see supra, notes 6, 9 and 10 and accompanying text. 15. the oxford english dictionary gives the following examples of usage for the term \" well regulated \" : 1709 : \" if a liberal education has formed in us... well - regulated appetites, and worthy inclinations. \" 1714 : \" the practice of all well regulated courts of justice in the world. \" 1812 : \" the equation of time... is the adjustment of the difference of time, as shown by a well - regulated clock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5355094739415686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79caff3e-bee7-4639-9a74-643787525a6a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.083999"}
{"text": "and worthy inclinations. \" 1714 : \" the practice of all well regulated courts of justice in the world. \" 1812 : \" the equation of time... is the adjustment of the difference of time, as shown by a well - regulated clock and a true sun dial. \" 1848 : \" a remissness for which i am sure every well - regulated person will blame the major. \" 1862 : \" it appeared to her well - regulated mind, like a clandestine proceeding. \" 1894 : \" the newspaper, a never wanting adjunct to every well - regulated american embryo city. \" one definition of the word \" well \" in the oxford english dictionary is \" satisfactorily in respect of conduct or action. \" one of the oxford english dictionary definitions for the term \" regulated \" is \" b. of troops : properly disciplined. \" the one example of usage is : \" 1690 : lond. gaz. no. 2568 / 3 ' we hear likewise that the french are in a great allarm in dauphine and bresse, not having at present 1500 men of regulated troops on that side. ' \" the oxford english dictionary, second edition ( clarendon press, oxford 1989 ). 16. \" the congress shall have power... to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions.... \" u. s. const., article i, section 8, cl. 15. 17. \" the congress shall have power... to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the united states, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by congress.... \" u. s. const., article i, section 8, cl. 16. 18. \" the president shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the united states, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the united states.... \" u. s. const., article ii, section 2, cl. 1. 19. u. s. const., preamble. from : the \" well regulated \" militia of the second amendment : an examination of the framers ' intentions, the liberty pole v. ii, no. 2, the official publication of the lawyer '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5280812777479513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79caff3e-bee7-4639-9a74-643787525a6a>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.085026"}
{"text": "alcoholic neuropathy is damage to the nerves that results from excessive drinking of alcohol. neuropathy - alcoholic ; alcoholic polyneuropathy the cause of alcoholic neuropathy is debated. it probably includes both a direct poisoning of the nerve by the alcohol, and the effect of poor nutrition associated with alcoholism. up to half of all long - term heavy alcohol users develop this condition. in severe cases, the nerves that regulate internal body functions ( autonomic nerves ) may be involved. risks for alcoholic neuropathy include : - long - term, heavy alcohol use - alcoholism that is present for 10 years or more additional symptoms that may occur with this disease : note : changes in muscle strength or sensation usually occur on both sides of the body and are more common in the legs than in the arms. symptoms usually develop gradually and slowly become worse over time. exams and tests your health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms. an eye exam may show eye problems. alcoholism often makes your body unable to use or store certain vitamins and minerals. blood tests will be done to check for a deficiency ( lack of ) : additional tests may be done to rule out other possible causes of neuropathy. tests may include : once the immediate alcohol problem has been addressed, treatment goals include : - controlling symptoms - maximizing ability to function independently - preventing injury it is important to supplement the diet with vitamins, including thiamine and folic acid. physical therapy and orthopedic appliances ( such as splints ) may be needed to maximize muscle function and maintain limb position. patients may take medication, if necessary, to treat pain or uncomfortable sensations. the response to medications varies. patients are advised to take the least amount of medication needed to reduce symptoms, to help prevent drug dependence and other side effects of chronic use. common medications may include over - the - counter analgesics such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or acetaminophen to reduce pain. tricyclic antidepressants or anticonvulsant medications may help stabbing pains. positioning, or the use of a bed frame that keeps the covers off the legs, may reduce pain for some people. some people may need to treat blood pressure problems, difficulty with urination, and slow gastrointestinal movement. light - headedness or dizziness when standing up ( orthostatic hypotension ) may require several different treatments before you find one that successfully reduces symptoms. treatments that may help include", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48885355715036444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f147bacb-4d71-44ab-b395-06e2bcb36e37>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.090587"}
{"text": "a crash course in sdl linux gaming is exploding, partly because of the simple fact that geeks like games, and partly because of recent developments in linux multimedia. over the past few years a number of excellent linux - oriented multimedia toolkits have emerged, such as the ggi graphics interface and the alsa sound system. the sdl library has also made a bit of a splash recently. sdl is a general - purpose, multimedia - programming library that provides fast and portable access to graphics, sound, input devices, threads and opengl rendering. the core sdl library is portable to several flavors of unix as well as beos, macos and win32. this makes it an excellent choice for developing cross - platform games without compromising performance. unlike many multimedia toolkits, sdl does not actually talk to the system ' s hardware. instead, it serves as a layer between an application and the underlying system. for instance, sdl ' s graphics system might use the frame buffer console or x11 under linux, but directdraw under windows. in either case, sdl ' s api is unchanged, and the application need not worry about what ' s going on underneath, and in some cases a carefully written sdl application can be ported to a new platform with a quick recompile. in this article we ' ll take a tour of sdl ' s video api from the ground up. we ' ll also demonstrate how to collect input from the keyboard. most of this article has been excerpted from a chapter in the author ' s upcoming book, on linux game development ( no starch press and loki entertainment software, scheduled for early 2001 ). sdl is free software ( under the lgpl ), and it ' s available for download at their web site ( http : / / www. libsdl. org / ). in addition to the actual sdl library, the sdl home page is full of example source code, demos, games and extensions. sdl is easy to install from source, but the sdl home page also provides binaries for several of the more common platforms. if you ' ve ever worked with microsoft ' s directx toolkit, you ' ll notice that sdl is a tiny library in comparison. the source code to the core library weighs in at just under six megabytes, and that includes a lot of extra code that would never be linked into a linux application. don ' t be fooled, though \u2014 those six megabytes are well used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4566635777644063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3c3929d-5fd0-4335-845b-e509c625ffbe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.102207"}
{"text": "source code to the core library weighs in at just under six megabytes, and that includes a lot of extra code that would never be linked into a linux application. don ' t be fooled, though \u2014 those six megabytes are well used, and the core sdl library provides almost everything you need to develop high - quality linux games and media players. in addition, the web site is home to a number of add - on libraries that provide extra features such as image loading and advanced audio mixing. by keeping these features separate from the core library, sdl remains small and easy to learn. the sdl library consists of several sub - api ' s, providing cross - platform support for video, audio, input handling, multithreading, opengl rendering contexts and other things that game programmers appreciate. unfortunately, we don ' t have enough room to cover all of this, so we ' ll stick to video programming and input handling, the two things you really need in order to get your feet wet with sdl. the sdl video api ' s sole purpose is to find a suitable video device and set it up for your application to use. after it has initialized the display ( created a window or switched the video card into a particular mode ) sdl gets out of your way, providing only a minimal set of functions for pushing blocks of pixels around. sdl is not a drawing toolkit ; what you do with the video device after it is initialized is not sdl ' s business. sdl uses structures called surfaces ( of type sdl _ surface ) to represent graphical data. a surface is simply a block of memory for storing a rectangular region of pixels ( individual colored dots ). each surface has a width, a height and a specific pixel format ( more on this later ). sdl loads image files directly into surface structures, and the screen is also a surface ( albeit a special one ). the most important property of surfaces is that they can be copied onto each other very quickly ; that is, one surface ' s pixels can be transferred to an identically - sized rectangular area of another surface. this operation is called a blit ( block image transfer ). blits are a fundamental part of game programming because they allow complete images to be composed out of pre - drawn graphics ( often created by artists with image processing software ). since the screen is a surface like any other, entire images can be sent to the screen with a single blitting operation. sdl provides a generic function for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4667461318981909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3c3929d-5fd0-4335-845b-e509c625ffbe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.103747"}
{"text": "out of pre - drawn graphics ( often created by artists with image processing software ). since the screen is a surface like any other, entire images can be sent to the screen with a single blitting operation. sdl provides a generic function for performing fast blits between surfaces, and it can even convert between surfaces of different pixel formats on the fly. | designing electronics with linux | | may 22, 2013 | | dynamic dns \u2014 an object lesson in problem solving | | may 21, 2013 | | using salt stack and vagrant for drupal development | | may 20, 2013 | | making linux and android get along ( it ' s not as hard as it sounds ) | | may 16, 2013 | | drupal is a framework : why everyone needs to understand this | | may 15, 2013 | | home, my backup data center | | may 13, 2013 | - nice article, thanks for the 1 min 47 sec ago - i once had a better way i 5 hours 47 min ago - not only you i too assumed 6 hours 5 min ago - another very interesting 7 hours 58 min ago - reply to comment | linux journal 9 hours 51 min ago - reply to comment | linux journal 16 hours 45 min ago - reply to comment | linux journal 17 hours 1 min ago - favorite ( and easily brute - forced ) pw ' s 18 hours 53 min ago - have you tried boxen? it ' s a 1 day 44 min ago - seo services in india 1 day 5 hours ago enter to win an adafruit pi cobbler breakout kit for raspberry pi it ' s raspberry pi month at linux journal. each week in may, adafruit will be giving away a pi - related prize to a lucky, randomly drawn lj reader. winners will be announced weekly. fill out the fields below to enter to win this week ' s prize - - a pi cobbler breakout kit for raspberry pi. congratulations to our winners so far : - 5 - 8 - 13, pi starter pack : jack davis - 5 - 15 - 13, pi model b 512mb ram : patrick dunn - 5 - 21 - 13, prototyping pi plate kit : philip kirby - next winner announced on 5 - 27 - 13! free webinar : hadoop how to build an optimal hadoop cluster to store and maintain unlimited amounts of data using microservers realizing the promise of apache\u00ae hadoop\u00ae requires the effective deployment of compute, memory, storage and networking to achieve optimal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5366547863144153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3c3929d-5fd0-4335-845b-e509c625ffbe>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.105014"}
{"text": "the 12th plan working group on financing urban infrastructure estimates the housing shortage in the country at nearly 29 million units. most worrisome is that about 26 million units pertain to the economically weaker sections or ews ( household average monthly income up to rs 5, 000 ), whereas the shortage in the low income group, or lig, ( household average monthly income of rs 5, 000 - 7, 500 ) is three million. an inadequate supply of affordable housing is a key reason why at least half the residents in larger metros live in slums or other informal accommodation. to date, government housing policy has focused on home ownership with little success. in contrast, many developed economies have emphasized affordable or \u201c social \u201d rental housing, which constitutes up to 20 - 30 % of their housing stock. most of the social housing is provided by the government or by associations that utilize government incentives. in the two decades post independence, housing policy focused on handing over finished housing units to ews or lig families. only a small fraction of the country \u2019 s total budget was allocated to housing programmes and since this intervention was costly it benefited very few. where market value of the units was high, many low income families preferred to sell off the assets to middle and higher income groups ( migs and higs ). by the 1970s and 1980s, the government turned its attention to enabling, not providing, home ownership by using sites and services and slum upgrading programmes. these required beneficiaries to contribute some of their own capital. the outcome from these were also poor as the serviced sites were generally in peripheral areas and more suitable for migs and higs who bought them off lig families. from the 1990s, enabled by the growth of the housing finance industry, the government increasingly sought to incentivize the private sector to build lig housing stock using floor space index ( fsi ), tax exemptions and other tools. while this approach reduced government \u2019 s outlay, the emphasis on ownership remained. greater availability of finance benefited construction companies and aspiring mig and hig homeowners. why is rental housing important? low income households can \u2019 t afford to buy homes and cannot get home loans due to lack of credit history. smaller, monthly rent payments suit their variable income profile. for the government, subsidy outlays for rental housing, such as on rental allowance, is lower than subsidizing house ownership. then the housing asset remains with the government so it can be used by multiple households over time. the majority of low income persons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45018860505984376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:241d9e5e-cc25-476a-8b29-5f4e3969be69>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.109728"}
{"text": "astronomers avi loeb and edwin turner recently published a paper proposing a technique for detecting extraterrestrials : use telescopes to look for light pollution from alien cities. from the paper ' s abstract : this method opens a new window in the search for extraterrestrial civilizations. the search can be extended beyond the solar system with next generation telescopes on the ground and in space, which would be capable of detecting phase modulation due to very strong artificial illumination on the night - side of planets as they orbit their parent stars. i was thinking the same thing when i wrote containment : the telescope assembled on the far side of the moon succeeded in capturing some stunning images, including a few faint pixels of possible light pollution originating from a small rocky planet in the habitable zone of a nearby solar system... the seti institute ( search for extraterrestrial intelligence ) is already using arrays of earth - based radio telescopes to search for evidence of alien technology ( as dramatized in carl sagan ' s excellent novel, contact ). since we ' re already detecting exoplanets, it seems reasonable that within the foreseeable future, the technology could exist to measure light pollution on extrasolar planets, providing the first hard evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence. perhaps alien civilizations have already detected us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5861492102543315, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:71056b40-3231-48d4-8c6c-da6e6dd93ba8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.111020"}
{"text": "how older adults can prevent... how older adults can prevent hypothermia you probably know winter can spell trouble. you can fall on ice or overdo it shoveling snow, for instance. but did you know cold itself can cause a problem? it ' s called hypothermia, and it takes place when your body temperature drops below normal. the national institute on aging ( nia ) says older adults are especially prone to hypothermia, which can prove deadly if it ' s not treated quickly. staying in a cold place for too long can cause the problem. older adults are more at risk for hypothermia because aging lowers your ability to endure long periods of cold. you ' re also at risk if your response to cold is impaired by certain illnesses, such as diabetes, and some medicines, including over - the - counter cold remedies. less body heat what ' s more, the nia warns, older people may be less active and generate less body heat. and changes in aging bodies make it harder for you to tell when the temperature is too low, adds the american geriatrics society. one way to prevent hypothermia is to make sure your home is warm enough. set your thermostat to at least 68 to 70 degrees, the nia advises. even mildly cool homes, with temperatures from 60 to 65 degrees, can trigger hypothermia in older people. as heating costs rise, some seniors lower their thermostats too much. lack of heat sends seniors to emergency rooms every year. to prevent this potentially dangerous behavior, some states offer heating assistance programs for low - income elders. also remember that if you turn to alternative heating sources, such as space heaters and woodstoves, you must install, maintain, and use them the right way. these are warning signs of hypothermia : confusion, forgetfulness, or drowsiness shivering, although elderly adults may not have this symptom clumsiness or stiff muscles follow certain \" dos \" and \" don ' ts \" when dealing with a person with hypothermia. most important, remember to warm the person slowly. to do this properly, protect the person from the cold with blankets, quilts, towels, or extra clothes, and raise indoor temperatures to a warmer degree. don ' t place the person in a hot shower or bath, don ' t offer alcohol or drugs, and don ' t rub any parts of the person ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5072573406490465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10a66d59-2b9d-4323-816a-48a50ebf1406>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.115571"}
{"text": "##s, towels, or extra clothes, and raise indoor temperatures to a warmer degree. don ' t place the person in a hot shower or bath, don ' t offer alcohol or drugs, and don ' t rub any parts of the person ' s body. if someone you know has been exposed to cold temperatures, remain calm and get medical assistance immediately. how to prevent hypothermia hypothermia can be prevented. consider these prevention tips : make your home as energy efficient as possible so that keeping it warm enough will not be economically difficult. suggestions include installing double - glazed windows, increasing insulation in the attic, and insulating walls. installing good weather stripping around doors is also helpful. do not allow room temperatures to fall below 68 degrees f. if you ' re struggling to pay for heating, call the national energy assistance referral hotline toll - free at 866 - 674 - 6327. maintain sufficient humidity in the home. place pans of water on radiators or stoves, or use a humidifier to assure about 30 percent humidity. if you use space heaters, fireplaces, woodstoves, and other alternative heat, make sure they ' re installed, cleaned, used, and serviced properly. dress warmly and appropriately. wear several layers of loose clothing to trap warm air around your body. keep your head, neck, feet, and hands covered at all times in cold temperatures. drink plenty of fluids, and avoid alcohol and nicotine. stay dry. keep heating pads and electric blankets on hand to stay warm. use heating pads only as directed and very carefully to avoid burns that may occur without your noticing. follow a healthy diet. this is particularly important during winter months, because you burn calories to produce body heat. if you are undernourished, you may not be able to stay warm. well - balanced meals are available through agencies on aging. these are inexpensive, nutritious, and filling and may be available without charge to elderly who are unable to pay. exercise regularly, as your age and health permit. this will improve your appetite and produce body heat.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5067235328367253, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10a66d59-2b9d-4323-816a-48a50ebf1406>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.116493"}
{"text": "- join over 1. 2 million students every month - accelerate your learning by 29 % - unlimited access for just \u00a34. 99 per month produce a report on climatic conditions and their effects on worldwide destinations for tourism.. not what you were searching for? the first 200 words of this essay... unit 3 - p3 understanding nature and effects of world travel and tourism p3 - produce a report on climatic conditions and their effects to worldwide destinations. i have been asked to produce a report about climatic conditions and their effects to worldwide destinations. - climatic conditions earthquakes - earthquakes are a shaking, trembling or concussion of the earth which makes the earth vibrate due to causes of underground volcanic movement which makes a certain rumbling noise. the wave shock can sometimes move half a hemisphere. this can destroy many towns / cities and many thousand lives. they can also be called earth din, earthquakes and earth shocks. - droughts - most rainfall depends on water vapour carried by winds from an ocean or other source of moisture. if these moisture - carrying winds are replaced by winds from a dry region, or if they are modified by downward motion, as in the centre of an anticyclone, the weather is abnormally dry and often persistently cloudless. its also a period or condition of unusually dry weather within a geographic area where rainfall is normally present. - hurricanes - a hurricane occurs when a storm starts to brew found what you ' re looking for? - start learning 29 % faster today - over 150, 000 essays available - just \u00a34. 99 a month not the one? we have 100 ' s more physical geography ( view all ) - geography field study river investigation coursework - life and climate in the equatorial region - debden brook rivers cousework analysis and conclusion - rivers coursework - the coastal footpath. - fold mountains case study - andes - the mariana ocean trench case study - eyjafjallajkull - the icelandic volcano eruption - case study of bangladesh and boscastle floods. - why did haiti suffer more than kobe as a result of an earthq... \" \" yoel lax. religious studies. gcse student. \" \" lex fawste. english, biology, physics, maths, and chemistry. a level student.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5103870925499788, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4a906f3-9049-4346-85ca-ab2da975c69f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.118774"}
{"text": "schools receive federal funds for each lunch served, provided that the meal meets established nutrition standards. the federal government and the state of maryland provide additional funds to schools for each meal served to children who qualify because of family income, for free or reduced - price meals. national school lunch program the goal of the national school lunch program ( nslp ) is to protect the health and well - being of the nation ' s children by providing nutritious school meals every day. nslp provides funding that makes it possible for schools to offer a nutritious school lunch. the program is open to all children up to the age of 21 who are enrolled in public and participating private nonprofit schools and residential child care institutions. afterschool snacks program through nslp through nslp, afterschool care educational programs may be able to receive reimbursements for snacks. if an afterschool educational program is located in an attendance area of a school in which at least 50 percent or more of enrolled students are eligible for free or reduced - price meals, then all snacks served at that afterschool program will be at the free reimbursement rate. for other attendance areas, snacks are reimbursed on a sliding scale based on the number of students that qualify for free or reduced - priced school meals. afterschool providers and schools interested in the opportunity to participate in any of the afterschool meals and snacks programs should fill out the agency questionnaire to receive more information. school meal resources and fact sheets school breakfast program the school breakfast program ( sbp ) provides funding that makes it possible for schools to offer a nutritious breakfast to students each day. the sbp is a federally assisted meal program operating in public and nonprofit private schools and residential child care institutions. the sbp operates in the same manner as the nslp. generally, public or nonprofit private schools of high school grade or under and public or nonprofit private residential child care institutions may participate in the sbp. all local educational agencies that choose to take part in the sbp receive cash subsidies from the u. s. department of agriculture for each meal they serve. in return, they must serve breakfasts that meet federal requirements, and they must offer free or reduced - price breakfasts to eligible children. maryland meals for achievement classroom breakfast program fresh fruit and vegetable program special milk program the special milk program provides funding for milk served to children in schools and child care institutions who do not participate in other federal meal service programs. the program reimburses schools for the milk they serve.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.475746807416656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:544a6248-b7df-4a45-84cc-adedbdfc09c3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.127871"}
{"text": "program fresh fruit and vegetable program special milk program the special milk program provides funding for milk served to children in schools and child care institutions who do not participate in other federal meal service programs. the program reimburses schools for the milk they serve. schools in the nslp or sbp may also participate in the smp to provide milk to children in half - day pre - kindergarten and kindergarten programs where children do not have access to the school meal programs. is financial assistance available? children from low - income families may be eligible for free or reduced - price meals based on family income guidelines set by the federal government. in accordance with federal law and u. s. department of agriculture policy, this institution is prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. to file a complaint of discrimination, write usda, director, office of adjudication, 1400 independence avenue, sw, washington, d. c. 20250 - 9410 or call ( 866 ) 632 - 9992. individuals who are hearing impaired or have speech disabilities may contact usda through the federal relay service at ( 800 ) 877 - 8339 ; or ( 800 ) 845 - 6136 ( spanish ). usda is an equal opportunity provider and employer. the maryland state department of education does not discriminate on the basis of age, ancestry, color, creed, gender identity and expression, genetic information, marital status, disability, national origin, race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation in matters affecting employment or in providing access to programs. for inquiries related to departmental policy, please contact : equity assurance and compliance branch, office of the state superintendent, maryland state department of education, 200 west baltimore street, baltimore, maryland 21201 - 2595 - 410 - 767 - 0433 voice - 410 - 767 - 0431 fax - 410 - 333 - 6442 tty / td.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4956837910369052, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:544a6248-b7df-4a45-84cc-adedbdfc09c3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.129189"}
{"text": "| interactive triangle graphing calc the algebrator | online triangle calculator enter any valid input ( 3 side lengths, 2 sides and an angle or 2 angle and a 1 side ) and our calculator will do the rest. ( more info on how the tool works ) sorry there is no \" other \" option the minimum information required to make a triangle, is any of the following triangle information complete! you are done! you do not need to enter any more information! unfortunately, you cannot create a triangle with the information you have entered. to understand why this is the case, you would need to be familiar with the law of sines. in particular, read about the law of sines and no triangles. invalid side lengths you did not yet enter 3 valid side lengths. please enter all 3 side lengths of your triangle. your 3 side lengths ( ) are invalid. side lengths of do not adhere to the triangle inequality theorem. which states that the sum of the side lengths of any 2 sides of a triangle must exceed the length of the third side. read more about this rule here. invalid angle measurements the angle measurements that you entered are invalid. remember the formula for the interior angles of a triangle. this rule states that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle must be exactly 180\u00b0. i am going to change 1 of your angle ' s measurements from to \u00b0. to read more about this rule, click here. enter the 3 side lengths of the triangle enter any 2 side lengths, and the measure of any angle enter 2 angles and 1 side", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4635093896135015, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e5598e95-8519-4d5f-91cb-bd8683f74d4f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.141536"}
{"text": "learning how to read coherently and write effectively teaches you to think critically, increases your vocabulary, and improves your language and research skills. no matter what field you enter, communication and writing skills are important and highly sought after by employers. maranatha \u2019 s english major will expose you to enduring literary works and teach you to write more effectively, whether you write sermons, correspondence, books, magazine articles, or other forms of communication. because of its emphasis on critical thinking and writing, english is also one of the best ways to prepare for graduate school. unlike secular english programs that promote relativistic theory about language, maranatha \u2019 s english major teaches students to \u201c approve things that are excellent \u201d ( phil. 1 : 10 ) and to evaluate literature from a moral and biblical perspective. the english major will not only immerse you in the wide world of literature and awaken your cultural awareness but also equip you to discern objective truth and beauty according to god \u2019 s standard. an english minor is also available for those majoring in another field who want to improve their ability to think, read, and write effectively through an acquaintance with excellent literary works. this is the suggested class list for the english major. you may also look over the details for our english education major. | english composition 1 | | 3 | | english composition 2 | | 3 | | computer information system elective | | 1 | | computer information system elective | | 2 | | christian life 1 | | 1 | | new testament survey | | 2 | | old testament survey | | 2 | | minor | | 3 | | fundamentals of public speaking | | 2 | | music elective | | 2 | | the modern world | | 3 | | science elective | | 3 | | british literature survey to 1789 | | 3 | | british literature survey : 1789 to present | | 3 | | composition and literature | | 3 | | american masterpieces | | 3 | | elementary spanish 1 | | 3 | | elementary spanish 2 | | 3 | | computer information system elective | | 1 | | baptist heritage | | 3 | | christian life 2 | | 1 | | bible elective | | 2 | | principles of bible study | | 2 | | minor | | 3 | | writing elective | | 3 | | literary criticism | | 3 | | period literature elective | | 3 | | computer information system elective | | 1 | | intermediate spanish 1 | | 3 | | intermediate spanish 2 | | 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41201852275865314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd792278-d518-4e4a-831b-d3adbc686d5c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.145740"}
{"text": "| | writing elective | | 3 | | literary criticism | | 3 | | period literature elective | | 3 | | computer information system elective | | 1 | | intermediate spanish 1 | | 3 | | intermediate spanish 2 | | 3 | | introduction to philosophy | | 2 | | bible doctrine 1 | | 3 | | christian life 3 | | 1 | | minor | | 3 | | minor | | 3 | | american studies elective | | 3 | | period literature elective | | 3 | | period literature elective | | 3 | | writing elective | | 3 | | writing or period literature elective | | 3 | | bible doctrine 2 | | 3 | | english elective | | 3 | | humanities elective | | 3 | | humanities elective | | 3 | - copy editor - creative writer - english as a second language teacher - linguistic specialist - literacy tutor - literature specialist chelsie ( czichray ) messenger ( \u2019 08 ) is enrolled in the professional communications program at clemson university and hopes to someday work in business communications or public relations. she previously taught english at easley christian school in easley, sc. \u201c my academic advisor, nathan huffstutler, helped me sort out my future career goals and helped me develop my love of technical writing, \u201d messenger said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4766359014022573, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd792278-d518-4e4a-831b-d3adbc686d5c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.146280"}
{"text": "teaching the next generation and keeping them healthy are essential to tomorrow ' s strong, vibrant societies. mercy corps works with communities to shelter and nurture children and youth through innovative education, sports and job training programs. through the power of sports, community service and vocational training, we empower young people to make smart life choices and find a productive place in the changing global economy. our signature comfort for kids program focuses on helping children process trauma after natural disasters and conflict. see our expert ' s recommendations for how parents and caregivers can help children through times of crisis all stories about children & youth zimbabwe : helping teens manage difficult situations october 15, 2008 almost one in three children in zimbabwe are orphans, usually because one or both parents died of hiv / aids. mercy corps and financial institution micro king have created a fund to provide direct support to local efforts to assist orphans and vulnerable children. sudan : teaching english as an opportunity october 15, 2008 blue nile state is one of three contested areas between the north and the south of sudan. its diversity makes education \u2013 what is being taught to children and how it is being taught \u2013 a crucial issue. india : creative jobs keep teens close to home october 15, 2008 darjeeling is in the foothills of the himalayas in northeast india and is famous for producing fine teas. tea estates are enormous and employ roughly 25 % of the local population. indonesia : don ' t forget to wash your hands october 15, 2008 a mercy corps survey in five provinces of indonesia found that only 30 percent of school - age children wash their hands before eating and after using toilets. handwashing reduces the spread of waterborne illnesses such as diarrhea, a major cause of malnutrition in children. west bank and gaza : sports for life october 15, 2008 in 2008, the palestinian federation for the disabled became the palestinian paralympics committee ( ppc ). its purpose is to enhance the skills and abilities of people with disabilities through sports. kyrgyzstan : teaching street kids a lesson october 15, 2008 in kyrgyzstan, it is estimated that between 2, 000 to 15, 000 children work in order to help support their families economically. most of these children do not go to school regularly. china : epilogue august 6, 2008 i have been back in the united states since saturday afternoon. as usual, these first few days have been experienced \u2014 and felt \u2014 through the blurriness of a fifteen - hour time difference between oregon and china. jet lag renders everything into vagaries. china : a rare treasure august 1,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4375570995300253, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56a8bffc-dc0e-430d-8494-6c0a373f499d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.153976"}
{"text": "view your list of saved words. ( you can log in using facebook. ) about our definitions : all forms of a word ( noun, verb, etc. ) are now displayed on one page. biographical name \\ \u02c8bri - j\u0259t, \u02c8bre - yit \\ definition of brigit saint d ca 524 \u2013 528 bride of kildare or bride of ireland a patron saint of ireland variants of brigit brig \u00b7 it also brid \u00b7 get \\ \u02c8bri - j\u0259t \\ or brig \u00b7 id \\ \u02c8bri - j\u0259d, \u02c8bre - yid \\ or brighid \\ \u02c8bred \\ in celtic religion, the goddess of poetry, crafts, prophecy, and divination. she was equivalent to the roman minerva and the greek athena and substantially the same as the northern british goddess brigantia. in ireland she was worshiped by the filid, a poetic and priestly class. she was one of three daughters of dagda, all named brigit, the others being associated with healing and the craft of the smith. some of the lore surrounding brigit was transferred to the 5th - century irish abbess st. brigid. her feast day, february 1, is the date of the pagan festival imbolc, when the ewes came into milk. her great monastery at kildare was probably founded on a pagan sanctuary, and many holy wells in the british isles are dedicated to her.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4871047004093172, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7d778d8-8d51-4742-9de9-e0aa96e80278>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.162031"}
{"text": "articlesbeans : nutritious and delicious cutting calories and fat when eating out health tipsa better school lunch a healthier breakfast on the go interactive tools ' choose my plate ' quiz dietary fiber quiz what do bananas on your cereal, onions in your chili, and pears for your dessert have in common? they ' re great ways to get the fruits and vegetables you need to help you live a healthy, active life. the usda developed choose my plate, which provides food guidelines and encourages you to eat only the calories you need for your activity level. the calories should come from nutrient - rich foods, those with plenty of vitamins and minerals and relatively few calories. for example, if your activity level allows you to eat 2, 000 calories a day, you should eat four to five cups of fruits and vegetables ; more if you ' re very active and less if you ' re less active. according to the usda, a woman in good health and 50 years old or older should get 2, 000 to 2, 200 calories a day if she is active. active means walking more than three miles per day at 3 to 4 mph in addition to daily activities. a woman who is moderately active \u2014 walking 1. 5 to three miles a day at 3 to 4 mph in addition to daily activities \u2014 should have 1, 800 calories a day ; a woman who gets little daily activity should have 1, 600 calories a day. a man in good health and 50 years old or older should get 2, 400 to 2, 800 calories a day if he is active ; 2, 200 to 2, 400 calories a day if he is moderately active ; and 2, 000 calories a day if he is mostly sedentary. choose my plate guidelines, revised in 2011 by the usda and u. s. department of health and human services, can be found on the choose my plate website. some of the changes include an emphasis on eating a variety of foods. in addition to consuming fruits and vegetables, people are also encouraged to consume healthy shares of grains, lean meats, and low - fat dairy products. new revisions also match age, gender, and activity level to calorie need. it is important to control the portion size of even nutrient - rich foods to avoid consuming too many calories. most people need fewer calories as they grow older and their activity level decreases. getting the right amount of nutrient - rich foods can help you stave off chronic diseases and weight gain as you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.398543628323878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0da04561-c1ed-4028-b68f-7f7b1e18da61>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.184192"}
{"text": "nutrient - rich foods to avoid consuming too many calories. most people need fewer calories as they grow older and their activity level decreases. getting the right amount of nutrient - rich foods can help you stave off chronic diseases and weight gain as you age. poor diets can contribute to the development of some cancers, high blood pressure, heart and kidney disease, obesity, diabetes, and other serious illnesses. produce is packed with disease - fighting substances that work together to protect good health. the usda underscores the need for fresh fruits and vegetables rather than pills or supplements. one exception might be vitamin b12. the usda recommends that all people older than 50 get 2. 4 micrograms per day of this vitamin. you can get vitamin b12 from foods such as fortified cereals or you can also take a b12 supplement. choose my plate guidelines focus on a rich variety of produce, including dark green, red, orange, and starchy vegetables. it also encourages high - calorie fruit juices to be consumed sparingly. although fresh fruits and vegetables are the preferred choice, they may be cost prohibitive or unavailable. fresh frozen foods are the closest alternative to fresh in nutritional value and are a good alternative. they are reasonably priced, can be kept on hand longer than fresh foods, and offer out - of - season availability. you can also buy low - sodium canned vegetables or wash them off prior to cooking to reduce the sodium content. look for canned fruit packed in its own juice rather than in heavy syrup to reduce the calories and sugar content. changes that come with age can influence your diet. to maintain muscle mass, older adults need be sure to consume the recommended servings from the meat and milk food groups. this can be achieved by consuming 2 to 3 servings of eggs, low - fat cheese, or low - fat yogurt daily. you should also make sure you get enough vitamin d by getting some sun exposure several times a week or by eating vitamin d - fortified foods and / or dietary supplements. nutritionists offer these recommendations for older americans : enjoy calcium - rich foods, including low - fat or skim milk, salmon, and sardines. choose low - fat or fat - free yogurt, cheese, and other dairy products. consume healthy portions of whole grains several times a week. snack on moderate portions of healthy foods, including raw vegetables. avoid excessive salt, sugar, and artificial sweeteners. keep total fat intake between 20 to 35 percent of your cal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4403834964831189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0da04561-c1ed-4028-b68f-7f7b1e18da61>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.189306"}
{"text": "research to remember the prevalence of low birthweight in the united states showed little improvement during the data - collection period 1993 to 2002, revealing a rate of 7. 7 %. the prevalence is highest for black infants and lowest for hispanic infants, when compared among racial and ethnic groups ( white, black, hispanic, asian ). factors contributing to low birthweight other than race / ethnicity are mother ' s age, prepregnancy weight, weight gain during pregnancy and smoking during pregnancy. \u2014 centers for disease control www. cdc. gov, last accessed 01 / 22 / 05 induction of labor postdates, by itself, is not associated with poor pregnancy outcome. extreme postdates or postdates in conjunction with poor fetal growth or developmental abnormalities does show an increased risk of stillbirth. but if growth restriction and birth defects are removed, there is no statistical increase in risk until a pregnancy reaches 42 weeks and no significant risk until past 43 weeks. the primary \" evidence \" of a sharp rise in stillbirth after 40 weeks \u2014 often misquoted as \" double at 42 weeks and triple at 43 weeks \" \u2014 seems to come from one study based on data collected in 1958 ( 1 ).... modern statistics show an almost flat rate of stillbirth from 40 weeks to 42, with a slight rise at 43 weeks ( all numbers being close to 1 / 1000 ) ( 2 ). there is a creeping overreaction in dealing with postdates pregnancies. it is true that stillbirth and fetal distress rates rise more sharply after 43 weeks, but it is also true that less than 10 % of babies born at 43 weeks suffer from postmaturity syndrome ( more than 90 % show no signs ). we should react to this rise by monitoring postdate pregnancies carefully and inducing if problems arise. but the rise in problems at 43 weeks does not imply a similar risk at 42 and 41 weeks. postmaturity syndrome is a continuum. it becomes more likely as weeks progress past the due date but does not start on the due date. and the risks must be compared to the risks of interventions. induction is not risk free. in addition to the risks of prematurity, induced labors have higher rates of cesarean section, uterine rupture, cord prolapse, meconium aspiration, fetal distress, neonatal jaundice, maternal hemorrhage and even the rare but disastrous amniotic fluid embolism. large studies have shown that monitoring pregnancy while waiting for spontaneous labor results in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43817289764121314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b333354-d1db-4879-b6a4-1ea923fc3985>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.227560"}
{"text": ", \" by gail hart, midwifery today issue 72 - mcclure - browne, j. c. 1963. comparison of perinatal mortality rates versus gestational age through the past three decades. postmaturity, am j obstet gynecol 85 : 573 \u2013 82. - eden, r. d., et al. 1987. perinatal characteristics of uncomplicated postdates pregnancies. obstet gynecol 69 ( 3 pt. 1 ) : 296 \u2013 99. - weinstein, d., et al. 1996 sep \u2013 oct. expectant management of post - term patients : observations and outcome. j matern fetal med 5 ( 5 ) : 293 \u2013 97. - hannah, m. e., et al. 1992 jun 11. induction of labor as compared with serial antenatal monitoring in post - term pregnancy. a randomized controlled trial. the canadian multicenter post - term pregnancy trial group. n engl j med 326 ( 24 ) : 1587 \u2013 92. pmid : 1584259 - luckas, m., et al. 1998. comparison of outcomes in uncomplicated term and post - term pregnancy following spontaneous labor. j perinat med 26 ( 6 ) : 475 \u2013 79. pmid : 10224605. labour induction epidemic and autism epidemic : is there a link? there are many reasons why further studies about labour induction as a possible risk factor for autism are urgently needed. the first one is that the authors of the oldest studies included in our database came across risks associated with induction, whereas the most recent studies could not take into account this variable. \" labour induction \" should be explicitly taken into consideration, because it can be associated either with birth by the vaginal route ( with or without intervention such as forceps ), or with caesarean birth. another reason is that the epidemic of autism and the epidemic of induction seem to have developed side by side. most importantly, a third reason is that the results of recent studies suggest that children with autistic disorder show alterations in their oxytocin system. the first clues came from a study of midday blood samples from 29 autistic and 30 age - matched normal children, all prepubertal ( 1 ). it appeared that the autistic group had significantly lower blood oxytocin levels than the normal group. oxytocin increased with age in the normal but not the autistic children. these results inspired an in - depth inquiry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48287225832761405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b333354-d1db-4879-b6a4-1ea923fc3985>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.230542"}
{"text": "). it appeared that the autistic group had significantly lower blood oxytocin levels than the normal group. oxytocin increased with age in the normal but not the autistic children. these results inspired an in - depth inquiry of the oxytocin system of autistic children. in recent years it has become clear that oxytocin can appear in the brain in several forms. there is the nonapeptide oxytocin ( ot ) and the \" c - terminal extended peptides, \" which are described together as ot - x. the ot - x represent intermediates of oxytocin synthesis that accumulate due to an incomplete processing machinery. twenty - eight male children, diagnosed with autistic disorder were compared with 31 age - matched non - psychiatric control children : there was a decrease in blood ot, an increase in ot - x and an increase in the ratio of ot - x / ot in the autistic sample, compared with control subjects ( 2 ). in other words autistic children show alterations in the oxytocin system : there are deficits in the processing machinery of oxytocin. such findings are of paramount importance at a time when an accumulation of data from animal studies confirm the potent effects of oxytocin ( and the parent hormone vasopressin ) on social behaviour, communication and rituals. furthermore we are currently learning that oxytocin brain receptors undergo major changes during development. among humans, the period surrounding birth is considered a period of dramatic reorganization of central oxytocin binding. we must add that, when reaching a certain degree of maturation, the oxytocin system of the fetus probably participates in the physiological initiation of labour. artificial induction of labour in general, particularly the use of drips of synthetic oxytocin, create situations that undoubtedly interfere with the development and the reorganization of the oxytocin system in such a critical period. this fact alone is a reason for further epidemiological studies focusing on labour induction as a possible risk factor. it would be useful to know also how autistic children release oxytocin. oxytocin is more effective when released rhythmically, in a succession of fast pulsations. today it is not impossible to measure the rhythmicity or pulsatility of oxytocin release. \u2014 primal health, by michel odent, md http : / / www. birthpsychology. com / primalhealth /, no.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5187196641158014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b333354-d1db-4879-b6a4-1ea923fc3985>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.238042"}
{"text": "is not impossible to measure the rhythmicity or pulsatility of oxytocin release. \u2014 primal health, by michel odent, md http : / / www. birthpsychology. com / primalhealth /, no. 12 : \" after the mmr fuss : autism from a primal health research perspective, \" last accessed 1 / 22 / 05 modahl, c., et al. 1998. plasma oxytocin levels in autistic children. biol psychiatry 43 ( 4 ) : 270 \u2013 7. - green, l., et al. 2001. oxytocin and autistic disorder : alterations in peptides forms. biol psychiatry 50 ( 8 ) : 609 \u2013 13. order midwifery today issue 72. these books by michel odent are available from midwifery today : special offer to e - news readers. subscribe to mothering magazine for that ' s $ 5 off our regular price of $ 22. 95 for a one - year subscription! for almost 30 years, mothering has been the source for sound alternatives to mainstream parenting practices. articles in mothering cover the topics of pregnancy, birth options, breastfeeding, vaccinations, childhood illness, alternative health, education, organic food and balancing work and family life. sign up for a discounted subscription. products for birth professionals get them while you can! we have a small number of midwifery books and other items that are nearly out of stock and won ' t be re - ordered. these include : - midwives and changing childbirth ( book ) - sexuality and motherhood ( book ) - midwifery research database ( miriad ) ( 1st edition, 1994 ) when they ' re gone, they ' re gone, so order your copies before it ' s too late. if you work with laboring women, you need midwifery today ' s second stage handbook. this book will show you how to best serve your women at this crucial stage. you ' ll learn when to push, what works and choices available for the mother. the second stage handbook is part of the holistic clinical series. receive birth - related news, reviews and articles in your postal mailbox four times a year! subscribe to midwifery today magazine. hypnobirthing\u00ae childbirth education become part of the most effective, fastest growing childbirth education program \u2014 attend one of our intensive four - day trainings. calmer, gentler, safer birthing using hypnosis. fear influences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5118522951035498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b333354-d1db-4879-b6a4-1ea923fc3985>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.239362"}
{"text": "magazine. hypnobirthing\u00ae childbirth education become part of the most effective, fastest growing childbirth education program \u2014 attend one of our intensive four - day trainings. calmer, gentler, safer birthing using hypnosis. fear influences birth \u2014 hypnosis is the most effective way to eliminate it. new orleans, la : february 17 \u2013 20 salt lake city, ut : april 19 \u2013 22 web site update tsunami reports : watch our homepage for updates on tsunami relief efforts, including an opportunity to volunteer in the field extensive information on accommodations been added to our main page about the midwifery today conference in denmark. read these article excerpts from midwifery today issue 72 now online : i have been dealing with vaginal yeast infections for as long as i can remember! the only thing that ever kept them away was, back in college, to use a douche of thyme infusion combined with a few drops of tea tree oil 3 times per day for 3 weeks. i went without a problem for over a year. i am now 30 weeks pregnant and dealing with vaginal yeast ( it ' s varied in intensity throughout the pregnancy ) and i want to know if this same douche would be safe to use while pregnant? also i am still nursing my toddler. i am so sick of the itching! share your thoughts and experience about this topic. * * please do not send your responses to e - news! * * become a birth doula help families create happy memories, one birth at a time. if you have a heart for laboring women and families, train to be a doula. bring emotional, informational and comfort support to birthing families. learn hands - on techniques to assist families in birth. dona - approved doula training march 18 \u2013 20 in thousand oaks, ca. contact debbie young : question of the week q : i recently had a c - section for twins because twin a was a footling breech. unfortunately, i had to be put under general anesthesia because my platelet levels were too low to safely have an epidural. is there any sort of homeopathic or herbal remedy that i might try to build up my platelets? my platelets generally are around 70 and have been that way for years, with 50 being the point where treatment is needed, but 100 is the cutoff to get an epidural. when i have another child, i would like to have a vbac, but if it doesn ' t work, i don '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44273218830324224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b333354-d1db-4879-b6a4-1ea923fc3985>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.243636"}
{"text": "with 50 being the point where treatment is needed, but 100 is the cutoff to get an epidural. when i have another child, i would like to have a vbac, but if it doesn ' t work, i don ' t want to have to be knocked out again. send your response to email @ example. com with \" question of the week \" in the subject line. please indicate the topic of discussion * and the e - news issue number * in the message. responses to any question of the week may be sent to e - news at any time. write to firstname. lastname @ example. org. please indicate the topic of discussion * and the e - news issue number * in the subject line or in the message. it has been my experience that preterm labor is a cry for help \u2014 a cry from the baby or a cry from the mother. sometimes a woman is doing too much, and the baby shouts, \" hey mom, take a rest! \" in these situations, bed rest is probably a good idea. but i feel the most important thing we are missing in these cries for help is the absolute necessity for the mom and baby to be pampered. pregnant women should be treated with the utmost respect and valued for the incredible job they are doing growing their babies. our culture doesn ' t recognize this, sadly. pregnant women should receive the highest quality and most delicious foods \u2014 especially towards the end of pregnancy. massage should be a weekly routine, as well as competent, woman - centered prenatal care ( which i think includes care with a chiropractor and / or a cranial sacral therapist ). her dreams should be listened to and her fears addressed. where can women get this type of care? doula? grandma? sister? partner? neighbors? friends? co - workers? the answer is, all of these people. our society has a duty to its future citizens to create an environment that fosters optimal growth. besides the fact that tocolytics have many side effects, the worse thing they offer is a false sense of security. i am not judging women who have taken them to stop preterm labor. what i mean is, the idea that a pill will fix a problem like this is insulting to the woman, and most importantly, ignores the real reason for the cry. it covers up the issue instead of getting to the root of it. \u2014 ruth trode, minneapolis, mn midwifery today issue 72 editor ' s apology :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4701637201355899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b333354-d1db-4879-b6a4-1ea923fc3985>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.246399"}
{"text": "insulting to the woman, and most importantly, ignores the real reason for the cry. it covers up the issue instead of getting to the root of it. \u2014 ruth trode, minneapolis, mn midwifery today issue 72 editor ' s apology : as the result of an e - mail address malfunction, letters to e - news bounced back to their senders during the month of january. if you have written to e - news after january 1 and have received your correspondence back, please try again! the problem is fixed, and we greatly look forward to hearing from you! i was stunned to see this in the art of midwifery section from gloria lemay [ issue 7 : 2 ] : \" one of the reasons we have so much interference in north american birth right now is that young women are overly dramatic. \" i would like to know what evidence gloria has regarding this statement. this sounds like unsubstantiated opinion and mother - blaming to me. i am disappointed that you published this and spread it further. what were you and gloria thinking? \u2014 with respect and surprise, sandy caldwell, cd ( dona ) redwood city, ca the author replies : of course, there are no randomized controlled trials on drama in young women. all one has to do is turn on the tv or sit in a booth at an after school coffee shop. perhaps young women have always been dramatic, but there were older women to tone them down and teach them priorities, conduct and smart behaviour. maybe it ' s not the young women being dramatic but the older women abdicating their responsibility to show them the way. i actually have no idea what is creating this jabbering din in the world but i do know that it doesn ' t help to have a smooth birth at all, and the evidence i have that things are not working is the 28 % nationwide c - section rate. \" being nice and politically correct is not helping one bit either. \" one of my favourite expressions is \" the truth shall set you free, but first it will make you mad. \" editor ' s note : only letters sent to the e - news official e - mail address, email @ example. com, will be considered for inclusion. letters sent to any other e - mail addresses will not be considered. family centered midwifery care in your home with a supportive, experienced birth team including a certified nurse midwife, registered nurse and certified doula. waterbirth. serving northern new jersey. judy hagan, cnm ; mary walker,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4057144810057156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b333354-d1db-4879-b6a4-1ea923fc3985>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.248324"}
{"text": ". family centered midwifery care in your home with a supportive, experienced birth team including a certified nurse midwife, registered nurse and certified doula. waterbirth. serving northern new jersey. judy hagan, cnm ; mary walker, rn ; sabine kennon, cd. ( 973 ) 983 - 7560 www. babycatcher. com remember to share this newsletter you may forward it to as many friends and colleagues as you wish \u2014 it ' s free! want to stop receiving e - news or change your e - mail address? or would you like to subscribe? then please visit our easy - to - use subscription management page. on this page you will be able to : - start receiving any of our e - mail newsletters - stop receiving any of our e - mail newsletters - change the version ( text or html ) that you receive - change the e - mail address to which newsletters are delivered if you have difficulty, please send a complete description of the problem, including any error messages, to our newsletter. learn even more about birth! midwifery today magazine - mention code 940 when you subscribe. | | | 1 - year subscription | | 2 - year subscription | | canada / mexico | | $ 60 | | $ 113 | | all other countries | | $ 75 | | $ 143 | e - mail firstname. lastname @ example. org or call 1 - 800 - 743 - 0974 to learn how to order. or subscribe online. how to order our products mentioned in this issue : secure online shopping we accept visa and mastercard at the midwifery today storefront. order by postal mail we accept visa ; mastercard ; and check or money order in u. s. funds. midwifery today, inc. po box 2672 eugene, or 97402, usa order by phone or fax we accept visa and mastercard. phone ( u. s. and canada ; orders only ) : 1 - 800 - 743 - 0974 phone ( worldwide ) : + 1 541 - 344 - 7438 fax : + 1 541 - 344 - 1422 e - news subscription questions or problems : editorial submissions, questions or comments for e - news : editorial for print magazine : for all other matters : all questions and comments submitted to midwifery today e - news become the property of midwifery today, inc. they may be used either in full or as an excerpt, and will be archived on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4062933267677492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b333354-d1db-4879-b6a4-1ea923fc3985>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.249290"}
{"text": "print magazine : for all other matters : all questions and comments submitted to midwifery today e - news become the property of midwifery today, inc. they may be used either in full or as an excerpt, and will be archived on the midwifery today web site. midwifery today e - news is published electronically every other wednesday. we invite your questions, comments and submissions. we ' d love to hear from you! write to us at : email @ example. com. please send submissions in the body of your message and not this publication is presented by midwifery today, inc., for the sole purpose of disseminating general health information for public benefit. the information contained in or provided through this publication is intended for general consumer understanding and education only and is not intended to be, and is not provided as, a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. midwifery today, inc., does not assume liability for the use of this information in any jurisdiction or for the contents of any external internet sites referenced, nor does it endorse any commercial product or service mentioned or advertised in this publication. always seek the advice of your midwife, physician, nurse or other qualified health care provider before you undergo any treatment or for answers to any questions you may have regarding any medical condition. the content of e - news is copyrighted by midwifery today, inc., and, occasionally, other rights holders. you may forward e - news by e - mail an unlimited number of times, provided you do not alter the content in any way and that you include all applicable notices and disclaimers. you may print a single copy of each issue of e - news for your own personal, noncommercial use only, provided you include all applicable notices and disclaimers. any other use of the content is strictly prohibited without the prior written permission of midwifery today, inc., and any other applicable rights holders. \u00a9 2005 midwifery today, inc. all rights reserved. midwifery today : each one teach one!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5022494730504433, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b333354-d1db-4879-b6a4-1ea923fc3985>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.250245"}
{"text": "legacy of shuttle program may be how routine it made space travel nasa ' s space shuttle launched and repaired the hubble space telescope and helped build the international space station. thu, jul 07 2011 at 2 : 01 pm the first launch : the sun rises over kennedy space center as space shuttle columbia awaits the start of sts - 1, the first space shuttle mission, which launched on april 12, 1981. ( photo : nasa ) cape canaveral, fla. \u2014 nasa ' s planned friday launch of the space shuttle atlantis will be the 135th and final liftoff for the iconic space program since its debut in 1981. that works out to an average of 4. 5 flights a year for the space shuttle program. while that figure is a far cry from the once - a - week frequency nasa predicted back in the early 1970s, the shuttle flew often enough to fundamentally change how humanity viewed and used space. the shuttle opened space up to our species like no vehicle ever had before, and that \u2014 more than any single payload the shuttle lofted or science experiment it enabled \u2014 is probably the vehicle ' s greatest accomplishment, experts say. \" low - earth orbit has become a routine domain for human activities, \" said roger launius, space history curator at the smithsonian ' s national air and space museum. \" and the shuttle did that more than anything else. \" [ 8 surprising space shuttle facts ] showing what we can do in space the hubble space telescope and the international space station are two examples of humanity ' s growing proficiency in low - earth orbit, and the shuttle program helped make both of them happen. the shuttle discovery deployed hubble back in 1990 on its sts - 31 mission. within weeks, astronomers realized something was wrong ; the instrument was returning disappointingly blurry images. astronauts on endeavour ' s sts - 61 mission fixed the telescope in 1993, and multiple shuttle missions thereafter continued to repair and upgrade hubble. [ infographic : evolution of the space plane ] as a result, the telescope is still returning stunning images that have humanity rethinking the universe and our place in it. \" without the shuttle, you would not have a functioning hubble space telescope today, \" said space history expert robert pearlman, editor of the website collectspace. com and a space. com contributor. the shuttle has also been instrumental in building the international space station, the $ 100 billion orbiting lab that began construction in 1998 and is now just about complete. about 40 shuttle missions have lofted pieces of the station to low - earth orbit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48471481418460927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38623362-6466-4ea0-b4c7-64fb27ade9b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.260052"}
{"text": "com contributor. the shuttle has also been instrumental in building the international space station, the $ 100 billion orbiting lab that began construction in 1998 and is now just about complete. about 40 shuttle missions have lofted pieces of the station to low - earth orbit over the years. it ' s too soon to tell what the station ' s legacy will be, many experts say, but it has the potential to enable groundbreaking research in many fields, from biology and medicine to materials science. it ' s also an immensely complex structure whose assembly is a marvel of technological competence and international cooperation. \" i really think expanding human capability in space is the overarching achievement [ of the shuttle program ], \" said valerie neal, curator for contemporary human spaceflight at the smithsonian. \" and i think both hubble and the space station stand as representatives of that. \" redefining ' the right stuff ' while the shuttle program expanded humanity ' s capabilities beyond our home planet, nasa ' s reusable space planes also opened up space in a different way : they democratized it to a degree, making the final frontier more accessible to a broader range of people. in the early days of human spaceflight, nasa relied on high - flying military men, test pilots with nerves of steel such as alan shepard and neil armstrong. but when the shuttle came along, a much broader cross - section of people were able to ride a pillar of flame toward the heavens. many shuttle astronauts over the years have been scientists by training, for example \u2014 highly accomplished people, to be sure, but not folks who have devoted their lives to aerospace derring - do. and geriatrics could go to space on the shuttle, too : ohio sen. john glenn flew on discovery ' s sts - 95 mission in 1998 when he was 77 years old. [ most memorable space shuttle missions ] \" the shuttle basically redefined what ' the right stuff ' was, \" pearlman told space. com. this reframing of perceptions has likely had a profound effect on human spaceflight going forward, helping pave the way for the nascent space tourism industry, neal said. \" i think the shuttle really opened up that possibility, mainly because it looked like an aircraft, \" neal told space. com. \" it was a craft people could identify with, and they could imagine being comfortable riding in it. \" the space shuttle was originally envisioned as a way to make human spaceflight cheap, reliable, frequent and safe. the vehicle certainly didn ' t deliver on that promise in full, but it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5083621162944121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38623362-6466-4ea0-b4c7-64fb27ade9b6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.261009"}
{"text": "the 411 on the fall fruit pumpkin trivia : nutritional value, the history of jack o ' lanterns and more. saturday, october 31, 2009 - 14 : 30 q. is there any nutritional value from eating pumpkin? a. the bright orange color of pumpkin is a dead giveaway that it is loaded with an important antioxidant : beta - carotene. beta - carotene is one of the plant carotenoids converted to vitamin a in the body. in the conversion to vitamin a, beta carotene performs many important functions in overall health. research has indicated that a diet rich in foods containing beta - carotene may reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancer and protects against heart disease as well as some degenerative aspects of aging. and, no, the pumpkin is not a vegetable ; it ' s a fruit. q. where does the practice of making jack o ' lanterns come from? a. this practice originated from an irish myth about a man nicknamed \" stingy jack. \" according to story, stingy jack invited the devil to have a drink with him. true to his name, stingy jack didn ' t want to pay for his drink, so he convinced the devil to turn himself into a coin that jack could use to buy their drinks. once the devil did so, jack decided to keep the money and put it into his pocket next to a silver cross, which prevented the devil from changing back into his original form. jack eventually freed the devil, under the condition that he would not bother jack for one year and that, should jack die, he would not claim his soul. the next year, jack again tricked the devil into climbing into a tree to pick a piece of fruit. while he was up in the tree, jack carved a sign of the cross into the tree ' s bark so that the devil could not come down until the devil promised jack not to bother him for ten more years. soon after, jack died. as the legend goes, god would not allow such an unpleasant figure into heaven. the devil, upset by the tricks jack had played on him and keeping his word not to claim his soul, would not allow jack into hell. he sent jack off into the dark night with only a burning coal to light his way. jack put the coal into a carved out turnip and has been roaming the earth with it ever since. the irish began to refer to this ghostly figure as \" jack of the lantern, \" and then, simply \" jack o ' lantern.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4685853077381235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1075c118-c94b-43bb-9345-61cfd8cc86a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.268880"}
{"text": "way. jack put the coal into a carved out turnip and has been roaming the earth with it ever since. the irish began to refer to this ghostly figure as \" jack of the lantern, \" and then, simply \" jack o ' lantern. \" in ireland and scotland, people began to make their own versions of jack ' s lanterns by carving scary faces into turnips or potatoes and placing them into windows or near doors to frighten away stingy jack and other wandering evil spirits. in england, large beets are used. immigrants from these countries brought the jack o ' lantern tradition with them when they came to the united states. they soon found that pumpkins, a fruit native to america, make perfect jack o ' lanterns. q. how can i grow pumpkins that weigh more than 100 pounds? a. one would have to use the jumbo variety pack of pumpkin seeds. plant the seeds early in june and allow about 150 square feet per hill. thin the harvest to the best one or two plants. high fertility, proper insect control and shallow cultivation are essential. remove the first two or three female flowers after the plants start to bloom so that the plants grow larger with more leaf surface before setting fruit. allow a single fruit to develop and pick off all other female flowers that develop after this point. do not allow the vine to root down at the joints near this developing fruit because these varieties develop so quickly with mass that they may actually break from the vine as they expand on a vine anchored to the ground. fyi : pumpkins are monoecious, having both male and female flowers on the same plant. the female flower is distinguished by the small ovary at the base of the petals. these bright and colorful flowers have extremely short life spans and may only open for as short a time as one day. related on mnn :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4129065682729699, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1075c118-c94b-43bb-9345-61cfd8cc86a7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.272469"}
{"text": "our oceans are in trouble and so are we. that ' s the message from sylvia earle, keynote speaker wednesday morning at the blue ocean film festival and conservation event in monterey. the good news, she said, is that new technology can raise our awareness, enhance our exploration and improve our ability to act \u2014 without ever getting our feet wet. \" the actions we take in the next 10 years will affect the planet for the next 10, 000 years, \" earle told a packed room of scientists, filmmakers, engineers, educators, divers and artists gathered at the portola hotel & spa for the weeklong meeting dedicated to creating ocean awareness through media, science and research. as terrestrials, she said, our roots are deep, but not as deep as the creatures of the sea, and this is the time to turn things around. \" it ' s taken billions of years to make this a hospitable planet, \" said earle, an oceanographer and conservationist. \" it ' s taken a frighteningly short time to move things in the other direction. \" perhaps no one knows that better than earle. dubbed \" her deepness \" by the new york times, her lifelong ocean conservation work includes leading the first team of women argonauts, holding the chief scientist position at the national oceanic and atmospheric administration and, currently, being a national geographic explorer - in - residence. the u. s. has put millions of dollars into the exploration of a red planet, mars, but has neglected its own \" blue backyard, \" she the undersea world of earle ' s childhood was quite different from the ocean of today. global warming, acidification, pollution from plastic and toxins have chronically harmed the health of the water. but earle called ignorance the biggest threat to the ocean ' s well - being, and said she found hope for the future with innovative technologies that transform scientists ' ability to see what ' s under the water. for the last three years, she has worked with google earth to create maps that show \" there ' s more than just rocks and water down there. \" so far, it ' s only been scientists talking to scientists, said professor ove hoegh - guldberg, director of the global change institute at the university of queensland, australia. the institute is a partner in the catlin seaview survey for the google oceans project, which plans to create a comprehensive map of the territory beneath the sea. hoegh - guldberg, who said exploring the ocean is like discovering the amazon ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46519939038839425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4075308c-9699-4856-a29c-c224c378edd2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.368779"}
{"text": "is a partner in the catlin seaview survey for the google oceans project, which plans to create a comprehensive map of the territory beneath the sea. hoegh - guldberg, who said exploring the ocean is like discovering the amazon ' s rainforest for the first time, said solving the ocean ' s problems requires public awareness. with a camera that uses three wide - angle lenses designed to take thousands of continuous high - resolution images during each dive, the mapping project is making it so that the push of a computer button at home can make anyone ' s armchair the start of a diving adventure. the images can also act as a reference library or help far - flung researchers collaborate without leaving their labs, he said. most important, hoegh - guldberg believes, is that the technology will get more people to take positive action toward the ocean. \" now we ' re beginning to understand that a living ocean keeps us alive and we have to return the favor, \" earle said. above all, earle asked the scientists, storytellers and artists at the meeting to use their talents to make sure the next generation could look back and say \" thank you \" for their ocean legacy. hsh prince albert ii of monaco was a special guest at a wednesday evening panel that discussed progress to sustain a healthy ocean. other panelists included earle ; greg stone, senior vice president for marine conservation and chief scientist for oceans with conservation international ; celine cousteau ; and jane lubchenco, undersecretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and administrator of noaa. elizabeth devitt can be reached at 684 - 1188 or email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47504016995993686, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4075308c-9699-4856-a29c-c224c378edd2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.370899"}
{"text": "beet roots are a healthy food and are a rich source of natural sugar along with containing sodium, potassium, phosphorus, chlorine, iodine, iron and various important vitamins. the high nutrient value of beet root makes it an invaluable food in terms of health benefits it provides and it is thus used for therapeutic purposes. the powder can be used to flavor carrot, celery, and other vegetable juices, and also to color a variety of foods. beet powder provides a wide range of nutrients, but its most significant phytochemical is betaine. betaine helps the liver process fat. this prevents the accumulation of fatty tissues in the liver ( steatosis ), especially in heavy drinkers, and it also prevents excessive triglycerides and ldl cholesterol in the blood. according to the american heart association, beet juice can help lower blood pressure and due to the high content of iron in beets, it is good for anemia. beet root naturally cleans the kidneys and gall bladder. the potassium present in it helps in providing nourishment to the body for daily functions while chlorine organically cleans the liver and kidney. in addition, it has positive effects on one \u2019 s digestive system as it helps in the treatment of digestive disorders and problems like jaundice, nausea and vomiting due to dysentery or diarrhea. beet root combined with carrot juice can prove extremely beneficial in building the red corpuscles thereby helping in treating low vitality and anemia. being an excellent solvent for inorganic calcium deposits, beet juice helps in the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. it is also extremely beneficial for women as it aids in the regulation of menstruation. along with having numerous health benefits, beet root is also beneficial for the skin. the root contains about a tenth portion of pure sugar, which is one of the glucoses or fruit sugars and is very wholesome. cane sugar has to be converted by the digestive juices into fruit sugar, before the body can absorb it, but the sugar present in the beet root is already in the more easily assimilated form, thus making the beet a valuable food. its sugar is a force - giver and an energy creator, a source of vitality to the human body. besides its tenth portion of pure sugar, beet root has as much as a third of its weight in starch and gum. the red", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44638489195397824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a13e40ef-51cf-4a17-986a-a9180fd181ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.374907"}
{"text": "sugar is a force - giver and an energy creator, a source of vitality to the human body. besides its tenth portion of pure sugar, beet root has as much as a third of its weight in starch and gum. the red pigment in beets raises antioxidant enzyme levels in the liver and may promote detoxification in the intestines, blood and liver. colon cancer research has also shown that consumption of beet fiber may increase colonic cd8 cells, which detect and remove abnormal cells. folate is considered an important aid in maintaining a healthy pregnancy. it is critical at times of rapid cell development as it is necessary for creating dna and rna. the high level of folate ( up to 136 grams per cup ) in beets makes them a valuable food for pregnancy. spina bifida and anencephaly are two birth defects which may be prevented by the consumption of folate rich foods. magnesium is an important mineral in healthy bone production and maintenance. without appropriate levels of magnesium, calcium cannot be utilized effectively. beet root is high in magnesium, making it a good vegetable for women concerned with preventing osteoporosis. typical preparations - one or two teaspoons added to water or juice, 2 - 4 times daily. one teaspoon of powder provides the nutrition in one beet. cautions : beet powder can stain some fabrics so use caution. it also has a tendency to clump together ( this is normal ). uses : like many other bulk herbs, we add it to many food recipes ( salads, meat dishes, soups, stews, etc. ) in small amounts for added nutrition and fiber without affecting the flavor. beet powder can be used to benefit men, women ( including before, during or after pregnancy, and nursing ) and children. it can be used as often as you would like. storage : the nutrients in beet powder are very sensitive to air and light exposure. it should be kept in an airtight container and stored in a dark, dry, and cool place. refrigeration or freezing is great but not necessary. questions? : check out frequently asked questions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4754826539049347, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a13e40ef-51cf-4a17-986a-a9180fd181ec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.375865"}
{"text": "view medieval travel lies as the western roman empire declined during the fourth and fifth centuries ad, europe lost contact with the rest of the world. classical knowledge of the outside world receded, and what emerged in its place was a peculiar mixture of fact and fiction. european scholars inhabited the lands to their east with unicorns, cyclops, and other fantastic creatures. one persistent rumor spoke of the barbarian tribes of gog and magog whom alexander the great had supposedly imprisoned behind giant brass gates somewhere in the east. it was said that the escape of gog and magog would signal the imminent end of the world. with the gradual revival of commerce during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, europeans once more began to venture beyond their borders and returned to tell of what they had seen. but these travellers, upon their return from faraway lands, seldom gave what we would consider to be factual accounts. instead, they related bizarre stories that confirmed the existence of the imaginary kingdoms and creatures that europeans had so long dreamed about and feared. we can only assume that these travel lies were another manifestation of the medieval preference for allegorical truths over literal ones. examples of medieval travel lies the letter of prester john he was a christian king rumored to have an empire in the east. the crusaders kept waiting for him to ride in with his cavalry and save the day, but for some reason he never showed up. did marco polo really travel to china, as he claimed? if he did, then why did he fail to notice the great wall of china? the travels of sir john mandeville he \u2019 s known as the greatest liar of all time. the narrative of his travels certainly stretches credibility. the lost island of hi - brazil for centuries the island of hi - brazil existed only in legends. then someone claimed to have actually found the place.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4467212343677627, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e54bc64-d5be-4d34-a774-38040a53ae7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.379226"}
{"text": "- age range : age 2 to 6 years - class structure : new unit theme for each month, each contains four lessons taught like a regular kindermusik class, with additional option of a hosted cd nine monthly units for 2 year olds nine monthly units for 3 year olds twelve monthly units for 4 to 6 year olds - class length : 30 minutes - class size : up to twelve children in class, with or without accompanying adults abc music & me, an award - winning enrichment ( early literacy and language ) program for 2 to 6 year olds, was designed for early childhood learning centers, but can also be taught in a kindermusik classroom. abc music & me is a research - based language and early literacy program built around music. abc music & me helps develop pre - literacy and language skills through a child \u2019 s most - loved rituals : music and storytime. abc music & me supports the early childhood standards and requirements for \u201c high quality programs \u201d as defined by the national institute for early education. plus for the older age group, abc music & me aligns with pre - k national and state standards. abc music & me spanish home materials - - addressing ell ( english language learners ) - - are available. an increasing percentage of children entering school today come from families that speak little to no english at home. click here now to find out which abc music & me materials are available right now in spanish. what a child will experience in class : - songs and rhymes to develop phonetic awareness and early reading skills - tapping, clacking, and ringing rhythm instruments in time with music to improve hand - eye coordination - focused listening with music to improve skills in following directions - instrument play to strengthen fine motor skills - developmentally - appropriate songs to develop vocal chords and expressive speech - learning that emphasizes storytelling, imaginative play, and taking turns", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42142547129631946, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0adf45e1-aba1-4c3f-b1e4-28058b19acdf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.381915"}
{"text": "spotted tilapia : tiliapia mariae light yellow to bronze with 6 - 9 bars or spots along side ; stouter but similar body and mouth shape to native sunfishes ; small ones tend to have bars that turn into spots in larger fish ( see photo ) ; some have reddish markings on the chin or throat area, especially when spawning ; sometimes erroneously referred to as an first collected in 1974, it rapidly became the most abundant fish in the canal system of miami - dade county where it made up about 25 % of the fishes by number and weight ; now widespread south of lake okeechobee ; so abundant that butterfly peacock was introduced to help control it. native range is west africa. prefers slow - flowing canals, ponds, and lakes ; common throughout south florida ; may be increasing in some areas, but not as abundant in miami - dade county as in 1980s. spawning habitats : unlike other tilapia in florida, this tilapia is a substrate spawner that lays about 2, 000 sticky eggs on hard, flat surfaces ; both parents guard young aggressively until about one inch long ; sexually mature at 7 inches ; some observed spawning year around, but most spawning seems to occur in cooler months between november and march. feeding habits : omnivorous, feeding on wide variety of food items, although most stomachs contain detritus, diatoms, algae, and sand indicating this tilapia, like most others, feed low on the food chain. age and growth grows to 13 inches and about 3 pounds ; males grow larger with all fish over 10 inches typically being males. commonly caught by cane - pole anglers, but not as aggressive as most native sunfishes ; no bag or size limits, but must not be possessed alive ( see note below ). fishing tips and facts : special note : possession and transport of live tilapia in florida is illegal without a special permit ( except blue tilapia ) ; can only be possessed if dead, so anglers wanting to eat this fish should immediately place them on ice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38603220167400226, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e28de55b-ab05-40dd-8db3-9f70ffd6ba5c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.392415"}
{"text": "it \u2019 s a remarkable development \u2013 and it \u2019 s just one of many in the works, often made possible by specialized plastics. here are some others on the horizon : vaccination patches : researchers are developing a plastic skin patch that could replace many painful injections. the patch contains plastic \u201c micro - needles \u201d that dissolve into the skin, painlessly delivering vaccinations for a variety of diseases, including the flu. patients might even be able to administer the vaccine themselves. resorbable heart stent : a plastic heart stent can open a clogged artery to restore blood flow to the heart \u2013 and then slowly dissolve into the body. this resorbable plastic could eliminate the need for another invasive procedure to remove the stent, as well as reduce the likelihood of blood clots and scarring. 3 - d body part printing : researchers are using a layered assembly manufacturing technique \u2013 called \u201c 3 - d printing \u201d \u2013 to create medical devices and implants using plastics. for example, a type of plastic and living cells are combined into a material used to make 3 - d printed implants to replace human ear cartilage. the combination of materials makes the body more likely to respond favorably to the implant, according to researchers. polycarbonate medical devices : an extremely tough, clear plastic, polycarbonate now is being used to make transparent surgical tools, such as cannulas ( small tubes inserted into the body ) that enable arthroscopic surgery. since polycarbonate is clear, surgeons gain better visibility of sutures and surgical knots during the procedure. bacteria - resistant plastics : several newly discovered plastics might contribute to reduced infections. these plastics have \u201c nonstick \u201d surfaces that bacteria aren \u2019 t attracted to, which could help prevent contamination from bacteria - laden \u201c biofilms. \u201d the plastics could be used to make catheters or medical equipment to help ward off preventable disease. self - healing prosthetics : researchers are developing a new plastic \u201c skin \u201d that recognizes when it \u2019 s been damaged and responds by healing itself. the plastic skin mimics the flexibility and sensitivity of human skin \u2013 it becomes electrically conducive by adding a bit of nickel. the plastic skin can restore its mechanical and electrical properties after being cut and that cycle can be repeated over and over again. among other applications, researchers hope the self - healing plastic may be used to manufacture lifelike prosthetic limbs that heal themselves after injury \u2013 much the way human skin does. lifesaving plastic foam : a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47187332393743614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9939bb8-2ea0-42d6-9863-13de3f6ad200>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.412493"}
{"text": "below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 33 33 glossary advected plume - - wind - transported exhaust plume, subject to local and airport - related hazardous air pollutants : research needs and meteorological conditions analysis ) aircraft gas turbine engine1 - - any gas turbine engine used for aircraft line loss - - percent of particles lost during transit through a given sam - propulsion or for power generation on an aircraft, including those ple line ; particle loss mechanisms include impaction, diffusion, commonly called turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, or turboshaft type settling ( gravitational ), and thermophoresis ( thermodiffusion ) engines lognormal3 - - a normal distribution that is the distribution of the black carbon - - nonvolatile diesel particulate matter, often used inter - logarithm of a random variable changeably with soot or elemental carbon ( see below ), although it normal distribution2 - - a probability density function that approximates is most often used when discussing optical properties the distribution of many random variables ( as the proportion of out - classical aerodynamic diameter1 - - diameter of an equivalent unit den - comes of a particular sort in a large number of independent repeti - sity sphere with the same settling velocity in still air as the particle tions of an experiment in which the probabilities remain constant in question from trial to trial ) and that has the form f ( x ) = ( 1 / ( 2 ) ) coarse particle2 - - particle with a classical aerodynamic diameter be - e ( - 1 / 2 [ ( x - \u00b5 ) / ] 2 where \u00b5 is the mean and is the standard deviation tween 2. 5 and 10 m nonroad - - mobile emission sources not commonly operated on pub - deposition - - an airborne pollutant that reaches the ground by force of lic roadways such as airport ground support equipment, lawn gravity, rain, or by attaching to other particles mowers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6023867843545435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57188dc8-dfd8-413e-8177-390729fd02be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.418442"}
{"text": "mobile emission sources not commonly operated on pub - deposition - - an airborne pollutant that reaches the ground by force of lic roadways such as airport ground support equipment, lawn gravity, rain, or by attaching to other particles mowers, etc. eim1 - - emission index ( mass ), the mass of emissions of a given con - nonvolatile particles1 - - particles that exist at engine exit plane tem - stituent per thousand mass units of fuel burned ( e. g., g / kg fuel ) ; perature and pressure conditions also total mass of particulate emissions in the same units nucleation4 - - the process of initial formation of a particle from elemental carbon1 - - often referred to as ec and frequently used inter - vapor ; this process is usually facilitated by the presence of small changeably with black carbon and soot, although it is most often particles called condensation nuclei, which serve as sites for used when referring to chemical properties ; the refractory carbon condensation found in combustion - generated particulate matter ; the portion of organic carbon2 - - often referred to as oc, is a major component of a sample of combustion - generated particulate matter that remains particulate carbon and is composed of many compounds, most of after volatile components have been removed ; also known as which partition between the gas and aerosol phases at ambient con - graphitic carbon ditions and are referred to as semi - volatile organic compounds engine exit plane - - any point within the area of the engine exhaust ( svoc ) ( epa ) nozzle at an axial distance within 0. 5 diameters ( or equivalent, if parameterization - - to express in terms of statistically representative not circular ) downstream from the outer edge of the nozzle characteristics fine particle2 - - particle with a classical aerodynamic diameter less than parts per million ( ppmv ) - - the unit volume concentration of a gas per 2. 5 m million unit volumes of the gas mixture of which it is part ; also geometric mean2 - - the nth root of the product of n numbers applicable to mass measurements as referred to as ppmm1 haps - - hazardous air pollutants, 188 pollutants that the clean air act photochemical - - the interaction of atoms, molecules, and light amendments of 1990 required epa to regulate ; also referred to as pm10, pm2. 5, pm1. 0 - - regulatory designations of particulate matter less \" air toxics \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5659404083858763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57188dc8-dfd8-413e-8177-390729fd02be>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.419360"}
{"text": "( naturalnews ) if you ' re wondering how do you get headaches, look no further than your diet. although migraine headache causes may be varied, treatment for symptoms in people with headaches can be easily accomplished merely by changing your diet and including medicinal foods, spices, and a few home remedies. a large number of migraine headaches originate with what you currently eat, and also from what you don ' t eat. the best foods and home remedies trigger soothing brain chemicals, promote overall well - being and stop migraine headaches in their tracks. a well balanced diet protects against migraine headache symptoms supporting the system by eating a well balanced diet of natural, whole foods helps control the incidence of migraine attacks. fresh, organic fruits, vegetables, meats and whole grains provide necessary nutrients for the production of brain chemicals that ease pain. eating small meals frequently throughout the day stabilizes blood sugar, protecting against the sharp rise and fall that can cause a migraine headache. drink lots of fresh water to maintain hydration. scientific evidence points to dehydration as an important migraine headache cause. the recommended fluid intake is 1 / 2 oz. of water for each pound of body weight daily. vitamins, minerals and amino acids provide migraine headache relief magnesium ' s role in stabilizing blood vessels is well documented, helping to prevent capillary and muscle spasms. increase magnesium - rich foods such as wheat germ, garlic, oatmeal, seafood, kale, broccoli, spinach, melon, bananas, basil, cantaloupe, blackstrap molasses, and nuts to support the body and prevent migraine calcium soothes and relaxes - - mentally and physically - - encouraging sleep and calmness. having a calcium - rich drink or snack made with raw milk at bedtime encourages sleep and muscle relaxation. foods high in the amino acid tryptophan stimulate the brain in the production of the neurotransmitter, serotonin. low levels of serotonin are linked to migraine headaches, depression and sleeplessness. turkey supplies the greatest amount of tryptophan, followed by black - eyed peas, walnuts, almonds, sesame and pumpkin seeds, brown rice, and whole grains. vitamin b - 2 may also help relieve the frequency of migraine headaches. b - 2 or riboflavin is found in broccoli, eggs, almonds, raw milk, fermented soy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43025118674264606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a12b19f-c637-478f-a41f-7ffc8febcd83>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.426108"}
{"text": "brown rice, and whole grains. vitamin b - 2 may also help relieve the frequency of migraine headaches. b - 2 or riboflavin is found in broccoli, eggs, almonds, raw milk, fermented soy products, whole grains, and organ meats. omega - 3 fatty acids help reduce overall inflammation and help lessen constriction of capillaries in the head, a primary cause of migraine headaches. eat fatty fish, olive oil, avocados, and flax seeds. reduce chronic migraine headaches with herbs and home remedies cayenne pepper increases the pain threshold in migraine patients. dissolve a pinch in hot water and drink as tea or sprinkle on food. consume at least 1 gram of ginger to alleviate the nausea associated with migraine headaches. use ginger in a variety of ways including fresh ginger tea, candied ginger, or powdered ginger capsules. make a tea from peppermint leaves to soothe nausea and vomiting. peppermint is also soothing to the spirit and helps migraine sufferers relax. chew a fresh peppermint leaf for relief from pain and nausea. homeopathic nux vomica is one of the best home remedies to help migraine headaches. nux not only cleanses the liver, but reverses the effects of foods that may cause migraine headaches. it reduces irritability, neck and occipital spasms, noise and light sensitivity, body aches, nausea, and calms the inevitable tears that accompany excruciating migraine pain. keep a food diary and track which foods are the causes of migraine headaches, removing them from your diet while you add back healing foods and home remedies for relief. sources for this article include : http : / / www. relieve - migraine - headache. com / diet - headache - migraine. htmlhttp : / / www. mayoclinic. comhttp : / / familydoctor. orghttp : / / www. naturalnews. com / 029119 _ migraine _ headaches _ foods. htmlabout the author : read more of jean ( jb ) bardot ' s articles at the following links : natural news : http : / / www. naturalnews. com / author1686. html the best years in life : http : / / www. tbyil. com / jb _ bardot _ articles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42194020051645637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a12b19f-c637-478f-a41f-7ffc8febcd83>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.426996"}
{"text": "pieces of the moon and mars have been found on earth before, as well as chunks of vesta and other asteroids \u2014 but what about the innermost planet, mercury? that \u2019 s where some researchers think this greenish meteorite may have originated, based on its curious composition and the most recent data from nasa \u2019 s messenger spacecraft. space news from nbcnews. com teen ' s space mission fueled by social media - buzz aldrin ' s vision for journey to mars - giant black hole may be cooking up meals - watch a ' ring of fire ' solar eclipse online - teen ' s space mission fueled by social media nwa 7325 is the name for a meteorite fall that was spotted in southern morocco in 2012, comprising 35 fragments totaling about 345 grams. the dark green stones were purchased by meteorite dealer stefan ralew, who operates the retail site sr meteorites. ralew immediately made note of the rocks ' deep colors and lustrous, glassy exteriors. ralew sent samples of nwa 7325 to researcher anthony irving of the university of washington, a specialist in meteorites of planetary origin. irving found that the fragments contained surprisingly little iron but considerable amounts of magnesium, aluminum and calcium silicates \u2014 in line with what \u2019 s been observed by messenger in the surface crust of mercury. even though the ratio of calcium silicates is higher than what \u2019 s found on mercury today, irving speculates that the fragments of nwa 7325 could have come from a deeper part of mercury \u2019 s crust, excavated by a powerful impact event and launched into space, eventually finding their way to earth. in addition, exposure to solar radiation for an unknown period of time and shock from its formation could have altered the meteorite \u2019 s composition somewhat, making it not exactly match up with measurements from messenger. if this is indeed a piece of our solar system \u2019 s innermost planet, it will be the first mercury meteorite ever confirmed. but the only way to know for sure, according to a research paper written by irving and his colleagues, is to conduct further studies on the fragments and, ultimately, samples that are returned from mercury. irving \u2019 s team \u2019 s findings on nwa 7325 will be presented at the 44th lunar and planetary science conference, to be held in houston from march 18 to 22. read more in this sky & telescope article by kelly beatty. more about meteorites : - meteorite from california fireball reveals secrets - meteorite may be a link to mars ' warm, wet past - booming meteorite market", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47597695489174635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2782b1a-0e7c-4a39-9c4d-b913e292f4f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.430508"}
{"text": "measurement of texture part ii when using techniques sensitive to the anisotropic elastic properties of the sheet, one cannot recover the full set of odc ' s. for fundamental reasons, the fact that elastic stiffness is described by a fourth rank tensor implies that wlmn can only determine when one is less than or equal to four. for cubic metals, the independent members of this set are the odc ' s, w400, w420, and w440. the technique is designed to quantitatively measure these odc ' s. comparison to independent x - ray and neutron diffraction measurements have shown a high degree of accuracy, as illustrated in figure 9 ( thompson, smith, lee and johnson, met. trans. 20a 1989 ). despite their small number, the odc ' s accessible by ultrasonic measurement play a major role in formability theory because of a strong correlation that exists between anisotropic elastic and plastic properties. as noted by davies, goodwill, and kallend ( met. trans. 3, 1627 - 1631, 1972 ), \" the coefficient, w400, sets the overall value of average strain ratio j, w420 controls the tendency to form two ears during deep drawing while w440 controls the tendency to form four ears. \" figure 10 plots the polar z ( o ) and azimuthal re ( e - lv ) variations of these terms. w420 and w440 determine the weights of codf components having twofold and fourfold variations, respectively, in the plane of the sheet. theory, as shown in the azimuthal plots, provide information on planar anisotropy and correlate with a corresponding degree of earing. however, w400 controls the weight of a codf component which is independent of orientation in the plane of the plate but varies with polar angle with respect to the plate normal. hence, it is a measure of normal anisotropy. the following applet may be used to calculate odc ' s w400, w420, and w400 from lamb wave velocities propagating at 0\u00b0, 45\u00b0 and 90\u00b0 with respect to the rolling direction. first choose the material. this assigns the correct elastic constants c11, c12, c44, and density for the cubic material being investigated. next enter the \" measured \" lamb wave velocities. these correlations between elastic and plastic anisotropy have received extensive experimental study in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5464049859485004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa3866e5-526a-4d3e-a5d6-2159242b5a97>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.435776"}
{"text": "the ozone hole the discovery by the british antarctic survey of the antarctic ozone hole provided an early warning of the dangerous thinning of the ozone layer worldwide, and spurred international efforts to curb the production of cfcs. if the provisions of the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer of 1987 are revised, strengthened and followed, there is a reasonable prospect that the antarctic ozone hole will permanently repair itself, but not before the next appearance of halley ' s comet ( in the year 2061 )! earth ' s past climate the ice sheet preserves not only the traces of heavy metals and organic toxins carried into the antarctic from the inhabited parts of the world but also - frozen into bubbles - samples of previous atmospheres over the past 500, 000 years. the bubbles carry information about the climate of the past. the delicate ecosystem in the southern ocean around the continent increasing levels of fishing threaten the stability of the marine ecosystem. rising tourist numbers increase the risks of environmental damage at coastal sites. understanding these risks is essential for sustainability, and to ensure that our management is based on sound scientific data. antarctica ' s contribution to sea level rise global climate model predictions of how the antarctic climate may change over the next 100 years differ in detail from model to model. most models indicate relatively modest temperature rises around antarctica over the next 50 years and, over this time period, snowfall is likely to increase over the continent, and this effect may partially offset the rise in sea level. however, there are parts of the continent antarctic peninsula and west antarctic ice sheet where recent observations have indicated an ongoing loss of ice. the mechanisms responsible for those losses are the focus of ongoing research, but there is a significant possibility that they could accelerate over the next 100 years and mean that the antarctic as a whole becomes a significant contributor to sea level rise, adding to the other sources ; thermal expansion of the oceans and melting of icecaps and glaciers elsewhere in the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49384230524927114, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:78370fd3-6a2c-43e2-b150-55e15fa377b4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.442126"}
{"text": "emancipation proclamation declaimed by allan appel | sep 23, 2012 11 : 16 am posted to : black history, long wharf they don \u2019 t come near the soaring words of abraham lincoln \u2019 s second inaugural or the poetic rhythms of the gettysburg address. in fact they are dull governmental bureaucrat - ese of an executive order that was largely politically and militarily motivated. yet the emancipation proclamation in a stroke freed tens of thousands from slavery and redirected american history down a new path of civil rights, for all. those were some of the lessons celebrated saturday morning as actor norman thomas marshall read the words of the proclamation to 40 people gathered under a bright sky at long wharf pier. they were there to celebrate the 150th anniversary of its promulgation and to link it to the earlier 1839 civil rights victory in the trial of the amistad mutineers, which organizers celebrated as the \u201c first human rights case in u. s. history. \u201d click here for the complete text of the proclamation, and commentary. at the time, and since, it has been the subject of controversy in part because it applied only to slaves in states that had seceded from the union ; in addition, by the proclamation \u2019 s terms, if a state decided to cease rebelling, it could keep its slaves. click on the video at the top of the story to hear the sixth and seventh paragraphs of the nine - paragraph document that concludes : \u201c and upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the constitution upon military necessity, i invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of almighty god. \u201d the event was a public history lesson in particular for yolanda mciver of new haven, who was attending in part to fulfill a two - to - four - page essay assignment for her class in african american history at gateway community college. she had to write about the amistad trial or the emancipation proclamation. to that end she had found the very best place in town to bring herself saturday morning, along and her three kids, matthew, millicent, and london. al marder of new haven \u2019 s amistad committee and the connecticut freedom trail was the chief organizer of the event. marder began what was in effect a public history seminar by citing how appropriate a location long wharf pier was for the commemoration. \u201c this pier was built by william lansom, an ex - slave, \u201d so that vessels with heavier cargo could unload closer to the farmington canal, whose new haven", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38053742704161453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5582cdc0-a666-482e-8f02-2b997d0a7c61>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.446627"}
{"text": "seminar by citing how appropriate a location long wharf pier was for the commemoration. \u201c this pier was built by william lansom, an ex - slave, \u201d so that vessels with heavier cargo could unload closer to the farmington canal, whose new haven section lansom also helped to build, marder noted. next up to continue the lesson was fredrica gray of amistad freedom schooner america. ( the replica ship was to be in new haven, but mechanical problems prevented it. ) she asked how many kids in the audience knew who sengbe pieh was. ( he was the west african rice farmer who led the revolt on the amistad. and went on trial in new haven in a landmark civil - rights case. ) no one in the audience raised their hands. \u201c i read that his [ president lincoln \u2019 s ] hand was shaking when he signed [ the emancipation proclamation ]. fear and courage, i guess, go hand in hand, \u201d she said. \u201c we tend to forget what causes pain, like slavery, \u201d said state sen. toni harp, another of saturday \u2019 s speakers. \u201c as african - americans we \u2019 re told to be ashamed of slavery. \u201d by the time the gathering dispersed and yolanda mciver went off to tour the deck of the schooner quinnipiack ( which was substituting for the amistad ), she had gathered a lot for her paper. and her kids now knew who sengbe pieh was. post a comment there were no comments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.417579480867019, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5582cdc0-a666-482e-8f02-2b997d0a7c61>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.447167"}
{"text": "holiday cooking, christmas trees, candles and holiday decorations significantly contribute to the seasonal causes of home fires, said kentucky state fire marshal bill swope, director of the state division of fire prevention. \u201c the holiday season can remain festive and fun by taking preventative steps and following simple rules of thumb to prevent home fires, \u201d said swope. \u201c my advice is to stay in your kitchen while cooking, consider using flameless candles and follow the rules for placing and lighting your christmas tree. \u201d swope said that most cooking fires involve the stovetop so keep anything that can catch fire away from it, turn off the stove when you leave the kitchen \u2014 even if it \u2019 s for a short period of time \u2013 and use a timer to remind you that you \u2019 re cooking. december is the peak month for home candle fires, according to the national fire protection association ( nfpa ) and swope recommends giving flameless candles a try. \u201c but if you use traditional candles, keep them at least 12 inches away from anything that can burn, and blow them out when you leave the room or go to bed. never leave a child alone in a room with a burning candle. \u201d according to nfpa, u. s. fire departments respond to about 230 home fires cause by christmas trees each year. one of every three is caused by electrical problems and one in five resulted from a heat source that \u2019 s too close to the tree. swope offers the following advice on tree safety : \u00b7 choose a tree with fresh needles that do not fall off when touched. \u00b7 before placing a tree in a stand, cut 1 to 2 - inches from the base of the trunk. \u00b7 place the tree at least three feet away from any heat source, including fireplaces, heat vents, radiators, candles and even lights. \u00b7 use strings of light that have the label of an independent testing laboratory. \u00b7 do not block exits with your christmas tree. \u00b7 add water to the tree stand daily. \u00b7 do not use lit candles to decorate your tree. \u00b7 always turn off christmas tree lights before leaving home or going to bed. \u00b7 when needles begin dropping off your live tree, get rid of it. many communities have recycling programs for the disposal of trees. \u00b7 your neighbors will thank you by taking down your outside lights and storing them for the next year. decorations left outside can become hazards. the division of fire prevention is an agency of the department of housing, buildings and construction within the public protection cabinet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40659126648530397, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47b94149-a040-4339-8805-fc511e55ed91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.450162"}
{"text": "edvard munch ( ipa : [ mu\u014bk ] ) ( december 12, 1863 \u2013 january 23, 1944 ) was a norwegian symbolist painter, printmaker, and graphic artist, who was also an important forerunner in the school of art known as expressionism. the scream ( 1893 ; originally called despair ) is perhaps his most famous work and was stolen twice ; it is one of the most recognizable and iconic images in modern art. the scream was one of several pieces in a series titled the frieze of life, in which munch explored the themes of life, love, fear, death, and melancholy. munch ' s art vividly and often disturbingly reflects the angst and dread that modern humans feels when the soul is in conflict with the natural surroundings and the divine during humanity ' s journal through the twentieth century ; a century rife with world war, conflict, and the stress of modern day industrialism. munch ' s dark portrayals of humanity ' s inner turmoil were often met with controversy ; however, munch is currently regarded as one of scandinavia ' s most influential artists. munch was born in adalsbruk, norway, and grew up in kristiania ( now oslo ). he was related to painter jacob munch ( 1776 - 1839 ) and the historian peter andreas munch ( 1810 \u2013 1863 ). he lost his mother, laura cathrine ( bj\u00f8lstad ) munch, to tuberculosis in 1868, and his older and favorite sister, sophie ( johanne sophie ), to the same disease in 1877, at the age of fifteen. ultimately his father, christian munch, died young as well, in 1889. munch also had a brother, ( peter ) andreas ( 1865 ) and two younger sisters, laura cathrine ( 1867 ) and inger marie ( 1868 ). after their mother ' s death, the munch siblings were raised by their father, who instilled in his children a deep - rooted fear of god by repeatedly telling them that if they sinned in any way, they would be doomed to hell without the chance of forgiveness. one of munch ' s younger sisters was diagnosed with mental illness at an early age. munch himself was often sickly as a child, causing him to later reflect, \" sickness, insanity and death were the angels that surrounded my cradle and they have followed me throughout my life. \" studies and influences munch ' s father discouraged him from studying art so, in 1879, he enrolled in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43660769902269103, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63dd4cb7-ab41-4c9f-94e4-1c1d349ded50>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.466683"}
{"text": "him to later reflect, \" sickness, insanity and death were the angels that surrounded my cradle and they have followed me throughout my life. \" studies and influences munch ' s father discouraged him from studying art so, in 1879, he enrolled in a technical college to study engineering. he eventually left school to study painting. his pursuit of painting led him to form a camaraderie with a circle of bohemian artists strongly influenced by the anarchist writer hans jaeger. subsequently, munch enrolled at the royal school of art and design of kristiania and studied under the naturalistic painter christian krohg. while stylistically influenced by the post - impressionists, munch ' s subject matter is symbolist in content and depicts a state of mind rather than an external reality. interested in portraying not just a random slice of reality, but situations teeming with emotional substance and expressive energy, munch carefully calculated his compositions to create an intense atmosphere. he once said of his art, \" my art is rooted in a single reflection. why am i not as others are? why was there a curse on my cradle? why did i come into the world without any choice? \" he further noted, \" my art gives meaning to my life. \" although technically he built on earlier artists, such as van gogh and gauguin, his work also marked a radical departure from starry skies and sunflowers. it was the psychological content of his paintings that was to set him apart from other artists of his time. munch ' s artwork evolved as an internally expressive medium throughout his life. in the 1880s, munch ' s style was both naturalistic, as seen in portrait of hans j\u00e6ger, and impressionistic, as in rue lafayette. in 1892, munch formulated his characteristic and original blending of styles, known as synthetism, which emphasizes two - dimensional flat patterns. this style can be seen in his work, the scream, painted in 1893, which demonstrates the heavy use of color as a bold symbolic element. during the 1890s, munch painted a shallow pictorial space, as a minimal backdrop for his frontal figures. his subjects ' poses were arranged to produce reflections of their state of mind and psychological feelings. in the picture, ashes, the figures impart a looming, stationary quality. munch ' s figures almost appear to play roles on a stage. in death in the sick - room, the people represent various emotions ; each character embodying a single psychological state. as in the scream, munch ' s men", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4897545226306842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63dd4cb7-ab41-4c9f-94e4-1c1d349ded50>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.467732"}
{"text": "quality. munch ' s figures almost appear to play roles on a stage. in death in the sick - room, the people represent various emotions ; each character embodying a single psychological state. as in the scream, munch ' s men and women appear more symbolic than realistic. in 1892, the union of berlin artists invited munch to participate in an exhibition at the prussian capital. his more than 50 oil paintings evoked bitter controversy. described as immoral and anarchic, the exhibition closed after one week. however, controversy brought munch new opportunity as well. in germany, munch became involved with an international circle of writers, artists, and critics. in protest against the closure, max liebermann, ludwig von hofmann, curt herrmann, and their friends formed gruppe xi in 1892. six years later, this gave way to the founding of the berlin secession and while in austria, gustav klimt started the vienna secession. during this period, he was strongly influenced by the swedish playwright august strindberg whose dramatic plays were kindred in spirit to munch ' s art. another one of his supporters while in berlin was walter rathenau, later the german foreign minister, whose support contributed greatly to his success. while in berlin, munch experimented with a variety of new media ( photography, lithography, and woodcuts ), in many instances re - working his older paintings. munch often painted several versions of his pictures, and had prints made of them, in an attempt to make his work accessible to a larger public. in 1908, after the breakup of a disastrous love affair, munch reportedly suffered a nervous breakdown and, returning to scandinavia, entered a clinic in copenhagen. the therapy munch received while there seemed to bring about a change in his creative orientation and works after this period are resultantly less pessimistic. re - settled in his native country, he sought inspiration in the norwegian landscape and from the simple pleasures and mundane work of farmers and laborers. ( of his new found peace, he would later say that he simply abandoned his twin vices of women and alcohol. ) frieze of life \u2014 a poem about life, love and death at the 1892 berlin exhibition, munch displayed, among other pieces, six paintings entitled study for a series : love. these, paintings were to become a part of a series he would title the frieze of life \u2014 a poem about life, love and death. from its inception, munch worked intermittently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5136398100398147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63dd4cb7-ab41-4c9f-94e4-1c1d349ded50>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.468788"}
{"text": ", six paintings entitled study for a series : love. these, paintings were to become a part of a series he would title the frieze of life \u2014 a poem about life, love and death. from its inception, munch worked intermittently on the frieze for a period of thirty years. although completed in 1893, it was not displayed as an entire unit until 1902, when it was shown at the berlin secessionist exhibition. the themes in frieze of life portray the psychological forces that influence man in the cycle of life from birth to death. motifs such as those shown in the storm and moonlight are steeped in melancholy. other themes illuminate the dark and foreboding side of love, such as rose and amelie and vampire \u2014 another controversial painting. the frieze of life themes recur throughout munch ' s work, as in the paintings the sick child, a memorial to his deceased sister, sophie ( 1886 ). he explored this theme repeatedly by painting several versions of it, and once said that this picture, although derided by critics, heralded a \" breakthrough \" for him. he also said of it, \" most of my later work had its origin in this picture. \" characteristically, munch was undeterred by criticism of his art. in death in the sickroom ( 1893 ), the subject is, once again, the death of his sister sophie. the dramatic focus of the painting portrays his entire family as a series of separate and disconnected figures of sorrow. in 1894, he enlarged the range of this motif by adding anxiety, madonna, and women in three stages. around the turn of the century, munch worked to finish the frieze. he painted a number of pictures, several of them in larger format and to some extent highlighting the art nouveau aesthetics of the time. he made a wooden frame with carved reliefs for the large painting metabolism ( 1898 ), initially called adam and eve. this work reveals munch ' s preoccupation with the \" fall of man \" story and his pessimistic philosophy of love. motifs such as the empty cross and golgotha ( both c. 1900 ) reflect a metaphysical orientation, and also echo munch ' s pious but severe christian upbringing. munch was also an avid reader of fyodor dostoevsky ( 1821 - 1881 ), the russian novelist, whose works dramatized religious, moral, political, and psychological issues. in the 1930s and 1940s, the national socialists \u2014 under german chancellor adolf hitler", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4993452006568148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63dd4cb7-ab41-4c9f-94e4-1c1d349ded50>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.471195"}
{"text": "also an avid reader of fyodor dostoevsky ( 1821 - 1881 ), the russian novelist, whose works dramatized religious, moral, political, and psychological issues. in the 1930s and 1940s, the national socialists \u2014 under german chancellor adolf hitler \u2014 branded munch ' s paintings as \" degenerate art, \" and removed his work from german museums. his paintings were taken to berlin to be auctioned. harald holst halvorsen, the norwegian art dealer, acquired several of them, including the 1907 version of the sick child, with the goal of returning them to oslo. in 1939, it was purchased by thomas olsen and donated to the tate gallery collection in london. munch built a studio at his home in sk\u00f8yen, oslo, where he spent the last decades of his life. on his 70th birthday he was bestowed with the grand cross of st. olav from the government of norway. later, norway would be occupied by nazi germany during world war ii, and munch, consequently, lived out his final years under foreign rule. he died at his home on january 23, 1944, a month after his 80th birthday. he willed 1, 000 paintings, 15, 400 prints, 4, 500 drawings and watercolors, and six sculptures to the city of oslo, which built the munch museum at t\u00f8yen. the museum houses the broadest collection of his works. in october 2006, the woodcut two people. the lonely ( to mennesker. de ensomme ) set a new record for his engravings when it was sold at an auction in oslo for 8. 1 million nok ( 1. 27 million usd ). it also set a new record for the highest price payed in auction in norway. one version of the scream, valued at about $ 55 million, was stolen in 1994, another in 2004. both have since been recovered, but one version sustained damage during the theft that is too extensive to repair completely. the internet search engine company google celebrated his birthday in 2006 by changing the logo on the main page to a tribute to his well - known painting, the scream. munch appears on the norwegian 1, 000 kroner note, along with pictures inspired by his artwork. - prideaux, sue, behind the scream. yale university press ( 2006 ) winner of the james tait black memorial prize for biography, 2006. isbn 0300110243 - heller, reinhold. munch. murray ( 1984 ). isbn 0719541166", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40220959051363614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63dd4cb7-ab41-4c9f-94e4-1c1d349ded50>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.472874"}
{"text": "the scream. yale university press ( 2006 ) winner of the james tait black memorial prize for biography, 2006. isbn 0300110243 - heller, reinhold. munch. murray ( 1984 ). isbn 0719541166 - holland, j. gill. the private journals of edvard munch : we are flames which pour out of the earth university of wisconsin press ( 2005 ). isbn 0299198146 - dolnick, edward. the rescue artist : a true story of art, thieves, and the hunt for a missing masterpiece harpercollins ( 2005 ) ( recounts the 1994 theft of the scream from norway ' s national gallery in oslo, and its eventual recovery ). isbn 0060531177 list of major works - 1892 : evening on karl johan - 1893 : the scream - 1894 : ashes - 1894 - 95 madonna - 1895 : puberty - 1895 : self - portrait with burning cigarette - 1895 : death in the sickroom - 1899 - 1900 : the dance of life - 1899 - 1900 : the dead mother - 1940 - 42 : self portrait : between clock and bed - \u2191 \" edvard munch, \" in encyclopedia of world biography ( gale research, 1998 ). - \u2191 michael gibson, symbolism ( taschen america, 1997 ). - \u2191 ibid. - \u2191 h. b. chipp, theories of modern art : a source book by artists and critics ( university of california press ). isbn 0 - 520 - 05256 - 0 - \" edvard munch. \" in authors and artists for young adults. gale group, 1999. - \" edvard munch. \" in encyclopedia of world biography. gale research, 1998. - \" edvard munch. \" in international dictionary of art and artists. st. james press, 1990. reproduced in biography resource center. farmington hills, mich. : thomson gale, 2007. - fineman, mia. \" existential superstar. \" slate ( magazine ). - gibson, michael. symbolism. taschen america, 1997. - prelinger, elizabeth and michael parke - taylor. the symbolist prints of edvard munch. new haven : yale university press, 1996. isbn 0300069529 - nytt fra norge. 1996. http : / / www. odin. dep. no / odin / engelsk / norway / history / 032005 - 990477 / index - dok000 - b - n - a.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4287331453265322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63dd4cb7-ab41-4c9f-94e4-1c1d349ded50>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.473713"}
{"text": "norge. 1996. http : / / www. odin. dep. no / odin / engelsk / norway / history / 032005 - 990477 / index - dok000 - b - n - a. html biography from the norwegian ministry of foreign affairs by frank h\u00f8if\u00f8dt. retrieved february 23, 2007. - galleri munch ltd. 2004. http : / / www. gallerimunch. no gallery munch - l\u00f8ten. retrieved february 23, 2007. - the munch museum. 1999 - 2007. http : / / www. munch. museum. no /? id = & mid = & lang = en retrieved february 23, 2007. - malyon, john. 2007. http : / / www. artcyclopedia. com / artists / munch _ edvard. html munch at artcyclopedia. retrieved february 23, 2007. - interpol, 2002. http : / / www. interpol. int / public / news / woa20040823. asp interpol ' s works of art unit assists norwegian police in tracking stolen paintings. retrieved february 23, 2007. - pubmed. gov. rothenberg a. http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / entrez / query. fcgi? cmd = retrieve & db = pubmed & list _ uids = 11433879 & dopt = citation bipolar illness, creativity, and treatment. psychiatr q. 2001 summer ; 72 ( 2 ) : 131 - 47. retrieved february 23, 2007. - klepp, lawrence. 2006. http : / / www. encyclopedia. com / doc / 1g1 - 145189974. html artist of anxiety ; why edvard munch speaks to us moderns. ( edvard munch : behind the scream ) ( book review ). the weekly standard. retrieved february 23, 2007. - harris, greg. 2005. http : / / static. royalacademy. org. uk / files / munch - student - guide - 7. pdf an introduction to the royal academy of arts exhibition. by himself. retrieved february 23, 2007. - jaster, roman. 2005. http : / / www. edvard - munch. com / index1. htm edvard munch : the dance of life. retrieved february 24, 2007. new world encyclopedia writers and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45384778114131213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63dd4cb7-ab41-4c9f-94e4-1c1d349ded50>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.474510"}
{"text": "1 fuel in - feed system the metering bin provides short - term fuel storage and ensures a constant supply of fuel to the gasifier. fuel is conveyed by a horizontal auger from the metering bin to a vertical auger that pushes fuel into the base of the fuel pile inside the gasifier. within the gasifier, the fuel moves through progressive stages of drying, pyrolysis, gasification and reduction to ash. combustion air ( 20 - 30 % of stoichiometric ), steam and / or oxygen are introduced through the inner and outer cone into the base of the fuel pile. partial oxidation, pyrolysis and gasification occur at 1500 \u2014 1800 \u00b0f ( 815 \u2013 980 \u00b0c ), and the fuel is converted into \u201c syngas \u201d and non - combustible ash. combustion temperatures in the fuel pile are tightly controlled and kept below the ash melting temperatures to ensure that there is no formation of \u201c clinker \u201d and that the ash flows freely. 3 automatic ash removal system as the fuel is processed in the system it is reduced to non - combustible ash. the ash migrates to the grate at the base of the gasifier where it is removed intermittently through a set of openings. when hydraulically activated, the rotating grate opens and the ash drops into two ash hoppers. each ash hopper has two parallel augers to convey the ash to a collection conveyor and an enclosed ash bin. syngas exits the gasifier at 500 \u2014 700 \u00b0f ( 260 \u2013 370 \u00b0c ). the syngas can be combusted in a close - coupled oxidizer with the resulting flue gas directed to heat recovery equipment ( e. g., boilers, thermal oil heaters, air - to - air heat exchangers ), fired directly in industrial boilers or kilns, or cleaned for use in the firing of internal combustion engines or the production of higher value gases and chemicals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4953676619617343, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1cf34c5-5ed7-479f-a581-11443ae5900c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.476407"}
{"text": "listening to the sea the meriam know the sea as a living being with character, moods, will - power, feelings and a voice. by listening and observing, they learn the sounds and signs that say, \" sail out now \", or, \" don ' t go today ; it looks like trouble out there \". most importantly, they take their cue from the distant murmur of the sea on the great barrier reef, six kilometres away.... we call it watai... land bilong islanders, las, watai, wind the roar of the sea image and text canoes, childhood, las, mabo, edward koiki, sea adapted to their continent australia, first fleet, indigenous people, land use a meriam calendar, ancient & modern fishing, food gathering, gardening, mer, meriam culture, murray island federal government, australia, fishing, meriam culture, sea rights farming the sea fishing, great barrier reef, meriam culture, sea rights in meriam waters fishing, great barrier reef, meriam culture, sea rights, seafarers, torres strait something deep within us fishing, great barrier reef, sacred, sea rights, seafarers the roar of las audio and image las, meriam history, sea cambridge anthropological expedition, haddon, a. c., las, mer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4446959764749172, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d291585-bb78-482e-92f8-376499768a7f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.477649"}
{"text": "paul robeson and 20th century u. s. history born in princeton nj in 1898, paul robeson was the son of a former slave who graduated from rutgers college and later rose to world - wide prominence as an actor, athlete, singer, civil and human rights advocate and political activist. during his lifetime, paul robeson both witnessed and participated in some of the most significant political and social movements of the twentieth century, including the struggle by african - americans for civil rights and social equality, the international struggle to end colonialism, the anti - fascist struggle both before and during world war ii, efforts by labor movements around the globe to end exploitation and improve working conditions and compensation, and the struggle between opposing ideologies during the cold war. the relationship between robeson \u2019 s artistic expression and his political principles became a source of intense conflict during the post world war ii period, when in 1950 the u. s. government revoked his passport and effectively \u201c blacklisted \u201d robeson as it sought to silence his criticisms of u. s. domestic and foreign policies. robeson \u2019 s health, his artistic career and his annual income were severely impacted by the u. s. government \u2019 s actions, and he was only able to resume his international concert career in the late 1950s, after the u. s. supreme court declared the revocation of his passport unconstitutional. this curriculum module invites teachers and students to explore many dimensions of robeson \u2019 s life and career, a personal saga that has few peers in illuminating some of the most significant themes in the history of the twentieth century. wright, giles r. \" paul robeson. \" in maxine n. lurie and marc mappen, editors, the encyclopedia of new jersey. new brunswick : rutgers university press, 2004.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4227983608810122, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a663c81-6e41-410c-a138-b738bc548e17>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.479476"}
{"text": "isn ' t rotting food beautiful? nobody likes to see good food go bad. but klaus pichler ' s photography series one third, which portrays food in advanced stages of decay, is a feast for the eyes \u2014 even if it turns the stomach. the project was inspired by the fact that much of the world ' s food goes to waste \u2014 one - third, according to a 2011 united nations estimate. the u. s. and europe waste about 10 times as much food per person as sub - saharan africa or southeast asia, that report found. in the developing world, storage problems are the main culprit. but in developed countries, consumers throw out lots of food that is still perfectly edible. pichler says the rampant waste is a symptom of a culture that commodifies and devalues food. \" there are lots of spontaneous decisions in the supermarket, \" pichler tells the salt. he says people often don ' t stop to think about whether they ' re buying too much, or whether they could reuse leftovers instead of throwing them away. to highlight the overlooked value in everyday foods, pichler approached his project as if it was an advertising photo shoot for a high - end brand. he started with common items from the supermarket, like cheese, strawberries and cauliflower. after letting each food fester for a few weeks, he arranged it in his studio for a luxurious portrait. pichler admits to using standard advertising photography tricks, like invisible string and tape, in about half of the shots, and a few \u2014 like a carton of curdled milk, spilling onto black fabric \u2014 are composites of multiple images. but the spoilage, he says, is au naturel, produced by whatever spores and bacteria each item normally carries. black backgrounds and dramatic lighting bring out vivid colors of decay : moldy blues, fungal greens and putrid yellows. the contrast between rot and luxury is certainly striking. but we wondered : can the harsh global consequences of food waste, which include economic exploitation, malnourishment and starvation, really be addressed through gorgeous art photography? \" if you look at [ the photos ], you get provoked, \" pichler says. \" then you begin to think about your own consumer behavior. \" to drive the point home, each photo is accompanied by information on where, when and how the food was produced, the distance it traveled, and its carbon and water footprints. for added realism, pichler conducted the entire project, from purchase to putrefa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43605442125335503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ebce4d6-ca93-4414-867f-1637e7a03b35>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.483442"}
{"text": "the point home, each photo is accompanied by information on where, when and how the food was produced, the distance it traveled, and its carbon and water footprints. for added realism, pichler conducted the entire project, from purchase to putrefaction to photograph, in his home in vienna. and it wasn ' t always pretty. the worst was when he had raw chicken and octopus decomposing at the same time. \" these two smells united, and it was horrible, \" he says. but he felt it was important that he \" coexist with the rotting food \" to develop a greater appreciation for the food ' s value, and tie the project back to a household. \" if you go through the whole series, i think you ' ll see more than one picture that you ' ve experienced in your home, \" he says. pichler is working on partnerships with nonprofits to incorporate one third into activism campaigns. \" at the moment i feel like i ' m pointing my finger at this problem, but i ' m not doing anything about it, \" he explains. there are also plans for an exhibition at vienna ' s anzenberger gallery early next year. in the meantime, you can see the full set of photos at pichler ' s website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48334845500908186, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3ebce4d6-ca93-4414-867f-1637e7a03b35>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.483969"}
{"text": "the stink bug population is six times larger this year than last. the stink bug population is six times larger this year than last. matt rourke / ap if you live along the east coast, there ' s a pretty good chance that stink bugs may be lurking in your attic or even behind your curtains. the invasive insects from asia, which exude a rubber - like stench when you crush them, are a nuisance for you, but a serious pest for farmers. crop producers received a reprieve from the bugs in 2012, but the insects may be coming back and with a greater spread of attack. bob black says he was not in a good place in 2010. \" this thing is really gonna put a big chapter in my book of life, \" he said. \" i ' ve never had anything affect me like this. \" black runs catoctin mountain orchards in thurmont, md., and like other farmers across the region, he was being assaulted by brown marmorated stink bugs. they disfigure all kinds of crops, ranging from corn to peaches. one year they hit black ' s apples. \" one of my late varieties, pink lady \u2014 which a lot of people like \u2014 that ' s the latest apple, \" he says. \" we had 50 percent damage on that. \" that was more than a year ago. in 2012, things improved a little. \" unfortunately they ' re still around here, \" black says. \" we do have some damage again, but nothing like... 2010. \" he says he never wants to go through that again. stink bug attacks can be impossible to predict. they can come out of nowhere because they can live just about anywhere \u2014 a wheat field or a patch of woods. overall, last year wasn ' t so bad. there are two reasons for that : one, an early spring season gave crops a head start against the bugs ; and two, a plethora of bugs died in 2011. \" for some reason that we don ' t fully understand, there was high nymphal mortality in the fall of 2011, so that translated into fewer adult bugs in spring 2012, \" chris bergh, an entomologist at virginia tech, explains. that gives farmers little comfort though because experts are unsure why they all died. tracy leskey, an entomologist with the u. s. agricultural research service, says the insect populations have recovered and in larger numbers \u2014 six times more than in the previous year. for now, they ' re hiber", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3675184002580721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d10d529-11a1-4d77-ba25-b2487df79da1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.489145"}
{"text": "the great gardens of the world - the tivolis, bellingraths and sissinghursts - have flourished in latitudes blessed with a genial sun. yet a mere 6 degrees below the arctic circle, where the thin winter sun visits for 6 hours out of 24, is the small and tidy plot of karl von linne, known to the botanical world as carolus linnaeus. in 1741, at the age of 34, linnaeus was appointed professor of medicine and botany at the university of uppsala in sweden. in this capacity he took over the university botanical garden, with an accompanying house where he could collect his specimens and, with his wife, raise their five children. linnaeus proceeded to transform this two - and - a - half - acre patch of cool swedish soil into a major scientific resource, a genetic living library. in his lifetime, linnaeus ' garden became a pilgrimage site for the scholarly and the titled. the garden, which still flourishes in the form he gave it 200 years ago, and his house are open to visitors. while the garden remains a place of study for professional and amateur botanists, the charm of the place, with its orangery and ancient shade trees, also delights the casual visitor. the baroque layout of the garden, all rectangles and semicircles, pleases the eye and has the added benefit of orderliness, so necessary to the science of classification, or taxonomy. if linnaeus could enter his garden today, he would do so with familiarity and delight, ready to lecture to students or plant a new flower. the scientific community honors linnaeus for his system of sexual plant classification and for his structure of dual nomenclature for natural science. since linnaeus, we refer to the world ' s flora and fauna with two ( sometimes three ) latin names, and recognize ourselves within that order as homo sapiens. linnaeus is a man honored in his own country. his avuncular face beams from every 100 - krona note, and beyond his professional achievements he is adored as a true native son. linneaus, who was born in 1707, loved nature and had a passion to categorize and name everything in it. his dream of order was a joyous one, acknowledging nature ' s fecundity in anthropomorphic terms that were shocking to his peers. in his great taxonomy of plants, ' ' systema naturae, ' ' linnaeus spoke frankly and poetically of the stamen and pistil structures of flowers as ' ' brides and their bridegrooms '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5157630451083338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c80ce526-dd24-4165-b160-4c05c3baf48f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.492334"}
{"text": "to his peers. in his great taxonomy of plants, ' ' systema naturae, ' ' linnaeus spoke frankly and poetically of the stamen and pistil structures of flowers as ' ' brides and their bridegrooms ' ' who relish their ' ' meeting in the wedding chamber. ' ' of plants whose reproductive organs are visible in the flower, linnaeus wrote, ' ' the nuptuals are celebrated openly before the whole world. ' ' entering linnaeus ' garden today, with the 18th - century orangery as a backdrop, the visitor finds a space suggesting a stage set for mozart ' s ' ' marriage of figaro ' ' - the place where the principals hide and meet in their final assignations, betrayals and resolutions. when linnaeus first moved into the house in the southeast corner of the garden, he complained that residence and garden alike resembled a messy owl ' s nest. through neglect, his predecessors had allowed the number of species in the garden to dwindle from 1, 870 to 300. with characteristic energy and organization, linnaeus set about creating the garden we see today. he plied the university for funds to build the orangery, so necessary to growing tender southern plants, which now frames the north end of the garden. today, the orangery contains a little cafe and art gallery and is used in the summer for literary readings and concerts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45505795645774144, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c80ce526-dd24-4165-b160-4c05c3baf48f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.493736"}
{"text": "as the month of september comes to an end, we await the arrival of many of the fall and winter bird species. according to records maintained by the former chautauqua bird hotline, this is an appropriate time to be on the lookout for several early unusual winter arrivals such as crossbills, siskins, redpolls, and finches. starting with the crossbills, the two species that have been recorded here in chautauqua county are the red crossbill and the white - winged crossbill. these two visitors from the north start making their appearance around late october or early november, and depart back to their breeding grounds about late april and may of the following year. the red crossbill normally breeds from alaska south to some of the higher elevations of canada and the united states. this bird has irregularly been observed in our county from late fall to mid may, preferring conifer trees with cones still attached. include with this article are several photos taken by bob peterson of fredonia of both these species. i thank bob for his contribution. this member of the finch family has not been recorded as a breeder in our area, however i suspect that future breeding studies by county organizations may be surprised. that is strictly my prediction, and not yet confirmed by other local residents. as usual, i will stand to be corrected. two species also observed at this time of the year are the pine siskin and the common redpoll. starting with the pine siskin, this bird appears in our area about the end of september and usually departs back north by the end of june of the following year. the common redpoll arrives in our county around the end of september, and departs for its breeding grounds around late june of the following year. the redpoll breeds from northern alaska to james bay in newfoundland. while considered an irruptive species, the earliest local arrival date for this species occurred in western new york is around october 5 of 1977 when single birds were observed throughout our region. the common redpoll is usually observed in our county near the end of may and departs for breeding grounds by late october. the arrival of these birds is said to be governed by the presence of an abundance of conifer cones. another rare arrival to our area is the pine grosbeak. this larger member of this family primarily breeds in north america from alaska to southern ontario, and is a very rare visitor to our county. hotline records have indicated that it has been observed over the years from late november to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4515865252443505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc0f0844-fb44-43ed-9548-5e68fd942306>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.496885"}
{"text": "since the beginning of the industrial revolution, our society has come to consume more and more fossil fuels. we started with coal, and then came oil, natural gas and others. the growth in demand for these fossil fuels at the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century became exponential. in the first decade of this century, we are consuming those materials more than ever! it \u2019 s easy to see the enormous benefits that the use of these fuels has brought to all humankind. due to the growth of the world population, we could not have reached the standards of comfort and life expectancy we have today without the energy generated with the use of fossil fuels. however, throughout the 1960s, man started to realize that the planet was signaling that something was not right. some regions began to experience shorter periods of heavier rainfall while others were suffering severe droughts or freezing winters and an ongoing sequence of climatic anomalies. then scientists discovered an almost direct link between the emission of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) into the atmosphere through the use of fossil fuels for various purposes, and global warming. since then, the world has been seeking ways to reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. based on these concerns and heeding those of its clients, braskem is now engaging more decisively in the pursuit of solutions to this global problem. since brazil is a tropical country with vast areas of arable land and a sugarcane and ethanol production technology known to be the most competitive in the world, this set of factors has inspired braskem teams to study solutions for the production of plastics that could help solve the problem of global warming and result in a more sustainable chemical industry. since the green ethylene unit in triunfo, rio grande do sul, began operations in september, using ethanol as a raw material, braskem has become the world \u2019 s largest producer of sustainable plastic. it makes a variety of polyethylene with all the physical and chemical properties of the conventional kind, but because it is produced from sugarcane, it can fix up to 2. 5 kg co2 per kilo of product. clients have enthusiastically welcomed this news, and sent in orders for most of the plant \u2019 s production far in advance, indicating the high demand for eco - friendly products. the technology developed so far is enabling us to produce more ethylene derivatives using renewable raw materials. but we do not want to stop there. we want to offer the best alternatives for sustainable chemicals. manoel carnauba is the braskem vice president for the basic petro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47304148889386977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc2a9413-b0eb-4248-b89a-5d727ce85918>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.499402"}
{"text": "\u2022 increase yields 10 % - 30 % \u2022 increase water absorption in soil \u2022 increase bio - availability of water and nutrients to plants \u2022 increase oxygen concentration \u2022 improve soil ph \u2022 increase flow \u2022 increase weight and size of product \u2022 increase shelf life of produce \u2022 increase seed germination \u2022 reduce water use up to 30 % \u2022 remove salinity in soil within first year \u2022 prevent and remove scaling \u2022 reduce total dissolved solids ( tds ) \u2022 reduce fertilizer and pesticide needs \u2022 reduce disease in livestock and animal breeding \u2022 reduce disease in aquaculture industry \u2022 reduce electrical bills \u2022 reduce energy and wear on pumps that move the water listen to radio interview discussing omni ' s benefits for farmers. interviewed at the kansas 3i show, may 2011 why you get the benefits the magnetic field created by the h2o energizer, when applied to normal water, restructures the water molecules into very small water molecule clusters, each made up of six symmetrically organized molecules. this hexagonal cluster is recognized by the cell as \" bio - friendly \" due to its hexagonal structure and inability to transport toxins, and easily enters the passageways in plant and animal cell membranes. the result provides maximum, healthy hydration with less water. magnetic field further breaks down minerals into smaller particles making them more bio - available to the plant cells. the bottom line results are dramatic : maximum hydration of healthy water with greater uptake of minerals results in greater yields, larger and better end product, earlier maturation, longer shelf life, and healthier plants. it allows a reduction of amount of water needed, fertilzer and pesticides. since the magnetic structuring breaks all minerals into smaller particles, salt in the soil is broken down by the structured water, causing it to sink deep into the soil, away from plant roots, and wash away. the desalinization happens quickly over a season, creating much healthier plants, greater yields, and better final product. since the hexagonal water molecule cluster won ' t allow the bonding of minerals to it, magnetically structured water removes scaling from pipes and won ' t allow new scaling to take effect. the omni enviro h2o energizer is a simple flange containing powerful, specific magnetic inductions that restructure the water and minerals passing through them into a more fulfilling and productive bio - available form.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5176915913993644, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4368edc-cb55-4e68-bde4-74314ab53e01>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.501768"}
{"text": "taste the difference science proves what celebrity chef has known for years chefs like akasha richmond, who creates a - list menus for celebrities like billy bob thornton, pierce brosnan and barbra streisand, have known instinctively for years that organic produce can add flavor to their menus. now a new organic center state of science review reveals why organic fruits and vegetables often taste better. organic fruits and vegetables tend to score higher in taste because they are sweeter than conventionally grown foods. why? because organic produce is smaller in size and higher in nutrient density. conventional farming methods are designed to produce bigger fruits and vegetables, but increasing cell size generally adds more water, diluting the concentrations of both vitamins and natural flavors. organic apples, strawberries and tomatoes showed some of the most significant differences in taste, according to the report. click here to download the complete report. toast to good health study shows organic wine can help reduce risk of heart disease & cancer evidence has suggested that because of antioxidant levels in red wine, moderate consumption can decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. given that organic farming systems produce grapes with properties that vintners prize \\ 0x97smaller size, slower growth, deeper color \\ 0x97both scientists and growers have wondered whether organic production might reliably produce prize - winning wines. a recent study examined levels of polyphenolic compounds and resveratrol ( antioxidants known to reduce cardiovascular and cancer risks ) in 15 organic and conventional red wines. this study found that among the varieties of red wine tested, organic wines had the greatest concentrations of health - promoting antioxidants \\ 0x97as well as the key antioxidant resveratrol. an organic wine also was found to have the highest level of total polyphenols. click here to learn more. organic farming improves soil quality long - term research has documented the extent to which organic farming improves key indicators of soil quality, including soil organic carbon content and particulate organic matter. click here to learn more. organic center dinner is huge success individuals and business support more research to fund the science behind organic this year ' s organic center vip fundraising dinner, march 9 during natural products expo west, was the largest gathering yet, with more than 400 guests in attendance. featured speakers included center board members including former organic trade association executive director, katherine dimatteo, organic advocate and entrepreneur, anthony zolezzi and co - president / coo, whole foods, walter robb.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4545499842044107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73c01c53-f075-481b-af35-943c490d4576>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.513399"}
{"text": "with more than 400 guests in attendance. featured speakers included center board members including former organic trade association executive director, katherine dimatteo, organic advocate and entrepreneur, anthony zolezzi and co - president / coo, whole foods, walter robb. sara snow from discovery health ' s \" get fresh with sara snow \" was a featured guest speaker. the event began with a reception featuring organic wine and organic martinis. dinner featured an incredible gourmet organic meal by celebrity chef akasha richmond. click here to experience the energy of the evening. click here to view sara snow \\ 0x92s recap of 2006 organic center highlights. click here to view our vip dinner photo gallery. new core truths book selling fast a compilation of research from the organic center more than 1, 000 copies of core truths, the center \\ 0x92s groundbreaking compilation of the most current research on organic agriculture has flown out the door since it was released just two weeks ago. this highly readable and graphically stunning 108 - page coffee table book documents the verifiable health and environmental benefits of organic products. this collector \\ 0x92s edition was a limited print run of just 2, 500 \\ 0x97be sure to order yours now while they last. includes fascinating research about why : click here for a preview of the book. click here to order. have you taken the pledge? join mission organic 2010 now. then tell 10 friends! even though the market for organic products has experienced tremendous growth in the last decade, only three percent of the food now purchased in the u. s. is organic. but you can change that. join mission organic and pledge to buy at least one organic item for every ten purchased. with support from you and others, the amount of organic food consumed will skyrocket to 10 % by 2010. as sales of organic products increase, more and more farmland will be converted to organic agriculture. and more households will be introduced to organic alternatives. the day is approaching where organic food choices will no longer be the exception. they \\ 0x92ll be the norm. about the organic center... backed by the world \\ 0x92s leading scientists, physicians and scholars, the organic center is passionately committed to two goals. 1 ) research : providing free, peer - reviewed, credible science that proves the health and environmental benefits of organic agriculture. 2 ) education : reaching and activating millions through mission organic 2010a national campaign to increase the amount of organic food purchased from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4590084879274881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73c01c53-f075-481b-af35-943c490d4576>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.514354"}
{"text": "transient ischemic attack ( tia ) what is a transient ischemic attack ( tia )? some people call a transient ischemic attack ( tia ) a mini - stroke, because the symptoms are like those of a reference stroke opens new window but don ' t last long. a tia happens when reference blood flow to part of the brain is blocked or reduced opens new window reference opens new window, often by a blood clot. after a short time, blood flows again and the symptoms go away. with a stroke, the blood flow stays blocked, and the brain has permanent damage. a tia is a warning : it means you are likely to have a stroke in the future. if you think you are having a tia, call 911. early treatment can help prevent a stroke. if you think you have had a tia but your symptoms have gone away, you still need to call your doctor right away. what are the symptoms? symptoms of a tia are the same as symptoms of a stroke. but symptoms of a tia occur suddenly and don ' t last very long. most of the time, they go away in 10 to 20 minutes. they may include : - sudden numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in your face, arm, or leg, especially on only one side of your body. - sudden vision changes. - sudden trouble speaking. - sudden confusion or trouble understanding simple statements. - sudden problems with walking or balance. - a sudden, severe headache that is different from past headaches. what causes a transient ischemic attack? a blood clot is the most common cause of a tia. blood clots can be the result of hardening of the arteries ( atherosclerosis ), heart attack, or reference abnormal heart rhythms opens new window. brain cells are affected within seconds of the blockage. that causes symptoms in the parts of the body controlled by those cells. after the clot dissolves, blood flow returns, and the symptoms go away. sometimes a tia is caused by a sharp drop in blood pressure that reduces blood flow to the brain. this is called a \" low - flow \" tia. it is not as common as other types. what tests do you need after a tia? your doctor will do tests to look at your heart and blood vessels. you may need : - tests that show pictures of your brain and blood vessels, such as a ct scan, an mri, a reference magnetic resonance angiogram ( mra ) opens new window, or an reference angiogram opens new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4860672888009111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d75f965f-e84b-4327-9852-4ce1e166ea62>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.525426"}
{"text": "vessels. you may need : - tests that show pictures of your brain and blood vessels, such as a ct scan, an mri, a reference magnetic resonance angiogram ( mra ) opens new window, or an reference angiogram opens new window. - a test that uses sound to check your blood flow ( doppler ultrasound ). - an reference echocardiogram ( echo ) opens new window to check your heart ' s shape and its blood flow. - an reference electrocardiogram ( ekg, ecg ) opens new window to measure your heart rhythm. - blood tests, including a reference complete blood count opens new window and a reference fasting blood test opens new window to check for problems that could be causing your symptoms. your doctor will also check to see if something else is causing your symptoms. how is a tia treated? your doctor will start you on medicines to help prevent a stroke. you may need to take several medicines. if tests show that the blood vessels ( carotid arteries ) in your neck are too narrow, you may need surgery to open them up ( carotid endarterectomy ). this can help prevent blood clots that block blood flow to your brain. another type of surgery is carotid artery stenting. during this surgery, the doctor puts a small tube called a reference stent opens new window inside your carotid artery. this helps keep the artery open. carotid artery stenting is not as common as endarterectomy. how can you prevent another tia or stroke? after you have had a tia, you are at risk for having another tia or a stroke. but you can make some important lifestyle changes that can reduce your risk of stroke and improve your overall health. treat any health problems you have - manage high blood pressure or high cholesterol by working with your doctor. - manage diabetes. keep your blood sugar levels within a target range. - if your doctor recommends that you take aspirin or a blood thinner, take it. this can help prevent a stroke. - take your medicine exactly as prescribed. call your doctor if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. adopt a healthy lifestyle - don ' t smoke or allow others to smoke around you. - limit alcohol to 2 drinks a day for men and 1 drink a day for women. - stay at a healthy weight. being overweight makes it more likely that you will develop high blood pressure, heart problems, and diabetes. these conditions make a stroke more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4445737427040356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d75f965f-e84b-4327-9852-4ce1e166ea62>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.526358"}
{"text": "what is cradle cap? cradle cap is an oily, yellow scaling or crusting on a baby ' s scalp. it is common in babies and is easily treated. cradle cap is not a part of any illness and does not imply that a baby is not being well cared for. what causes cradle cap? cradle cap is the normal buildup of sticky skin oils, scales, and sloughed skin cells. how is it treated? cradle cap is not harmful to your baby. it usually goes away by a baby ' s first birthday. home treatment is usually all that is needed for cradle cap. - an hour before shampooing, rub your baby ' s scalp with baby oil, mineral oil, or petroleum jelly to help lift the crusts and loosen scales. - when ready to shampoo, first get the scalp wet, then gently scrub the scalp with a soft - bristle brush ( a soft toothbrush works well ) for a few minutes to remove the scales. you can also try gently removing the scales with a fine - tooth comb. - then wash the scalp with baby shampoo, rinse well, and gently towel dry. when should i call the doctor? if the above measures do not work, talk to your doctor before using a dandruff shampoo. if these products get in your baby ' s eyes, they can cause irritation. your doctor may prescribe other medicines. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference june 3, 2011 | | medical review : | | reference john pope, md - pediatrics reference thomas emmett francoeur, md, mdcm, cspq, frcpc - pediatrics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47189435619875, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f1116430-8f81-4afa-a513-fe6cd3493b9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.528210"}
{"text": "around 3100 bc, a unified kingdom was founded by king menes. since then, egypt had been ruled by a series of dynasties for about 3000 years until the last ruler cleopatra vii, who was committed suicide after the defeat in the battle against rome in 30 bc. rome took control of egypt and annexed it. after the emperor constantine i transferred its capital to byzantium ( constantinople ) on the bosphorus, egypt played an important role to support the byzantine empire with its abundant grain production. the islamic empire conquered egypt in 639 ad, and it ruled egypt until the ottoman turks conquered egypt in 1517. the french invasion of egypt led by napoleon bonaparte in 1798 and the expulsion of the french by ottoman in 1801 led egypt into chaos. in 1805, muhammad ali, the commander of albanian regiment, took the power and established a dynasty to rule egypt, modernizing its economy and military. but the rapid modernization led to the intervention of european powers and eventually the economic subordination to them. suez canal, built in partnership with france, was completed in 1869, but egypt owed an enormous debt to european banks, which allowed the british and the french to dominate egyptian government. crushing the anti - british movement known as orabi revolution in 1882, britain occupied egypt. britain placed egypt under the protectorate in 1914 when britain fought the war against ottoman empire, detaching egypt from ottoman empire. the nationalist movements against britain and for independence became much fiercer after the war, leading britain to declare egypt \u2019 s independence in 1923. in 1952, a military coup occurred against the background of the blistering discontent over the egyptian monarchy seen as corrupted and pro - british, which led to the establishment of egyptian republic in 1953. now, egypt has one of the most developed and diversified economies in the middle east, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and service. at five in the morning, a pilot boarded our ship. the ship started moving into the canal with the authorization from the suez canal authority, as the sun was rising on the right side of the ship. the suez canal has one shipping lane with passing areas in ballah - bypass and in the great bitter lake, where the ships in a convoy from the mediterranean sea wait for the passage of the ships in a convoy from the red sea. * dmc - zs10 / tz20 records images in max. 14 - megapixel and dmc - zs7 / tz10 in max. 12 - megapixel. the suez canal was very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40205568826778826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2caabaf6-3acc-498c-be75-7c4679e41f32>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.531713"}
{"text": "friday, june 17th, 2011 a study published in the archives of pediatric and adolescent medicine is reporting that the introduction of cow \u2019 s milk, hen \u2019 s egg, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, and gluten to children before the age of six months is not associated with increased incidence of eczema or wheezing in either infancy or later childhood. the study, researched in the netherlands, followed 7, 000 children from infancy to age 4 to see whether introducing allergenic foods correlated with heightened rates of eczema and wheezing. those and other allergenic diseases are common in childhood, but the study found no increase in their occurrence among children who were presented with milk, eggs, soy, or the other allergens before age 6 months. the findings held true even after factoring in parental history of eczema and wheezing. this goes against the medical conventional wisdom, which generally advises parents to delay solid foods until age 6 months to prevent food allergies and more general allergic conditions. the american academy of pediatrics, though, has recommendations more in line with the dutch study : many pediatricians recommend against giving eggs and fish in the first year of life because of allergic reactions, but there is no evidence that introducing these nutrient - dense foods after 4 to 6 months of age determines whether your baby will be allergic to them. give your baby one new food at a time, and wait at least 2 to 3 days before starting another. after each new food, watch for any allergic reactions such as diarrhea, rash, or vomiting. if any of these occur, stop using the new food and consult with your child \u2019 s doctor. what do you think about introducing solid foods to infants? did you delay, or do you plan to? ( image via : http : / / www. 123rf. com / )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4546450502386038, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43d961af-fe8b-433c-8631-4ea94bff029b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.533674"}
{"text": "this article reports a rapid method for rangeland assessments in kenya, ethiopia and uganda by harnessing pastoralists ' indigenous knowledge among the orma, afar and karamojong pastoralists. the study developed and evaluated a methodological framework for conducting joint assessments with pastoralist range scouts. the framework has four components : selection of ecological and anthropogenic indicators, indicator integration, evaluation of indicator outcomes and regional decision - making systems. the feedbacks between different components were used for information transfer. the framework was applied to the three case studies ( using participatory methods ). the scouts conducted rangeland assessments using ecological and anthropogenic indicators. soils, and then vegetation, and finally livestock production were used as the main indicators for understanding rangeland degradation. in addition, pastoralists used key - plant species to assess landscape - grazing suitability and soils to assess landscape - grazing potential. the latter is critical for evaluating potential stocking densities that each landscape could support during the wet or dry grazing seasons. for anthropogenic indicators herders used milk yield, body hair condition, weight gain and mating frequency to assess livestock production performances. pastoralist scouts assessed rangeland degradation and trends using historical knowledge of the landscapes. the findings confirmed comparable knowledge systems among the three pastoral communities. the methods can be applied across regions where pastoralism still dominates the rural economy. the system of indigenous rangeland assessments and monitoring could rapidly provide information needed by policy makers. harnessing pastoralists ' indigenous rangeland knowledge has implications for participatory research, for verifying and testing methods, as well as for sharing information in order to promote practical rangeland management. ' a camel is a better judge of soils than a herder ' ( an afar elder ). keywords : anthropogenic indicators ; ecological indicators ; indigenous knowledge ; landscape grazing potential ; rangeland management pastoral communities ' participation in decision making for environmental monitoring is regarded as one of the pillars of sound rangeland management. there are three assumptions involved. firstly, it is acknowledged that pastoralists have their own experiences and knowledge, which they have used for generations to manage the rangelands. secondly, it is assumed that their knowledge is measurable and comparable across communities. thirdly, it is assumed that their knowledge and its outcomes can make an important contribution to the development of local policies. nevertheless, rangeland researchers have generally not incorporated into their research how this knowledge is generated and may be applied. its usefulness in complementing existing scientific knowledge for the assessment and monitoring of rangelands is therefore little", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4791769356550738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.596061"}
{"text": "contribution to the development of local policies. nevertheless, rangeland researchers have generally not incorporated into their research how this knowledge is generated and may be applied. its usefulness in complementing existing scientific knowledge for the assessment and monitoring of rangelands is therefore little understood. indeed, there is limited information on the comparability of indigenous knowledge across pastoral communities in different regions of africa ( see also, oba et al. 2008a, b ; roba and oba 2008, 2009 ). the challenge is to develop standardized methods ( reed and dougill 2002 ) using appropriate frameworks for comparative regional studies. this article selects case studies in east africa and the horn of africa for a regional study on harnessing the indigenous rangeland management knowledge of herders for environmental monitoring. the regions have large pastoralist populations of different ethnicities and cultural groups, who manage camels, cattle and small ruminants. researchers and policy makers recognise that these regions are experiencing intensification of land use and conflicts, all of which influenced changes in indigenous rangeland management ( gufu oba forthcoming ). the case studies were concerned with three important questions. firstly, does the indigenous range management knowledge of pastoralists in east africa and the horn of africa ( as developed by multi - ethnic pastoral communities ) exhibit common themes in their use of range assessments and monitoring? secondly, can these indigenous knowledge systems be used for rapid assessments of the communal rangelands in which pastoralists and rangeland ecologists are partners? thirdly, can a methodological framework be developed for implemention across the region, and would this lead to a common outcome in terms of how pastoralists ' knowledge can be used in rangeland assessments and for making rational decisions? this article comprises six sections. the first section briefly describes herder indigenous knowledge. the second section describes indicator types, while the third section presents a framework for integrating indicator types for rangeland management decision - making. the fourth section introduces the case studies. the fifth section describes step - by - step methods for participatory field surveys for implementing the framework. in the sixth section and sub - sections, the results of the individual case studies are discussed. the indigenous knowledge and its uses the indigenous system of range management has complex features reflecting the interrelationships between human adaptation, environmental variability, systems of land use and local decision - making systems ( little 2003 ). indigenous rangeland management knowledge ( as used by herders ) is the product of environmental management over time ( fernandez - gimenez 2000 ; ford and martinez 2000 ; griffin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4987618091531491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.597213"}
{"text": ", systems of land use and local decision - making systems ( little 2003 ). indigenous rangeland management knowledge ( as used by herders ) is the product of environmental management over time ( fernandez - gimenez 2000 ; ford and martinez 2000 ; griffin 2002 ). environmental condition, livestock production and the social milieu influence herder knowledge ( boardman et al. 2003 ). the main reason for continuous functioning of indigenous knowledge is that herders put the knowledge to continuous use ( grice and hodgkinson 2002 ). in the words of a somali elder ' a rangeland cannot be a rangeland without pastoralists [ knowledge ] and a pastoralist cannot [ practice pastoralism ]... without rangeland ' ( bouh and mammo 2008, p. 115 ) the two are mutually interrelated. herders ' indigenous knowledge has potential for promoting local participation in the implementation of the global environmental conventions such as the un convention on combating desertification and convention on biological diversity ( oba et al. 2008a ). this would demand that range scientists become more familiar with indigenous knowledge ; its concepts and functions ( mapinduzi et al. 2003 ) and how the decision - making systems are used for promoting community participation ( this study ). this may be appreciated considering that herders have evolved in - depth knowledge in terms of systems of landscape classification, using diverse environmental features such as topography, soil and the dominant vegetation. this is the knowledge that herders use to determine the spatial distribution of livestock grazing ( scharieka 2001 ). the landscapes have identities. the names describe the physical topography, soils and vegetation. other names describe historical events. the landscape classification criteria may combine cultural events, such as historical settlements and the types of topography. grazing landscapes used by herders include key resources grazed during the dry season or drought periods ( illius and o ' connor 2000 ; angassa and oba 2007 ). the key resources might include marshes, mountain grazing lands, river valleys and floodplains. policies for alternative economic developments such as irrigated agriculture alienated the rights of herders ' access to key resources by disrupting their flexible land use ( kassahun et al. 2008 ). under the changed land uses, indigenous knowledge has a powerful explanatory capacity to understand how the altered land use patterns induced land degradation. the practical utility of indigenous rangeland management knowledge for assessing impacts of traditional range management on the environmental requires knowledge of indicator types, which are crucial for decision - making by pastoralists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5051882250944641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.598302"}
{"text": "1 presents the four components of an indigenous knowledge system used in this study. the knowledge comprises indicator selections ( i. e. ecological and anthropogenic indicators ), indicator integration, evaluation of indicator performances ( i. e. for understanding impacts of management ) and decision - making systems ( i. e. for making policies ). the integration of indicators is relevant for organizing comparative knowledge across different pastoral communities. at the local community level, the range science ( i. e. ecological knowledge ) on one side and herder knowledge on the other ( i. e. anthropogenic knowledge ), are applied, each providing guidelines for discussing indigenous rangeland management. the integration would focus on indicator selection, assessments and feedback from indicator outcomes. at the local, regional and global levels, harnessing pastoralists ' indigenous knowledge can meet the need for improving policies. figure 1. framework for harnessing herder knowledge for an integrated application of indicators, management decisions in response to assessments and monitoring and policy tools for decision making. the article applies this framework to the following outcomes. firstly, evaluating how the framework functions across multiple pastoral communities to understand if this would lead to a common outcome in terms of how pastoralists ' assess rangelands and make decisions. the feedback is a means for information transfers between pastoralists, range ecologists and policy - makers ( in this study, this last component was not tested in the field ). secondly, understanding if indigenous knowledge can provide rapid assessments of communal rangelands, in which pastoralists and ecologists work in research collaboration. thirdly, investigating how indigenous range management knowledge exhibits common themes in rangeland assessments and monitoring. the country case studies the surveys were conducted among three pastoralist communities, comprising the orma ( kenya ), the afar ( ethiopia ) and karamojong ( uganda ) from june and july, 2009. in kenya, the orma in tana river district historically occupied one of the richest rangelands in east africa ( figure 2 ). the rangelands are semi - arid and highly heterogeneous. presently, these rangelands are zones of intensive conflict with immigrant pastoralists from neighbouring districts. while land use by the orma remains pastoral, the district has also attracted large - scale development of irrigated agriculture ( ensminger and rutten 1991 ), such as the bura and hola irrigation schemes and other planned large - scale schemes in the tana river delta region that grow sugar cane for bio - fuel. these schemes are currently a source of conflict between the orma, who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5025050707385872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.600773"}
{"text": "1991 ), such as the bura and hola irrigation schemes and other planned large - scale schemes in the tana river delta region that grow sugar cane for bio - fuel. these schemes are currently a source of conflict between the orma, who feel threatened by displacement, and the kenyan government, which plans to expand agricultural investment. figure 2. geographical locations of the orma, afar and karamojong study sites. the town of gawane is shown by a red dot near the word afar. the author apologizes to the readers if this is causing confusion. cattle dominate the orma economy. the key grazing landscapes in the district are the floodplains of the tana river and other seasonal laaga ( dry streams ) that serve as fallback during periods of stress. clearly, the most important grazing resource in the district is the tana river delta ( chaaffa ). in the drier areas, there are wells and surface dams ( natural and man - made ) that create a mosaic of overlapping grazing neighbourhoods around which systems of land use which require livestock mobility have been organied. the orma rangelands are heavily overgrazed. the greatest threat is from encroachment by prosopis juliflora, apparently introduced through forestation in the irrigation schemes ( figure 3 ). this species presently covers 20 - 30 % of the rangelands in the lower tana, where it prevents grass growth under canopy ( as shown in this study ). figure 3. prosopis juliflora invasion of the awash river valley. photo supplied by hiriae ali. the second case study group are the afar ( the group and the administrative district have the same name ). the afar pastoralists territorially inhabit region 4 of the federal republic of ethiopia ( figure 2 ). they constitute one of that country ' s largest pastoralist populations, accounting for about 29 % of the total pastoralist population ( fassil et al. 2001 ). ecologically, this region is arid to very arid and is therefore one of the harshest environments in the horn of africa. camels dominate the afar pastoral production ; small ruminants ( sheep and goats ) and cattle are also important sources of livelihood, but are culturally not as important as camels ( rettberg 2010 ). conflicts with the isse somali have adversely affected the afar indigenous systems of rangeland management and prevented these groups from sharing traditional wet - season grazing lands ( unruh 2005 ). the insecure rangelands are under - ut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4529684501950192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.601829"}
{"text": "- often knowledgeable elders selected by their communities - - were interviewed to provide general information about the geographical and ecological make - up of the grazing lands. the interviewees described ecological zones, herder systems of landscape classification and resource allocations between different grazing seasons ( see also oba and kaitira 2006 ; roba and oba 2008 ). composite lists of terms, concepts and indicators used by the herders in each community were compiled. the discussions with key elders also considered indicator functions in relation to livestock production ( oba et al. 2008a ). table 1. the steps needed to implement the framework ( figure 1 ) by describing the ecological and anthropogenic indicatorsa in steps 4 - 6, the survey team used a vehicle odometer to mark sampling intervals with rural roads serving as transects. the surveys were set at 5 or 10 km intervals, depending on the distances covered ( with longer distances using the longer intervals and vice versa ). these were done in order to sample as many landscapes as possible. this sampling frame approximates the scale of surveys traditionally conducted by pastoralists to cover large areas. sampling was at about 200 m from the roads in the selected landscapes to avoid ' road effects '. at this distance, the herder range scouts conducted traditional assessments at landscape patch scales. the herder scouts identified individual landscapes using their geographical, historical and ecological identities ( see below ). using anthropogenic indicators, they then rated the grazing suitability ( gs ) for different livestock species and assessed lgp during the different seasons of grazing. at the same time, they took into account other value - laden indicators related to lgp. the gs is plant - based and therefore reflects high spatial variability, while the lgp is based on the physical environment, such as soils, and is a more stable indicator. the lgp is a relative measure of the resilience of landscapes. landscapes with low potential are vulnerable to heavy grazing pressure ( oba et al. 2008a ). this is inferred from the soils, which erode easily. the landscapes with low potential had more annual grasses than perennial grasses. one should remember that gs and lgp are assessed on ordinal scales ( which in this case were coded by the ecologist as low = 1, medium = 2 and high = 3 ). the herder scouts also assessed the current grazing pressure ( using the scale : none, low, moderate, heavy and very heavy ). the scales were dependent on multiple indicators. these included levels of plant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5195490574731949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.604913"}
{"text": ", medium = 2 and high = 3 ). the herder scouts also assessed the current grazing pressure ( using the scale : none, low, moderate, heavy and very heavy ). the scales were dependent on multiple indicators. these included levels of plant utilisation ( none, moderate, heavy or very heavy ) ; density of hoof tracks ( none, moderate or numerous ) ; density of faecal deposits ( low, moderate or high ) ; and density of present and previous human settlements ( none, moderate or dense ). the herders described the degradation vulnerability of each landscape in terms of vegetation and surface soil movements. these were rated as low, moderate, high or absent. in describing threats to key forage species, the herder scouts described the landscapes most at risk. for each landscape surveyed, herder scouts were asked to describe trends of vegetation change ( oba et al. 2008a, b ). these are based on their historical knowledge ( e. g. from when they were young herders compared to the present ). it was however, the decline or the loss of the key forage species, which described the trends. in steps 7 - 8, the survey integrated the ecological and anthropogenic indicators. using their own language, the herders rated range conditions as highly ' desirable ', ' moderately desirable ', ' desirable ' or ' undesirable ' in relation to each landscape patch that was surveyed. thus, landscapes with little or no evidence of invasive species, with high grass cover, and where all key forage species were present, received ' highly desirable ' condition ratings - - in contrast to landscape patches where invasive species have replaced key forage species, or which were severely degraded. the herder scouts used their historical knowledge to describe trends ( i. e. increasing, decreasing or stable ). changes in grazing suitability varied with different livestock species. suitability for livestock grazing and camping was described in terms of soils. herders ' historical knowledge of landscape suitability is transmitted through folklores that informs about the interactions between their livestock and the environment. the songs were passed on from one generation of herders to the next. in order to capture the indigenous knowledge of each community, their assessments were presented as cases. results and discussions the findings of the surveys in the three areas are summarized in tables 2, 3 and 4. the indigenous rangeland management systems incorporated societal knowledge of the classification of indigenous rangelands - - their landscape categories, grazing neighbourhoods, key and non - key resources, access to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48021241047922403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.606946"}
{"text": "surveys in the three areas are summarized in tables 2, 3 and 4. the indigenous rangeland management systems incorporated societal knowledge of the classification of indigenous rangelands - - their landscape categories, grazing neighbourhoods, key and non - key resources, access to the wet - and the dry - season grazing landscapes, and, most importantly, how the dominant livestock species influenced the types of rangeland management. table 2. herder scouts and ecologist ' s assessments of the orma rangelands at landscape scale table 3. herder scouts and ecologist ' s assessments of the afar rangelands at landscape scale table 4. herder scouts and ecologist ' s assessments of the matheniko rangelands at landscape scale folklore was an essential element of information transfer regarding indigenous range management in all three communities. the indigenous rangeland assessments used knowledge of soils, vegetation, livestock grazing preferences and the suitability of different landscapes to regulate wet - or the dry - season grazing movements. the herders ' rationale for the classification of landscape was to determine its potential for livestock grazing. this was important as a guide to the regulation of stocking densities across landscapes. this factor, which has not adequately been acknowledged by rangeland ecologists, is critical for understanding the functions of the indigenous knowledge of rangeland management and therefore as an indication of what we might achieve by harnessing pastoralists ' indigenous knowledge. we begin with the findings from the orma case study, first in general and then focusing on the results presented in table 2. case 1 : the orma of kenya the indigenous knowledge of the orma is built around cattle management. their systems of grazing at the broader scales combined key grazing resources, which were divided into grazing social networks ( mata dedha ). b each mata dedha formed a mosaic of grazing landscapes of different quality, allowing the orma to establish access through mutual grazing social networks. within individual grazing associations, grazing landscapes are allocated to either wet, dry or drought grazing. the wet - season grazing landscapes are visited during the rainy season when the rain pools ( hoora ) are full of water. as soon as these pools are exhausted, the communities return to their traditional dry - season grazing lands ( the river floodplain and the delta ). one informant emphasised the importance of the delta for pastoral grazing as follows : ' the chaaffa of tana is not just grazing land for cattle ; it is our [ means of ] survival.... ' the orma informants suggested that their systems of management depended on conservation of the grazing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4822599733648986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.608033"}
{"text": "grazing as follows : ' the chaaffa of tana is not just grazing land for cattle ; it is our [ means of ] survival.... ' the orma informants suggested that their systems of management depended on conservation of the grazing lands ( although not in any prescriptive sense ) through rotational grazing between seasonal grazing landscapes. they achieved this by regulating grazing movements between different mata dedha associations during different seasons. as soon as the rains return, the grazing of the floodplain ends and the population returns to the wet - season grazing. however, when the dry period is extended and the river pastures are exhausted, the cattle camps move back to the wet - season grazing areas, with the livestock walking to the river for watering. while the indigenous rangeland management system is a social - environmental construct, the livestock is the medium through which the orma pastoralists express the value placed on grazing lands. the suitability of grazing landscapes forms part of folklore ( called darma ), which transmits information about the past and present environments. the cattle folklore describes livestock watering, grazing movements and coping with environmental stress. the expression, ' this or that grazing land has darma ', implies that the grazing suits a specific species of livestock. an area that fails to catch the attention of the folklorist ' s darma is regarded as unsuitable for livestock grazing. indigenous rangeland assessments the orma have expressions that reflect the potential of the land. metaphorically, this is described as the ' hump ' ( dhaallu ) and the ' breast or rump ' ( andaaraaf ) of a cow, which are regarded as the high - quality fatty portions of meat. the grazing lands with dhaallu and andaaraaf equivalents are highly valued as key resources. at the landscape scale, the orma ' s indigenous knowledge of range management is organised in terms of soil type and vegetation. the orma prefer white - gray soils ( oomaar ) compared to other soil types. the oomaar vegetation is claimed to be highly nutritious and the livestock that grazes on it does not lose body condition, even during periods of high stress. such soils are claimed to have geebiba - an inherent property of suitability that reflects the preference of land use. conversely, the livestock that grazes on the red wayaama soils do suffer weight loss ( see also oba and kotile 2001 ). the characteristic feature of the red soil is its tendency to be dusty, and the or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5135415322559005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.609008"}
{"text": "of land use. conversely, the livestock that grazes on the red wayaama soils do suffer weight loss ( see also oba and kotile 2001 ). the characteristic feature of the red soil is its tendency to be dusty, and the orma regard this as unsuitable for cattle management. the presence of cordia species ( madheera itile qaaya ) reflects the geebiba soils of the oomaar landscapes. the herders test the soil by poking the surface with sharp sticks to determine the depth of the gray - white soils. if a layer of red wayaama soil is found near the surface, the camp is moved. the orma try to avoid mixed soils ( of oomaar and wayaama ) for livestock grazing and for camping. they refer to soils such as oomaar uufte baaru ( the spotted oomaar soils ). the sandy ramata landscapes, which tend to form piles of soil due to soil movements, are also avoided when it comes to locating pastoral settlements. ideally, the orma herders would utilize the oomaar landscape for dry - season grazing, followed by grazing in the floodplain and the delta landscapes. the black soil ( kooticha ) is suited to wet - season grazing but unsuitable for use for pastoral settlements. c the kooticha soils are said to be ' cold ' during the night and the livestock kraaled in them is said to rapidly lose body condition. after camping for the night, herders would re - examine their preferences in the light of changes in livestock behaviour ( roba and oba 2009 ). landscapes where livestock become restless during the night and their body condition declines rapidly are regarded as unsuitable. in this case, it is the livestock behaviour that serves as the barometer for measuring environmental unsuitability. the productive and reproductive performance of cattle is closely related to soil conditions. the herders feel that the kooticha ( black soil ) lacks geebiba. indicators of this are forage plants that provide roughage but have little nutritional value. the herders use two types of indicators to assess the quality and suitability of forage in the black soil ( kooticha ). firstly, the cattle grazed in the kooticha soils develop enlarged rumen, which indicates forage with little nutritional value. secondly, the herders recognize that cattle grazed in the kooticha landscapes deposit large pats, which are also indicators of poor forage quality. from this evidence, the orma conclude that livestock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48047657063784477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.609925"}
{"text": ", which indicates forage with little nutritional value. secondly, the herders recognize that cattle grazed in the kooticha landscapes deposit large pats, which are also indicators of poor forage quality. from this evidence, the orma conclude that livestock grazed in unfavourable soils loses weight more rapidly, while livestock grazed in better quality soils gains weight. the wayaama ( red soils ) are better suited to small ruminants. this soil type is associated with browse plants ( see also oba et al. 2000 ; oba and kotile 2001 ). decisions on livestock grazing at the landscape level depend on extensive surveying and assessment of rangeland production indicators. the range scouts ( abuuru ), usually young experienced herders, are sent by the elders to assess rainfall and forage conditions. if the water in the different pools was sufficient, the range scouts would then survey to see if forage conditions would support the livestock for a given period. the orma recognize three types of pasture conditions resulting from different types of rainfall and livestock grazing. the koono showers that fall in the dry season may be sufficient to promote the growth of browse vegetation but are insufficient to sustain the growth of grass, and therefore would not be a reason for migration to such areas. the second type of pasture is a result of heavy rainfall, which encourages high pasture growth. this is refered to as ooba, describing high biomass. the third type is an overgrazed rangeland ( hinbarbadoofte ) - - avoided as much as possible. other series of indicators relate to the body condition of the livestock already present in the surveyed rangelands. the range scouts assess the composition and texture of the cattle pats. the inference is that where cattle drop large pats the grazing landscapes lacks fiina. this undefined property sums up the condition of the livestock. fiina as an indicator has spatial and temporal variability. in landscapes which lack fiina, even when there is sufficient forage production, for some inexplicable reason livestock might continue to lose condition, thus forcing the herders to move to other areas, where better conditions might exist. such landscapes would be avoided. the abuuru ( range scouts ) also closely examine the behaviour of the livestock present. playful behaviour of cattle, increased activity on the part of the bulls, cattle that ' sleep ' ( chiisa ) at night for long periods and chew the cud, a full rumen and ' polished ' body hair are all indicators of favourable conditions ( rob", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5044601692506463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.610867"}
{"text": "of cattle, increased activity on the part of the bulls, cattle that ' sleep ' ( chiisa ) at night for long periods and chew the cud, a full rumen and ' polished ' body hair are all indicators of favourable conditions ( roba and oba 2008 ). every landscape that is surveyed has a history of settlement and decisions are based on this experience. the abuuru transfers the information to the elders by geographically locating each surveyed landscape. the elders evaluate the information by asking questions related to water availability, pasture conditions, existing stock numbers, the number of settlements and the reproductive performance of cattle already present in the area. based on this information, the elders may then recommend moving the dry herds ( foora ) to the surveyed rangelands. we put this knowledge to test by surveying jointly with the abuuru scouts using road transects. evaluation of indigenous rangeland assessments by the orma the road survey from the garissa - hola road junction to the hola irrigation scheme covered a total distance of 150 km ( figure 2 ). the abuuru scouts described the landscapes. they used different types of names. personified names reflect historical settlements and the physical contours of the landscape, the dominant tree species and the rituals historically performed at the sites. a place name such as ' moye buya guyo ' refers to geographical identity and is also a person ' s name ( table 2 ). the word ' moye ' refers to hornless cattle ; the name probably refers to a historical settlement where the ' hornless ' cattle of buya guyo once settled. however, the informants suggested that the name might refer to clay pots ( mooye - note the oromo name for pot is okhoote faara ) that were made at the site by the family. whatever the historical interpretation, there are no other landscapes by that name, making it a geographical space that can be used to direct grazing and settlements. the other location was called komoora jiila. this refers to a depression in the landscape ( komoora ) - - which might imply a historical location where cattle herds were kraaled ; over time, their hooves may have created the depression. d this interpretation is probably accurate because of the hint contained in the second name - - jiila - - that refers to a ritual ground where the orma used to conduct the gada ceremonies ( see later section ). there are other names : qoote ( cordia species ), jijiga ( settlement ) and oonmir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4960020957442942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.611926"}
{"text": "information was used in their decision making. the orma ' s indigenous institutions for decision - making the selection and application of indicators showed that indigenous knowledge influenced the decision - making system through the institution of jaarsa mata dedha ( elder councils of grazing associations ) which were responsible for governing the grazing neighbourhoods. the institution of jaarsa mata dedha used customary ( aada ) laws ( seera ) that functioned under the former gada system that regulated access to grazing and water resources. most significantly, the ritual site previously used by the gada assembliesf was the focal point for holding the annual assembly of jaarsa mata dedha. the jaarsa mata dedha institution has political, social and decision - making functions. the assembly is a place for discussing conflicts over grazing lands with other pastoral groups. it is also the means by which the kenyan government communicates policies to the communities. the function of the assembly is to reinforce community - wide decision - making that has wide - ranging application, including the power to decide who may have access to the orma traditional grazing lands. this institution is therefore important for mobilizing the orma in combating land degradation. the findings from the orma case study may be compared with the afar case, now described. these are treated generally at first and the main results in table 3 then discussed. case 2 : the afar of ethiopia the afar moved between grazing landscapes that were geographically divided between the uplands ( ale ), the lowlands ( bahari ) and between narrow ( duulul balaa ) and wide valleys ( daaba ) within the afar rangelands that stretch between ethiopia, eritrea and djibouti ( figure 2 ). the floodplain of the awash river ( kaalo ) with its key grazing resources served as a dry - season grazing reserve, while the uplands were used for wet - season grazing. the plains were grazed soon after the rains when the soils dried and the grasses flowered. the pattern of grazing movements and the selection of different grazing landscapes varied according to the type of livestock species. on a broader scale, the afar rangelands comprised communal grazing areas, where all the neighbouring clans shared grazing and water during the wet season. each clan had a territory ( faage ) to which their livestock returned during the dry season when the communal grazing had been exhausted ( muller - mahn et al. 2010 ). the afar ' s grazing patterns depended on the assessments conducted by the traditional range scouts ( iddo ). their system of rangeland assessments took into consideration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4805683016797226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.614039"}
{"text": "dry season when the communal grazing had been exhausted ( muller - mahn et al. 2010 ). the afar ' s grazing patterns depended on the assessments conducted by the traditional range scouts ( iddo ). their system of rangeland assessments took into consideration the requirements of different livestock species. camels, being browsers, have different needs than those of cattle. the iddo scouts paid particular attention to the availability of browse plants, while in the case of cattle, the scouts would assess the condition of grasses. their assessments would always focus on the availability of key forage species. depending on the time of the year, they might also consider the stages of plant growth, from early season to late season growth. the afar herders recognise that degraded environments are not suitable for livestock grazing. they also take into account access to salt licks and salty plants, particularly for camel management. the grazing requirements vary seasonally. in years of above - average rainfall, their rangelands produce abundant grazing for the different species of livestock. the herders have considerable freedom of choice when selecting grazing areas. for example, camels avoid the muddy soils of the plains and move to the uplands where the ground is firmer underfoot. small stock also prefers the uplands, as they are better adapted to walk on rocky surfaces. cattle, in contrast, prefer the lowlands and avoid the stony uplands. thus, camels and the smaller ruminants come down from the uplands and return to the plains only after the soil surface has hardened after the rains. when planning pastoral encampments, the afar herders would break up the soil surface ( compare this to the orma ' s practice ) to assess if sand and grits or pebbles are present. soils that lack these features are considered unsuitable for kraaling livestock. in the surveyed landscapes, pebbles were spread on the surface to form hard ground ( inde laala ). other soil types are white soils ( adosisa ), black soils ( raasa ) and rocky landscapes ( dalle baaro ). camels prefer raasa for grazing. the small stock prefers inde laala, while cattle prefer adosisa baaro ( white soil ). the black - gray soil ( stakala ) is preferred for grazing by all livestock species, but is unsuitable for the establishment of pastoral encampments. soft soil without pebbles ( doole baaro ) is not suited to the management of small ruminants. the afar herders claim that if goats graze in the doole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43933537285841673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.615100"}
{"text": "species, but is unsuitable for the establishment of pastoral encampments. soft soil without pebbles ( doole baaro ) is not suited to the management of small ruminants. the afar herders claim that if goats graze in the doole baaro landscapes for long periods, their hooves are likely to grow. the herders prefer inde laala ( soils with pebbles and a hard surface ) to trim their hooves. the iddo scouts on their return are interviewed by the elders who evaluate their information. making errors of judgment is risky as this may result in the loss of livestock ; for this reason all information is carefully evaluated. the elders consider the evidence presented and weigh up potential risks of moving. if they are not satisfied with the information, they will redeploy the scouts to survey different areas. if they are satisfied with the information, the clan elders will either split the milk and dry herds, or move the whole herd. their decisions are communicated through the system of daago ( i. e. a word of mouth ) to neighbouring clans. after the grazing landscapes have been selected, the herders focus on the physical condition of the livestock, on milk yields, and on the activities of the breeding males. as primarily camel pastoralists, the afar iddo scouts prioritise the needs of their camels. according to the afar herders, camel management is a crucial aspect of indigenous rangeland management. camels require a particular grazing landscape during different seasons of the year. the choice of grazing area is based not only on topographic conditions but also on the dietary requirements of the camels. according to the herders, ' camels [ are ] selective in their feeding habits ', while cattle are less particular when it comes to grazing ; small ruminants, on the other hand, do not have as wide a choice. in view of the afar herders, camels, unlike other livestock species, sometimes ignore the guidance of the herders and make their own way to their preferred browsing grounds. herders have only limited control over the movements of their camels. unlike other livestock species, camels may stall and refuse to cooperate with the herder. there are times when camels disregard plentiful browse and instead walk to find the sorts of browse they require. the herders suggested that the camels ' monitored their own physiological needs ' and sought salty plants when they feel a need for salt. they might travel considerable distances to reach landscapes where such plants were found. at other times, the camel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.464586034494951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.616083"}
{"text": "they require. the herders suggested that the camels ' monitored their own physiological needs ' and sought salty plants when they feel a need for salt. they might travel considerable distances to reach landscapes where such plants were found. at other times, the camels required ' dust baths ', which were found in the raasa landscapes. sometimes, the herders tried to prevent camels from browsing in landscapes with plant species that might upset the camels ' digestive systems. camels might also show signs of thirst while the forage is still green. herders would prevent them from drinking water, realising that this would have a detrimental effect on their health. the afar camel herders have developed an extensive knowledge of camel requirements and preferences, based on the soil types that are suitable for camel encampments and grazing. in the words of a key informant, ' camels and herders communicate with each other.... the camels might not talk but their behaviour is sufficient to influence herder decisions '. occasionally, however, camels would respond unfavourably to particular soils chosen by their herders. the reason for this behaviour is not known. the herder is then forced to reassess soil conditions. according to an informant, ' a camel is a better judge of soils than the herder '. therefore, changes in camel behaviour are good indicators of changing soil conditions. some soils are cold at night while others are warm, and camels prefer warm soil conditions. when soil conditions do not suit them, camels become restless and shift in their crouching positions. conversely, when the soil does suit them, they take up their crouching positions on arrival, chewing the curd. the herders use this behaviour to decide when and where to relocate the camp. herders also use general camel body condition as an indicator. if the grazing is suitable, this can be inferred from changes in the camels ' body hair. they monitor milk yield and the rutting of the bulls. another indicator is the condition of the rumen. shrinking rumen in the morning and a partially full rumen in the evening ( when the camels return home ) suggest that the condition of the range is deteriorating. this indigenous knowledge about camels is part of a camel folklore ( gaala silale baaro ) that describes grazing, breeding and calving. the verses in the folklore ( not presented for lack of space ) describe the different grazing landscapes visited by camels and their stubbornness ; at the same time,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44939516454734313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.617116"}
{"text": "( gaala silale baaro ) that describes grazing, breeding and calving. the verses in the folklore ( not presented for lack of space ) describe the different grazing landscapes visited by camels and their stubbornness ; at the same time, however, ' they continue to provide nourishment for human survival '. the folklore reflects the symbolic relations between herders and their camels. evaluation of indigenous rangeland assessments by the afar the survey was conducted from the town of awash to the town of gawane, a distance of about 170 km ( figure 2 ). the scouts have their own names for grazing landscapes ( see table 3 ). the afar iddo scouts who worked on the road transects with the author provided place names such as ' diktaa boora ', referring to a settlement named after a traditional dance. other names were daiiddo - rassa ( throwing stones ) ; here, there was gray - black soil or daamo, which refers to land overlooking a pool of water. the afar iddo scouts did not appear to have historical explanations for the place names. they simply stated that the names were ' historical ' and that they did not know their origin ( the names might have belonged to groups that lived in the area before the arrival of the afar during historical times ). they nevertheless had a sound knowledge of rangeland degradation. they referred to severe levels of degradation as aboroiti baaro. this refers to rangeland that has lost herbaceous cover. other landscapes that have lost herbaceous cover and been invaded by prosopis species were also referred to as aboroiti baaro. if dry litter and standing grass hay were present, the rangeland was classified as kafiin isoole baaro. degraded rangelands had lost key forage species and therefore were of little use for livestock grazing. conversely, highly productive landscapes were called andarhaarra ( table 3 ). the grazing suitability of most landscapes had deteriorated. herder ratings were low, with the exception of one landscape that was rated as ' excellent '. this landscape formed part of a buffer zone between the afar and the isse somali, and because of the risk of raids, it was avoided by both groups. despite the low ratings, the landscape grazing potential was considered high. one might infer from this that the grazing landscapes had the potential to regenerate. the landscapes invaded by prosopis species lacked a herbaceous layer under the tree canopy and this rendered them worthless for the purpose of livestock grazing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4862540510610027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.618197"}
{"text": "was considered high. one might infer from this that the grazing landscapes had the potential to regenerate. the landscapes invaded by prosopis species lacked a herbaceous layer under the tree canopy and this rendered them worthless for the purpose of livestock grazing ( see figure 3 ). both the river floodplain and the surrounding rangelands in the amibara and gawane districts have impenetrable stands of prosopis with an estimated cover varied from 60 to 100 %. the afar indigenous institutions for decision - making at the clan level, there are customary leaders called makabantu ( makaban pl. ) involved in decision making in matters related to clan grazing lands, relationships with other clans, with neighbours and with the state. the fiimat abba ( acting in clan policing ) enforce decisions ( chaara ) made by the makabantu of individual clans. the clan leaders from the associated grazing ( ulooto ) would, as part of their strategy for coping with drought, set aside grazing lands for periods of scarcity. this system of preserving grazing for drought years is called digdeeso. the preservation comes about through consensual agreements rather than through actual policing and lasts until the grazing is opened to the communities. the system is applied to the sections of the communal grazing lands, which are most suitable for grazing. as the drought stress becomes severe and the grazing declines elsewhere, the clan elders meet whenever necessary to evaluate the situation and decide when to allow access to the preserved grazing areas ( davies and bennet 2007 ). a further option is to seek grazing in neighbouring territories. there is a tradition of mutual sharing with neighbours such as the karayu oromo. clan leaders ( makaban ) conduct the negotiation. communication is by word of mouth ( daago ) regarding such matters as rainfall distribution, the condition of pasture, and the status of livestock, human diseases and the possibility of armed conflict. the daago system facilitates communication between the makaban elder councils of different clans. similar to the orma and the afar case studies, we evaluate the indigenous knowledge of the karamojong. we present general knowledge and practices and discuss the results of the survey presented in table 4. case 3 : karamojong of uganda among matheniko pastoralists, seasonal livestock grazing across the different landscapes also relies on assessments made by the traditional range scouts ( ngikerebo ). the wet season assessments are likely to cover large geographical areas because of the wide distribution of grazing and water sources. assessments made during the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49113118876210626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.619189"}
{"text": "seasonal livestock grazing across the different landscapes also relies on assessments made by the traditional range scouts ( ngikerebo ). the wet season assessments are likely to cover large geographical areas because of the wide distribution of grazing and water sources. assessments made during the dry season are more limited to the marshes and mountain pastures. the dry season pastures have a high grazing potential and are able to support high livestock stocking densities. being cattle people, the matheniko place more emphasis on cattle management than on the management of small ruminants. the status of pasture is assessed in terms of plant growth, and takes into account early regeneration ( eparat echalichal ) after initial rainfall showers, the maturing and flowering stages of grasses ( kelebat ) and the standing dry hay ( athakan ). the scouts determine the existing livestock density, based on the number of kraals in relation to the available grazing and water sources. the ngikerebo scouts classified landscapes according to soil and vegetation indicators. the major landscape categories are arro ( black cotton soils ) and the eketela ( sandy loam soils ). other landscapes are asinyonoit ( sandy soil ). the eketela landscapes have sandy soils with a high diversity of woody species. another dominant landscape type is angromit. this type of landscape is characterised by pebbles and small stones spread on the ground surface, often mixed with soils of various colours. taking soil type and vegetation indicators into account, the ngikerebo scouts categorize the landscapes according to their suitability for seasonal livestock grazing. the ngikerebo scouts also assessed landscapes for their suitability for mobile pastoral camps. when establishing livestock camps, soil types are the key indicators. asinyonoit ( sandy soils ) is preferred for cattle camps ( this is inferred from the livestock production performances ). herders assessed cattle behaviour in the morning after overnight kraaling. if the landscape is suitable, the cattle tend to sleep for longer periods, while the immature cattle are playful. the males are active in mating, and the milk yields of cows increase. the animal hair is more polished and they gain weight. each night when the herds return home from grazing, herders pay attention to the fullness of the rumen as a sign of favourable foraging. in the morning, the rumen would still show evidence of the previous day ' s feeding. herders also paid attention to cattle behaviour in their encampments. if the site is unsuitable at night, the cattle would remain standing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48175457624123963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.622454"}
{"text": "of favourable foraging. in the morning, the rumen would still show evidence of the previous day ' s feeding. herders also paid attention to cattle behaviour in their encampments. if the site is unsuitable at night, the cattle would remain standing, and they would be restless, moving about in the kraal. if the areas selected for camps were not suitable, the productive and reproductive indicators would show deterioration. the matheniko elders informed the author that while livestock grazing and management focuses on vegetation, the soil ( ngalup ) plays a crucial role in determining suitability for cattle. soil conditions vary according to locality. the herders recognise that for the same landscape, there are ' hot ' and ' cold ' patches of soil at night. the warm patches ' breathed out hot air ' at night. they consider such landscapes unsuitable for night kraaling. they believe that the sites that ' breathed out hot air ' were associated with livestock and human diseases. the link between hot air at night and disease remains unclear, g but one may make some conjectures. what the herders referred to as ' breathing out hot air ' might be a result of soils that store heat during the daytime. at night, as the air cools and the warm air rises, it might seem as if the soil was ' breathing out hot air '. the stored heat dissipates through convectional air currents, giving the impression that the land was ' breathing '. in other sites, the herders claimed that the warmth alternated with cooler conditions. they considered such soils suitable for night kraaling. the observations of the matheniko differed from those of the orma and the afar, who regarded cold soil as undesirable for night kraaling, and preferred warm soils. the difference might depend on how precise their observations were. some landscapes are only grazed for brief periods, and have patchy vegetation. conversely, landscapes with high grazing potential are heavily stocked. for example, the matheniko recognized that the eketela ( sandy landscapes ) are more vulnerable to heavy grazing than the arro ( black soils ) landscapes. the latter are better able to resist heavy livestock grazing and recover rapidly. these black soil ( arro ) landscapes are grazed during the dry season or in a drought year, while eketela is mostly grazed during the wet season. this relationship is described in cattle folk song. the folklorist narrates how he ' listens to the demands of his bull ' during a year of plenty and a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4985316430547887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.623650"}
{"text": "drought year, while eketela is mostly grazed during the wet season. this relationship is described in cattle folk song. the folklorist narrates how he ' listens to the demands of his bull ' during a year of plenty and a year of drought. you [ i. e. the bull ] graze in arro and travel to eketelah to sleep... [ in the wet season ]... the drought has come and you want to migrate to gritome... [ a dry season refuge ]. because of hunger, you have lost weight [ and ], i listen to your ' crying ' ( bellowing ), calling the name of the kraal leader to take you to gritome.... the narration shows how a herder ' listens to and observes ' his stock to make appropriate decisions. the herder expresses his concern for his herd ' s needs by moving them to eketela during the wet season and arro during the dry season. the drought year is a different matter. the animals ' condition deteriorates because of grazing shortages and the cattle ( symbolized by the bull ) lose body condition. in the song, the herder expresses ' the wishes of his bull ' by asking the kraal leader to take the cattle to the drought refuge in karamojong. evaluation of indigenous rangeland assessments of the matheniko the survey was conducted for up to a distance of 80 km from moroto town, first to the kenyan border, and then along the moroto - kampala road ( figure 2 ). the ngikerebo scouts were able to explain the origin of the geographical names of the landscapes ( table 4 see endnotes ). the landscapes were classified according to surface soil features ( such as colour ) and topographical location. permutations of soil names are reflected in their system of classification. for example, angromit is a general classification given to landscapes that have pebbles and small stones on the soil surface. particular landscapes are classified according to other features, such as soil colour. examples are angromit nagor ( dark soil with pebbles ), angromit narangan ( red soil with pebbles ) or, in relation to topographical locations, angromit nalokob emoru ( i. e. sloping from the mountain ). for each landscape surveyed, the ngikerebo scouts determined the grazing seasons of different livestock species according to the type of vegetation. the landscapes of the matheniko rangelands were allocated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4930929871903592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.624874"}
{"text": "would also be discussed with the elder councils of neighbouring settlements. the ' tree of men ' that comprised elder councils of the settlement and their neighbours who often meet under trees are responsible for making decisions. the elders in attendance would extensively discuss all issues relating to forage and the need for livestock migration. if the issues were forage scarcity, the elders would send the most experienced ngikerebo scouts to survey the grazing before moving any livestock. the ngikerebo scouts would evaluate both the quality and quantity of the available forage to determine the capacity of the land to support livestock. the scouts would estimate the stocking density at the sites and determine how long the grazing and water would last. the ngikerebo scouts would report to the elders. the elders would then evaluate all the information and take appropriate action. in the karamojong society, promoting local community participations in government environmental policies is impossible if the elders are excluded from the discussions. in african rangelands where scientific research is often patchy or non - existent, the pastoral communities have continued to rely on their systems of indigenous knowledge of rangeland management to make decisions that influence their livelihoods ( leach et al. 1999 ; kyagaba 2004 ; mapinduzi et al. 2003 ; palmer and wadley 2007 ; angassa and oba 2008 ; roba and oba 2009 ). in this study, we have used a research framework to understand how this knowledge functions using three case study communities. the findings showed that the three pastoral communities had an integrated social - environmental system, where herders read, assessed and interpreted the conditions of grazing landscapes. local rangelands and their individual landscapes have identities ; each has its own name and history. the landscape history describes past interactions between humans and livestock and the environment. the condition of grazing landscapes and their use by livestock has changed over time. herders are able to grade different rangelands, from most preferred to least preferred, depending on their conditions in response to livestock uses. soils and vegetation are fundamental to indigenous rangeland classification and assessment. some landscapes are suited to wet - season grazing, while others are suited to dry - season grazing. in a few cases, the particular landscape could be grazed during both the wet and the dry seasons. these knowledge systems were necessary for regulating livestock grazing patterns. all the three pastoral communities developed systems of grazing according to criteria of rangeland grazing suitability that vary for the different livestock species. based upon experience, the herders recognize that some landscapes are more suited for grazing camels than cattle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5216611485337529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.627438"}
{"text": "livestock grazing patterns. all the three pastoral communities developed systems of grazing according to criteria of rangeland grazing suitability that vary for the different livestock species. based upon experience, the herders recognize that some landscapes are more suited for grazing camels than cattle or small ruminants and that such suitability depends on the availability of key forage species. thus, a particular landscape might have high suitability for browsing species ( during a given season ) but low suitability for the grazing species. while landscape grazing suitability tended to vary in space and time as well as on a scale of suitability, other criteria also existed. these criteria were used to determine the potential of different landscapes to support different livestock species. however, unlike grazing suitability, which varies over time, landscape - grazing potential is a permanent feature. the herder scouts were also able to determine the causes of environmental changes, and to relate this to soils and vegetation cover. the herders could describe different types of degradation gradients by pointing out areas that are at greater risk of degradation. this type of knowledge is crucial for building a baseline of information on the communal rangelands, which ecologists and policy makers would in future draw on to improve cooperation with herders. at the community level, the herders ' assessments were used to regulate the daily and seasonal grazing of livestock. the existence of local institutions coupled with robust indigenous methods and knowledge of environmental monitoring system suggests that governments should give serious attention to harnessing indigenous knowledge for community - level assessments to monitor the rangelands and for rapid decision - making. in this study, we did not investigate how policy makers communicate with the herders and vice versa. however, this is an important aspect of research, which needs more attention in the future. the present practice is for the kenyan, ethiopian and ugandan government agencies to organize workshops ( but rarely related to grazing systems ) and inform the public in general about government policies on the environment, but without demonstrating how the indigenous pastoralist institutions might be targeted for information transfer. in the future, the governments could benefit by supporting indigenous rangeland management knowledge, which would require acknolwledgement of indigenous institutions, and by including these communities in land use planning. most importantly, governments should support indigenous rangeland management knowledge by integrating it into systems of resource management, and by enlisting local communities as active participants in environmental monitoring. promotion of local institutions is critical for achieving these goals. the author has no competing interests. aan informant suggested that four generations of his fathers were buried in the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5002650236536366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.628642"}
{"text": "of resource management, and by enlisting local communities as active participants in environmental monitoring. promotion of local institutions is critical for achieving these goals. the author has no competing interests. aan informant suggested that four generations of his fathers were buried in the same site. the settlement had developed into independent settlements. bthe four dedha included korra - bura, galole - hola and waldena and the river delta ( chaafa ). the term chaafa also applies to the river floodplain pastures. cthe kooticha soils which are vertisols become muddy when wet during the wet season and cracking dry during the dry season. dthe borana oromo would use the term ' komoora ' when referring to the place where herds of horses were kraaled. their hooves would tend to dig and create a depression in the ground. ethe oomaar - saala landscapes tend to become dusty if trumpled upon by livestock. fafter the orma were islamized from 1930s they abandoned the oromo gada system and built a parallel system of the jaarsa mata dedha. git is common knowledge that desert temperatures will be high during the daytime, but much cooler at night. the explanation in relation to solar energy is well documented. the observations of the herders may be explained by applying the same principles. hthese are key grazing landscapes. this study was funded by the world initiative for sustainable pastoralism ( wisp ). the author is grateful to dr jonathan davies, the regional director of iucn in nairobi, and mr halakhe dida, the former coordinator of wisp, for supporting the project. dr jonathan davies and mr halakhe dida made useful comments on an earlier version of the article. edith mbigi and hershil shah are thanked for their field support. jibril osman assisted in the fieldwork and hon. ali wario coordinated with the orma herders. the afar pastoral forum through ismail ali gardo supported the fieldwork in afar. i also thank my assistants, sheikhu mohamadu said and mahad aman, for assisting in the surveys, and hiriae ali for his advice on field sites and supplying the photograph of prosopis species used in this article. the karamoja agro - pastoral development through mr simon nangiro supported the field study in uganda. paul aleper and selected elders assisted in the fieldwork in the matheniko site. comments by two anonymous referees and the editor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4643768107891356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.629650"}
{"text": "article. the karamoja agro - pastoral development through mr simon nangiro supported the field study in uganda. paul aleper and selected elders assisted in the fieldwork in the matheniko site. comments by two anonymous referees and the editor improved the manuscript. angassa, a, and g oba. 2007. relating long - term rainfall variability to cattle population dynamics in communal rangelands and a government ranch in southern ethiopia. agricultural systems 94 : 715 \u2013 725. publisher full text angassa, a, and g oba. 2008. herder perceptions on impact of range enclosures, crop farming, fire ban and bush encroachment on the rangelands of borana, southern ethiopia. human ecology 36 : 201 \u2013 215. publisher full text berlin, b. 1973. folk systematic in relation to biological classification and nomenclature. annual review of ecology and systematics 4 : 259 \u2013 279. publisher full text boardman, j, j poesen, and r evans. 2003. socio - economic factors in soil erosion and conservation. environmental science and policy 6 : 1 \u2013 6. publisher full text bouh, am, and y mammo. 2008. indigenous conflict management and resolution mechanisms on rangelands in somali regional state, ethiopia. nomadic peoples 12 : 109 \u2013 121. publisher full text dale, vh, and sc beyeler. 2001. challenges in the development and use of ecological indicators. ecological indicators 1 : 3 \u2013 10. publisher full text davies, j, and r bennet. 2007. livelihood adaptation to risk : constraints and opportunities for pastoral development in ethiopia ' s afar region. journal of development studies 43 : 490 \u2013 511. publisher full text accessed 27 january 2012 dcg report, no. 17 ford, j, and d martinez. 2000. traditional ecological knowledge, ecosystem science, and environmental management. ecological applications 10 : 1249 \u2013 1250. publisher full text illius, aw, and tg o ' connor. 2000. resource heterogeneity and ungulate population dynamics. oikos 89 : 283 \u2013 294. publisher full text kassahun, a, ha synman, and gn smit. 2008. impact of rangeland degradation on the pastoral production systems, livelihoods and perceptions of the somali pastoralists in eastern ethiopia. journal of arid environments 72 : 1265 \u2013 1281. publisher full text kyagaba, e. 2004. range resource assessment and monitoring techniques among the pastoral bahima in uganda. nomadic peoples 8 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.504348654533421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.630887"}
{"text": "of the somali pastoralists in eastern ethiopia. journal of arid environments 72 : 1265 \u2013 1281. publisher full text kyagaba, e. 2004. range resource assessment and monitoring techniques among the pastoral bahima in uganda. nomadic peoples 8 : 81 \u2013 97. publisher full text leach, m, r means, and i scoones. 1999. environmental entitlements : dynamics and institutions in community - based natural resource management. world development 27 : 225 \u2013 247. publisher full text little, pd. 2003. pastoral ecologies : rethinking interdisciplinary paradigms and the political ecology of pastoralism in east africa. in african savannas : global narratives and local knowledge of environmental change, ed. bassett tj, crummey d, 161 \u2013 177. oxford : james currey. mapinduzi, al, g oba, rb weladji, and je colman. 2003. use of indigenous ecological knowledge of the maasai pastoralists for assessing rangeland biodiversity in tanzania. african journal of ecology 41 : 329 \u2013 336. publisher full text muller - mahn, d, s rettberg, and g getachew. 2010. pathways and dead ends of pastoral development among the afar and karayu in ethiopia. european journal of development research 22 : 660 \u2013 677. publisher full text oba, g, e post, po syvertsen, and nc stenseth. 2000. bush cover and range condition assessments in relation to landscape and grazing in southern ethiopia. landscape ecology 15 : 535 \u2013 546. publisher full text oba, g, and g kotile. 2001. assessments and landscape level degradation in southern ethiopia : pastoralists versus ecologists. land degradation & development 12 : 461 \u2013 475. pubmed abstract | publisher full text oba, g, and lm kaitira. 2006. herder knowledge of landscape assessments in arid rangelands in northern tanzania. journal of arid environments 66 : 168 \u2013 186. publisher full text oba, g, e sjaastad, and hg roba. 2008. framework for participatory assessments and implementation of global environmental conventions at the community level. land degradation & development 19 : 65 \u2013 76. pubmed abstract | publisher full text palmer, ct, and rl wadley. 2007. local environmental knowledge, talk, and scepticism : use ' les ' to distinguish ' lek ' from ' let ' in newfoundland. human ecology 35 : 749 \u2013 760.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4738753623121623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.632925"}
{"text": "palmer, ct, and rl wadley. 2007. local environmental knowledge, talk, and scepticism : use ' les ' to distinguish ' lek ' from ' let ' in newfoundland. human ecology 35 : 749 \u2013 760. publisher full text reed, ms, and aj dougill. 2002. participatory selection process for indicators of rangeland condition in the kalahari. the geographical journal 168 : 224 \u2013 234. publisher full text roba, hg, and g oba. 2008. integration of herder knowledge and ecological methods for land degradation assessment around sedentary settlements in a sub - humid zone in northern kenya. international journal of sustainable development & world ecology 15 : 251 \u2013 264. pubmed abstract | publisher full text roba, hg, and g oba. 2009. community participatory landscape classification and biodiversity assessment and monitoring grazing land in northern kenya. journal of environmental management 90 : 673 \u2013 682. pubmed abstract | publisher full text scharieka, n. 2001. environmental knowledge and pastoral migration among the wodaabe of south - eastern niger. nomadic peoples 5 : 65 \u2013 88. publisher full text stites, e, and d akabwai. 2010. ' we are now reduced to women ' : impacts of forced disarmament in karamoja, uganda. nomadic peoples 14 : 24 \u2013 43. publisher full text turner, md, and p hiernaux. 2002. the use of herders ' accounts to map livestock activities across agro - pastoral landscapes in semi - arid africa. landscape ecology 17 : 367 \u2013 385. publisher full text unruh, jd. 2005. changing conflict resolutions in the ethiopian pastoral commons : the role of armed confrontations in rule - making. geojournal 64 : 225 \u2013 237. publisher full text", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4978944356157543, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c38157cd-572f-4c62-a6e8-8cacacf1e42d>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.633620"}
{"text": "3 to 4 years : weaving worlds with words at this stage, your child uses her ever - increasing language skills to become a \u201c big talker \u201d and develops an awareness of the power of the written word. parents and caregivers of preschoolers can help them develop into readers and writers by playing with letters and their sounds, promoting dramatic play using characters from books, and reading lots of books together. through his own daily experiences, your preschooler learns more and more about the way things work in the world and his place in it. at the same time, he is able to use his ever - increasing vocabulary and language skills to share his observations, ideas, and imaginary worlds with other children and adults. young children can be entertaining storytellers, engaging conversational partners, and frustrating negotiators. during the preschool years, your child will become aware that the world is filled with letters and may begin to recognize familiar words. you can help your preschooler become an eager reader and writer through simple conversations and reading together. it helps to plan regular times to read with your young child and talk together daily about things that interest him. you can turn everyday experiences such as waiting in lines, doing errands, and riding the bus into conversation starters. by talking about your child \u2019 s ideas, observations, and feelings, you prepare your young child for reading and writing about the world. how to help your preschooler get ready for reading - point to the words as you read aloud. when you point to the words as you read or talk about the title and author, you help your child learn about the different parts of the book. you also show him that reading involves connecting spoken words to printed ones. - repeat your child \u2019 s words the right way. most young children make grammatical errors while they are learning to talk. instead of correcting, try repeating your child \u2019 s words the correct way. this way, you teach her proper grammar and demonstrate that making mistakes is how we learn. - join your child in pretend play. pretending actually helps children develop language and literacy skills. they use new words and ways of speaking when they play different roles. they also practice making up stories, a skill that helps them understand books read aloud to them. - make up rhymes as you go about your day. rhyming and other kinds of word play help your child to hear differences between sounds to understand that words are made up of sounds. being able to rhyme will actually help your child learn to read and write. - draw and write alongside your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46951762901564387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b543aeea-6f84-4c42-8acf-3e87f580b394>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.640375"}
{"text": "uses of hand - helds in the command post of the future as part of darpa ' s command post of the future program, the cmu group is working on components for a command post information environment that will provide new ways to collaborate with each other and to interact with supporting information assets and sources. the pebbles part of this project is focusing on how handhelds can be used to access information and control devices. the results so far from the pebbles part include : - private drill - down of public information : using visualizations of the cpof maps, we have investigate the issues around how handhelds can be used for people in the command post to annotate, investigate and edit the shared maps and the information behind them. this research has integrated the software from mayavis ( visualizations ), the cmu multimodal group ( speech gestures, handwriting recognition, etc. ), and pebbles ( handhelds ) into commander : techniques for using handhelds to control powerpoint presentations, including seeing a picture and the notes of the current slide, using the handheld to annotate slides, etc. techniques for using handhelds to control other applications running on the pc. - laser pointers interactions : an important part of the vision of the command post of the future is the use of laser pointers. we have performed a variety of studies on how to make these more effective. one promising result shows that \" snarfing \" ( copying ) the area around the pointer dot to the handheld, performing the edits on the handheld, and then copying the results back works much better than trying to interact solely with the laser - collaboration and turn - taking : when multiple people are sharing a single large display, it can be confusing and awkward to take turns controlling and annotating. in addition to the laser pointer work, we have also studied fundamental issues of \" floor control \" ( who has control ) as well as various ways that handhelds can help. all of these are described in various publications when the main display shows a large map ( figure 1 ), the handheld can be used to annotate and investigate various scenarios ( figure 2 ) or to drill - down to investigate in detail in a table ( figure 3 ). figure 1 : pc screen figure 2 : pda screen figure 3 : pda drill - down table the part of the pebbles project research on using handhelds in the command post of the future is funded by : this research was performed in connection with contract number daad17 - 99 - c - 0061 with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5645950273914382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c11cebf-2d7a-470b-a39a-c2833cd1a67f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.652220"}
{"text": "pda drill - down table the part of the pebbles project research on using handhelds in the command post of the future is funded by : this research was performed in connection with contract number daad17 - 99 - c - 0061 with the u. s. army research laboratory. the views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as presenting the official policies or position, either expressed or implied, of the u. s. army research laboratory or the u. s. government unless so designated by other authorized documents. citation of manufacturer ' s or trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use thereof. the u. s. government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for government purposes notwithstanding any copyright all of the many pebbles publications acknowledge the darpa funding of this research. of particular relevance to the cpof program are the following publications : myers, herb stiel, and robert gargiulo. \" collaboration using multiple pdas connected to a pc. \" proceedings cscw ' 98 : acm conference on computer - supported cooperative work, november 14 - 18, 1998, seattle, wa. pp. 285 - 294. postscript - brad a. myers. \" using hand - held devices and pcs together, \" communications of the acm. volume 44, issue 11. november, 2001. pp. 34 - 41. brad a. myers, rishi bhatnagar, jeffrey nichols, choon hong peck, dave kong, robert miller, and a. chris long. \" interacting at a distance : measuring the performance of laser pointers and other devices. \" proceedings chi ' 2002 : human factors in computing systems. minneapolis, minnesota, april 20 - 25, 2002. pp. 33 - 40. adobe - brad a. myers, choon hong peck, jeffrey nichols, dave kong, and robert miller, \" interacting at a distance using semantic snarfing, \" acm ubicomp ' 2001, sept 30 - oct 2, 2001, atlanta, georgia. pp. 305 - 314. adobe - choon hong peck, \" useful parameters for the design of laser pointer interaction techniques. \" acm chi ' 2001 student posters. seattle, wa. march 31 - april 5, 2001. pp. 461 - 462. - brad a. myers. \" using multiple devices simultaneously for display and control. \" ieee personal communications special issue on \" networking the physical world. \" vol. 7, no. 5, oct. 2000. pp.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5554669280982004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c11cebf-2d7a-470b-a39a-c2833cd1a67f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.653647"}
{"text": "461 - 462. - brad a. myers. \" using multiple devices simultaneously for display and control. \" ieee personal communications special issue on \" networking the physical world. \" vol. 7, no. 5, oct. 2000. pp. 62 - 65. - brad a. myers, robert c. miller, benjamin bostwick, and \" extending the windows desktop interface with connected handheld computers, \" 4th usenix windows systems symposium, august 3 - 4, 2000, seattle, wa. pp. 79 - 88. adobe acrobat ( pdf ). - brad myers, \" the pebbles project : using pcs and hand - held computers together ; demonstration extended abstract. \" adjunct proceedings chi ' 2000 : human factors in computing systems. april 1 - 6, 2000. the hague, the netherlands. pp. 14 - 15. - karen cross, adrienne warmack, and brad myers. \" lessons learned : using contextual inquiry analysis to improve pda control of presentations \". submitted for publication. postscript - brad a. myers. an implementation architecture to support single - display groupware. carnegie mellon university school of computer science technical report, no. cmu - cs - 99 - 139 and human computer interaction institute technical report cmu - hcii - 99 - 101. may, 1999. available in postscript - brad a. myers, jeff nichols, rob miller. \" user interfaces that span hand - held and fixed devices \" workshop on distributed and disappearing user interfaces in ubiquitous computing at chi ' 2001, seattle, wa. albrecht schmidt, peter ljundgstrand, and anind dey, editors. university of karlsruhe faculty of information technical report 2001 - 6. issn 1432 - 7864. brad a. myers. \" collaboration using multiple pdas connected to a pc, \" workshop on shared environments to support face - to - face collaboration at cscw ' 2000, philadelphia, pa. brad a. myers, yu shan a. chuang, marsha tjandra, mon - chu chen, and chun - kwok lee. \" floor control in a highly collaborative co - located task. \" submitted for publication. pdf article about the pebbles cpof work : john zyskowski, \" handhands in a new world order, \" federal computer week, march 18, 2002. back to the pebbles main page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.560926226582705, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c11cebf-2d7a-470b-a39a-c2833cd1a67f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.655004"}
{"text": "by hans christian von baeyer i pick up a stone and playfully fling it into lake matoaka. the stone rises gracefully through the morning air, tips over, and ends its symmetrical trajectory with a plop. like countless baseballs, footballs, and basketballs, like lumps of lava hurled out of bubbling volcanoes when earth was young and drops of water splashed up by oceans till the end of time, my missile traces a mathematical curve through space. we physicists find beauty in the timeless perfection of that motion. it represents a rare glimpse of the absolute in this chaotic world of ours. galileo first derived the shape of the trajectory and found it to be the figure that appolonius of perga over two millennia ago called a parabola. \" ignoring air resistance, cannon balls move along parabolas, \" we learn in school. but the truth is more intriguing. imagine the stone as a point and the earth all shriveled up and shrunk down to another point four thousand miles below your feet. this is how newton, who was born the year galileo died, imagined it. the relation of the stone to the earth is exactly the same as that of a comet to the sun, and we know the shape of the comet ' s path : it is an ellipse. the true figure of the path of the stone is a skinny ellipse, an oval that is about four thousand miles long and only a few miles wide at its widest, with the earth ' s center just inside the lower tip and the stone on the edge of the upper end of the oval. of course, the stone cannot follow the entire trip, because after just a few seconds it falls into the water - - but that, to the physicist, is an inessential detail. the shape of its path through the air, before it sinks into the lake, is the shape of the upper end of that almost unimaginably skinny ellipse. the stone traces out before my eyes the trajectory of comet halley - - but not the part we see when halley races in hot fury around the sun - - no, it imitates the other part that we never see, when halley almost coasts to a stop thirty - eight years later and hundreds of millions of miles from the sun and starts on its return journey, a thirty - eight year fall toward the sun. i have always wanted to be there when the great comet, far out in the dark cold of outer space, moving almost imperceptibly slowly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6087816460873965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dab52129-0da8-4a29-a678-a9edf98c4eee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.657930"}
{"text": "what good is music if it ain ' t got that swing? - duke ellington the associated board responds with jazz piano, a comprehensive introduction to the world of jazz. a pioneering set of publications and optional assessment materials provide the building blocks you need to play jazz with imagination, understanding, and style, and to improvise effectively right from the start. five levels of graded pieces contain a wide range of styles : funky jazz, up - tempo swing, calypso, latin, jazz waltz, modal, bebop, gospel, ragtime, free jazz, and more. there are classic tunes by duke ellington, miles davis, bill evans, and thelonious monk. within each level there are 15 pieces, aural tests, quick studies, scales, arpeggios, and a cd. the 15 pieces are presented in three categories : blues, standards, and contemporary jazz. each piece provides a head / melody which contains all the characteristic voicings, phrasing, and rhythmic patterns needed for a stylish performance. an improvised section follows, where guideline pitches and left - hand voicings are given as a practical starting point for solos. totally accessible and at the highest musical standards, these pieces provide the opportunity to play jazz confidently and creatively. blues for pete johnson i ' m beginning to see the light ikon ( memories of ike ) in a different light nobody knows the trouble i ' ve seen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5433881859240837, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:afda21e8-6b26-4c1f-9fbd-801eb7539a18>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.659464"}
{"text": "atmospheric sciences & global change division pollution + storm clouds = warmer atmosphere computer modeling reveals new insights on interactions between pollution particles and storms an anvil cloud looms over the southern great plains site location of the u. s. department of energy \u2019 s atmospheric radiation measurements ( arm ) climate research facility. enlarge image results : for the first time, researchers at pacific northwest national laboratory have shown that pollution increases warming in the atmosphere through enlarging thunderstorm clouds. the scientists conducted a computational study with resolutions high enough to allow the team to see the clouds develop. they found that for warm summer thunderstorms, pollution particles lead to stronger storms with larger, anvil - shaped clouds, which also last longer. the warming effect dominated by trapping more heat, especially at night, even though these larger clouds also reflected more daytime sunlight warmth back into space. why it matters : clouds are one of the most poorly understood components of the earth ' s climate system. getting a better understanding of clouds, and how atmospheric particles affect them, is important to better predict the future of climate change. \" global climate models don ' t see this effect because thunderstorm clouds simulated in those models do not include enough detail, \" said dr. jiwen fan, lead author and a scientist at pnnl. \" the large amount of heat trapped by the pollution - enhanced clouds could potentially impact regional circulation and modify weather systems. \" for more information, see the pnnl news center, \" pollution teams with thunderclouds to warm atmosphere. \" acknowledgments : this study was supported by the u. s. department of energy ' s ( doe ) office of science and biological and environmental research ( ber ) regional & global climate modeling ( rgcm ) program as part of a bilateral agreement with the china ministry of sciences and technology on regional climate research and the u. s. doe ber ' s atmospheric system research ( asr ) program. the work was performed by drs. jiwen fan and l. ruby leung of pnnl ; dr. daniel rosenfeld of the hebrew university of jerusalem ; dr. zhanqing li and yanni ding of the university of maryland. reference : fan j, d rosenfeld, y ding, lr leung, and z li. 2012. \" potential aerosol indirect effects on atmospheric circulation and radiative forcing through deep convection. \" geophysical research letters 39 : l09806. doi : 10. 1029 / 2012gl051851.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5059426119041728, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0b6a78d-f2ec-4cff-b194-d185bfc422eb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.662902"}
{"text": "by diana l. duckworth rustburg high school campbell county 2 historical perspectives recall that in 1882 chromosomes were discovered mitosis was observed by walther flemming 1884 1888 nucleus identified as center of inheritance 1887 1892 weisman others postulated reduction in chromosome numbers during gamete formation observed meiosis 3 gregor mendels work rediscovered gregor mendels work was published in 1866 in a local natural history publication languished in obscurity rediscovered in 1900 identified factors with different expressions that are inherited law of segregation ( traits separate during reproduction ) and law of independent assortment ( inheritance of one gene does not influence another ) http / / www. nlm. nih. gov / exhibition / visibleproofs / ga lleries / technologies / dna. html 4 walter sutton - 1902 three postulates for chromosomes - synthesized thinking of last decade a ) chromosomes have individuality b ) chromosomes occur in pairs one from each parent c ) pairs separate during meiosis ( gamete formation ) somatic cells cells that do not produce gametes only undergo mitosis some cell lines never undergo mitosis length of cell cycle varies in different organisms different cell types sex cell lines produce gametes undergo meiosis a reduction division from diploid to haploid condition diploid cells have two copies of each chromosome haploid cells have one copy of each chromosome - gametes 6 preparation for meiosis chromosomes occur in pairs called homologous chromosomes all chromosomes are copied during s - phase of cell cycle each chromosome is now duplicated so there are four chromosomes instead of a pair of homologous chromosomes chromatids are exact copies sister chromatids are joined by centromere homologous pair now consists of two sets of sister chromatids 7 meiosis i prophase 1 chromosomes condense become visible nuclear envelope dissolves crossing over occurs between sister chromatids end of one sister chromatid is exchanged with end of other sister chromatid. note to identfy sister chromatids i have made individual chromatids a different color. 8 meiosis i metaphase 1 pairs of homologous chromosomes move to equator of cell remember each of the homologous chromosomes consists of 2 sister chromatids spindles attach to centromeres 9 meiosis i anaphase 1 homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell note that homologous chromosome separate not sister chromatids! 10 meiosis i telophase 1 chromosomes cluster at poles new nucleus forms cytoplasm divides to form two new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5727544844589398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47ec1db7-35e4-419c-a9ab-a010e85060cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.671184"}
{"text": "1 homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell note that homologous chromosome separate not sister chromatids! 10 meiosis i telophase 1 chromosomes cluster at poles new nucleus forms cytoplasm divides to form two new cells each of which has two sister chromatids from one of the homologous chromosomes 11 meiosis ii prophase 2 cells now go into prophase ii without any duplication of chromosomes! nuclear envelope dissolves new spindles form around chromosomes 12 meiosis ii metaphase 2 pairs of sister chromatids line up along the equator of cell 13 meiosis ii anaphase 2 spindles attach to centromere and separate sister chromatids to opposite ends of cell. 14 meiosis ii telophase 2 chromosomes cluster at poles of cell new nuclear envelope develops cell undergoes cytokinesis result 4 haploid gametes! 15 gametes unite in fertilization haploid sperm haploid egg 16 diploid zygote 17 http / / homepages. ius. edu / dpartin / 18 http / / www. biology. iupui. edu / biocourses / n100 / 2k4ch 9meiosisnotes. html 19 http / / www. biology. iupui. edu / biocourses / n100 / 2k4ch 9meiosisnotes. html 20 darwin revisited recall darwins problems how does inheritance occur where does variability come from inheritance genetic material is in chromosomes both parents contribute genetic material to offspring through meiosis fertilization variation recombination during fertilization crossing over independent assortment of chromosomes contribute enormously to variation. number of possible gametes 2n where n number of homologous chromosomes. 21 mendel revisited mendel identified factors ( genes ) with traits ( expression of genes ) now called alleles. to explain his ratios offspring had to get one trait for a factor from each parent. meiosis and fertilization ensure that for any given gene the offspring get one allele ( on one chromosome ) from each parent. powershow. com is a leading presentation / slideshow sharing website. whether your application is business, how - to, education, medicine, school, church, sales, marketing, online training or just for fun, powershow. com is a great resource. and, best of all, most of its cool features are free and easy to use. you can use powershow. com to find and download example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5178980641998457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47ec1db7-35e4-419c-a9ab-a010e85060cb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.673385"}
{"text": "sales, marketing, online training or just for fun, powershow. com is a great resource. and, best of all, most of its cool features are free and easy to use. you can use powershow. com to find and download example online powerpoint ppt presentations on just about any topic you can imagine so you can learn how to improve your own slides and presentations for free. or use it to find and download high - quality how - to powerpoint ppt presentations with illustrated or animated slides that will teach you how to do something new, also for free. or use it to upload your own powerpoint slides so you can share them with your teachers, class, students, bosses, employees, customers, potential investors or the world. or use it to create really cool photo slideshows - with 2d and 3d transitions, animation, and your choice of music - that you can share with your facebook friends or google + circles. that ' s all free as well! for a small fee you can get the industry ' s best online privacy or publicly promote your presentations and slide shows with top rankings. but aside from that it ' s free. we ' ll even convert your presentations and slide shows into the universal flash format with all their original multimedia glory, including animation, 2d and 3d transition effects, embedded music or other audio, or even video embedded in slides. all for free. most of the presentations and slideshows on powershow. com are free to view, many are even free to download. ( you can choose whether to allow people to download your original powerpoint presentations and photo slideshows for a fee or free or not at all. ) check out powershow. com today - for free. there is truly something for everyone!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4464394626807444, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:47ec1db7-35e4-419c-a9ab-a010e85060cb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.674171"}
{"text": "goodbodies helps students acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to foster good health. created by john burstein ( alias slim goodbody ), this instructional series takes a positive, lively and integrated approach to health education. in each lesson, host slim goodbody and a diverse group of target - age children go on - location to visit health experts. sprinkled along the way are engaging animated characters, puppets, songs and stories to capture attention and reinforce concepts. look for the interactive web site and a teacher \u2019 s guide on the instructional resources web site. not closed captioned 1. invaders \u2014 learn about harmful germs and how to stay protected. follow the trail of a strep germ from a doctor \u2019 s office to a special lab to learn how quickly germs multiply. understand the value of keeping hands out of eyes and nose. and discover why hand washing is such a powerful preventative technique. 2. yum \u2014 celebrate good food and learn how to eat properly by using the food pyramid as a guide. visit a nutritionist to discover how to make healthy snacks. learn how the body digests food. travel around the world to discover favorite foods of different cultures. see what animals eat. and have fun trying new kinds of food. 3. soap \u2014 get the scoop on cleanliness, discover the wide variety of different soaps and learn how they work to clean the skin. travel to sturbridge village to learn how soap was made in the 19th century. understand the value of being clean \u2013 for health and social benefit. and learn proper washing techniques. 4. smile \u2014 gain an understanding of the value of good dental hygiene. visit a pediatric dentist and travel to a toothbrush manufacturing company to learn how toothbrushes are made. travel to the national museum of dentistry to see ancient teeth cleaning devices. and finish at the zoo, with norman the sea lion, as he gets his teeth brushed. 5. help \u2014 find out where to turn in different emergency situations. visit a firehouse to learn about fire safety and understand why you need to \u201c get out and stay out! \u201d learn to \u201c stop, drop and roll. \u201d travel to a 911 headquarters to explore what happens when a call comes in. ride with the em \u2019 s in an ambulance. and meet sargent judy from the police department to learn what to do if you get lost. 6. move \u2014 celebrate all kinds of body movements. discover why you can never sit \u201c completely still. \u201d visit a karate school and see how this movement training is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4824824265325466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d141cad-e706-4402-8b84-19dfebad102e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.678616"}
{"text": "meet sargent judy from the police department to learn what to do if you get lost. 6. move \u2014 celebrate all kinds of body movements. discover why you can never sit \u201c completely still. \u201d visit a karate school and see how this movement training is done and how mental strength is also needed. read all about someone \u2019 s love for dance. and learn about aerobic exercise and why it \u2019 s so good for you. 7. up \u2014 learn how your bones and muscles form the inner framework of your body. travel with us to an amazing museum exhibit called \u201c body odyssey \u201d to learn how bones make red and white blood cells. view an animation illustrating muscles moving bones. compare our framework to those of different animals. and llearn some things you can do to help your framework do it \u2019 s job well, including practicing good posture. 8. feelings \u2014 explore feelings from many angles through mask making, drumming and body language. travel around the world to learn that feelings allow human beings to communicate even if they don \u2019 t speak the same language. and practice deep breathing to gain control of \u201c negative feelings. \u201d 9. look hear ( senses ) \u2014 explore the five main senses \u2014 sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch \u2014 and learn how different ones allow \u201c different parts of the world in. \u201d visit an eye doctor to learn about vision. see some amazing animal eyes. gain a greater understanding of how people who lack one sense are able to compensate to lead fulfilling lives. and sing a \u201c senses safety \u201d song. 10. safe \u2014 learn that injuries will happen to everyone from time to time, but many can be prevented with proper safety practices. learn why looking \u201c left, right, left is so important before crossing the street. travel on board a school bus to practice bus safety. visit the pool to learn water safety. and sing the bike safety helmet song. 11. gun safety \u2014 learn about a very serious issue, gun safety. slim visits an army range to find out how a gun works and gets safety tips from the soldiers. common questions are asked about guns, including movie violence and using guns with adult supervision. and learn what four steps to take when a gun is found. use our classroom videos for every curriculum and every grade level. these programs have been dropped from the instructional resources offerings. sign up for our monthly e - newsletter to learn about new programs, classroom resources, and professional development opportunities! june - tri - city technology conference in fargo, north dakota june 8 - share a story event at rheault farm from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.481217048778292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d141cad-e706-4402-8b84-19dfebad102e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.679709"}
{"text": "( bpt ) - one of the most exciting parts of parenthood is watching your children learn as they grow. of course, life \u2019 s lessons can be tough just as often as they can be pleasant. and as you want to protect kids from falling off their bike or scraping a knee, you also want to set them up for a successful financial future, as free from worries as possible. one of the best things you can do to prepare your kids for a lifetime of handling money is to get them started early. but it isn \u2019 t only about timing \u2013 following through with lessons and providing plenty of explanation is essential. keep these tips in mind to give your kids a leg up in learning about finances. * start saving. the earlier you can get your kids into the habit of saving, the more they \u2019 ll have to enjoy down the road. the concept doesn \u2019 t need to be overly complex \u2013 and it shouldn \u2019 t be, when you \u2019 re dealing with very young children. piggy banks are a perfect tool for starting saving habits ; a simple glass jar works, too, and gives kids an exciting visual to associate with their savings. as your children grow, so should their ideas about saving money. opening a real savings account in your child \u2019 s name is not only an exciting event for her, it builds an early understanding of banking. some schools and banks even have partnerships that allow students to make deposits at school. if your school doesn \u2019 t offer such a program, make trips to the bank with your kids and show them how to monitor their accounts. * have ongoing conversations about money. making your children comfortable with discussing finances is a gift that, while not flashy, will serve them well throughout their lives. start conversations about needs versus wants, budgeting and life \u2019 s necessary expenditures. encourage price comparison skills by going grocery shopping together and looking at different brands. set an example by telling kids how you save up to buy an item that you want and ways that you cut costs \u2013 and what you can get from the savings. if there \u2019 s something your child wants, provide guidance and ideas for how to save up the amount needed to make the purchase. * effectively use an allowance. an allowance is a tricky thing \u2013 it can be a good teaching tool, but you don \u2019 t want your kids to view it as a handout. whether or not you choose to associate chores with an allowance is up to you, but you should have discussions with your children about when allowances will be paid, and how they can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40106708035510497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:812b454f-6f34-4045-a18b-c9d490c261b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.683115"}
{"text": "\u2019 t want your kids to view it as a handout. whether or not you choose to associate chores with an allowance is up to you, but you should have discussions with your children about when allowances will be paid, and how they can be spent \u2013 or saved. encourage savings by providing two bank envelopes \u2013 one for savings and one for spending. if your budget allows for it, consider a \u201c match \u201d program in which you contribute a percentage every time your child makes a savings deposit. * don \u2019 t be afraid of mistakes. some of the most powerful lessons lie in making mistakes, so don \u2019 t be afraid to let your children make some less - than - perfect decisions. whether they overspend their budgets or waste money on something frivolous and later regret it, it \u2019 s important for them to learn the consequences of financial mismanagement early in life. teaching kids about money can be daunting, but doing so lays the groundwork for a stable financial future. whenever possible, make lessons about money fun, yet practical ; emphasize that money doesn \u2019 t have to be scary, and that good things come from using it wisely. visit the equifax finance blog ( blog. equifax. com ) for more useful information and tips on managing family money matters.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4115844238729983, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:812b454f-6f34-4045-a18b-c9d490c261b9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.683653"}
{"text": "psychologists study the mental processes and actions of people to gather data that help them to explain and predict human behavior. these professionals examine the effects of attitudes, feelings and emotions on individuals to better understand them and their relationships with others. they formulate hypotheses that they assess through scientific methods and rely heavily on observation and experimentation to gather evidence to test their beliefs. in addition, they conduct interviews, distribute questionnaires, and lead clinical studies to determine the validity of their ideas. the research undertaken in psychology careers can deeply impact and enhance the health and well - being of others. for example, research findings have better enabled practitioners to diagnose and to treat substance abuse, help individuals modify detrimental behaviors, provide appropriate counsel to couples and to families, and improve students \u2019 academic performance. psychologists also understand how workplace efficiency and productivity can be improved across various industries because of what they have learned from studies on human motivation and personality development. through coursework that will strengthen critical thinking and problem - solving abilities, psychology students are equipped with the skills needed to work with diverse populations. graduates may pursue psychology jobs in settings such as hospitals, schools, nonprofit organizations, businesses and universities. their responsibilities may include treating mental disorders, developing policies and procedures for workplace personnel and teaching courses in the discipline. in every psychology job description, training rooted in theory, practice and research is an essential requirement. professionals can opt to enter their choice of psychology careers. a practitioner \u2019 s psychology resume may include one or more work experiences that correspond with his interests and areas of specialty. - clinical psychologists work to treat and prevent mental disorders. this may include assisting others who suffer from specific mental illnesses such as depression, as well as those who contend with personal issues. therapy sessions provide opportunities for patients to discuss their concerns with which these professionals help them cope. clinical psychologists practice in private offices, hospitals and universities, and some may also work in rehabilitation and community mental health centers. - counseling psychologists advise individuals how to manage issues of everyday life and may counsel individuals either one - on - one or in groups. their work generally takes place in private offices, counseling centers and hospitals. - school psychologists work collaboratively with teachers, parents and students to create positive schooling environments for students. they assess students \u2019 learning and behavioral problems and recommend strategies to support their development and socialization. school psychologists may practice on - site in schools as well as in school district administrative offices and private offices. - industrial - organizational psychologists apply psychological research to workplace settings. they train and counsel personnel, develop policies and analyze operations to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4775682315756718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff918ba9-1194-4c56-9bf3-d51e89a189ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.688699"}
{"text": "contents : j. cummins, foreword. r. d. gonzalez, introduction. part i : update. d. waggoner, the demographics of diversity in the united states. j. crawford, proposition 227 : a new phase of the english only movement. c. schmid, the politics of english only in the united states : historical, social, and legal aspects. part ii : research and politics. e. e. garcia, treating linguistic and cultural diversity as a resource : the research response to the challenges inherent in the improving america ' s schools act and california ' s proposition 227. t. scovel, \" the younger, the better \" myth and bilingual education. s. d. krashen, bilingual education : the debate continues. part iii : politics, economy, and the classroom. e. l. judd, english only and esl instruction : will it make a difference? e. r. auerbach, when pedagogy meets politics : challenging english only in adult education. a. gonzalez, which english skills matter to immigrants? the acquisition and value of four english skills. part iv : what difference does difference make? r. lippi - green, that ' s not my language : the struggle to ( re ) define african american english. f. r. aparicio, of spanish dispossessed. g. y. okawa, from \" bad attitudes \" to ( ward ) linguistic pluralism : developing reflective language policy among preservice teachers. v. cliett, between the lines : reconciling diversity and standard english. l. r. connal, transcultural rhetorics for cultural survival. v. villanueva, afterword : on english only.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47036617561047617, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70aee91c-3e89-4d77-b450-c4d6ef5f872a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.690454"}
{"text": "fish and wildlife service 2000 - 1113 for immediate release contact : george lisles wild atlantic salmon in maine rivers are at an all - time low and face a number of threats that could drive them to extinction. as a result, the u. s. fish and wildlife service and the national marine fisheries service today announced they are listing the species as endangered under the endangered species act. the listing covers the wild population of atlantic salmon found in rivers and streams in maine from the lower kennebec river north to the u. s. - canada border. these include the dennys, east machias, machias, pleasant, narraguagus, ducktrap, and sheepscot rivers and cove brook. although significant progress has been made under the state of maine ' s conservation plan, disease and other threats remain, and the act ' s protection is critical to ensure the survival of these salmon, said jamie rappaport clark, director of the fish and wildlife service, and penny dalton, administrator of the national marine fisheries service. \" less than 10 percent of the fish needed for the long - term survival of wild atlantic salmon are returning to maine rivers, \" clark said. \" without the protection and recovery programs afforded by the endangered species act, chances are this population will die out completely. \" federal biologists have found that small numbers of adult salmon are returning to spawn, and young salmon in gulf of maine rivers are surviving at a lower rate than expected. spawning stocks of atlantic salmon remain low throughout much of their northern atlantic range and are not expected to improve rapidly. \" the services have a responsibility to extend endangered species act protection to maine ' s wild salmon, \" dalton said. \" the state of maine conservation plan provides a foundation for the recovery effort, and, together with the act ' s protection, will assist recovery of this atlantic salmon population. \" the state of maine atlantic salmon commission halted salmon fishing nearly a year ago in response to the low number of adult fish returning to maine rivers. \" today ' s decision to protect the gulf of maine atlantic salmon as an endangered species acknowledges the seriousness of the salmon ' s status and our concern for its future, \" added dalton. three fish diseases threaten recovery efforts. biologists have discovered the salmon swimbladder sarcoma virus in atlantic salmon raised at north attleboro national fish hatchery in massachusetts. biologists were forced to destroy some of the broodstock to stop the potential spread of the disease. additionally, infectious salmon anemia, though not yet detected in u. s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3927919224172688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c642ea7d-0dbb-45be-b136-bae7daca1223>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.696440"}
{"text": "atlantic salmon raised at north attleboro national fish hatchery in massachusetts. biologists were forced to destroy some of the broodstock to stop the potential spread of the disease. additionally, infectious salmon anemia, though not yet detected in u. s. waters, could spread to the maine population from nearby canadian waters. finally, coldwater disease, a bacterial disease, has recently been found to be a potentially serious problem for interbreeding with and competition from escaped farm - raised salmon from maine ' s aquaculture industry also threaten the wild salmon population in the gulf of maine. the industry has expanded its use of european salmon strains. in addition to the continuing escape of sub - adult salmon from sea pens near the mouths of wild salmon rivers, there is evidence that farm - raised juvenile salmon have escaped from private hatcheries located on rivers supporting the wild salmon population. the services proposed to list the atlantic salmon as endangered in november 1999, after a biological study, the \" status review for anadromous atlantic salmon in the united states, \" concluded that atlantic salmon in several gulf of maine rivers the last known protection under the act means it is now a federal violation to take salmon in the eight rivers. \" take \" means to harass, harm, pursue, trap, capture and collect. while the services expect the listing to have an overall minimal impact on most maine residents, they will continue to work closely with those affected by this decision. the wild population of atlantic salmon found in the eight rivers in maine are referred to as the gulf of maine \" distinct population segment. \" the act permits listing of a population segment if it is discrete and significant, and found to be endangered or threatened. the act directs federal agencies to protect and promote the recovery of listed species. proposed federal projects and actions, including activities on non - federal lands that involve federal funding or permitting, require review by the services to ensure they will not jeopardize the survival and recovery of listed species. once a species is listed, all protective measures authorized by the act apply to the species. the services will develop a recovery plan to rebuild the wild atlantic salmon population so the species no longer needs endangered species act protection. the recovery plan will address threats such as disease, competition from or interbreeding with aquaculture escapees ( especially non - north american farmed fish ), predation, and modification to salmon habitat. \" we expect the recovery plan to grow out of the existing state of maine conservation plan, \" clark said. \" it will be developed in partnership with state officials,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47489181099865263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c642ea7d-0dbb-45be-b136-bae7daca1223>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.697583"}
{"text": "- north american farmed fish ), predation, and modification to salmon habitat. \" we expect the recovery plan to grow out of the existing state of maine conservation plan, \" clark said. \" it will be developed in partnership with state officials, native american tribal officials, watershed councils, conservation organizations, maine industries, and others in maine who have an interest in the fish and the rivers. while the recovery plan is being developed, we will continue to work with state, tribal and local experts on a variety of salmon recovery strategies. \" additional information is available on the internet at this site : http : / / www. nero. nmfs. gov / atsalmon / the final decision to protect the dps of atlantic salmon, including public comments and responses, will be published in the \" federal register, \" available at http : / / www. access. gpo. gov / su _ docs / access / access140. html or by writing to one of the addresses below. it takes effect 30 days from the date of publication. chief, division of endangered species endangered species program coordinator the national marine fisheries service is the principal steward of the nation ' s living marine resources, protecting marine and anadromous species under the endangered species act and the marine mammals protection act. noaa fisheries develops and implements conservation and recovery plans and works to prevent species from becoming threatened or endangered. noaa fisheries also regulates the nation ' s commercial and recreational fisheries and manages species under the magnuson - stevens fishery conservation and management act throughout federal waters that extend 200 miles from the u. s. coastline. using the tools provided by the magnuson - stevens act, noaa fisheries assesses and predicts the status of fish stocks, ensures compliance with fisheries regulations, and works to reduce wasteful fishing practices. noaa fisheries is an agency of the commerce department ' s national oceanic and atmospheric administration. noaa warns of dangerous weather, charts our seas and skies, guides our use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to improve our understanding and stewardship of the environment which sustains us. the u. s. fish and wildlife service is the principal federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting and enhancing fish, wildlife and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the american people. the service manages the 93 - million - acre national wildlife refuge system which encompasses more than 530 national wildlife refuges, thousands of small wetlands and other special management areas. it also operates 66 national fish hatcheries, 64 fishery resource offices and 78 ecological", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42693320252847133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c642ea7d-0dbb-45be-b136-bae7daca1223>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.698845"}
{"text": "summary / annotation - > a wide - ranging and delightful narrative history of the celebrated plant breeder luther burbank and the business of farm and garden in early twentieth - century america a century ago, luther burbank was the most famous gardener on the planet. his name was inseparable from a cornucopia of new and improved plants \u2014 fruits, nuts, vegetables, and flowers \u2014 for both home gardens and commercial farms and orchards. at a time when the science of genetics was in its infancy and agriculture was often a perilous combination of guess work and luck, many people wanted a piece of the man they called the wizard of santa rosa. as the united states moved from a nation of farms to a nation of city dwellers, the people behind the new products that transformed daily life were admired with a fervor that is not accorded to their present - day counterparts. everyone knew and marveled at samuel morse \u2019 s telegraph, alexander graham bell \u2019 s telephone, and thomas edison \u2019 s electric light. and like these other great american inventors, burbank was revered as an example of the best tradition of american originality, ingenuity, and perseverance. burbank had learned the secret of teaching nature to perform for man, breeding and crossbreeding ordinary plants from farm and garden until they were tastier, hardier, and more productive than ever before. the garden of invention is neither an encyclopedia nor a biography. rather, jane s. smith, a noted cultural historian, highlights significant moments in burbank \u2019 s life ( itself a fascinating story ) and uses them to explore larger trends that he embodied and, in some cases, shaped. the garden of invention revisits the early years of bioengineering, when plant inventors were popular heroes and the public clamored for new varieties that would extend seasons, increase yields, look beautiful, or simply be wonderfully different from anything seen before. the road from the nineteenth - century farm to twenty - first - century agribusiness is full of twists and turns, of course, but a good part of it passed straight through luther burbank \u2019 s garden. the garden of invention is a colorful and engrossing examination of the intersection of gardening, science, and business in the years between the civil war and the great depression. 01855nam a22003738a 4500 090324s2009 nyu b 001 0 eng $ a 9781594202094 ( h", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5087557828670024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba424599-b09f-4921-9f52-51e726dc3b82>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.702379"}
{"text": ", and business in the years between the civil war and the great depression. 01855nam a22003738a 4500 090324s2009 nyu b 001 0 eng $ a 9781594202094 ( hbk. ) : $ c $ 25. 95 $ a 200904130943 $ b kjoe $ c 200903261410 $ d uafzal $ y 200903241331 $ z jlin $ a dnal / dlc $ c dlc $ a sb63. b9 $ b s65 2009 $ a b $ 2 22 $ a b burbank s $ a smith, jane s. $ a the garden of invention : $ b luther burbank and the business of breeding plants / $ c jane s. smith. $ a new york : $ b penguin press, $ c 2009. $ a p. cm. $ a includes bibliographical references and index. $ a nature in an age of invention - - the lucky spud - - the second gold rush - - faster, better, sweeter - - a personal interlude - - marketing the new creation - - the philosopher in the orchard, the scientist in the pea patch - - california boosters and the ivory tower - - the carnegie institution seal of approval - - the training of the human plant - - learning from luther burbank - - the corn palace and the empire of the prickly pear - - the meeting of the masters - - the garden of beautiful thoughts - - transplanting the legacy - - the creator ' s art - - the garden as intellectual property. $ a a apr09 $ a burbank, luther, $ d 1849 - 1926. $ a plant breeders $ z united states $ v biography. $ a plant breeding $ z united states $ x history. $ 2 bisac $ a gardening / essays ^ science / life sciences / botany $ a vtlssort0010 0080 0100 0200 0201 0400 0700 0820 0821 0920 0990 1000 2450 2600 2630 3000 5040 5050 5990 6000 6500 6501 6540 9950 9991", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5219926616473938, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba424599-b09f-4921-9f52-51e726dc3b82>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.703243"}
{"text": "first meeting of righteous people : leon dziedzic from przytuly ( left ) and stanislaw ramotowski from dziewiecin. we can very precisely determine, unknown until now, the place of burial of at least few hundred jews, men, women and children, buried alive in jedwabne, outside of lomza on july 10, 1941. after two months of searching we found an eyewitness, 74 - year - old leon dziedzic, from the village of przytuly, outside of jedwabne, who at that time was a 15 - year - old boy. by order of the nazi government, he took part in a burial of victims, who were murdered by a group of local poles on the order, inspiration or permission of the germans. first we also found the polish witnesses, who confirmed information about jews who survived a similar tragedy several kilometers from jedwabne, where almost every resident of the town and neighboring villages were killed by poles. also, we talked to the only rescued jew living presently in radzilow and her rescuer, 85 - year - old marianna and stanislaw ramotowski. today, on the 59th anniversary of the jews exterminated in jedwabne, members of the city government laid flowers and lit candles in the place, where the holocaust victims were buried. they told us to bring a spade \" germans needed people for different work projects every day, \" says leon dziedzic. \" rotation was established by the head of a hamlet. a courier was sent from the town with information on how many people and with what equipment was to be there. that day, when my neighbor ' s and my turn came, we were told to bring spades. it must have been on the 12th of july, two days after the jewish tragedy. i knew what happened on july 10 in jedwabne, even though my mother forbade us to leave the house that day. there were eight of us, we did not have a father then, he passed away a year before the war. we heard agonizing screams, transforming into a quiet lament, and we saw black smoke above the jewish cemetery, in a straight line from us it was not more then 3 kilometers. \" \" here are buried these poor. \" based on leon dziedzic ' s directions it will be possible to mark out the collective tomb of jews murdered in jedwabne on july 10, 1941. \" they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42750640102964915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4ad6cb5-acd0-4d3b-bcf3-091766c43598>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.722292"}
{"text": "more then 3 kilometers. \" \" here are buried these poor. \" based on leon dziedzic ' s directions it will be possible to mark out the collective tomb of jews murdered in jedwabne on july 10, 1941. \" they gathered at least twenty men and ran us in the direction of the jewish cemetery. three policemen guarded the ruins left by the fire. it not was until later that we understood why. before we came there must have been another team as piles of corpses were covered by thin layers of sand. smoldering ruins of a barn were beyond description. the fire must have burned from west to east, because the left bay ( chest ) was almost empty with single corpses. in the middle, on the earth floor, there were more of them. but in the right bay, many layers of bodies. these from the top were carbonized, the lower ones slightly burned, then only grimy. on the corpses laid at the bottom even the clothes were not touched. these died not of fire, but by suffocation or squeezed to death. \" \" we dug a ditch from the northern part, at the back, not from the jewish cemetery, because by the barn there was a road. the ditch was 5, 6 meters long, 3 meters wide, 2 meters deep, right by the foundation. the wall by the ditch was pushed down, but three other parts remained, one can feel it, it must be not deeper than at spade length and in this way we can form the outline of a barn. that is where the poor people are \" separating bodies was not possible, they were so tangled. but people tried to search corpses, to find valuables hidden in the clothing. i banged a shoe polish box named ' brolin. ' it jingled. i cut it with a spade and some coins shone, probably gold czar 5 ruble ones. people ran to collect them. this caught the attention of the policemen. they searched everybody. they took the discoveries from these who hid them in pockets and gave them a bite. those who tucked their discoveries into their shoes saved them. \" \" corpses were of those jews ; who not only died the same day july 10, but earlier. those that were not burned in a barn, but were murdered in a town, killed at the jewish cemetery after the statue of lenin was brought, or caught while trying to escape and killed in a field or in a forest ; those were not on the surface then, but in freshly moved soil at the other side of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4491523174095279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4ad6cb5-acd0-4d3b-bcf3-091766c43598>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.723486"}
{"text": "a town, killed at the jewish cemetery after the statue of lenin was brought, or caught while trying to escape and killed in a field or in a forest ; those were not on the surface then, but in freshly moved soil at the other side of a road, at the jewish cemetery. the jewish cemetery was at that time surrounded by a fence with a gate, decorated with tablets of the decaloque. people would say that jews were forced to dig a grave for themselves. others were told to carry a statue of lenin, or some other group. people would also say that the police commander had a fight with those poles, who were leaders during the pogrom : ' you said you would establish order with the jews, but you can not take care of it yourself. ' he meant that they did not bury the remains of the burned people, and he was afraid of some sort of plague, for it was hot and dogs were already getting to them. \" survivor and rescuer : marianna ( rachela finkielsztejn ) and stanislaw ramotowski from dziewiecin, outside of radzilow. guard of unknown graves \" fate made me bury those killed people, for this wasn ' t the only time. but the one with jews was the most difficult to survive. i got sick. i vomited a few times and until now i can not free myself of this nightmare, \" says leon dziedzic. he leads us to a forest between jedwabne and the village of przytuly. \" gendarmes used to bring people here to be shot, \" he said. on one forest grave a statue for \" twenty political workers \" was placed, which tells more about the epoch when this sign was prepared than about the dead. \" here are buried poles, jews and russians, but nobody knows about their political activity, \" explains dziedzic. \" further, there is a tomb of two killed married couples, erected by families. first they put up a cross, then asked if they could erect a gravestone. this is my property, my patrimony. ' sure, ' i said, ' but give me this cross instead, so i can put it in the place where there are fifteen killed. ' my horse was eating the grass. i looked and there was a fresh ditch, covered with pine branches. i went home. there was no sleeping in the house that night, the police were preparing for an execution. we heard shooting in the forest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45983013571299425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4ad6cb5-acd0-4d3b-bcf3-091766c43598>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.724535"}
{"text": "my horse was eating the grass. i looked and there was a fresh ditch, covered with pine branches. i went home. there was no sleeping in the house that night, the police were preparing for an execution. we heard shooting in the forest. a truck went back and forth three times, five executioners and five policemen, everybody shot one. \" about another german tomb from 1945 only leon dziedzic and his son remember now. \" the russians were coming and the nazis backed out, leaving only a few soldiers to cover them. one with a rifle, died on the spot. two others were wounded. the soviets killed them. they took their own soldiers, and left the germans. they were lying just like that from the end of january until april. parts of their clothing went missing little by little, until finally they were left only in underwear. i was not there because i was taken to an army camp to dig out antitank trenches. everybody was killed, \" says dziedzic. \" upon my return we buried the three germans. snow was melting then. here lies the one with a rifle, and two other ones. \" leon dziedzic shows us an almost invisible hollow. \" in memorial we cut crosses on pines in the four corners of there are many more tombs like that one in the woods outside of jedwabne. the history of one of them shows how complicated wartime was for the local people. some time passed from the entry of germans, when a group of \" forest people \" decided to settle matters with those, whom they recognized as communist backers. who they represented remains unknown. they issued \" sentences \" for a few people, including a farmer from przytuly, where in soviet times there was a storehouse. he, his son and somebody else were taken at night. they went into the forest. the storehouse owner ' s son ran away and hid in a tree. they were looking for him, blindly shooting, but they did not get him. he realized that now it would be even worse. he got to lomza, and went directly to the gestapo. he reported who came to get them and what weapons they had ; he knew them, they were neighbors. police arrived, surrounded the houses and made a house search. guilt was confirmed except for one man, who they beat up, but he did not confess anything. he was sent to a stonepit, the rest were shot in a forest. monument where jews from radzilow were burned by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46633580003060127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4ad6cb5-acd0-4d3b-bcf3-091766c43598>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.725607"}
{"text": "house search. guilt was confirmed except for one man, who they beat up, but he did not confess anything. he was sent to a stonepit, the rest were shot in a forest. monument where jews from radzilow were burned by polish neighbors on july 7, 1941 does not say a word about the persons responsible or the date of the crime. \" some time passed from the burning of the jews. i went to our barn in the evening to take some grass for my horse. i heard a rustle. i looked into a bay and somebody was there. he caught me by my legs : ' save my life, i will go. i escaped police. ' it was szmul wasersztajn, my peer and good friend from the same school class. we were friends. my whole family knew him very well, because at the time of the russian occupation he would trade meat. he used to buy a cow or a lamb, even a pig, but asked us not to denounce him before the germans. he kept them at our place, but when an order came in he killed them. i told him, ' be quiet, lie down and i will go to tell my mother. ' i brought him home at night. szmul said there is a hiding place being prepared for him and asked us to notify wyrzykowski ' s family from the village of janczewo, at the other side of jedwabne. soon after, antonina wyrzykowska arrived with seven jews, who hid in her place till the end of the war, i won ' t tell any more about her. she sort of came to the shoe repair, because my brother used to fix shoes. we settled matters. szmul spent two weeks with us. later my sister and brother took him to janczewko. \" i told leon dziedzic, that szmul wasersztajn ' s story about the jewish extermination in jedwabne, as told to the jewish historic commission in bialystok immediately after war is the basic historic source. in 1949 it was the basis to begin legal proceedings against the mentioned instigators of the crimes and was recently, after years of silence, published. this is a reason why i began my research. inspired by wasersztajn ' s story, professor jan tomasz gross wrote a book, but szmul wasersztajn did not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42868111322580593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4ad6cb5-acd0-4d3b-bcf3-091766c43598>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.726744"}
{"text": ", after years of silence, published. this is a reason why i began my research. inspired by wasersztajn ' s story, professor jan tomasz gross wrote a book, but szmul wasersztajn did not live to this point, he died in february of this year. leon dziedzic knew about his friend ' s death and about his story but he did not know about the book by gross. i gave him a copy, he was touched. he found pictures of wasersztajn in \" szmul came to us, when he arrived from costa rica to visit poland. we did not meet. i was at my son ' s home in the us. my mom was dead by that time. he asked me to show him a picture of her. he kissed it and cried. he said that his mother gave him life first, and my mother gave it to him a second time, \" dziedzic told me. based on the guidance of leon dziedzic it will be possible to mark common graves of jews murdered in jedwabne on july 10, 1941. the story of menachem finkielsztejn tells about the jewish extermination in radzilow, but documents kept in the jewish historical institute in warsaw did not survive in one piece. there are pages telling about the pogrom preparations and its beginning phase, but the page about the extermination itself vanished [ emphasis added ]. on the outskirts of town, by the street to wizna, there is a little monument with the inscription, \" in august of 1941 fascists murdered 800 of jewish descent, 500 of them were burned alive in a barn. \" the number of killed, similar to jedwabne, is difficult to verify ; so many jews were killed in this place, but how many, and under which circumstances, is unknown. the date is false. the extinction of the jewish community in radzilow happened on july 7, 1941. we can assume that it was altered by about a month, because in august 1941 in the bialystok district, there were no examples of poles participating in jewish murdering, which took place in a few places in the last week of june and in july. pogroms took place successively in towns, along one line from northeast towards southwest : szczuczyn, wasosz, radzilow and jedwabne. the inscription does not tell the truth about the crime", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44091575551896967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4ad6cb5-acd0-4d3b-bcf3-091766c43598>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.727821"}
{"text": "and in july. pogroms took place successively in towns, along one line from northeast towards southwest : szczuczyn, wasosz, radzilow and jedwabne. the inscription does not tell the truth about the crime perpetrators. \" i did not see any outside germans coming to radzilow on this or on any previous day. gendarmes stood on a balcony and watched. ours did it, \" revealed an eyewitness of the incident of july 7, 1941, who asked to remain anonymous. \" yes, on a previous day, on sunday, july 6 on country wagons many people from wasosz arrived in radzilow, where a pogrom took place a day before. \" the scenario was similar to jedwabne. in the morning all the jews were gathered on the market square. they were ordered to \" weed \" the pavement. they were insulted, beaten and humiliated. at the same time, jewish homes were robbed. escaping and hiding jews were looked for. after a few hours a parade was formed, which was marched to the barn and they were burned alive. \" about 60 families were murdered that day. numerous generations of families. if we assume that, including grandparents, parents and children, such families could have seven or eight people, information on a monument giving the number of 500 burned may be close to the truth, \" said my informer. he mentioned also, that it was said that supposedly germans settled matters with murderers from szczuczyn. \" the same that you did to the jews you may want to do to us, \" they might have said and killed a few people. he said as well that after the war some people from radzilow were called to bialystok for interrogation. he himself was called on. he said that poles did the pogrom. the interrogators disagreed. \" why have you called me, if you know better? \" asked my witness. then they allowed him to tell his version, and advised him to keep it to himself. the process took place in elk. \" i did not tell the truth before the court, \" he i led them astray stanislaw ramotowski from kramarzewo - dziewiecin, hamlet of radzilow, confirmed that he learned about a pogrom about to happen the day before. \" jozef ( if i remember the name ) malinowski from czerwonki came with the warning that the next day people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4372478536773585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4ad6cb5-acd0-4d3b-bcf3-091766c43598>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.728831"}
{"text": ", hamlet of radzilow, confirmed that he learned about a pogrom about to happen the day before. \" jozef ( if i remember the name ) malinowski from czerwonki came with the warning that the next day people from wasosz will ' take care ' of jews. i ran to warn a befriended family named finkielsztejn who were millers from dziewiecin. they did not want to believe, but i led out and hid the mother, son, two daughters and two children of one of the daughters in my field. five people. i was able to keep them in hiding till 1943 but someone denounced them to the germans. they were taken to a ghetto in radzilow. actually they gathered the remains of the jews in the remaining synagogue. rachela and i were absent at that time. but they came for rachela next day. at night i happened to steal her away. gendarme godlewski helped me ( we were in the a. k. [ armia krajowa, or home army ] together ; conscription had moved him to the military police ). we could not save the whole family. they were taken to grajewo, and then to prostki, which was the last stop before treblinka. from that time on i had to hide. i was able to walk only at night. till the end of war we lived in underground hideouts. \" rachela finkielsztejn is called now marianna ramotowska. \" we wanted to get married during the war, but the priest would not agree to make a false birth certificate, \" says stanislaw. in 1991 he was granted a certificate and medal \" righteous among the nations \" from yad vashem in jerusalem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40069180420255934, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4ad6cb5-acd0-4d3b-bcf3-091766c43598>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.729467"}
{"text": "readwritethink couldn ' t publish all of this great content without literacy experts to write and review for us. if you ' ve got lessons plans, activities, or other ideas you ' d like to contribute, we ' d love to hear from you. find the latest in professional publications, learn new techniques and strategies, and find out how you can connect with other literacy professionals. teacher resources by grade | 1st - 2nd | | 3rd - 4th | | 5th - 6th | | 7th - 8th | | 9th - 10th | | 11th - 12th | using web - based bookmarks to conduct internet research | grades | | 2 \u2013 3 | | lesson plan type | | standard lesson | | estimated time | | three 30 - to 40 - minute sessions | internet research can be an overwhelming endeavor for primary students! using web - based bookmarks to guide students to appropriate sites can make their research more productive and focused, while still providing them with valuable learning experiences in media literacy. in this lesson, students first listen and respond to a read - aloud of the important book by margaret wise brown, and then use the structure of her writing to write poems describing important things about themselves. students then do research on a content area topic ( in this case, butterflies ) by visiting websites accessed through ikeepbookmarks. com, a free site that teachers can use to create collections of bookmarks. students use the facts gathered in their research to compose an original poem on the topic, again following the structure of the important book. - the important book by margaret wise brown ( harpertrophy, 1990 ) forbes, l. s. ( 2004 ). using web - based bookmarks in k8 settings : linking the internet to instruction. the reading teacher, 58 ( 2 ), 148153. - there are multiple types of literacy, including internet content literacy, which require students to be efficient at decoding, analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing text they read on the web. - web - based bookmarking, the process of creating a list of favorites or bookmarks and storing them on the web, allows teachers to effectively link the internet to instruction. - web - based bookmarking allows students to quickly and easily access internet content from a variety of genres, sources, and content areas, while also increasing time on task. - because the teacher previews all links before exposing them to students, safety on the internet is improved. - web - based bookmarking allows access to virtual learning for all students no matter what developmental level or learning needs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4740147453565136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f28393bc-4e85-4244-815b-8475c05b3531>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.732432"}
{"text": "new discovery affirms rtb model predictions even though i \u2019 m a budget - hotel kinda guy, occasionally i splurge and stay in a really nice place. it \u2019 s fun to get a chance to experience firsthand how the \u201c other half \u201d lives. a recent study of some of the microbes found in lake matano ( indonesia ), the world \u2019 s eighth deepest lake, provides biologists and geologists a first - hand look at how the earliest life on earth lived. this new insight provides more evidence for rtb \u2019 s origin - of - life model. rtb and evolutionary origin - of - life models one of the key points of difference between the rtb and evolutionary models centers on the timing of life \u2019 s first appearance on earth. the rtb scientific creation model, based on genesis 1 : 2 and deuteronomy 32 : 9 - 12, predicts that life should appear early in earth \u2019 s history and that the first life - forms should be inherently complex. evolutionary origin - of - life models, on the other hand, require a long percolation time, perhaps up to one billion years, before life can emerge from a primordial soup. these naturalistic scenarios also predict that the first life - forms should be relatively simple. the scientific evidence as described in origins of life, geochemical evidence already indicates that life was present remarkably early in earth \u2019 s history, possibly as far back as 3. 8 + billion years ago. ( prior to this time, life would have been impossible on earth, since the planet \u2019 s conditions were \u201c hellish \u201d and unsuitable for life. ) some origin - of - life researchers, however, question the authenticity of these geochemical finds. they maintain that these markers for early life are actually artifacts produced by inorganic processes. banded iron formation one potential biomarker under question is banded iron formations ( bifs ). these unusual iron ore deposits are found in sedimentary rocks dated older than 1. 8 billion years in age. bifs are most abundant between 1. 8 and 2. 5 billion years ago, but also exist in rock formations as old as about 3. 8 billion years in age. bifs consist of alternating layers of chert ( silica ) and the minerals hematite ( fe2o3 ) and magnetite ( fe3o4 ). deposits of this type don \u2019 t form today. geologists believe that bifs formed at a time in earth \u2019 s history when high levels of dissolved iron ( fe2 + ) and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5309173126464657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c69b601-c37f-4007-8051-b594a6e92bf0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.739806"}
{"text": "earth. the work of the biologists and geologists on lake matano weighs in here. these scientists have just discovered anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria in lake matano that can oxidize fe2 +. this lake closely compares to the most likely conditions for the oceans on early earth. if photosynthetic bacteria can convert fe2 + to fe3 + in lake matano, it makes it even more likely that bifs that date to 3. 8 billion years in age are biogenic products generated by bacteria that engage in anoxygenic photosynthesis. bifs, along with other biomarkers, collectively indicate that life originated early in earth \u2019 s history as soon as our planet could sustain life. the microbes that generated bifs must have been metabolically complex, given what we know about the anoxygenic microbes that are capable of phototropically oxidizing fe2 + in lake matano. this new insight adds further support for the rtb origins - of - life model and, at the same time, makes little sense within an evolutionary framework. the sudden appearance of metabolically complex life on earth comports well with the notion that a creator intervened to bring about the creation of the first life - forms on earth. the accommodations in the archean oceans for the earliest life on earth may not meet the four - star quality that many people expect when they stay in a high - end hotel, but it appears to have suited these organisms just fine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5353277629043349, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c69b601-c37f-4007-8051-b594a6e92bf0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.742424"}
{"text": "latitude and rain dictated where species lived more than 200 million years ago, mammals and reptiles lived in their own separate worlds on the supercontinent pangaea, despite little geographical incentive to do so. mammals lived in areas of twice - yearly seasonal rainfall ; reptiles stayed in areas where rains came just once a year. mammals lose more water when they excrete, and thus need water - rich environments to survive. results are published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. aggregating nearly the entire landmass of earth, pangaea was a continent the likes our planet has not seen for the last 200 million years. its size meant there was a lot of space for animals to roam, for there were few geographical barriers, such as mountains or ice caps, to contain them. yet, strangely, animals confined themselves. studying a transect of pangaea stretching from about three degrees south to 26 degrees north ( a long swath in the center of the continent covering tropical and semiarid temperate zones ), a team of scientists led by jessica whiteside at brown university has determined that reptiles, represented by a species called procolophonids, lived in one area, while mammals, represented by a precursor species called traversodont cynodonts, lived in another. though similar in many ways, their paths evidently did not cross. \u201c we \u2019 re answering a question that goes back to darwin \u2019 s time, \u201d said whiteside, assistant professor of geological sciences at brown, who studies ancient climates. \u201c what controls where organisms live? the two main constraints are geography and climate. \u201d turning to climate, the frequency of rainfall along lines of latitude directly influenced where animals lived, the scientists write in a paper published this week in the online early edition of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. in the tropical zone where the mammal - relative traversodont cynodonts lived, monsoon - like rains fell twice a year. but farther north on pangaea, in the temperate regions where the procolophonids predominated, major rains occurred only once a year. it was the difference in the precipitation, the researchers conclude, that sorted the mammals \u2019 range from that of the reptiles. the scientists focused on an important physiological difference between the two : how they excrete. mammals lose water when they excrete and need to replenish what they lose. reptiles ( and birds ) get rid of bodily waste in the form of uric acid in a solid or semisolid form that contains very little water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42844434671850296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3c83f07-5d87-43fc-8d42-a95031cc8ee9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.746899"}
{"text": "composite image shows superbubble in the large magellanic cloud april flowers for redorbit. com \u2013 your universe online nasa has released a hauntingly beautiful composite image showing a superbubble in the large magellanic cloud ( lmc ). the lmc is a small satellite galaxy of the milky way located about 160, 000 light years from earth. a superbubble is a cavity, filled with 106 kelvin gas blown into the interstellar medium by multiple supernovae and stellar winds, hundreds of light years across. these cavities are carved out of the surrounding gas by the shockwaves and winds from supernova explosions. many new stars, some of them very massive, are forming in the star cluster ngc 1929, which is embedded in the nebula n44, so named because it is the 44th nebula in a catalog of such objects in the magellanic clouds. the massive stars produce intense radiation, expel matter at high speeds and race through their evolution to explode as supernovas. in the image, x - rays from nasa \u2019 s chandra x - ray observatory ( blue ) show hot regions created by those winds and shockwaves. infrared data from nasa \u2019 s spitzer space telescope ( red ) outline where the dust and cooler gas are found. optical light from the 2. 2 meter max - planck - eso telescope ( yellow ) in chile shows where ultraviolet radiation from hot, young stars is causing gas in the nebula to glow. a long - running problem in high - energy astrophysics has been that some superbubbles in the lmc, including n44, give off a lot more x - rays than expected from models of their structure, which assume that hot, x - ray emitting gas has been produced by winds from massive stars and the remains of several supernovas. another chandra study from 2011 showed that there are two extra sources of n44 \u2032 s x - ray emission not included in these models : supernova shockwaves striking the walls of the cavities, and hot material evaporating from the cavity walls. chandra also showed no evidence for the enhancement of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in the cavities, ruling out the possibility as an explanation for the bright x - ray emission. only by making full use of chandra \u2019 s capabilities has it become possible to distinguish between different sources of x - rays produced by superbubbles. the chandra study of n44 and another superbubble in the lmc was led by anne jaskot from the university of michigan in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5193710607760673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e4d674bb-7a2a-429d-97b0-7f9eeb3da3f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.756101"}
{"text": "herbicide resistant gm corn is grown in the united states. a variation of herbicide resistant gm corn was approved for import into the european union in 2004. such imports remain highly controversial ( the independent, 2005 ). expressing the toxin was achieved by inserting a gene from the lepidoptera pathogen microorganism bacillus thuringiensis into the corn genome. this gene codes for a toxin that causes the formation of pores in the larval digestive tract. these pores allow naturally occurring enteric bacteria such as e. coli and enterobacter to enter the hemocoel where they multiply and cause sepsis. ( broderick et al, pnas 2006 ) this is contrary to the common misconception that bt toxin kills the larvae by starvation. in 2001, bt176 varieties were voluntarily withdrawn from the list of approved varieties by the united states environmental protection agency when it was found to have little or no bt expression in the ears and was not found to be effective against second generation corn borers. ( current status of bt corn hybrids, 2005 ) in 2001 the scientific journal the proceedings of the national academy of sciences published six comprehensive studies that showed that bt corn pollen does not pose a risk to monarch populations for the following reasons : ( sears, et al., 2001 ) monarch populations in the usa during 1999 increased by 30 %, despite bt corn accounting for 30 % of all corn grown in the usa that year. the beneficial effects of bt corn on monarch populations can be attributed to reduced pesticide use. ( trewavas and leaver, 2001 ). numerous scientific studies continue to investigate the potential effects of bt corn on a variety of nontarget invertebrates. a synthesis of data from many such field studies ( marvier et al. 2007 ) found that the measured effect depends on the standard of comparison. the overall abundance of nontarget invertebrates in cry1ab variety bt corn fields is significantly higher compared to non - gm corn fields treated with insecticides, but significantly lower compared to insecticide - free non - gm corn fields. abundance in fields of another variety, cry3bb corn, is not significantly different compared to non - gm corn fields either with or without insecticides. bees have been observed to forage on cracked corn kernels. this has not contributed to colony collapse disorder. by law, farmers in the united states who plant bt corn must plant non - bt corn nearby. these non - modified fields are to provide a location to harbor pests. the theory behind these refuges is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48632357498399964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3d995c-6767-470e-887a-65e217e45907>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.763368"}
{"text": "has not contributed to colony collapse disorder. by law, farmers in the united states who plant bt corn must plant non - bt corn nearby. these non - modified fields are to provide a location to harbor pests. the theory behind these refuges is to slow the evolution of the pests to the bt pesticide. doing so enables an area of the landscape where wild type pests will not be immediately killed. it is anticipated that resistance to bt will evolve in the form of a recessive allele in the pest. because of this, a pest that gains resistance will have an incredibly higher fitness than the wild type pest in the bt corn fields. if the resistant pest is feeding in the non - bt corn nearby, the resistance is neutral and offers no advantage to the pest over any non resistant pest. ensuring that there are at least some breeding pests nearby that are not resistant, increases the chance that resistant pests will choose to mate with a nonresistant one. since the gene is recessive, all offspring will be heterozygous, and the offspring from that mating will not be resistant to bt and therefore no longer a threat. using this method scientists and farmers hope to keep the number of resistant genes very low, and utilize genetic drift to insure that any resistance that does emerge does not spread. the non - bt pesticide status of the refuges is being compromised by wind - born pollen drifting into the non - bt corn fields. corn harvested from the supposed bt - free zones has shown traces of bt toxin. the levels found in the non - bt corn decreases with distance from the bt - corn fields indicating that the pollen is wind - borne rather than another method of transfer. the concentrations in the refuge fields were found to be low - to - moderate. possible solutions to the cross - pollination problem are to plant a wider refuge field or plant varieties of corn that bloom at different times than the bt fields do. ( chilcutt & tabashnik, 2004 ) u. s. regulatory authorities permitted the commercial sale of starlink seed with the stipulation that crops produced must not be used for human consumption. this restriction was based on the possibility that a small number of people might develop an allergic reaction to the bt protein used in starlink that is less rapidly digested than the version used in other bt varieties. starlink corn was subsequently found in food destined for consumption by humans. an episode involving taco bell taco shells was particularly well publicized. this led to a public relations disaster for ave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5286781694323198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3d995c-6767-470e-887a-65e217e45907>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.764561"}
{"text": "less rapidly digested than the version used in other bt varieties. starlink corn was subsequently found in food destined for consumption by humans. an episode involving taco bell taco shells was particularly well publicized. this led to a public relations disaster for aventis and the biotechnology industry as a whole. sales of starlink seed were discontinued. the registration for starlink varieties was voluntarily withdrawn by aventis in october 2000. 28 people reported apparent allergic reactions related to eating corn products that may have contained the starlink protein. however, the us centers for disease control studied the blood of these individuals and concluded there was no evidence that the reactions people experienced were associated with hypersensitivity to the starlink bt protein. aid sent by the un and the us to central african nations also contained some starlink corn. the nations involved refused to accept the aid. the southern portion of the u. s. corn belt planted the greatest amount of starlink corn. it is this portion of the u. s. where corn borer damage creates the greatest economic loss to farmers. the us corn supply has been monitored for the presence of the starlink bt proteins since 2001. no positive samples have been found since 2004, showing that it was possible to withdraw this gm crop without leaving traces in the environment once it has been used in the field the persistence of nonresistance : nonresistance is a type of pacifism that appreciates the role of the state in punishing evil, says levi miller. the following is from a recent article apr 07, 2003 ; christians from various traditions hold to a type of pacifist christianity called \" nonresistance. \" because their opposition to...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4631229380022673, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d3d995c-6767-470e-887a-65e217e45907>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.765219"}
{"text": "any of one to three species ( genus globicephala, family delphinidae ) of toothed whale found in all oceans except the arctic and antarctic, also called caa ' ing whale for a roaring sound it makes when stranded. it is black, usually with a lighter splash on the throat and chest, and has a round, bulging forehead, a short beaklike snout, and slender, pointed flippers, and grows to 13 \u2013 20 ft ( 4 \u2013 6 m ) long. pilot whales live in large schools, sometimes hundreds or thousands, feeding mainly on squid. they have been kept in oceanariums and trained to perform. learn more about pilot whale with a free trial on britannica. com. widely distributed species ( naucrates ductor, family carangidae ) of carnivorous fish that inhabits warm and tropical open seas. it is slender and has a forked tail, a lengthwise keel on each side of the tail base, and a few small spines in front of the dorsal and anal fins. it may grow to 2 ft ( 60 cm ) but is usually about 14 in. ( 35 cm ) long. five to seven distinctive vertical dark bands mark the bluish body. pilot fishes follow sharks and ships, apparently to feed on parasites and leftover scraps. it was formerly thought that they were leading, or \u201c piloting, \u201d the larger fishes to food. learn more about pilot fish with a free trial on britannica. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4530414947418099, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:08ad7b66-8701-41cd-bd89-138b3ed8069d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.767180"}
{"text": "wildflowers of the everglades | butterwort flower is featured in the everglades, december 21, 2012. ( tim chapman / miami herald / mct ) | they ' re so easy to miss in a landscape almost monotonously green. but for naturalist roger hammer, it ' s the small, scattered drops of color that stand out among the slash pines and saw palmetto. wildflowers. the vast everglades is home to hundreds of them. some are spectacular but most are small and subtle. some are fragrant, others poisonous. with the exception of a few big names - notably, the rare ghost orchid made famous in a best - selling book - many are largely unknown and unnoticed, at least outside a small group of scientists, enthusiasts and, unfortunately, poachers. \" the average person driving by has no idea of what is out here, \" said hammer, as he hiked the northeastern corners of the big cypress national preserve in an ongoing quest to find and photograph an exceptionally scarce yellow bloom called the fakahatchee burmania. if hammer - a longtime miami - dade county parks naturalist and one of florida ' s foremost authorities on native plants - hasn ' t seen an everglades wildflower, then few other people in the world have. hammer, author of the 2002 field guide \" everglades wildflowers, \" has spent more than four decades walking, slogging and paddling across south florida to document the region ' s stunning array of wildflowers, many hidden in isolated mangrove jungles, steamy swamps and dense forests. over the past three months, he has begun retracing often - arduous treks to complete a publisher - requested update that will include new, crisper digital photos of every wildflower and, he expects, add 30 to 40 new species to the more than 300 in the original guide. it ' s no secret that many and varied ecosystems of the everglades serve as a hot house for rare and beautiful plants. for decades, collectors pilfered rare orchids, bromeliads and ferns from the swamps and sloughs of south florida, lands ostensibly under state or federal protection. susan orleans ' 2000 bestseller, \" the orchid thief, \" about obsessive collectors hunting the rare ghost orchid in the verdant fakahatchee strand, brought the black market to public light and, by hammer ' s assessment, at least helped curb poaching of the state ' s botanical riches. florida boasts far more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3964378142581366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9120d02e-c484-4f61-a8d0-0cf8800814ae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.775874"}
{"text": "hunting the rare ghost orchid in the verdant fakahatchee strand, brought the black market to public light and, by hammer ' s assessment, at least helped curb poaching of the state ' s botanical riches. florida boasts far more orchids than any other state, with some 108 species known to exist. hammer, who was an expert source for orleans and a non - poaching character in her book, was the first to discover two of those jewels growing in south florida. but those delicate flowers are only part of the scenery. they are far outnumbered by hundreds of other wildflowers, many also beautiful or fascinating - particularly if you know what you are looking at. on a trail through the pine flat woods of the big cypress ' bear island section, more than 20 miles north of tamiami trail, he pointed to a yellow daisy - like bloom, the tickseed. despite its unappealing name, derived from the fact that its seeds resemble the odious insects, it ' s the state ' s official wildflower. who knew florida even had one? further down the trail, he stopped at a common wildflower, the wild pennyroyal - a weedy - looking scrub topped by pea - sized cones of faint lavender flowers. when he crushed the needlelike leaves, which resemble fresh rosemary sprigs, the air filled with sweet scent. \" take a whiff of this, \" he said. \" it makes a nice tea. \" at the still - moist edge of a depression marsh drying down after a long rainy season, hammer stooped over a plant perhaps 6 inches tall with purple petals. the small butterwort seemed rather unremarkable until hammer explained the meaning of its latin name, pinguicula pumila. the first word means \" fat \" as in the meaty kind, describing the greasy coating on the leaves of this carnivorous plant, a secretion that traps then digests insects. another dainty lavender - hued flower, the glades lobelia, sprouted only a few paces away. it was another kind of killer, producing a toxic narcotic sap that has medicinal uses. - these adventures beyond the norm - looking forward to more memorable adventures - classic chassis - state looks to expand registration laws - wildflowers of the everglades - new york show gets juices flowing - start planning now for summer - on vacation, a mind is a terrible thing to worry - grammy museum takes charge of music history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4347535163199345, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9120d02e-c484-4f61-a8d0-0cf8800814ae>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.776754"}
{"text": "thanks to improved safety in south africa \u2019 s mining industry, fatalities are at a monthly low. mines minister susan shabangu reported three deaths in april, compared to a monthly average of 11 or more. \" there has been a significant improvement on health and safety since the department intensified enforcement measures at the mines, \" shabangu said in a speech to the national council of provinces dated 3 may, which was obtained by reuters on monday. \" in fact, the month of april 2012 has recorded the lowest fatalities ever, of three deaths, when compared with other historical figures, which were generally more than 11 deaths per month, \" she said. this year to date, 39 people have lost their lives in south african mines compared with 42 in the same period in 2011, while the number of mine injuries fell 35 percent to 668, shabangu said in the speech. deepest and some of most dangerous south africa ' s mines are the world ' s deepest and among the most dangerous, and shabangu ' s ministry has been leading a drive that has included a surge in inspections, and stoppages for safety violations. south africa ' s mining output fell sharply in volume terms in february, the latest month for which data is available, highlighting the impact of the safety push. production of platinum group metals ( pgms ) fell 47. 6 percent while gold output fell 11. 5 percent in volume terms in february. total mineral production was down 14. 5 percent compared with the same month last year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38657154330734556, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8c13e205-51e1-472a-9b99-ea9d49f59374>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.778333"}
{"text": "java swing tutorials - here you will find many java swing examples with running source code. source code provide here are fully tested and you can use it in your program. java swing tutorials first gives you brief description of swing and then many example are provided. swing is mostly used for the development of desktop application. after learning awt, lets now see what ' s swing? well, swing is important to develop java programs with a graphical user interface ( gui ). java 2d api programming has become more interactive with java 2d api. you can add images, figures, animation to your gui and even pass visual information with the help of java 2d api. swing supports data transfer through drag and drop, copy, paste, cut etc. data transfer works between swing components within an application and between java and native applications swing in java also supports the feature of internationalization. the developers can build applications by which the users can interact worldwide in different languages. to translate a text in to a particular language is know as localization. it is a process by which we can change a text to a different language and also we can add some locale - specific components. what is java swing? here, you will know about the java swing. the java swing provides the multiple platform independent apis interfaces for interacting between the users and guis components. jtable : the jtabel component is more flexible java swing component that allows the user to store, show and edit the data in tabular format. it is a user - interface component that represents the data of two - dimensional tabular format. the java swing implements tables by using the jtable class and a subclass of jcomponent. tool tips on cells in a jtable this section tells you, how to set the tool tips in the cells in a jtable component. so, you will be able to know about the tool tips. the tool tips are most common graphical user interface row, column and cell selections in a jtable in this section, we are going to describe how to enable the row, column and cell selections in a jtable component. but, what is the term ' enable '? a scrollable jtable in this java programming section, you will learn how to create a scrollable jtable component. when any table has large volume of data, the use of scrollbar is applied in the jtable. a jtable component in this section you will learn about the packing of a jtable by adjusting it in the center. grid line in jtable in the earlier section you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49938755327918716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0018ddc9-7121-4808-9052-700dce018c20>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.785308"}
{"text": "volume of data, the use of scrollbar is applied in the jtable. a jtable component in this section you will learn about the packing of a jtable by adjusting it in the center. grid line in jtable in the earlier section you have learnt for creating a simple jtable that contains predefined grid line with black color. but in this java programming tutorial, you will learn how to set the colored grid line in jtable component. margin between cells in a jtable in this section, you will learn how to set the margin ( gap ) between cells in a jtable component. here we are providing you an example with code that arranges the column margin ( horizontal space ) and row margin ( vertical space ). user edits in a jtable component till now you have got the edit facilities in all jtable in every previous sections but now you will learn a jtable program in which editing facility is not available. a table model between jtable components in this section, you will learn how to share a table model between jtable components. whenever, you want to do for sharing the resources between the jtable components, a table model will essential. using java swing in this section, you will learn how to print in java swing. the printable that is passed to setprintable must have a print method that describes how to send drawing to the printer. add area of two figures this section illustrates you how to add area of two specified figures in graphics. subtract area between two figures this section illustrates you how to subtract the area between the two figures in graphics. show intersection between the area of two shapes intersection means ' the common part '. classes rectangle2d and ellipse2d are provided by the package java. awt. geom. *. these classes provides the shapes rectangle and oval respectively. show the exclusive or between the area of two shapes in this section, we are going to implements of exclusive or in graphics. exclusive or is a boolean operator also known as xor shows here the uncommon part between the two areas. another example of gradient paint a gradient is like a colored strip. it is created by specifying a color at one point and another color at another point. then the colors will starts changes gradually from one to the other along a straight line between the two points. writing calculator program in swing in this tutorial we are providing you an example which illustrates you how to a create calculator in swing with the source code and screen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4944845537641408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0018ddc9-7121-4808-9052-700dce018c20>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.787338"}
{"text": "gradually from one to the other along a straight line between the two points. writing calculator program in swing in this tutorial we are providing you an example which illustrates you how to a create calculator in swing with the source code and screen shot. jtree : the tree is a special type of graph that designed for displaying data with the hierarchical properties by adding nodes to nodes and keeps the concept of parent and child node. creating a jtree component in this section, you will learn about the jtree and its components as well as how to create an jtree component. here, first of all we are going to describe about the jtree and its component. adding a node to the jtree component in this section, you will learn how to add or insert a new node to the jtree component. the tree has root node and child of rood node. sometimes, you need to insert the node, you must be insert your node to the jtree component. removing a node from the jtree component in this section, you will learn how to remove a node from the jtree component. removing a node from jtree it means delete a node from the jtree component to individually and delete the root node directly. enable and disable multiple selections in a jtree component in this section, you will learn how to enable and disable the multiple selections in a jtree component. the multiple selections in tree component that means user will allow or disallow the permission for selection the more than one tree component at a time. displaying hierarchical data in jtree in this section, you will learn to display the hierarchical data in jtree. when you select the hierarchical data it is also displayed on the command prompt. displaying system files in jtree in this section, you will learn to create a jtree that displays system files. the java. util. properties package represents a persistent set of properties for displaying the system files in a tree. jtree actionlistener example in this section, you will learn about jtree action listener and its implementations. in this section, you will learn to make jtree editable nodes. for example.. if you want to edit the name of a tree node then the following program will help you a lot. adding horizontal lines to group in this section, you will learn to create a horizontal tree in java.. adding line to in this section, you will learn how to create jtree with line that means the tree are divides into two parts and separate by a line. both trees", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4970700333177048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0018ddc9-7121-4808-9052-700dce018c20>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.789427"}
{"text": "in this section, you will learn to create a horizontal tree in java.. adding line to in this section, you will learn how to create jtree with line that means the tree are divides into two parts and separate by a line. both trees has same root and nodes. a jscrollpane provides a scrollable property for viewing components to scroll it. removing horizontal lines to node groups in this section, you will learn to create none type tree in java. none type tree means that children nodes are not connected to their parent node create jtree using an in this section you will learn to create a jtree using object that works with hashtable. jtree open icon in this section, you will learn to open an icon in jtree. that means when you click any node of a tree, icon will be displayed on the frame. in this section, you will read about traversal of a tree and its node. teaches, displaying the node and its path on the command prompt. the javax. swing. jtree class is a powerful swing component to display data in a tree structure. hiding root node in in this section, you will learn to hide the root node of a jtree. retrieving jtree structure from database jtree is used for viewing data in a list. lists are good for displaying simple lists of information from which the user can make single or multiple selections. in list you can hide different levels of data in the tree, including the root, allowing the display to collapse and expand various parts of the tree. to convert the temperature, we have created two textfield for fahrenheit value and celsius value. a button is created to perform an action. how to handle the text using key listener interface in this section, you will learn how to handle the text using the key events on the java awt component. all the key events are handled through the keylistener interface. create multiple buttons using java swing in this section, you will learn how to create multiple buttons labeled with the letters from a to z respectively. add edit and delete employee information using swing in this section, you will learn how to add, edit and delete the employee ' s information from the database using java swing. get jtextfield value from another class in this section, you will learn how to get the textfield value from other class. set color in joptionpane in this section, you will learn how to set color in joptionpane. set delay time in joptionpane", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48506329017757954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0018ddc9-7121-4808-9052-700dce018c20>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.790570"}
{"text": "biblical commentary on the old testament, by carl friedrich keil and franz delitzsh, [ 1857 - 78 ], at sacred - texts. com abolition of usury - nehemiah ' s unselfishness - nehemiah 5 the events related in this and the following chapter also occurred during the building of the wall. zealously as the rulers and richer members of the community, following the example of nehemiah, were carrying on this great undertaking by all the means in their power, the work could not fail to be a heavy burden to the poorer classes, who found it very difficult to maintain their families in these expensive times, especially since they were still oppressed by wealthy usurers. hence great discontent arose, which soon vented itself in loud complaints. those who had no property demanded corn for the support of their numerous families ( neh 5 : 2 ) ; others had been obliged to pledge their fields and vineyards, some to procure corn for their hunger, some to be able to pay the king ' s tribute ; and these complained that they must now give their sons and daughters to bondage ( neh 5 : 3 - 5 ). when these complaints came to the ears of nehemiah, he was angry with the rulers ; and calling an assembly, he set before them the great injustice of usury, and called upon them to renounce it, to restore to their brethren their mortgaged lands, and to give them what they had borrowed ( neh 5 : 6 - 11 ). his address made the impression desired. the noble and wealthy resolved to perform what was required ; whereupon nehemiah caused them to take a solemn oath to this effect, indicating by a symbolical act that the heavy wrath of god would fall upon all who should fail to act according to their promise. to this the assembly expressed their amen, and the people carried out the resolution ( neh 5 : 12, neh 5 : 13 ). nehemiah then declared with what unselfishness he had exercised his office of governor, for the sake of lightening the heavy burden laid upon the people ( neh 5 : 14 - 19 ). the people complain of oppression. - neh 5 : 1 there arose a great cry of the people and of their wives against their brethren the jews, i. e., as appears from what follows ( neh 5 : 7 ), against the nobles and rulers, therefore against the richer members of the community. this cry is more particularly stated in neh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44071323518386263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26cfd934-460b-4953-96bb-22d64e7004a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.809682"}
{"text": "their wives against their brethren the jews, i. e., as appears from what follows ( neh 5 : 7 ), against the nobles and rulers, therefore against the richer members of the community. this cry is more particularly stated in neh 5 : 2, where the malcontents are divided into three classes by \u05d5\u05d9\u05e9, neh 5 : 2, neh 5 : 3, neh 5 : 4. there were some who said : our sons and our daughters are many, and we desire to receive corn, that we may eat and live. these were the words of those workers who had no property. \u05e0\u05e7\u05d7\u05d4 ( from \u05dc\u05e7\u05d7 ), not to take by force, but only to desire that corn may be provided. others, who were indeed possessed of fields, vineyards, and houses, had been obliged to mortgage them, and could now reap nothing from them. \u05e2\u05e8\u05d1, to give as a pledge, to mortgage. the use of the participle denotes the continuance of the transaction, and is not to be rendered, we must mortgage our fields to procure corn ; but, we have been obliged to mortgage them, and we desire to receive corn for our hunger, because of the dearth. for ( 1 ) the context shows that the act of mortgaging had already taken place, and was still continuing in force ( we have been obliged to pledge them, and they are still pledged ) ; and ( 2 ) \u05e0\u05e7\u05d7\u05d4 must not be taken here in a different sense from neh 5 : 2, but means, we desire that corn may be furnished us, because of the dearth ; not, that we may not be obliged to mortgage our lands, but because they are already mortgaged. \u05d1\u05e8\u05e2\u05d1, too, does not necessarily presuppose a scarcity in consequence of a failure of crops or other circumstances, but only declares that they who had been obliged to pledge their fields were suffering from hunger. others, again, complained : we have borrowed money for the king ' s tribute upon our fields and vineyards. \u05dc\u05d5\u05d4 means to be dependent, nexum esse, and transitively to make dependent, like \u05de\u05dc\u05d0, to be full, and to make full : we have made our fields and our vineyards answerable for money for the king ' s tribute ( bertheau ), i. e., we have borrowed money upon our fields for... this they could only do by pledging the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5164852113123336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26cfd934-460b-4953-96bb-22d64e7004a8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.810605"}
{"text": "full : we have made our fields and our vineyards answerable for money for the king ' s tribute ( bertheau ), i. e., we have borrowed money upon our fields for... this they could only do by pledging the crops of these lands, or at least such a portion of their crops as might equal the sum borrowed ; comp. the law, lev 25 : 14 - 17. \" and now our flesh is as the flesh of our brethren, and our sons as their sons ; and lo, we are obliged to bring our sons and our daughters into bondage, and some of our daughters are already brought into bondage ; and we have no power to alter this, and our fields and vineyards belong to others. \" \" our brethren \" are the richer jews who had lent money upon pledges, and \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd are their sons. the sense of the first half of the verse is : we are of one flesh and blood with these rich men, i. e., as ramb. already correctly explains it : non sumus deterioris conditionis quam tribules nostri divites, nec tamen nostrae inopiae ex lege divina deu 15 : 7, deu 15 : 8, subvenitur, nisi maximo cum foenore. the law not only allowed to lend to the poor on a pledge ( deu 15 : 8 ), but also permitted israelites, if they were poor, to sell themselves ( lev 25 : 39 ), and also their sons and daughters, to procure money. it required, however, that they who were thus sold should not be retained as slaves, but set at liberty without ransom, either after seven years or at the year of jubilee ( lev 25 : 39 - 41 ; exo 22 : 2. ). it is set forth as a special hardship in this verse that some of their daughters were brought into bondage for maid - servants. \u05d9\u05d3\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d0\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05df, literally, our hand is not to god, i. e., the power to alter it is not in our hand ; on this figure of speech, comp. gen 31 : 29. the last clause gives the reason : our fields and our vineyards belonging to others, what they yield does not come to us, and we are not in a position to be able to put an end to the sad necessity of selling our daughters for servants. the abolition of usury. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45315811905148395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26cfd934-460b-4953-96bb-22d64e7004a8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.811507"}
{"text": "our fields and our vineyards belonging to others, what they yield does not come to us, and we are not in a position to be able to put an end to the sad necessity of selling our daughters for servants. the abolition of usury. - neh 5 : 6 nehemiah was very angry at this complaint and these things, i. e., the injustice which had been brought to his knowledge. \" and my heart took counsel upon it ( \u05d9\u05de\u05dc\u05da according to the chaldee use of \u05de\u05dc\u05da, dan 4 : 24 ), and i contended with the nobles and rulers, and said to them, ye exact usury every one of his brother. \" \u05d1 \u05e0\u05e9\u05d0 means to lend to any one, and \u05de\u05e9\u05d0, also \u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05d4, deu 24 : 10 ; pro 22 : 26, and mashe ', is the thing lent, the loan, what one borrows from or lends to another. consequently \u05de\u05e9\u05d0 \u05e0\u05e9\u05d0 is to lend some one a loan ; comp. deu 24 : 10. this does not seem to suit this verse. for nehemiah cannot reproach the nobles for lending loans, when he and his servants had, according to neh 5 : 10, done so likewise. hence the injustice of the transaction which he rebukes must be expressed in the emphatic precedence given to \u05de\u05e9\u05d0. bertheau accordingly regards \u05de\u05e9\u05d0 not as the accusative of the object, but as an independent secondary accusative in the sense of : for the sake of demanding a pledge, ye lend. but this rendering can be neither grammatically nor lexically justified. in the first respect it is opposed by \u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d0, deu 24 : 10, which shows that \u05de\u05e9\u05d0 in conjunction with \u05e0\u05e9\u05d0 is the accusative of the object ; in the other, by the constant use of \u05de\u05e9\u05d0 in all passages in which it occurs to express a loan, not a demand for a pledge. from exo 22 : 24, where it is said, \" if thou lend money ( \u05ea\u05dc\u05d5\u05d4 ) to the poor, thou shalt not be to him \u05db\u05e0\u05e9\u05d4, shalt not lay upon him usury, \" it is evident that \u05e0\u05e9\u05d4 is one who lends money on usury, or carries on the business of a money - lender. this evil secondary meaning of the word is here strongly marked by the emphatic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.504829758652247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26cfd934-460b-4953-96bb-22d64e7004a8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.812361"}
{"text": "him usury, \" it is evident that \u05e0\u05e9\u05d4 is one who lends money on usury, or carries on the business of a money - lender. this evil secondary meaning of the word is here strongly marked by the emphatic praeposition of \u05de\u05e9\u05d0 ; hence nehemiah is speaking of those who practise usury. \" and i appointed a great assembly on their account, \" to put a stop to the usury and injustice by a public discussion of the matter. \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd, not against them ( the usurers ), but on their account. in this assembly he reproached them with the injustice of their behaviour. \" we \" ( said he ) \" have, after our ability, redeemed our brethren the jews which were sold unto the heathen ; yet ye would sell your brethren, and they are to be sold to us. \" we ( i. e., nehemiah and the jews living in exile, who were like - minded with him ) have bought, in contrast to ye sell. they had redeemed their jewish brethren who were sold to the heathen. \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5 \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 for \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05db\u05d3\u05d9, i. e., not according to the full number of those who were among us, meaning as often as a sale of this kind occurred ( bertheau ) ; for \u05d3\u05d9 does not mean completeness, multitude, but only sufficiency, supply, adequacy of means ( lev 25 : 26 ) ; hence \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5 \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 is : according to the means that we had : secundum sufficientiam vel facultatem, quae in nobis est ( ramb. ), or secundum possibilitatem nostram ( vulg. ). the contrast is still more strongly expressed by the placing of \u05d2\u05dd before \u05d0\u05ea\u05dd, so that \u05d5\u05d2\u05dd acquires the meaning of nevertheless ( ewald, 354, a ). the sale of their brethren for bond - servants was forbidden by the law, lev 25 : 42. the usurers had nothing to answer to this reproach. \" they held their peace, and found no word, \" sc. in justification of their proceedings. nehemiah, moreover, continued ( \u05d5\u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05e8, the chethiv, is evidently a clerical error for \u05d5\u05d0\u05de\u05e8, for the niphal \u05d5\u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 does not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49467142146956294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26cfd934-460b-4953-96bb-22d64e7004a8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.813164"}
{"text": "sc. in justification of their proceedings. nehemiah, moreover, continued ( \u05d5\u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05e8, the chethiv, is evidently a clerical error for \u05d5\u05d0\u05de\u05e8, for the niphal \u05d5\u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 does not suit ) : \" the thing ye do is not good : ought ye not ( = ye surely ought ) to walk in the fear of our god, because of the reproach of the heathen our enemies? \" i. e., we ought not, by harsh and unloving conduct towards our brethren, to give our enemies occasion to calumniate us. \" i, likewise my brethren and my servants ( comp. neh 4 : 17 ), have lent them money and corn ; let us, i pray, remit ( not ask back ) this loan! \" the participle \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd says : we are those who have lent. herewith he connects the invitation, neh 5 : 11 : \" restore unto them, i pray you, even this day ( \u05db\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd, about this day, i. e., even to - day, sa1 9 : 13 ), their fields, their vineyards, their olive gardens, and their houses, and the hundredth of the money, and of the corn, wine, and oil which you have lent them. \" nehemiah requires, 1st, that those who held the lands of their poorer brethren in pledge should restore them their property without delay : 2nd, that they should remit to their debtors all interest owing on money, corn, etc. that had been lent ; not, as the words have been frequently understood, that they should give back to their debtors such interest as they had already received. that the words in neh 5 : 11 bear the former, and not the latter signification, is obvious from the reply, neh 5 : 12, of those addressed : \" we will restore, sc. their lands, etc., and will not querie of them, sc. the hundredth ; so will we do as thou sayest. \" hence we must not translate \u05d1\u05d4\u05dd \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea\u05dd \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8, \" which you had taken from them as interest \" ( de wette ), - a translation which, moreover, cannot be justified by the usage of the language, for \u05d1 \u05e0\u05e9\u05d4 does not mean to take interest from another, to lend to another on interest. the \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 relates not to \u05d5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48177256021402515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26cfd934-460b-4953-96bb-22d64e7004a8>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.814160"}
{"text": "wette ), - a translation which, moreover, cannot be justified by the usage of the language, for \u05d1 \u05e0\u05e9\u05d4 does not mean to take interest from another, to lend to another on interest. the \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 relates not to \u05d5\u05de\u05d0\u05ea, but to \u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8... \u05d4\u05d3\u05d2\u05df ; and \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1, to restore, to make good, is used of both the transactions in question, meaning in the first clause the restoration of the lands retained as pledges, and in the second, the remission ( the non - requirement ) of the hundredth. the hundredth taken as interest is probably, like the centesima of the romans, to be understood of a monthly payment. one per cent. per month was a very heavy interest, and one which, in the case of the poor, might be exorbitant. the law, moreover, forbade the taking of any usury from their brethren, their poor fellow - countrymen, exo 22 : 25 and lev 25 : 36. when the creditors had given the consent required, nehemiah called the priests, and made them ( the creditors ) swear to do according to this promise, i. e., conscientiously to adhere to their agreement. nehemiah obtained the attendance of the priests, partly for the purpose of giving solemnity to the oath now taken, and partly to give to the declaration made in the presence of the priests legal validity for judicial decisions. to make the agreement thus sworn to still more binding, nehemiah confirmed the proceeding by a symbolical action : also i shook my lap, and said, so may god shake out every man from his house, and from his labour, that performeth ( fulfilleth ) not this promise, and thus may he be shaken out and emptied. \u05d7\u05e6\u05df means the lap of the garment, in which things are carried ( isa 49 : 22 ), where alone the word is again found. the symbolical action consisted in nehemiah ' s gathering up his garment as if for the purpose of carrying something, and then shaking it out with the words above stated, which declared the meaning of the act. the whole congregation said amen, and praised the lord, sc. for the success with which god had blessed his efforts to help the poor. and the people did according to this promise, i. e., the community acted in accordance with the agreement entered into. nehemiah ' s unselfish conduct.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5456469208229142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26cfd934-460b-4953-96bb-22d64e7004a8>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.815185"}
{"text": "for the success with which god had blessed his efforts to help the poor. and the people did according to this promise, i. e., the community acted in accordance with the agreement entered into. nehemiah ' s unselfish conduct. - the transaction above related gave nehemiah occasion to speak in his narrative of the unselfishness with which he had filled the office of governor, and of the personal sacrifices he had made for the good of his fellow - countrymen. the statement following is compared with the special occurrence preceding it by \u05d2\u05dd. as in this occurrence he had used his credit to do away with the oppression of the people by wealthy usurers, so also had he shown himself unselfish during his whole official career, and shunned no sacrifice by which he might lighten the burdens that lay upon his fellow - countrymen. \" from the time that he appointed me to be their governor in the land of judah, from the twentieth year even unto the two - and - thirtieth year of artaxerxes the king, i and my servants have not eaten the bread of the governor. \" the subject of \u05e6\u05d5\u05d4 is left undefined, but is obviously king artaxerxes. \u05e4\u05d7\u05dd, their ( the jews ' ) governor. this he was from the twentieth ( comp. neh 2 : 1 ) to the thirty - second year of artaxerxes, in which, according to neh 13 : 6, he again visited the court of this monarch, returning after a short interval to jerusalem, to carry out still further the work he had there undertaken. \" the bread of the pechah \" is, according to neh 5 : 15, the food and wine with which the community had to furnish him. the meaning is : during this whole period i drew no allowances from the people. the former governors who had been before me in jerusalem - zerubbabel and his successors - had received allowances, \u05d4\u05e2\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05db\u05d1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5, had burdened the people, and had taken of them ( their fellow - countrymen ) for bread and wine ( i. e., for the requirements of their table ), \" afterwards in money forty shekels. \" some difficulty is presented by the word \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8, which the lxx render by \u03b5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, the vulgate quotidie. the meaning ultra, praeter, besides ( ew. 217", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46413085890007955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26cfd934-460b-4953-96bb-22d64e7004a8>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.816115"}
{"text": ", and the men who came to us from the nations round about us, were at my table, \" i. e., were my guests. the hundred and fifty rulers, comp. neh 2 : 16, were the heads of the different houses of judah collectively. these were always guests at nehemiah ' s table, as were also such jews as dwelt among the surrounding nations, when they came to jerusalem. \" and that which was prepared for one ( i. e., a single ) day was one ox, six choice ( therefore fat ) sheep, and fowls ; they were prepared for me, i. e., at my expense, and once in ten days a quantity of wine of all kinds. \" the meaning of the last clause seems to be, that the wine was furnished every ten days ; no certain quantity, however, is mentioned, but it is only designated in general terms as very great, \u05dc\u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4. \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e2\u05dd, and with this, i. e., notwithstanding this, great expenditure, i did not require the bread of the pechah ( the allowance for the governor, comp. neh 5 : 14 ), for the service was heavy upon the people. \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d3\u05d4 is the service of building the walls of jerusalem. thus nehemiah, from compassion for his heavily burdened countrymen, resigned the allowance to which as governor he was entitled. \" think upon me, my god, for good, all that i have done for this people. \" compare the repetition of this desire, neh 13 : 14 and neh 13 : 31. \u05e2\u05dc \u05e2\u05e9\u05d4 in the sense of \u05dc \u05e2\u05e9\u05d4, for the sake of this people, i. e., for them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.500507742628695, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26cfd934-460b-4953-96bb-22d64e7004a8>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.817595"}
{"text": "an alabama exhibition highlights historical love tokens so mysterious we still don ' t know whom they depict slide show in the 18th and 19th centuries, wealthy british and european lovers exchanged \u201c eye miniatures \u201d \u2014 love tokens so clandestine that even now, in the majority of cases, it is impossible to identify their recipients or the people they depict. experts believe that there are fewer than 1, 000 \u201c lover \u2019 s eyes \u201d in existence today. of that small surviving hoard, the largest single collection belongs to the skiers of birmingham, ala. david skier, an eye surgeon, and his wife, nan, have been collecting \u201c lover \u2019 s eyes \u201d for decades \u2014 and their collection will go on display for the first time ever at the birmingham museum of art next month. over the phone, curator dr. graham boettcher outlined the history and uses of these petite, jewel - like paintings. the accompanying slide show highlights some particularly splendid examples from an altogether remarkable collection. can you give us a brief history of these so - called \u201c lover \u2019 s eyes \u201d? according to lore, the story of lover \u2019 s eyes goes back to the end of the 18th century, when the prince of wales \u2014 who later became george iv \u2014 became smitten with a twice - widowed catholic woman named maria fitzherbert. he courted maria fitzherbert rather unsuccessfully at first ; he kept trying to win her affection and profess his undying love to her, and she wasn \u2019 t really going to have any of that. finally, he staged a kind of half - hearted suicide attempt ( i think it was more of a cry for help than an earnest effort to take his own life ) \u2014 and then she reluctantly agreed to marry him. but shortly thereafter \u2014 i think really the next day \u2014 she came to her senses and realized what exactly she had done by consenting to marry the prince of wales, which of course was totally illegal according to the laws ( first of all, the king had to consent to the marriage of the heir to the throne, and second, he would never have consented for the prince to marry a catholic, let alone a twice - widowed catholic six years his senior ). so fitzherbert fled to the continent, trying to escape george \u2019 s attention, but he didn \u2019 t give up. on nov. 3, 1785, the prince wrote to mrs. fitzherbert with a second proposal of marriage. instead of sending an engagement ring, as we might expect today, he sent her a picture of his own eye,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4272825878368584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d970c5bf-f4db-46c1-9b2b-668532c1b6d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.830498"}
{"text": "t give up. on nov. 3, 1785, the prince wrote to mrs. fitzherbert with a second proposal of marriage. instead of sending an engagement ring, as we might expect today, he sent her a picture of his own eye, set in a locket, painted by the miniaturist richard cosway, one of the celebrated artists of the day. at the time, they referred to these pieces as \u201c eye miniatures \u201d ; today we call them \u201c lover \u2019 s eyes, \u201d but that wasn \u2019 t a period term \u2014 that \u2019 s a term coined by the new york - based jeweler edith weber, who \u2019 s handled a lot of these over the years. anyway, george sent a note with this eye miniature, and it said : \u201c p. s. i send you a parcel, and i send you at the same time an eye. if you have not totally forgotten the whole countenance, i think the likeness will strike you. \u201d it \u2019 s not known whether it was the letter or the eye that changed mrs. fitzherbert \u2019 s feelings precisely, but shortly after that, she returned to england and married the prince in a secret ceremony on dec. 15, 1785. soon, the fad for these eye miniatures began to catch on \u2014 so this episode is, according to legend, the genesis of the eye miniature. there is some evidence to suggest that these had appeared in france a few years earlier, and that the brits were only adopting a french invention ; i think the jury \u2019 s still out. in any event, the love affair between the prince of wales and maria fitzherbert popularized these objects and spawned a fad that lasted well into the 1830s \u2014 and even later, past queen victoria, who was known to have commissioned a number of these objects during her reign. there are even artists to this very day who are painting lover \u2019 s eyes. one is the great - great - grandson of the famous philadelphia portraitist thomas sully ; he \u2019 s sent me a picture of a miniature he \u2019 s working on. rather than paint on elephant ivory, which of course wouldn \u2019 t be legal nowadays, he paints on mastodon ivory. he also points out that he usually has them commissioned by faithful spouses, not lovers or mistresses. the original idea was that, by only showing an eye, these miniatures would effectively conceal the identity of the person who was shown, right? this way, the miniatures could be worn or exhibited publicly? exactly. only someone with really", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5002955751327993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d970c5bf-f4db-46c1-9b2b-668532c1b6d3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.831770"}
{"text": "or mistresses. the original idea was that, by only showing an eye, these miniatures would effectively conceal the identity of the person who was shown, right? this way, the miniatures could be worn or exhibited publicly? exactly. only someone with really intimate acquaintance \u2014 a lover, a spouse, a close family member \u2014 would recognize an individual \u2019 s eye, so they could be worn in a more open way. they didn \u2019 t have to be encased inside of a locket. there are rare instances in which we do know the identity of the subject, because of an iron - clad provenance or documentation, but typically we can only tell if there \u2019 s an inscription. some of the eyes in the skier collection have inscriptions that reveal the identity of the sitter, but still, oftentimes these will be fairly generic ; it \u2019 ll just say the name of the individual \u2014 and if it \u2019 s a memorial piece, it might give the date they died and how old they were. through genealogical research, we \u2019 ve been able to discover the identity of certain people, but some of the names are a little too generic ; we \u2019 re only able to establish certain identity in a handful of cases \u2014 and i think that \u2019 s by design. that was really the intent of these things, to keep the identities secret. how did the skiers start collecting these objects? nan and david skier started collecting \u201c lover \u2019 s eyes \u201d about 20 years ago \u2014 and i think you \u2019 ll love this detail : david skier is a prominent opthamologist here in birmingham. so he \u2019 s someone who deals with eyes all day long. they came across their first lover \u2019 s eye at an antique show in boston, and were just utterly captivated by it. ( the first eye that they saw was a really exquisitely rendered one : quite early, from 1790, with a blue enamel surrounding \u2014 often associated with eyes that were commissioned by and for the nobility. it \u2019 s also encrusted with diamonds and pearls. ) for 20 years, the skiers have quietly built what is really thought by all who have been asked \u2014 all who would know \u2014 to be the largest collection of these materials in the world. larger than any institutional collection, certainly. larger than the collection of the queen herself. when the \u201c antiques roadshow \u201d came to birmingham, one of the appraisers on the show, barry weber ( to whom the catalog is dedicated \u2014 he passed away recently ) approached the skiers about doing an educational segment on lover", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4922736179466292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d970c5bf-f4db-46c1-9b2b-668532c1b6d3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.833205"}
{"text": "herself. when the \u201c antiques roadshow \u201d came to birmingham, one of the appraisers on the show, barry weber ( to whom the catalog is dedicated \u2014 he passed away recently ) approached the skiers about doing an educational segment on lover \u2019 s eyes, and of course they were happy to share their collection ; that was the first time the collection received any sort of notoriety. and this is the first time this collection has been exhibited in a museum? that \u2019 s correct. this is the largest exhibition of its kind. there are certainly a few museums here and in britain that have small collections of lover \u2019 s eyes but display them with their permanent collection ; i think philadelphia has about 30 or so eyes, and the metropolitan museum of art has a few in their collection, as do the royal collection and the victoria & albert in london. but this collection is three times larger than any institutional collection. because these things are tiny, i think a natural impulse on the part of exhibition designers would be to put them all in one case \u2014 but then you can take them all in in an instant, which doesn \u2019 t really do justice to the artistry that went into making these. each one is so carefully rendered, and they all tell very different stories. \u201c look of love : eye miniatures from the skier collection \u201d will be on view at the birmingham museum of art in birmingham, ala., from feb. 7 through june 10, 2012. more related stories - josh ritter makes his \" blood on the tracks \" - i don ' t hate millennials anymore! - what ' s 2013 ' s \" gone girl \"? here are this summer ' s best reads - fox executive behind \" does someone have to go? \" leaving the network - hillary clinton memoir shows up on amazon - a brief history of jennifer weiner ' s literary fights - first look : joaquin phoenix, marion cotillard shine in \" the immigrant \u201d - no women allowed : summer music festivals are dudefests, again - vivica a. fox tapes anti - gun psa in front of poster for her movie - this is what guy fieri looks like as a balloon - mariah carey ' s rambling, cursing, dress - popping \" good morning america \" concert - fox ' s new reality tv show threatens regular people with unemployment - amanda bynes arrested after hurling bong from window - steamy lesbian - sex movie has cannes abuzz - stop what you ' re doing and go watch \" borgen \" - teenage girl claims she was beaten up for looking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4465852828630161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d970c5bf-f4db-46c1-9b2b-668532c1b6d3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.834368"}
{"text": "regular people with unemployment - amanda bynes arrested after hurling bong from window - steamy lesbian - sex movie has cannes abuzz - stop what you ' re doing and go watch \" borgen \" - teenage girl claims she was beaten up for looking like taylor swift - mike judge : \" bowling for columbine \" made me pro - gun - new york chef serves up eight - course meal around \" arrested development \" jokes - hln : jodi arias \" pleading for her life \" got us a ratings win! - michael ian black on maron feud : he \" considered me a poseur \" - chekhov ' s story mirrors russia ' s own featured slide shows the week in 10 picsclose x - 1 of 11 lisa montgomery embraces her nephew thursday after a tornado tore apart her home in cleburne, texas. the twister killed six people and destroyed entire swaths of the north texas town. credit : ap / lm otero jack mcmahon, the defense attorney for abortion doctor kermit gosnell, speaks outside the criminal justice center in philadelphia tuesday. his client was convicted of killing three babies in his clinic, and will serve multiple life sentences. credit : ap / matt rourke a photo taken monday captures vice president joe biden ' s response to a milwaukee second - grader ' s innovative proposal to end america ' s epidemic of gun violence. this guy! credit : ap / jenny aicher sen. rand paul, r - ky., flanked by a grouper - eyed michele bachmann, addresses the irs ' admission that it targeted tea party groups in advance of the 2012 election. in an op - ed for cnn thursday, the kentucky senator slammed the president for his faux outrage. credit : ap / molly riley ousted irs chief steven miller is sworn in on capitol hill friday. miller testified before the house ways and means committee on the extra scrutiny the agency gave conservative groups applying for tax - exempt status. credit : ap / j. scott applewhite attorney general eric holder pauses as he testifies on capitol hill before the house judiciary committee wednesday. holder is under fire, among other things, for the justice department ' s gathering of phone records at the associated press. credit : ap / carolyn kaster o. j. simpson sits during an evidentiary hearing at clark county district court in las vegas, nev., thursday. simpson, who is currently serving a nine - to - 33 - year sentence in state prison for armed robbery and kidnapping, is using a writ of habeas corpus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3608671199334075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d970c5bf-f4db-46c1-9b2b-668532c1b6d3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.835391"}
{"text": "##iary hearing at clark county district court in las vegas, nev., thursday. simpson, who is currently serving a nine - to - 33 - year sentence in state prison for armed robbery and kidnapping, is using a writ of habeas corpus to seek a new trial. credit : ap / las vegas review - journal / jeff scheid major tom to ground control : on sunday astronaut chris hadfield recorded the first music video from space, a cover of david bowie ' s \" space oddity. \" credit : ap / nasa / chris hadfield when it rains it pours. president barack obama speaks during a news conference thursday with turkish prime minister recep tayyip erdogan, inexplicably inspiring an # umbrellagate twitter meme. credit : ap / jacquelyn martin a smoke plume rises high above a road block at the intersection of county a and ross road east of solon springs, wis., tuesday. no injuries were reported, but the the wildfire caused evacuations across northwestern wisconsin. credit : ap / the duluth news - tribune / clint austin recent slide shows - 1 of 11 five - minute museum is a weekend art series that previews interesting exhibitions - - current or upcoming - - from across the country.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3753468425434636, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d970c5bf-f4db-46c1-9b2b-668532c1b6d3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.836030"}
{"text": "oxygen makes things burn much faster. think of what happens when you blow into a fire - - it makes the flame bigger. if you are using oxygen in your home, you must take extra care to stay safe. have your home ready make sure that you have working smoke detectors. make sure you have a working fire extinguisher in your home. if you move around the house with your oxygen, you may need more than one fire extinguisher. smoking can be very dangerous. no one should smoke in a room where you or your child is using oxygen. put a no smoking sign in every room where oxygen is being used. in a restaurant, keep at least 6 feet away from any source of fire, such as a stove or fireplace. keep oxygen 6 feet away from : toys with electric motors electric baseboard or space heaters wood stoves or fireplaces hairdryers, electric razors, and electric toothbrushes be careful in the kitchen you will need to be careful with your oxygen when you cook. keep oxygen away from the stovetop and oven. watch out for splattering grease. it can catch fire. keep children with oxygen away from the stovetop and oven. cooking with a microwave is okay. other safety tips do not store your oxygen in a trunk, box, or small closet. storing your oxygen under the bed is okay if air can move freely under the bed. keep liquids that may catch fire away from your oxygen. this includes cleaning products that contain oil, grease, alcohol, or other liquids that can burn. do not use vaseline or other petroleum - based creams and lotions on your face or upper part of your body unless you talk to your respiratory therapist or doctor first. aloe vera is okay to use. other water - based products, such as k - y jelly, are okay to use. avoid tripping over oxygen tubing. children may get tangled in the tubing. taping the tubing to the back of your shirt may help. david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine ; and denis hadjiliadis, md, assistant professor of medicine, division of pulmonary, allergy and critical care, university of pennsylvania, philadelphia, pa. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4388179321615665, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c687c853-7b86-4eb3-86ca-7097be4347f3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.842161"}
{"text": "new - acid - mine - drainage : acid mine drainage ( amd ) plagues mining operations the world over. it is considered by many to be one of the greatest environmental threats in south africa today, occurring at a time when a looming water crisis already poses a threat to clean, accessible water for the country ' s population. inherent within the process of disturbing the earth ' s crust and digging ever - deeper for precious metals is the inevitable after - effect of debris making its way back into the environment through the air and water. amd occurs through natural run - off after rains flush through a mine dump ; from mine companies disposing of the water used in their operations ; or from old, disused mine shafts filling up with water, eventually decanting above ground. it high in sulfates ( salts ) and heavy metals ( such as uranium and other toxic and carcinogenic heavy metals ), and bears a low ph, the marker of acidity. south africa is the heart of africa ' s gold mining operation. communities countrywide are threatened with amd as, disused mine shafts fill up with water, current operations leak their refuse, and tailings stemming from mine dumps blow into the air, making their way into waterways and lungs. while the problem is not unique to south africa, the country ' s long history of mining, matched with a poorly enforced regulations and a virgin environmental movement, means that mine waste is left largely unaddressed. many of the major mining houses have pocketed profits and packed up, leaving a slow - acting government to clean up their mess. as a result, the country is facing a crisis of phenomenal proportions. on windy days patches of the historic city of soweto are covered in white and yellow mine dust from dumps surrounding the township. both the cradle of humankind, a unesco world heritage site, and the city of johannesburg are threatened with rising acid mine water, which could eat through the historic caves and central buildings. some of the country ' s largest and most important waterways, such as the vaal dam, are already feeling the impacts of unmitigated and uncontrolled mine waste.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42623066066104687, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0be3615a-5c0f-4a5e-8073-94a58dbe8e09>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.844499"}
{"text": "shown below is the full - page advertisement seen on page 29 of the october 3rd, 1908, saturday evening post. it appeared among ads for other, better known automobile makers like packard, cadillac, winton, and oldsmobile \u2014 expensive cars for wealthy buyers. until then, the ford motor company had been only a modest competitor, producing a small number of henry ford \u2019 s model r and model s vehicles. but with his model t, things would be different. ford would introduce a new design and business plan with the assumption that all americans, not just the rich, wanted their own automobiles. he was ready to give them \u2014 a 4 - cylinder, 20 horsepower, five - passenger family car \u2014 powerful, speedy and enduring, \u2014 a car that looks good, and is as good as it looks. his gamble paid off generously ; in the first year, ford sold 10, 000 model ts \u2014 ten thousand new cars for a nation that previously had only 100, 000 registered vehicles! the model t \u2019 s success was due, in part, to its superior engineering, including its use of vanadium steel, a tough, lightweight alloy that kept the weight of the vehicle down to 1200 pounds. not an ounce of necessary weight sacrificed, not an ounce of dead weight in the car. but no selling point was more important than price ; the model t sold for just $ 850 ( about $ 20, 000 today ). as ford proclaimed : this big, roomy, powerful five - passenger touring car \u2026 possesses at least equal value with any \u201c 1909 \u201d car announced, and at the same time sells for several hundred dollars less than the lowest of the rest. compare \u2026 the new ford car with those of any higher priced car offered and see if you can justify \u2026 the additional expenditure that buying any other car involves. * ford \u2019 s model t began several revolutions. of course it changed manufacturing and business methods. but his \u201c car for the multitude, \u201d as he called it, also revolutionized the nature of the american family and society. middle - income families gained a new mobility and independence as well as new opportunities. life would no longer center around the family hearthside and the neighborhood. americans could now explore their country, escape their town or village, drive off to new opportunities, or follow their whim to speed down a country road. year after year, ford compounded his success. his yearly production doubled and doubled again, from 20, 000 to 53, 000 then 94, 000. by 1913, when production reached 225, 000 model", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.462033813272977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7a2bf08-1553-4b3c-89b2-5181d2bdb402>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.848974"}
{"text": "whim to speed down a country road. year after year, ford compounded his success. his yearly production doubled and doubled again, from 20, 000 to 53, 000 then 94, 000. by 1913, when production reached 225, 000 model ts, he was turning out a new car every 3 minutes. meanwhile, the price kept dropping, too ; in 1916, he could afford to sell his car for just $ 360 ( $ 7, 000 today ). this productivity was only possible because of ford \u2019 s assembly line, which \u2014 according to critics \u2014 forced workers into mindless labor at an inhuman pace. furthermore, critics claimed, this mass - production culture was spreading across the nation along with the model t. americans were endlessly racing after dreams and living at a pace of life beyond human endurance. nonsense, ford replied. in 1926, he defended the culture and production methods that the model t had made possible. there is [ one ] criticism that appears when modern industry is mentioned \u2014 the charge that machine - production methods, rapidity of operation, is responsible for the so - called killing pace of present - day life. in one breath industry is charged with making men stupid, and in the next with making men too nervously alert. both statements cannot be correct. how is one to reconcile the killing pace with the fact that the average of human life is lengthened year by year? we live on a planet driving at terrific speed through space ; is anyone nervously ruined by letting the earth carry him along? we are naturally habituated to the speed of the planet. in just the same way, no one who is in step with the pace of industry is conscious of it. irritation does not arise from the pull forward ; it is in the pull back. only those who try to check the pace of progress find our present gait distressful. our pace was made by ourselves. we are not forced to keep up with something superhumanly set for us. man sets his own pace, and he can only do what is within the limit of his power. the world is on the move and gives every evidence of an intention to keep moving and to hasten its pace. viewed in the mass, the spectacle may seem feverish to those who are not a part of it. but from the point of view of the individual there is no sensation of being rushed. rather the alert men and women of today are irritated by what is, to them, the slow gait of progress. most of them are in a hurry to reach a better goal,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5221531360709577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b7a2bf08-1553-4b3c-89b2-5181d2bdb402>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.849895"}
{"text": "in their ongoing studies of how yeast ( fungi ) can infect a host and cause disease, a research team at the life sciences and bioengineering centre at worcester polytechnic institute ( wpi ) has made an unexpected discovery. they found that yeast produce a hormone previously known to be made by plants, and that the presence of that hormone in sufficient quantity within the yeast ' s immediate environment triggers the fungal cells to become more infectious. the wpi research team led by reeta prusty rao, phd, assistant professor of biology and biotechnology, working in collaboration with jennifer normanly, phd, associate professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at the university of massachusetts in amherst, reported their findings in the paper ' aberrant synthesis of indole - 3 - acetic acid in saccharomyces cerevisiae triggers morphogenic transition, a virulence trait of dimorphic pathogenic fungi ' published in the may 2010 issue of the journal genetics. the paper was featured in the ' highlights ' section of the journal, where the editors called it a ' surprising finding. ' ' this is a well - known plant hormone. in fact, it was first described in plants by charles darwin in 1880, ' prusty rao said. ' so we were surprised to see it made in yeast, and to see its impact on virulence traits of fungi that cause disease in people. ' commonly called baker ' s yeast or brewer ' s yeast, the fungus saccharomyces cerevisiae ( s. cerevisiae ) does not cause human disease. it is, however, a model system for studying other fungi like candida albicans ( c. albicans ) that do cause diseases like thrush and vaginal yeast infections, which affect millions of people each year and are not easily cleared by the handful of anti - fungal drugs currently available. while most fungal infections do not cause serious harm, if one spreads to the bloodstream it can be deadly. hospitalised patients with catheters or central intravenous lines are at risk, as the fungi can grow on those devices and enter the body. because of the lack of an effective treatment, the mortality rate for some systemic fungal infections is nearly 45 percent. prusty rao ' s lab explores the basic biology of yeast to better understand the processes of fungal infections and to identify potential targets for new drug development. before fungi begin to infect a host, they first undergo a dramatic physical change and grow filaments that look like twigs on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48574137774541437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f234de69-8b55-4385-adaf-3091401671eb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.857774"}
{"text": "explores the basic biology of yeast to better understand the processes of fungal infections and to identify potential targets for new drug development. before fungi begin to infect a host, they first undergo a dramatic physical change and grow filaments that look like twigs on a leafless tree. the hormone indole - 3 - acetic acid ( iaa ) regulates how plants grow, causing them to extend shoots towards sunlight. previous work by prusty rao and others has shown that yeast take - up iaa from the environment to stimulate the growth of filaments. in the current study, prusty rao ' s team found that yeast also produce iaa themselves and secrete it into the environment around them. in this manner, the ongoing secretion and uptake of iaa presumably becomes a feedback loop giving the yeast information about the number of yeast nearby. if there are many yeast secreting iaa, then there is more in the environment to take up. furthermore, prusty rao ' s team found that when the concentration of iaa reached a certain threshold, the fungus began to change shape and grow filaments ( see figure ), providing ' strong support ' for a connection between the yeasts ' production of iaa and fungal infection. ' if there is just one yeast cell sitting under your toe nail, then it won ' t be a problem - but if there are a thousand yeast cells there, then they can begin to filament and cause infection, ' prusty rao noted. ' we believe the data show that iaa plays a role in the yeast ' s ability to know when there are sufficient numbers of them in close enough proximity to try and infect a host, be it a plant or a person. '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.509760602601362, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f234de69-8b55-4385-adaf-3091401671eb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.858522"}
{"text": "apr. 1, 2010 a hitherto unknown reproductive system in a species closely related to the olive tree, phillyrea angustifolia l., has been discovered by researchers in france. this system explains the high concentration of male individuals co - occurring with hermaphrodites in this species. the hermaphrodites, whose blossoms bear both male and female organs, are divided into two morphologically indistinguishable groups. the plants of each group are sterile among themselves but fully compatible with those of the other group. under these conditions, the hermaphrodites can fertilize only half of the pollen recipients, whereas the males can pollinate all the hermaphrodites. the disadvantage weighing upon the males is thus neatly counterbalanced. this discovery proves for the first time the possibility of an evolutionary transition from hermaphroditism to dioecy. a report has been published in science. researchers at the laboratoire de genetique et evolution des populations vegetales ( cnrs / universite de lille 1 ) and the centre d ' ecologie fonctionnelle et evolutive ( cnrs / universite de montpellier 1, 2 and 3 / ensa montpellier / cirad / ecole pratique des hautes etudes ) have discovered in phillyrea angustifolia l., a species closely related to the olive tree, a hitherto unknown reproductive system characterized by incompatibility between hermaphrodite plants. this new reproductive mode explains the mystery of the high frequencies ( up to 50 % ) of male individuals co - occurring with hermaphrodite individuals in this species. the hermaphrodite individuals, whose blossoms bear both male and female organs, are divided into two morphologically indistinguishable groups. the plants of each group are self - incompatible ( they cannot fertilize each other ) but fully compatible with plants of the other group. in such a system, a given hermaphrodite plant can pollinate only half of the other hermaphrodites, while a male can pollinate all the hermaphrodites in the population. these conditions neatly offset the reproductive disadvantage affecting the males, which have no female function ( and are also referred to as \" female - sterile \" for this reason ) and can thus transmit their genes only by male gametes, and not by both male and female gametes like the hermaphrodites. in addition, this self - incompati", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5346199902200547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96c5cc19-1110-42dc-8c08-f3d28cfe3ca5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.863486"}
{"text": "referred to as \" female - sterile \" for this reason ) and can thus transmit their genes only by male gametes, and not by both male and female gametes like the hermaphrodites. in addition, this self - incompatibility within two morphologically identical groups of hermaphrodites could be a key reproductive mode, the origin of plant species with separate genders that evolve through \" intermediary \" reproductive systems. in the overall context of the evolution of reproductive systems from hermaphroditism toward dioecy ( system in which individuals are exclusively either male or female ), mixed systems involving the presence in the same species of both females and hermaphrodites ( gynodioecy ) or both males and hermaphrodites ( androdioecy ) are considered intermediaries derived from hermaphroditism. however, all previous empirical examples have shown that androdioecy had evolved from dioecious systems through the females ' acquisition of a male function, and not from hermaphroditic systems through the loss of the female function by certain hermaphrodites. this new study shows for the first time that a transition from hermaphroditism to androdioecy ( presence of hermaphrodite and male individuals within the populations of a single species ) is possible. this discovery of a self - incompatibility system involving only two morphologically indistinguishable groups of hermaphrodite plants comes as a totally unexpected development. one of the researchers ' next challenges will be to explain, from a functional point of view, how the number of self - incompatibility groups has been maintained at two. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - p. saumitou - laprade, p. vernet, c. vassiliadis, y. hoareau, g. magny ( de ), b. dommee, j. lepart. a self - incompatibility system explains high male frequencies in an androdioecious plant. science, 26 march 2010 doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1186687 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5223401924049966, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96c5cc19-1110-42dc-8c08-f3d28cfe3ca5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.864330"}
{"text": "mar. 24, 2011 a new study is providing fascinating insight into how projections conveying sensory information in the brain are guided to their appropriate targets in different species. the research, published in the march 24 issue of the journal neuron, reveals a surprising new evolutionary scenario that may help to explain how subtle changes in the migration of \" guidepost \" neurons underlie major differences in brain connectivity between mammals and nonmammalian vertebrates. the neocortex ( the \" new \" cortex ) is a brain area that is unique to mammals and plays a central role in cognition, motor behavior, and sensory perception. a deeper brain region, called the thalamus, sends sensory information to the neocortex via a major highway called the internal capsule. as might be expected given the differences in brain anatomy, thalamic projections vary tremendously among vertebrates, with paths in reptiles and birds taking a completely different route than that seen in mammals. \" what controls the differential path - finding of thalamic axons in mammals versus nonmammalian vertebrates and how these essential projections have evolved remains unknown, \" explains senior study author, dr. sonia garel from ecole normale superieure in paris. \" we examined how thalamic axons, which constitute the main input to the neocortex, are directed internally to their evolutionarily novel target in mammals, while they follow an external path to other targets in reptiles and birds. \" using a series of comparative and functional studies, dr. garel and colleagues observed species - specific differences in the migration and positioning of well - characterized \" corridor guidepost \" neurons. the researchers went on to show that a protein called slit2, previously implicated in cell migration and axon guidance, was critical for local positioning of mammalian guidepost cells and functioned as a kind of switch to reroute thalamic axons from the default external route to an internal path to the neocortex. \" taken together, our results show that minor differences in the positioning of conserved guidepost neurons, which is controlled by slit2, plays an essential role in the species - specific pathfinding of thalamic axons, thereby providing a novel framework to understand the shaping and evolution of a novel and major brain projection, \" concludes dr. garel. \" furthermore, our study opens the possibility that changes in cell migration may more generally control the evolution of brain connectivity, particularly the formation of other mammalian - specific tracts. since an increase in cell migration has participated in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5403292928808412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8431eab2-d690-4b24-b16f-fa1e4984f326>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.867313"}
{"text": "james phipps ( 1788 - 1853 ) james phipps, the son of a poor landless labourer, was the first person to be vaccinated by edward jenner. on 14 may 1796, jenner cut into the skin of the 8 - year - old boy and infected him with matter from a cowpox sore. over the following days, james developed a fever, but soon became well again. when jenner then injected the boy with the more dangerous smallpox, james remained healthy. two other children who shared a bed with james did not catch smallpox from him either. encouraged by his success, jenner went on to test his method on various people over the following two years. all of them were poor - farm labourers and their children, or the inmates of workhouses. jenner publicised the case of james phipps as a success story to promote his new method of vaccination. we do not know if james or his father were paid for the experiment, but later in life jenner definitely rewarded his first test subject. when james phipps was married with children, jenner gave him a free lease on a house. phipps was grateful to jenner, and attended the physician ' s funeral on 3 february 1823. however, if the experiment had gone wrong, jenner would probably have kept quiet about it, and james phipps would have been forgotten, like many other victims of medical experimentation. related themes and topics r b fisher, edward jenner ( 1749 - 1823 ) ( london : andre deutsch, 1991 ) e jenner, an inquiry into the causes and effects of the variol\u00e6 vaccin\u00e6, a disease discovered in some of the western counties of england... known by the name of the cow pox ( london : printed for the author, 1798 ) viral infection of cows ' udders, transmitted to humans by direct contact, causing very mild symptoms similar to smallpox.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4711029464113022, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:921789d3-4d43-43b0-8350-9142506344cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.869393"}
{"text": "how tall is it? measure something tall without climbing it the most accurate way to measure something is using a tape measure, but some things are too tall ( or too scary ) to climb with a ruler. try the different methods for the same tree and see how similar ( or different ) the results are. these examples are all about trees, but would work for buildings, telegraph poles and any other tall structures. bending overget an adult to walk away from a tree until they are just about able to see the top of the tree when they bend over and look through their legs. the distance they are from the tree is roughly the same as the height of the tree. this works because an adult bending over and looking up at the top of the tree creates about a 45 degree angle. this creates a triangle where the base and the height are about equal \u2013 so the distance from the tree is about the same as the height of the tree. using shadowson a sunny day, measure the length of a tree ' s shadow. measure the length of the shadow of something of a known height ( for example a person, a measuring stick or a pole ). divide the length of the tree ' s shadow by the length of the person, measuring stick or pole ' s shadow and then multiply it by the height of the person, measuring stick or pole \u2013 the answer is the height of the tree. using shadows # 2stick a long stick in the ground ( one or two metres tall if possible ), and draw a circle around the base of it, so that the distance from the centre to the circle is exactly the same as the distance from the ground to the tip of the stick. when the tip of the shadow touches the edge of the circle, the length of the shadow is exactly the same as the height of the stick. run to the tree and measure the length of the shadow \u2013 this will be the height of the tree. using a cameraset up a digital camera on a tripod and get someone to stand next to a tree holding a measuring stick or a stiff tape measure, extended as far as possible ( one to two metres long if available ). take a picture of the person and tree, with the tree taking up about half the height of the picture. on a computer, use the manipulation tool to copy a rectangle exactly the same height as the measuring tape or stick and paste it a number of times up the side of the tree and see how many times the measuring stick or tape needs to be pasted to measure the height of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4372046871438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5aee98b1-472f-4747-8e2d-4f85f4f3bd46>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.873578"}
{"text": "building material salvage and recycling client assistance memo 1302 why should you reuse and recycle building materials? - send less waste to the landfill - give usable items another life - reduce natural resource use - save money - cut greenhouse gas emissions - support the local material reuse and recycling industry - earn green building rating system points ( e. g., built green\u2122, leed\u2122 ) many opportunities exist to reuse and recycle building materials that come from both demolition and new building projects. salvage : the removal of select materials from a building prior to demolition. these materials include items such as architectural features, cabinets, windows, and wood flooring. recycling : the collection and processing of certain materials, which are then manufactured into new products. salvage before demolition the typical home or commercial space often contains numerous reusable items. this is particularly true with older buildings. items frequently desirable for reuse include large timbers, wood flooring, wood trim, cabinets, double - pane windows, dimensional lumber, and ( non - hollow core ) doors. dimensional lumber is particularly desirable but can sometimes be difficult or expensive to remove. the most important consideration to maximizing reuse is to plan ahead and provide time for removal of desirable items. salvage can begin at the beginning of a construction project, before demolition and hazardous waste abatement. salvaging of non - structural items can begin before a demolition permit has been issued. if you do not have the time or knowledge to find outlets for potentially reusable items, call one of the local used building material stores. store staff is typically available to visit a site to determine whether potentially - salvageable items are desired by their business. some of the used building material stores provide deconstruction and salvage services. if a building contains enough desired materials, store staff may be able to remove the items from the building at no charge, and many are able to provide receipts to allow for a tax deduction based on the value of the materials. any items removed before a building is demolished will reduce disposal costs. think creatively for other ways to reuse materials before sending them to the landfill. consider salvaging materials from an old building for reuse in a new building, on the same site. for example, high grade lumber may be salvaged and cut into trim or made into furnishings for the new building. concrete may be ground and re - used on site in place of gravel or aggregate. one alternative to using a salvage company is to hold a \u201c demo sale \u201d before a building", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47743221187902884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d703a80-fe7d-4f18-a925-4440281a9119>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.878687"}
{"text": "salvaged and cut into trim or made into furnishings for the new building. concrete may be ground and re - used on site in place of gravel or aggregate. one alternative to using a salvage company is to hold a \u201c demo sale \u201d before a building is demolished. this involves letting the public into the building to remove non - structural windows, trim, doors, flooring, cabinets, etc., before the building is flattened. if you plan to pursue this option, check your insurance policy for liability coverage. recycle during demolition worker salvaging reusable dimensional lumber during a home deconstruction. photo by : the reuse people. city of seattle ordinance requires businesses to recycle certain items, such as paper, cardboard, and yard debris. other recyclables coming out of a demolition project can include wiring, plumbing fixtures, metal studs, and structural supports. be careful about metal ductwork, which often has asbestos tape or insulation attached to it. for comprehensive information about materials that can be recycled and local recyclers, visit resource venture or call ( 206 ) 343 - 8505. when salvaging materials for reuse and recycling, be mindful about safety. hazardous materials or situations may restrict the ability to salvage items, such as asbestos - containing tile or mastic above wood flooring. be aware of surfaces which may contain lead based paint. avoid cutting such surfaces, and minimize dust generation. using salvaged and recycled content materials the key to encouraging and maintaining steady markets for salvaged and recycled materials is to integrate them into new projects. it is important to consider how to integrate salvaged materials early, during the design phase. client assistance memo 336, sustainable building and reuse of building materials, provides a comprehensive look at the necessary code considerations for integrating specific types of materials into projects. used building materials stores stock an ever - changing variety of flooring, doors, trim, windows and other miscellaneous items. for large projects or small, recycled - content materials can also help \u201c close the loop \u201d of the recycling process. gypsum wallboard, plastic - composite deck materials, metal materials, and acoustic ceiling tiles frequently are available with recycled content. to ensure products contain recycled content, be sure to research available products and specify desired percentages of recycled content. for more information visit resource venture or call ( 206 ) 343 - 8505. minimizing waste : maximizing reuse and recycling during construction most new construction projects will result in extra \u201c left - over \u201d materials. depending", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4382552687472109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d703a80-fe7d-4f18-a925-4440281a9119>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.880044"}
{"text": "##s of recycled content. for more information visit resource venture or call ( 206 ) 343 - 8505. minimizing waste : maximizing reuse and recycling during construction most new construction projects will result in extra \u201c left - over \u201d materials. depending on the volume, you may have a number of choices for how to reuse certain materials. potential reuse outlets include used building material stores, on - line resources, and one - time used building material sales. if materials can \u2019 t be reused, look to optimize recycling. recyclable materials generated during construction include clean wood, metals, gypsum wallboard, and cardboard / paper. some waste haulers require separation of materials on the jobsite. others are able to provide a container for all types of \u201c commingled \u201d recycling, to be sorted later at an outside facility. in general, separating materials for recycling will reduce contamination and increase the amount of material actually recycled. for comprehensive information about recycling options for different materials, visit resource venture or call ( 206 ) 343 - 8505. the resource venture can provide you with the contractor \u2019 s guide to waste prevention and recycling, and the construction recycling directory. the resource venture is a good source for assistance with nonstandard recycling, such as acoustic ceiling tile, drywall, porcelain, roofing, and plant / tree salvage. local building materials stores work together to encourage used building materials markets through the northwest building salvage network. for more information about local deconstruction and reuse companies and services, see the building salvage and deconstruction services sheet in the dpd demolition packet. for detailed information and ideas about integrating salvaged building materials into your construction project, take a look at the salvage and reuse green home remodel guide ( pdf ). this client assistance memo ( cam ) should not be used as a substitute for codes and regulations. the applicant is responsible for compliance with all code and rule requirements, whether or not described in this cam.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4582943881369521, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d703a80-fe7d-4f18-a925-4440281a9119>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.881022"}
{"text": "the acl injury is a common health injury that occurs specially in athlete. the acl injury take place when the acl ligament get break up or overstretch by knee twisting or hyperextending. in relation of the acl ligament, it connects with the femur ( thigh bone ) & tibia ( shin bone ) just inside of the knee joint. most special thing about the ligament, they are tough and non stretchable fibers that assist in holding the bones together. often, the knee gets stabilization by assistance of acl, menisci ( cartilages ), pcl ( posterior cruciate ligament ) and medial collateral ligament. moreover, these different ligaments which provide stabilization to the knee, the acl, pcl, mcl and menisci ligament, also give protection to the knee while rotating, shifting and hyperextending while jumping, running or landing. the major and very general cause of acl injury is a forceful contact just on the front or outer part of the knee that can be by twisting or hyperextending. the some general symptoms of acl injury are instant knee pain. moreover, the other symptom of acl injury is to feel a \u201c pop \u201d just inside of knee during getting the injury. besides it, in the acl injury the swelling occurs within 24 hours, just after the acl get any kind of acl injury. besides it, the some other symptoms of acl injury are minor pain, swelling and weight bearing activity limitation. those individuals which mostly get the acl injury, they are especially athlete and sportsman. including it, this is very essential for the person who got the acl injury by any doctor. while the treatment of acl injury, the doctor first take the mri ( magnetic resonance imaging ) for confirming the acl injury. after confirming the acl injury is or acl injury is not, the doctor giving medical treatment. often, the acl treatment depends on age of athlete & that sports which the athlete plays.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43695666522660537, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7110e0ff-54c1-40fc-a29f-0013e344767d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.884279"}
{"text": "( sen ) - the spacecraft being developed by boeing, the crew space transportation ( cst ) - 100, has completed another successful parachute drop test. the cst - 100 capsule was lifted to 14, 000 feet by helicopter and dropped. the parachutes deployed successfully and the capsule descended smoothly to its landing site, cushioned by six inflated air bags. this was the second successful parachute drop test in recent weeks. \" this second parachute drop test validates boeing ' s innovative system architecture and deployment plan, \" said john mulholland, vice president and program manager, boeing commercial programs. \" boeing ' s completion of this milestone reaffirms our commitment to provide safe, reliable and affordable crewed access to space. \" boeing has now achieved 40 milestones in the development of the cst - 100. the development program will see further tests this year including a heat shield jettison test and an orbital manoeuvering control engine hot fire test that will provide more data on key elements of the spacecraft ' s design. boeing has received funding from nasa to assist with development under nasa ' s commercial crew development program ( ccdev ). boeing is one of several u. s. companies developing spacescraft to carry astronauts to low earth orbit including the space station. the spacecraft is being designed to carry up to 7 astronauts, or a combination of astronauts and cargo. the tests were carried out with help from bigelow aerospace, a customer of boeing and a partner for commercial space. bigelow aerospace founder and president robert t. bigelow said \" we ' re thrilled to see the robust progress that is being made via the commercial crew program. this successful test provides further proof that the commercial crew initiative represents the most expeditious, safe and affordable means of getting america flying in space again. \" bigelow plan to use the cst - 100 to ferry customers to and from its planned bigelow orbiting space complex. the cst - 100 has been designed to be compatible with several rocket launchers. for test flights scheduled in 2015 - 16 boeing will use the atlas v rocket operated by united launch alliance, a 50 - 50 joint venture between the boeing company and lockheed martin that was formed in december 2006. boeing ' s cst - 100 atop a united launch alliance atlas rocket ( artist illustration ). credit : boeing \" boeing ' s parachute demonstrations are a clear sign nasa is moving in the right direction of enabling the american aerospace transportation industry to flourish under this partnership \" nasa ' s commercial crew program manager ed mango said. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4904443857964747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9da77556-b353-47dc-acd6-946b29f431e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.889139"}
{"text": "she was the wife of a notable military man, one of king david ' s mighty men. she understood submission, and the high cost of disobedience. so when the king summoned her, she obeyed. during a time when other kings were gone to war with their armies, king david had remained at home. his idleness had turned into a snare for trouble, and she was unaware and unprepared. the night of his summons, bathsheba ' s life changed forever. there is no indication from scriptures that bathsheba had been manipulative. it had not been her intention to try to seduce king david while he was walking the rooftop that evening. yet his lust for her fueled their encounter and resulted in her conceiving. a series of tragic events marked the months of bathsheba ' s pregnancy ; events that could have destroyed her completely. to have her husband, uriah, simply die in battle would have been a noble sorrow to bear. but for his death to be arranged in order to cover the king ' s adultery with her was unthinkable. then, after mourning her husband ' s death, she was quietly ushered into the king ' s house as his new wife, and gave birth to a son, her firstborn child. it appears that from god ' s perspective, bathsheba was not to blame. she was the little lamb that nathan the prophet had spoken of, who had been nourished and cared for, and held in her husband ' s bosom. the prophetic confrontation between david and nathan was directed at king david alone, who had abused his position of authority and deceptively taken the wife of one of his finest soldiers. not only was bathsheba blameless, but the divine judgment for the king ' s sin was outside of her control. soon after the birth of her firstborn son, the baby became ill and died seven days later. yet through these trials, bathsheba survived because of her unwavering hope for peace. and god heard her cries. ultimately, king david realized the irreparable damage that his sins had caused. his heart was broken knowing that bathsheba had been the silent yet faithful victim through it all. he comforted her, repentant of the sorrow and grief that he had brought into her life. later, king david provided bathsheba with another son named solomon, her \" peace. \" this marked the acceptance of her position within the king ' s house, and it signified that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4173538283270776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab1e6f00-47b8-4401-88ae-5a7f392f3236>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.891946"}
{"text": "in recent decades, union power has declined considerably. in 1945, union membership peaked at 35 % of non - agricultural workers. today, only 12 % of all workers are union members, and if government employees are taken out of the equation, the percentage of the civilian workers that are members of unions falls to 8 %. economists offer several explanations for this rapid decline of union power. some argue that company hostility to unions is the main cause. armed with supportive legislation like the taft - hartley act, large companies have waged a systematic campaign to eliminate union contracts and undercut union influence. yet other economists argue almost the opposite \u2014 that overly aggressive unions are primarily to blame for their loss of influence. in the global economy, unions have hurt themselves by demanding too much from employers that can easily take their jobs elsewhere. other economists argue that the changing composition of the workforce is more responsible for declining union membership. women and teenagers represent a larger part of the workforce than they did 50 years ago. and for many of these, their jobs represent a second or temporary income. consequently, they are less interested in the long - term employment objectives pursued by unions. similarly, illegal immigrants, now numbering, according to the united states census, around 10. 4 million adults, are not usually receptive to union organizing efforts. some economists argue that the shifting structure of the american economy is more responsible for declining union membership. unions were well established in heavy industries, like steel and autos. but those represent a far smaller part of the economy than they did a half century ago. far more jobs are being created in the service sector, which has proven resistant to union organization. finally, some economists suggest that since government has taken over some of the roles filled by unions in the past, union membership is less essential to workers. congressional mandates addressing workplace discrimination and conditions, and establishing protections for family and medical leave, have addressed some of the worker concerns that formally led workers into unions. clearly, the workplace and the workforce are changing. the growth of the service sector, the decline of heavy industry, the reduction of union power, and the expansion of government involvement all signal a fundamental transformation in the american economy. why it matters today in the private sector, unions have experienced 55 years of fairly steady decline. in the public sector... not so much. while unions have lost ground in most industries, public employees unions have grown larger and more powerful in recent decades. people are split on whether this growth is a good thing or a bad thing. those who argue against unions cite the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45440465461057405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5f66514-c475-4fbe-bbaf-959eec64236b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.895792"}
{"text": ". not so much. while unions have lost ground in most industries, public employees unions have grown larger and more powerful in recent decades. people are split on whether this growth is a good thing or a bad thing. those who argue against unions cite the negative effects of collective bargaining : federal employees now make more money for the same type of jobs than their counterparts in private industry. while the private sector has shed some eight million jobs in the recent recession, employment in the public sector has grown, and those workers often have generous state - funded pensions that could lead to budgetary woes in the long run. some argue that higher costs associated with unionization might make the united states less competitive in the global market. on the other hand, union membership still serves a valuable purpose in ensuring that workers are being paid and treated fairly. democracy is all about participation, and unions give employees a voice in the decision - making process. additionally, there ' s evidence that a high level of union participation doesn ' t necessarily mean less growth. in fact, prior to the global recession, some of the countries with the highest growth rates also had some of the highest rates of unionization. as someone who will eventually be a worker and a taxpayer ( if you aren ' t already ), this discussion affects you. what do you think? are employee unions merely working to ensure a decent living for their members, or are they imposing costs that the states and federal government can ' t afford to bear? saturday night live \u2019 s discussion of unions and pensions :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4251498868532121, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c5f66514-c475-4fbe-bbaf-959eec64236b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.896474"}
{"text": "one beautiful day, while nosy fox is strolling through the forest, he spies a bear he ' s never seen before. when he asks brainy owl who the bear is and what it ' s doing, nosy fox finds out that the bear is named jack and is making the world a better place. nosy fox has a difficult time believing that jack is doing such a thing, especially since all the bear has is a smile and a jar of honey. although nosy fox insists that monarchs and government officials, scientists and peace prize winners, philosophers and hard - working citizens all have more authority and responsibility in making the world a better place, brainy owl points out that what those people can do is actually limited - - and so, they all need jack ' s help. the story is fun to read, while it also teaches us an important lesson in a gentle and humorous way. the narrative is told with simple text and is able to convey complex terms and ideas in a way that is easily accessible to younger readers and listeners. the conversation between nosy fox and brainy owl is engaging, particularly as nosy fox, along with the reader, seeks to understand the mystery that is jack the bear. leist ' s illustrations are masterful and unique, overflowing with playfulness and rick in detail and texture. with recycled paper shopping bags standing in for the canvases, she uses a variety of other tools, including watercolours, crayons, ballpoint pens, markers and pencils. she also makes use of leaf and twig rubbings ; and children will have fun looking for evidence of these rubbings, as well as evidence of handles and fold - lines in the bags and of what parts of the shopping bags are being used. thematic links : remembrance day - peace ; social responsibility - taking care of others ; friendship ; social responsibility - reusing materials ; art - reusing objects / using found objects \" when an unfamiliar bear appears in his forest, nosy fox is immediately curious. nosy asks brainy owl about the stranger and is unimpressed when nosy says that jack the bear is making the world a better place. as nosy and brainy observe the stranger from a distance, brainy answers the fo ' s questions and encourages him to reconsider his assumptions about who can make a difference. the world is awfully big, af ter all, and there are many ways to make it better - - some even involve honey! jack the bear is a terrific starting point for discussion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4816303317838381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a73db39d-96aa-4e99-ba5a-0cd33ef734e6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.907077"}
{"text": "to reconsider his assumptions about who can make a difference. the world is awfully big, af ter all, and there are many ways to make it better - - some even involve honey! jack the bear is a terrific starting point for discussion about social responsibility. \" - carolyn hart, bc certified teacher nominated for a 2009 cybils award! cm magazine review nosy fox just doesn ' t get it. jack the bear is just sitting there, underneath the shade of an old oak tree, eating his honey with grumpy squirrel \u2013 and yet, according to brainy owl, bear is making the world a better place. but how could that be? isn ' t that the job of kings and queens? scientists and philosophers? in this heart - warming tale about compassion and benevolence, readers learn that a simple act of kindness can go a long way \u2013 even if it ' s as small as putting a smile on someone ' s face. with all of his wisdom and wit, brainy owl tells nosy fox that our world is a very big place and that it takes more than just inventions and ideas to make a positive impact on the world. it is the selfless acts of the individual that can serve as the seed of change, and with a little love and goodwill, we can make a worldwide impact, one good deed at a time. it is an important lesson, and, although it is somewhat ambitious to tackle such an abstract concept within the confines of a 40 page picturebook, leist does succeed, in the end, at sending home a clear and boiled down message. along the way, parents may well have to explain what a \" philosopher \" is, or who the \" peace prize winners \" are, but in a sense, the book is more of a jumping off point \u2013 its final pages should mean the start of a conversation, rather the end. the book ' s playful illustrations were created on recycled paper shopping bags, using a combination of watercolor, crayon, ballpoint pen, marker and pencil. the effect is incredibly organic, with the most delicious textures, folds, and creases \u2013 particularly on the book ' s double - page spreads. occasionally, you can spy a spot of bold red lettering that reads, \" pull handles up not out \" \u2013 a fun little detail that serves to remind us of the book ' s origins. leist ' s artwork is both whimsical and spontaneous, featuring a background of beautifully shaped splotches and scribbles that slowly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5067910554288698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a73db39d-96aa-4e99-ba5a-0cd33ef734e6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.908012"}
{"text": "not out \" \u2013 a fun little detail that serves to remind us of the book ' s origins. leist ' s artwork is both whimsical and spontaneous, featuring a background of beautifully shaped splotches and scribbles that slowly emerge to the eye as leaves and branches and earth and sky. the characters themselves are charming, but not in a \" cutesy \" sort of way \u2013 they are quirky and unusual with wide - eyed gazes and bashful grins. for those looking to inspire young children to change the world, this book serves as a good introduction. certainly, if we all learned to be a little bit like jack the bear, who shares his honey, the world would be a much sweeter place. \" a beautiful lesson \" - abc best books for children \" in this charming picture book, jack the bear contributes to world peace through the simple gesture of a smile. this special book should be in every home where young children and youthful spirits reside. \" - christianne hayward sal ' s fiction addiction \" ' that ' s jack the bear, ' said brainy owl. ' oh? and what ' s he doing? ' nosy fox was, well, nosy. ' he ' s making the world a better place, ' replied brainy owl. ' really? ' nosy fox smirked. ' he looks like he ' s just sitting in the shade with a jar of honey. ' \" i love the simple message of this lovely, warm book. we can all make a difference in someone else ' s day... we just need to know that we can. my good friend val and i were just talking about the same thing the other day. there are so many times in our day when a little smile ( or sometimes a persistent one ) can make another person ' s day better! it takes so little effort. the animals in this book are somewhat grumpy and quite opinionated about jack ' s place in the world. they wonder how sitting, smiling and handing out honey can really make the world a better place. after all, isn ' t that what kings, queens, presidents and prime ministers are meant to do? it seems that jack can help them, and he can help scientists, peace prize winners and even philosophers when they haven ' t enough time or energy to meet all the needs of the world. how does jack bear do it??? he smiles! have you got one of those hidden away. try it on everyone you meet today, and see if you can make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5158947499699229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a73db39d-96aa-4e99-ba5a-0cd33ef734e6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.908895"}
{"text": "' t enough time or energy to meet all the needs of the world. how does jack bear do it??? he smiles! have you got one of those hidden away. try it on everyone you meet today, and see if you can make the world a better place. i am going to try to do just that. the author adds a note about her artwork which states : ' the illustrations in this book were done on recycled paper shopping bags. i used watercolor, crayon, and almost every ballpoint pen, marker, and pencil i could find in my desk ' s untidy drawers. ' they work brilliantly to give this book its glowing warm feeling. review from 50 good deeds my teacher friend nadia put me on to a pretty picture book about making the world a better place through good deeds. \u201c it \u2019 s so simply written, and the message is huge! \u201d she wrote to me. so of course i had to see a copy for myself, and looked forward to the arrival of jack the bear in the mail. it was a sweet read. vancouver author and illustrator christina leist uses her animal characters, with some beautiful drawings made on recycled paper shopping bags, to convey to kids the power of a small act of kindness. what made her an ambassador for the cause? \u201c when i first came to vancouver \u2013 i am originally from germany \u2013 i was impressed by how nice people were to me, \u201d christina says. \u201c cars were stopping for me when i wanted to cross the street, people were apologizing. \u201d ( yep, sounds to me like she found her way to canada. ) how did that motivate her? \u201c i felt respected and cared for as a fellow human being. i wanted to belong to this group of people that made me feel so good, and i started to do the same for other people. \u201d that \u2019 s that chain of kindness we keep obsessing about. and she decided to write a book for tiny tots. \u201c i want to let the little ones know how simple manifesting positive change can be, that they have an important and powerful tool and never need to feel powerless. \u201d christina adds that upcycling used shopping bags for her artwork is another way she sets an example : it doesn \u2019 t take much to change the world. jack the bear has been shortlisted for the ontario blue spruce award and the foreword magazine book of the year award. so if you \u2019 re looking for reading material for the small people in your life, you may make a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4615593927948023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a73db39d-96aa-4e99-ba5a-0cd33ef734e6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.909832"}
{"text": "| san jose state university | & tornado alley the equipment for demonstrating the aharonov - bohm effect consists of a source of uniform energy electrons, a screen with two slits in it, a screen to capture the interference pattern and a solenoid. the solenoid is an electromagnet encased in an iron tube. the iron tube captures all of the magnetic field created by the electromagnet. outside of the tube the magnetic field zero. without the electromagneti on, the equipment generates the standard interference pattern for the two - slit experiment. a schematic diagram for the experiment is shown below. when the current in the solenoid is increased there is a shift in the interference pattern on the screen. this is quite surprising because the iron shielding of electromagnet confines the magnetic field entirely to the solenoid itself. the magnet field in the paths of the electrons is zero. in any real experiment the magnetic field would be zero except for background levels. paul a. m. dirac proved in 1931 that in such arrangement there would be a phase shift for the wave function of the electron based not upon the level of the magnet field for the region through which it passes but upon the level of the vector potential function. if b ( x ) is the magnetic field function then the vector potential function is such that for any a ( x ) equal to the gradient of a scalar function \u2207g the curl is zero, thus the vector potential function in a region can be nonzero even though the magnetic field is zero. the wave function \u03c8 ( x ) is a complex - valued function of the point in space x. the magnitude squared of the wave function | \u03c8 ( x ) | 2 is the probability density for the electron at point x. a wave function can be multiplied by a function of the form exp ( - i\u03c6 ) without affecting the magnitude and thus without affecting the probabilities of the electron being found in any region of space. the quantity \u03c6 is called the phase angle. it was generally thought before the aharonov - bohm experiment that changes in phase angle do not affect the behavior of electrons. the experiment showed that the phase angle of electrons could be modified even though the magnetic field through which they pass is zero, and that the modification can be detected. what dirac showed is that the change in phase angle of an electron passing through a path s is where e is the charge of the electron, h is planck ' s constant divided by 2\u03c0 and j is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.633649859522334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bb68c4a-91f9-40f5-919f-3a7a122fd716>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.913265"}
{"text": "and that the modification can be detected. what dirac showed is that the change in phase angle of an electron passing through a path s is where e is the charge of the electron, h is planck ' s constant divided by 2\u03c0 and j is the line integral where a is the vector potential for the magnetic field. the phase difference between electrons traveling on path 1 compared to path 2 is thus based upon the difference in the line integrals. this is equivalent to computing the line integral forward on path 1 and then backward on path 2. this in turn is equivalent to computing the line integral around the path created by path 2 to path 1 in a reverse direction. this creates a closed path. by stoke ' s theorem the line integral around a closed path is equal to the integral of the curl of the vector quantity over the surface enclosed by the path. in this case the curl of the vector potential is the magnet field and this is nonzero for the cross - section of the solenoid. what the aharonov - bohm experiment established is that it is not only the electric and magnetic field that can have observable effects. the vector potential can also produce observable effects. originally the vector potential function was only a mathematical artifact, a convenience. what the aharonov - bohm effect shows is that the vector potential function has a primacy, an existence in its own right. home page of thayer watkins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6471128814087369, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8bb68c4a-91f9-40f5-919f-3a7a122fd716>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.913791"}
{"text": "dry, flaky skin, also referred to as xerosis, not only looks unattractive, it can be uncomfortably tight and itchy. in severe cases, the skin is so dry that fissures and cracks develop which can become inflamed or infected. the symptoms worsen in the winter months when skin is exposed to dry air and heat, but some people deal with xerosis all year round. dry skin is caused by a lack of moisture in the outer layer of the skin. the outermost layer of the skin contains lipids. these lipids consist of ceramides, fatty acids and cholesterol that help to hold in water and prevent dryness. people with dry skin often have lower levels of ceramides. this affects the skin \u2019 s ability to retain moisture. when the outer layer of skin is too dry, skin cells aren \u2019 t shed properly and the cells build up on the surface of the skin causing it to look rough and flaky. some people are prone towards dry skin genetically, but lifestyle habits play a role too. ceramides that keep skin moist and supple can be stripped away by using harsh cleansers and detergents, washing skin in hot water, exposing skin to chemicals, frequent bathing and exposure to dry air or extremes in temperature. areas with the fewest oil glands such as the extremities and trunk are most susceptible. it \u2019 s important to reduce your skin \u2019 s exposure to elements that damage the lipid layer and remove moisture from the skin. some people live in homes with a low humidity. adding a home humidifier to increase moisture in the air is a simple way to sooth dry, irritated skin. staying covered up outdoors in the winter helps too. another problem that aggravates xerosis is excessive exposure to water, especially hot water. dry skin was less common years ago when people didn \u2019 t have the convenience of taking a shower every day. using harsh cleansers and bath products including soap also worsen the problem by stripping away the lipids and oils that keep skin moist. a better alternative is to use a soap - free cleanser which contains ingredients that remove dirt while helping to repair the protective lipid barrier. keep baths short, and use warm, not hot, water. a brief shower is a better alternative. after cleansing, it \u2019 s important to moisturize. pat skin dry and immediately apply a layer of moisturizer while skin is still slightly damp. choose one that contains", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.450439640224093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9a67df01-912f-47fb-840c-a18cd3caa1a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.916422"}
{"text": "the first thing people notice when they look at someone \u2019 s face is their eyes. that \u2019 s why most people aren \u2019 t happy when they look in the mirror and see swollen, puffy eyes. needless to say, it \u2019 s not a good way to start the day. the skin underneath the eyelids is thinner than it is elsewhere on the body. this means that when the underlying tissue swells, the under - eye area becomes puffy and easily swollen. the tissue underneath can become swollen from eating too much salt and from the effects of allergies or hormones. some people have swollen eyes when they wake up in the morning, especially if they ate a high - salt meal the day before. lack of sleep can also make eye puffiness worse. with aging, tissue under the eyes becomes more lax. this causes the fat underneath to herniate outwards, causing the under - eye area to look puffy. genetics and smoking speed up this process. this puffiness becomes more prominent with fatigue, fluid retention and hormonal fluctuations. one of the simplest ways to reduce under - eye puffiness is to place cold compresses over the eyes. a bag of frozen vegetables works well for this purpose. cold compresses are particularly effective for reducing swelling from too much salt and from allergy - related problems. drinking more water and reducing dietary sodium also helps to prevent under - eye swelling. if the problem is related to allergies, allergy medications like antihistamines can help. another way to reduce morning puffiness is to sleep with the head on an additional pillow. this elevates the head and reduces fluid accumulation during the night. oxidative stress from exposure to sunlight and a bad diet also contributes to laxity of the skin around the eyes, which can lead to a puffy, baggy under - eye area. smoking further accelerates oxidative stress and damage. have you ever noticed how many smokers have under - eye bags? some people use hemorrhoid creams under their eyes to treat puffiness. hemorrhoid cream contains an ingredient called phenylephrine that constricts blood vessels and reduces swelling. this works for some, but most dermatologists don \u2019 t recommend it since it may not be safe to use under the eyes where the skin is delicate. there \u2019 s also the risk of getting some the cream into the eyes, which could cause irritation. reserve the hemorrhoid cream for treating hemorrhoids, and use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4394290147818432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6e9d6db-6200-4d6f-90af-27c3d4058128>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.920657"}
{"text": "not be safe to use under the eyes where the skin is delicate. there \u2019 s also the risk of getting some the cream into the eyes, which could cause irritation. reserve the hemorrhoid cream for treating hemorrhoids, and use a treatment specifically designed for the under - eye area instead. when puffy eyes are caused by too much skin laxity under the eyes and bags are a problem, complex peptides can help diminish the baggy appearance while preventing further damage. topical retinols and prescription - strength retinoids also help by boosting collagen production. in severe cases, some dermatologists recommend a procedure called blepharoplasty to remove extra fat and tighten loose under - eye skin. of course, there are risks to any type of surgery, so this should be a treatment of last resort. most people will experience some improvement with topical treatments. treating mild under - eye puffiness may be as simple as changing sleep habits and consuming less salt. in cases where this doesn \u2019 t solve the problem, cold compresses and topical treatments that reduce oxidative stress and stimulate collagen production can help, especially where the tissue around the eyes is lax. as a last resort, a blepharoplasty is an option to remove excess fat and tighten the under - eye tissue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4473705493455035, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6e9d6db-6200-4d6f-90af-27c3d4058128>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.921833"}
{"text": "can biodiversity conservation reduce poverty? today, the u. n. convention on biological diversity ( cbd ) kicks off its 10th conference in nagoya, japan. unveiled in 1992, the treaty claims nearly every nation as a party. ( the united states, one of three holdouts, attends the conferences as an \" observer. \" ) in 2002, the parties set a target, subsequently added to the u. n. millennium development goals : \" to achieve by 2010 significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on earth. \" ( emphasis added. ) they failed, and biodiversity continues to vanish apace. at nagoya, they will hash out a new plan. but the pledge ' s implicit equation \u2014 what ' s good for the planet is good for the poor \u2014 sounds suspiciously convenient ; next we ' ll hear that biodiversity can help bring peace to the middle east. is biodiversity conservation really a friend to poor people? the cbd ' s logic goes like this : the world ' s poor live disproportionately in \" hotspots \" of biodiversity \u2014 70 percent still inhabit rural areas, according to the u. n. \u2014 and they depend relatively directly on local wildlife for their livelihoods ( fish and game, mushrooms, fuel wood ). even for communities with other sources of income, biodiversity can provide a crucial safety net in the event of natural disasters or global economic meltdowns. that logic is sound, as far as it goes. but the poor live in these species - rich places not by coincidence, but because, in most cases, their countries have not industrialized and therefore have advanced little economically. likewise, they forage for calories and fuel because they lack access to pathmark and con ed. from this perspective, a real route out of poverty would transcend, rather than cement, their reliance on biodiversity. what ' s more, conservation campaigns of the past have garnered a bad reputation for alienating local communities in poor countries. the establishment of protected areas has created millions of \" conservation refugees \" : the batwa pygmies, to take one example, were evicted from their ancestral homes in 1991, in the name of protecting the bwindi impenetrable national park in uganda. ( a prevalent strain of conservationism saw any human settlements as tainting the wilderness. ) residents near other protected areas, while not forced to relocate, were cut off from food and fuel sources on which they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.470426138261712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ed57eda-fce5-46d3-a8a5-2cf02405f568>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.927165"}
{"text": "impenetrable national park in uganda. ( a prevalent strain of conservationism saw any human settlements as tainting the wilderness. ) residents near other protected areas, while not forced to relocate, were cut off from food and fuel sources on which they ' d banked. the past few decades, however, have seen a gradual sea change in conservationists ' thinking and rhetoric. it is now widely accepted \u2014 for ethical and practical reasons \u2014 that conservation efforts must turn locals into allies, not enemies. governments, ngos, international institutions and communities have made valiant efforts to align environmental custodianship with poverty reduction. such \" win - wins \" are a tall order, and countless projects have flunked on both counts. but some have achieved modest success. a report released in august, by the nature conservancy and other groups, reviewed more than 400 studies and documents about the poverty - biodiversity nexus. the authors identified 10 strategies that appeared to have succeeded, in some places, at combining both objectives. the most effective included ecotourism, agroforestry ( integrating trees and agriculture ), and \" fish spillover \" ( in which an area is designated off - limits for fishing, while an adjacent water body is fair game ). one model initiative is ghana ' s wechiau community hippopotamus sanctuary, founded in 1998 by local chiefs. in 2008, it won an equator prize, which the u. n. has awarded to 103 \" outstanding community efforts to reduce poverty through the conservation of biodiversity \" since 2002. the sanctuary has generated jobs ( such as accountant, ranger, boatman, and cook ) and attracted investment in solar lighting systems and other infrastructure. ( a 2010 study found that infrastructure development was \" 2 - 8 times higher than in surrounding communities. \" ) at the same time, the hippo population has held steady, and bird species inside the sanctuary outnumbered those outside. the place is not a utopia \u2014 14 households were displaced \u2014 but a survey yielded mostly positive feedback from the community. yet there are formidable obstacles to widespread success. a common problem is \" elite capture, \" in which the more privileged members of a community reap the greatest reward, while the poorest gain little. in a forest - management project supported by the indian government in andhra pradesh, for example, the upper - caste members dominated the management committee, decreeing quotas and prohibitions on wood collection. meanwhile, lower - caste members suffered because they had depended most heavily on the products that were now verboten. ( members", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49895915242350264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ed57eda-fce5-46d3-a8a5-2cf02405f568>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.928203"}
{"text": ", for example, the upper - caste members dominated the management committee, decreeing quotas and prohibitions on wood collection. meanwhile, lower - caste members suffered because they had depended most heavily on the products that were now verboten. ( members of the lower castes eventually rebelled, earning two of them powerful posts on the committee. ) land tenure matters, too : without secure property rights, people have little incentive to sacrifice current gains for the future. more fundamentally, the conflicts between economic and environmental priorities will never disappear : with prosperity comes consumption. the latest big thing in conservation circles has a conceptual twist. instead of asking people to conserve because it intrinsically pays off, this approach offers another incentive : money. known as \" payment for ecosystem services, \" the idea is that resources like watersheds and forests have great economic value that has not been quantified. these resources provide \" services \" such as fresh air and clean water, erosion control, and carbon sequestration, and so, the reasoning goes, people should be remunerated to guarantee their continued provision. the strategy acknowledges biodiversity ' s global benefits, and allows rich countries to assume financial responsibility \u2014 not in the form of donations but as business transactions for services rendered. less - developed countries could become \" biodiversity exporters, \" selling the stewardship of species and habitats just as china sells nike knock - offs. payment for ecosystem services and kindred proposals will be hot topics at nagoya. but it ' s too soon to assess their potential. typically \u2014 though not always \u2014 payment goes to landholders, leaving out the very poorest. to boot, many environmentalists distrust market - oriented solutions and balk at the notion of valuing nature strictly for its use to humans. negotiations are sure to be contentious. whatever agreement is reached, let ' s hope it finds more success than the 2010 target did. rebecca tuhus - dubrow is a writer in somerville, mass. photograph of silverback male mountain gorilla by simon maina / afp / getty images.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4394785165161501, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7ed57eda-fce5-46d3-a8a5-2cf02405f568>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.929082"}
{"text": "my pipeline ' s corroded but i thought oil prevented rust. severely corroded pipelines will force bp to shut down its oil field at prudhoe bay, alaska, company officials said on sunday. after a major spill in march, the company discovered stretches where the pipe had lost more than 70 percent of its mass to corrosion. why does oil corrode a pipeline? it has water in it. the crude oil that flows from prudhoe bay isn ' t the pure stuff we might use to stave off rust in our cars. when an oil company pumps crude out of the ground, it can also pump out a hot mixture of water, carbon dioxide, sulfur, and microorganisms. ( crude oil with lots of sulfur in it is called \" sour, \" as opposed to \" sweet. \" ) if enough of these contaminants collect in a steel pipe, they ' ll work together to eat away at its inner surface. water is the main concern. if there ' s only a little bit of water in the oil, or if the oil is flowing fast enough, you generally won ' t have a problem. that ' s because the water will be dispersed in tiny droplets that are suspended in the flow. these suspended droplets won ' t react much with the steel surface of the pipes. problems can arise in stretches of pipeline that run at lower pressures. in these spots, water droplets can coalesce and fall out of the oil flow. they might inundate globs of sand or dirt that have also fallen out of the crude - oil mix and form a watery sludge on the edge of the pipe. once a watery muck forms in one part of the pipe, the natural process of corrosion speeds up. the crude can also serve as a breeding ground for anaerobic bacteria, which form slimy, sulfur - producing colonies on the inside of the pipe. to make matters worse, crude oil comes out of the ground hot, and the pipelines are insulated to maintain those high temperatures. oil flows better when it ' s hot, but heat also exacerbates corrosion within the pipes. sometimes the oil companies introduce corrosive bacteria, water, or gas into reservoirs themselves. when an oil field gets old, it starts to lose pressure, and it becomes harder to draw out the remaining crude. engineers can try to add pressure underground by putting in seawater or carbon dioxide. while this increases the field ' s output, it also sours the product and leads to more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4444382903447994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c50179e-bcf2-4b0a-968c-0b47cfaf1437>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.932565"}
{"text": "to lose pressure, and it becomes harder to draw out the remaining crude. engineers can try to add pressure underground by putting in seawater or carbon dioxide. while this increases the field ' s output, it also sours the product and leads to more pipeline corrosion. bonus explainer : what can the oil companies do to stave off internal pipe corrosion? very little. it would be far too expensive to build pipelines out of stainless steel, and there ' s not much you can do to protect the inner surface of a carbon steel tube from water damage. the companies can paint the outer surface with a protective coating, but there ' s no way to do that on the inside. ( you could paint the inner surface of pipe sections before welding them together, but the assembly process would destroy the coating. ) companies can flush their pipelines with various chemicals that create a mildly protective film on the inner surfaces. they can also wash them with a biocide to kill off the sulfur - producing bacteria. bonus bonus explainer : how do the oil companies test for corrosion in the pipes? they can use ultrasound to measure the thickness of the pipe walls. they can also run corrosion tests by inserting \" coupons, \" or 3 - inch strips of metal, into the pipe at various points. after six months or so, they remove the coupons and check to see how much they ' ve corroded. the best way to measure corrosion is with a \" smart pig, \" a bullet - shaped sensor that flies through the pipe measuring the shape of its inner surface. got a question about today ' s news? ask the explainer. explainer thanks srdjan nesic of the institute for corrosion and multiphase flow technology at ohio university, steve nikolakakos of russell corrosion consultants inc., and van cosby and dennis gerson of ibm. thanks also to reader lee goodman for asking the question.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4770604872392504, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c50179e-bcf2-4b0a-968c-0b47cfaf1437>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.933320"}
{"text": "no child left behind, with its accelerated education practices and emphasis on standardized testing, seems to be leaving many american children behind much of the industrialized world, according to a new global table of education, produced for the intelligence unit of the economist. the u. s. is ranked 17th in education, far below first - place finland and many other countries. read why finland has the best education system in the world. what are their secrets? for one, finnish children don \u2019 t start school until age 7. ( waldorf education advocates that children not read until 7. ) phenomenally, finnish students only take one standardized test, and that is at the age of 16. by that age, a typical american child will have taken dozens of standardized tests, and will have spent much educational time preparing for them, at the expense of other learning and discovery. finnish elementary school students receive 75 minutes of recess per day, as opposed to an average of 27 minutes in the u. s. there is very little homework. education in finland is 100 % state subsidized, as is teacher training. the results of all this attention to teacher support and developmentally appropriate learning, free time and play? 93 percent of finns graduate from high school, a figure that is 17. 5 percent higher than that in the u. s. some might point to finland \u2019 s smaller size or relative homogeneity as possible reasons for their success, but their success is notably higher than other scandinavian countries, which have similar demographics and diversity. 30 u. s. states have populations equal to or less than finland \u2019 s, at 5. 5 million. read more about why finland \u2019 s education system is number one. so how does the u. s. educational system stack up against that of other countries? according to a 2011 program for international student assessment ( pisa ), american 15 - year - olds scored at the international average of industrialized nations in science and reading, and below the international average in math. the above article goes on to note that high - performing countries recruit and retain talented teachers. it noted some interesting cultural differences, as well. for instance, japanese students are encouraged to struggle through problems more than american students are. according to ucla psychology professor james stigler, who studied the japanese educational system : american students \u201c aren \u2019 t socialized to struggle hard. they \u2019 re socialized to put their hands up and say, \u2018 i don \u2019 t know. \u2019 \u201d while japanese parents would be inclined to tell a child \u2019 s teacher,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44606436481817335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9e1e850-1a09-4cb5-a1da-5e51232917a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.938811"}
{"text": "system : american students \u201c aren \u2019 t socialized to struggle hard. they \u2019 re socialized to put their hands up and say, \u2018 i don \u2019 t know. \u2019 \u201d while japanese parents would be inclined to tell a child \u2019 s teacher, \u201c thank you for helping my kid struggle, \u201d american parents are more inclined to say, \u201c why are you torturing my kid? \u201d that \u2019 s a very interesting point that speaks to many parents \u2019 well - meaning, but sometimes misguided, attempts to rush in and fix perceived problems, a habit that ultimately robs their children of essential problem - solving skills and the mastery and confidence that come with them. the original economist report quoted above makes some of the same key recommendations about economic success in its five lessons for education policymakers : - there are no magic bullets - respect teachers - culture can be changed - parents are neither impediments to nor saviors of education - educate for the future, not just the present and this comes from nyu research professor of education and former u. s. secretary of education diane ravitch, in her review of pasi sahlberg \u2019 s finnish lessons : what can the world learn from educational change in finland? in the new york review of books : u. s. policymakers have turned to market - based solutions such as \u201c tougher competition, more data, abolishing teacher unions, opening more charter schools, or employing corporate - world management models. \u201d by contrast, finland has spent the past forty years developing a different education system, one that is focused on improving the teaching force, limiting student testing to a necessary minimum, placing responsibility and trust before accountability, and handing over school - and district - level leadership to education professionals. the last word about our ( relatively unsuccessful ) competition - driven, test - obsessed educational model will have to go to timo heikkinen, a helsinki principal with 24 years of teaching experience : if you only measure the statistics, you miss the human aspect. these are top 20 countries in the world, in education, as ranked by the global table of education : - south korea - hong kong - new zealand more reading ( some of these are referenced above ) : why finland \u2019 s unorthodox education system is the best in the world, business insider the pearson report for the economist schools we can envy, new york review of books from finland, an intriguing school model, new york times why are finland \u2019 s schools successful, smithsonian uk education sixth in global ranking, bbc news great ideas from finnish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49573436817079714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9e1e850-1a09-4cb5-a1da-5e51232917a8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.939761"}
{"text": "how \u201c green \u201d is memphis? in today \u2019 s world of energy issues, from spills to national security, the question of a community \u2019 s level of greenness has never been more important. to many people, the concept of green is defined by a few issues that have been highly marketed by various interest groups. things like wind turbines, solar panels, alternative fuels and vehicles, and keeping air and water clean come to mind. to others, green is defined by farmers markets and bike lanes. over the last few months, the memphis bioworks foundation has been involved with or done research into a number of green initiatives. what we have found might be a surprise to some people. memphis is a leader in many aspects of green \u2013 led mostly by some of our largest and most established organizations. if you think of green in terms of the earth, the sun and the water \u2013 as an upcoming issue of bioworks magazine will be doing \u2013 the categorization of memphis \u2019 leadership position becomes quite clear. note that we have left wind out of this equation because at the present efficiency and costs, this part of the country doesn \u2019 t have the consistent atmospheric criteria to be competitive for wind power. solar leadership begins with the sharp manufacturing plant in memphis. it is the only solar cell manufacturing facility in the nation producing photovoltaic modules. the factory has produced more than two million panels since it got into the solar business in 2003. that \u2019 s production. what about utilization? if all goes according to plan, memphis bioworks foundation will be using initiatives such as new market tax credits, federal solar investment tax credits, and tva credits under the generation partners program, managed through memphis light, gas and water to create the largest urban solar implementation in the region beginning with installations on the roofs of our existing structures such as its dudley street building and the adjacent parking garage. the top of a parking garage in memphis is an underused asset, often too hot to park the car and not accessible for other applications. we \u2019 re going to cover ours with solar panels to make it usable \u2014 recovering 110 parking spaces \u2014 and, at the same time, we will generate energy to mitigate 30 to 40 percent of our existing energy costs. for earth, our agbioworks initiatives in biomass stretch across five states, with memphis at the heart of the burgeoning bioeconomy utilizing plant - based materials in a wide variety of biobased materials including chemicals, plastics and biofuels. and in water, many people may not be aware that memphis - based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46314153302252115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8386fdc-3b9f-479f-ab78-8bb72935047d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.942611"}
{"text": "- the enterprise - the recorder recently, a team of volunteer sailors from patuxent river naval air station embarked on an atlantic voyage, and they often spoke to one another in a language shared by generations of seafarers. they yelled out terms like \u201c jib and jigger, \u201d a way to use sails to travel. or \u201c starboard, \u201d which some historians say was coined by vikings. those ancient sailors called the sides of their ships \u201c boards. \u201d the oar was the \u201c star \u201d and they put it on the right side of the ship. \u201c it goes back to our old days of sail, \u201d said tim holland, commodore of the navy patuxent sailing club. order had to be followed correctly because lives hung in the balance, he said. captains barked short, clear commands so that sailors \u201c would respond instinctively. \u201d today, sailors and landlubbers alike might recognize these nautical terms that have made their way into everyday conversations. z above board : pirates, pretending to be merchants, hid their crew below boards of ships before an attack. today, it essentially means honest. z ahoy : originally a viking battle cry, the phrase became tradition for greeting other vessels. z fathom : derived from the anglo - saxon word meaning \u201c to embrace. \u201d a man often stretches his arms to embrace his lover. the english often used body parts ( such as feet ) to make measurements. in this case, a fathom was the average distance from fingertip to fingertip of men \u2019 s outstretched arms, as if ready to embrace. it equaled 6 feet. the word also has come to mean evaluating, or taking measure of, one \u2019 s thoughts. z feeling blue : this modern term for sadness apparently spawned from a tradition where crew members flew blue flags and painted a blue band along the entire hull if a ship lost its captain or any officers during a voyage. z head : the sailors \u2019 word for bathroom comes from days when the place to relieve oneself was typically located near the front \u2014 or more specifically, over the sides of the front \u2014 of the ship, near the bowsprit, where the figurehead was attached. z he knows the ropes : referred to a sailor so new, he only knew names and uses of critical ropes on a boat. today, someone who knows the ropes knows a job well. z hunky - dory : legend says this phrase, which means things are going well, derives from a street or district in japan that catered to the pleasures of sailors. z knots : about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48916458532745755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04897d3d-3e46-4abb-86c9-95d6f07084a3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.945785"}
{"text": "who knows the ropes knows a job well. z hunky - dory : legend says this phrase, which means things are going well, derives from a street or district in japan that catered to the pleasures of sailors. z knots : about 200 years ago, sailors would throw a floating \u201c log line, \u201d marked by knots tied into it at 47. 33 - foot intervals, over the side of the boat. it was allowed to remain in the water 28 seconds. sailors counted the knots that passed over the side to measure the boat \u2019 s speed. z log book : ship records used to be written on shingles that had been cut from logs, hinged and made into books. modern versions are paper or electronic but share the same name. z long shot : in olden times, ship guns were largely inaccurate at long distances and, as a result, were used mostly at close range. it was considered lucky if a long shot hit its target. today, the term is synonymous with \u201c unlikely. \u201d z mind your p \u2019 s and q \u2019 s : this phrase suggests one should pay careful attention to their behavior. long ago, sailors purchased pints or quarts of drinks on credit and settled the debt on paydays. these nautical terms were compiled from www. navy. mil, and at goatlocker. org, a site for navy chiefs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5243762870998112, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04897d3d-3e46-4abb-86c9-95d6f07084a3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.946310"}
{"text": "pinos altos, then and now last updated on monday, january 13, 2003 pinos altos ( tall pines ) is located about six miles north of silver city on nm highway 15. the townsite is located along the continental divide at an elevation of 7, 067 feet at the southern end of the pinos altos mountains. pinos altos is a very old mining town ; it was grant county ' s first county seat. photo by bob wilson gold was first discovered by the spanish and mexican miners. the americans discovered gold in 1859 / 60. hank smith, a german immigrant, described how a placer deposit was found on bear creek in 1859, and other prospectors of the col. snively party talk of the big find on bear creek in 1860 and the naming of birchville, pinos altos ' first name, after the prospector who found the first \" color. \" pinos altos ' history includes a short time under the flag of the confederacy when the confederate states of america invaded the union territory of new mexico. the confederate legacy was a brief period from february, 1861 until june of 1862. the southerners were defeated at the battle of glorieta pass east of santa fe in march of 1862. the confederate soldiers were routed back to el paso by the union forces from colorado. the miners and the mining camp at pinos altos were under constant threat from the apaches and an occasional band of navajos. the miners and the indians were not good neighbors. in the spring of 1860 chief mangas coloradas was invited for a \" friendly \" visit to the pinos altos mining camp. the treacherous miners tied him to a tree and lashed him unmercifully with their bullwhips. when the chief recovered from his wounds he enlisted his son - in - law ' s help. his son - in - law was chief cochise, and revenge was an important factor in chiricahua apache warfare. captain thomas marston of the arizona scouts led a company of volunteers in defense of pinos altos in the revengeful apache war of september 27, 1861. captain marston and many others on both sides died in this battle. the combined forces of the apaches some 400 strong under the leadership of cochise and mangas coloradas convinced most of the miners that gold was not worth living in fear of the apaches, and birchville was nearly abandoned. main street in photo by carla demarco the california volunteers of the union forces known as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3732396443678853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2828d04e-bcad-4684-9709-e5f73b1e1bee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.957244"}
{"text": "the normal width of a narrow gauge ) was completed in april of 1906 between silver city and pinos altos a rail distance of 12 miles. the rail operated only for a short time ; the company went bankrupt in the fall of 1907. present day pinos altos the present day pinos altos includes an adobe methodist - episcopal church built with hearst money in 1898 and now houses the grant county art guild. one of the many interesting things that you can find there is the funeral hearse of pat garrett, a famous western lawman, who killed the outlaw \" billy the kid. \" the opera house captures the flavor of the old west. it is an excellent replica of an old west victorian frontier theater. it was built in 1969 of salvaged old buildings and fixtures. inside are displays of old west photos and artifacts. year round, sean o ' hare & jillian graves hysterically present an old west melodrama every friday and saturday at 8 p. m.. a show worth seeing! photo by bob wilson the buckhorn saloon is located just east of the opera house on main street and is an refurbished authentic building from the 1860s. the inside is decorated \" tastefully \" with bar room paintings, mannequin representing ' ladies of the night ' and \" regular \" joe, a mannequin bar patron. there are also many artifacts and early photos of the area. excellent food is served in the dining room as well. the pinos altos museum, an old family log cabin built around 1866 with later add - ons, was grant counties first school house. mrs. george schafer and her son, bob, run a very interesting museum of old mining artifacts and a gift shop. it is open seven days a week year round. the museum is located on main street across from the buckhorn saloon. the mcdonald cabin was built about 1851 before the gold discoveries of 1859 / 1860. it is probably the oldest cabin in grant county and is located on spring street directly behind the opera house. the santa rita del cobre fort and trading post is a 3 / 4 scale of the original fort built at the santa rita copper mines in 1804 by the spanish to protect the miners from apache attacks. inside the fort and trading post are many interesting mining and other artifacts of the era along with a replica of an old miner ' s cave. the actual fort at santa rita was renamed fort webster in 1851 by the american army. santa rita del cobre fort and trading post photo by carla demarco the bear creek motel and cabins are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4076013147936249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2828d04e-bcad-4684-9709-e5f73b1e1bee>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.959471"}
{"text": "with a replica of an old miner ' s cave. the actual fort at santa rita was renamed fort webster in 1851 by the american army. santa rita del cobre fort and trading post photo by carla demarco the bear creek motel and cabins are located at the intersection of main street and state highway 15. the cabins are very rustic and shaded by tall pines, with a very serene ambiance. the old judge roy bean general store site was located next to the present day post office. the judge ' s store was built in the early 1860s during the gold rush and was run by roy and his brother samuel. trappers cafe is now located on the site. the site of the first grant county seat and court house of 1871 is located east of bear creek on main street. the \" hanging \" tree in front of the old court house is said to have brought western justice during troubled times in pinos altos. the pinos altos cemetery, just north of saint alexis catholic church, dedicated on july 17, 1888, is where captain marston and his brother virgil are buried next to each other. the miners erected the cross on cross mountain north of town after an agreement with the indians - no more killings as long as the cross remained. bear creek cabins photo by carla demarco the continental divide rv park is located across from the gold rush cafe and offers many spaces. the gold rush cafe is the site of an earlier post office and a place to get a good meal for a good price. it is located on the way into or out of town depending on which way you are going. the present day pinos altos post office and ice cream parlor was built as the norton store around 1890. the norton store was built on the site of a two - storied log structure known as the occidental hotel. when gary macgrumbley became the proprietor of the ice cream parlor and postmaster of pinos altos a few years back, his true forte came to the forefront. he enjoys customer relations to the utmost. he asks everyone from out of town the where, what, when, and how they are doing. not to be nosy, but to be helpful with local sites to see and things to do. plan a trip to the mountains to visit pinos altos. enjoy a trip back in time when life was simpler and friendlier. while you are there, enjoy a piece of homemade fudge and the best coffee either side of the continental divide at gary mac ' s ice cream parlor, or belly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3929900445389475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2828d04e-bcad-4684-9709-e5f73b1e1bee>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:49.960452"}
{"text": "unearthing the weeping time : savannah ' s ten broeck race course and 1859 slave sale | kwesi degraft - hanson, michael page, and kyle thayer, superimposition : re - imaged ten broeck race course on 2007 aerial photo of site, looking northeast, savannah, georgia, 2010. | in 1859, one of the largest slave sales in u. s. history took place at the ten broeck race course, now an obscured landscape, on the outskirts of savannah, georgia. 436 enslaved persons from the butler plantations near darien were sold in an event remembered as \" the weeping time. \" despite the prevalence of historic monuments in the u. s. south, memorials to slavery are rare or recent arrivals. not until 2008 did the city of savannah and the georgia historical society place a marker near the site of the sale. in this essay, kwesi degraft - hanson examines how this once hidden landscape can be re - imagined into savannah ' s historic memory through archival research, oral history, physical observations of the landscape, and the art of mapmaking. the blades of grass on all the butler estates are outnumbered by the tears that are poured out in agony at the wreck that has been wrought in happy homes, and the crushing grief that has been laid on loving hearts. \u2014 mortimer thomson ( philander doesticks ) 1 fitzhugh brundage has noted that the contemporary term used to describe how people remember and articulate their history is \" historical memory, \" an imprecise recollection not of \" fixed images of the past that [ they ] retrieve intact through acts of memory, \" but \" memory as an active, ongoing process of ordering the past, \" a \" product of intentional creation. \" 2 historical memory is a dynamic, active, ordering of the past. we remember selectively and parochially. in the southern past, brundage examines black and white southern historical memory. immediately after the civil war, southern whites assuaged their defeat by claiming and dominating not only public spaces with monuments to the confederacy, but utilized history departments and college faculty to inscribe their version of a paternalistic, elite culture of their colonial and antebellum past. brundage contrasts this white spatial aggression with black remembrances and their methods of enshrining their version of historical memory : black teachers and schools, and public parades like the juneteenth and emancipation day celebrations allowed blacks to, if even temporarily, lay claim to civic spaces typically already appropriated by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4795693485351772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.022248"}
{"text": "essay. landscapes are dynamic, challenging to envision when few vestiges remain. they have to be \" read \" in different ways, using various methods to decipher their past. 6 landscape is an \" accumulation, \" an accrual of the social and material changes of its inhabitants as well as geographical changes and accretions. 7 in spite of the mutability of landscape, it is often possible to unearth and retrieve hidden histories. augmenting archival research with oral history, physical observations of the landscape, and the work of numerous scholars, reimagining the ten broeck site brings commemorative attention to those who were sold there. on the second and third days of march 1859, absentee georgia planter pierce mease butler of philadelphia had arranged for the sale of 436 slaves in savannah to pay off enormous gambling debts, recoup stock market losses, and stay solvent. 8 the people to be sold constituted almost half of the total 919 bondsmen and women held on two coastal georgia plantations butler owned with gabriella, his brother john ' s widow. this disastrous, ill - fated sale was known as \" the weeping time, \" an apt expression of the angst and anguish that this sale caused the enslaved who were separated from their loved ones. 9 pierce butler had the impending slave sale advertised continuously in the savannah republican, the savannah daily morning news, and in contemporary newspapers throughout the southeastern states by joseph bryan ( 1812 \u2013 1863 ), savannah ' s largest and most notorious slave - dealer. according to historian malcolm bell, bryan \" had a virtual monopoly of the coastal georgia slave trade. \" 10 the advertisement that bryan published in the savannah republican began on february 8 and ran daily, except on sundays, through march 3, the last date of the slave sale. a detail from joseph bryan ' s initial advertisement for the butler \" sale of slaves, \" the savannah republican, tuesday, february 8, 1859. his advertisement in the savannah republican on february 8, 1859 reads : for sale. long cotton and rice negroes. a gang of 460 negroes, accustomed to the culture of rice and provisions ; among whom are a number of good mechanics, and house servants. will be sold on the 2d and 3d of march next, at savannah, by joseph bryan. terms of sale \u2014 one - third cash ; remainder by bond, bearing interest from day of sale, payable in two equal annual instalments, to be secured by mortgage on the negroes, and approved personal security, or for approved city acceptance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49894931598924425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.024557"}
{"text": "terms of sale \u2014 one - third cash ; remainder by bond, bearing interest from day of sale, payable in two equal annual instalments, to be secured by mortgage on the negroes, and approved personal security, or for approved city acceptance on savannah or charleston. purchasers paying for papers. the negroes will be sold in families, and can be seen on the premises of joseph bryan, in savannah, three days prior to the day of sale, when catalogues will be furnished. * * * the charleston courier, ( daily and tri - weekly ; ) christian index, macon, ga ; albany patriot, augusta constitutionalist, mobile register, new orleans picayune, memphis appeal, vicksburg southern, and richmond whig, will publish till day of sale and send bills to this office. | joseph bryan ' s advertisement in the savannah daily morning news, february 26, 1859. | \" the premises of joseph bryan \" referred to bryan ' s slave holding and trading pen on savannah ' s johnson square. inspection of the enslaved would have begun on february 26, the very day bryan introduced another, modified ad about the impending slave sale in both the savannah republican and the savannah daily morning news. bryan changed the venue to the \" race course, \" and reduced the number of persons for sale : sale of 440 negroes! persons desiring to inspect these negroes will find them at the race course, where they can be seen from 10 a. m. to 2 p. m., until day of sale. j. bryan. johnson square. mortimer thomson ( 1831 \u2013 1875 ), a reporter for the new york tribune, travelled to savannah and infiltrated the buyers, pretending to be interested in purchasing slaves. during the sale, thomson made \" cautious bids \" to prevent being discovered. 11 he wrote \" great auction sale of slaves at savannah, georgia, march 2d and 3d, 1859, \" published in the tribune, on march 9 under his pseudonym, q. k. philander doesticks. he described the expectant atmosphere in savannah : for several days before the sale every hotel in savannah was crowded with negro speculators from north and south carolina, virginia, georgia, alabama, and louisiana, who had been attracted hither by the prospects of making good bargains. nothing was heard for days, in the bar - rooms and public rooms, but talk of the great sale... 12 according to doesticks, the race course where the \" great auction sale of slaves \" took place was situated \" about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4155189847379084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.025603"}
{"text": ". nothing was heard for days, in the bar - rooms and public rooms, but talk of the great sale... 12 according to doesticks, the race course where the \" great auction sale of slaves \" took place was situated \" about three miles from the city, in a pleasant spot, nearly surrounded by woods. \" the site adjoined the central of georgia railroad. 13 the slaves were brought up from the butler rice plantation, a fifteen hundred acre island in the altamaha river estuary adjacent to darien, georgia, and from butler ' s nearby cotton plantation, hampton, on the north end of saint simons island. they arrived in groups, by steamer and rail, several days before the sale and were sent to the ten broeck race course, where they were \" quartered in the sheds erected for the accommodation of the horses and carriages of gentlemen [ who attended ] races. \" 14 after four days of prodding and inspection by prospective buyers, the slaves suffered through the two - day sale. some stood stoically, resignedly, attempting to keep their dignity, while buyers poked, pinched, and fondled them, looked into their mouths, insisted they bend over or extend their limbs, and searched for ' ruptures ' or ' defects ' that might affect their future productivity. 15 doesticks described the buyers as \" generally of a rough breed, slangy, profane and bearish, \" including some \" fast young men, \" \" rough backwood rowdies \" and also \" [ w ] hite neck - clothed, gold - spectacled, and silver - haired old men. \" pretend - buyer doesticks recorded the facts of the sale, and his observations of the emotional impact on the men, women, and children ( including thirty babies ), who were sold for a sum of $ 303, 850. 16 parents were separated from children, and betrothed from each other. among the many wrenching stories doesticks describes is that of a young, enslaved man, jeffrey, twenty - three years old, who pleaded with his purchaser to also buy dorcas, his beloved : \" i loves dorcas, young mas ' r ; i loves her well an ' true ; she says she loves me, and i know she does ; de good lord knows i loves her better than i loves any on in de wide world - never can love another woman half so well. please buy dorcas, mas ' r. we ' re be good sarvants to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4294846391802335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.026596"}
{"text": "know she does ; de good lord knows i loves her better than i loves any on in de wide world - never can love another woman half so well. please buy dorcas, mas ' r. we ' re be good sarvants to you long as we live. we ' re be married right soon, young mas ' r, and de chillum will be healthy and strong, mas ' r and dey ' ll be good sarvants, too. please buy dorcas, young mas ' r. we loves each other a heap \u2014 do, really, true, mas ' r. \" 17 realizing that his love alone would not impress his new \" mas ' r, \" jeffrey tried to appeal to his purchaser ' s business sense by \" marketing \" his own prospective bride, in a desperate hope that they might be together : \" young mas ' r, dorcas prime woman \u2014 a1 woman, sa. tall gal, sir ; long arms, strong, healthy, and can do a heap of work in a day. she is one of de best rice hands on de whole plantation ; worth $ 1, 200 easy, mas ' r and fus rate bargain at that. \" 18 what is evident is the humanity of jeffrey, dorcas, and all the others seemingly commoditized by this sale. jeffrey makes clear his love for dorcas, and his plans for a future with her \u2014 a family that would include children, if even they would all be enslaved. given the uncertainty of slavery, with its immanence of impending loss and unpredictable futures, jeffrey felt that his best odds were to help broker his sweetheart ' s sale, and to suggest her market value. 19 jeffrey ' s new owner considered purchasing dorcas until he realized that she was to be sold in a family of four, and could not be purchased independently. when jeffrey ' s entreaties came to nothing and dorcas was bought by someone else, he walked away and grieved, consoled in silence by a circle of his enslaved friends. 20 jeffrey and dorcas were separated, ironically, because pierce butler had required that, to the extent possible, the enslaved be sold in \" families. \" in \" ' we ' m fus ' rate bargain ' : value, labor, and price in a georgia slave community, \" daina ramey berry explains that \" because [ jeffrey and dorcas ] were not married, there was no chance that they would be sold as a family. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4063471583034436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.027601"}
{"text": "bargain ' : value, labor, and price in a georgia slave community, \" daina ramey berry explains that \" because [ jeffrey and dorcas ] were not married, there was no chance that they would be sold as a family. \" she points to the desperation that leads jeffrey to suggest a purchase price for his beloved. while planters and agents were purchasing slaves \" based on economic interest, \" the enslaved approached the auction block \" with overt manipulation and covert strategies to maintain family ties... to try to keep relatives and loved ones together. \" 21 doesticks also tells of daphne, a young woman who was wrapped in a shawl when ordered to mount the auction block. buyers, bothered that they were thwarted from making \" a thorough examination of her limbs, \" insisted that daphne expose herself to their full scrutiny, one asking, \" who is going to bid on that nigger, if you keep her covered up? let ' s see her face. \" mr. walsh, the auctioneer, spoke to the two hundred buyers gathered at the platform and let it be known that daphne had \" been confined only fifteen days [ earlier ], \" and that he felt \" on that account she was entitled to the slight indulgence of a blanket, to keep from herself and child the chill air and the driving rain. \" 22 a week after daphne had given birth she, her husband, and their other small child, along with other enslaved, were sent up to savannah from the butler plantations. the family sold for $ 2, 500. 23 in revealing emotions experienced by the slaves, doesticks paid particular attention to facial expressions and body language : on the faces of all was an expression of heavy grief ; some appeared to be resigned to the hard stroke of fortune that had torn them from their homes, and were sadly trying to make the best of it ; some sat brooding moodily over their sorrows, their chins resting on their hands, their eyes staring vacantly, and their bodies rocking to and fro, with a restless motion that was never stilled ; few wept, the place was too public and the drivers too near, though some occasionally turned aside to give way to a few quiet tears. 24 resignation mixed with dignity and pain to tide the enslaved over during this wrenching transition from one place, and one bondage, to another : the expression on the faces of all who stepped on the block was always the same, and told of more anguish than it is in the power of words to express. blight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4638278877165883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.028667"}
{"text": "wrenching transition from one place, and one bondage, to another : the expression on the faces of all who stepped on the block was always the same, and told of more anguish than it is in the power of words to express. blighted homes, crushed hopes and broken hearts was the sad story to be read in all the anxious faces. some of them regarded the sale with perfect indifference, never making a motion save to turn from one side to the other at the word of the dapper mr. bryan, that all the crowd might have a fair view of their proportions, and then, when the sale was accomplished, stepped down from the block without caring to cast even a look at the buyer, who now held all their happiness in his hands. 25 | kwesi degraft - hanson, location of butler island, georgia, 2007. | the \" weeping time \" brought much anguish to the enslaved. families, who had been together for all of their lives on butler ' s island or hampton, were torn apart and dispersed ; many of them never saw each other again. the butler slaves were dispersed all over the southern states. the heavens seemed to weep in empathy as the four dry days during which buyers inspected the enslaved gave way to a brooding storm ; it rained \" violently, \" and the \" wind howled \" for the two days of sale, letting up only after the last person had been sold. 26 outside the advertisements, the savannah newspapers offered cursory mention that the sale had taken place as planned. slavery and slave sales were a way of life and livelihood in savannah, and much of the u. s. south. after mortimer thomson ' s tribune article was published in the north, savannah morning news editor, william t. thompson ( 1812 \u2013 1882 ) castigated doesticks as a spy, intimating that next time he came south, he would not get away. 27 detailing the callousness and heartlessness of slavery, doesticks ' published expose was a political blow to the south, at a time of escalating sectional animosity. like the arrival of the slave ship wanderer \u2014 which in november 1858 landed the last shipment of african slaves brought to georgia, on jekyll island near savannah, the ten broeck slave sale exacerbated tensions between northern and southern states. 28 after the civil war, some butler slaves returned to the plantations where they had been born or raised, where they felt most connected, in search of friends and families. descendants of butler slaves still live", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.436215842864383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.031805"}
{"text": "and separations were multiplied for the enslaved ; more families, more couples, more children were violated. 33 if pierce mease butler and the slave sale he ordered hastened the advent of the civil war, his former wife, frances anne ( fanny ) kemble ( 1809 \u2013 1893 ), may have influenced the war ' s outcome. four years after ten broeck, and at the height of the civil war, kemble published a journal she had written fifteen years earlier, when she and butler resided for three months at butler island and hampton plantations. journal of a residence on a georgian plantation in 1838 \u2013 1839, published in london and new york in 1863, was a blistering expose of plantation slavery and mentioned many of the slaves sold in 1859. kemble had advocated for the general welfare of the enslaved while she lived on the butler plantations. her journal, among other provocations, prompted mortimer thomson ' s ( doesticks ' s ) account to be reprinted in 1863 as : what became of the slaves on a georgia plantation? great auction sale of slaves at savannah, georgia, march 2d & 3rd, 1859. a sequel to mrs. kemble ' s journal. it is unclear who published it, likely the new york tribune. in what one writer has called \" a sensation little short of that which followed the appearance of harriet beecher stowe ' s uncle tom ' s cabin, \" kemble ' s journal affected british sentiment, perhaps turning away some financial and military assistance from the confederacy. 34 | kwesi degraft - hanson, part of the former ten broeck race course site, now bradley plywood corporation property, savannah, georgia, november 2007. | the natural and human landscape of the georgia and carolina coasts was drastically changed after the civil war, a result of military devastation, the collapse and reorganization of agricultural production, and the slow and uneven emergence of capitalist modernization. \" by the end of the nineteenth century, \" writes environmental historian mart stewart, \" the old plantation agricultural landscape had been replaced by a patchwork of small farms and open land, port towns and market gardens, and sea island hunting reserves and vacation retreats. \" 35 yet, even now, on surviving \" plantations, \" the big house may be extant, but few structures directly related to slaves \u2014 dwellings, barns, and mills remain. 36 replaced, reordered, and erased sites of habitation and work constitute hidden and obscured landscapes of slavery. concomitant with hidden landscapes of slavery are the similarly obscured personal histories or narratives of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4469217004772132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.034305"}
{"text": "\u2014 dwellings, barns, and mills remain. 36 replaced, reordered, and erased sites of habitation and work constitute hidden and obscured landscapes of slavery. concomitant with hidden landscapes of slavery are the similarly obscured personal histories or narratives of the long - ago enslaved. these narratives are often couched in the landscape as cultural, material fragments and as oral histories. crucial to understanding the regional and national cultural histories, the retrieval process requires interrogating hidden landscapes as archives. | kwesi degraft - hanson, the southeast corner, former ten broeck race course site, savannah, georgia, november 2007. | theodore rosengarten has noted that at middleton plantation on the ashley river near charleston, south carolina, there are no extant records or signs to indicate where slave dwellings existed. 37 at butler island in the altamaha estuary of coastal georgia, which at its peak held over five hundred slaves, no visible markers provide evidence of dwellings or of a slave hospital that existed on a plantation site inhabited from 1793 until well after the civil war. 38 the interpretation of such landscapes can begin with archival records and progress to the physical landscapes. slave lists in planter family papers reveal personal information about the slaveholders and the enslaved. plantation rice landscapes disclose irrigation channels, levees separating fields from adjacent rivers, and the gridded network of canals and fields, including the characteristic \" trunks \" that allowed water on and off. 39 landscapes are written on, erased, and re - inscribed by succeeding cultures. architecture, agriculture, war, pillage, famine, and pollution are cultural inscriptions archived in the land, over time. the palimpsestic nature of landscapes \u2014 their ability to be inscribed, erased and re - inscribed \u2014 allows them to be read for their secrets. 40 plantation slavery produced significant changes along the carolina and georgia coasts. slave labor cleared swamps thick with cypress groves and matted vegetation, creating rice plantations replete with dikes to regulate water - flows from adjacent rivers via irrigation canals. slaves also cleared wooded landscapes for cotton production. following the post - reconstruction era, new activities of agriculture, industry, and urbanization altered the plantation landscapes. envisioning earlier landscapes is an act of changing and remaking, accompanied by biases, preferred visions ( literally and figuratively ), environmental knowledge, and conceptual frameworks. 41 like landscape, the institution of slavery was subject to dynamic change. william dusinberre ' s them dark days : slavery in the american rice swamps, a grim recounting of the plantation system,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4697395441269202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.035436"}
{"text": "environmental knowledge, and conceptual frameworks. 41 like landscape, the institution of slavery was subject to dynamic change. william dusinberre ' s them dark days : slavery in the american rice swamps, a grim recounting of the plantation system, depicts the extreme changes in the slave labor force and slave life. dusinberre examines a handful of plantations, including butler island. his work substantiates kemble ' s, narrating the brutality and degradation of both rice and cotton plantations. dusinberre shows how slavery was always in dynamic flux. plantation ownership changed, as did the labor force, as well as overseers with their particular management regimens of combating the vagaries of tide and weather. the \" miasmic \" rice plantations had \" frightful \" infant mortality rates : over half of all slave children born at butler island perished before their sixth birthday ; sixty percent died before age sixteen. dusinberre recounts the labor and sexual demands imposed on slave women whose health was \" shattered by the field work required of them until soon before, and again soon after, their frequent pregnancies. \" 42 with the high infant and child mortality rates, the summer malarial fevers, the deaths from drowning and venomous snake or alligator attacks, and deaths from severe floggings and punishments meted out most rice fields, like butler island plantation, were killing fields ; so much so, that some rice planters had to import slaves from their interior cotton plantations in order to maintain their lowcountry labor requirements. 43 in his environmental history \" what nature suffers to groe \" : life, labor and landscape on the georgia coast, 1780 \u2013 1920, mart stewart describes the dynamism of many plantations, including the butler family ' s. in the plantation south, writes stewart, man attempted to dominate or control nature, and he succeeded only temporarily and only by harnessing and coercing slave labor. following the civil war, the planters ' ability to coerce labor and attempt to dominate nature was lost. nature ' s rivers, floods, freshets and hurricanes countered efforts to subdue land and tides to narrow agricultural purposes. stewart argues that the plantations that were created were a result of socially dynamic forces, and that the enslaved created counter - landscapes in their own spaces \u2014 different in scale and order from the sites worked under coercion. 44 the work of environmental historian linda nash complements stewart. while nature does not have \" agency, \" in that it does not have \" intentional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5124283072499073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.041410"}
{"text": "- landscapes in their own spaces \u2014 different in scale and order from the sites worked under coercion. 44 the work of environmental historian linda nash complements stewart. while nature does not have \" agency, \" in that it does not have \" intentionality, \" nash concludes that human agency is influenced and shaped by nature and environment \u2014 \" that so - called human agency cannot be separated from the environment in which that agency emerges. \" 45 \" for those who found themselves in this location, both slaves and planters, \" writes nash, \" the characteristics of the georgia landscape suggested certain alternatives. to put it simply, tidewater rice cultivation could be imagined on the georgia coast but not in the colorado desert... what we might label planters ' ( or slaves ' ) \" intentions \" were always under adjustment. 46 in other words, it was not merely the particular techniques of rice cultivation but the very ability to envision those techniques that emerged when planters and slaves interacted with the tidewater lowlands. initially part of the \" indian lands \" when general oglethorpe and his cohort arrived in the savannah area in 1733, the future site of ten broeck race course became part of a plantation, vale royal, owned by a succession of owners. known as \" oglethorpe ' s race track, \" it was definitely used for riding in the late 1790s. by the late 1850s, it was a refurbished horse - racing track under the leadership of charles lamar, proprietor of the slave ship, wanderer, and the president of the savannah jockey club. the ten broeck slave sale is the major event shaping the memory of this place, a \" stream braided from the old and new, \" from plantation landscape and horse racing track. now, in the ongoing mutability of landscape, it is part industrial site with a plywood manufacturing company, part elementary school site, and is bisected by a highway. 47 growing up in ghana ( the former gold coast ), west africa, in the coastal towns of accra and cape - coast, i was often within ten miles of one of the twenty - odd surviving slave forts and castles strung along the country ' s atlantic littoral. at age fourteen i visited cape coast castle, built by swedes in 1653 and eventually taken over by the british in 1665. from the tour guide, i learned of the men and women who had been kidnapped, bought and sold, and shipped as slaves from the castle. in the castle ' s dank dungeons, i could smell traces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5223858447402925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.043057"}
{"text": "taken over by the british in 1665. from the tour guide, i learned of the men and women who had been kidnapped, bought and sold, and shipped as slaves from the castle. in the castle ' s dank dungeons, i could smell traces of the enslaved, trapped in time and space ; the mixed odors of sweat and human excreta exist there today. fifteen miles from cape - coast castle is elmina castle, begun in 1481 by the portuguese \u2014 the first european fortification on the west african coast. although these two castles were major sites in the geography of atlantic slavery, i was oblivious to much of this history while i lived in ghana. 48 i came to the u. s. for graduate studies in landscape architecture, and learned to appreciate designed spaces and the natural environments of the georgia and south carolina coasts. i am married to an african american from savannah, and our first jobs out of college took us to charleston. travelling and working in the low country, i became interested in tabby, a colonial concrete made from equal proportions of oyster shells, water, lime ( from burning oyster shells ), and sand. researching tabby led to an interest in plantations and the enslaved, when, in 1997, i recognized some distinctly ghanaian ( gold coast ) names embedded in malcolm bell ' s major butler ' s legacy : five generations of a slaveholding family. i recognized akan ( gold coast ) names in a chapter about slaves of the former butler plantations. though the orthography of some of the names was different from current ghanaian names, the differences were slight, and actually served to recall names i was familiar with, and elicited in me a kinship with these former enslaved people. my knowledge of the harsh conditions that the enslaved endured, and the fact that their labors and contributions were not only unrequited but largely without memorialization led me to think about commemorations of hidden, erased and silent landscapes of slavery. i was surprised that people i queried in savannah knew nothing about the ten broeck slave sale. i searched archives for period maps of savannah and chatham county, examined written documents that might refer to the race course site or to events that took place there, and traveled in search of the site. i studied maps, images, histories and news articles of savannah produced from 1734 through the present, but concentrated my focus on the period 1845 through 1875. since at least three written sources indicated that the ten broeck race course was \" three miles \" west of savannah on the central of georgia railroad, my hope", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49067006141288005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.044313"}
{"text": "savannah produced from 1734 through the present, but concentrated my focus on the period 1845 through 1875. since at least three written sources indicated that the ten broeck race course was \" three miles \" west of savannah on the central of georgia railroad, my hope was to find maps that would show enough land area in enough detail to allow identification. 49 my research yielded graphic and textual information and led me to people who knew about the site ' s history through research and oral history. research at emory university ' s manuscripts, archives, and rare book library ( marbl ) and at the georgia historical society ( ghs ) archives in savannah yielded maps from the 1730s through the nineteenth century, documenting the site of the slave sale, including one that actually locates the ten broeck race course. at marbl, i viewed maps of savannah dating back to 1734, when the city was taking form. georgia, a slave - free state at its inception, introduced slavery in the 1750s. rice plantations flourished along the savannah river. the city expanded its boundaries on all sides. with copies of maps in hand, i searched for the race course and the central of georgia railroad, commissioned in the mid - 1830s. 50 in the 1818 plan of savannah with the squares james oglethorpe laid out, johnson square ( where slave dealer joseph bryan would one day have his slave pen and office ) is faintly discernible just south of the savannah river and the \" exchange \" ( north is to the bottom of the page, and west is at the reader ' s right hand ). to the west of ' west broad street, ' and not too far from the savannah river and ' indian street ' on this map, is a label for ' bryan street, ' named after an earlier ( related ) joseph bryan, \" benevolent friend of [ james ] oglethorpe, who came [ from south carolina ] with four of his sawyers in 1733 and gave their labor free for two months. \" 51 | j. b. hogg, map of savannah city limits, 1868. | bryan street runs adjacent to johnson square. this map shows the west area of the city as agricultural lands. \" yamacraw \" and \" indian st. \" allude directly to first nations / native american tenure on the land. discussing savannah ' s history, thomas gamble, writer, historian and mayor of savannah ( 1933 - 1937 and 1939 - 1945 ), writes that in 1766 \" the city is increased by two suburbs ; the one to the west is called yamacraw, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4304129321902393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.045597"}
{"text": "' s history, thomas gamble, writer, historian and mayor of savannah ( 1933 - 1937 and 1939 - 1945 ), writes that in 1766 \" the city is increased by two suburbs ; the one to the west is called yamacraw, a name reserved from the indian town formerly at this place, of which the famous thamachaychee [ tomochichi ] was the last king. \" 52 earlier eighteenth century maps clearly indicated that these were \" indian lands. \" the area that was to become the ten broeck race course is not in the image, but is further to the west in the area shown ( by dots ) as vegetated. fifty years later, savannah ' s growth and prosperity is evident in j. b. hogg ' s 1868 map, which shows the city ' s expanded boundaries in 1868. the race course location is not captured in this map. at the west side of the city ( north is to the bottom of the page ), the words : \" central railroad depot \" are evident adjacent to the intersection of liberty and west broad streets ; and the rail tracks are visible heading west toward macon, their immediate destination. the race course would be located an equal distance west from the edge of the image as the depot is to the east, situated along the central of georgia lines. the race course was most likely named for richard ten broeck ( 1812 \u2013 1892 ), of albany, new york, an avid horseman and racing promoter throughout the country. 53 an electronic search of historical newspapers, using the ten broeck name, unearthed an article in the spirit of the times, published in new york, january 17, 1857 : | richard ten broeck, in baily \u2019 s magazine of sports and pastimes, 1864. | savannah ( ga. ) races. the maiden race over the ten broeck course came off on the 7th inst [ instant ]. we compile from the \" savannah daily news \" the following report : the day was as favorable as could have been desired, and on arriving at the course we were gratified to find a large concourse of citizens and strangers on the ground enjoying the exciting sport. much credit is due to the club and its public spirited president, c. a. l. lamar, esq., for the arrangement of the course, in all respects equal to any other in the union. the accommodation for spectators are all that could be desired, while the track itself, in the opinion of good judges, is unsurpassed by that of any course in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4520954235908337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.046998"}
{"text": "arrangement of the course, in all respects equal to any other in the union. the accommodation for spectators are all that could be desired, while the track itself, in the opinion of good judges, is unsurpassed by that of any course in the country. 54 i knew that a charles augustus lafayette lamar ( 1824 \u2013 1865 ), a former savannah police chief and ardent secessionist, had been indicted in 1859 by the u. s. government for importing enslaved africans in the wanderer case. the africans that lamar brought to nearby jekyll island, then to savannah, were among the last shipments of enslaved africans to north america, and definitely the last such shipment to georgia. these africans from the congo area were brought aboard the wanderer, a fast, sleek galley outfitted to accommodate slaves and to out - run naval ships patrolling the high seas. a savannah jury acquitted lamar of federal charges. i was surprised to find his name connected in 1857 with the ten broeck race course and site of the 1859 slave sale. in november 2007, at the georgia historical society archives in savannah, i learned that a former georgia college and state university history professor, martha keber, had preceded me in the search for the ten broeck race course. the city of savannah commissioned her in september 2006 to document the history of the race course and slave sale site as part of the implementation of a comprehensive neighborhood redevelopment plan, the west savannah revitalization plan ( wsrp ), and the city ' s decision to commemorate the slave sale. 55 the city ' s actions were prompted by monifa johnson, a niece of mayor otis johnson, who knew about the slave sale, and shared that knowledge with allynne tosca owens, the wsrp project manager, when she realized that west savannah was to undergo redevelopment. owens, a city planner, thought the historical facts warranted a public research project, an idea supported by mayor johnson and city manager michael brown. monifa johnson recalls hearing about the slave sale from her grandfather who sometimes made statements like, \" here is where pierce butler ' s slaves were kept. \" \" there were always people on the west side of savannah, \" johnson says, \" who knew about the slave sale. \" growing up, she heard \" tidbits here and there \" that she later followed up. 56 keber and her husband robert made an application on february 20, 2007, to the georgia historical society ( ghs ) on behalf of savannah for a historical marker to commemorate the 1859 slave sale. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44569422386337043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.048966"}
{"text": "and there \" that she later followed up. 56 keber and her husband robert made an application on february 20, 2007, to the georgia historical society ( ghs ) on behalf of savannah for a historical marker to commemorate the 1859 slave sale. the ghs presented the proposed marker to savannah ' s monument and sites committee, and subsequently to the full savannah city council on august 2, 2007. the proposed placement of the marker was at 2053 augusta avenue, a site acquired by savannah for this purpose. 57 martha keber, probable site limits, former ten broeck race course, savannah, georgia, 2007. in 2007, keber produced an unpublished seven - page document, \" sale of pierce m. butler ' s slaves ; march 2 \u2013 3, 1859. ten broeck race course, \" as the necessary historical background to accompany the marker request. keber ' s paper mentions that horse racing on the site later called the ten broeck race course probably dates to the 1790s, when \" gentlemen tested their best mounts on a sandy track, \" a mile in length, and a \" rounded rectangle in shape. \" 58 she writes that the 1872 platen map, an amalgam of several earlier maps, \" gives the clearest image \" of the course, though \" its precise location on louisville road is unclear. \" keber annotated a recent, undated savannah city map, and shows ( by an oval ) the general area of the race course location. keber ' s map ( north is to top of page ) shows the ten broeck race course site bounded by the contemporary streets of abbot st. ( east ), louisville rd. ( south ), railroad tracks parallel to hopper st. ( west ) and old lathrop and augusta avenue to the north. at the georgia historical society, she had also found 1890s photographs of some savannah jockey club members at the ten broeck race course. these photographs ( which i also reviewed ) provided images of the course, grandstand, and other structures and corroborated doesticks ' s article and the spirit of the times. i met and talked with dr. keber in february 2008 in savannah about our mutual work on the race course and her published history of west savannah. 59 on the maps that i reviewed at marbl and ghs, louisville road and augusta road were visible ; louisville road runs adjacent and parallel to the central of georgia railroad tracks. using each map ' s scale, i measured three miles from the outer limits of savannah along the central", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4361962045959289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.050848"}
{"text": "reviewed at marbl and ghs, louisville road and augusta road were visible ; louisville road runs adjacent and parallel to the central of georgia railroad tracks. using each map ' s scale, i measured three miles from the outer limits of savannah along the central of georgia tracks. the triangular area bounded by augusta and louisville roads was almost always at the three - mile mark. even prior to seeing the 1872 platen map, i was convinced that the racetrack was in the immediate vicinity, but where was its exact location? | charles g. platen, detail of map, savannah, georgia, 1872. | this excerpt from the platen map shows a \" race course \" three miles west of savannah, adjacent to the central of georgia. the savannah river ( and north ) is to the bottom of the page. louisville road and the central of georgia tracks parallel each other as the dark central spine in the image ( oriented south - west to north - east ). augusta road is the diagonal that appends louisville road. that the race course is so clearly delimited is as exciting as the multiple cultural layers evident in the map. former plantation names and attendant boundaries are inscribed, as are hydrologic features. immediately adjacent to the savannah river ( bottom of image ), the words ' vale royal, ' ' glebeland, ' ' mcalpine, ' ' hermitage ' and ' retreat ' are discernible ; these were plantations. the land that became the ten broeck race course was once part of the vale royal plantation. according to keber, the thousand - acre vale royal plantation \" consisted of the land bounded by the savannah river, fahm street on the east, augusta avenue to the south, and what is today west lathrop avenue. \" originally granted to pickering and thomas robinson in the 1750s, vale royal was purchased by joseph clay in 1782 ; \" in the 1790s clay added the distinctive triangular plot of land between louisville road and augusta road to vale royal. \" 60 the palimpsest of near faded and faint dashed lines amid bold city lines and plots excoriated in grid form show in this map alone, the nearly 140 years of euro - and african - american settlement. old trails, possibly used by american indians, became the roads of colonial americans ; augusta avenue appears on very early savannah maps as a trail. 1890s images of several savannah jockey club members, obtained from ghs, show the racetrack and structures : a covered grandstand to one side of the track, shed - like buildings on one side of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44095276078564216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.051959"}
{"text": "appears on very early savannah maps as a trail. 1890s images of several savannah jockey club members, obtained from ghs, show the racetrack and structures : a covered grandstand to one side of the track, shed - like buildings on one side of the \" turns \" in the track, and smaller ( likely time keeper ' s ) raised platforms. the 1872 platen map shows two rectangular structures adjacent to the straight stretch of the racetrack, on the north side. these structures are most likely a seating grandstand, and covered stables. doesticks writes that prior to the slave sale, for four days while under inspection by buyers, and for two days during the actual sale, the enslaved were kept in sheds typically used for the horses. he mentions that the slave sale, however, took place in the grandstand : 61 this morning they were all gathered into the long room of the building erected as the \" grand stand \" of the race course, that they might be immediately under the eye of the buyers. the room was about a hundred feet long by twenty wide, and herein were crowded the poor creatures, with much of their baggage, awaiting their respective calls to step upon the block and be sold to the highest bidder.... the room in which the sale actually took place immediately adjoined the room of the negroes, and communicated with it by two large doors. the sale room was open to the air on one side, commanding a view of the entire course. a small platform was raised about two feet and a half high, on which were placed the desk of the entry clerks, leaving room in front of them for the auctioneer and the goods. 62 the specific location of the slave sale can be identified on the actual landscape because of doesticks ' report, the 1872 platen map, and the 1890s image of the grandstand. a scaled drawing showing the racetrack and the grandstand superimposed on a current aerial photograph ( with geographic coordinates ) situates the exact slave sale site. at the ghs, i also searched for \" charles lamar, \" and \" ten broeck, \" trying to find what, if any, connection lamar had to the weeping time. i discovered a deed, dated 1872, for the sale of the race course lands, sold by mrs. caroline lamar, \" widow and executrix of c. a. l. lamar, \" to the agricultural and mechanical association of georgia. the association utilized the ten broeck race course site for agricultural fairs and allowed the continuation of horse racing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4734154223615024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.053410"}
{"text": ". caroline lamar, \" widow and executrix of c. a. l. lamar, \" to the agricultural and mechanical association of georgia. the association utilized the ten broeck race course site for agricultural fairs and allowed the continuation of horse racing there. the deed below shows the four pages from the deed of sale, which indicates that charles lamar acquired the property \" known as the race track \" from ebenezer jencks according to a deed dated january 31, 1857. this earlier deed strongly suggests that charles lamar may have had something to do with the renaming of the site as the ten broeck race course, since prior to his purchase it was known as \" oglethorpe ' s race track, \" \" jencks ' old track \" or simply the \" race track. \" an advertisement in the savannah republican on january 4, 1857 refers to races at the \" ten broeck course, \" and this, prior to the inaugural ten broeck race, mentioned in the newsmagazine spirit of the times as having occurred on january 7, 1857. it is plausible that lamar was involved in the plans and actions to acquire, reconstitute and name the race track site prior to the inaugural race, and the recording of his purchase of the race course on january 31, 1857. 63 | deed of sale for ten broeck race course, page 1 of 4, 1872. | | deed of sale for ten broeck race course, page 2 of 4, 1872. | | deed of sale for ten broeck race course, page 3 of 4, 1872. | | deed of sale for ten broeck race course, page 4 of 4, 1872. | plausibly, slave dealer joseph bryan, in anticipation of a large turnout for his slave sale, reached out to lamar and requested the use of the ten broeck race course ; alternatively, lamar may have proffered the race course site near savannah ; open, but with stables to house the enslaved, and accessible by louisville and augusta roads, and by the central of georgia railroad. after the archival discoveries at ghs in savannah, i visited the site of the former race course, and found it mostly erased and hidden. bifurcated by highway i - 516, half the site is behind walls and a chain - link fence \u2014 currently part of a lumber yard owned by the bradley plywood corporation. 64 across i - 516, the other half of the race course site is now part of bartow elementary school. the trees shown are very likely growing in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44082924492806425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.057713"}
{"text": "link fence \u2014 currently part of a lumber yard owned by the bradley plywood corporation. 64 across i - 516, the other half of the race course site is now part of bartow elementary school. the trees shown are very likely growing in the infield of the former race course. at the southeast corner of the former ten broeck race course site is a paved section of abbot street, from which one can see the central of georgia railroad tracks. | kwesi degraft - hanson, marker commemorating \" the weeping time, \" savannah, georgia, july 2008. | place reverberates with the history of its unique past. \" place stays, not only in rememory, \" writes toni morrison, \" but out there in the world. \" 65 nothing brings tangibility to history like walking on the terrain where events took place. on a sunny, calm morning, march 3, 2008, i was present near the former ten broeck race course location where savannah and georgia historical society officials unveiled a marker commemorating the slave sale, exactly 149 years earlier. 66 the commemoration site is approximately a thousand feet to the northeast from the actual slave sale location. it is a small, triangular lot at the intersection of augusta avenue and dunn street that the city of savannah purchased, designed, and developed as a pocket park for the memorial. the site features a few small trees, an existing large oak tree, and lawn grass traversed by a walkway. the marker reads : largest slave sale in georgia history : the weeping time one of the largest sales of enslaved persons in u. s. history took place on march 2 - 3, 1859, at the ten broeck race course 1 / 4 mile southwest of here. to satisfy his creditors, pierce m. butler sold 436 men, women, and children from his butler island and hampton plantations near darien, georgia. the breakup of families and the loss of home became part of african - american heritage remembered as \" the weeping time. \" the event was reported extensively in the northern press and reaction to the sale deepened the nation ' s growing sectional divide in the years immediately preceding the civil war. erected by the georgia historical society and the city of savannah the mood at the commemoration was pensive, expectant, and quiet. the atmosphere was reminiscent of a funeral with conversations in hushed tones. while most of the assembled were african - americans, a racially diverse gathering had come to pay their respects to those who had been sold in 1859. dr. keber recounted the events, personalities, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42320384975552233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.059030"}
{"text": "of a funeral with conversations in hushed tones. while most of the assembled were african - americans, a racially diverse gathering had come to pay their respects to those who had been sold in 1859. dr. keber recounted the events, personalities, and range of feelings surrounding the sale. todd groce, executive director of the georgia historical society, said that he had received a phone call asking, \" why are you doing this? why are you putting a marker in that neighborhood? all it will do is stir up anger and resentment. \" groce replied, \" what we are doing today is being honest about the past. \" the day ' s most stirring comments came from savannah mayor johnson, an african american, who decried the events responsible for the commemoration. he also noted how remarkable it was for a descendant of enslaved americans to be mayor of this historic city. johnson wrestled with \" a number of emotions, \" including \" anger, over the inhumanity that took place on this site. \" he had recently met a descendant of one of the butler slaves sold at the ten broeck race course, who told him how it \" tore up the family. \" \" race remains a factor in all decisions made in this country, \" concluded johnson. \" we ' re a long way from the weeping time, but we have a long way to go. \" kwesi degraft - hanson, marker commemorating \" the weeping time, \" savannah, georgia, july 2008. in race and reunion, historian david blight writes that african americans were sidelined from the fiftieth anniversary celebrations of the emancipation. their only participation in the events at the gettysburg reunion was to pass out mess kits and blankets. the purposes of the civil war had been rewritten, with slavery and the fate of blacks scripted out of the narrative : the war was remembered primarily as a tragedy that forged greater unity, as a soldier ' s sacrifice in order to save a troubled, but essentially good, union, not as the crisis of a nation in 1913 still deeply divided over slavery, race, competing definitions of labor, liberty, political economy, and the future of the west... it was a white man ' s experience and a white nation that the veterans and the spectators came to celebrate in july 1913. any discussion of the wars ' extended meanings in america ' s omnipresent ' race problem ' was simply out of place. 67 white reunification, blight explains, joined hands with white supremacy in \" an unblinking celebration, \" as whites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43855780756063456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.060288"}
{"text": "any discussion of the wars ' extended meanings in america ' s omnipresent ' race problem ' was simply out of place. 67 white reunification, blight explains, joined hands with white supremacy in \" an unblinking celebration, \" as whites and blacks remained unknown to each other across the divides of separated societies and an anguished past. 68 at the commemoration day ceremonies for the weeping time, it was evident that this was a reunion of sorts but a far cry from that at gettysburg described by blight. kwesi degraft - hanson, michael page, and kyle thayer, superimposition, ten broeck race course and 1907 plat map on 2007 aerial photo of site, savannah, georgia, 2010. to depict the actual site of the slave sale, i worked with gis specialist michael page, geospatial librarian, of emory university, and kyle thayer, emory graduate student in computer science, to create a composite map and attendant 3 - d images at the culmination of this research project, using the aerial photographic software google earth, the computer - aided design software autocad, and a three - dimensional design software, lightwave. initially, a race course meeting the specifications of ten broeck was drawn using autocad. track width and all pertinent dimensions, including the location of the finish line, were obtained with assistance from the keeneland equestrian library in lexington, kentucky, and from belmont park, home of the new york racing association in elmont, new york. the computer - generated race track, with attendant grandstand, was imported into a mapped contemporary image of the site area of the former race course. ultimately, our composite map was created from interrogating and analyzing a historic plat of the ten broeck race course site, historic maps of savannah and chatham county, 1890s photographs of the savannah jockey club members at the ten broeck race course, and a contemporary aerial photograph of the site. detail showing ten broeck race course location, from \" map of part of chatham county, state of georgia showing property lines in the environs of savannah, from the latest surveys, \" 1897. plat of ten broeck race course site, savannah, georgia, 1907. courtesy of georgia historical society archives. a 1907 plat labeled as the \" plan of the lands of the agricultural and mechanical association [ of georgia ] old ten broeck race course \" which i located at the ghs, was scanned, adjusted to the same scale as an aerial photo image of the current site,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5437038789557183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.061595"}
{"text": "as the \" plan of the lands of the agricultural and mechanical association [ of georgia ] old ten broeck race course \" which i located at the ghs, was scanned, adjusted to the same scale as an aerial photo image of the current site, and imported into a composite image. the 1907 plat shows augusta avenue as the northern boundary of the site, and louisville road as the southern boundary. both roads are still in the same locations, and it was relatively easy to see exactly where the plat fit over the contemporary site image. the superimposed map shows i - 516 bisecting the site of the former race course. to the right of the highway is the current bartow elementary school ; on the left is the bradley plywood company. three historic maps were utilized as guides for the location and orientation of the re - imaged ten broeck race course site. the 1872 platen map showed the location of the race course between louisville road and augusta avenue. the location from the 1872 platen map was congruent with the ten broeck site ' s boundaries depicted by the 1907 plat. prior to creating the composite map, another search was conducted to find other maps that would corroborate the platen map. at the university of georgia ' s map library, i located a map from 1897 labeled, \" map of part of chatham county, state of georgia, showing property lines in the environs of savannah, from the latest surveys. \" this map showed an oval in the vicinity of louisville road and augusta road, and a label : \" tenbrook racecourse. \" this was definitive proof of the race course ' s location at the site, and it corroborated both the 1872 platen map and the 1907 plat. kwesi degraft - hanson, michael page, and kyle thayer, superimposition : ten broeck race course on 2007 aerial photo of site, savannah, georgia, 2010. a trip to the city engineers ' offices in savannah yielded a map that most clearly shows the ten broeck race course. a detail from the blandford map, created in 1890 after almost a decade of work by texan robert a. blandford, under commission from the city of savannah, corroborates the earlier maps found during this research, and shows an oval track, the words \" ten broeck race course, \" and importantly, the location of the grandstand, the lieu de memoire of the 1859 slave sale. the blandford map locates the grandstand slightly west", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.475452618288028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.063058"}
{"text": "research, and shows an oval track, the words \" ten broeck race course, \" and importantly, the location of the grandstand, the lieu de memoire of the 1859 slave sale. the blandford map locates the grandstand slightly west of center, adjacent the north section of the race track, and shows a pathway leading from east of the grandstand through entrance gates, to augusta avenue. | robert a. blandford, detail showing ten broeck race course location from county of chatham topographic and drainage map 0 - 22 north 0 - 60 west savannah, georgia, 1888 - 1890. | the detailed map also shows topographic and hydrologic features, labels the \" central railroad, \" and even includes mile - markers along both the railroad and louisville road below the railroad. the mile markers indicate that the race course is approximately 2. 5 miles west of savannah, corroborating doesticks account of 1859. the blandford map even shows a fence around the site, and other building structures in addition to the grandstand. the level of engineering detail suggests that this is a very accurate map, and one that our composite map can borrow from in confidence. the composite map shows a race track, grandstand, buildings and entrance pathway copied after the 1890 blandford map, superimposed on a recent ( 2007 ) aerial photo of the contemporary site, along with the 1907 plat. the re - imaged, angled buildings at the northwest corner of the track are located in reference to the 1872 platen map, which was closest in time to the 1859 slave sale. this composite most likely approximates the ten broeck race course site of 1859. the composite image without the 1907 plat shows the race course site from 1859 in juxtaposition to the contemporary site, the approximate location of the former race course, and its accompanying grandstand where the slaves were sold in 1859. identifying the location of the grandstands at the former ten broeck race course with as much specificity as possible allowed the sale of the butler slaves to be tied to an almost exact location. doesticks was clear that the slave sale was conducted from the long room of the grandstand at the ten broeck race course. he wrote that the sale room was open on one side, allowing views to the race track. the composite map allows an almost exact location of the slave sale to be identified in the contemporary landscape \u2014 on the bradley plywood corporation ' s property, a quarter - mile away from the ghs marker. prior to re - imaging the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4594143587125487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.064827"}
{"text": "race track. the composite map allows an almost exact location of the slave sale to be identified in the contemporary landscape \u2014 on the bradley plywood corporation ' s property, a quarter - mile away from the ghs marker. prior to re - imaging the ten broeck race course grandstand of 1859, historic images of race track grandstands were investigated, and distinctive characteristics borrowed. the 1870 image of the grandstand at long branch, monmouth county, new jersey, shows some seating covered, and some open to the elements. this image also shows windows, suggesting rooms, mostly used for concessions, underneath the grandstands. it is likely that such rooms existed underneath the ten broeck grandstand that doesticks referred to as the slave holding, and sale, rooms. it also shows the cone - roofed judges ' booths astride the race track. an 1865 winslow homer sketch of saratoga, ny ' s race course and grandstand shows a tarp - topped grandstand, and racing enthusiasts, some under, and others outside, the covered area. a postcard image, likely from the early 1900s, of a race track in maxwellton, st. louis, missouri shows clearly the judges ' booths, the fencing that kept spectators off the horse track, and spectators standing in the open. a 1973 image from ak - sr - ben race track in omaha shows a grandstand with a sloping roof. comparing the winslow homer sketch of 1865 to this more contemporary image, it appears that the general structure of horse race grandstands have not changed much ; they are open air structures, partially covered, and may have rooms below the stands. based on the reviewed images of horse tracks and grandstands, and on doesticks ' s description that there were rooms in the grandstand, at least one measuring a hundred by twenty feet, an image of a grandstand was created using lightwave, a computer software. all views show a grandstand with partially covered seating, the horse racing track, and judges booths adjacent the track. the location of the re - imaged grandstand in juxtaposition to the current landscape and buildings is telling. behind the re - imaged grandstand is the entrance drive into the current bradley plywood corporation property, suggesting that the former grandstand ( the actual slave sale ) site is to a visitor ' s immediate left upon entry into the bradley compound from the north entrance gate. the actual site of memory, the grandstand, the lieu de memoire, should be marked. its approximate coordinates are : latitude :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4747496539559755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.065913"}
{"text": "sale ) site is to a visitor ' s immediate left upon entry into the bradley compound from the north entrance gate. the actual site of memory, the grandstand, the lieu de memoire, should be marked. its approximate coordinates are : latitude : n 32\u00b0 5 ' 12. 4332 \" longitude : w 81\u00b0 7 ' 49. 5444 \". the dark, shadowed area on the ground floor underneath the grandstand in the three - dimensional images of the re - imaged site suggests the room that doesticks mentioned : \" the room in which the sale actually took place immediately adjoined the room of the negroes, and communicated with it by two large doors. the sale room was open to the air on one side, commanding a view of the entire course... \" a final trip to savannah, in january 2010 in search of the deed of sale from ebenezer jencks to charles lamar, referred to in the deed of sale between lamar ' s widow caroline and the agricultural and mechanical association of georgia yielded the deed, replete with a sketch of the ten broeck race track site. the sketch map shows bearings and distances which help confirm the site ' s location. the south boundary of the site has a bearing : s 76 \u00be e. 40. 34. this means that the direction of the line which represents this edge of the property is 76 degrees and 45 minutes ( 3 / 4 of 60mins ) east from true south, at a distance of 4034 feet. surveyors of that era used 100 foot - long chains as standard units of measurement, so a distance of 4034 feet would be recorded as 40. 34 chains. the west boundary had a bearing of s 14 \u00bd w, at 1576 feet. the north boundary ' s bearing was n 76 e at 40. 30 ( 4030 feet ). the east boundary ' s bearing was n 14 \u00bd e, at 1543 feet. michel foucault writes that if we listen, we will hear the abundance of history trapped or wedged in the spaces of \" words without language \" \u2014 spaces \" peopled and empty at the same time. \" the search for the ten broeck race course attempts to \" lend an ear \" to the \" dull sound [ s ] from beneath history, \" the hidden history of one landscape of slavery. 69 research led through archives and onto the landscape. the site of perhaps the largest sale of enslaved persons in north america, although erased, hidden, and silent, endures in the narratives and historical memories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48378705308453623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.067255"}
{"text": "\" the hidden history of one landscape of slavery. 69 research led through archives and onto the landscape. the site of perhaps the largest sale of enslaved persons in north america, although erased, hidden, and silent, endures in the narratives and historical memories of some savannah residents. the ten broeck slave sale site is one of many silent, erased, or hidden landscapes of slavery \u2014 tangible places to be rediscovered, re - narrated, re - imaged, and recreated for their historical importance. in listening, i have heard the murmurs of the landscape, empty and peopled at the same time, haunted by those who were sold here. 70 kwesi degraft - hanson, michael page, and kyle thayer, detail showing room under grandstands where 1859 slave sale was conducted, re - imaged ten broeck race course grandstand on 2007 aerial photo of site, savannah, georgia, 2010. this work has benefited from numerous people. the author would like to acknowledge especially the following that helped in diverse ways with this essay : dr. allen tullos, editor, and the editors at southern spaces \u2014 sarah toton, katie rawson, franky abbott, and mary battle ; the anonymous readers for southern spaces ; dr. michael moon, emory university professor, and my fall, 2007 cohort in dr. moon ' s foundations course ; naomi nelson, kathy shoemaker, lloyd busch, betsy patterson and michael page, emory libraries ; dr. martha keber ; allynne tosca owens, city of savannah department of economic planning ; monifa johnson ; david anderson and derrick hillery, chatham county department of engineering ; tom hardaway, uga map library ; all the staff of the georgia historical society, and kyle thayer. aiken, charles s. the cotton plantation south since the civil war. baltimore and london : the johns hopkins university press, 1998. anquandah, k. j. castles and forts of ghana. ghana museums and monuments board. paris : atalante, 1999. bancroft, frederick. slave trading in the old south. columbia : university of south carolina press, 1996. basso, keith h. wisdom sits in places : landscape and language among the western apache. albuquerque : university of new mexico press, 1996. beardsley, john ( with contributions by roberta kefalos and theodore rosengarten, principal photography by len jenshel ). art and landscape in charleston and the low country : a project of spoleto festival usa. washington, d. c. : spacemaker press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49902175542831295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.068170"}
{"text": "with contributions by roberta kefalos and theodore rosengarten, principal photography by len jenshel ). art and landscape in charleston and the low country : a project of spoleto festival usa. washington, d. c. : spacemaker press, 1998. bell, malcolm jr. major butler ' s legacy ; five generations of a slaveholding family. athens & london : the university of georgia press, 1987. berry, daina ramey. \" ' we ' m fus ' rate bargain ; ' value, labor and price in a georgia slave community. \" the chattel principle : internal slave trades in the americas, ( ed. ) walter johnson. new haven & london : yale university press, 2004. blight, david w. race and reunion : the civil war in american memory. cambridge, mass. : belknap press of harvard university press, 2001. brundage, w. fitzhugh. the southern past : a clash of race and memory. cambridge, mass. : belknap press of harvard university press, 2005. calonius, erik. the wanderer : the last american slave ship and the conspiracy that set its sails. new york : st. martin ' s press, 2006. carney, judith. black rice : the african origins of rice cultivation in the americas. cambridge : harvard university press, 2001. d ' alonzo, mary beth. streetcars of chatham county. charleston : arcadia press, 1999. degraft - hanson, kwesi. \" the cultural landscape of slavery at kormantsin, ghana. \" landscape research 30, 4 ( 2005 ) : 459 - 481. dizikes, john. sportsmen and gamesmen. boston : houghton mifflin, 1981. dusinberre, william. them dark days ; slavery in the american rice swamps. athens & london : the university of georgia press, 2000. fraser, walter j. savannah in the old south. athens : university of georgia press, 2003. hayden, dolores. the power of place : urban landscapes as public history. cambridge, mass. : mit press, 1995. hilliard, sam b. \" the tidewater rice plantation : an ingenious adaptation to nature. \" coastal resources, geoscience and man, vol. 12, ( 1975 ) : 57 \u2013 66. ( published by the school of geoscience, louisiana state university. baton rouge. h. j. walker, editor. ) johnson, walter, ed. the chat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45165750672152827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.068974"}
{"text": "tennessee press, 1985. stewart, mart a. \" what nature suffers to groe \" : life, labor and landscape on the georgia coast, 1780 - 1920. athens : university of georgia press, 1996. vlach, john michael. back of the big house ; the architecture of plantation slavery. chapel hill and london : the university of north carolina press, 1993. wells, tom henderson. the slave ship wanderer. athens : university of georgia press, 1967. baily ' s magazine of sports and pastimes, volume 8. london : a. h. baily & co., cornhill, 1864. book digitized by google. http : / / books. google. com / books? id = db0gaaaaqaaj & pg = pa55 & dq = richard + ten + broeck # ppa54 - ia2, m1. berry, stephen w. ii. \" butler family. \" the new georgia encyclopedia. 2002. www. georgiaencyclopedia. org / nge / article. jsp? id = h - 617 georgia historical society. website announcement of the slave sale marker, and an embedded interview by the ghs director re : the marker. herrick, steve. \" \" weeping time \" park - savannah, ga \" waymark, posted 8 / 14 / 2008. http : / / www. waymarking. com / waymarks / wm4evx savannah city council. \" savannah city council meeting minutes of aug. 2, 2007. \" www. ci. savannah. ga. us / cityweb / minutes. nsf / 80a034128361e60e85257337004b72af / $ file / 08 - 02 - 2007. pdf sickler, linda. \" marker honors ' weeping time ' ; slave sale historical marker is dedicated. \" connect savannah online, march 11, 2008. thomas, william g. iii. \" the countryside transformed. \" southern spaces, 2007. u. s. national archives ( s. e. region ). \" vessel license for schooner clotilde, 1855. \" records of the u. s. customs services, collector of customs, mobile, alabama. voyages : the trans - atlantic slave trade database, 2008. http : / / www. slavevoyages. org / tast / database / search. faces wgbh educational foundation. \" africans in america, america ' s journey through slavery. \" 1999. www. pbs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4465772771101141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.073268"}
{"text": "trade database, 2008. http : / / www. slavevoyages. org / tast / database / search. faces wgbh educational foundation. \" africans in america, america ' s journey through slavery. \" 1999. www. pbs. org / wgbh / aia / wright, ron. \" history of the central of georgia railway. \" 2006. http : / / cofg. org / index. php? option = com _ content / & task = view & id = 77 & itemid = 43 - 1. q. k. philander doesticks, \" great auction sale of slaves at savannah, georgia, march 2d and 3d, 1859, \" the new york tribune, march 9, 1859, 8. - 2. w. fitzhugh brundage, the southern past : a clash of race and memory ( cambridge, ma : belknap press of harvard university press, 2005 ), 4. - 3. kwesi degraft - hanson, \" the cultural landscape of slavery at kormantsin, ghana. \" landscape research 30 no. 4 ( october 2005 ) : 461. - 4. keith h. basso, wisdom sits in places : landscape and language among the western apache ( albuquerque : university of new mexico press, 1996 ). - 5. the precise sale site is a quarter mile away, and not visible, from the commemorative marker. - 6. r. muir, approaches to landscape ( new york : barnes & noble, 1999 ). - 7. d. w. meinig, ed., the interpretation of ordinary landscapes : geographical essays ( new york : oxford university press, 1979 ), 7. - 8. butler resided mainly in philadelphia, but spent a few months out of some years visiting his georgia plantations inherited from his maternal grandfather, major pierce butler. the major ' s will stipulated that for his grandson ( s ) to inherit his properties they had to change their last name from mease, to butler. for brief biographic details of both mease butler and major butler, see the new georgia encyclopedia ( http : / / www. georgiaencyclopedia. org / nge / article. jsp? id = h - 617 ) ; for complete biographic information about the butler family, see malcolm bell, jr., major butler ' s legacy : five generations of a slaveholding family ( athens and london : the university of georgia press, 1987 ). because butler visited the plantations infrequent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43132685141390226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.074113"}
{"text": "berry, \" ' we ' m fus ' rate bargain ' \", 67, 68. - 22. doesticks, 14, 21. - 23. berry, \" ' we ' m fus ' rate bargain ' \", 66. - 24. doesticks, 10. - 25. ibid., 19. - 26. bell ; doesticks, 13. - 27. bell, 312. - 28. for the story and controversy surrounding the wanderer, see tom henderson wells, the slave ship wanderer ( athens : university of georgia press, 1967 ) ; also, erik calonius, the wanderer : the last american slave ship and the conspiracy that set its sails ( new york : st. martin ' s press, 2006 ). see also henry r. jackson, the wanderer case ; the speech of hon. henry r. jackson of savannah, ga., ( atlanta : e. holland, 1891 ). the last documented shipment of enslaved africans brought to the united states was disembarked at mobile, alabama in 1859 from aboard the schooner clotilde, http : / / www. archives. gov / southeast / exhibit / popups. php? p = 2. 5. 2, accessed september 12, 2008. - 29. mills b. lane, neither more nor less than men : slavery in georgia : a documentary history ( savannah : beehive press library of georgia, 1993 ). - 30. johnson, soul by soul, 2, 117 \u2013 134. - 31. ibid, 164, 165, 179, 214. - 32. ibid, 214. - 33. see doesticks. bell captures the emotions and frustrations of the enslaved in the chapter : \" the weeping time. \" see also berry, \" ' we ' m fus ' rate bargain ' \", 64, for a discussion on the slaves ' perspectives, and the social impact of this slave sale. - 34. for a synopsis of both sides of this controversy, see pages l through lei in the editors ' introduction by john a. scott, in frances a. kemble, journal of a residence on a georgian plantation in 1838 \u2013 1839, ed. and introduction john a. scott ( new york : alfred a. knopf, 1961 ). - 35. mart a. stewart, \" what nature suffers to groe : \" life, labor and landscape on the georgia coast, 1780 \u2013 1920 ( athens : university of georgia press, 1996 ) : 194. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4399966950114025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.077487"}
{"text": ", \" environmental history 10 ( january 2005 ) : 69. - 46. ibid, 69. - 47. the statement that there was a riding track at the site of the ten broeck race course in the 1790s is from keber, \" sale of pierce m. butler ' s slaves ; march 2 \u2013 3, 1859. ten broeck race course, \" georgia historical society, unpublished paper, 2007, 2 ; stewart, what nature suffers to groe. - 48. the dates given for cape coast castle are from : k. j. anquandah, castles and forts of ghana. ghana museums and monuments board ( paris : atalante, 1999 ). - 49. doesticks ; bell, 329 ; fraser, 310. - 50. thomas gamble, \" a history of the municipal government of savannah from 1790 to 1901, \" in report of hon. herman myers, mayor, together with the reports of the city officers of the city of savannah, ga., for the year ending december 31, 1900 : to which are added the commercial statistics of the port, reports of public institutions, ordinances passed during the year 1900, and a history of the municipal government of savannah from 1790 to 1901 ( savannah, 1901 ), 170 - 177. the central of georgia company was organized in december 1833 ; however, exact dates for when portions of rail lines were constructed are sketchy. gamble ( 1901 ) is an excellent, but tedious source. see also, ron wright, \" history of the central of georgia railway, \" central of georgia railway historical society, http : / / cofg. org / index. php? option = com _ content / & task = view & id = 77 & itemid = 43, accessed august 11, 2006. - 51. gamble, 38. - 52. ibid., 33. - 53. for information on richard ten broeck and his horse racing exploits, see john dizikes, sportsmen and gamesmen ( boston : houghton mifflin, 1981 ), 124 \u2013 157 ; also john dizikes, yankee doodle dandy : the life and times of tod sloan ( new haven : yale university press, 2000 ), 104 \u2013 106. - 54. \" spirit of the times : a chronicle of the turf, agriculture, field sports, literature and the stage ( 1835 \u2013 1861 ) jan 17, 1857 ; 26, 49 ; aps [ american periodicals series ] online pg. 583. - 55. allynne tosca owens,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4540328392243257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.079883"}
{"text": "chronicle of the turf, agriculture, field sports, literature and the stage ( 1835 \u2013 1861 ) jan 17, 1857 ; 26, 49 ; aps [ american periodicals series ] online pg. 583. - 55. allynne tosca owens, city planner, city of savannah, personal communication, march 2, 2009. - 56. monifa johnson, personal communication, march 2, 2009. in his book, neither more nor less than men : slavery in georgia : a documentary history ( savannah : beehive press library of georgia, 1993 ), mills b. lane prints doesticks ' account of the auction sale of slaves. - 57. allynne tosca owens, personal communication, november 2007 ; owens, personal communication, july 10, 2008. see also the online archive of the savannah city council meeting minutes, aug. 2, 2007, http : / / www. ci. savannah. ga. us / cityweb / minutes. nsf / 80a034128361e60e85257337004b72af / $ file / 08 - 02 - 2007. pdf, 10 \u2013 14. accessed, november 2007, and july 15, 2008. - 58. keber, \" sale of pierce m. butler ' s slaves, \" 2. - 59. martha l. keber, low land and the high road : life and community in hudson hill, west savannah, and woodville neighborhoods ( savannah : the city of savannah ' s department of cultural affairs, 2008 ). - 60. ibid., 2, 3. - 61. doesticks, 14 ; for other details of the sale, see also bell, and berry, \" ' we ' m fus ' rate bargain. ' \" - 62. doesticks, 14. mary beth d ' alonzo ( 1999 ) utilizes two of the ghs images of the savannah jockey club in her book on chatham county streetcars and provides corroborative information in her captions : \" the ten broeck race course was a 1 - mile long, horse - racing track at the fairgrounds of the agricultural and mechanical association of georgia, located 2. 5 miles west of savannah on the augusta road. \" mary beth d ' alonzo, streetcars of chatham county ( charleston : arcadia press, 1999 ), 104. my research revealed that a mrs. lamar had sold 62 plus acres to the agricultural and mechanical association of georgia in 1872. - 63. specifically, caroline lamar sold 62 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45101767929565045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.080811"}
{"text": "streetcars of chatham county ( charleston : arcadia press, 1999 ), 104. my research revealed that a mrs. lamar had sold 62 plus acres to the agricultural and mechanical association of georgia in 1872. - 63. specifically, caroline lamar sold 62 6 / 10 acres adjacent to louisville road, and an additional forty - five acres south of augusta road, and north of \" oglethorpe ' s race track, \" to the association, for eight thousand dollars. - 64. site ownership ascertained from a personal conversation with tosca owens, planner, city of savannah, november 2007. owens is the planner who worked behind the scenes to ensure that redevelopment plans for west savannah would not any longer disregard or be silent about the slave sale at the ten broeck race course. - 65. morrison, 43, 44. - 66. for journalistic coverage of the commemoration, see linda sickler, \" marker honors ' weeping time ' ; slave sale historical marker is dedicated, \" connect savannah online, march 11, 2008. http : / / www. connectsavannah. com / gyrobase / content? oid = oid % 3a6873, accessed october 11, 2008. see also steve herrick, \" ' weeping time ' park - savannah, ga, \" waymark, august 14, 2008. http : / / www. waymarking. com / waymarks / wm4evx, accessed october 11, 2008. see also the georgia historical society website for the announcement of the marker, and an embedded interview by the ghs director re : the marker, http : / / www. georgiahistory. com / containers / 137, accessed october 11, 2008. - 67. david w. blight, race and reunion : the civil war in american memory ( cambridge, ma : belknap press of harvard university press, 2001 ), 386, 387. - 68. ibid., 391, 397. - 69. michel foucault, history of madness, ed. jean khalfa ; trans. jonathan murphy and jean khalfa ( london : routledge, 2006 ), xxxi \u2013 xxxii. - 70. ibid., xxxi \u2013 xxxii.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4487820531159039, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d274bb2-5a06-4587-9164-67280cfb9e2b>", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.081751"}
{"text": "teacher : samantha melvin, rj richey elementary, burnet, texas level : grade 4 and up the project : i tested staedtler \u2019 s fimoair natural modelling clay with a group of fifth graders who created three - dimensional portraits to accompany a language arts research project. each student was given one packet of the individually wrapped clay. the clay is fibrous, and students liked the clay \u2019 s papier - mache - like finish. students first formed a head and neck for their portraits, using clay tool to achieve greater detail. fimoair is paintable, so students used acrylic to turn the portraits into realistic works of art. they were also able to easily add embellishments using regular white school glue. i saved the leftover pieces of clay in a ziploc bag with the air squeezed out so that students were able to use the clay again later. when working with fimoair, it is very important that students have a clear picture of what they need to accomplish, as the surface does dry quickly. fourth and fifth graders are able to manage their work process with that in mind. older students, in middle or high school, would have an amazing time integrating this material into larger sculptural pieces. please also visit www. schoolartsonline. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49272888973487194, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cf031e0a-3046-4353-8320-4baf29f1574a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.083203"}
{"text": "urination - excessive at nightdefinition : excessive urination at night is a condition in which you wake up several times during the night to urinate. waking up at night to urinate is called nocturia. normally, urine decreases in amount and becomes more concentrated at night. that means most people can sleep 6 to 8 hours without having to urinate. people who have nocturia get up during the night to urinate. because of this, they often have disrupted sleep cycles. keep a diary of how much fluid you drink, how often you urinate, and how much you urinate. record your body weight at the same times and on the same scale daily. call your health care provider if : make an appointment with your health care provider if : - excessive nighttime urination continues over several days and is not explained by medications or increase of fluids before bedtime - you are bothered by the number of times you must urinate during the night what to expect at your health care provider ' s office : your health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask questions about your nighttime urination, such as : - when did it start? - how many times does this occur each night? - has there been a change in the amount of urine you produce? - do you ever have \" accidents \" or bedwetting? - how much urine do you release at a time? - what makes the problem worse? better? - how much fluid do you drink before bedtime? have you tried limiting fluids before bedtime? - what other symptoms do you have? do you have increased thirst, pain or burning on urination, fever, abdominal pain, or back pain? - what medications are you taking? - how much caffeine do you consume each day? - have you had any bladder infections in the past? - do you have a family history of diabetes? - does nighttime urination interfere with your sleep? - do you drink alcoholic beverages? if so, how much each day? - have you changed your diet recently? tests that may be performed include : treatment depends on the cause. if excessive nighttime urination is due to diuretic medications, you may be told to take your medication earlier in the day. gerber gs, brendler cb. evaluation of the urologic patient : history, physical examination, and the urinalysis. in : wein aj, ed. campbell - walsh urology. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 3. landry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47389790072703464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c243b19c-7399-43c1-9d59-d9ac4195f81f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.093049"}
{"text": "the urologic patient : history, physical examination, and the urinalysis. in : wein aj, ed. campbell - walsh urology. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 3. landry dw, bazari h. approach to the patient with renal disease. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 116. | review date : 9 / 16 / 2011 | reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine ; and scott miller, md, urologist in private practice in atlanta, georgia. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47498450251195734, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c243b19c-7399-43c1-9d59-d9ac4195f81f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.093697"}
{"text": "the housing market crash of 2007 was the worst housing crash in u. s. history. the housing market crash of 2007 was the cause of the financial crisis. this nearly caused the u. s. to experience another depression like the great depression. there are a number of things we can look at to determine how the housing bubble occurred and what happened to cause the bubble to collapse. the housing market experienced modest but steady growth from the period of 1995 to 1999. when the stock market crashed in 2000, there was a shift in dollars going away from the stock market into housing. to further fuel the housing bubble there was plenty of cheap money available for new loans in the wake of the economic recession. the federal reserve and banks praised the housing market for helping to create wealth and provide a secured asset that people could borrow money to help the economy grow. there was a lot of financial innovation at the time which included all sorts of new lending types such as interest adjustable loans, interest only loans and zero down loans. as people saw housing prices going up, they were stepping over each other to buy to get in on the action. some were flipping homes in an effort to take advantage of market conditions. if you understand fractional banking, you would know that with a 10 % reserve requirement, in theory it would means that 10 times that money can be created for each dollar. with 0 % down needed to buy new homes, an unlimited supply of money could be created. with each loan, banks would quickly securitize the loan and pass the risk off to someone else. ratings agencies put aaa ratings on these loans that made them highly desirable to foreign investors and pension funds. the total amount of derivatives held by the financial institutions exploded and the total % cash reserves grew smaller and smaller. in large areas of ca and fl there were multiple years of prices going up 20 % per year. some markets like las vegas saw the housing market climb up 40 % in just one year. in california, over \u00bd of the new loans were interest only or negative - amortization. from 2003 to 2007 the amount of subprime loans had increased a whooping 292 % from 332 billion to 1. 3 trillion. the housing market peaked somewhere in 2006. we were beginning to see some of the early signs of trouble when some types of subprime loans started to go into default. there wasn \u2019 t worry at that time since never in history have prices for housing market gone down nationally. once the credit markets froze in the summer 2007, things began to deteriorate rapidly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41128438908007786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2df6c95-e11a-47e2-9de4-81e2ddeacf81>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.099066"}
{"text": "types of subprime loans started to go into default. there wasn \u2019 t worry at that time since never in history have prices for housing market gone down nationally. once the credit markets froze in the summer 2007, things began to deteriorate rapidly. subprime credit stopped completely and interest rates for credit for other types of borrowing including corporate loans as well as consumer loans rose dramatically. february : freddie mac announced that they were no longer buying the most risky subprime. april : subprime lender new century financial corporation files for bankruptcy. june : bear stearns announced a loan of 3. 2 billion dollars to help bailout one of its funds that invested in collateralized debt obligations ( cdos ). july : the stock market hit a new all - high over 14, 000. on july 31, bear stearns liquidates two of its mortgage - back security hedge funds august : a worldwide credit crunch had begun and there were no subprime loans available. subprime lender american home mortgage files for bankruptcy. this marked the start of the housing market crash september : the libor rate rises to its highest level since december of 1998, at 6. 8 %. december : the stock market finishes the year at 13, 264. january 11 : bank of america acquired countrywide financial for 4. 1 billion dollars. countrywide had a total of 1. 5 trillion dollars worth of loans. march 16 : bear stearns on the verge of bankruptcy signs a merger agreement with j. p. morgan to sell itself for $ 2 a share which was fraction of the current trading price. may 19 : the markets had its final day above 13, 000 closing at 13028. september 6 : the treasury announced a takeover of both fannie mae and freddie mac that had over 5 trillion dollars in mortgages. september 14 : bank of america signs a deal to acquire merrill lynch. september 15 : lehman brothers files for bankruptcy. the dow drops 400 points closing at 10, 917 september 17 : the federal reserves lends $ 85 billion dollars to american international group ( aig ). september 18 : fed chairman ben bernanke and treasury secretary meet with congress to propose a $ 700 billion dollar bailout. bernanke tells congress \u201c if we don \u2019 t do this, we may not have an economy on monday. \u201d september 26 : federal regulators seize washington mutual and then strike a deal to sell most of to j. p. morgan for 1. 9 billion dollars. this represents the largest bank failure in u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40180447506599754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2df6c95-e11a-47e2-9de4-81e2ddeacf81>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.100072"}
{"text": "may not have an economy on monday. \u201d september 26 : federal regulators seize washington mutual and then strike a deal to sell most of to j. p. morgan for 1. 9 billion dollars. this represents the largest bank failure in u. s. history. september 29 : congress votes down the $ 700 billion bailout plan. that same day citigroup acquires wachovia. october 1 : the senate passes the $ 700 billion bailout bill. october 3 : the house passes the $ 700 billion bailout plan and the president signs it into law. october 6 : the fed announces that it will provide $ 900 billion in short - term loans to banks. the dow closes below 10, 000. october 7 : the fed announced that it will lend around 1. 3 trillion dollars directly to companies outside the banking sector. october 10 : the dow closes at 8451, the stock market has had its worst week ever losing 22 % over the past 8 trading days or 8. 4 trillion dollars from the market highs in 2007. october 14 : the treasury taps $ 250 billion of the bailout fund and uses the money to shore up the nations top banks. december 31 : there were over 3 million foreclosures by this year. florida, arizona and california had rates of 4 % with nevada at 7. 3 % even though the financial crisis was resolved by start of 2009 the housing market continued to decline throughout 2009. there were over 3 million foreclosure filings for 2009. unemployment rose to over 10 % and the housing market crash created the worst recession since the early 1980 \u2019 s. by the 4th quarter of 2009 the u. s. has experienced significant gdp growth and corporate earnings had increased by over 100 %. the unemployment rate had stabilized towards the end of 2009. by 2010 housing prices still haven \u2019 t gone up and we are still working through a surplus of housing inventory.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4166659182053551, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b2df6c95-e11a-47e2-9de4-81e2ddeacf81>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.100859"}
{"text": "a relatively simple way to improve interconnectedness among community members is to develop a database that identifies each community member \u2019 s areas of expertise. for example, a searchable database designed around key words \u2014 indicating, for example, such subject areas as \u201c china, \u201d \u201c economic forecasting, \u201d or \u201c nuclear weapons \u201d \u2014 can allow community members to swiftly identify appropriate experts. to ease the tension of contacting an unknown colleague, we also suggest that database profiles include some personal information. knowing that the person you \u2019 re contacting shares your hobby or alma mater can help start a conversation that might otherwise never happen. such databases are worth the small investment of time they require, but no purely technological solution will be enough to spark effective collaboration among community members. many people are reluctant to ask colleagues whom they don \u2019 t know personally for help, even within the same organization, and for a wide range of reasons : will they think i \u2019 m stupid for asking the questions? are they really experts? how can i trust them? to reduce these inhibitions, companies can initiate face - to - face contact and well - structured virtual forums. these naturally lead to better introductions and interactions among erstwhile strangers and reduce the barriers to subsequent contact. both face - to - face and virtual events vary in effectiveness, depending on how carefully they are planned. left to their own devices, most people naturally congregate with known peers. but if event organizers use data from a sociogram to design seating or to break out work groups, they can bring together people who have never met but have much to learn from each other. and the web of connections need not be fostered by command ; it can also emerge from the right sort of design. recently, a large consumer products company held a global meeting of its researcher community. each participant \u2019 s name badge contained a radio frequency identification ( rfid ) chip, coded with data about that person and his or her work : some personal background, some areas of expertise, and current research interests. as the attendees mingled during the cocktail hour, their name tags glowed whenever two people with common or complementary interests passed. as people responded to the lights and made introductions, a computer tracked the connections and continuously updated a sociogram of the participants on a large projection screen. although a natural extrovert may find such a technique gimmicky, it resonated well with the generally introverted and technology - enamored scientists and researchers. by the end of the evening, a poorly connected network had evolved into a richly linked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.578605028473532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:266628a1-3d35-402b-9bd2-e2380368d3d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.106530"}
{"text": "extrovert may find such a technique gimmicky, it resonated well with the generally introverted and technology - enamored scientists and researchers. by the end of the evening, a poorly connected network had evolved into a richly linked community of practice. leveraging natural brokers fostering networks by increasing connectivity among all members is a common approach, but the greatest improvements can often come from concentrating on the \u201c natural brokers \u201d in the community through targeted interaction. consider our experience with the technology community of one of the largest utilities in the united states. the cio feared that this widely distributed organization was solving the same problem repeatedly, without consistent standards, strategies, or solutions. given the wide range of specialists in her department \u2014 database managers, field support technicians, web site developers, power plant operating systems overseers, and more \u2014 it wasn \u2019 t surprising that her staff of highly skilled ( and highly compensated ) technologists often operated in isolation with limited collaboration and meager knowledge of each other. to help, we conducted a network analysis and identified five \u201c brokers \u201d within the community. these people tended to provide the connections across organizational silos. we asked the five of them to get to know two specific people in parts of the network where they had few contacts. inevitably, the natural brokers developed a better understanding of these colleagues \u2019 expertise ; they then drew upon that knowledge as they fulfilled their natural role of linking others to requisite expertise.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5421891257291767, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:266628a1-3d35-402b-9bd2-e2380368d3d5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.107199"}
{"text": "for some time, the healthy food message has been that eating fatty food is bad. recently, that message has become more sophisticated and it seems that some kinds of fatty food are good. in fact, fat is needed to maintain our health. it enables the body to absorb certain fat - soluble vitamins, including vitamin d and e and also supplies essential fatty acids. part of the reason that fat intake is sometimes restricted is due to its calorific content. however, cutting fat from a diet to reduce calorie intake and lose weight is not a healthy choice. there are two kinds of fat : saturated fats, which can increase cholesterol levels and lead to heart disease and unsaturated fats, which are associated with some health benefits. for example, some unsaturated fats have been shown to reduce the risk of heart attacks and others to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. some unsaturated fats are also believed to reduce cholesterol levels. this list compiled by www. rangecookers. co. uk highlights 10 foods which have a significant proportion of unsaturated fats. avocado is an unusual fruit in that it has a high fat content, of largely unsaturated fats. the avocado also contains various minerals, including potassium, zinc, iron and magnesium and vitamins a, b complex, c, e and k. olive oil contains a mix of saturated and unsaturated fats. it is viewed as a healthy food because of its high percentage of oleic acid, an unsaturated fat which helps the heart and may also reduce the risk of some cancers. olive oil also contains vitamin e and flavonoid antioxidants, which are good for the heart. fatty fish such as tuna and mackerel these fish contain up to 30 % oil and in particular omega - 3 fatty acids, which is an unsaturated fat. omega - 3 is believed to help protect the heart and it may also be necessary for young children \u2019 s brain development. fatty fish also contain vitamin a and d. walnuts and other nuts walnuts contain 47 per cent unsaturated fats ; other nuts also have a significant unsaturated - fat content. about half of peanut butter content is fat. it is a mix of saturated and unsaturated fats, with about 80 % unsaturated fat a similar proportion to olive oil. peanut butter also contains vitamins and minerals. sunflower", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4453417445425903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d6a7325-e982-4045-8f18-2cbc3f2f7579>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.110113"}
{"text": "entertainment / baseball / ball ball : the basketball is 9 \u00bd inches in diameter and weighs 20 to 22 ounces. embedded ball : ( also ' plugged ' ) a ball stuck in the ground as a result of its impact nothing ball : a ball that accomplishes little because of a poor hit, no action, or both. an ineffective ball. pin ( as it applies to a ball ) : the small circle of a different color found on the surface of the ball. it locates the center of the weight block that identifies the direction it is tilted. broom ball : a ball with so much action that it seems to sweep the pins away. lose the ball : the dropping of the ball off your hand early ; the ball slipping out of your hand. cheater ball : a derogatory term used to describe modern highly aggressive bowling balls that can offer the hook and power formerly attained only by players that imparted the action due solely to the effor... view full definition cover the ball : ( also ' trap the ball ' ) to contact the ball with the hands forward ( more toward the target than the club head ), causing to some degree a descending angle of approach and a hooded club face, t... view full definition ballad : a popular song, often recited aloud, narrating a story, and passed down orally. over 300 traditional english ballads, in up to 25 versions each, were edited as the so - called ' child ballads '... view full definition ballade : poem with three seven -, eight -, or ten - line stanzas and refrain. respectively, these have the rhyme schemes and envoys ababbcc bcbc ( cf. chaucer ' s ' ballade of good counsel ' ), ababbcbc bcbc (... view full definition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5243959258324957, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec5016d7-4306-4daf-83ae-4c875de54961>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.111771"}
{"text": "it is hard to believe, but it \u2019 s already may! report cards will be due soon, promotion ceremonies must be planned and end of the year testing is upon us. so what is a teacher supposed to do when the only thing greater than the looming to do list is the students \u2019 desire to be on summer vacation? here are some tips to keep students engaged in curriculum without adding too much to our already overextended schedules. leverage the power of technology : there are so many awesome online resources available that can easily be aligned to our curriculum and common core standards. find a site that works for you and sign up for some computer lab time! a well - placed webquest, multimedia presentation project, or interactive online experience can solidify concepts in new ways without demanding a ton of prep work or grading. some of my favorite online and computer resources are : - prezi or powerpoint : students can create presentations covering any subject they \u2019 re learning! creating and delivering presentations is an important language arts skill for students to learn and it can do double duty if they are presenting information related to science, history, literature, or other content areas. in my experience, upper grade students love to create cool presentations and the accountability of presenting to their peers spurs them on to do their very best work. note : prezi is a little more complicated and requires an email address to sign up, so it is most appropriate to use with older students who are highly computer proficient. i suggest you make some teacher prezis for lessons before you teach students to make them. powerpoint may be the best option for starting out this kind of project. - starfall : this is a great resource for lower grade students. there are a variety of phonics and literacy resources for students to work at their own level. - arcademic skill builders : this website is dedicated to engaging and exciting k - 8 students in math, literacy, geography, and more all in a safe environment! you can use this site for free, but if you sign up for the subscription, you can customize game content, track student achievement, and help students earn awards for performance. leave us a comment and share your favorite online resources for students. tip : be sure to research the site, understand how it works, and check to make sure it won \u2019 t be blocked from your school \u2019 s internet filter before you take your class to the lab. get kids moving with kinesthetic learning activities : we all know that many kids learn best from active, hands - on activities, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4315551788112665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c266ee0-7fb7-4fa1-b07f-c11b27465aed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.116517"}
{"text": "sure it won \u2019 t be blocked from your school \u2019 s internet filter before you take your class to the lab. get kids moving with kinesthetic learning activities : we all know that many kids learn best from active, hands - on activities, but we don \u2019 t always have the budget or time to create elaborate, new kinesthetic activities. worry not, my fellow tired teacher, i recently attended a kagan cooperative learning seminar where i picked up fun strategies for getting students up and moving that can be used across subjects and grade levels. these are definitely easy and fun tools to keep in your pedagogical toolbox! - quiz - quiz trade : students make flashcards ( or are provided with flashcards ) for academic vocabulary or facts that you are learning in class. each student needs to have a set of flashcards that match everyone else \u2019 s set, but shuffled up in different orders. then, everyone stands up and picks a partner. it is best if you have a big open space in the classroom or outside. i love to take my class out to the field next to my classroom on a beautiful spring day. partner 1 quizzes partner 2 on just one flashcard, and partner 2 is praised or coached by partner 1. next, they switch and partner 2 quizzes partner 1 on one flashcard with praise or coaching. once both have had a chance to ask and answer one card, they trade the used cards and find new partners. the whole class continues to mingle for an allotted amount of time quizzing, quizzing, trading, and finding new partners. i love this activity because it gets students \u2019 blood flowing while also developing vocabulary and study skills! it can work in almost any subject. - 4 corners : the teacher asks students to stand in the middle of the room and then announces \u201c corners \u201d and a question with four possible answers. for example, the teacher says that the four corners of the room represent 4 characters from charlotte \u2019 s web : charlotte, wilber, templeton, and fern. then, the teacher asks, \u201c which character from the book can you relate to most? \u201d after a short \u201c think time \u201d, students go to the corner labeled with the character that they can relate with most. once there, they must find a partner and discuss their reasoning. later, students can write about this topic with a plethora of ideas gleaned from their own thinking and discussions with others. - stand up, hand up, pair up : when reinforcing concepts and continuing to develop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47560856967643506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c266ee0-7fb7-4fa1-b07f-c11b27465aed>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.117608"}
{"text": "discuss their reasoning. later, students can write about this topic with a plethora of ideas gleaned from their own thinking and discussions with others. - stand up, hand up, pair up : when reinforcing concepts and continuing to develop academic vocabulary, it is helpful for students to have a chance to discuss their ideas, but all too often i find the same hands raised and the same students dominating the conversation. to get everyone in the class talking, try asking students to walk around the room shaking hands and greeting their classmates. this helps mix up the usual friend - partners and work on social skills. after a minute or so, tell everyone to stand with their hand in the air and high five one person near them. the high five partners turn into discussion partners. once the partners are picked, the teacher asks a question and each partner has an allotted amount of time to answer. after both have answered, students sit down and the teacher calls on a few students to re - tell partner \u2019 s answers. this gives all students a chance to speak, listen, and participate actively. check out more teacher created resources creative classroom ideas! i especially love the hands - on projects found in each section of the literature guides, like this one about the novel holes. what are your favorite kinesthetic learning strategies? leave us a comment and share the love! emily guthrie has taught english language arts in grades 6 - 12 for the last 7 years. she lives with her husband, chris and toddler miles in sunny southern california. emily loves creating curriculum, cooking, running, and blogging.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5096105964692705, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c266ee0-7fb7-4fa1-b07f-c11b27465aed>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.118249"}
{"text": "ready to use substitute lesson plans for a complete school day! as teachers we all know the truth. it is honestly easier to go ahead and drag yourself into school when sick or cancel the long over due appointment than it is to plan for a substitute during an emergency or planned absent. substitute days are typically lost days. we try to come up with somewhat meaning instruction for someone else to complete with students. however, even the best substitute cana\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bdt read your mind ( or your plan book ) and many times you end up re - teaching the content anyway. as a teacher, you have an enormous amount of work to do and content to cover and cana\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48733731669133384, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc13b6a9-0773-4bd3-95c8-5c78403fedc6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.124553"}
{"text": "##\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bdt afford to miss any instructional days. in addition, those of you working as subs, have the daunting responsibility of reporting into a brand new job each day without the foggiest clue of what is in store for you. your day becomes even more difficult when you are subbing for a foreign language class! these lesson plans were written for regular primary / elementary classrooms and substitute teachers. everything is written for you! all you need to do is program ( this is an electronic copy a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bd so go ahead and type before printing ) the class schedule, the class procedures sheet and the grade level lesson time periods for your specific classes so the sub knows when to do what, make class set of worksheet copies ( if applicable ), and then place the plans, copies and class rosters in a folder on your desk. thata\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46507120608910485, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc13b6a9-0773-4bd3-95c8-5c78403fedc6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.125632"}
{"text": "a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bds it! you can keep the plans on your desk for an emergency situation or use them for a scheduled absence. the only other materials you need to make sure the sub and students have access to are everyday desk / tub items such as pencils, crayons, scissors, glue, writing paper, construction paper and a white board or chalkboard. so, treat yourself and allow someone else to do the planning for you! you can pick and choose which lessons to include in your substitute folder for the day. this third grade level kit contains : the programmable information sheets, programmable class schedule, worksheet masters to be copied ( great lakes cause and effect worksheet, the pantry ghosts poetry analysis worksheet, describe how to make an ice cream cone writing prompt worksheet, writera\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5097425836806455, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc13b6a9-0773-4bd3-95c8-5c78403fedc6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.126418"}
{"text": "##a \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a \u00bf a\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf \u201a a \u00bf a \u201a a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bf a\u00bda\u0192i \u00bf \u00bda \u201a a\u00bds check list, glyph worksheet, glyph legend, and drawing stick figures worksheet ), 60 - 90 minute reading lesson ( poetry analysis and cause and effect ), 45 - 55 minute math lesson ( shoe glyph ), 40 - 50 minute writing lesson ( describe how to make an ice cream cone ( using written format for high stakes tests ), 30 minute spelling lesson ( spelling detective check game ), 30 minute science lesson ( science vocabulary race game ), 30 minute social studies lesson ( uhm! game ), 30 minute art lesson ( drawing stick figures using various lines ), and 30 minute extension lesson ( backs to the board game ). the lessons are designed to be presented in a way consistent to the standard cycle of instruction. kindergarten, first grade day 1, first grade day 2 second grade, and k - 3 spanish substitute lesson plans are also available on tpt. this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 license", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5289697969390841, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc13b6a9-0773-4bd3-95c8-5c78403fedc6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.126943"}
{"text": "we took our earth day ball outdoors on a bright and sunny day and played a game called, \u201c around the world! \u201d dreading those cold winter days? see how just spending a few minutes outdoors can make your whole day a better, happier experience. taking a walk through our \u201c forest \u201d to gather up the colors of fall! exploring pumpkins through all kinds of play in our outdoor classroom! there are so many wonderful ways preschoolers can explore scrap wood. stop by and see some of the unique ways we are exploring in our classroom! introducing the basics of a relay race to preschool age children with this stack the box relay! counting and drawing our own ants and exploring our outdoor log maze too! taking our cans outside to play a preschool version of \u201c kick the can \u201d on \u201c i can day! \u201d collecting, counting, and tweezing acorns in the summer time \u2013 isn \u2019 t this supposed to be a fall activity? noodles bring a big variety of playful opportunities into the preschool classroom! see how hula hoops can create all sorts of outdoor play opportunities! get outside and play this simple color mix - up game. a great way to give those large motor skills a workout! heading outdoors to explore our very own erupting volcanoes in preschool \u2026 make your own simple easels to take outdoors for some outdoor easel painting \u2026 we read the children \u2019 s book, \u201c the listening walk \u201d by paul showers then headed outdoors with a checklist in hand to do our own listening walk! there are so many types of toddler development going on with time spent in a little water play! \u2190 previous entries enter your email address : delivered by feedburner get smart with the thesis wordpress theme from diythemes. \u00a9 2009 - 2013 teach preschool by deborah j. stewart all rights reserved! - - copyright notice by blog copyright", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4632903266249775, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c84f61ec-c866-4fae-93f3-bafb662b5cd1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.129015"}
{"text": "it \u2019 s good that you are using group work and you are right to say that it can sometimes be difficult to get students moving. i \u2019 ll first consider interesting ways to group students and then look at how to help the activity go more smoothly. there are a variety of ways of putting students into groups ; you could consider any of the following : all students who have their birthday in january and february work together. those who have their birthday in march and april work together, etc. all students wearing black shoes work together, those wearing brown shoes work together, etc. people who come to class by bus work together, those who walk to class work together, etc. students with brown eyes, green eyes work together. people who prefer skiing holidays work together. those who prefer beach holidays work together. there are many other options like these that you can invent yourself. you can even link it into the topic of the lesson. for example, in a lesson about the family, you could group people from families of three children together, those from families of four children together, etc. these are all novel ways of grouping students but you will need to organise it carefully. if we take the example of eye colour, first of all ask those with brown eyes to put their hands up. tell them they are the brown - eyed group. then do the same with green eyes and blue eyes. you then designate areas of the classroom as being for brown, green and blue - eyed people. check everybody understands where they should be going, for example by asking 2 or 3 students what colour eyes they have and then asking the group where those students should go. tell students that when you give the signal, they are to move to that area of the room and not before. make sure you leave enough time to give clear instructions, to check understanding and leave plenty of time for students to actually move. you might also want to tell them what to take, e. g. just a pen and paper. some students might start moving everything, including coats and bags. another thing to consider is that in any of the examples above, you will not get groups of even numbers. some groups will be bigger than others. you might need to ask some people to move to another group, but that breaks up the identity of the group. you could also split a large group into two smaller groups. for example, two groups of brown - eyed students, one group of blue - eyed students, etc. also consider your choice of grouping carefully. for example, in some cultures,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4852591887782344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07858122-183e-4801-a4f2-e2169ffea8fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.131546"}
{"text": "mary ' s genealogy treasures at this site the first company of latter - day saint settlers entered canada on the 1st of june 1887. they paused here where a stone cairn marked the international boundary. in a driving rain, each member of the group of eight families added a rock to the pile, and they all gave three cheers for their new home and religious freedom. in the united states there was at the time anti - mormon activity such that some members of the church felt themselves to be in danger. on the advice of church leaders in salt lake city, utah, an exploring expedition the previous autumn had located a new settlement site for them. early in the spring the president of the enterprise, charles ora card, returned with an advance party to establish the first colony at what is now cardston. the main body of the group left northern utah on the 3rd april 1887. president card met them near helena, montana, to guide them home. after passing here, they continued through a late snow storm, arriving at the site of cardston on the 3rd of june. with all 40 settlers assembled there, that date was recognized as the founding of the community. the monument originally constructed 1937 was restored by the cardston alberta stake of the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints to commemorate the centennial of the mormon pioneers entry into canada and the founding of the town of cardston. it was dedicated on 3 june 1987. ( there are 8 large rocks on the top of the cairn to represent the 8 families. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3819158588655932, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f994b93-7d16-4a88-8684-b09a039efabc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.133021"}
{"text": "the osmolality urine test the concentration of particles in urine. osmolality ( particles / kg water ) and osmolarity ( particles / liter of solution ) are sometimes confused, but for dilute fluids such as urine they are essentially the same. how the test is performed : a \" clean - catch \" ( midstream ) urine sample is needed. for information on how to collect the sample, see clean catch urine culture. how to prepare for the test : your health care provider will tell you if you need to stop taking any drugs that may interfere with the test. drugs that can increase specific gravity measurements include dextran and sucrose. receiving intravenous dye ( contrast medium ) for an x - ray exam up to 3 days before the test can also interfere with results. eat a normal, balanced diet for several days before the test. how the test will feel : the test involves normal urination, and there is no discomfort. why the test is performed : this test helps evaluate your body ' s water balance and urine concentration. osmolality is a more exact measurement of urine concentration than the urine specific gravity test. normal values are as follows : - random specimen : 50 to 1400 milliosmoles per kilogram ( mosm / kg ) - 12 to 14 hour fluid restriction : greater than 850 mosm / kg note : normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. what abnormal results mean : abnormal results are indicated as follows : greater - than - normal measurements may indicate : lower - than - normal measurements may indicate : - aldosteronism ( very rare ) - diabetes insipidus ( rare ) - excess fluid intake - kidney failure renal tubular necrosis - severe pyelonephritis additional conditions under which the test may be performed : - complicated uti ( pyelonephritis ) - high blood sodium level - low blood sodium level - excessive urination bazari h. approach to the patient with renal disease. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 115.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5015630862943239, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eff1ba0a-1c18-4299-81a8-159357ecd419>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.135823"}
{"text": "it was a late night in 1984, and graduate student xiaoning wang was all alone in the lab. at first military medical university ( now southern medical university ) in guangzhou, china, he was working at the lab \u2019 s only camera - equipped microscope, under a wooden hood constructed by his advisor, using a hair dryer to keep a cell culture of murine sarcoma cells at 37\u00b0c \u2014 mouse ( and human ) body temperature. he \u2019 d been doing the same thing nearly every night for the past month, hoping to capture on film what he had witnessed just a few weeks earlier \u2014 a tumor cell engulfing a live natural killer ( nk ) cell, a lymphocyte of the innate immune system and a major player in tumor suppression. after many sleepless nights, he had started to worry that perhaps he \u2019 d be unable to repeat the results. \u201c i watched day by day, night by night, \u201d he recalls. he often saw the two cell types interact, but \u201c most of the time, the lymphocyte killed the tumor cell. \u201d but that fateful night it happened again. \u201c i watched the whole process, \u201d he says, \u201c one cell entering another cell. \u201d controlling his excitement, wang snapped pictures repeatedly as the two cell types came together, attached \u2014 and then the nk cell moved completely within the tumor cell. after another nerve - racking few hours of developing the film, wang surveyed his pictures with pride. \u201c i see success. i got the whole process from the beginning to the end. i think, i can graduate! \u201d not having easy access to scientific literature in post - revolution china, wang didn \u2019 t realize that he wasn \u2019 t the first to observe these so - called cell - in - cell structures ( though he was one of the first to photograph the engulfment process ). in fact, sporadic reports of live cells inside tumor cells date back to the beginning of the 20th century. with an internalized cell housed in a large vacuole, the strange cellular event was typically recognized by the crescent shape of the host - cell nucleus, squished along the cell \u2019 s perimeter by the intracellular structure. over the last 100 years, lymphocytes, neutrophils, nk cells, and even other tumor cells have been found living temporarily within the cells of a variety of human cancers, including those of the skin, lung, breast, brain, pancreas, kidney, and blood. but until recently, little research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173316629769041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6373d182-48a0-4615-8cd8-e24191df5ee9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.149517"}
{"text": "nk cells, and even other tumor cells have been found living temporarily within the cells of a variety of human cancers, including those of the skin, lung, breast, brain, pancreas, kidney, and blood. but until recently, little research has been devoted to how the cells got there and what consequences their engulfment has for tumor growth and survival. \u201c for a long time, the cell - in - cell phenomenon had been overlooked in research, \u201d wang says. over the last 100 years, lymphocytes, neutrophils, nk cells, and even other tumor cells have been found living temporarily within the cells of a variety of human cancers. in the last few years, however, a handful of labs have begun to detail the process, documenting cell - in - cell structures in as many as 12 percent of tumor cells in vivo and 30 percent or more in vitro, depending on cancer type. in 2006, a group in italy described metastatic melanoma cells that internalized t cells. [ 1. l. lugini et al., \u201c cannibalism of live lymphocytes by human metastatic but not primary melanoma cells, \u201d cancer research, 66 : 3629 - 38, 2006. ] the following year, another group analyzed breast tumor cells ingesting other tumor cells. [ 2. m. overholtzer et al., \u201c a nonapoptotic cell death process, entosis, that occurs by cell - in - cell invasion, \u201d cell, 131 : 966 - 79, 2007. ] and in 2009, wang, now with his own lab complete with a proper hood, confirmed and added to his results from the 1980s, demonstrating that a variety of tumor cell lines harbor nk cells. [ 3. s. wang et al., \u201c internalization of nk cells into tumor cells requires ezrin and leads to programmed cell - in - cell death, \u201d cell research, 19 : 1350 - 62, 2009. ] the names given to the process include cell cannibalism, entosis, and emperipolesis. the molecular details of the engulfment seem to vary depending on cell type \u2014 as do the fate of internalized cells and, most likely, the consequences of the phenomenon, which have been proposed to range from tumor promotion to tumor suppression. but there is one thing most researchers tend to believe : cell engulfment is biologically important in tumor pathogenesis, and may hold potential for both the diagnosis and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016839142797456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6373d182-48a0-4615-8cd8-e24191df5ee9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.150418"}
{"text": "of the phenomenon, which have been proposed to range from tumor promotion to tumor suppression. but there is one thing most researchers tend to believe : cell engulfment is biologically important in tumor pathogenesis, and may hold potential for both the diagnosis and the treatment of cancer. \u201c cannibalism is a very important discovery, \u201d says stefano fais, an oncologist at the istituto superiore di sanita in italy, who led the study on t - cell - eating melanoma cells. \u201c cannibalism is a feature common probably to all malignant cancers. \u201d who \u2019 s eating whom? in the summer of 2006, a small group of researchers gathered in guangzhou, china, to discuss recent developments in stem cell research. one evening, after hosting a social event alongside the picturesque pearl river for the meeting attendees, wang \u2014 by then the dean of the school of bioscience and bioengineering at south china university of technology in guangzhou \u2014 decided to take the opportunity to share his work from grad school ( which had been published in english in 1987, along with more detailed electron micrograph images of the cell engulfment activity [ 4. x. wang and l. wenjian, \u201c mechanisms of natural killer cell - mediated tumor cell cytolysis at a single cell level, \u201d journal of medical colleges of pla, 2 : 107 - 17, 1987. ] ). in the dim light of a local pub that overlooked the river and the city, wang showed the researchers the photos. at this time, wang says, few people had ever heard of such cell - in - cell structures, and \u201c they were very excited about this phenomenon. \u201d the images caught the eye of one researcher in particular, cell biologist xuebiao yao of the university of science and technology of china in hefei. \u201c i was surprised, \u201d yao recalls. \u201c seeing dr. wang \u2019 s early electronic micrographs reminded me of the technology used for hybridoma cell making, chemically putting two different kinds of cells together \u201d \u2014 but wang had not chemically induced this phenomenon. \u201c i [ wanted ] to investigate whether this cell - in - cell process occurs in regular physiology or pathophysiology in [ the ] human body, \u201d yao says. so the two arranged a collaboration to reignite wang \u2019 s graduate work on tumor - cell engulfment. but among many other ongoing projects, the work got pushed to the side until the following year, when a group at harvard medical school published", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.527443579860838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6373d182-48a0-4615-8cd8-e24191df5ee9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.151384"}
{"text": ". so the two arranged a collaboration to reignite wang \u2019 s graduate work on tumor - cell engulfment. but among many other ongoing projects, the work got pushed to the side until the following year, when a group at harvard medical school published a paper detailing the engulfment of breast cancer cells by other breast cancer cells. led by michael overholtzer and joan brugge, the group found that approximately one - quarter of breast cancer cells in a suspension culture contained internalized sibling tumor cells. the researchers detailed the engulfment process, which they termed entosis, noting that it required many elements of cytoskeleton regulation and cell - cell junctions, including actin, myosin ii, cadherins and rho signaling. inhibiting any of these factors suppressed cell engulfment. unexpectedly, when the researchers inhibited components of the rho pathway in only a subset of tumor cells, they found that those cells were unable to enter other tumor cells, but they were still able to host internalized cells. 2 \u201c the mechanism really took us by surprise, \u201d says overholtzer, now at memorial sloan - kettering cancer center in new york city. unlike phagocytosis, the process by which macrophages take up dead cells and other extracellular materials for digestion and disposal, the cell that was being internalized seemed to take an active role in its own engulfment. \u201c the data suggested that the cells were not being eaten at all, \u201d he says. \u201c they were invading. \u201d the researchers proposed that engulfment may be initiated after the cells detach from the extracellular matrix. this is a common occurrence among tumor cells in vivo, overholtzer says, as cells proliferate from a single epithelial sheet to form a three - dimensional mass. once they are freed from the forces attaching them in place, the dynamics holding cells together at cell - cell junctions take over. if there is an imbalance in these forces between two cells, with one cell pulling more strongly than the other, engulfment may result. indeed, anecdotal reports of cell - in - cell structures in tumors are documented in fluid samples. \u201c we have noted that most of the malignant tumors [ have ] significant numbers of cell cannibalism, particularly in body fluids where the cells are floating, such as effusion fluids and urine samples, and also in breast carcinomas, \u201d says cytopathologist pranab dey of the postgraduate institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5250339959418351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6373d182-48a0-4615-8cd8-e24191df5ee9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.152277"}
{"text": "of cell cannibalism, particularly in body fluids where the cells are floating, such as effusion fluids and urine samples, and also in breast carcinomas, \u201d says cytopathologist pranab dey of the postgraduate institute of medical education and research in india. though overholtzer \u2019 s work clearly differs in some experimental details from wang \u2019 s grad - school observations \u2014 overholtzer \u2019 s group found that cancer cells engulf other cancer cells, while wang observed the engulfment of immune cells \u2014 the results spurred wang and yao into action. they and their colleagues were able to re - document the phenomenon, finding internalized nk cells in up to 10 percent of tumor cells, depending on cancer type. further characterizing a cell line from an epidermoid, or squamous cell, carcinoma, the researchers identified a role for e - cadherin in forming the connections between the nk and tumor cells prior to engulfment. they also identified a role for ezrin, a protein that links the plasma membrane with the actin cytoskeleton, in the internalization process. 3 like overholtzer, wang suspects that the internalized nk cells may play an active role in the process. the tumor cells he studied did not engulf dead lymphocytes, distinguishing the process from phagocytosis and suggesting that the tumor cells may respond to a signal produced by living nk cells. furthermore, the knockdown of ezrin appeared to affect the fluidity and flexibility of the tumor cells \u2019 plasma membranes, wang explains, making them more rigid, potentially hindering nk cells from pushing into tumor cells. while sirna - mediated knockdown of ezrin had no effect on the conjugation of the two cells, it inhibited nk cells from fully entering the tumor cells. conversely, when the tumor cells were treated with reagents to activate the phosphorylation of ezrin, nk cell engulfment became more efficient. just a few years earlier, fais \u2019 s group had similarly documented a role for ezrin in the engulfment of t cells by melanoma cells. 1 those researchers also identified another key player \u2014 a protein called caveolin - 1, a main component of invaginations in the plasma membrane called caveolae, which research has suggested participate in the uptake of bacteria and viruses. \u201c my idea is that ezrin binds to caveolin - 1, thus connecting caveolae to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5354298079000084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6373d182-48a0-4615-8cd8-e24191df5ee9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.153848"}
{"text": "component of invaginations in the plasma membrane called caveolae, which research has suggested participate in the uptake of bacteria and viruses. \u201c my idea is that ezrin binds to caveolin - 1, thus connecting caveolae to actin and allowing the endocytic process [ to proceed ], \u201d says fais, who believes that t cells do not have an active role in engulfment. in the highly acidic tumor microenvironment, he says, \u201c t cell activities are virtually abolished, [ yet ] t cells are equally cannibalized in both buffered and acidic media. \u201d for this reason, fais distinguishes this phenomenon as true cell cannibalism, with the host cell actively engulfing its victims, in contrast with the invasive aspect of entosis. despite this difference and the suspected role of caveolae in certain endocytic processes, fais still argues that the cannibalistic activity he observed in melanoma cells is distinct from phagocytosis. his group documented t cells resting close to the cannibalistic melanoma cells before the tumor cells began to invaginate to capture the live lymphocytes. in contrast, phagocytosis is characterized by the formation of cellular extensions that embrace and engulf the external material. \u201c cannibalism looks to me like a swallowing of the external body, \u201d says fais, who proposes that it functions to provide nutrition to tumors. \u201c phagocytosis is to scavenge, not to feed. it \u2019 s really different. \u201d hungry tumors or kamikazes? though the mechanisms of engulfment may differ among cell and cancer types, the end result is nearly indistinguishable \u2014 a whole, living cell is housed within a large vacuole inside a tumor cell. internalized cells usually follow one of three paths. they can continue living, at least temporarily, within the host cell, even dividing within their vacuole homes. occasionally, they escape from the host cell to once again become a single, individual cell in the extracellular space. by and large, however, death is the most common fate for cells engulfed by tumor cells. wang and colleagues demonstrated evidence of the apoptotic death of nk cells following their uptake by tumor cells. nearly 90 percent of the internalized lymphocytes underwent traditional, programmed cell death, as evidenced by the activation of caspase 3. work by overholtzer \u2019 s group, on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5264196294591901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6373d182-48a0-4615-8cd8-e24191df5ee9>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.154749"}
{"text": "of nk cells following their uptake by tumor cells. nearly 90 percent of the internalized lymphocytes underwent traditional, programmed cell death, as evidenced by the activation of caspase 3. work by overholtzer \u2019 s group, on the other hand, suggests that cell engulfment between tumor cells represents a different type of cell death altogether \u2014 one mediated by lysosomes. the vacuoles housing the internalized tumor cells, his group observed, became acidic and surrounded by lysosomal membranes, indicative of fusion with lysosomes. furthermore, when the researchers overexpressed b - cell lymphoma 2 ( bcl - 2 ) to inhibit apoptosis, it had little effect on the death of internalized cells. on the other hand, inhibiting lysosomal acidification of the vacuoles could rescue the captured cells, when it was combined with apoptotic inhibitors. interestingly, when only the lysosomal inhibitors were introduced, more cells appeared to undergo an apoptotic death, suggesting that apoptosis serves as a backup mechanism to the more common lysosomal death of the internalized cells. fais suggests it is simply the acidic environment of the tumor - cell vacuoles in metastatic melanoma cells that kills the internalized lymphocytes, though lytic enzymes may help to further digest the cell, he says. he argues that the engulfment and subsequent killing of cells such as lymphocytes is cell cannibalism in the most literal sense \u2014 one cell eating another. once the victim is digested, the tumor cell can theoretically derive nutrients from it, promoting cancer survival and growth. \u201c we know that nutritional stress is a common feature of tumors, \u201d says eileen white, a cancer biologist at the cancer institute of new jersey and rutgers university. \u201c we know they \u2019 ll undergo this process of autophagy where they \u2019 ll eat themselves. if they have the capability of eating each other or other cells \u2014 that would open a whole new door for tumors to sustain themselves. \u201d as evidence for this hypothesis, fais showed in vitro that cell cannibalism increased under starvation conditions, and that the ingestion of t cells promoted the survival of melanoma cells. \u201c the t cell is great because it has all these wonderful complex carbohydrates on the surface, \u201d says cancer biologist thomas seyfried of boston college. \u201c they can all be degraded to glucose and other fuels [ that tumor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4974498553937976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6373d182-48a0-4615-8cd8-e24191df5ee9>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.155719"}
{"text": ". \u201c the t cell is great because it has all these wonderful complex carbohydrates on the surface, \u201d says cancer biologist thomas seyfried of boston college. \u201c they can all be degraded to glucose and other fuels [ that tumor cells ] could be using. \u201d but even if cells are deriving nourishment from their cannibalistic activities, it \u2019 s likely not the only benefit of the behavior, says immunologist yufang shi, who studies apoptosis at the chinese academy of sciences and the child health institute of new jersey. \u201c for one cell to digest another cell and to get energy... this is very uneconomical, \u201d shi explains. \u201c you have to really make the cell into amino acids and polysaccharides. it \u2019 s very hard to use that as energy. \u201d the fact that cell cannibalism increased when the cells were starving may simply be due to the fact that nutrient deprivation can cause cells to become detached from the extracellular matrix, shi added \u2014 an event that overholtzer \u2019 s group suggests could promote cell engulfment as a result of imbalanced cell - cell adhesion forces. another possibility is that the engulfed cells are driving the process. internalized immune cells, for example, may have the potential to suppress tumor growth. during his initial graduate studies in the 1980s and again when he resumed this work more recently, wang observed that some nk cells internalized by tumor cells can actually kill their host cells from the inside out. \u201c after they enter into the tumor cells, they make the tumor cells erupt, \u201d wang says. \u201c when [ these nk cells ] die, they also release a lot of enzymes, \u201d shi explains. \u201c they are cytotoxic cells, so they can kill by releasing directly into the target cell, like the suicide bombers. \u201d but whether the internalized nk cells are initiating the engulfment is still unclear. if, on the other hand, the tumor cells are actively consuming the lymphocytes, it could provide a way for cancer to evade attack by the immune system. \u201c i have a suspicion that maybe tumor [ cells ] in some conditions can kill the nk cells as a way to escape the surveillance of the immune system, \u201d wang says. this may become particularly important as the cancer metastasizes, yao adds. \u201c one of the physical challenges for those tumor cells will be how to survive in the new sites. one way is by taking [ up ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45751684151313526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6373d182-48a0-4615-8cd8-e24191df5ee9>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.156724"}
{"text": "system, \u201d wang says. this may become particularly important as the cancer metastasizes, yao adds. \u201c one of the physical challenges for those tumor cells will be how to survive in the new sites. one way is by taking [ up ] those nk cells and other immune cells to damage the immune response of cancer [ patients ]. \u201d the bizarre phenomenon may also contribute to the genetic instability of cells, perhaps contributing to the formation of cancer early on. this march, overholtzer and colleagues published the finding that cell - in - cell structures can act as cleavage barriers that disrupt cell division, leading to changes in ploidy \u2014 the number of sets of chromosomes in the cell \u2014 which are known to drive tumor progression. [ 6. m. krajcovic et al., \u201c a non - genetic route to aneuploidy in human cancers, \u201d nature cell biol, 13 : 324 - 30, 2011. ] conversely, cell engulfment may act to suppress tumor growth, such as when tumor cells eat other tumor cells. \u201c entosis has a dual nature, \u201d says overholtzer. \u201c it clearly can kill [ tumor ] cells, but also, it can disrupt ploidy \u2014 one is predicted to be tumor suppressive, one is tumor promoting. \u201d for now, the question of function remains \u201c a puzzle, \u201d fais says, and \u201c i don \u2019 t have all the pieces. \u201d but with evidence growing for significance of cell engulfment in tumor pathogenesis, researchers are now considering whether the phenomenon could serve to aid in diagnosis or in the development of new cancer treatments. \u201c i think in the next few years this will be a very active field, \u201d shi says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5134454557390425, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6373d182-48a0-4615-8cd8-e24191df5ee9>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.157362"}
{"text": "the bacteria found in some fermented dairy products, such as yogurt, may alter gene expression in human gut microbes, and resultant tweaks to metabolic processes could be behind gastrointestinal benefits often observed in people consuming such probiotic products, according to a study published today ( 26 october ) in science translational medicine. the work was funded by several grants from the national institutes of health and from danone research, the scientific research arm of groupe danone, a paris - based multinational food products corporation that specializes in dairy products. since the 1990s, clinical trials have shown that probiotic bacteria can aid digestion in humans, but the molecular mechanisms involved in conferring those health benefits have proved difficult to pin down. \" nobody really understands how probiotics affect human health, \" said university of california, davis, food microbiologist david mills, who was not involved with the study. \" what [ this study ] has shown is that maybe one of the mechanisms is by shifting the course of expression and how the microbes speak. maybe that is part of the clue to how these types of foods are healthy. \" jeffrey gordon, a microbiologist at washington university in st. louis, and his team gave a commercially - available probiotic yogurt containing five strains of bacteria to healthy adult volunteers and administered the same five strains to mice that harbored a subset of genetically - characterized human gut microbes. the yogurt bacteria did not significantly alter population structure in any of the entrenched gut microbes, in humans or mice \u2014 a result that is not surprising, according to mills. \" to assume that you could eat a yogurt and numerically challenge what ' s in your gut is kind of like dumping a gallon of kool - aid in your swimming pool and expecting it to change color, \" he said. but rna sequencing of the human gut microbes in the mice revealed that the probiotic bacteria changed the expression of gut microbe genes encoding key metabolic enzymes, such as those involved in the catabolism of sugars called xylooligosaccharides, which are found in many fruits and vegetables. mass spectrometry of metabolites in urine, which result from the ramped up metabolic processes in the probiotic - fed mice, confirmed the alterations, and when the researchers ran similar analyses on gut microbes from the human yogurt eaters, they found upregulation of the same genes. \" the results show that in this particular set", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4832488452929241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b541e6d3-ccd0-4495-b2f7-21c0f9cd5b34>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.160936"}
{"text": "probiotic - fed mice, confirmed the alterations, and when the researchers ran similar analyses on gut microbes from the human yogurt eaters, they found upregulation of the same genes. \" the results show that in this particular set of conditions [ probiotic ] organisms are capable of altering the metabolic properties of a human microbial community, \" said gordon. the fact that gordon ' s team could detect a signal of altered gene expression in the mice, which harbored only 15 species of human gut microbe, and that same signal was also apparent in the vastly more complex human gastrointestinal milieu is the start of something big, according to gregor reid, a nutritional researcher at the lawson health research institute in canada who wasn ' t involved with the study. \" even with a very simplified model, they could replicate the effects they found in humans, \" said reid, who wrote an accompanying opinion piece that was published in the same issue of science translational medicine. gordon noted that the mouse model he used in the current study points a way forward to further probe the interactions between entrenched gut microbial communities and probiotic products, which could allow researchers to develop new hypotheses, identify novel biomarkers, and apply findings in preclinical models and eventually clinical uses for such products. continued research may also help to elucidate the precise interactions between probiotic bacteria or other dietary inputs and resident gut microbes that lead to alterations in gene expression and metabolism. \" we don ' t know the nature of the molecular communications between these yogurt strains and the entrenched microbial community, \" gordon said. \" each member of the [ gut ] community was able to adjust its metabolism presumably in a way that benefitted itself and the rest of the community as well. these organisms constantly try to find a niche or profession that allows them to survive in these complicated communities. \" mcnulty et al., \" the impact of a consortium of fermented milk strains on the gut microbiome of gnotobiotic mice and monozygotic twins, \" science translational medicine, doi : 10. 1126 / scitranslmed. 3002701, 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49599282170856257, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b541e6d3-ccd0-4495-b2f7-21c0f9cd5b34>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.161856"}
{"text": "this week \u2019 s feature is the fourth and final in our series on food security. the first part looked at a canadian perspective, the second looked at organic farms in new orleans. and the third looked at composting. this week \u2019 s is about reducing waste. can we live waste - free in a world where most goods come packaged, and throwing stuff away allows us to forget about it? we need to change the way we think about waste and reduce the amount of waste we produce. to promote this waste - free lifestyle, the university of calgary sustainability street team invited u of c students, staff and faculty to participate in the clean bin challenge between feb. 27 \u2013 march 26 during which they would live for one month without producing any waste \u2014 attempting to have a clean bin. the participant who produces the least amount of waste by weight will be declared the winner. this clean bin challenge was inspired by the 2010 clean bin project documentary. the documentary follows jen rustemeyer and grant baldwin as they compete against each other to see who can produce the least amount of waste over a year. the documentary examines waste problems, such as the pacific trash island and offers ways we can reduce waste. rustemeyer and baldwin show how difficult minimizing waste production can be and consider whether their tiny green actions will actually influence the large environmental problems caused by what they call our \u201c throw - away society, \u201d where materials are used once and then discarded, without consideration given to reusing it. deven biskup, a fourth - year u of c history student, commented that tracking how much waste he produces is hard since there are two different bins in his back yard, and his household garbage is taken out constantly. he \u2019 s never had the chance to see all his waste together in one place. reducing waste production is difficult because buying products with a lot of packaging is very convenient. when getting food is easy, consumers hardly stop and think about the amount of waste produced. for example, take - out boxes provide convenient food but go straight to the trash. consumers need to think about the production, packaging and disposal of goods. when buying a product, one is purchasing the packaging too. ryan petrushka, a third - year u of c geoscience student, said \u201c [ i have to ] be more careful with what i buy, eliminate the source of it, not have as much food that i won \u2019 t be eating, because the food comes inside packaging and this is waste. \u201d the packaging of food, clothing, electronics and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46489372265889856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:053bbe12-0c5c-4a9e-af47-50109100591f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.171979"}
{"text": "to ] be more careful with what i buy, eliminate the source of it, not have as much food that i won \u2019 t be eating, because the food comes inside packaging and this is waste. \u201d the packaging of food, clothing, electronics and other material goods has to be recognized as waste. kenneth marsh and betty bugusu from the institute of food technologists found that 31 per cent of all municipal solid waste comes from packaging. in addition, food packaging contributes more waste to landfills than any other type of packaging. in 2007, claire bassett and angela charlton published the war on waste for the u. k. government, which studies the amount of food packaging in grocery stores. twenty - nine similar items from eight different stores were compared. the study found that about 5 per cent of the total weight of groceries was food packaging, and 21 \u2013 40 per cent of this packaging could not be recycled. \u201c the quantity of waste i produce is mostly food waste, \u201d said biskup. a common misconception is to think that food and water are waste. when consumers don \u2019 t think about packaging, their perspective doesn \u2019 t encompass waste fully, so consumers think they produce less waste than they actually do. most food in canada comes packaged, and the packaging will usually end up in the garbage. for example, the plastic bottle that water comes in will soon be thrown out. both the paper bag used for a muffin and the disposable coffee cup go into the garbage. these small, one - time use products add up very quickly. why do we need so much packaging? packaging allows food to be preserved longer and allows for food to be transported farther distances. however, packaging is often just there to make carrying the product home convenient. in addition to this, the u. k. government \u2019 s waste and resources action program showed that luxurious packaging attracts consumers. consumers often choose packaged goods over loose goods. in other words, consumers are willing to buy a product because of the packaging \u2014 the marketing on packaging helps to sell it. how can packaging be improved? \u201c creating a food package is as much art as science, \u201d wrote marsh and bugusu. packaging has to be efficient and maintain the quality and safety of food to be considered an ideal food package. waste - reducing packaging is a \u201c shared responsibility between producers, retailers, consumers, local authorities and the waste management industry. \u201d producers should promote the use of more recycled materials in the components of the packaging as well as design efficient packaging. retailers should reduce packaging and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44962365066139237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:053bbe12-0c5c-4a9e-af47-50109100591f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.173173"}
{"text": "reducing packaging is a \u201c shared responsibility between producers, retailers, consumers, local authorities and the waste management industry. \u201d producers should promote the use of more recycled materials in the components of the packaging as well as design efficient packaging. retailers should reduce packaging and research and market products that are less wasteful. consumers should reduce their demand for packaging. local authorities should provide recycling facilities and waste education for their residents. industry should invest in facilities to recycle and recover waste. even if a consumer is aware of the waste problem, they still have to purchase the packaging in order to obtain the product. until the food industry comes up with an ideal packaging system, the responsibility to reduce waste is on consumers. how can consumers reduce packaging waste? how will the competitors of the clean bin challenge skip purchasing waste if almost everything comes wrapped in some kind of packaging? in three weeks of competition, the participants have had difficulties with food packaging, but are reducing their waste by being creative and organized. the clean bin project documentary offered several ways that anyone concerned about the amount of waste they produce can reduce that amount. an important first strategy is to stop using plastic bags. most people use plastic bags to take their food home and sometimes the bags are doubled. cloth bags are much more durable and can usually hold more, so switching to them can be more efficient. according to the clean bin project, an average person uses 500 plastic bags per year and fewer than 1 per cent of these are recycled. michele mallinson, a geoscience and paleontology student who is participating in the challenge, said, \u201c if you could go to a natural place and even bring your own plastic bags, then you can just bulk it. \u201d the documentary also recommends thinking about packaging before buying a product. \u201c i am a vegetarian, but i cannot buy veggie beef in bulk, like meat, so it comes with the plastic packaging, \u201d said nasrin pak, a participant and a u of c physics graduate student. janice cook, another participant and a u of c kinesiology professor, faced the same problem, but with fish. if she shops at a grocery store, the salmon she wants comes wrapped in cellophane, with styrofoam and plastic pads. another strategy to reduce waste is to have recycling bins handy at home, and to recycle everything possible. pak, as well as mallinson, commented that they have become more aware of recycling materials because of the challenge. \u201c you have to look at your garbage and see what is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43088448820611924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:053bbe12-0c5c-4a9e-af47-50109100591f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.174643"}
{"text": "bins handy at home, and to recycle everything possible. pak, as well as mallinson, commented that they have become more aware of recycling materials because of the challenge. \u201c you have to look at your garbage and see what is recyclable, if you have a pop can then you know you can take it back to the bottle depot, you just have to watch what you are throwing away, \u201d said mallinson. according to the city of calgary, about 80 per cent of the total municipal solid waste goes straight into landfills, leaving only 20 per cent in the blue carts for recycling. waste sorting is the responsibility of every citizen \u2014 things that can be reused, recycled and composted should be put in their appropriate place. yet reducing packaging is preferable to recycling. emma cook - clarke, a clean bin challenge participant and first - year u of c environmental science student, said, \u201c even the recyclable things, they still have so much packaging. i bought some rice and it was in a square plastic container, but the plastic was so thick and it seemed really unnecessary. it doesn \u2019 t make any sense to have all this for a product you will use once. \u201d considering if a product is actually needed before it is used reduces waste. cook said that she was inspired to prepare food differently. for example, she no longer uses aluminum foil to cook. she also decided to use handkerchiefs because she realized she wastes too much tissue. \u201c twist ties are the other thing i noticed. is it really necessary when you could just make a knot to close the bag? the challenge makes sure you are aware of the little things, \u201d said cook. composting and making some products yourself can further reduce waste. pak started composting her organics and mallinson started producing her own homemade soaps. going to farmers \u2019 markets instead of regular grocery stores can also help. farmers \u2019 markets are a local and healthy alternative, but they are also a waste - reducing business. products use less packaging because they travel short distances and they don \u2019 t need to be packed in a special way to protect them for long - distance transportation. the products are harvested and are only kept in a cooler for 2 \u2013 3 days, so packaging is not needed in order to preserve the food. one of the most important ways to reduce waste is to better educate oneself about the problem. \u201c the challenge makes you become aware of all your choices, and it can \u2019 t be an isolated point \u2014 you have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4355669470632491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:053bbe12-0c5c-4a9e-af47-50109100591f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.175979"}
{"text": "needed in order to preserve the food. one of the most important ways to reduce waste is to better educate oneself about the problem. \u201c the challenge makes you become aware of all your choices, and it can \u2019 t be an isolated point \u2014 you have to look through all your lifestyle habits, \u201d said cook. cook - clarke is also seeing the challenge as a lifestyle change, and that waste needs to be reduced in an inter - connected way, instead of isolated parts. \u201c we don \u2019 t see where our garbage goes and this is a huge issue. once the garbage truck comes and takes it away, it \u2019 s like we are done with it and we don \u2019 t have to see the effects at all. until you see that the environment is being ruined because of the garbage, you don \u2019 t really realize the effect that the excessive amount of garbage makes, \u201d said cook - clarke. once something is thrown in the garbage, the problem does not end \u2014 the problem is just beginning. consumers need to be personally responsible for sorting their garbage correctly and trying to reduce the amount of garbage they produce. without personal responsibility, consumers won \u2019 t exert any effort to solve the problems caused by it. \u201c these days people consume a lot. they don \u2019 t even think where all this garbage goes, \u201d said pak. the best way to reduce waste is to make these strategies permanent habits. the challenge has inspired the competitors to continue doing the new things they learned. consumers should review their true needs before going shopping and value the effort given to producing and disposing products. is it really so hard to carry a reusable coffee mug, and is that plastic bag for groceries necessary?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46485054083109445, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:053bbe12-0c5c-4a9e-af47-50109100591f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.176797"}
{"text": "over 8, 000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a thinkquest competition. compete | faq | contact us from rhombus to internet ( the geometrical history of the ancient world ) have you heard about aa alphabet? have you heard about the html from mezin? did you know that 20000 years ago there was a geometrical revolution? did you know that the angle, the rhombus and the spirals are older than the agriculture, the pottery and the kings? the history of the rhombus is more spectacular than the history of kings and wars. but did you know that the kings appeared 3200 years bc and the rhombus - c. 12000 years bc? did you know that the geometrical homeland of the man is the south east europe? did you know that the plants are healing today in the same way they were healing the geometrical man? do you know how tasty is an apricot taken from your own garden? do you know how sweet is a teacher when he ' s not a judge? do you know that the internet will change fundamentally the education? welcome to our site and surf the answers. ionthe lyceum of creativity and inventivness \" prometeu \", chisinau, moldova, republic of sovateorethical liceum m. eminescu, gara falesti, moldova, republic of 19 & under andrei varticteorethical liceum m. eminescu, chisinau, moldova, republic of math > geometry english, french, romanian, russian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5882557790695542, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a40164f-8e6d-45e0-a524-3b256a7f88d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.179563"}
{"text": "when president warren g. harding died from a heart - related problem in 1923, vice president calvin coolidge became the 30th president of the united states. the following year, with his popularity buoyed by a strong economy, coolidge handily won the 1924 presidential election, using the campaign slogan \u201c keep cool with coolidge. \u201d unlike some presidents, \u201c silent cal \u201d coolidge wasn \u2019 t known for making memorable statements. the most famous quote associated with him is a line about business being the business of america. that line is often given as \u201c the business of america is business \u201d or \u201c the business of the american people is business. \u201d in fact, both of those versions are misquotes. they aren \u2019 t radically different from what he actually said, which was \u201c the chief business of the american people is business. \u201d however, when this short quote or the misquote versions are cited alone, out of context, they tend to give the unfair and inaccurate impression that coolidge was a one - dimensional, pro - business cheerleader. president coolidge made his famous remark in an address to the society of american newspaper editors on january 17, 1925 in washington, d. c. \u201c there does not seem to be cause for alarm in the dual relationship of the press to the public, whereby it is on one side a purveyor of information and opinion and on the other side a purely business enterprise, \u201d he said. \u201c rather, it is probable that a press which maintains an intimate touch with the business currents of the nation, is likely to be more reliable than it would be if it were a stranger to these influences. \u201d coolidge went on to add his famous quote. \u201c after all, the chief business of the american people is business. they are profoundly concerned with producing, buying, selling, investing and prospering in the world. i am strongly of the opinion that the great majority of people will always find these the moving impulses of our life. \u201d the idea that americans are concerned about prospering seems pretty reasonable. and, coolidge made it clear that he didn ' t mean \u201c greed is good. \u201d \u201c of course, the accumulation of wealth cannot be justified as the chief end of existence, \u201d he said. \u201c but we are compelled to recognize it as a means to well - nigh every desirable achievement. so long as wealth is made the means and not the end, we need not greatly fear it... but it calls for additional effort to avoid even the appearance of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4137750693901876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3460289b-1cc6-4465-967d-fd674dd9c641>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.182382"}
{"text": "moon light world map the map below shows where the moon is visible from the earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases. the white dot symbolizes the position of the moon, and the yellow sun symbolizes the position of the sun. view day and night map - the bright part of the map shows where the moon is over the horizon on monday, october 22, 2012 at 06 : 56 : 00 utc. - the sun ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the sun will be at its zenith ( directly overhead ) in relation to an observer. - the moon ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the moon will be at its zenith in relation to an observer. note that the symbol is not showing the current phase of the moon. fraction of moon illuminated : 52 % position of the moon on monday, october 22, 2012 at 06 : 56 : 00 utc the moon is at its zenith at these coordinates : | latitude : | | 15\u00b0 17 ' | | south | | longitude : | | 166\u00b0 50 ' | | east | the ground speed of the movement is currently 431. 79 meters / second, 1554. 4 km / hour, 965. 9 miles / hour or 839. 3 knots. the table below shows the moon position compared to the time and date above : | time | | longitude difference | | latitude difference | | total | | 1 minute | | 0\u00b0 14 ' 28. 2 \" | | 16. 10 mi | | west | | 0\u00b0 00 ' 08. 5 \" | | 0. 16 mi | | north | | 16. 10 mi | | 1 hour | | 14\u00b0 28 ' 20. 2 \" | | 965. 76 mi | | west | | 0\u00b0 08 ' 34. 7 \" | | 9. 83 mi | | north | | 966. 14 mi | | 24 hours | | 12\u00b0 18 ' 24. 9 \" | | 821. 31 mi | | east | | 3\u00b0 44 ' 35. 4 \" | | 257. 34 mi | | north | | 867. 08 mi | locations with the moon near zenith the following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky. | port vila | | mon 5 : 56 pm | | 314 km | | 195 miles | | 169 nm | | sse | | noumea | | mon 5 : 56 pm | | 774 km | | 481 miles | | 418 nm |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4919093148299931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c64c1123-10a4-4bd4-94f0-f20fdf629b33>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.193002"}
{"text": "| mon 5 : 56 pm | | 314 km | | 195 miles | | 169 nm | | sse | | noumea | | mon 5 : 56 pm | | 774 km | | 481 miles | | 418 nm | | s | | honiara | | mon 5 : 56 pm | | 990 km | | 615 miles | | 534 nm | | nw | | suva * | | mon 7 : 56 pm | | 1275 km | | 792 miles | | 688 nm | | ese | | funafuti | | mon 6 : 56 pm | | 1541 km | | 958 miles | | 832 nm | | ene | | yaren | | mon 6 : 56 pm | | 1631 km | | 1014 miles | | 881 nm | | n | | brisbane | | mon 4 : 56 pm | | 1965 km | | 1221 miles | | 1061 nm | | sw | | tarawa | | mon 6 : 56 pm | | 1968 km | | 1223 miles | | 1062 nm | | nne | | nukualofa | | mon 7 : 56 pm | | 2005 km | | 1246 miles | | 1083 nm | | ese | | port moresby | | mon 4 : 56 pm | | 2231 km | | 1386 miles | | 1205 nm | | wnw | related time zone tools", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43193609250191417, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c64c1123-10a4-4bd4-94f0-f20fdf629b33>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.193477"}
{"text": "it ' s hard to imagine that a war in which millions fought and died can be known as the forgotten war, but that is one moniker that has been given to the korean war. the war, which was fought from june 25, 1950, to july 27, 1953, was fought on the korean peninsula between north korea and south korea. north korea was aided by china, and south korea was backed by the united states and other countries under the united nations flag. in a century that saw two world wars plus wars in vietnam and the persian gulf, somehow the korean war and those who fought in it were not given their full recognition and appreciation when the war ended. north korean forces invaded south korea on june 25, 1950. the united nations asked for troops to end the aggression. president harry truman ordered u. s. navy and air force personnel to korea on june 27 of that year and approved ground forces and air strikes against north korea on june 30. ultimately, almost 34, 000 americans would be killed in korea, with more than 3, 000 non - combat deaths. due to the efforts of all who fought for south korea ' s position, the u. s. and south korea have continued their positive and fruitful relationship. north korea, on the other hand, remains a dangerous state, where famine and a threatening government contribute to an unstable world. as the years have passed, the united states has done more to honor its korean war veterans, including building a korean war veterans memorial, which recently, a bipartisan group of members of the u. s. senate ' s armed services committee sponsored a resolution recognizing the 60th anniversary of the end of the korean war and the designation of 2012 - 2013 as the year of the korean war veteran. \" nearly 2 million americans fought in the korean war, and more than 120, 000 of them were killed or wounded in action, \" said sen. mark udall of colorado, a co - sponsor of the resolution. \" i have deep respect for all those who left behind their families and friends to protect a distant country from the spread of communism. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3991916742409669, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6067794-ff92-4ab9-bef8-23b01e5ebb4e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.195725"}
{"text": "there ' s a meteor shower tonight! the orionid meteor shower peaks this weekend and the night sky will give an impressive show as onlookers watch dozens of shooting stars. the orionid meteor shower reaches its peak overnight from saturday, oct. 20 to sunday, oct. 21. the orionids were named after the constellation orion, where they originate from. this particular meteor shower occurs while the earth moves through an area of space that contains remaining debris from halley ' s comet, which produces about 25 meteors per hour, making it one of the best shows of the year, according to wptv. \" flakes of comet dust hitting the atmosphere should give us dozens of meteors per hour, \" bill cooke, head of the meteoroid environment office at nasa ' s space flight center in huntsville, ala., said on the nasa site. \" since 2006, the orionids have been one of the best showers of the year, with counts of 60 or more meteors per hour, \" cooke continued. the orionid meteor shower will peak at about 12 : 00 a. m. pst on sunday morning, but one of the best times to watch the show is about an hour or two before the sun rises, because orion will be high in the sky. to find the best times to watch near you, check out spacedex. the moon is in the new moon stage and it will set around midnight, which will make the sky extra dark and perfect for watching stars. the only issue may be cloud coverage in some areas. a telescope is not necessary to view a meteor shower. the best way to watch it is to lie down in an area with little lights and trees and look straight up. the orionid meteor shower can be seen from everywhere in the world except antarctica. for those who can ' t see anything outside due to poor weather conditions or other issues, nasa will be live streaming the meteor shower as well as hosting a live chat. here is the video of the live stream. to follow the live chat, go to this link starting at 11p. m until 3a. m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42321788526904663, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5412d6a-7ac1-496e-abeb-176478f40845>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.201793"}
{"text": "sodium lauryl sulfate is the victim of an urban myth similar to the one that haunts parabens. it is accused of causing cancer. this is false. however, there may be other reasons to avoid sodium lauryl sulfate and even its gentler sister, sodium laureth sulfate. first of all what is it? sodium lauryl sulfate is a detergent. as well as cleansing, it makes foam. hence, it is frequently used as the base for shampoos, soaps and toothpaste. although studies specifically cleared sodium lauryl sulfate of being carcinogenic, it has been established that it can cause severe epidermal changes to the area where it is applied that, theoretically, could increase the chances of cancer. if you have the suspicion that washing your face is making your skin dry, or that shampooing is giving you an itchy scalp or making your eyes sting, or that cleaning your teeth is giving you mouth ulcers, sodium lauryl sulfate is the likely culprit. in studies, there are \" significant correlations \" ( in the words of one ) between sls and contact dermatitis. the journal of the american college of toxicology says that it has \" a degenerative effect on the cell membranes because of its protein denaturing properties \". the journal adds that \" high levels of skin penetration may occur at even low use concentration. worryingly, tests on young animals showed permanent eye damage - even when the sls was applied to areas other than the eye. no wonder shampooing can sting the eyes. in fact, sls ( which is an anionic detergent ) is frequently combined with cocamide mea and dea ( inonics ) that are believed to anesthetize the eyeball so that you are less likely to be aware of the harm the lauryl sulfate is doing. what ' s more, cocamide dea is pretty awful as well. ironically, it has been definitively linked to cancer. laureth sulfate is less likely to cause these side - effects because it doesn ' t denaturate ( change the structure ) of proteins, unlike lauryl. nevertheless, in germany, a product cannot be labeled ' natural ' if it contains any members of the sulfate family ( lauryl, laureth, or ammonium ). the cosmetic trade industry associatio, the cir, says that sulfates \" appear to be safe in formulations designed for discontinous, brief use followed by thorough ri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45967095106428146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bd51a43-460b-48f4-a0d2-73fc2a5f4d26>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.209552"}
{"text": "every breath liam watters took was partly thanks to the life - saving advances pioneered at ucsf. liam entered the world two and a half months early, weighing only three pounds. he was a high - risk, premature baby. but he could breathe on his own. it was a far more complicated story when carter keltner was born 35 years ago, almost at full term and weighing just over eight pounds. he had to fight for every breath. the difference between liam and carter is the result of four decades of discoveries in neonatal intensive care \u2014 including one that centered on carter, now an international businessman. ucsf ' s neonatal intensive care unit, or nicu, was started in 1964 as a response to the very condition that made carter struggle to breathe. the tiny round chambers that made up the lining of his lungs \u2014 the alveoli \u2014 would flatten like deflated balloons as he tried to exhale. each intake of breath was a massive effort to force the alveoli to re - open. carter was suffering from respiratory distress syndrome ( rds ) \u2014 a condition that killed nearly 40, 000 us babies a year during the 1960s. a three - pound infant born at ucsf the same year as carter would have had a one - in - four chance of dying of rds, and survival could have meant severe disabilities. a fundamental discovery by ucsf ' s award - winning scientist dr. john clements in the late 1950s gave pediatricians the key to the cause and saved untold lives in the process. newborns with rds \u2014 mostly premature infants couldn ' t produce surfactant, the soapy substance that normally provides surface tension to prevent lungs from deflating with every exhalation. in the early 1960s, attempts to help these babies breathe led to the then - startling discovery that they were more likely to survive if they were carefully watched by nurses, using scientific monitoring methods borrowed from research. the nurses and neonatal doctors were able to intervene immediately if a baby showed distress. thus the concept of a neonatal intensive care unit was invented at ucsf and a handful of other university medical centers. those early nicus saved lives, but nothing that neonatologists tried could save a baby with severe rds. dr. george gregory, one of carter ' s doctors, remembers the turning point. gregory realized that if he gave air through a breathing tube and did not release the air pressure as the lungs breathed out, the alveoli should stay inflated. with his parents ' permission, carter became the first baby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4628472351258088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f1762a2-3b3b-4042-a154-05fb62f0ea28>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.217266"}
{"text": "doctors, remembers the turning point. gregory realized that if he gave air through a breathing tube and did not release the air pressure as the lungs breathed out, the alveoli should stay inflated. with his parents ' permission, carter became the first baby to receive continuous positive airway pressure ( cpap ). carter began to breathe more easily, and so did other babies with rds. after the introduction of cpap, ucsf ' s intensive care nursery showed a 15 percent to 25 percent improvement in survival of premature infants, results that were reflected around the world as clinicians started using cpap. in the 1980s, clements and colleagues developed an artificial surfactant to keep rds babies breathing until they could produce surfactant on their own. in the united states and other developed countries, newborn deaths due to rds declined further \u2014 by about 50 percent. breakthroughs such as these benefited liam and countless others. liam ' s mother, kirsten, was sent to ucsf center for mothers and newborns by helicopter after her doctors in monterey diagnosed preeclampsia \u2014 a blood pressure condition that threatens a pregnant woman ' s life. when liam arrived a week later on feb. 5, 2003, it was only the 31st week of her pregnancy, yet he never suffered from rds and never needed a breathing tube. instead, kirsten ' s doctors took preventive measures such as giving her steroid drugs to stimulate the fetus to begin producing surfactant in his lungs, months earlier than usual for a full - term baby. and upon delivery, liam did not even need artificial surfactant \u2014 just a small mask over his nose that delivered a gentle form of cpap. but from the start he was doing the real work of breathing on his own. kirsten ' s husband, george, vividly remembers giving liam his first bath. \" liam was so small he fit in the palm of my hand. the doctors told us that he had certain hurdles to pass. but i never felt i had to worry about him at all. \" today, prematurity remains a health concern, but most preemies survive and are healthy, thanks to improved care for infants and moms with high - risk pregnancies. most mothers have access to intermediate and community neonatal intensive care units that can care for all but the most fragile newborns. at ucsf benioff children ' s hospital, where the nicu concept was born, the regional ( or level iv ) nicu continues to treat very small preemi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4812482403654691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f1762a2-3b3b-4042-a154-05fb62f0ea28>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.218160"}
{"text": "coronary artery disease \u2014 also called coronary vascular, arteriosclerotic and ischemic heart disease \u2014 remains the leading cause of death in the united states. the disease is caused by arteriosclerosis or \" hardening of the arteries, \" which interferes with the normal flow of blood to the heart. it affects the arteries that surround and supply blood to the heart, causing more than a half million deaths a year. when the heart doesn ' t receive enough blood, symptoms may include pain or pressure in the chest, arm or jaw. this is a warning sign that your heart is having difficulty. if left untreated, it can result in a heart attack. the most common disease of the coronary arteries is arteriosclerosis, commonly called \" hardening of the arteries. \" plaque \u2014 a combination of cholesterol and other fats, calcium and other elements carried in the blood \u2014 builds up in the small blood vessels that feed the heart. when this condition exists in other parts of the body, it is called atherosclerosis. this plaque buildup can, in time, narrow the arteries so severely that blood flow to the heart is inadequate and symptoms of insufficient blood flow \u2014 called angina \u2014 develop. angina is a term meaning strangling or oppressive heaviness and pain, but it has become synonymous with angina pectoris or chest pain caused by lack of oxygen to the heart due to poor blood supply. doctors know that some people are at high risk of this kind of heart disease because of certain physical and behavioral characteristics. for example, men generally are at greater risk for heart disease but the risk increases for women after menopause. other characteristics for arteriosclerosis include : medications and sometimes lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking or losing weight, can help improve heart efficiency to reduce angina but can ' t eliminate the plaque blockages. medications may include cholesterol - lowering drugs, beta - blockers, nitroglycerin, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitors and others. reviewed by health care specialists at ucsf medical center. cardiovascular care and prevention center at mission bay 535 mission bay blvd. south san francisco, ca 94158 phone : ( 415 ) 353 - 2873 fax : ( 415 ) 353 - 2528", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5101654243871987, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4db407c8-fda2-48ce-942e-8eabdefbcad9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.223531"}
{"text": "gonorrhoea - the drugs don ' t work published : 23rd dec 2011 08 : 41 : 37 the prospect of untreatable gonorrhoea has provoked alarm around the world, and there are no new classes of antibiotics in development. in this week ' s scrubbing up column, peter greenhouse of the british association for sexual health & hiv ( bashh ) argues financial incentives will be needed to seek a new cure. we ' re all familiar with stories about hospital - acquired superbugs - mrsa and the like - becoming more difficult to treat, and are fearful whenever an elderly relative needs in - patient care. but now, with a report from japan of multidrug - resistant gonorrhoea, and the festive season in full swing, the spectre of an untreatable sexually transmitted infection looms over us - and our teenagers - for the first time in a generation. since penicillin was first used to treat gonorrhoea in 1943, the organism has gradually developed novel means of evading control by each new antibiotic. for treatment to be effective and practical, it must be simple to administer by mouth as a single dose, achieving a high enough concentration of the drug in the body to treat over 95 % of infections. if the efficacy drops below this figure, the treatment has to change. but over - the - counter medication, widely available in africa and asia means people self - medicate often taking the wrong dose at the wrong time, perhaps with alcohol which further reduces the concentration of the drug. strains of gonorrhoea which need a higher concentration of a drug to kill them become the dominant ones. this keeps happening until the drug no longer works. if gonorrhoea becomes untreatable in these countries, the effect on increasing hiv rates could be disastrous - because any sexually transmitted infection which causes inflammation and discharge increases the transmission efficiency of hiv. on average, transmission is five times more likely to occur if gonorrhoea or chlamydia are present in the uk, the situation is monitored annually by the health protection agency, providing an essential early warning of drugs which are about to fail, allowing a switch of treatment regimes before they become ineffective. there ' s a desperate world - wide demand for new antibiotics, yet the drug companies aren ' t interested \u201d ciprofloxacin - a drug introduced in the mid - 1980s after the failure of penicillin - lasted in the uk until 2002 : this may have survived longer because of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.420008346299651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe523499-838c-400f-bae6-9c2bb3623a4d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.229103"}
{"text": "new antibiotics, yet the drug companies aren ' t interested \u201d ciprofloxacin - a drug introduced in the mid - 1980s after the failure of penicillin - lasted in the uk until 2002 : this may have survived longer because of the world - wide drop in gonorrhoea rates following the arrival of hiv, when fear of the new virus meant people practised safe - sex and changed partners less. but it had already failed in the far east, some four years previously. resistance develops faster in homosexual men, not just because of high rates of partner change. most people don ' t realise that oral sex is an important route of transmission for gonorrhoea, which doesn ' t usually cause a sore throat. gonorrhoea mixes with organisms which live naturally in the rectum and throat, picking up new types of antibiotic resistance from these bugs. the next drug, cefixime, was introduced around 2003, but lasted only six years in the uk before resistance rose suddenly, hitting 25 % among homosexual men. now, their only treatment option is an injection ( ceftriaxone ) which has recently failed in japan. but why isn ' t there a new drug in development? since the mid - 1980s and the arrival of hiv, almost all drug company research has focused on antiviral medicines, with no new classes of antibiotics being produced since the 1970s, and none on the horizon. there ' s a desperate world - wide demand for new antibiotics, yet the drug companies aren ' t interested, so how could we motivate them? financial reality dictates research policy : why bother to develop a drug which works in one day or one week, when you could make one - such as an antidepressant, statin or antiviral - which must be taken for months, for years, or for life? so either the new drug ( s ) would have to be seriously expensive, precluding their use where they would be most needed, or there would have to be a substantial reward offered, perhaps of a magnitude only affordable by a fund such as the gates foundation. yet even if novel drugs could be produced, the biology and transmission dynamics of gonorrhoea mean that each new regime would probably fail within five - to - ten years of its introduction, unless we use multi - dose, multi - drug regimes, which will be less practical and more expensive to administer. faced with this, what can we do to stay sexually healthy? stay at home, or take", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4325689997628576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe523499-838c-400f-bae6-9c2bb3623a4d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.230081"}
{"text": "to - ten years of its introduction, unless we use multi - dose, multi - drug regimes, which will be less practical and more expensive to administer. faced with this, what can we do to stay sexually healthy? stay at home, or take your partner to the new year party : if that ' s not possible, use condoms - meticulously, and visit your local clinic - frequently. harvard citationbbc news, 2011. gonorrhoea - the drugs don ' t work. [ online ] ( updated 23 dec 2011 ) available at : http : / / www. ukwirednews. com / news. php / 212819 - gonorrhoea - the - drugs - dont - work [ accessed 14th may 2013 ] at 07 : 53 : 07 in businessa group of international investors is interested in buying uk water supplier severn trent, the company has said.... at 07 : 49 : 21 in walesmajor road safety works have started on a one - mile stretch of coast road at flintshire which has been the scene of serious accidents.... at 07 : 48 : 53 in englandstuart hazell is due to be sentenced later after admitting mid - trial to killing his partner ' s granddaughter.... at 07 : 47 : 03 in walesan independent tv company has issued redundancy notices to 10 members of staff due to a cut in work from welsh language broadcaster s4c.... at 07 : 43 : 33 in walesfurther forensic evidence is expected to be heard later in the trial of the man accused of murdering april jones.... at 07 : 41 : 47 in walesa cardiff theatre was asked to explain by the arts council of wales why there was no plan to tackle an \u00a3800, 000 overspend, it has emerged.... at 07 : 40 : 22 in entertainmenthollywood actress angelina jolie has undergone a double mastectomy to reduce her chances of getting breast cancer.... at 07 : 32 : 39 in headlinesa boat carrying rohingya muslims has capsized off western burma, aid agencies say.... at 07 : 31 : 47 in businessindia ' s top drugmaker ranbaxy laboratories is to pay a record fine in the us for lying to officials and selling badly made generic drug... at 07 : 31 : 30 in northern irelandpolice have issued a description of a man they want to question about the rape of a teenage girl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43814877205035224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fe523499-838c-400f-bae6-9c2bb3623a4d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.231007"}
{"text": "sickle cell anemia is the most common inherited disease in people of african heritage. it affects one of every 400 african american newborns. this disease causes red blood cells to stiffen and twist into jagged shapes, blocking blood vessels and preventing normal blood flow. this leads to pain, anemia and damage to vital tissues and organs. without proper treatment, one in 10 children with sickle cell anemia may suffer a stroke before age 20. most will suffer a second stroke within three years. today, only regular blood transfusion therapy can prevent stroke in high - risk children with sickle cell anemia. in fact, 70 to 80 percent of all patients with sickle cell disease will have at least one transfusion by the age of 20. transfusions make it possible to maintain a relatively low level of abnormal ( sickle ) blood and a protective level of normal blood. to accomplish this, transfusions or exchange treatments must be given frequently, as often as every four weeks. this means that children with sickle cell anemia depend on the generosity of healthy volunteer blood donors. over time, children with sickle cell anemia may develop allergic - like reactions to the red blood cells of donors, and it becomes increasingly difficult to find red blood cells for their transfusions. children with sickle cell anemia are less likely to suffer these adverse reactions to blood from donors of african heritage, but blood is needed from donors of all backgrounds. how to help a supply of healthy blood is vital to stroke prevention and medical treatment of children with sickle cell anemia. ironically, people of african heritage are underrepresented in the donor pool. but it doesn ' t have to be this way : - ask friends, family members and neighbors of african heritage to consider becoming volunteer blood donors. - arrange a gathering at your place of worship... - organize a blood drive in your community. we will help!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45503499588132224, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:869b6759-0b37-4ef9-8d9b-f1551e1e8d79>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.232933"}
{"text": "dhaka, 22 march 2010 - urgent action is needed to address arsenic contamination of water and food in order to mitigate its impact on the health of millions of bangladeshi people, according to a document released today by the government of bangladesh and the united nations. the publication titled towards an arsenic safe environment in bangladesh was officially launched in dhaka on the occasion of world water day by begum matia chowdhury, minister of agriculture, syed ashraful islam, minister of local government and rural development & co - operatives, and dr. a. f. m ruhul haque, minister of health and family welfare, and the un resident coordinator in bangladesh, renata lok dessallien. according to the presentation made by dr a. atiq rahman, a leading author of the publication and renowned environmentalist, arsenic contamination poses major challenges to achieve the goal of safe water for all by 2011. a recent survey by the bangladesh bureau of statistics and unicef reveals that 12. 6 per cent of households equivalent to about 20 million people still drink water containing arsenic above the government standard of 50 micrograms per liter. in addition scientists have identified emerging threats in the health and agriculture sectors. there is now more evidence of the health impact of arsenic, which can significantly increase mortality from various cancers, heart attacks and cardio - pulmonary diseases. it is also recognised that arsenic can impair the intellectual function of children. research also suggests that rice irrigated with arsenic contaminated water can contribute substantially to the daily intake of arsenic in bangladesh because it is the main staple food. \u2018 as we celebrate the world water day with the theme of \u2018 clean water for a healthy world \u2019, it is time to take stock of progress made so far and devise a new plan in order to provide arsenic safe water to the 20 million people still at risk \u2019, said syed asharful islam, minister of local government and rural development and co - operatives. \u2018 a sector development plan is already being devised, taking into account the latest situation assessment. \u2019 in addition to water, recent data from south - western districts of bangladesh indicate that rice also contains arsenic due to water irrigation. the average daily intake of arsenic from rice for a bangladeshi adult is estimated at approximately 100 micrograms arsenic while the who potential maximum tolerable daily intake ( pmdti ) for a 65 kg adult is 140 micrograms. arsenic may enter the food chain through rice straw used to feed cattle. food security is also at risk as accumulation of arsenic in the soil through the use of groundwater irrigation may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4742506563742575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dd4d416-892d-41e7-bb31-1e3df66c1318>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.243866"}
{"text": "( pmdti ) for a 65 kg adult is 140 micrograms. arsenic may enter the food chain through rice straw used to feed cattle. food security is also at risk as accumulation of arsenic in the soil through the use of groundwater irrigation may reduce crops yields. \u2018 the ministry of agriculture has taken steps to ensure the proper management of surface water including rainwater conservation \u2019, said begum matia chowdhury, minister of agriculture. \u2018 we will have to augment the use of surface water and simultaneously limit the use of both surface and groundwater to reduce accumulation of arsenic in crops and food sources. \u2019 according to the publication, arsenic poses health risks to a significant proportion of the population. children are particularly vulnerable to arsenic poisoning. the well - know skin lesions caused by arsenic are only the tip of the iceberg of many health consequences, including cancers, lung and heart diseases. \u2018 raising awareness among people on the danger of arsenic is essential \u2019, said dr. a. f. m ruhul haque, minister of health and family welfare. \u2018 health workers can disseminate arsenic - related core messages, while the government will continue to invest in screening and treatment of arsenicosis patients in affected districts. \u2019 towards an arsenic safe environment in bangladesh includes clear recommendations for mitigating the impact of arsenic in the three sectors of water, health and agriculture, providing a road map for the government and development partners. robust arsenic monitoring and screening system are necessary in all sectors while overall coordination is essential to ensure that mitigation in one sector does not negatively affect efforts made in other sectors. \u2018 urgent action is needed to re - focus the attention of the nation towards an arsenic safe environment \u2019, said renata lok dessallien, un resident coordinator in her speech. \u2018 concerted efforts by the government and all stakeholders are necessary to reinvigorate arsenic monitoring and mitigation efforts and conduct comprehensive research on emerging threats. \u2019 three un agencies, fao, unicef, who and the water and sanitation program of the world bank have been providing continuous support to the government in addressing the unprecedented challenge of arsenic contamination. this has included several large - scale initiatives to provide access to alternative safe drinking - water supplies ; research into the health impacts, patient management, and arsenic presence in the food chain ; capacity building through training of health sector and water supply sector staff, and strengthening of institutional capacity. for more information contact : fao : mr shahidul islam, national consultant, tel : 8119422 / 017326088", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4876998552403984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0dd4d416-892d-41e7-bb31-1e3df66c1318>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.245029"}
{"text": "we once reported that it rains more on weekends. now scientists say it rains less on weekends. but they all agree on the reason : air pollution. a new nasa study has found that summer storms in the southeaster us occur more often midweek than on weekends. they think the cause of this is air pollution created by traffic exhaust and other emissions which creates small particles that tend to \" seed \" clouds. livescience. com quotes researcher thomas bell as saying, \"? it ' s well known that particulate matter has the potential to affect how clouds behave, and this kind of evidence makes the argument stronger for a link between pollution and heavier rainfall. \" unfortunately, causing it to rain isn ' t all these particles do! art credit : freeimages. co. uk when it ' s raining, stay indoors and catch up on your radio listening. regular unknowncountry. com. listeners only have access to a month of shows, but subscribers can listen? and re - listen? for an entire year, as well as download shows to an mp3 disc so you can listen in your car and in other places away from your computer. you get all this for less than $ 4 per month, as well as get 10 % off the great items you can only find in our website store as well as special subscriber interviews just for you as well as a chance to chat with your favorite dreamland guests. so what are you waiting for? subscribe today! note : this news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4595001341168224, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3304caf6-8715-42d0-a288-268cc2a5c41b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.246724"}
{"text": "greenbelt, md., aug. 16 ( upi ) - - an instrument aboard a nasa orbiter has detected helium in the moon ' s tenuous atmosphere, the space agency said. these remote - sensing observations by the lunar reconnaissance orbiter confirm measurements taken in 1972 by an experiment deployed on the moon ' s surface by apollo 17, a nasa release reported wednesday. the instrument aboard the lro examined ultraviolet emissions in the tenuous atmosphere above the lunar surface, detecting helium in measurements spanning more than 50 orbits. \" the question now becomes, does the helium originate from inside the moon, for example, due to radioactive decay in rocks, or from an exterior source, such as the solar wind? \" said alan stern of the space science and engineering division at southwest research institute, boulder, colo. \" if we find the solar wind is responsible, that will teach us a lot about how the same process works in other airless bodies, \" stern said. if additional observations rule out the solar wind, then radioactive decay or other internal lunar processes could be producing helium that diffuses from the moon ' s interior or is released during lunar quakes, scientists said. \" these ground - breaking measurements were enabled by our flexible operations of lro as a science mission, so that we can now understand the moon in ways that were not expected when lro was launched in 2009, \" richard vondrak, lro project scientist at nasa ' s goddard space flight center, greenbelt, md., said. | additional science news stories | toronto, may 25 ( upi ) - - a canadian man has been charged with sexually assaulting a 9 - year - old girl in toronto more than 20 years ago. burbank, calif., may 24 ( upi ) - - baz luhrmann ' s big - screen adaptation of the classic novel, \" the great gatsby, \" has crossed the $ 100 million mark at the north american box office. washington, may 24 ( upi ) - - the u. s. food and drug administration says it ' s taken a close look at a mobile app that analyzes photos of urine samples and has been in contact with its maker.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5301187516090391, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb3b5a6b-302c-47ec-be49-e731b57d2c87>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.249067"}
{"text": "attack by the squash vine borer is characterized by sudden wilt of the plant. larvae bore within stems, usually in the lower one meter ( three feet ) of the stem. stems can be girdled by borers, preventing water and nutrients from circulating in the plant. the point where a borer enters a stem is marked by a hole exuding yellow granular or sawdust - like frass. injured vines often decay and become wet and shiny. infested plants may be weakened or they can die ; the ultimate effect on the plant depends on the number of borers and their location. over 100 larvae have been found in a single plant. if a plant wilts but there is no evidence of borers, other possible causes include root feeding by larval cucumber beetles and bacterial pumpkins and gourds are attacked by the squash vine borer. hubbard squash is preferred over other hosts ; butternut squash tends to be less susceptible than others. cucumbers and melons are usually eggs are oval, flattened, dull - red in color, and 1 mm ( 1 / 25 inch ) in diameter. the larva is a fat, grub - like caterpillar with a white wrinkled body and a brown head. a fully - grown larva is 25 mm ( 1 inch ) long. the pupa is brown and 16 mm ( 5 / 8 inch ) long, and contained inside a cocoon that is made of earth - covered black silk and is 19 mm ( 3 / 4 vine borer larva. photo from the university of connecticut cooperative extension. the adult is a moth that looks like a wasp ; the body is black with orangish - red markings, and the hind legs are feathery with black and orange hairs. the front wings are metallic green, and the hind wings are transparent ; the wingspan is 25 to 37 mm ( 1 to 1. 5 inch ). male and female moths are similar, although the male is more colorful, smaller, has a narrower abdomen, and more feathery antennae. vine borer overwinters as a fully - grown larva in cocoons in the soil, 2 to 15 cm ( 1 to 6 inches ) deep. it pupates in the spring and the adult ( a moth ) emerges in june. these moths are distinct in that they are active during the daytime, resting on leaves in the evening ; most moths are active at night. the moths fly slowly in zig - zags around plants and lay eggs singly on stems ; eggs are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4106241814880618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8e68684-13c0-47b4-b2b1-88cbccd2c9df>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.252827"}
{"text": ". these moths are distinct in that they are active during the daytime, resting on leaves in the evening ; most moths are active at night. the moths fly slowly in zig - zags around plants and lay eggs singly on stems ; eggs are usually found on the main stem near the base, but are also found on leafstalks or on the undersides of leaves. moths are active for about one month. eggs hatch in 9 to 14 days. larvae enter the stem at the plant base within a few hours after hatching from the eggs. larvae feed inside the stem for four to six weeks. fully - grown larvae leave the stems and crawl into the soil to pupate. there is usually one generation per year, but a partial or complete second generation vine borer is most susceptible to natural enemies in the egg stage. the eggs are commonly attacked by parasitic wasps. larval and adult ground beetles can attack the larvae of the squash vine borer, but do not appear to cause significant mortality. vines soon after harvest to destroy any larvae still inside stems. or plow the soil in fall or spring to destroy overwintering cocoons. vines at leaf joints with moist soil, to promote formation of secondary roots that will support the plant if the main root and stem are crop of very early - planted hubbard squash can be used to alleviate pest pressure from other cucurbits. for small gardens : borers can be removed from vines if detected before much damage is done. examine stems in early summer ; once holes are detected, slit the stem longitudinally with a fine sharp knife, remove the borer, then cover the wounded stem with moist soil above the point of injury to promote additional root formation. can be covered with a barrier, such as strips of nylon stockings, to prevent egg laying. and destroy the moths, especially at twilight or in early morning when they are resting on the upper side of leaf bases. the eggs before they hatch. the squash vine borer can be killed by chemicals, but appropriate timing is crucial. an insecticide is effective when applied as eggs are hatching. a preventive treatment regime consists of applying an insecticide when vines begin to run, and re - applying every seven to ten days for three to five weeks. the application should be directed to the base of plants, at crowns and runners. chemicals used for borer control in gardens include pyrethrum, malathion or carbaryl ( sevin ), applied as sprays or dusts. the biological insecticide b. t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40867327869213715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8e68684-13c0-47b4-b2b1-88cbccd2c9df>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.255706"}
{"text": "scoping out sunglasses you may think we wear sunglasses for comfort and fashion. but here ' s another important reason to wear sunglasses - - to protect the health of your eyes. if you spend long hours in the sun without protection, you increase your exposure to ultraviolet ( uv ) rays, an invisible form of radiation from sunlight. overexposure to uv - a and uv - b radiation causes damage to the skin and eyes. you can damage the surface of your eyes in the same way you can get sunburned - - with just one exposure to extremely bright sunlight reflected off sand, snow, or water. exposure to sunlight over years can lead to vision loss from cataracts or macular degeneration. conditions that put eyes at risk according to the american academy of ophthalmology ( aao ) and the american optometric association ( aoa ), these are conditions that put the eyes of adults and children at risk : surfaces such as snow, sand, water, and concrete that reflect uv rays. high altitudes or low latitudes. exposure to uv rays is higher in the mountains or closer to the equator - - in the caribbean, for example time of day. uv radiation is usually at its highest from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m. as a rule - of - thumb, check your shadow ; if it is shorter than you, uv radiation is at a higher intensity. if it is longer, uv radiation is at a lower intensity. time of year. uv radiation is higher in the spring and summer, or may to august in the northern hemisphere, and lower in the fall. precautions to take don \u2019 t look directly at the sun. the aao and aoa say that damage to eyes from looking directly at the sun during an eclipse is from thermal rays of the sun, not uv radiation, so sunglasses won \u2019 t protect your eyes. don \u2019 t look directly at an eclipse. wear sunglasses that protect your eyes from uva and uvb rays when you are outside ; wear them even on cloudy days. wear a hat to provide additional protection for not only your eyes, but also your skin. wear it even on cloudy days. these precautions are especially important for people who have lighter skin or light - colored eyes, and for people who take medicines that increase the skin \u2019 s and eyes ' sensitivity to sunlight. these medications include tetracycline, doxycycline, allopurinol, sulfa drugs, birth control pills, diuretics, phenothiazine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4994923555853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ee5363d-4e1c-4bd7-95ea-3186a02b3269>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.259267"}
{"text": "increase the skin \u2019 s and eyes ' sensitivity to sunlight. these medications include tetracycline, doxycycline, allopurinol, sulfa drugs, birth control pills, diuretics, phenothiazine, and psoralens. what features should you look for? the aao and aoa advise against buying sunglasses that say they \u201c block uv radiation \u201d without saying how much is blocked. if they don \u2019 t block 99 to 100 percent, do not buy them. either plastic or glass lenses can absorb uv light, but the protection of either can be improved by the addition of a clear uv coating. according to the aao and aoa, mirror coating and gradient tinting of lenses do not offer uv protection. the color and degree of darkness of lenses do not mean the lenses can block uv rays. polarized lenses block glare, but offer no uv protection. photochromic lenses, or lenses that change from light to dark when exposed to uv rays, may offer protection. wraparound sunglasses keep light from shining on your eyes from the sides, offering more protection. polycarbonate lenses offer 99 percent uv protection. for comfort, sunglasses should be free of distortion and imperfection. look through the glasses at arm ' s length and move them slowly across, up and down over a square pattern, such as floor tile. if the lines sway or wiggle, the lenses are imperfect. you also should check lenses to ensure the color is exactly the same throughout. if you play sports, consider getting special impact - resistant lenses made from polycarbonate plastic. get them with a scratch - resistant coating.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47459753960938983, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9ee5363d-4e1c-4bd7-95ea-3186a02b3269>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.259882"}
{"text": "it \u2019 s a painful affliction that nights many lives \u2014 but it can be overcome an interview with philip zimbardo, professor of social psychology at stanford university q professor zimbardo, what is shyness? a. shyness is shrinking from human contact, often because of a feeling of inferiority and fear of taking risks. it is an alienating force that prevents us from realizing our potential and enjoying the company of other people. among the notables who have at some time in their lives defined themselves as shy are prince charles, president and mrs carter and film star catherine deneuve. many celebrities who publicly do not appear shy nevertheless experience the pain of shyness. q. is a person born shy? a. shyness evolves out of the particular experiences we have in the home, at school and with our 134 peers. research we \u2019 ve been doing for the past six years shows that a quarter of the people who are shy as adults were not shy as children. on the other hand, a fair percentage of people who were shy as children stop being shy at some point in adulthood. the sad people are those who are shy all their lives and browse http : / / www. anotherway. org / 2012 / 10 / review - of - top - ranked - canon - digital - cameras - on - amazon /. i have some very distressing correspondence with elderly people who say things like, \u201c my greatest wish is not to be shy for one day in my life. \u201d this was from a great - grandmother in her seventies. q. is shyness necessarily a bad trait? a. shyness can make some people more appealing. modest and reserved, they contribute by being good listeners and not hogging the limelight. we \u2019 ve studied more than 7, 000 people, and a minority list such traits as positive aspects. but well over 75 per cent say shyness for them is negative. shyness makes it difficult to meet new people, to make friends. it prevents an individual from speaking up, expressing opinions and values. with authorities such as a boss or a teacher, the shy are less likely to communicate effectively or express justifiable criticism. the shy person does not present himself or herself in the best possible light. shyness tends to encourage self - consciousness at the cost of being concerned about and relating to other people. in the extreme, shyness can result in depression, anxiety and loneliness. shy people have difficulty in intimate situations. it is not unreasonable to implicate shyness as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47287913714294527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1eb513f-9f33-4d4c-ad2f-292c981608fd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.264048"}
{"text": "self - consciousness at the cost of being concerned about and relating to other people. in the extreme, shyness can result in depression, anxiety and loneliness. shy people have difficulty in intimate situations. it is not unreasonable to implicate shyness as a decisive factor in impotence and frigidity. q. what is the basic cause of shyness? a. at the core is an excessive concern for security, going with what you know rather than chancing something uncertain. shy people lose out by not experimenting with life, by letting other people and situations control their reactions. i know shy university students who can \u2019 t ask the college librarian a question and instead will spend hours wandering round the library stacks. if they \u2019 re poor, those who are shy are reluctant to use available social or welfare resources. some people are even too shy to seek professional help. q. what can be done to help those who are shy? a. many things. shy people are very concerned about being negatively evaluated. everything in their lives is a performance \u2014 in the sense that they imagine others to be continually evaluating them. they can \u2019 t feel comfortable with other people, their \u201c judges. \u201d thus, a parent should start early to communicate to a child that he or she is loved unconditionally. the child should never experience a sense that his or her self - worth and existence depend upon social approval or current performance. it should be made clear that a person, young or old, has worth independent of his or her latest achievement, bank account or looks. q. what about the difficulties shy people experience at work? a. shy people tend to be more dissatisfied and have lower morale in their work setting than the not - shy worker. they typically feel that their contributions are not being recognized, that they are being passed over when it comes to handing out rewards. they are less likely than their non - shy peers to make their supervisors aware of what they are doing. in a big company, if the shy worker does his job well he tends not to be noticed. essentially, that person is anonymous. he does not want to be anonymous ; he wants to be outstanding \u2014 but not to take risks. that \u2019 s the conflict inherent in shyness. q. can shy people correct this condition on their own? a. if the problem is severe, they should seek professional help. but many people can be helped by making a commitment to changing their shyness. one of the most important things for them to learn is sets of skills about how you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47062128135845316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b1eb513f-9f33-4d4c-ad2f-292c981608fd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.265385"}
{"text": "web activity may contain a number of components. be sure to read the entire page and complete the required steps. some of the activities are located at other web sites. if you are sent to another site, be sure to return to this page to ensure that you have completed all of the components of the web activity. to know this site. the links listed under the \" useful links \" tab in the left column on this page will take you to different web sites. each site has a different look and intent, but all of them contain useful information. you will want to visit these sites as we advance from algebra into calculus. to better understand what the course will entail, read the advice from former math 175 students. the advice can be found here. choose a few that are from students that have the same major as you and a couple that have a different major. some time reviewing the algebra that will be needed in the course by downloading the \" are you ready for calculus? \" document located at this site. this site contains documents that have both a set of questions and a set of answers ( the details are not provided, so ask questions in class if you need help ). once you have reviewed algebra, take an on - line quiz by clicking here. have paper and a pencil ready and work out each problem and then select the correct answer. you may use your book, the links on this site, your calculator, and your notes to help you do well on the quiz. after you have answered all of the questions, submit your quiz ( by pressing the ` submit for grade ' button at the bottom of the page. when you do this, you will see your score. near the bottom of the results page, you will see a ` routing information ' box similar to the one pictured below. you need to fill in your name, your email address, and the email address of your professor. also, be sure to select \" html \" in the pull down menu under \" send as \" and then press the ` e - mail results ' button. when you have looked over the site and have read the advice, and after you have completed the quiz, answer the questions located on the following survey ( your responses will be sent to your instructor ). use your campus username and password ( the ones you use to check email ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4953325661152983, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f5079eb4-c066-46e6-94d0-d8fcbaa80fd6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.269388"}
{"text": "phenomena described by geophysicist in non - technical terms as alaska \u2019 s billion lakes become colder and harder, some of them will sport mysterious, spidery cracks extending from small holes in the ice. this phenomenon inspired a geophysicist to figure out what he calls \u201c lake stars. \u201d \u201c i thought something so pretty and relatively commonly observed should be understandable, so i pursued it, \u201d said victor tsai, who wrote perhaps the only paper in existence on lake stars. tsai, a geophysicist with the seismological laboratory at the california institute of technology, developed a mathematical model to explain how the stars form. he recently gave a less technical description of the conditions needed for lake stars to blossom. \u201c you need relatively thin ice, and a thick snow cover, \u201d he said. \u201c the lake needs to have just frozen over and then had a heavy enough snow to weigh the ice down enough that the snow can become wet from lake water. \u201d tsai became interested in lake stars when he spent a summer at woods hole oceanographic institution in massachusetts. there, he found that, while many people had guessed at what caused lake stars, there was no established theory to explain them. he set up a lab experiment in which he created the stars indoors, using a plate cooled below freezing. through a dish of slush, he fed a steady drip of water one degree above freezing. narrow channels formed in all of his attempts, and he wrote a 13 - page paper on \u201c the formation of radial fingers emanating from a central source. \u201d he provides here a non - technical version on how the stars form : from a hole in the ice, relatively warm lake water flows upward and infiltrates the slushy snow on top. water then flows outwards through the slush. some areas of slush melt more due to variations in water flow, allowing an arm of the star to grow faster. as the arms grow, cold robs the water of heat, slowing the growth of some arms and allowing others to sprout. lake stars are somewhat reminiscent of a feature familiar to most alaskans, windshield cracks. michael marder, a physicist at the university of texas in austin, once explained to me how they happen. a windshield, he said, isn ' t one solid piece of glass, it \u2019 s two layers pressed around a layer of plastic, which keeps glass from flying during an accident. the entire windshield is about as thick as a pile of five dimes. during windshield manufacture, a machine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5539582526782618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:703f01c6-a707-4a42-9d1a-30047283dc45>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.276487"}
{"text": "' t one solid piece of glass, it \u2019 s two layers pressed around a layer of plastic, which keeps glass from flying during an accident. the entire windshield is about as thick as a pile of five dimes. during windshield manufacture, a machine presses glass onto the plastic with a pressure of about 800 atmospheres, which is about 800 times the force earth ' s atmosphere exerts on us. auto glass formed under such stress shuns blows that would shatter house window glass. car windshield glass would be as rock - resistant as granite if it were not for invisible flaws, marder said. flying gravel sometimes finds a weak spot in the glass, leaving behind a pitted, round indentation. water vapor in the air, even in tiny amounts, helps cracks expand across a windshield. water molecules act like scissors with edges no thicker than an atom, travelling to the tip of a crack and snipping glass apart. temperature differences enhance the growth of cracks. if a windshield ' s inner surface is 70 degrees fahrenheit on a 40 - below - zero day, a war is being waged within the glass. the cold outside surface of the glass contracts as the hot surface expands. at the interface, cracks expand. both the water vapor and temperature scenarios need another element to lengthen lines on a dimpled windshield \u2014 bumpy motion, which pulls the glass apart. because most alaska road crews spread gravel for winter traction, we have, in good quantity, all the ingredients for cracked windshields. ( since the late 1970s, the university of alaska fairbanks \u2019 geophysical institute has provided this column free in cooperation with the uaf research community. ned rozell is a science writer for the geophysical institute. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5072235905543557, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:703f01c6-a707-4a42-9d1a-30047283dc45>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.277228"}
{"text": "mange - demodectic in dogs mange is a parasitic skin disease caused by microscopic mites. two different mange mites cause skin disease in dogs. one lives just under the surface of the skin, while the other resides deep in the hair follicles. although both mites share similar characteristics, there are also important differences. it is important not to confuse the two types of mange because they have different causes, treatments, and prognoses. what causes demodectic mange? demodectic mange, sometimes just called \" demodex \" or \" red mange \", is the most common form of mange in dogs. it is caused by the demodex canis, a parasite that lives in the hair follicles of dogs. under the microscope, this mite is shaped like a cigar with eight legs. \" as long as the body ' s immune system is functioning properly, these mites cause no harm. \" all normal dogs ( and many humans ) have a few of these mites on their skin. as long as the body ' s immune system is functioning properly, these mites cause no harm. demodectic mange most often occurs when a dog has an immature immune system, allowing the number of skin mites to increase rapidly. as a result, this disease occurs primarily in dogs less than twelve to eighteen months of age. as the dog matures, its immune system also matures. adult dogs that have the disease usually have defective immune systems. demodectic mange may occur in older dogs because function of the immune system often declines with age. dogs who have immune suppression due to illness or certain medications are also candidates for demodectic mange. is demodectic mange contagious? \" demodectic mange is not contagious to other animals or humans. \" no, demodectic mange is not contagious to other animals or humans. demodex mites are transmitted to puppies from their mother during the first few days of life. since the mite is found on virtually all dogs, exposure of a normal dog to one with demodectic mange is not dangerous. why doesn ' t the immune system mature correctly in some dogs? development of the immune system is under genetic or hereditary control. thus, an affected dog often has littermates that are also affected. owners of littermates should be alerted to watch for the development of mange in their puppies. because the disease is due to a genetic defect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48558682641326373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbb67c1b-06d6-4aeb-88e7-7d3d472a96ff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.283643"}
{"text": "is under genetic or hereditary control. thus, an affected dog often has littermates that are also affected. owners of littermates should be alerted to watch for the development of mange in their puppies. because the disease is due to a genetic defect, affected dogs should not be bred, and the parents of the affected dog should not be bred again. what does demodectic mange do to the dog? surprisingly, a dog with demodectic mange usually does not itch severely, even though it loses hair in patches. the hair loss usually begins on the face, especially around the eyes. when there are only a few patches of hair loss, the condition is called localized demodectic mange. if the disease spreads to many areas of the skin, it becomes generalized demodectic mange. how is demodectic mange diagnosed? \" your veterinarian will take deep skin scrapings and examine them under the microscope to diagnose this disease. \" your veterinarian will take deep skin scrapings and examine them under the microscope to diagnose this disease. the finding of larger than normal numbers of demodex mites in skin scrapings confirms the diagnosis. occasionally, the disease will be diagnosed by means of a skin biopsy in dogs that have chronic skin infections that have not responded appropriately to treatment. how is demodectic mange treated? the localized form is usually treated with topical medication. the generalized form requires more aggressive treatment using special shampoos and dips, along with oral medication. shampooing with special cleansing shampoos containing benzoyl peroxide helps to flush out and open the hair follicles prior to dipping. a separate handout is available to describe the dipping process. in some cases, especially dogs with generalized demodectic mange, secondary skin infections complicate the condition, requiring antibiotic therapy. dogs with skin infections often have very red, inflamed skin. this is the source of the term \" red mange. \" are there any problems with topical treatment? the dip commonly used for demodectic mange contains the insecticide amitraz. it must be used cautiously because it is a strong insecticide that can cause side effects, both to your dog and to you, if not used properly. your dog may experience vomiting and sedation for twenty - four to thirty - six hours following each application. most of these problems are self - limiting and resolve without medical intervention. if your dog reacts in this manner, you should dil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47145385022566455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbb67c1b-06d6-4aeb-88e7-7d3d472a96ff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.284725"}
{"text": "not used properly. your dog may experience vomiting and sedation for twenty - four to thirty - six hours following each application. most of these problems are self - limiting and resolve without medical intervention. if your dog reacts in this manner, you should dilute the next dip with 25 % more water. since most dogs develop tolerance to the dip as they are repeated, your dog is less likely to have side effects with each subsequent treatment. after receiving two to three dipping treatments at seven - day intervals, skin scrapings should be repeated and examined for the presence of live mites or mite eggs. the results of these skin scrapings will determine whether further treatment is needed. i heard that there is a drug that can be given orally for demodectic mange. is that true? yes, under certain conditions. ivermectins are a class of drugs that are approved for prevention of heartworm disease in dogs and cats. milbemycin oxime, the active ingredient of interceptor\u00ae and sentinel\u00ae heartworm preventives, may be used to treat demodicosis in certain cases. certain ivermectins are used to treat parasites on cattle. in the past, the cattle preparation has been used orally for demodectic mange in some dogs. however, it is a very strong drug that can cause severe side - effects, including death, if it is not administered properly. it is not approved for use in dogs, so we would only consider using it as long as you are willing to accept liability for adverse effects. veterinarians do not generally recommend ivermectin usage in collies, shetland sheepdogs, australian shepherds, old english sheepdogs, or any other herding breed. advantage multi \u00ae, containing imidacloprid and moxidectin, is now labeled and approved for the treatment and control of generalized demodectic mange, and may be the treatment of choice for generalized disease. what is the prognosis for my dog? treatment of demodectic mange is generally successful. however, if the immune system is defective, neither the mites nor the infection may respond to treatment. with generalized demodicosis, successful treatment may take a long time. following successful treatment, is it likely to recur? \" it is important to treat as soon as a relapse occurs to minimize the possibility of developing uncontrollable problems. \" because the immune system does not mature until twelve to eighteen months of age, a dog with demode", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4141685306873808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbb67c1b-06d6-4aeb-88e7-7d3d472a96ff>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.285686"}
{"text": "iso has just published a new brochure giving a concise overview of its substantial portfolio of international standards that share state - of - the - art technology and good practice with the automotive sector worldwide. \" clearly, with more than a billion estimated road vehicles in use worldwide, \" the brochure states, \" if the automotive sector uses state - of - the - art standards for aspects such as safety, impact on the environment, and requirements for supply chain partners, this can have an enormous impact on all three dimensions of sustainable development \u2013 social, environmental and economic. \" the importance of this challenge is reflected by iso ' s response. out of a current total of nearly 19 000 iso international standards for almost all sectors of business and technology, some 900 have been developed for road vehicles and related technologies. \" iso standards provide benefits for manufacturers and supply chain partners ; regulators and health authorities ; vehicle owners and drivers, and road users including pedestrians. they cover all aspects of road vehicles : safety, ergonomics, performance, test methods, the environment, and the roll - out of innovative technologies. the focus of much of this work is iso technical committee iso / tc 22, road vehicles, which has so far developed more than 700 standards and updates. these range from standards addressing basics such as wheels, braking systems and road holding ability, to crash protection, child restraint systems and ergonomics. many aim to improve compatibility, interchangeability and safety, or to provide the requirements for harmonized test procedures for evaluating performance. its standards address road vehicles from mopeds, through cars to articulated good vehicles. twenty - six countries participate in developing standards within the committee, with another 41 as observers. other contributors include automotive sector associations and international bodies such as the world health organization. increasingly, road vehicles are integrated with systems and networks based on information and communication technologies with varied objectives such as safety, traffic control, navigation, fee collection and identification. today \u2019 s communications capabilities give the potential for vehicles to foresee and avoid collisions, transmit their position to emergency services in case of an accident, navigate the quickest route to their destination, make use of up - to - the - minute traffic reports, identify the nearest available parking slot, minimize their carbon emissions and provide multimedia communications. iso / tc 204, intelligent transport systems, is the principal focus in this area and has developed more than 110 standards and updates. twenty - six countries participate with another 24 as observers. iso / tc 31, tyres, rims and valves, has developed some 75 standards and updates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47263814173296176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c69bcf8-48ad-403e-83a1-f394359c381e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.292028"}
{"text": "transport systems, is the principal focus in this area and has developed more than 110 standards and updates. twenty - six countries participate with another 24 as observers. iso / tc 31, tyres, rims and valves, has developed some 75 standards and updates. twenty - one countries participate with another 26 as observers. the technical specification iso / ts 16949 has become the global benchmark for quality management by automotive suppliers. certification of conformity to iso / ts 16949 is often required of suppliers by the automobile manufacturers as a condition to tender for participation in global supply chains. up to the end of december 2010, at least 43 946 iso / ts 16949 : 2002 certificates, a growth of 7 %, had been issued in 84 countries and economies. the document is the work of iso / tc 176, quality management and quality assurance. the future iso 39001, road - traffic safety management systems, being developed by iso project committee iso / pc 241, road safety management, is widely regarded as a major contribution to the united nations ' decade of action for road safety 2011 - 2020. iso standards now under development address alternative power systems promising less pollution and therefore contributing to the fight again climate change. these include standards for electrically propelled vehicles and vehicles powered by gaseous fuels, as well as for the infrastructures necessary to support them. micro platers and paint earns certification via nsf international ' s automotive collision parts distributor certification program nsf certification program closes supply chain gap between parts manufacturers and body shops by addressing automotive parts traceability and recall processes. company receives certification under nsf international ' s automotive collision parts distribution program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4645612356732137, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c69bcf8-48ad-403e-83a1-f394359c381e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.293581"}
{"text": "virginia continues to be a top coal producer, but new rules and renewables challenge the industry \u2019 s futureapril 27, 2012 6 : 00 am by garry kranz coal mining took off in virginia when the railroads arrived in the 1880s. more than 130 years later, coal still fuels virginia \u2019 s economy. northern virginia \u2019 s tech sector depends on a steady supply of low - cost electricity, much of it derived from bitumen - rich appalachian coal. and virginia \u2019 s deepwater port in hampton roads \u2014 the largest coal exporting terminal in the u. s. \u2014 is a huge economic asset that neighboring coal states can only envy. coal mining is one of virginia \u2019 s oldest continuously operating industries, but the biggest question facing coal companies now is this : how does it adapt to the future? just like the commodity they coax from the earth, virginia \u2019 s coal companies and their national counterparts are under intense pressure. coal has fallen into disfavor amid fears that it contributes to carbon pollution and global warming, prompting new environmental regulations. in late march, the environmental protection agency ( epa ) announced the first - ever limits on carbon dioxide emissions for new coal power plants. under the new source performance standard, emissions could not exceed 1, 000 pounds of carbon dioxide per megawatt hour of electricity produced. that benchmark, say some industry observers, is impossible to attain without costly equipment to capture carbon emissions. the regulations face certain opposition in congress as well as legal challenges. still, they \u2019 re indicative of the enormous challenges facing the industry \u2014 challenges that could have an impact on a new $ 6 billion coal - power plant proposed for surry county. it will delay, if not altogether doom, plans by old dominion electric cooperative ( odec ) in glen allen. odec already has received zoning permits to build a 1, 200 - to 1, 500 - megawatt coal plant in dendron, and it owns another potential site in sussex county. the proposed cypress creek power station would supply electricity for 330, 000 to 375, 000 homes, depending on its eventual location. the plant is needed to keep pace with new demand for electricity, forecast to increase about 3 percent a year, says david hudgins, odec \u2019 s director of member and external relations. \u201c we need the base - load energy, and we need it to be as fuel - efficient as possible, \u201d he says. it \u2019 s unlikely the plant will be built before 2021 - 22, he adds, but the company has spent about $ 25 million", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44034428343091575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b05531a-b7e9-4820-a50c-4fa2feed56e1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.309488"}
{"text": "need the base - load energy, and we need it to be as fuel - efficient as possible, \u201d he says. it \u2019 s unlikely the plant will be built before 2021 - 22, he adds, but the company has spent about $ 25 million so far on land acquisitions, site work and preliminary testing. the new spate of environmental regs puts the plant \u2019 s future in doubt, though. \u201c the reality is we \u2019 re waiting for clarification of multiple new epa rules. we can \u2019 t spend big money on a new plant unless we know what the standard is going to be, \u201d hudgins says. for now and the near future, experts say coal - fired electricity will contribute significantly to virginia \u2019 s energy supply, to say nothing of america in general. that \u2019 s because it \u2019 s cheap and abundant, even in the face of plummeting prices for natural gas. \u201c the united states has about 250 billion to 300 billion tons of recoverable coal reserves. we are to coal what saudi arabia is to oil, \u201d says nino ripepi, a virginia tech professor with the virginia center for coal and energy research. about 1 billion tons of coal gets extracted annually in the u. s. even in virginia \u2014 where production is in the midst of a two - decade decline \u2014 ripepi says coal accounts for about 40 percent of all in - state generation of electric power, a figure not expected to change quickly in coming years. virginia imports about one - third of its electricity, second only to california. if coal use is discouraged, virginia probably will be forced to import even more electric power, increasing energy costs, repipi says. not surprisingly, big changes are afoot in virginia \u2019 s coal industry. despite howls of protest from environmentalists and citizens groups, dominion virginia power, the state \u2019 s largest regulated electric utility, is set to open a $ 1. 8 billion \u201c clean - coal \u201d plant in the southwest virginia hamlet of st. paul this summer. consolidation also is reshaping the state \u2019 s coal sector. bristol - based alpha natural resources last year became the second - largest u. s. coal company, in terms of revenue \u2014 and the third largest in production \u2014 after it bought massey energy co., a longtime virginia rival. the deal swelled alpha \u2019 s revenue to $ 7. 1 billion in 2011, second only to st. louis - based peabody energy inc. changes in virginia are emblematic of the flux within the coal industry in general. a relatively mild winter cut into demand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4337956055722655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b05531a-b7e9-4820-a50c-4fa2feed56e1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.310490"}
{"text": "deal swelled alpha \u2019 s revenue to $ 7. 1 billion in 2011, second only to st. louis - based peabody energy inc. changes in virginia are emblematic of the flux within the coal industry in general. a relatively mild winter cut into demand in 2011 and drove domestic coal prices lower than normal. good news for consumers \u2014 not so much for coal companies. in mid - april, stock prices for alpha natural resources had dropped by 75 percent and were down 80 percent at james river coal co. over the past year. coal prices are being depressed even further by a sudden surplus of natural gas, including newly unearthed shale deposits in pennsylvania, north dakota, wyoming and other states. in addition, the fast - growing economies of brazil, china and india, among others, are fueling a sustained building boom, supported by imports of high - quality u. s. metallurgical coal, used in the making of steel. in virginia, the macroeconomic challenges are magnified by bad geological luck. although it is consistently a top 10 producer, virginia is running out of available, easily accessible coal seams. virginia producers extracted 22. 4 million tons of coal in 2011, according to the federal energy information administration. that \u2019 s less than half of virginia \u2019 s all - time high of 46. 6 million tons in 1990. during the same time frame, lower - cost surface mines in western states have doubled their output, siphoning off business from appalachian states like virginia, where most mining occurs underground. \u201c our coal seams are thinner and deeper than our sister coal states. that makes it tougher and more expensive for us to recover mineable coal, \u201d says w. thomas hudson, president of the virginia coal association inc., a trade group in richmond. unfriendly environment for coal but the biggest worry is an uncertain regulatory climate, says brooks smith, an attorney with hunton & williams in richmond who represents several of the nation \u2019 s largest coal companies, including alpha natural resources. mining permits have slowed to a trickle as the epa implements tougher restrictions on mining, smith says. \u201c we believe the epa is trying to turn this situation on its head and upset the process, \u201d he says, referring to recent attempts by the agency to modify how permits are issued under the federal clean water act. the debate mostly centers on a 2008 study in which epa scientists concluded that entire orders of aquatic insects were being wiped out downstream of mountaintop - removal mining operations in central appalachia, which encompasses kentucky, virginia and west virginia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39147350978552703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b05531a-b7e9-4820-a50c-4fa2feed56e1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.311596"}
{"text": "clean water act. the debate mostly centers on a 2008 study in which epa scientists concluded that entire orders of aquatic insects were being wiped out downstream of mountaintop - removal mining operations in central appalachia, which encompasses kentucky, virginia and west virginia. the 20 - page report, \u201c downstream effects of mountaintop mining, \u201d prompted the epa to impose stricter rules designed to protect streams and waterways. critics say the new limits are based on assumptions, not science. \u201c it \u2019 s an attempt by the epa to establish a water - quality standard that no mining company can meet, \u201d says gene kitts, senior vice president of environmental affairs for alpha, who is based in charleston, w. va. not even a court decision has resolved the issue. the national mining association, a trade group in washington, d. c., sued the epa over the matter. the first phase of the litigation alleged that epa unlawfully obstructed clean water act permits, thus creating an unofficial moratorium on coal mining in the central appalachian region. late last year, u. s. district court judge reggie walton sided with the industry, ruling the epa had overstepped its authority and failed to follow established guidelines for federal rulemaking. the matter finally may be resolved in june, smith says. that \u2019 s when a motion of summary judgment is scheduled to be heard on the so - called \u201c guidance \u201d phase of the lawsuit. as the complex process gets sorted out, about 200 water - discharge permits for coal mining projects in virginia are in abeyance, smith says. hudson says it \u2019 s a double whammy on the coal industry : delaying the opening of new mines, while older mines can \u2019 t get renewals of their five - year operating permits. virginia \u2019 s mining sector already is feeling the impact. in february, hudson says, a & g coal corp. in wise county laid off 108 miners because of a slowdown in mining. then in march pennsylvania - based consol inc. announced it was idling production of metallurgical coal at its long - wall mine in buchanan county, which employs about 700 people. hudson says consol hasn \u2019 t announced layoffs, instead shifting employees to non - mining duties, \u201c but how long will it be before that work runs out? \u201d power outage ahead? the coal industry faces another hit, at least indirectly, from regulations aimed at u. s. power companies. icf international inc., a fairfax - based consulting firm, forecasts that america could lose up to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4298242547392175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b05531a-b7e9-4820-a50c-4fa2feed56e1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.312597"}
{"text": "? \u201d power outage ahead? the coal industry faces another hit, at least indirectly, from regulations aimed at u. s. power companies. icf international inc., a fairfax - based consulting firm, forecasts that america could lose up to 20 percent of its coal - fired electric generation during this decade. the main impetus : four newly proposed rules by the epa that could force utilities to either shut down older coal plants or make expensive upgrades. the report was prepared before epa announced its new caps in march on carbon emissions for new coal - fired plants. \u201c it \u2019 s going to require flexibility, careful planning and lots of discussion by all players in the industry to make sure the power grid continues to operate as these coal plants get decommissioned, \u201d says john blaney, a senior vice president with icf international. roanoke - based appalachian power co. plans to shutter its two virginia coal - fired generating plants by 2015 to comply with the mercury and air toxics standards rule and the cross - state air pollution rule, company spokesman todd burns says. the company, a subsidiary of columbus, ohio - based american electric power, or aep, serves about 500, 000 customers in western virginia. the closures in virginia include a 335 - megawatt coal unit in giles county and a 235 - megawatt coal station in russell county. two other russell county coal plants will be converted to burn natural gas. the shift is expected to result in the loss of 85 jobs in virginia, burns says. it is part of a larger effort by aep to retire nearly 6, 000 megawatts of coal generation in nine states. appalachian power customers could see their monthly electric bills jump 10 percent to 15 percent as a result, burns says. likewise dominion has announced plans to retire several coal - fired units at its chesapeake energy center in chesapeake and yorktown power station by 2016. the units total about 360 megawatts. output from a proposed $ 1 billion, 1, 300 - megawatt, natural gas - fired plant in brunswick county would replace electricity from those coal units and help dominion meet growing demand while also satisfying the latest federal clean - air standards. the company also plans to retire the 74 - megawatt north branch power station in late 2014 when a new 1, 300 - megawatt, natural gas warren county power station is complete. coal plants and controversies while u. s. energy producers wrestle with these potential impacts, dominion is testing the boilers at its soon - to - be - opened virginia city hybrid energy center in wise county", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4454567425921145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b05531a-b7e9-4820-a50c-4fa2feed56e1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.313668"}
{"text": "of nearly $ 85, 000, according to a recent report by chmura economics and analytics, a richmond - based econometrics firm. that \u2019 s more than double the $ 37, 757 average for all industries in the region. the report, prepared on behalf of the virginia coal association, says nearly 12 percent of local tax revenue in the region stems from coal. coal \u2019 s impact is not confined to the coalfields, however. \u201c virginia gets the double benefit from coal because of the port of virginia, \u201d says paul grossman, director of international trade and investment at the virginia economic development partnership. state coal exports shot up 30 percent year over year in 2011, generating nearly $ 1. 3 billion in revenue. grossman traces the spectacular one - year leap to growing worldwide coal consumption, notably for virginia \u2019 s high - quality metallurgical coal. global supplies are constrained as australia, the world \u2019 s largest coal exporter, recovers from flooding that disrupted its mining industry two years ago. all told, 40. 9 million short tons ( a short ton is equivalent to 2, 000 pounds ) of coal were shipped through harbors in hampton roads, most of it coking coal bound for emerging economies. china, the netherlands, spain and sweden all imported dramatically higher quantities of virginia coal. exports to japan \u2014 virginia \u2019 s 18th - largest import customer \u2014 were up an eye - popping 2, 406 percent as the island nation used coal to replenish base load electric power lost when nuclear reactors were damaged by a tsunami on march 11, 2011. railway giant norfolk southern corp. steamed to record revenues of $ 11. 2 billion in 2011, with increased coal shipments accounting for nearly one - third of the revenue growth, according to the company \u2019 s annual financial statement. prices for metallurgical coal tend to far outstrip prices for thermal coal ( used in making electricity ), thus making it more profitable to recover and process. after acquiring massey energy last june, alpha has become the new heavyweight in metallurgical coal, with total reserves of 1. 4 billion tons. \u201c that \u2019 s a lot of high - quality metallurgical coal in the ground that we can develop over time, \u201d alpha spokesman ted pile says. despite access to massey \u2019 s metallurgical coal, there was a downside to the deal : one of the worst safety records in the industry. alpha paid a record fine of $ 209. 3 million last year to settle ongoing criminal and civil suits related to a massive explosion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41232676311929967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6b05531a-b7e9-4820-a50c-4fa2feed56e1>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.315819"}
{"text": "census bureau releases alternative measures of poverty tuesday, january 4, 2011 ; 6 : 57 pm the census bureau took a baby step toward redefining what is considered poor in america on tuesday when it released several alternative measurements of poverty, fundamentally revising a one - size - fits - all formula developed in the 1960s by a civil servant. under a complex series of eight alternative measurements, the census bureau calculated that in 2009, the number of americans living in poverty could have been as few as 39 million or as many as almost 53 million. under the official calculation, the census estimated that about 44 million were subsisting on incomes below the poverty line of about $ 21, 750 for a family of four. the alternatives generally set the poverty threshold higher, as much as $ 29, 600 for a couple with two children. in september, the census estimated the nation ' s poverty rate in 2009 was 14. 3 percent. under the alternatives, it could have been as low as 12. 8 percent or as high as 17. 1 percent. for the time being, the government will continue to use the original poverty definition to determine eligibility for federal programs. the alternatives are experimental and will be revised every year, eventually winnowing them to one. the bureau ' s move is expected to reignite a debate over whether to replace the current measurement, as was recommended in 1995 by a blue - ribbon panel from the national academy of sciences ( nas ). the alternatives are offspring of the nas report. \" our interest was in getting a better measurement, \" said robert michael, a university of chicago dean who chaired the panel. \" that ' s politically difficult to do because of the entrenched benefits to those that are currently getting them. our interest was in understanding how our nation is doing in terms of serving the need. \" the current formula was devised by mollie orshansky, a civil servant in the social security administration who took the cost of a \" thrifty food basket \" for a family of four and multiplied it by three. her formula has been updated for inflation. it continues to harbor a number of quirks traceable to attitudes of a half - century ago, such as a $ 1, 000 reduction in the poverty line for people older than 65, largely because orshansky, an economist and statistician, believed older people eat less. the alternatives reflect a growing consensus among experts in the poverty field that the old formula does not adequately measure poverty in the 21st century. for example, it does not take into account the impact of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4688551705752756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9009f91b-9220-41f7-ae62-21aa35b99e1e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.322036"}
{"text": "economist and statistician, believed older people eat less. the alternatives reflect a growing consensus among experts in the poverty field that the old formula does not adequately measure poverty in the 21st century. for example, it does not take into account the impact of governmental anti - poverty programs, such as medicaid, welfare, food stamps, school lunches, subsidized housing or income tax credits. nor does it include a host of expenses typical in families with two working adults, such as child care, multiple automobiles and professional wardrobes. it also does not make any consideration for regional differences in the cost of living. although the poverty measurement is largely of interest to academics today, it has the potential to alter our perceptions of who is poor, how persistent a problem poverty is and whether policies should be reordered. the aarp, for one, recently noted that under the alternatives recommended by the nas panel, the number of elderly people considered poor would rise by more than 3 million, largely because expenses would include large out - of - pocket medical costs more typical of senior citizens. \" we often congratulate ourselves on the big drop in poverty levels that have taken place since the ' 60s, as we should, \" said john rother, vice president of the aarp. \" but this shows we haven ' t made as much progress as we like to think. particularly because of the increase in health - care costs, we ' re at risk of losing the progress we ' ve made. \" many experts say they expect that a refined alternative measurement eventually will replace the current measurement. \" if both are being published 10 years from now, i ' d hope no one would pay attention to the official measure anymore, \" said david betson, a notre dame economist who also was on the nas panel. \" this is not to stomp on the grave of mollie orshansky. she was a nice person. we all liked her. her measurement was probably right back in 1963, but that measurement ' s not right for today ' s society. statistics have to evolve. you have to make them relevant, \" betson said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4566224725812404, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9009f91b-9220-41f7-ae62-21aa35b99e1e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.322819"}
{"text": "nuclear expert arnie gundersen told cnn on monday that residents of seattle, washington, are breathing an average of 5 \u201c hot particles \u201d per day of radiation from fukushima : hot particles have an affinity for the lungs, and \u2013 if breathed in \u2013 can cause cancer down the road. as gundersen explained in an interview last friday : i am in touch with some scientists now who have been monitoring the air on the west coast and in seattle for instance, in april, the average person in seattle breathed in 10 hot particles a day. the report takes some time to make its way into the literature. the average human being breathes about 10 meters a day of air, cubic meters of air. and the air out in the seattle area are detecting, when they pull 10 cubic meters through them, this is in april now, so we are in the end of may so it is a better situation now. that air filter will have 10 hot particles on it. and that was before the unit four issue. clearly we all can \u2019 t run south of the equator to our second homes in rio or something like that. but it will stay north of the equator for anyone who has a leer jet and can get out. but i guess what i am advising at that point is keep your windows closed. i would definitely wear some sort of a filter if i was outside. i certainly wouldn \u2019 t run and exercise until i was sure the plume had dissipated. this isn \u2019 t now. this is, as you were saying, this is worst case. if unit four were to topple, i would close my windows, turn the air conditioner on, replace the filters frequently, damp mop, put a hepa filter in the house and try to avoid as much of the hot particles as possible. you are not going to walk out with a geiger counter and be in a plume that is going to tell you the meter. the issue will be on the west coast, hot particles. and the solution there is hepa filters and avoiding them. gundersen also told cnn that fukushima photos showed steam in march and april because it was cold. he said that the lack of visible steam doesn \u2019 t mean that radiation releases have stopped, only that the warmer air temperatures mean that releases won \u2019 t form visible steam. and he pointed out last week that the white house and nuclear regulatory commission recommend a 50 mile evacuation around fukushima, yet insist that the u. s. is safe with only a 10 mile evacuation : gundersen also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4914365657933139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:164fe51a-70d2-45d2-b4cc-2ee7c212512e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.325774"}
{"text": "information contained on this page is provided by newsusa, an independent third - party content provider. worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. / arnicare gel ) - basketball and bicycling rank highest for injuries among recreational sports, causing 1. 5 million accidents per year. baseball, soccer and softball follow, each with almost half a million injuries yearly, according to the u. s. consumer product safety commission. whether you ' re upping your own practice schedule or you ' re a parent of a student athlete headed back to school, heeding a few precautions goes a long way. here are some tips from osteopathic physician marcel fraix, member of the fellow of the american academy of physical medicine and rehabilitation ( faapmr ) and assistant professor at western university of health sciences. fraix is also a staff physician at casa colina centers for rehabilitation in california, where he specializes in sports - related disorders. * start with a check - up when possible. physical stress on a young body can be harmful when coupled with an underlying medical condition or heart problem. likewise, get an exam before stressing the heart if you ' re middle - aged and mostly sedentary. pre - conditioning programs for specific sports help. injuries usually occur at the beginning of the season, when you are most likely to be out of shape. building hamstrings and inner quadriceps muscles helps prevent knee injuries. * diligently use the proper safety equipment, e. g., mouth guards, safety goggles, helmets and elbow and knee pads. don ' t forget to apply sunscreen spf 15 or higher. * stay adequately hydrated with water or a water - electrolyte drink. replacing fluid lost from sweating is essential to maximize athletic performance and prevent heat exhaustion, especially during warm weather. * treat injuries on the spot. keep a first aid kit ready for cuts and scrapes, allergic reactions, insect bites and eye irritations. most importantly, be prepared to treat muscle pain at the first sign before it sidelines you. there are safe, natural and unscented pain relievers available. look for a homeopathic medicine like arnicare gel ( www. arnicare. com ), which works with the body instead of just masking pain. try it on legs stiff from running or cycling, or on shoulders aching from too many tennis racket swings. it also helps with pain from strained ligaments or bumps and bruises from hard - fought basketball games", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4229098286408115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18542beb-c89a-48ac-bc6b-2d41326ae9f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.328748"}
{"text": "binghamton, ny ( wbng binghamton ) students and teachers created a sea of blue at chenango forks elementary. joining together to launch an anti - bullying program that ' s been added to the curriculum. action news stopped by the school to see how the color blue can help these students. when bree fargnoli came to chenango forks elementary she didn ' t exactly have a warm welcoming. \" some people were really mean, so i think the bullying program was really helpful, \" said fargnoli or chenango forks. now the students are marching to prevent that kind of experience from happening again. \" they ' re working really hard to get bullying prevention and to overcome bullying obstacles in the building, \" said chenango forks elementary principal nicole knapp. the olweus anti - bullying program kicked off with a parade through the hallways and into the auditorium where students learned chants against bullies. \" they ' re learning basic terms like, how to be a good friend, that is really important when you ' re teaching how not to be a bully, \" said knapp. \" i think we can learn that it ' s best to stand up for people and not stand and watch them get bullied, \" said kaylee maietta of chenango forks. it ' s getting the kids prepared for the new curriculum they will soon see in the classroom, which aims to eliminate bullying all together. \" the kids don ' t have a lot of information right now, the whole point is to get them excited about it so when we start the curriculum they ' re just as passionate about it as the teachers are, \" said knapp. but some of the older students are already aware of what ' s to come. \" you don ' t need to be friends with everybody but just don ' t be mean to them, \" said fargnoli. \" i think that bullying is wrong and no one deserves to be bullied, \" said maietta. bringing a new type of lesson to the classroom, and a better kind of friend to one another. the power of one mma fighters came to the school for a demonstration and ways to handle aggressive situations. the olweus bully prevention program can be applied to any school. it reports one in five students are bullied in some way.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4074348177716569, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85dde0e5-e354-458d-bb9b-274e7d78ba4a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.331102"}
{"text": "belize is giving its beleaguered parrotfish, nassau grouper, and other reef fish a chance to recover from years of overfishing. the national government and minister of agriculture and fisheries signed a sweeping set of new laws to protect the country \u2019 s extensive coral reefs, considered to be the most pristine in the western hemisphere. research by the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) helped lay the groundwork for the laws, which set a new standard for coral reef protection in the caribbean. the first of the new laws will protect parrotfish and other grazers, such as doctor and surgeonfish. these herbivores keep algae growth in check, enabling corals to flourish. in the past, fisherman did not target the grazing fish ; rather, they caught mainly snappers and groupers. it was only when these species declined that they turned to the next tier of the food web, and parrotfish began to disappear. wcs research from glover \u2019 s reef show that parrotfish are now the most commonly caught fish on this part of the belize barrier reef reserve system. as a consequence, coral cover has declined. marine researchers expect that the new laws protecting parrotfish and other grazers will help the corals recover. the second set of regulations will protect nassau grouper, which is listed as an endangered species by iucn \u2019 s red list. the new rules set a minimum and maximum size limit, and require that all nassau groupers be brought back to the dock whole. until now, fishermen have generally brought in their catch as fillets, making it difficult to monitor catch rates. all other fish can still be brought in as fillets but must retain a patch of skin so authorities can confirm that they aren \u2019 t nassau grouper. the third regulation bans spearfishing within marine reserves. spearfishing is the main method used to catch grazing fish, nassau grouper, and other groupers and has caused severe declines of these species. other aspects of the new laws create \u201c no - take \u201d zones in protected areas. south water caye and sapodilla cayes marine reserves are now closed to fishing, and the pelican cayes \u2014 a hotspot for rare sponges and sea squirts \u2014 are also off - limits. though these marine reserves were declared in 1996 and form part of the belize barrier reef reserve system world heritage site, prior to this law, fishing had been permitted there. wcs became involved in belize during the early 1980s when it initiated the planning of the hol chan marine reserve and later", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42477461253466303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a87322b5-5554-460f-a732-771dc25a2a69>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.333818"}
{"text": "while researchers around the world are diligently working to bring wearable electronics to market, a u. k. university has moved a step closer to reality. here, scientists have produced a prototype garment that integrates electronic devices into the fabric of the garment. according to digital spy, researchers at nottingham trent university ' s advanced textiles research group have created a garment fitted with light - emitting diodes ( leds ). the researchers are calling it smart and interactive textile. application targets for wearable technology include medical, military and consumer. based on analyst investigation, wearable technology could reportedly be a big growth area in consumer electronic goods over the next few years. currently, as per the report, techniques involve electronic devices being inserted into clothing after it has already been produced, making the textile inflexible. in addition, the electronic devices must be removed before washing. but unlike others, wrote digital spy reporter andrew laughlin, the nottingham trent researchers have developed a method to integrate semiconductor chips within the fibers of a yarn. called micro electronic textiles ( met ), they feature sensors smaller than the size of a pinhead being integrated in the fiber. consequently, they produce a ' smart textile ' that retains the fabric ' s basic characteristics of being tactile, flexible, machine washable and capable of being tumble - dried. nottingham trent researchers believe the wearable technology can be used to monitor chemical reactions and vital signs in medical and sporting assessments. it can also be used for illuminating textiles in fashion by creating malleable mood fabrics that change color depending on the situation. prof. tilak dias, who leads the advanced textiles research group at nottingham trent university, said there are various applications for their technology. \" the prototype uses leds but the technology can also result in variations of washable, wearable computers that can monitor vital signs for well - being, provide intelligent textiles for the military, have invisibility cloaking capabilities, and create flexible and conformable displays, \" noted dias. the wearable technology market has potential to grow significantly in the future. while google has already unveiled google glass eyewear project, it is rumored that sony, apple ( news - alert ) and nokia are all working on similar products. a market report from ims research shows that shipments of wearable technology products are likely to rise by more than 500 percent from 2011 to 2016, to 92. 5 million units worldwide. edited by braden becker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5295599350380913, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f454a60-db78-4b0a-b29d-809fb3d83676>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.338183"}
{"text": "delayed walking and other foot and leg problems in babies most babies can pull themselves up to stand and begin taking their first steps somewhere between the ages of 8 months and 12 months. soon after their first birthday, they can usually take a few steps alone, but prior to this will have started to ' cruise ' - - walking along the edge of a couch or table, using furniture or outstretched hands for support. but what if your baby shows signs of delayed walking? and what if you notice your baby has bowed legs or is walking on tiptoes - - should you worry? there is a wide variation from one baby to the next in learning to walk. timing of first steps can also vary between babies of different ethnic backgrounds. one baby may not walk until three or four months after another. that doesn ' t necessarily signal a problem or delayed walking. both children are likely to be equally healthy and able to run and play as they get older. are baby ' s bowed legs a concern? bowed legs are a common concern of new parents who may not realize that nearly every baby has bowed legs at birth. this outward curve of the leg bones usually resolves itself by age 2. toddlers usually sway from side to side rather than move forward, at first, making their bowed legs look even more exaggerated. bowed legs don ' t cause delayed walking or affect your baby ' s ability to learn to walk. in a few rare cases, when bowed legs don ' t resolve naturally by age 2, your baby ' s knees can be turned outward by the curve of the leg bones. this can cause knee problems. if bowed legs appear suddenly or persist beyond the age of 2, see your baby ' s doctor. rarely, bowlegs are a sign of rickets. that ' s a condition caused by, among other things, a lack of vitamin d and calcium in your baby ' s diet that inhibits bone growth. bowlegs can also be caused by a relatively rare condition called blount ' s disease, which causes abnormal bone growth in the tibia, or lower leg bone. this condition is more commonly seen in african - american children and is thought to be associated with being overweight. are pigeon toes a problem for babies? many babies have a slight intoeing, also called pigeon toes, when they ' re born. this usually disappears during the toddler years. pigeon toes may be caused by problems with any of three areas in the leg and foot. there may be deviation of the foot also known as metatarsus adduc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41498063205795477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0246fc3f-7501-439d-bece-0edffc7cd7ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.343768"}
{"text": "hawaii ( or ; hawaiian : ' hawaii ' ) is the most recent of the 50 u. s. states ( joined the union on august 21, 1959 ), and is the only u. s. state made up entirely of islands. it is the northernmost island group in polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central pacific ocean. hawaii \u2019 s diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches and oceanic surrounding, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists alike. due to its mid - pacific location, hawaii has many north american and asian influences along with its own vibrant native culture. hawaii has over a million permanent residents along with many visitors and u. s. military personnel. its capital is honolulu on the island of. the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic hawaiian island chain, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over. at the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight \" main islands \" are ( from the northwest to southeast ),,,,,, maui and the. the latter is the largest and is often called \" the big island \" to avoid confusion with the state as a whole. the archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the polynesian subregion of oceania. hawaii is the 8th - least extensive, the 11th - least populous, but the 13th - most densely populated of the 50 u. s. states. hawaii ' s coastline is approximately long, which is fourth in the united states after alaska, florida and california. hawaii is one of two states that do not observe daylight saving time, the other being arizona and hawaii is one of two states that are not in the contiguous united states, the other being alaska. hawaii is also the only state with an asian majority. hawaii is one of four states, besides the original thirteen, that were independent prior to becoming part of the united states, along with the vermont republic ( 1791 ), the republic of texas ( 1845 ), and the california republic ( 1846 ), and one of two, along with texas, that had formal diplomatic recognition internationally. the kingdom of hawaii was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident american ( and some european ) businessmen. it was an independent republic from 1894 until 1898, when it was annexed by the united states as a territory, becoming a state in 1959. hawaii was the target of a surprise attack on pearl harbor by imperial japan on december 7, 1941. the attack on pearl harbor and other military and naval installations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5007630461445935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:431beb15-2863-4d8e-b7a6-c216d9d63aca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.355601"}
{"text": ", when it was annexed by the united states as a territory, becoming a state in 1959. hawaii was the target of a surprise attack on pearl harbor by imperial japan on december 7, 1941. the attack on pearl harbor and other military and naval installations on, carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines, brought the united states into world war ii. pre - european contact \u2014 ancient hawaii ( 800 \u2013 1778 ) the earliest habitation supported by archaeological evidence dates to as early as 300 ce, probably by polynesian settlers from the marquesas, followed by a second wave of migration from raiatea and bora bora in the 11th century. the first recorded european contact with the islands was in 1778 by british explorer james cook. polynesians from the marquesas and possibly the society islands may have first populated the hawaiian islands between 300 and 500 ce. there is a great deal of debate regarding these dates. some archaeologists and historians believe that an early settlement from the marquesas and a later wave of immigrants from tahiti, c. 1000, introduced a new line of high chiefs, the kapu system, the practice of human sacrifice and the building of heiaus. this later immigration is detailed in folk tales about. other authors argue that there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence for a later influx of tahitian settlers, and that paao must be regarded as a myth. regardless of the question of paao, historians agree that the history of the islands was marked by a slow but steady growth in population and the size of the chiefdoms, which grew to encompass whole islands. local chiefs, called, ruled their settlements and launched wars to extend their sway and defend their communities from predatory rivals. ancient hawaii was a caste - based society much like that of the hindus in india. european arrival and the kingdom of hawaii there are questions as to whether spanish explorers did arrive in the hawaiian islands two centuries before captain james cook ' s first documented visit in 1778. ruy lopez de villalobos commanded a fleet of six ships that left acapulco in 1542 with a spanish sailor named juan gaetano aboard as pilot. depending on the interpretation, gaetano ' s reports seemed to describe the discovery of hawaii or the marshall islands in 1555. if it was hawaii, gaetano would have been one of the first europeans to find the islands. some scholars have dismissed these claims as lacking credibility. the 1778 arrival of british explorer james cook was hawaii \u2019 s first documented contact with european explorers. cook named the islands the \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.438415698732438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:431beb15-2863-4d8e-b7a6-c216d9d63aca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.356635"}
{"text": "gaetano would have been one of the first europeans to find the islands. some scholars have dismissed these claims as lacking credibility. the 1778 arrival of british explorer james cook was hawaii \u2019 s first documented contact with european explorers. cook named the islands the \" sandwich islands \" in honor of his sponsor john montagu, 4th earl of sandwich. he published the islands ' location and reported the native name as owyhee. this spelling lives on in owyhee county, idaho, after three hawaiian members of a trapping party that went missing in that area. cook visited the islands twice. upon his departure during his second visit in 1779, a quarrel ensued, involving cook ' s taking of temple idols and fencing as \" firewood \", and the taking of a ship ' s boat by a minor chief and his men. cook then abducted the king of the big island of hawaii,, and held him as ransom aboard his ship for the return of the boat, a tactic that had worked for cook in tahiti and other islands. kalaniopuu ' s supporters fought back and cook and four marines were killed as cook ' s party retreated to the beach and launched their boats. after cook ' s visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages, the hawaiian islands received many european visitors : explorers, traders, and eventually whalers who found the islands a convenient harbor and source of supplies. early british influence can be seen in the design of the flag of hawaii which has the british union flag in the corner. these visitors introduced diseases to the once - isolated islands and the hawaiian population plunged precipitously because native hawaiians had no resistance to influenza, smallpox, and measles, among others. by 1820, eurasian diseases, famine, and wars among the chiefs killed more than half of the native hawaiian population. during the 1850s, measles killed a fifth of hawaii ' s people. historical records indicated that the earliest immigration of the chinese came from guangdong province : a few sailors in 1778 with captain cook ' s journey, more in 1788 with kaina, and some in 1789 with an american trader who settled in hawaii in the late 18th century. house of kamehameha during the 1780s and 1790s, chiefs were often fighting for power. after a series of battles that ended in 1795 and forced cession of the island of kauai in 1810, all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler who became known as king kamehameha the great. he established the house of kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45353185019119086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:431beb15-2863-4d8e-b7a6-c216d9d63aca>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.357650"}
{"text": "forced cession of the island of kauai in 1810, all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler who became known as king kamehameha the great. he established the house of kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872. after kamehameha ii inherited the throne in 1819, american protestant missionaries to hawaii converted many hawaiians to christianity. their influence ended many ancient practices, and kamehameha iii was the first christian king. one prominent protestant missionary, hiram bingham i, was a trusted adviser to the monarchy during this period. other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs, leading to future conflicts between the monarchy and its restive american subjects. missionaries from other christian denominations ( such as catholics, mormons, and episcopalians ) were active, but never converted more than a minority of the native hawaiian population. ezra t. benson appeared to have been the earliest mormon missionary to the islands. the death of the bachelor king kamehameha v \u2014 who did not name an heir \u2014 resulted in the popular election of lunalilo over kalakaua. lunalilo died the next year, also without naming an heir. perhaps \" the people ' s king \" ( lunalilo ) wanted the people to choose his successor as they had chosen him. in 1874 the election was contested within the legislature between kalakaua and emma. this led to riots and the landing of u. s. and british troops, and governance passed to the house of kalakaua. 1887 constitution and overthrow preparations in 1887, kalakaua was forced to sign the 1887 constitution of the kingdom of hawaii, which stripped the king of much of his authority. there was a property qualification for voting, which disenfranchised most hawaiians and immigrant laborers, and favored the wealthier white community. resident whites were allowed to vote, but resident asians were excluded. because the 1887 constitution was signed under threat of violence, it is known as the \" bayonet constitution \". king kalakaua, reduced to a figurehead, reigned until his death in 1891. his sister,, succeeded him on the throne. in 1893, queen liliuokalani announced plans for a new constitution. on january 14, 1893, a group of mostly euro - american business leaders and residents formed a committee of safety to overthrow the kingdom and seek annexation by the united states. united states government minister john l. stevens, responding to a request from the committee of safety, summoned a company of u.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41653374140424076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:431beb15-2863-4d8e-b7a6-c216d9d63aca>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.358634"}
{"text": "mostly euro - american business leaders and residents formed a committee of safety to overthrow the kingdom and seek annexation by the united states. united states government minister john l. stevens, responding to a request from the committee of safety, summoned a company of u. s. marines. as one historian noted, the presence of these troops effectively made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself. overthrow of 1893 \u2014 the republic of hawaii ( 1894 \u2013 1898 ) in january 1893, queen liliuokalani was overthrown and replaced by a provisional government composed of members of the committee of safety. controversy filled the following years as the queen tried to re - establish her throne. the administration of president grover cleveland commissioned the blount report, which concluded that the removal of liliuokalani was illegal. the u. s. government first demanded that queen liliuokalani be reinstated, but the provisional government refused. congress followed with another investigation, and submitted the morgan report on february 26, 1894, which found all parties ( including minister stevens ) with the exception of the queen \" not guilty \" from any responsibility for the overthrow. the accuracy and impartiality of both the blount and morgan reports has been questioned by partisans on both sides of the debate over the events of 1893. in 1993, a joint apology resolution regarding the overthrow was passed by congress and signed by president clinton, apologizing for the overthrow of the hawaiian kingdom. it is the first time in american history that the united states government has apologized for overthrowing the government of a sovereign nation. the first japanese immigrants arrived in hawaii in 1885 as contract laborers for the sugar cane and pineapple plantations. annexation \u2014 the territory of hawaii ( 1898 \u2013 1959 ) after william mckinley won the presidential election in 1896, hawaii ' s annexation to the u. s. was again discussed. the previous president, grover cleveland, was a friend of queen liliuokalani. mckinley was open to persuasion by u. s. expansionists and by annexationists from hawaii. he met with three annexationists from hawaii : lorrin thurston, francis march hatch and william ansel kinney. after negotiations, in june 1897, secretary of state john sherman agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the republic of hawaii. the treaty was never ratified by the u. s. senate. instead, despite the opposition of a majority of native hawaiians, the newlands resolution was used to annex the republic to the united states and it became the territory of hawaii. the newlands resolution was passed by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41847838880956434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:431beb15-2863-4d8e-b7a6-c216d9d63aca>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.359623"}
{"text": "by the u. s. senate. instead, despite the opposition of a majority of native hawaiians, the newlands resolution was used to annex the republic to the united states and it became the territory of hawaii. the newlands resolution was passed by the house june 15, 1898, by a vote of 209 to 91, and by the senate on july 6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21. in 1900, hawaii was granted self - governance and retained as the territorial capitol building. despite several attempts to become a state, hawaii remained a territory for sixty years. plantation owners and key capitalists, who maintained control through financial institutions, or \" factors \", known as the \" big five \", found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor ; such immigration was prohibited in various states. political changes of 1954 \u2014 the state of hawaii ( 1959 \u2013 present ) in the 1950s the power of the plantation owners was finally broken by descendants of immigrant laborers. because they were born in a u. s. territory, they were legal u. s. citizens. the hawaii republican party, strongly supported by plantation owners, was voted out of office. the democratic party of hawaii dominated politics for 40 years. expecting to gain full voting rights, hawaii ' s residents actively campaigned for statehood. in march 1959, congress passed the hawaii admission act and u. s. president dwight d. eisenhower signed it into law. ( the act excluded palmyra atoll, part of the kingdom and territory of hawaii, from the new state. ) on june 27 of that year, a referendum asked residents of hawaii to vote on the statehood bill. hawaii voted 17 to 1 to accept. the choices were to accept the act or to remain a territory, without the option of independence. the united nations special committee on decolonization later removed hawaii from the united nations list of non - self - governing territories. after statehood, hawaii quickly modernized via construction and a rapidly growing tourism economy. later, state programs promoted hawaiian culture. the hawaii state constitutional convention of 1978 incorporated programs such as the office of hawaiian affairs to promote indigenous language and culture. note : hawaii was an independent nation prior to ceding its sovereignty to the united states in 1898 ; it was made a territory in 1900. on august 21, 1959, hawaii was admitted as a state and assumed its present boundaries, omitting certain small islands formerly included in the territory. census coverage has included the whole of hawaii since 1900. the hawaiian government conducted at least 9 censuses between 1850 and 1898 ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4382214008361571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:431beb15-2863-4d8e-b7a6-c216d9d63aca>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.360581"}
{"text": "mon july 23, 2012 new report looks at links between diseases, chemicals a new report out today provides new information about the connections between commonly - used chemicals and the prevalence of diseases. groups that advocate for safer chemicals are using the data to lobby for updates to federal legislation. the report looks at the chemicals connected to diseases like cancer, autism and learning disabilities. these problems are occurring more frequently, and kentucky environmental foundation director elizabeth crowe says there are huge loopholes in the current law that place lives at risk. \u201c what this law does is just allow business as usual, \u201d she said. \u201c it allows chemicals to go right from the laboratory to the store shelf without any rigorous testing. \u201d monica unseld is a biologist in bardstown. she says the federal government needs to enhance the toxic substances control act, which hasn \u2019 t been updated since 1976. \u201c if it were tylenol or cialis or any other pharmaceutical they have to test it, \u201d she said. \u201c but if it \u2019 s pesticides on our food, if it \u2019 s dyes they put in our food or flame retardants in our products, they can go straight to market. \u201d groups lobbying for safer chemicals have been championing a bill by new jersey senator frank lautenberg that updates the 1976 legislation. the bill was introduced last year, but hasn \u2019 t yet passed out of the senate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45510204711844016, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e978201d-38da-4aec-b909-837a634b3995>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.362174"}
{"text": "- the issue - take action the blm oversees roughly 245 million acres of public land in 12 western states and 700 million acres of sub - surface mineral estate. blm lands are used for multiple purposes, including mining leases, energy development, livestock grazing and recreation. the forest service oversees 193 million acres of land in 44 states, and these lands are also used for multiple purposes, including livestock grazing, logging and recreation. the blm authorizes livestock grazing on virtually all blm land in the lower 48 states, or 157 million of the 245 million total acres. by contrast, wild horses are restricted to just 26. 6 million acres, - - just 11 percent of blm lands. horses share that small fraction of blm land with livestock, and the agency routinely allocates the majoirty of forage in designated wild horse herd management areas to livestock, not wild horses. ranchers pay $ 1. 35 per animal unit month ( aum ) to graze their livestock on blm and forest service lands. ( an aum is the amount of forage necessary to sustain 1 cow / calf pair, 1 horse or 5 sheep for a month. ) the fee is the lowest allowable under law and is about 1 / 16th of market rate, thanks to our tax subsidies. ( the average monthly lease rate for grazing on private lands in 11 western states in 2011 was $ 16. 80 per head, according to the congressional research service. ) blm issues 17, 869 permits to run livestock, authorizing a maximum of 12. 5 million aums. the forest service issues 6, 289 permits to livestock operators, authorizing a maximum of 8. 5 million aums. that ' s a combined total of more than 24, 158 permits and 21 million aums - - an equivalent of 1, 750, 000 cows or 8, 750, 000 sheep! by contrast the government has set a maximum allowable level of just 26, 500 for wild horses and burros! thanks to below - market grazing rates, the federal public lands grazing program costs taxpayers hundreds of millions annually. in addition to direct administrative costs, there are costs associated with programs to : 1 ) restore and repair of environmental damage caused by livestock grazing ; kill predators, including coyotes, mountain lions, bobcats and other carnivores, at the request of ranchers ; and 3 ) remove wild horses, which ranchers view as competition for cheap grazing on public lands. the center for biological diverstiy estimates that the federal public lands grazing program costs american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.412511060735395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7e3d89c-6dfa-4315-abb8-5131238a36bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.367723"}
{"text": "other carnivores, at the request of ranchers ; and 3 ) remove wild horses, which ranchers view as competition for cheap grazing on public lands. the center for biological diverstiy estimates that the federal public lands grazing program costs american taxpayers $ 500 million annually. as stated above, wild horses are restricted to 11 percent of blm lands. yet even on that small fraction of land designated as wild horse habitat, the blm gives away the majority of resources to livestock. in hma after hma, the blm authorizes anywhere from 3 to 20 times or more forage to private livestock than to federally protected wild horses. as a result of this unfair allocation of resources, the agency sets artificially low allowable management levels ( amls ) for wild horses and claims that the horses are overpopulating when their numbers rise above these amls. for example, an hma can have an aml of 100 and an estimated population of 300 horses and 1, 500 cattle on 150, 000 acres, and the blm will say that the horses are overpopulating and need to be removed without ever addressing the environmental damage caused by extensive livestock grazing. this policy of favoring private livestock over protecting wild horses continues despite the fact that livestock grazing on blm land is authorized solely at the discretion of the secretary of the interior, whereas protection of wild horses is mandated by an act of congress. today, as in wild horse annie ' s day, the primary enemy of the wild horse remains the livestock industry, which views wild horses as competition for cheap, taxpayer - subsidized grazing on public lands. the national cattelemen ' s beef association is a powerful presence in washington and a key force behind the continued mass removal of wild horses from public lands. the myth perpetuated by the ncba and the blm is that wild horses are overpopulating - - overruning the west. in reality, wild horses are restricted to a tiny portion of public lands in the west and are outnumbered by at least 50 - 1 by private livestock. the controversy over wild horses has raged for decades and will never be resolved until the unfair allocations of resources on our public lands is addressed. wild horses and burros must receive a fairer allocation of resources on the small amount of public land designated as their habitat and their allowable population levels must be raised. the present wild horse and burro population - - estimated to be 31, 500 wild horses and 5, 800 burros - - could easily be accommodated by modest real", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43939869147564364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7e3d89c-6dfa-4315-abb8-5131238a36bf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.368749"}
{"text": "blending of an eclipse image ( from the high altitude observatory ) with a yohkoh x - ray image ( from the yohkoh science team ). click on image for full size image courtesy of the high altitude observatory, national center for atmospheric research ( ncar ), boulder, colorado, the solar corona rising above the sun ' s chromosphere, the temperature jumps sharply from a few tens of thousands of kelvins to as much as a few million kelvins in the sun ' s outer atmosphere, the solar corona. understanding the reason the sun ' s corona is so hot is one of the many challenges facing solar physicists today. because of the very high temperatures, the corona emits high energy radiation and can be observed in x - rays. the earth ' s atmosphere absorbs x - rays, but satellites above the atmosphere, such as the yohkoh spacecraft, can observe the sun in these wavelengths. shown on the left is a blending of a yohkoh x - ray image ( reddish colors ) with an eclipse image taken by the high altitude observatory ( gray - white colors ) on november 3, 1994. near the poles of the sun, the corona is dark for both x - rays and white light. these regions are coronal holes and are the source of the solar wind that extends out into interplanetary space. the scattered white light shows the density of plasma in the corona. the large white regions extending out far from the sun are helmet streamers, where the solar plasma has been trapped by the sun ' s magnetic field. shop windows to the universe science store! cool it! is the new card game from the union of concerned scientists that teaches kids about the choices we have when it comes to climate change \u2014 and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter. cool it! is available in our online store you might also be interested in : the kelvin scale is a temperature scale that is often used in astronomy and space science. you are probably more familiar with the celsius ( or centigrade ) scale, which is part of the metric system of measures,... more an eclipse of the sun occurs when the earth passes through the moon ' s shadow. a total eclipse of the sun takes place when the moon is directly between the sun and the earth. when a total eclipse does... more the gas in the solar corona is at very high temperatures ( typically 1 - 2 million kelvins in most regions ) so it is almost completely in a plasma state ( made up of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5428681469430119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5dc7c933-f1a8-4233-a15d-01e38018e0ce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.374100"}
{"text": "from the middle ages, italy \u2019 s medici family was a magnet for artists and artisans, who created extraordinary works under the family \u2019 s generous patronage. in 1688, florence \u2019 s grand prince ferdinando de \u2019 medici hired bartolomeo cristofori, then 33 years old, to look after his collection of harpsichords. this was an important position : cristofori was paid as much as any court musician. the harpsichord of cristofori \u2019 s time was a well developed instrument, responsive and flexible. but it lacked one feature : variable dynamics. the harpsichord \u2019 s mechanism plucked the strings of the instrument. there was no practical way ( then ) to make it pluck them more gently. the only way to vary volume was to change stops or combine manuals. the possibilities for dynamic variety were fairly limited. some time in the 1690s, cristofori had a brainstorm. he realized that if he replaced the harpsichord \u2019 s plucking mechanism with one which struck the string instead, the force of the strike \u2014 and thus the volume of the sound \u2014 could be under complete control of the player. the idea of a keyboard instrument that struck the strings rather than plucking them wasn \u2019 t really new. the clavichord had existed since at least the 15th century. a clavichord had tangents fastened to the keys. instead of controlling jacks and quills which plucked the strings, the tangents themselves struck the strings inside the instrument \u2019 s case. the problem with the clavichord was that while it was capable of extraordinarily sensitive dynamic expression, its volume range was from almost inaudible to barely audible. let \u2019 s face it, the force that a keyboard player can transmit through his or her fingers is limited. the clavichord \u2019 s tangents couldn \u2019 t strike its strings hard enough to make a sound that could be heard, say, in a church sanctuary. this meant that the clavichord wasn \u2019 t suitable for anything other than the most intimate music - making. ( it made a magnificent instrument for late - night keyboard practice, however. ) cristofori solved this problem by adding a mechanical action. it multiplied the player \u2019 s string - striking force by four ( eight, in his later instruments ) and used that force to drive a hammer against the string. he also added an escapement mechanism. the escapement allowed the hammer to fall back after striking the string, so the string would keep vibrating. ( think of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49216637454445195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5978dad5-02c0-4772-997c-e4213e27b777>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.384716"}
{"text": "in his later instruments ) and used that force to drive a hammer against the string. he also added an escapement mechanism. the escapement allowed the hammer to fall back after striking the string, so the string would keep vibrating. ( think of the way a fine crystal goblet rings when you tap it with a spoon \u2014 as long as you don \u2019 t keep the spoon touching the glass after you tap it. ) cristofori called his invention \" arpicimbalo che fa il piano e il forte \" \u2014 harpsichord with soft and loud. today, we shorten that name a bit. we call it the piano. maybe you \u2019 re expecting me to say here that cristofori \u2019 s piano \" took europe by storm \" ( or some similar cliche \u2019! ) and almost immediately eclipsed the harpsichord. that didn \u2019 t happen. truth to tell, keyboard players didn \u2019 t like the touch. the florentine piano was harder to play, and the keys just didn \u2019 t feel right when pressed. they didn \u2019 t like the tone, either ; it was too soft, too muffled. besides, who really needed that much variety in volume anyway? it would remain for later piano makers to solve these problems. but cristofori had begun the process of breaking the harpsichord \u2019 s lock on public keyboard performance. it \u2019 s not hard to imagine that without the financial and moral support of the medici family, cristofori probably couldn \u2019 t have pushed keyboard technology ahead \u2014 but that \u2019 s another story for another day. now back to 1700, and over to naples. that \u2019 s when and where domenico scarlatti, one more musical member of a hugely talented musical family, was named organist and composer of the royal chapel. he was even granted a special additional salary for his work as chamber harpsichordist. domenico scarlatti was only 15 years old. two years later, scarlatti and his father alessandro made the first of two visits to florence. their host was none other than prince ferdinando de \u2019 medici, cristofori \u2019 s patron. did domenico play one or more of cristofori \u2019 s florentine pianos on these visits? perhaps. history doesn \u2019 t tell us. so far no documentation has surfaced \u2014 no letters home raving about ( or excoriating! ) the new - fangled instrument, no eyewitness reports, no newspaper articles. by 1708, domenico had joined his father in rome. there he attended the weekly concerts originated by cardinal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4538456261927914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5978dad5-02c0-4772-997c-e4213e27b777>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.385664"}
{"text": "no letters home raving about ( or excoriating! ) the new - fangled instrument, no eyewitness reports, no newspaper articles. by 1708, domenico had joined his father in rome. there he attended the weekly concerts originated by cardinal pietro ottoboni. in 1709, prince ferdinando sent the cardinal a lavish gift from florence : one of cristofori \u2019 s pianos. did scarlatti play or hear that instrument? again, history doesn \u2019 t tell us. in 1719, scarlatti left rome, ostensibly for england. in actuality, he was on his way to lisbon, portugal, where he had a job offer \u2014 he was to be master of the royal chapel there. in lisbon he encountered an exceptionally talented royal youngster \u2014 the infanta maria barbara, who, as a contemporary report said, \u201c surprise [ ed ] the amazed intelligence of the most excellent professors with her mastery of singing, playing and composition. \u201d in january of 1729, maria barbara married ferdinando, the spanish infante. it was a rather uncomfortable union whose purpose was entirely political. maria barbara soon found herself in the hostile company of the jealous queen isabella of spain. isabella even refused to allow maria barbara to bring along her personal servants \u2014 all but one, that is : her music teacher, domenico scarlatti. during the remaining 28 years of his life, scarlatti composed and catalogued over 550 keyboard exercises for maria barbara \u2014 from 1746, queen of spain. scarlatti and the florentine piano are linked ( if only circumstantially ) at several other times and places, but what \u2019 s undeniable is that maria barbara herself was a point of intersection. maria barbara owned pianos. we know this because she died just over a year after scarlatti did, and at her death, her instruments were inventoried. of her dozen (! ) keyboard instruments, three were pianos, and two more were harpsichords which had been converted from pianos ( perhaps because their actions failed, or because they were judged unsatisfactory as pianos ). it thus becomes rather difficult to deny that scarlatti was acquainted with the piano. but did he play them? did he intend for maria barbara to play his sonatas on them? ralph kirkpatrick didn \u2019 t think so. kirkpatrick was an american harpsichordist ( 1911 \u2013 1984 ). he had a distinguised career as a performer, but his magnum opus was his biography of domenico scarlatti. it occupied him", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4359946291028566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5978dad5-02c0-4772-997c-e4213e27b777>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.386732"}
{"text": "lexington, ky. ( wkyt ) - you ' re probably sitting on one right now - a couch made mostly of urethane and coated in flame retardants. both make up a cluster of compounds in the foam in most modern furniture. in certain amounts, it can pose serious problems. elizabeth crowe found out firsthand when she had her new couch tested. \" it ' s actually one of the only pieces of furniture that i ' ve ever bought new in my life, \" explained crowe. the foam in her couch was made up mostly of urethane. crow - out of curiosity from her work with the kentucky environmental foundation - had a sample of the foam tested at an out - of - state lab. what scientists found wasn ' t expected. chlorinated tris, a flame retardant the environmental protection agency describes as a probable producer of cancer, came up in testing. \" hazardous flame retardants are really everywhere in our homes, \" said crowe. \" the flame retardants, they tend to be smaller molecules. which means they ' re more easily able to get into the blood. you can more easily inhale them. and that ' s where really the danger lies, \" explained the john c. hubbard professor of chemistry at the university of kentucky, dr. john anthony, \" sometimes those flame retardants can themselves pose some health risks. but it ' s an issue of weighing the issue of setting a house on fire versus the potential health risk from the flame retardant additive. \" flame retardants may keep a fire from spreading sooner, but lexington fire battalion chief jeff nantz says the smoke they put out from flame retardant furniture isn ' t any easier to fight. \" we don ' t notice a difference. once it ' s on fire it ' s on fire, \" noted chief nantz, \" the plastics and the foam and everything that makes up modern day furniture puts off such an acrid smoke and such a black sooty type smoke that you can ' t really tell exactly what is burning. \" crowe isn ' t pleased with the findings, but she ' s still keeping her couch. \" we can ' t shop our way out of this problem, \" she says, \" what we do is try to vacuum it off, try to keep the dust content to a minimum as best as we can. \" getting couches tested to find out what ' s in the foam isn ' t easy because lab testing isn ' t widely available for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43869656504247573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89c8d45b-cb4c-47f6-a277-81f87b1d1a14>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.391942"}
{"text": "in mid - july this year, a roar echoed around one of the most remote inlets of northern greenland - - and an island was born. no ordinary island, but a huge chunk of ice, roughly twice the size of manhattan, that had broken from the petermann glacier. scientists gave it the romantic name of pii - 2012 and watched it begin to drift slowly into the nares strait, which separates greenland from canada. then it began to break up, spawning several smaller ice islands. the birth of pii - 2012 was no isolated event. the petermann glacier had lost a much larger chunk in 2010. it also broke into fragments, though that may not be the right word. one of them alone was estimated to weigh 3. 5 billion tonnes, or metric tons ( 3. 86 billion short tons ), according to e. julie halliday, a researcher at memorial university in canada. canada ' s ice shelves are also retreating fast. as the arctic warms, both glaciers and ice - shelves are launching floating islands into the sea that may threaten shipping, the fishing industry and off - shore oil and gas platforms. the air around northern greenland and ellesmere island has warmed by about 2. 5 degrees celsius in the past 25 years. ocean temperatures in the arctic are also thought to have risen, though there is less data on them. halliday noted in a paper presented at the arctic technology conference in houston last week that while \" management of a 3. 5 billion - tonne ice island away from offshore structures may theoretically be possible, putting it into practice would be logistically very challenging. \" one option, she said, would be to cover the surface of the ice island with carbon, which would accelerate its melting, but \" the challenge then would become dealing with numerous smaller ice fragments as opposed to one large one. \" and even a small one could be the size of a football stadium. scientists are only now beginning to research these ice islands and the rate at which they melt and divide, especially as the arctic waters warm and the restraining effect of sea ice disappears. they have been using autonomous underwater vehicles - - the undersea equivalent of surveillance drones - - to map the underside of ice islands. after the 2010 \" calving \" from the petermann, several fragments between them containing billions of tons of ice drifted south along the labrador coast, interfering with shipping in the strait of belle isle. one traveled 150 miles ( 240 kilometers ) in just one week. derek mueller, a researcher at carleton university in ontario,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4965694694615424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b932368-dc0c-4f38-a00c-adc7721b212a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.395368"}
{"text": "dear word detective : today i heard two radio dj \u2019 s arguing over the phrase \u201c worth their salt. \u201d one dj was exclaiming that she had never heard such a phrase and therefore it never existed. now, i have heard this phrase many times, but their argument got me to thinking, where did it come from, what does it really mean? i immediately went to your website and was dismayed when i saw that it wasn \u2019 t here. i would be very grateful for some insight. \u2014 sarah. darn. well, there goes my hope that disk jockeys were going to lead us into a new age of enlightenment. speaking of popular media, i read last week that a certain large newspaper chain is planning to adopt something called \u201c crowdsourcing \u201d in its news - gathering operations, inviting readers to act as reporters and leaving it to the papers \u2019 beleaguered editors to sift the cups of wheat from the tons of chaff that will pour in over the transom. i think this is a wonderful idea, and i \u2019 m looking forward to lots more by - popular - demand stories about the illuminati and that so - called moon landing. oh, right, you had a question. \u201c to be worth one \u2019 s salt \u201d is definitely a well - established idiom, dating back to at least 1830 in english and found, for instance, in robert louis stevenson \u2019 s adventure classic treasure island : \u201c it was plain from every line of his body that our new hand was worth his salt. \u201d the general sense of \u201c worth his salt \u201d and similar uses is \u201c capable and efficient, able to handle the task at hand. \u201d specifically, someone who is \u201c worth his salt \u201d is a good employee, one well worth the wages paid, which brings us to a brief history of salt. although salt is one of the cheapest things found in a supermarket today ( not counting those weird store - brand pickles that taste like floor wax ), for most of human history salt was a scarce and valuable commodity, at some points more valuable than gold. salt made dull ( or \u201c iffy \u201d ) food palatable, made it possible to cure and preserve meat, and was considered a necessity of life in the ancient world. not surprisingly, the central role of salt in civilization is memorialized today in a variety of \u201c salty \u201d english idioms, including \u201c with a grain of salt \u201d ( with skepticism ) in reference to making an odd dish more palatable, and \u201c the salt of the earth,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5146619587968058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e29f0884-31b5-41d6-bf55-889392a20fc7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.399318"}
{"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - adv. down the stairs : raced my friend downstairs. - adv. to or on a lower floor : waited downstairs while her parents were getting dressed. - n. the lower or main floor. - adj. located on a lower or main floor. century dictionary and cyclopedia - down the stairs ; below ; to or on a lower floor : as, he went or is down - stairs. - pertaining or relating to, or situated on, the lower floor of a house : as, he is in one of the down - stairs rooms. - adj. a floor lower than the one a speaker currently occupies. - adv. living, stepping, or coming down the stairs - n. slang the genitalia gnu webster ' s 1913 - adv. down the stairs ; to a lower floor. - adj. on or of lower floors of a building - adv. on a floor below \u201c the downstairs is a pile, the office is a pit, the christmas tree needs to come down, the bathroom is all but invisible under the mildew, and the kitchen is an indistinguishable heap of winter coats and surface clutter... but my bedroom is clean! \u201d \u201c we were in downstairs in the cellar where i was on a piano, paul was on the harmonium or vice versa, and we were both playing at the same time. \u201d \u201c the dining space downstairs is a bit dark and grungy. \u201d \u201c luchford apm the entire living area downstairs is open plan, with folding doors, into a spacious kitchen, where there is an aga stove and drinks bar. \u201d \u201c the joke over, and again playing the ass, i call downstairs for her to come see. \u201d \u201c last night i picked them up and carried them from the bathroom, which is carpeted, to what we call the downstairs lavatory, which is not. \u201d \u201c among the things i can ' t presently do because my commute usually runs from my bedroom to my desk downstairs is to read lots of books while waiting for the subway to ever start moving again. \u201d \u201c then downstairs is the dining area which is enclosed, but then the cooking / kitchen area is outside under a tin roof with a tarp over it. \u201d \u201c party upstairs eavesdropping on the parties downstairs is not surprised. \u201d \u201c the house was very homey ; regardless of what room you were in downstairs, you felt as though", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5308470944254859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4a76ee0-393e-44db-a42f-d5d840c10801>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.402013"}
{"text": "picasso, pablo 1881 - 1973 most widely held works about pablo picasso most widely held works by pablo picasso picasso by pablo picasso ( book ) 2, 108 editions published between 1919 and 2011 in 26 languages and held by 3, 711 libraries worldwide reproduces in color more than sixty of picasso ' s masterpieces as well as lesser - known works, demonstrating the diversity and scope of his extraordinary artistic output. pablo picasso : a retrospective by pablo picasso ( book ) 17 editions published in 1980 in 3 languages and held by 2, 271 libraries worldwide contains over one thousand captioned photographs of works by the artist. pablo picasso by hans ludwig c jaffe ( book ) 43 editions published between 1964 and 2000 in 6 languages and held by 2, 035 libraries worldwide contains 40 colorplates, 65 reproductions and accompanying commentary on many of picasso ' s works. picasso by mike venezia ( book ) 9 editions published between 1988 and 2008 in english and hebrew and held by 1, 632 libraries worldwide briefly examines the life and work of the renowned twentieth - century artist, describing and giving examples from his various periods or styles. matisse picasso ( book ) 219 editions published between 1940 and 2011 in 12 languages and held by 1, 519 libraries worldwide annotation. henri matisse and pablo picasso have long been seen as the twin giants of modern art, as polar opposites but also as complementary figures. between them they are the originators of many of the most significant innovations of 20th - century painting and sculpture, but their relationship has rarely been explored in all of its closeness and complexity. in spite of their initial rivalry, the two masters eventually acknowledged one another as equals, becoming, in their old age, increasingly important to one another both artistically and personally. from the time of their initial encounters in 1906 in gertrude and leo stein ' s paris studio until 1917, they individually produced some of the greatest art of the 20th century and maintained an openly competitive relationship brimming with intense innovation. matisse picasso presents the artists ' oeuvres in groupings that reveal the affinities but also the extreme contrasts of their artistic visions. published to accompany the landmark exhibition ( a joint effort of the museum of modern art, new york ; the tate modern, london ; the reunion des musees nationaux / musee picasso, and the musee national d ' art moderne / centre georges pompidou, paris ), matisse picasso is the first major examination of the fascinating relationships between their art, their careers, and their lives. thirty - four essays", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41799944353635693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18015dbb-fc31-4ff6-b48f-fc3986adc065>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.414392"}
{"text": "musee picasso, and the musee national d ' art moderne / centre georges pompidou, paris ), matisse picasso is the first major examination of the fascinating relationships between their art, their careers, and their lives. thirty - four essays, each by a member of the exhibition ' s curatorial team, focus on a particular moment in the artists ' evolving relationship. these texts are accompanied by an introductory history, commentary on the public perception of important artistic relationships, and an extensive chronology. picasso at 90 ; the late work by klaus gallwitz ( book ) 32 editions published between 1971 and 1985 in 5 languages and held by 1, 378 libraries worldwide picasso ' s picassos by pablo picasso ( book ) 27 editions published between 1961 and 1968 in 5 languages and held by 1, 326 libraries worldwide it presents more than 500 of the paintings, collages, sketches, and sculptures in picasso ' s massive private collection, dispersed throughout three discrete locations. the ultimate picasso by brigitte leal ( book ) 17 editions published between 1998 and 2009 in 4 languages and held by 1, 190 libraries worldwide \" brigitte leal covers picasso ' s formative years from 1881 through 1916, a period that includes his invention of cubism with georges braque. christine piot explores the astonishingly fertile period from 1917 through 1952. marie - laure bernadac discusses the unabashed vigor of picasso ' s later years, from 1953 until his death in 1973. nearly 1, 235 magnificent reproductions, 798 in full color, illustrate picasso ' s breathtaking range of artistic expression, including paintings, drawings, lithographs, ceramics, and sculpture. \" \" picasso himself once boasted that a book would have to be written on him every day to keep up with his bursts of creativity. perhaps. but for art lovers and students seeking just one book, the ultimate picasso is unsurpassed. \" - - book jacket. picasso on art : a selection of views by pablo picasso ( book ) 13 editions published between 1972 and 1996 in english and held by 1, 181 libraries worldwide je suis le cahier : the sketchbooks of picasso by pablo picasso ( book ) 14 editions published in 1986 in english and held by 1, 175 libraries worldwide catalog of an exhibition held at the pace gallery, new york, may 2 - aug. 1, 1986. bibliography : p. 347. picasso ' s war : the destruction of guernica and the masterpiece that changed the world by russell martin ( book ) 8 editions published between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4640815716108957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18015dbb-fc31-4ff6-b48f-fc3986adc065>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.415444"}
{"text": "pace gallery, new york, may 2 - aug. 1, 1986. bibliography : p. 347. picasso ' s war : the destruction of guernica and the masterpiece that changed the world by russell martin ( book ) 8 editions published between 2002 and 2009 in english and held by 1, 080 libraries worldwide presents the story of the town in northern spain that was attacked by hitler ' s luftwaffe in 1937, an event that inspired picasso ' s celebrated and controversial masterpiece, \" guernica. \" pablo picasso : 1881 - 1973 by carsten - peter warncke ( book ) 34 editions published between 1991 and 2006 in 5 languages and held by 1, 039 libraries worldwide \" a pithy but thorough review of picasso ' s entire \u0153uvre. \" - - jacket. picasso and braque : pioneering cubism by william stanley rubin ( book ) 12 editions published between 1989 and 2007 in english and held by 1, 025 libraries worldwide in 1989, william s. rubin, then director emeritus of the museum of modern art ' s department of painting and sculpture, organized a groundbreaking exhibition, picasso and braque : pioneering cubism. rubin gathered over 400 paintings and sculptures by the artists for the exhibition and charted their artistic partnership from 1907 to the great war in 1914. this unscripted lecture was originally produced by the museum of modern art and checkerboard film foundation and was shown in conjucnction with the 1989 exhibition. it has been reissued to commemorate william rubin on the occasion of the 2007 exhibition, picasso cubiste, organized by museo picasso in paris. picasso - - the early years, 1892 - 1906 by pablo picasso ( book ) 5 editions published in 1997 in english and held by 1, 007 libraries worldwide georges de la tour ( 1593 - 1652 ) was one of the greatest french painters of the seventeenth century, but his art was rapidly forgotten after his death and has been rediscovered only in our own century. since the major retrospective exhibition held in paris in 1972, previously unknown paintings have continued to come to light, such as saint john the baptist in the wilderness, a moving late work discovered in 1994. the exhibition celebrated by this beautiful book presents. pablo picasso by pablo picasso ( book ) 269 editions published between 1920 and 2008 in 15 languages and held by 947 libraries worldwide examples of picasso ' s paintings from 1901 to 1954. picasso and portraiture : representation and transformation ( book ) 20 editions published between 1996 and 1997 in english and held by 891 libraries worldwide \" portraiture has managed to flourish in modern painting in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4804106807156868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18015dbb-fc31-4ff6-b48f-fc3986adc065>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.416419"}
{"text": "worldwide examples of picasso ' s paintings from 1901 to 1954. picasso and portraiture : representation and transformation ( book ) 20 editions published between 1996 and 1997 in english and held by 891 libraries worldwide \" portraiture has managed to flourish in modern painting in spite of the popularization of photography, the decline of traditional patronage, and modernism ' s increasing emphasis on abstraction. however problematic modern styles have been for representational art, painters have continued to discover new possibilities in the imaging of the human face. this book explores the challenge of the modernist portrait through the multiple solutions proposed by its foremost protagonist and, in so doing, becomes the first volume ever published on the subject of picasso and portraiture. the hundreds of works reproduced here - most of them unfamiliar, some virtually unknown - demonstrate the remarkable range of picasso ' s experimentation in all its stylistic and psychological diversity. \" \" the book opens with an authoritative, broad - ranging essay by william rubin ; the nine essays that follow - all by major contemporary scholars and critics - examine different periods and aspects of picasso ' s career and clarify personal relationships between the artist and his subjects. it closes with an essay by mr. rubin on the late portraits. numerous photographs, some never before published and many by outstanding photographers, present the portrait subjects as seen through the eye of the camera. \" \" this book, published to accompany a major exhibition at the museum of modern art, new york, opening in april 1996, no doubt will long remain the definitive work on its subject. \" - - book jacket. picasso and the invention of cubism by pepe karmel ( book ) 6 editions published between 2002 and 2006 in english and held by 883 libraries worldwide picasso for vollard by pablo picasso ( book ) 94 editions published between 1937 and 2010 in 6 languages and held by 837 libraries worldwide picasso, the last years, 1963 - 1973 by gert schiff ( book ) 10 editions published in 1983 in english and held by 824 libraries worldwide picasso lithographs by pablo picasso ( book ) 16 editions published between 1949 and 1970 in french and english and held by 748 libraries worldwide art art art, french art, modern artist couples artists artists ' models art museums avant - garde ( aesthetics ) biography biography - - pictorial works braque, georges, - - 1882 - 1963 catalogs children civil war ( spain : 1936 - 1939 ) criticism, interpretation, etc. cubism demoiselles d ' avignon ( picasso, pablo ) einstein, albert, - - 1879 - 1955 exhibition catalogs france france - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49120763302247544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18015dbb-fc31-4ff6-b48f-fc3986adc065>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.417511"}
{"text": "- 1963 catalogs children civil war ( spain : 1936 - 1939 ) criticism, interpretation, etc. cubism demoiselles d ' avignon ( picasso, pablo ) einstein, albert, - - 1879 - 1955 exhibition catalogs france france - - paris friendship gilot, francoise, - - 1921 - guernica ( picasso, pablo ) history influence ( literary, artistic, etc. ) juvenile works maar, dora man - woman relationships matisse, henri, - - 1869 - 1954 modernism ( art ) musee picasso ( paris, france ) new york ( state ) - - new york olivier, fernande painters painting painting, french painting, modern picasso, marina picasso, pablo, - - 1881 - 1973 pictorial works portraits prints psychology relations with women spain spain - - barcelona themes, motives women bikasu, bablu, 1881 - 1973 blasco, pablo ruiz luyisi bikasuo, babuluo, 1881 - 1973 pablo picasso 1881 - 1973 pablo ruiz y picasso 1881 - 1973 paburo pikaso 1881 - 1973 picasso,... 1881 - 1973 picasso, pablo 1881 - 1973 picasso, pablo diego jose francisco de paula juan nepomuceno crispin crispiniano de la santissima trinidad ruiz blasco 1881 - 1973 picasso, pablo ruit picasso, pablo ruiz. picasso, pablo ruiz 1881 - 1973 picasso, pablo ruiz y 1881 - 1973 picasso, pablo ruys 1881 - 1973 pikaso, pablo, 1881 - 1973 pikaso, pabura 1881 - 1973 pikaso, paburo, 1881 - 1973 pikaso, pamplo 1881 - 1973 pikaso, paulos 1881 - 1973 pikasso,... 1881 - 1973 pikasso, pablo, 1881 - 1973 pikasso, pabura 1881 - 1973 pikasso, pamplo 1881 - 1973 pikasso, paulos 1881 - 1973 ruiz blasco, pablo ruiz blasco, pablo 1881 - 1973 ruiz blasko, pablo. ruiz, pablo, 1881 - 1973 ruiz picasso, pablo ruiz - picasso, pablo 1881 - 1973 ruiz y picasso, pablo ruiz y picasso, pablo, 1881 - 1973 ruys, pablo, 1881 - 1973 ruys picasso, pablo ruys - picasso, pablo 1881 - 1973 \u05e4\u05d9\u05e7\u05d0\u05e1\u05d5, \u05e4\u05d0\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5, 1881 \u05be 1973, 1881 - 1973\u05e4\u05d9\u05e7\u05d0\u05e1\u05d5, \u05e4\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5 no linguistic content ( 1, 956 ) multiple languages ( 91 ) greek,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4805416511138, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18015dbb-fc31-4ff6-b48f-fc3986adc065>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.418330"}
{"text": "from stress to strength published october 26, 2011 06 : 20 stress is our internal response to any situation we find challenging. it is a part of life. we cannot eliminate stress but we can learn to recognize and cope with it. stress results when we have an imbalance between the demands we have to meet and the resources we have available to help us cope with those demands. everyone reacts to situations differently. what may be stressful for one person may not be for another. although we cannot change many of the things that cause stress in our lives, we do have the power to change the effect of the stress when we manage our response to the challenges that we face and we use healthy resources. we can improve our ability to cope with and respond positively to stress by using stress management skills. these skills do not eliminate stress in our lives ; when practiced regularly, they assist to reduce its negative effects. understanding the effects of stress when there is a high demand upon you and you have low control of the situation ( your resources and what you can do about it ), you will feel stress. \u2022 stress is a normal response. \u2022 with effective stress management, you can learn to successfully deal with the first stage, the alarm response, and avoid getting to more chronic states of stress that can damage your health. stages of stress | stress stages | | description | | how it feels | | alarm | | the \" flight and fright \" response. our necessary physiological response to stress. muscles tighten ; blood pressure and heart rate rise ; breathing rate increases. we are ready to run away or fight off danger. | | \u2022 restlessness | \u2022 nervous, worried \u2022 irritable and angry | resistance | | the stress hormones responsible for the initial alarm stage are still circulating. you may experience an increase in negative thoughts and lack of focus and concentration. | | \u2022 denial of feelings | \u2022 emotional isolation \u2022 loss of interest and motivation \u2022 loss of focus and concentration | exhaustion | | chronic exposure to stress hormones negatively affects your mental focus and tennis performance. it increases your risk of injury and of illnesses like stomach ulcers & high blood pressure. | | \u2022 loss of self confidence | \u2022 difficulty sleeping \u2022 unusual behavior / mood changes \u2022 physical injuries / illnesses you are in control of many things that will help you to handle stress better. awareness : learn and accept what your needs are. an honest awareness of your strengths and weaknesses will help. learn how stress affects you, and pay attention to your inner alarm bells. be assertive : let others know your needs clearly and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5091359710566844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6939f7a-cf41-42fa-bbd4-46e3e02681dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.424091"}
{"text": "stress better. awareness : learn and accept what your needs are. an honest awareness of your strengths and weaknesses will help. learn how stress affects you, and pay attention to your inner alarm bells. be assertive : let others know your needs clearly and calmly. express your feelings openly and constructively, not aggressively. this helps to avoid a build - up of negative feelings which causes more stress. cultivate self - esteem : look alert and interested. smile. think about your good qualities and give yourself credit for what you do well. stop self criticism : high achievers are often very critical of themselves and others. negatively judging yourself or others wastes time and energy and creates stress. if you are not happy with something, work on changing what you can in a positive way. know your values : keep a sense of humor about all things. spend time with friends and loved ones. learn your limits. it ' s okay to politely say \" no \". express your feelings. work on your spiritual side. plan for success : focus on the positive, what you do well. use failure as an opportunity to learn and grow. don ' t let setbacks defeat you. take time out : periodize your training. allow for days off ( no tennis, no travel ). have a holiday. make time for activities you enjoy and aim to have some fun every day. maximize opportunities : make the most of your time. learn to prioritize and to set goals. learn to be assertive. slow down, don ' t rush. listen to feedback openly, not defensively. improve your physical ability to cope : get enough sleep. follow a balanced nutrition plan. use recovery techniques like massage, stretching and hydrotherapies to keep your body healthy. practice relaxation : learn to be mindful and live in the present. learn and practice muscle relaxation ; breathing and imagery. seek help : recognize that stress can creep up on you. the contents of the health site are for informational purposes only and should not be treated as medical, psychiatric, psychological, health care or health management advice. the materials herein are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this site. reliance on any information provided herein is solely at your own risk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42946019000763924, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6939f7a-cf41-42fa-bbd4-46e3e02681dd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.425047"}
{"text": "prepared by frank u. g. peck a brief history of the people and settlement of brushy ridge, west virginia, about four miles southwest of ronceverte. we will first consider the early settlers of brushy ridge, who they were and where they came from. christopher hoke, who owned a mill and stillhouse in northwest brushy ridge came from monroe county and settled in brushy ridge about 1800. he also owned a colored woman who became the wife of samuel willmer. his next wife was rachel scruggs. they toiled and struggled together for a livelihood. another early settler was mrs. whanger who lived near where edgar payne has built a home. michael rodgers, the father of ely and daniel rodgers, settled in south brushy ridge about 1840. he came from ireland. the first colored man to make a permanent home in south brushy ridge was john more, sr. he formerly belonged to gim nickell. after living in south brushy ridge awhile he bought a home in north brushy ridge and reared a large family. his heirs own the land yet. samuel moore, a brother of john moore, bought a home in south brushy ridge, moved on it and reared a large family. his heirs own the home place. in the sixties daniel c. boone came from north carolina. he married jennie moore, one of john moore ' s daughters, and lived first in south brushy ridge and worked in the tan yard for madison nickell, he finally bought a home in north brushy ridge where he reared a large family. another early settler was isaac kippers who was a renter. he also reared a large family. j. h. burdett married cathrine rodgers and they settled on a farm in south brushy ridge about the year 1872. they reared a family of thrifty children and built a nice home and accumulated considerable wealth. j. l. peck settled on brushy ridge about the year of 1876 on a plot of land formerly owned by richard smith. he has bought more land, made a nice home and reared a family. charley johnson who married harriett moore, a daughter of john moore, sr. settled in north brushy ridge about 1880. he owned his home and reared one child of his own and two adopted children. calvin curry bought a home in south brushy ridge in the eighties. he reared a large family. samuel willmer who came from the davis settlement in greenbrier county bought a farm in north brushy ridge and moved william", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38913963128698603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a38edd9-5d01-4137-9d98-ea2dc826b480>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.434438"}
{"text": "and two adopted children. calvin curry bought a home in south brushy ridge in the eighties. he reared a large family. samuel willmer who came from the davis settlement in greenbrier county bought a farm in north brushy ridge and moved william hubbert onto his farm about 1880. he married rachel scruggs of alderson and brought her to his home. they toiled, labored and struggled to build up a nice home and reared a large family. g. w. moore who owns a home and formerly lived in south brushy ridge is now married to samuel willmer ' s widow. they are getting along nicely on the pleasant view farm. g. w. haynes who married elizabeth haynes bought a home in south brushy ridge about 1884. he was a good mason working at his trade far and near. they toiled and struggled, built up a nice home and reared a large family. socrates haynes who married ella french of union, bought a home joining g. w. haynes. his first wife was barbra moore. they reared a large family. he was also a distinguished workman in lumber, brick and stone. albert payne, a carpenter and mason, bought a farm in south brushy ridge about 1884. he married ida duns moore of sink grove. they have toiled and labored, built up a nice home and reared a large family. benjamin white married rosa kelley and bought a home in south brushy ridge. he then sold it and bought a piece of land in north brushy ridge bordering on the river. here they have toiled, built a nice home and reared a large family. he purchased his last home about 1884. henry johnson of covington, virginia, married margaret moore about 1887. they own part of the john moore place. they have a good home. mathew moore who married cornelia wood of virginia settled on and owns a part of the john moore place. they have toiled and labored, built up a nice home and reared a large family. they settled there in the eighties. samuel gillbreath married edora bought a home in south brushy ridge in the eighties. they reared a large family. they were very industrious people. he was a good blacksmith. james m. moore bought a home in south brushy ridge about 1888. he married eliza dunsmore of sinks grove. they labored and reared a large family and built a good home. \\ \\ william moore bought a farm in south brushy ridge, married, reared a family, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41385964561865735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a38edd9-5d01-4137-9d98-ea2dc826b480>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.435410"}
{"text": "brushy ridge about 1888. he married eliza dunsmore of sinks grove. they labored and reared a large family and built a good home. \\ \\ william moore bought a farm in south brushy ridge, married, reared a family, and through labor and toil has built a nice home where he and his wife, bettie, and grandchildren are living comfortably. j. d. haynes who married lonrax moore settled in south brushy ridge 1896. they have reared a large family. he is an accomplished workman in lumber, brick, stone, and concrete. concrete construction is his main and leading occupation. john patton married and bought a home in north brushy ridge. he has built a nice home, reared a large family and is a successful farmer. about 1901 robert patton bought in south brushy ridge and settled. he bought from william hoke an earlier settler. aikin smith bought in south west brushy ridge has run a grist mill. he then built a store which he is running at present. edward morris bought a home in north brushy ridge and reared a family of two girls. miss marry married mr. disc and lives near ronceverte. miss ella married carl hoke and lives on the home place. westley hoke bought a place in north brushy ridge and reared a large family. he was one of our early settlers. sarah bland bought a home in north brushy ridge and reared a family. j. c. moore married nannie tiffany. they bought a place in north west brushy ridge about 1896 and settled there. they bought more land and now own a good home. james huffman bought some of the edward morris tract of land and lived on it awhile. it was then bought by joe fallis moore who lived on it with his family a long time. he finally moved to covington, virginia. frederick douglas bought land in north brushy ridge about 1898. he married angie boone, built a nice home and reared a large family. he is a mechanic and very progressive. frank u. g. peck married lucy boone, bought a home in north brushy ridge in 1893 and reared a large family. he is a teacher and farmer. william lucas settled north brushy ridge about 1902. he married daisy white. they have reared a large family. he is a mechanic. robert allen bought and settled in north brushy ridge 1904. he is a leading blacksmith and goes to ronceverte each day to work at his trade. george lewis married and bought a home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4055311837413715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a38edd9-5d01-4137-9d98-ea2dc826b480>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.437704"}
{"text": "have reared a large family. he is a mechanic. robert allen bought and settled in north brushy ridge 1904. he is a leading blacksmith and goes to ronceverte each day to work at his trade. george lewis married and bought a home in north brushy ridge about 1902. he and his wife reared a family. gillie lewis married edward watkins and they are living at the home place. johnie fortner married martha moore. they bought a home joining the lewis place and settled on it about 1906. william scott married pearly and settled near charley johnson for awhile. he then moved his family on the river. w. j. boone married lida fortner. they lived in north brushy ridge for awhile then moved to the coal mines where they lived for 28 years. he and his family have returned to south brushy ridge and are living at the curry home. clifford curry married laura johnson about 1906. they lived at the henry johnson home until his death by accident. oliver manuel married edora moore and they lived at the samuel moore home in south brushy ridge for a number of years. they reared a family. john tiffany married onie moore. they built a home near j. c. moore ' s and are rearing a family. james e. steele came about 1897. afterwards he married sidney willmer. they have built a home near e. e. steels and are rearing a family. e. e. steel and his wife bought a home from houston steel and settled on it about 1902 where they lived nicely till 1923. james hunter moore bought a place from mr. rowlison in north west brushy ridge in 1907 where he is living and taking care of his aged father and mother. d. j. boone married della gillbreath. in 1914 he bought a home in north brushy ridge where he settled. they are rearing a family. isom gillbreath married josie manuel. they bought a home in north brushy ridge where they lived for a short while. w. t. peck married ada arnold of muddy creek and is living in north brushy ridge with his father. they have built a nice home. james stanton married zora white. they built a home near the big cliff on her father ' s place. james white married bertha arnold of muddy creek. they built a home near his father. he is a workman of distinction. they are rearing a family. lewis allen has bought a place near d. j. boone. they are rearing a family", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4085785912944573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a38edd9-5d01-4137-9d98-ea2dc826b480>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.438965"}
{"text": "white married bertha arnold of muddy creek. they built a home near his father. he is a workman of distinction. they are rearing a family. lewis allen has bought a place near d. j. boone. they are rearing a family. harvy gillbreath bought a home in south brushy ridge where he and his mother are living now. john lovings married cora manuel. he has bought a place in north brushy ridge and is preparing to build. walker moore married emma long. they are buying the daniel boone place in north brushy ridge and are rearing a family. edgar payne married miss alice of new york. he built a nice home in south brushy ridge where they are living and rearing a family. allen haynes married emma moore and bought the socrates hayne ' s property in south brushy ridge where he and his wife are living and rearing a family. simpson moore married nancy burke. they are living at the j. m. moore home. oscar willmer married mazie haynes. they live at j. d. haynes. lacy moore married josie boone. they live sometimes at william moore ' s and sometimes on the river. alphia boone married bula dickerson. they have lived here but now live down on the river. the following are transit population of brushy ridge. richard peck, anderson bundy, peter jones, housten kipper, henry grayson, william hale and masfield haynes, scruggs and mary white. the church and school have played an important part in the development of brushy ridge. each began about a half century ago. today we have two churches and a graded school. brushy ridge where sixty years ago the panther was a skulking visitor, the bear growled, the wolf yelped, the wildcat and catamount screamed, and the owl hooted has become highly developed and modernized. many young people have gone away to higher institutions of learning and are making good in the various walks of life. community histories index", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41196380030467045, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a38edd9-5d01-4137-9d98-ea2dc826b480>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.439738"}
{"text": "using public and private funds to provide grants and operate programs, the west virginia humanities council is the principal organization promoting the humanities in west virginia. the humanities council was created june 25, 1974, at the encouragement of the national endowment for the humanities. reflecting the neh \u2019 s original purposes, the council was first incorporated as the committee for humanities and public policy and focused on making grants for programs that applied the humanities to discussions of public policy by adults. since then the council has broadened its activities, expanded the range of its target population to include all west virginians, and diversified its sources of funding. the council is a nonprofit corporation, not an agency of government. from modest beginnings funded entirely by federal dollars, the council has grown to an annual budget of more than $ 1. 5 million, most of which comes from public and private sources in west virginia. the cornerstone of the council \u2019 s work continues to be the grants it awards to educational institutions, museums, public broadcasting, historical societies, and others. major educational activities undertaken by the council itself include traveling exhibits, the enactment of historic figures, and periodic lectures. the annual betsy k. mccreight lecture in the humanities features leading national scholars and authors, and the annual charles h. daugherty award in the humanities recognizes the contributions of individual west virginians to the humanities. the west virginia humanities council is the publisher of the west virginia encyclopedia, which has now been published in both print and an online version. since 2000, the council has been headquartered at the historic macfarland - hubbard house in charleston. the house was added to the national register of historic places in 1979. read the national register nomination. this article was written by charles h. daugherty last revised on january 28, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.416324584649717, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d440ed7-7fdb-4762-a3bc-32573388b55e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.441712"}
{"text": "wilmington, nc ( wway ) - - doggie discrimination? it ' s a phenomenon some animal shelters face. it turns out, some people overlook dogs because of the color of their fur. \" the black, brown, big dog syndrome is a nationwide issue with animal shelters, ' cause these are dogs that are normally overlooked because of their color and their size, \" onslow county animal services director alan davis said. in onslow county, the problem is so bad, animal services has cut its adoption fee for black and brown dogs by nearly $ 100. it ' s not like that in new hanover county. shelter supervisor nancy ryan says black and brown dogs are not usually the first to go, but that doesn ' t mean they ' re left homeless. \" we adopt them out, maybe not as quickly as the small breeds and the puppies, but we do adopt them, \" ryan said. some animal rescue groups say there may be another reason why black dogs often get overlooked. with many people looking for pets online, black dogs are at a disadvantage. \" their features aren ' t as prominent, \" said sheryl sblendorio with schnauzer rescue of the carolinas. \" you can ' t appreciate their eyes, shape of their ears, line of their body. i just think they almost black out. \" while there are no hard statistics that this syndrome exists, experts say there is plenty of anecdotal evidence. in the meantime, many black and brown dogs are living in the shadows of their lighter - colored counterparts. onslow county has reduced its adoption fee on brown, black and large dogs to $ 50 through the end of the month. davis says so far, this had been quite successful.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.439877701287679, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd84943d-4667-439a-9c60-630e9c8bb2ad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.443447"}
{"text": "environmental protection agency ( epa ) assistant administrator for water, benjamin grumbles, celebrated 30 years of progress under the safe drinking water act today at the clayton county, georgia water authority. the assistant administrator visited the clayton county water authority to see how the utility is using innovative technology for making drinking water safer in the 21st century. \" we salute the safe drinking water act and the many americans who work hard to make sure our water is safe to drink, \" grumbles said. \" we can all help \u2013 by working within our own communities to prevent contamination in the lakes, rivers, streams, and underground aquifers that are the source of our water supply. \" grumbles praised the clayton county water authority for taking action to go beyond regulatory requirements in ensuring that their customers have access to safe drinking water. in addition to conventional treatment, the authority uses ultraviolet disinfection at all of their treatment plants to provide greater removal of microbial pathogens that can negatively impact human health by causing gastrointestinal illness. throughout 2005, epa will recognize the anniversary of the act by conducting a campaign focused on four themes : \" community water systems : the backbone of public health ; \" \" protecting sources of drinking water ; \" \" public involvement in safe drinking water ; \" and \" planning for the future. \" visit www. epa. gov / safewater / sdwa / 30th to view fact sheets created in commemoration of the anniversary and for updates on events and activities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4321285063282912, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e12eb79b-7288-4486-ad33-0ea2038210bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.445005"}
{"text": "most active stories on air staff and wpm interns thu november 15, 2012 why coke cost a nickel for 70 years originally published on mon november 19, 2012 12 : 04 pm prices change ; that ' s fundamental to how economies work. and yet : in 1886, a bottle of coke cost a nickel. it was also a nickel in 1900, 1915 and 1930. in fact, 70 years after the first coke was sold, you could still buy a bottle for a nickel. three wars, the great depression, hundreds of competitors \u2014 none of it made any difference for the price of coke. why not? in 1899, two lawyers paid a visit to the president of coca - cola. at the time, coke was sold at soda fountains. but the lawyers were interested in this new idea : selling drinks in bottles. the lawyers wanted to buy the bottling rights for coca - cola. the president of coca - cola didn ' t think much of the whole bottle thing. so he made a deal with the lawyers : he ' d let them sell coke in bottles, and he ' d sell them the syrup to do it. according to the terms of the deal, the lawyers would be able to buy the syrup at a fixed price. forever. andrew young, an economist at west virginia university, says the president of coke may have signed the contract just to get the guys out of his office. \" anytime you ' ve got two lawyers in your office, you probably want them to leave, \" young says. \" and he ' s saying, ' i ' ll sign this piece of paper if you ' ll just please leave my office. ' \" bottled drinks, of course, took off. and coca - cola was in a bind. if the bottlers or a corner store decided to raise the price of a bottle of coke, coca - cola wouldn ' t get any extra money. so, if you ' re coca - cola, you want to somehow keep the price down at 5 cents so you can sell as much syrup as possible to the bottlers. what do you do? \" one thing you do is blanket the entire nation with coca - cola advertising that basically has ' 5 cents ' prominently featured, \" young says. the company couldn ' t actually put price tags on the bottles of coke saying \" 5 cents. \" but it could paint a giant ad on the side of a building right next to the store that says, \" drink coca - cola, 5 cents. \" \" since everybody was brainwashed \u2014 people saw these ads all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4197092533784864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8aaf412-4e94-4fec-8231-cf53aa745aff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.451315"}
{"text": "coke saying \" 5 cents. \" but it could paint a giant ad on the side of a building right next to the store that says, \" drink coca - cola, 5 cents. \" \" since everybody was brainwashed \u2014 people saw these ads all over \u2014 it was hard for anyone to increase the price, \" says daniel levy, a professor of economics at bar - ilan university in israel and at emory university in atlanta. that contract with the bottlers eventually got renegotiated. but the price of coke stayed at a nickel. that was partly due to another obstacle : the vending machine. the coca - cola vending machines were built to take a single coin : a nickel. levy says the folks at coca - cola thought about converting the vending machines to take a dime. but doubling the price was too much. they wanted something in between. so they asked the u. s. treasury to issue a 7. 5 - cent coin. at one point, the head of coca - cola asked president eisenhower for help. ( they were hunting buddies. ) no luck. in the end, inflation killed the nickel coke. the price of the ingredients rose. in the late 1940s, some stores sold cokes for 6 cents. the last nickel coke seems to have been in 1959. the nickel price had lasted over 70 years. and in retrospect, andrew young says, it wasn ' t a bad thing for the company. it ' s one reason coke is everywhere today. the company couldn ' t raise the price. so it did the only thing it could : it sold as many cokes as possible. linda wertheimer, host : all prices change. that ' s basic economics. and yet, know what the price of coca - cola was in 1886? a nickel. steve inskeep, host : in 1900? a nickel. wertheimer : 1910, still a nickel. inskeep : 1920, a nickel. wertheimer : david kestenbaum, with our planet money team, has the strange story of why coke price got stuck for so long. david kestenbaum, byline : daniel levy stumbled on this economic mystery while he was on a tour of the coca - cola museum in atlanta with his kids. the tour guide just mentioned that for decades coke had cost a nickel. and levy thought wait, what? daniel levy : and i said can you say that again? and he repeat that. and i, kind of, grabbed my head. right? i said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4635361647827132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8aaf412-4e94-4fec-8231-cf53aa745aff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.452384"}
{"text": "guide just mentioned that for decades coke had cost a nickel. and levy thought wait, what? daniel levy : and i said can you say that again? and he repeat that. and i, kind of, grabbed my head. right? i said how can that be? kestenbaum : levy is an economist at bar ilan university and emory university, and he enlisted a colleague. andrew young : daniel came and said that he ' d found this crazy thing, do you want to help me out with this project? kestenbaum : this is andrew young, now an economist at west virginia university. the more the two thought about it, the same price for 70 years, the stranger it seemed. think of all that had happened? levy : we had great depression. young : three wars, spanish - american, world war i, world war ii. levy : competitors including pepsi - hundreds of competitors. levy : various lawsuits, and none of these things made any difference. kestenbaum : andrew young found one story that seems to explain part of the mystery. in 1899, two lawyers, from chattanooga, tennessee, pay a visit to the president of coca - cola. at the time, coca - cola is sold at soda fountains. but the lawyers are interested in this new thing - bottles - selling drinks in bottles. they want to buy the bottling rights. and the president of coke thinks pfft bottles. so he agrees to sell them the syrup to make coca - cola for a fixed price forever. the contract had no end date. young : my best take on it is, i mean, any time you got two lawyers in you office you probably want them to leave. right? and he ' s saying i ' ll sign this piece of paper if you all just please leave my office. kestenbaum : bottled drinks took off and coca - cola was in a bind : if the bottlers or a corner store decided to raise the price of a bottle of coke, coca - cola wouldn ' t get any extra money. so if you ' re coca - cola, you want to somehow keep the price down at five cents, so you could sell as much as possible. what do you do? young : well, one thing you do is blanket the entire nation with coca - cola advertising that basically has five cents prominently featured. kestenbaum : think about how brilliant this was. the company couldn ' t actually put a sticker on the bottles of coke saying five cents. but it could paint an ad on the side", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4663832486013869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8aaf412-4e94-4fec-8231-cf53aa745aff>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.454469"}
{"text": "- cola advertising that basically has five cents prominently featured. kestenbaum : think about how brilliant this was. the company couldn ' t actually put a sticker on the bottles of coke saying five cents. but it could paint an ad on the side of a building right next to the store that says drink coca - cola - five cents. here ' s daniel levy. levy : point is that since everyone was brainwashed, people saw these ads all over. it was hard for anyone to increase the price. kestenbaum : that weird contract with the bottlers eventually got renegotiated. but still, the price of coke stayed a nickel, in part because of another obstacle - this one about the size of a refrigerator and painted red - the vending machine. the coca - cola vending machines were built to take a single coin, a nickel. levy says the folks at coca - cola thought about converting the vending machines to take a dime. but that would double the price. really, what they wanted was something in between. levy : it is so a clever idea, what they came up with. they said how about we ask the treasury to issue a seven and a half cent coin. kestenbaum : the u. s. treasury, the government? levy : yeah. yeah, yeah, yeah. kestenbaum : at one point, the head of coca - cola asked the president of the united states - eisenhower - for help. they were hunting buddies. but no luck. the thing that finally undoes the nickel coke is inflation. the price of the ingredients, of everything, starts to go up and up. in the late 1940s, some stores sold cokes for six cents, seven cents. the last nickel coke seems to have been in 1959. the nickel price had lasted over 70 years. and in retrospect, andrew young says, it wasn ' t a bad thing for the company. it ' s one reason coke is everywhere today. the company couldn ' t raise the price so it did the only thing it could. it sold as many cokes as possible. young : at one point, associated with the military, there were coca - cola bottling operations on every continent except for antarctica during world war ii. all there to make sure that our soldiers could always get coca - cola for a nickel. kestenbaum : nickel coke appears to be the longest documented case of a price not changing, in modern history. david kestenbaum, npr news. wertheimer : it ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42816117030260825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8aaf412-4e94-4fec-8231-cf53aa745aff>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.455952"}
{"text": "swallowtails : ozark woodland swallowtail ( papilio joanae ) ( lepidoptera : papilionidae : papilioninae : papilionini ) profile prepared by mace vaughan and matthew shepherd, the xerces society for invertebrate conservation the ozark woodland swallowtail is restricted to dry forests in the ozark region of missouri and northern arkansas. this butterfly is not rare where it occurs and populations appear stable currently with few direct threats. however, due to its very restricted range, populations may be vulnerable to catastrophic events such as wildfire or the widespread treatment of forests with pesticides. xerces red list status : vulnerable canada \u2013 species at risk act : n / a canada \u2013 provincial status : n / a usa \u2013 endangered species act : none usa \u2013 state status : none iucn red list : n / a the ozark woodland swallowtail is not rare where it occurs but it has a very limited range, essentially the ozarks of missouri and rarely arkansas. currently, populations appear stable and secure but this could quickly change. the ozark woodland swallowtail is, like other members of the family papilionidae ( swallowtails ), a large, showy butterfly. its wingspan is 3\u00bc to 4 1 / 16 inches ( 8. 2 to 10. 2 cm ). this swallowtail is nearly identical to the black swallowtail ( papilio polyxenes ). males are black on both sides. the uppersides have both postmedian and marginal bands of irregularly shaped yellow spots. on the hind wings between these two bands is a submarginal band of indistinct blue spots, with a red eye spot on the trailing edge. the black pupil of the eye touches the inner edge of the wing. the undersides of the wings are similarly marked, except that the yellow spots are whitish or with an orange tint and the blue spots more obvious. females are similar to males, except that they are dark brown. on the upperside, the yellow spots are generally smaller and paler than the males and the blue spots on the hindwing more extensive ( appearing more like patches than spots ). on the underside, the forewing spots are fainter and the hindwing spots are brighter. papilio joanae j. r. heitzman, 1974. it was previously considered synonymous with papilio polyxenes fabricius, 1775. common names include ozark swallowtail and joan \u2019 s swallowtail. this is a woodland butterfly found in the ozark", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38763617818621027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a3380d8-06b4-4887-b5cc-37510cafad99>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.461424"}
{"text": ". r. heitzman, 1974. it was previously considered synonymous with papilio polyxenes fabricius, 1775. common names include ozark swallowtail and joan \u2019 s swallowtail. this is a woodland butterfly found in the ozark dry forests. it is associated with cedar glades and openings, and other sparsely wooded areas. larval hostplants are yellow pimpernel ( taenidia integerrima ), meadowparsnip ( thaspium sp. ), and golden alexanders ( zizia aurea ). joan \u2019 s swallowtail does not use highly disturbed or agricultural habitats. there are two flight periods between april and september. this species overwinters as chryslids and the first generation of adults emerges in april. eggs are laid singly on hostplants and the caterpillars eat leaves and flowers. adults drink nectar of rose verbena ( glandularia sp. ), wood betony ( stachys sp. ), puccoon ( lithospermum sp. ), and false garlic ( nothoscordum sp. ). the ozark woodland swallowtail is restricted to the ozark region of missouri and northern arkansas. there is one isolated record from kentucky. courtesy of butterflies and moths of north america, big sky institute. populations of this butterfly appear stable currently with few direct threats. due to its very restricted range, however, populations may be vulnerable to catastrophic events such as wildfire or the widespread treatment of forests with pesticides. when the gypsy moth reaches the ozarks \u2014 as it almost certainly will \u2014 spraying will pose a significant threat to this butterfly : there is growing evidence that ozark woodland swallowtail larvae are exceptionally sensitive to btk, and may even be killed by month - old residue on leaves. collection of the ozark woodland swallowtail for sale may be of growing concern if collection pressure increases. the collection of this species likely won \u2019 t pose a problem at current levels given the current population size. because of the high price paid for pinned specimens ( $ 200 or more ), it may become a significant threat that needs to be addressed. although this species is not rare in the areas where it is found, its range is small enough to warrant conservation attention. small populations are vulnerable to environmental change. while occasional wildfires may not harm the species and can improve and open up new habitat, burns on a cycle shorter than five or ten years, or of large areas, could have a negative impact on local populations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3960481306559122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a3380d8-06b4-4887-b5cc-37510cafad99>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.462673"}
{"text": "populations are vulnerable to environmental change. while occasional wildfires may not harm the species and can improve and open up new habitat, burns on a cycle shorter than five or ten years, or of large areas, could have a negative impact on local populations. great care needs to be taken when planning and implementing spraying operations for forest pests. monitoring of known populations would be valuable to assess the impacts of environmental changes, especially if the gypsy moth reaches the ozarks. studies into the impacts of forestry practices, such as thinning and herbicide use, would be useful. heitzman, j. r. 1974 [ \u201c 1973 \u201d ] a new species of papilio from the eastern united states ( papilionidae ). journal of research on the lepidoptera. 12 ( 1 ) : 3 - 7. heitzman, j. r., and j. e. heitzman. 1987. butterflies and moths of missouri. missouri department of conservation, jefferson city, mo. opler, p. a. ( chair ), j. m. burns, j. d. lafontaine, r. k. robbins, and f. sperling. 1998. scientific names of north american butterflies. fort collins, co. opler, p. a., and v. malikul. 1992. a field guide to eastern butterflies. peterson field guide # 4. houghton - mifflin co., boston, ma. scott, j. a. 1986. the butterflies of north america. stanford university press, stanford, ca. big sky institute, butterflies and moths of north america : ozark swallowtail ( accessed 1 / 21 / 09 ) natureserve explorer ( accessed 9 / 23 / 08 ) vaughan, d. m., and m. d. shepherd. 2005. species profile : papilio joanae. in shepherd, m. d., d. m. vaughan, and s. h. black ( eds ). red list of pollinator insects of north america. cd - rom version 1 ( may 2005 ). portland, or : the xerces society for invertebrate conservation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41569596106624795, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a3380d8-06b4-4887-b5cc-37510cafad99>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.463477"}
{"text": "| yale - new haven teachers institute | | home | elsa m. calderon the art component includes visual art and film. art and film are essential components of this unit and are covered in several ways : using specific artists to introduce literature, using specific artists and films to present the themes covered in literature in a different way, and using art and film to highlight the themes of race and ethnicity. the artists themselves are of diverse racial backgrounds and their works reflect in different ways the hispanic identity. a schematic chart is provided to enable spanish teachers to adapt the sequence to the needs of their particular students. the sequence tracks the recommended authors for ap literature, includes background information of the authors ' countries and cultures, and connects these authors to artists who reflect the three ethnicities that make up the hispanic identity : spanish, african, and native american. in order for all students to succeed in the ap course, the pre - ap course must be rigorous and preparatory. it must build on the four skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing, so that the students enter the ap class with a high level of proficiency in all four skills. it must enrich the students\u00b4view of hispanic culture. culture is an intrinsic part of the ap course and culturally authentic materials must be presented throughout the year. this unit does not address all these needs, since that would be an ambitious and lengthy publication. rather, this unit provides the ap teacher with ideas for motivating students to continue the study of spanish and to increase mastery of the four skills via a unit that encompasses art, film, and literature. it is my hope that new ap teachers may find this unit useful and that veteran ap teachers may find renewed energy by incorporating some of the ideas in this unit into their lesson plans. the central metaphor is the one offered by carlos fuentes in his book and films of the same title : the buried mirror. ( 2 ) he states that the connection between latin america, spain, and latinos in the united states is similar to a series of mirrors that reflect back and forth across the ocean. he notes the importance of mirrors in history, art, and literature. he mentions the mirrors of don quixote, the mirror of velazquez, the mirror of quetzalcoatl, and the buried mirror of the indigenous populations of mexico. he proposes that the hispanic culture in general has several levels and compares that multiplicity or complexity to a mirror that lies partly concealed, partly buried. ( 3 ) it is the challenge of all students of spanish culture and literature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49158571374602256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf11015-a903-43e9-b000-ba2669934282>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.486667"}
{"text": "the indigenous populations of mexico. he proposes that the hispanic culture in general has several levels and compares that multiplicity or complexity to a mirror that lies partly concealed, partly buried. ( 3 ) it is the challenge of all students of spanish culture and literature to examine this conceit and develop their own buried mirror after careful examination of their own ethnic background. a related theme to that of the buried mirror is that of the buried city. throughout the conquest of latin america, it was the custom of spanish conquistadores to raze the indigenous cities and build their cities on top, effectively burying the ancient city in an effort to eradicate the older culture. mexico city is an example of this burial, in that the aztec city of tenochtitlan lies buried under the modern mexico city. the painting by antonio ruiz of la malinche illustrates this buried identity ( 4 ). it shows a sleeping aztec woman, la malinche, under a blanket that is weighed down by an intricate system of buildings, a city in effect. beneath the reality of one culture or city is the physical reality of an older culture which may lie dormant but will never be forgotten by its people. some authors have commented on this brutal custom of the spanish conquistadores to destroy a sacred site or vibrant city and construct a spanish building. luis recalde writes in his curriculum unit 99. 02. 10 that the spanish tried to \" destroy and bury the cultures of the natives, as in the classic case of tenochtitlan. \" he notes that the spanish gained control of the conquered population as they physically destroyed symbols of their past and their present, including religious centers and religious buildings. ( 5 ). for purposes of this unit, students may benefit by reading about the conquistadores in mexico, in order to understand the message of ruiz ' painting, a recommended source for teachers and students is the book by luis rivera pagan, entitled evangelizacion y violencia : la conquista de america, cited by recalde in his 1999 unit : art images of tenochtitlan - past and present : the case of the virgin of guadalupe. ( 6 ) in literature, this buried background may be found in the poem of nicolas guillen, in his poem entitled the ballad of my two grandfathers. one of the grandfathers is a white spanish conquistador, whereas the other grandfather is an african slave. they had never met, but the author is the grandson of these two men and he joins them in his poem, that they may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48912957921707345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf11015-a903-43e9-b000-ba2669934282>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.488666"}
{"text": "hispanic culture may be viewed as an aleph, where all may be seen at the same time, without confusion. these ideas and metaphors of carlos fuentes and jorge luis borges are very deep and challenge the students to use their imaginations and higher thinking skills to comprehend them and to apply them to latin america today. i have found my students respond well to these intellectual challenges and it is my challenge as a teacher to facilitate discussions, help students analyze and apply the concepts and metaphors, and suggest artistic and writing activities so that students may show evidence of their grasp of these themes. as compared to the mirror, which reflects and at times distorts, but nevertheless reveals much to you, especially if you look at the buried mirror, the aleph discloses all to you in one blinding moment. students will study the aleph as a metaphor, read borges\u00b4story entitled the aleph, as well as other stories in the book of the same title, and design their own alephs, in written form as well as in original illustrations. note on the metaphor of the mirror : the authors and artists who explicitly use the metaphor of the mirror, buried mirror or buried city are so indicated. however, the author of this unit has used the metaphor of the mirror in a broader way, to include reflections, distortions, and omissions. the other authors and artists have been included because the way they handle the discussion of race and ethnic identity suggests an understanding of the multiple ethnic layering that inherently includes the concept of more than one, as in more than one ethnicity, with the likelihood that one is viewed and one is kept hidden or buried. what is perhaps buried in the americas is the history of the native americans, the precolombian civilizations, and the ensuing african presence. what is perhaps buried in spain is the history of oppression of the gypsies and the persecution and expulsion of the moors and jews. the reasons i chose these three paintings, besides being readily available in both text and video formats, are that they introduce the themes of racial and ethnic identitites in latin america, they reflect the ethnic heritage and cultural reality of colombia, cuba, and mexico, and they have stimulated wonderful student discussions with my students as art per se. each painting embraces a relevant theme in latin america. la familia presidencial depicts extremely fat people who are archetypes found in latin america : the family, the priest, and the military man. umbral depicts three figures of african origin. el", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5528822082539294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf11015-a903-43e9-b000-ba2669934282>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.491662"}
{"text": "relevant theme in latin america. la familia presidencial depicts extremely fat people who are archetypes found in latin america : the family, the priest, and the military man. umbral depicts three figures of african origin. el jaguar y la serpiente is rooted in the indigenous cultures of mexico by its use of animals that have a strong symbolic value for the native mexicans. after viewing the three paintings and discussing their connection to the three cultures, students are encouraged to research the three artists and bring to class further examples of their art. the art component includes, besides these three introductory artists, the following artists : salvador dali and pablo picasso, from spain, diego rivera and frida kahlo, from mexico. to a lesser degree, diego velazquez, from spain, antonio martorell, from puerto rico, are also part of this unit. works of art of the mexican artists, antonio ruiz, and the puerto rican artist, edda w. santiago, are also briefly noted. some of these are included in the textbook pasaporte but teachers are encouraged to go to art books, museums, and even the internet for selected art pieces of these artists. the sole example of antonio ruiz, entitled la malinche, is a cover for a book of poems by federico garcia lorca, and the drawings of edda w. santiago are taken from a 1993 calendar entitled yo soy boricua, dedicated to puerto rican women. i have also used a poster for 1999 hispanic heritage month, which depicts three women of different races, wrapped in all the flags of spanish - speaking countries. the chart in this unit suggests one way that these pieces of art may be connected to the literature component, but teachers are free to use them in a different sequence or to make substitutions. the art component is not intended to be the central part of this unit, but is rather intended to highlight, explore, and at times dissent from, the literature, which is the main component. students, however, seem to delight in the art discussions because they are more direct and less complicated than reading a novel or even a short story, and the themes to be subsequently elaborated in the literature may be more easily discussed when viewing the art. in the seminar by professor bryan wolf, we learned techniques for examining not only mainstream artists, but also artists of color who have developed a dialogue with the mainstream traditions. professor wolf elicited lively discussions by carefully presenting questions to the class about the art itself, the intent of the artist, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49292874745920845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf11015-a903-43e9-b000-ba2669934282>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.492696"}
{"text": "learned techniques for examining not only mainstream artists, but also artists of color who have developed a dialogue with the mainstream traditions. professor wolf elicited lively discussions by carefully presenting questions to the class about the art itself, the intent of the artist, and how the particular work grappled with issues of gender, race, and ethnicity. these insights and strategies were helpful to me as a teacher of spanish and i intend to use them in my classroom and in this unit. chart of countries, artists, authors, and films : - 1. write your personal aleph poem. - 2. relect upon the artwork of isaias mata that illustrates the essay by carlos fuentes and draw your own collage. - 3. write an essay, 250 words minimum, about carlos fuentes ' message of diversity and inclusion. use the ap rubrics for assessment on a scale of 1 - 9. - 1. view the art of wifredo lam, fernando botero, and rufino tamayo and connect to the words of carlos fuentes. choose one example of art and describe it to the class. - 2. view the art of wifredo lam and identify the african presence. research santeria and how it shaped the art of wifredo lam. - 3a view the art of fernando botero and identify his political commentary and perspective on appearance, humor, and colombian archetypes. - 3b view the art of salvador dali and connect to poems by federico garcia lorca. - 4. view the art of rufino tamayo, diego rivera, and frida kahlo and identify the indigenous presence. research printed material and internet. - 5. connect the art of wifredo lam to the poetry of nicolas guillen : la balada de los dos abuelos, bucate plata, and el apellido by writing a lengthy essay about the thematic style, languge, and symbols that evoke an african presence. - 6. connect the art of fernando botero to the short stories of gabriel garcia marquez : un dia de estos and cronica and write a comparative essay about two symbols in latin america : the priest and the soldier as developed in the art and literature of these two famous colombians. - 7. view dreams of malinche by antonio ruiz and connect to the history of tenochtitlan. write a descriptive essay that shows you understand the readings on tenochtitlan and the mexico - spanish encounter, and the image of the buried city. - 8. rec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.516928309671899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf11015-a903-43e9-b000-ba2669934282>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.493714"}
{"text": "malinche by antonio ruiz and connect to the history of tenochtitlan. write a descriptive essay that shows you understand the readings on tenochtitlan and the mexico - spanish encounter, and the image of the buried city. - 8. recite one of the poems by nicolas guillen and analyze it for the class in a way that shows understanding of his language, tone, style, and symbols. use the poetry guide sheet provided by the teacher. - 1. watch the first five minutes of cristina saralegui and describe to the class what you observed. after viewing the entire segment of the show of cristina, react to the poem by the chicano author. as follow - through, read the poem by langston hughes, translated into spanish, of i, too, sing america, and write your own poem about your feelings of inclusion or exclusion into mainstream america. - 2. watch the film la casa de bernarda alba for 5 minutes only, and comment on the following : symbols, images, stereotypes of women, stereotypes and myths of spanish women. comment on the stage setting and what message it communicates. - 3. watch the entire film of casa de bernarda alba and compare the film to the play. for your first draft, compare the first act in the movie with the first act in the play. for your final draft, write a 300 word comparison essay. - 4. watch the video a very old man with enormous wings, by gabriel garcia marquez, and compare to the short story. - 5. watch the video a miracle in rome, by gabriel garcia marquez, and compare to the video a very old man with enormous wings, also by garcia marquez. write a comparative essay of 300 words, using the rubrics for a comparative essay and the ap rubrics for writing an essay. - 6. write a script for an imaginative and modern interpretation of la casa de bernarda alba, set in new haven, and videotape it. - 7. watch the 5 videos of carlos fuentes, entitled el espejo enterrado, or buried mirror, and complete the pre - viewing questionnaires and the post - viewing questionnaires for each one. after each video, do one writing project and one artistic project, as assessment. the 5 videos are : la virgen y el toro, la batalla de los dioses, la edad de oro, el precio de la libertad, and las tres hispanidades. - 8. read the pablo neruda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45430002155948473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf11015-a903-43e9-b000-ba2669934282>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.494641"}
{"text": "videos are : la virgen y el toro, la batalla de los dioses, la edad de oro, el precio de la libertad, and las tres hispanidades. - 8. read the pablo neruda poems los conquistadores and macchu picchu and view the video the conquistadors, about francisco pizarro\u00b4s conquest of peru. write an expository essay about the facts and the myths of macchu picchu in the form of a report. then, write a poem about a clash between any two cultures, in ancient times or modern times, that resulted in a new culture or community. 2. carlos fuentes, el espejo enterrado. madrid : santillana, s. a. 1997. 4. dawn ades, art in latin america. new haven : yale university press. 1989, p. 223. 5. luis recalde. art images of tenochtitlan - past and present : the case of the virgin of guadalupe, a curriculum unit of the yale new haven teachers institute, # 99. 02. 10, p. 2. 6. luis rivera pagan. evangelizacion y violencia : la conquista de america. san juan : editorial cemi. 1991, p. 259. 7. pasaporte, p. 17. \u2022 aley, margaret, and louis albini. galeria de arte y vida. lake forest : mcgraw - hill, 1989. useful for samples of spanish art : el greco, velazquez, murillo, goya, picasso, and dali, and for reading passages for advanced spanish classes. anderson imbert, enrique, and eugenio florit. literatura hispanoamericana. chicago : holt, rinehart and winston, inc., 1970. recommended for spanish 4 honors and spanish ap. has a useful glossary of literary terms in the back. i found it useful for this unit because it includes excerpts from jorge luis borges ; gabriel garcia marquez ; especially un hombre muy viejo con unas alas enormes ; and pablo neruda. ayllon, candido, et al. spanish composition through literature. upper saddle river, new jersey : prentice hall, 1996. includes innovative ideas for using literature as a starting point for teaching writing skills. \u2022 borges, jorge luis. aleph. madrid : alianza editorial, s. a., 1995. recommended for this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43649932874101505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf11015-a903-43e9-b000-ba2669934282>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.495471"}
{"text": ", new jersey : prentice hall, 1996. includes innovative ideas for using literature as a starting point for teaching writing skills. \u2022 borges, jorge luis. aleph. madrid : alianza editorial, s. a., 1995. recommended for this unit. borges is one of the five ap authors. i find some of the easier stories appropriate for spanish 4 honors : la casa de asterion and los dos reyes y los dos laberintos, and that way students are familiar with borges as they enter the spanish ap class. i like to save emma zunz for spanish ap. \u2022 borges, jorge luis. ficciones. madrid : alianza editorial, s. a., 1995. recommended for this unit. i have taught la forma de la espada and sur in my spanish ap classes. borsi, emilia and fay r. rogg. el arte de escribir. new york : mcgraw - hill, inc., 1994. a textbook used for teaching writing skills at colleges ; may be useful for high school students at an advanced level. cabrera infante, guillermo. vistas del amanecer en el tropico. new york : penguin books, 1974. a poetic and richly visual collection of brief passages about cuba, teachers should use discretion since some chapters have violence and explicit language. chang - rodriguez, raquel, and malva e. filer. voces de hispanoamerica. 2nd. ed. boston : heinle & heinle, 1996. a useful anthology of latin american literature and a must read for all teachers. for this unit, includes works by jorge luis borges, nicolas guillen, pablo neruda, carlos fuentes, gabriel garcia marquez, and rosario ferre. \u2022 de burgos, julia. poemas de julia de burgos. rio piedras, puerto rico : ediciones huracan, 1982. a collection of poems by julia de burgos, including themes of love, nature, and identity. \u2022 diaz, jose m., and stephen collins. abriendo paso. boston : heinle & heinle, 1995. an ap textbook which includes excerpts of the recommended ap authors used in this unit : borges, garcia lorca, and garcia marquez. falcon, rafael. lo afronegroide en el cuento puertorriqueno. miami : ediciones personales, 1993. very informative and insightful book about the african presence in puerto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4608640314478544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf11015-a903-43e9-b000-ba2669934282>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.497893"}
{"text": "garcia lorca, and garcia marquez. falcon, rafael. lo afronegroide en el cuento puertorriqueno. miami : ediciones personales, 1993. very informative and insightful book about the african presence in puerto rican literature. fletcher, valerie. crosscurrents of modernism : four latin american pioneers. washington, d. c. : smithsonian press, 1992. i found this to be the best source of biographical information on wifredo lam and includes a solid explanation of santeria and the african influences on his art. the section on diego rivera is also highly informative. the other two artists are joaquin torres - garcia and matta. fuentes, carlos. el espejo enterrado. madrid : santillana, s. a., 1997. the seminal book for this unit, which proposes and describes the central metaphor of the buried mirror. the book itself is difficult reading for students due to its unual organization and its overwhelming wealth of information, but useful for teachers who may select excerpts for student use. \u2022 garcia lorca, federico. bodas de sangre ; yerma. mexico : editorial porrua, 1999. one of the three plays by garcia lorca that students should read, whether in spanish 4 honors or ap spanish. \u2022 garcia lorca, federico. la casa de bernarda alba. madrid : castalla, 1990. another play by garcia lorca for recommended student reading. \u2022 garcia lorca, federico. romancero gitano. new york : penguin books, 1996. recommended reading for ap students of spanish language and spanisih literature, but i included this edition for a second reason : the cover is malinche\u00b4s dream by antonio ruiz. \u2022 garcia marquez, gabriel. cronica de una muerte anunciada. white plains : longman, 1996. this book makes garcia marquez more accessible for high school students, with its biographical information, chapter by chapter student exercises and glossaries, and an ap section. \u2022 guillen, nicolas. songoro cosongo. buenos aires : editorial losada, 1992. this and the following two books comprise a collection of poems by guillen which are recommended for student reading. guillen, nicolas. summa poetica. edited by luis inigo madrigal, madrid : ediciones catedra, 1990. guillen, nicolas. west indies ltd.. la habana : imp. ucar, garcia y cia., 1934. \u2022 kanter, abby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47181639102791745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf11015-a903-43e9-b000-ba2669934282>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.498905"}
{"text": "by luis inigo madrigal, madrid : ediciones catedra, 1990. guillen, nicolas. west indies ltd.. la habana : imp. ucar, garcia y cia., 1934. \u2022 kanter, abby. encuentros maravillosos : gramatica a traves de la literatura. glenview, illinois : scott foreman addison wesley, 1995. a rich collection of short stories by the recommended ap authors, many of which i have used in my ap classes. lindsay, arturo. santeria aesthetics in contemporary latin american art. washington : smithsonian institution press, 1996. an exciting and informative book for those teachers who want to read about the basics of santeria and how it has inspired artists of latin america. \u2022 marques, sarah. la lengua que heredamos. new york : john wiley & sons, inc., 1996. a very useful book for native speakers who need to refine their writing skills. it is organized by country and includes culture and literature as well as grammar exercises. martinez, juan a. cuban art & national identity ( the vanguardia painters, 1927 - 1950 ) gainesville : university press of florida, 1994. solid reading for teachers who want an overview of cuban art during this period. \u2022 neruda, pablo. selected poems, a bilingual edition. new york : dell publishing co., inc., 1970. a wonderful collection of neruda\u00b4s poems, with several chosen for the themes of race and ethnicities of latin america : vienen por las islas, amor america, y alturas de macchu picchu. another poem that my students read which is not found in this collection is oda a la papa, which extolls the potato, an american crop. pagolotti, graziella. wifredo lam. la habana : editorial jose marti, 1997. very useful book on lam for those teachers who are seeking examples of his art, rather than biographical information. it includes more than 50 samples of this art. ramos rosado, marie. ( 1991 ). la mujer negra en la literatura puertorriquena cuentistica. unpublished doctoral dissertation, university of puerto rico, rio piedras, puerto rico. http : / / www. fempress. cl - base - especialespecialmjpr - literat. htm. doctoral dissertation examines the lack of black women as central figures in puerto rican literature, dating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4658599589660246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf11015-a903-43e9-b000-ba2669934282>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.499803"}
{"text": "puerto rico. http : / / www. fempress. cl - base - especialespecialmjpr - literat. htm. doctoral dissertation examines the lack of black women as central figures in puerto rican literature, dating back to the 19th century and including the 20th century. \u2022 samaniego, fabian et al. dime : pasaporte al mundo 21. lexington. : d. c. heath, 1995. this textbook is one of the central textbooks for this unit and is referred to as pasaporte. the textbook used at james hillhouse high school for spanish 4 honors and for native speakers classes, as well as used as a reference for ap classes. teachers may follow the sequence of the book, pick and choose chapters of interest, and use the excellent ancillary materials : listening audiocassettes and cultural videocassettes. the video includes a segment of carlos fuentes explaining the metaphor of the buried mirror, a central metaphor for unit. \u2022 valette, rebecca m. and joy renjilian - burgy. album : cuentos del mundo hispanico. lexington : d. c. heath and company, 1993. a useful textbook to be used in spanish ap classes. includes the recommended ap authors. varona - lacey, gladys. introduccion a la literatura hispanoamericana : de la conquista al siglo xx.. lincolnswood : national textbook compny, 1997. another exemplary anthology of hispanic literature for teachers who want the overview. for this unit, it is useful in that it includes five selections of borges and two selections of carlos fuentes and gabriel garcia marquez. virgilio, carmelo l., teresa valdiviseso, and edward h. friedman. aproximaciones al estudio de la literatura hispanica. 3rd. ed. new york : mcgraw - hill, 1994. includes literature from spain and latin america and is an excellent textbook of literary analysis for advanced spanish students. a plus for ap spanish students is the complete text of federico garcia lorca\u00b4s play, la casa de bernarda alba. \u2022 walqui - van lier, aida, and ruth a. barraza. sendas literarias. boston : heinle & heinle, 1996. highly recommended literary selections, to supplement pasaporte textbook or any appropriate grammar textbook. i have found it useful for native speakers, spanish 4 honors, and ap spanish classes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47236821781647764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf11015-a903-43e9-b000-ba2669934282>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.500766"}
{"text": "##arias. boston : heinle & heinle, 1996. highly recommended literary selections, to supplement pasaporte textbook or any appropriate grammar textbook. i have found it useful for native speakers, spanish 4 honors, and ap spanish classes. el super ( a film about a cuban\u00b4s dream of returning to cuba ) ( spanish with english subtitles. ) ( 90 minutes ) films for the humanities and sciences, p. o. box 2053, princeton, nj, 0054 - 2052. a source for spanish videos, with a website at www. films. com. fuentes, carlos : el espejo enterrado, set of 5 videos ( spanish ) garcia lorca, federico : the house of bernarda alba, ( english ) garcia lorca, federico : blood wedding ( flamenco dance, 82 minutes ) garcia marquez, gabriel : a miracle in rome ( 76 minutes ) a very old man with enormous wings ( 90 minutes ) garcia marquez, gabriel : an interview with gabriel garcia marquez. ( 59 minutes ) i am cuba / soy cuba ( spanish with english subtitles, 141 minutes ) multicultural books and videos. a source for spanish videos, with a website at www. multiculbv. com. mundo 21 video program, ancillary to dime : pasaporte al mundo 21. rivera, diego : portrait of an artist ( home vision videos ) rivera, diego : the frescoes of diego rivera contents of 2001 volume iv | directory of volumes | index | yale - new haven teachers institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4447621814296875, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2bf11015-a903-43e9-b000-ba2669934282>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.501343"}
{"text": "\u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0b95... \u0bae\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0ba8\u0bb0\u0bb5\u0bb3 ( ministry of water resources ), \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb2\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baa \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bb3\u0bbf... \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b95\u0b95\u0bc1.. mullai periyar dam issue on 29 - 10 - 1886 a lease indenture for 999 years was made between maharaja of travancore and secretary of state for india for periyar irrigation works by another agreement in 1970, tamil nadu was permitted to generate power also. 2. the mullaperiyar dam was constructed during 1887 - 1895 across periyar river in the then travancore state ( now kerala ) territory after said indenture. the periyar dam with full reservoir level of 152 ft. provides for diversion of water from the reservoir through a tunnel to vaigai basin in tamil nadu for irrigation benefits in 68558 ha. 3 in 1979, reports appeared in kerala press about the safety of mulla periyar dam. on 25th november, 1979 chairman, cwc held discussions at thirvananthapuram regarding strengthening periyar dam with officers of irrigation and electricity, deptt. of kerala and pwd of tamil nadu. in the meeting, emergency measures to be completed before next monsoon ( 1980 ), medium term measures and long - term measures for strengthening of periyar dam were decided. one of the emergency measures was to keep the shutters of spillway raised fully to lower the reservoir level to 136 ft. 4. a second meeting under the chairmanship of chairman, cwc was held on 29th april 1980 at new delhi and it was opined that after the completion of emergency and medium term measures in the form of cable anchoring, the water level in the reservoir can be restored up to 145 ft. as per the memorandum on the rehabilitation of mulla periyar dam prepared by cwc and forwarded to tamil nadu on 25th march, 1986, emergency measures were implemented. in the aforesaid memo, cwc gave its recommendation about peak flood and size of additional vents to be added in the spillway for implementing remaining emergency measure of providing additional spilling capacity. it also gave its recommendation about the design details of concrete backing on the downstream face of the dam. besides this, cwc suggested the government of tamil nadu to examine the possibility of raising the top of rcc parapet by another two feet apart from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3896354282664519, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3e8ecf5-25b9-483a-af21-d9478c6521a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.515352"}
{"text": ". it also gave its recommendation about the design details of concrete backing on the downstream face of the dam. besides this, cwc suggested the government of tamil nadu to examine the possibility of raising the top of rcc parapet by another two feet apart from few other suggestions. it was opined in the forwarding note that after completion of the proposed strengthening measures, provision of other additional vents and implementation of other suggestions, periyar dam would be competent to hold water upto frl of 152 ft. 6. the matter became subjudice with several petitions in the kerala and tamil nadu high courts. all these cases were transferred to the supreme court which heard the matter and desired in its order dated 28. 4. 2000 that honorable minister ( wr ) may convene a meeting of the chief ministers of both the states of kerala and tamil nadu to amicably resolve the issue.. 7. honorable minister ( wr ) convened the inter - state meeting on 19. 5. 2000 and as decided in the meeting, an expert committee under member ( d & r ), cwc with representatives from both states was constituted in june 2000 to study the safety of the dam with respect to strengthening of dam carried out by the government of tamil nadu on the advice of central water commission and advise regarding raising of water level in the reservoir beyond 136 ft as a result of strengthening of dam. 8. the committee in its report of march, 2001 opined that with the strengthening measures implemented, the water level can be raised from 136 ft. to 142 ft. without endangering safety of the dam. further raising of water level to 152 ft. will be considered after balance strengthening measures are implemented. 9. in the case of transfer petition ( civil ) no. 779 - 783 / 1998 dr. subramanian swamy vs tamil nadu, the report of the expert committee was filed in the honorable supreme court on 31. 8. 2001 and also sent to the state governments of kerala and tamil nadu. 10 in writ petition ( c ) no. 386 of 2001 ( mulla periyar environmental protection forum vs union of india and ors ) the supreme court in its judgement dated 27. 2. 2006, permitted the government of tamil nadu to raise the water level of mulla periyar dam from 136 ft. to 142 ft. and take up the remaining strengthening measures. 11. consequent to the aforesaid orders of the supreme court of india, the kerala government passed the kerala irrigation and water conservation ( amendment ) act 2006 which received", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44499413982051167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3e8ecf5-25b9-483a-af21-d9478c6521a5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.516364"}
{"text": "136 ft. to 142 ft. and take up the remaining strengthening measures. 11. consequent to the aforesaid orders of the supreme court of india, the kerala government passed the kerala irrigation and water conservation ( amendment ) act 2006 which received the assent of the governor on 18th march 2006 which prohibited the raising of water level beyond 136 ft. in the mulla periyar dam as mullaperiyar dam was placed under the schedule of \" endangered dams \". 12. the government of tamil nadu filed a suit no. 3 of 2006 - state of tamil nadu v / s state of kerala and union of india in the honorable supreme court on 31. 3. 2006 praying for - - declaration of kerala irrigation and water conservation ( amendment ) act 2006 passed by kerala legislature as unconstitutional in its application to and effect on mulla periyar dam. - pass a decree of permanent injunction restraining kerala from application and enforcing impunged legislation enforcing with or obstructing tamil nadu from increasing the water level to 142 feet and from carrying out the repair works as per judgment of supreme court dated 27th february 2006. 13. a review petition filed by the state of kerala on 3. 4. 2006 was dismissed by the supreme court on 27. 7. 2006. 14. in the matter referred to in para 13 above, the honorable supreme court has passed an order on 25. 9. 2006 stating the two state governments independently or with the intervention of the union of india may try to sort out the dispute, if possible. 15. the honorable union minister ( wr ) convened an inter - state meeting of the chief ministers of states of tamil nadu & kerala on mulla periyar dam issue on 29. 11. 2006 at new delhi. honorable union minister ( wr ) further discussed matter with the minister ( wr / pw ) from the states of tamil nadu & kerala on18. 12. 2006. the states of tamil nadu and kerala reiterated their respective stand in the meetings and no consensus could be reached regarding a solution acceptable to both states. the matter is now subjudice. 16. subsequently, honorable chief minister of tamil nadu met honorable prime minister on 18. 12. 2007 and honorable prime minister suggested him to have a meeting with honorable chief minister of kerala on mulla periyar issue. honorable chief minister of tamil nadu met honorable chief minister of kerala on 19. 12. 2007 in presence of honorable union minister of water resources. further a letter dated 20. 12. 2007 was received from the honorable chief minister of tamil nadu mentioning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4198296674217079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3e8ecf5-25b9-483a-af21-d9478c6521a5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.517358"}
{"text": "issue. honorable chief minister of tamil nadu met honorable chief minister of kerala on 19. 12. 2007 in presence of honorable union minister of water resources. further a letter dated 20. 12. 2007 was received from the honorable chief minister of tamil nadu mentioning that in the above meeting, honorable chief minister of tamil nadu suggested to oversee the seepage measurement of the dam by engineers not belonging to either of the two states through cwc and honorable chief minister of kerala agreed to consider them. 17. later, the govt. of tamil nadu forwarded a letter dt 22 / 1 / 08 of honorable chief minister of kerala addressed to honorable chief minister of tamil nadu wherein it is mentioned that in the meeting dt 19 / 12 / 2007 he suggested a joint mechanism to monitor the seepage. the govt. of tamil nadu also enclosed a letter dated 4 / 2 / 2008 from honorable chief minister of tamil nadu addressed to honorable chief minister of kerala wherein it is mentioned that joint monitoring was not discussed in the meeting. 18. cwc was requested to suggest a suitable mechanism for monitoring the seepage and possible structure of the committee to monitor it. they suggested a nine - member committee headed by a chief engineer, central water commission having representatives from both states for monitoring the seepage of mulla periyar dam. the composition of the committee along with terms of reference was sent to chief secretary, government of tamil nadu and kerala vide letter dated 28. 4. 2008 for their concurrence / suggestions. 19. the government of tamil nadu vide its letter dated 17. 6. 2008 has sent its comments on the proposed monitoring committee stating that the present proposal of the government of india to constitute a committee comprising officers from cwc, tamil nadu government and kerala government to measure the seepage in mulla periyar dam is not in conformity with the discussion held in the meeting dated 19. 12. 2007 and proposal will lead to more and more complications and thus not acceptable to govt. of tamil nadu. the govt. of kerala vide letter dt 24. 2. 2009 informed that the stand taken by the govt. of tamil nadu for neutral agency of experts excluding those form kerala and tamil nadu is not acceptable to them. 20. in the meanwhile, govt. of kerala has got done hydrological review studies from a professor of iit, delhi and has since filed the said hydrological studies report in the honorable supreme court on 15. 07. 08 in connection with suit no. 3 of 2006 filed by the government of tamil nadu. it has been concluded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45465858297984607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3e8ecf5-25b9-483a-af21-d9478c6521a5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.518307"}
{"text": "from a professor of iit, delhi and has since filed the said hydrological studies report in the honorable supreme court on 15. 07. 08 in connection with suit no. 3 of 2006 filed by the government of tamil nadu. it has been concluded in the report that the mulla periyar dam is hydrologic ally unsafe for passing the estimated probable maximum flood ( 2, 91, 275 cusec / 8, 248 cusec ) with the existing spillway capacity. comments of hydrological studies organisation, cwc on the report were forwarded to the govt. advocate as per instructions of mowr vide cwc letter dated 13. 10. 08. cwc has commented that the difference in the adopted values of design rainfall ( storm ) depth, time distribution of rainfall, unit hydrograph & infiltration rate have resulted in estimation of higher flood peak ( pmf ) and the said studies by the iit professor does not appear to be well founded. 21. meanwhile the government of kerala constituted a committee in may 2009 which submitted its report in june, 2009. the committee suggested mapping of the underwater area, installation of highly sensitive computer operated seismograph and construction of a new dam downstream of existing dam. the committee has also opined that the dam has reached such a deteriorated condition that no amount of rectification work could salvage it to a safe and healthy condition. keeping in view this report, minister ( wr ) advised chairman, cwc in july, 2009 to constitute a team of officers to visit the dam and assess the present condition of the mulla periyar dam and look into the issues raised in the report of the above expert committee. the team had proposed a visit to the dam from 22 - 25 july, 2009 and the conveniences of the government of kerala and tamil nadu for the visit were sought. the government of tamil nadu agreed to the proposed visit but the government of kerala requested for postponement of the proposed visit because of torrential rains. thereafter, the visit could not materialize 22. thereafter, secretary ( wr ) convened a meeting on the mulla periyar dam on 31. 7. 2009. the meeting was attended among others by principal secretary, pwd, tamil nadu and additional chief secretary, wrd, kerala. in the meeting the representative of kerala informed that the kerala govt. visualizes construction of new dam as the only feasible solution and they have started survey and investigation for a new dam at an alternate site downstream of the existing dam and they may also consider the construction of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4598342967726943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3e8ecf5-25b9-483a-af21-d9478c6521a5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.519253"}
{"text": "the representative of kerala informed that the kerala govt. visualizes construction of new dam as the only feasible solution and they have started survey and investigation for a new dam at an alternate site downstream of the existing dam and they may also consider the construction of a new dam at their own cost. representative of kerala stated in the meeting that the govt. of kerala also recognizes the established uses of water from the dam by tamil nadu as per the existing agreement between the two states and will continue the same after the construction of a new dam. in the said meeting the representative of govt. of tamil nadu informed that the govt. of tamil nadu would examine the proposal of the govt. of kerala for new dam after the same is formally received from them. in view of this, honorable minister ( wr ) vide do dated 26. 08. 2009 requested honorable chief minister, kerala to send the proposal in this regard to the govt. of tamil nadu for their consideration. 23. later, govt. of tamil nadu vide letter dated 14. 9. 09 mentioned that as regards the decision that has emerged in the meeting, to examine the proposal of the kerala government for the construction of a new dam by tamil nadu government, the government of tamil nadu had already communicated to the government of india as well as to the government of kerala that there is no need for construction of a new dam by the kerala government, as the existing dam after it is strengthened, functions like a new dam. they also mentioned that honorable chief minister of tamil nadu in his letter dated 13. 07. 09 to honorable chief minister of kerala had mentioned that kerala govt. may not raise the issue of new dam any more. 24. the govt. of kerala vide letter dated 26. 9. 2009 sent comments on the minutes of the meeting dated 31. 7. 2009 mentioning that the statement the govt. of kerala also recognizes the established use of water from the dam by the tamil nadu as per the existing agreement between the two states and continue the same after the construction of new dam is not acceptable. what was mentioned in the meeting was that kerala is willing to give water to tamil nadu. 25. further, honorable supreme court heard the issues related to mulla periyar dam on 10. 11. 2009 and passed the order that, as the case involves the resolution of said questions, the suit may be placed before the honorable chief justice of india for necessary directions for placing it before a constitution bench. the contesting parties shall maintain status quo in respect of mulla periyar dam as existing today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4403581251001486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3e8ecf5-25b9-483a-af21-d9478c6521a5>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.520462"}
{"text": "involves the resolution of said questions, the suit may be placed before the honorable chief justice of india for necessary directions for placing it before a constitution bench. the contesting parties shall maintain status quo in respect of mulla periyar dam as existing today. however, order of status quo will not be an impediment for the plaintiff ( state of tamil nadu ) to carry out maintenance and repairs for proper upkeep of the said dam. 26. the case was heard by five judges on 18. 2. 2010 and the court directed central govt. to constitute an empowered committee in this regard which would hear the parties to the suit on all issues that will be raised before them, and furnish a report, as far as possible, with in six months from their constitution. 27 following the order of honorable supreme court dated 29. 02. 2010, centre ( mowr ) has constituted an empowered committee vide notification dated the 30th april, 2010. the committee started its functioning and was to submit its report within six months period. further, supreme court vide its order dated 20th september, 2010 has extended the term of committee by a further period of six months. therefore, implementing the said directions of the supreme court, the central government extends, the terms of empowered committee for a further period of six months w. e. f. 30th october, 2010 vide notification dated the 28th source : http : / / mowr. gov. in / i... gid = 1 & sslid = \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba8\u0ba4\u0bb0 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bbe...? \u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4 \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bbe..? edited by, 21 december 2011 - 07 : 33 am.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4675292573284215, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3e8ecf5-25b9-483a-af21-d9478c6521a5>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.521186"}
{"text": "| manage email | view as a web page | building a just and sustainable world september / october 2009 welcome back to school! now more than ever the world needs people who not only are culturally and ecologically literate, but also who know how to question and can relate well to people. how do we help our students learn these capabilities? in the newest issue of yes!, learn as you go, you \u2019 ll find classroom tools and inspiring articles that develop the skills and relationships so needed at this time. in addition to these yes! materials, we are pleased to share the lesson plans of rethinking schools, an organization dedicated to the creation of a humane, caring, multiracial democracy. may your school year be filled with meaningful learning and relationships. head of school and teacher vicki newberry brought a place - based curriculum to her independent middle school in molokai, hawaii. now aka ' ula school students thrive as they research and create positive solutions for environmental issues affecting their own community. read vicki \u2019 s story. more of your stories : anthropology 101. hands - on sustainability curriculum. chicken soup for the soul in the classroom. discovering the beauty of teenagers. local food in schools. send us your own story to share with our growing network of yes! educators. knock, knock : turning pain into power demonstrates how daniel beaty \u2019 s poem gives students the opportunity to write about issues in their lives that rarely surface in schools. here ' s a resource to connect your students \u2019 learning with their local community, culture, and environment. also learn how knowing yourself can translate to being an even better teacher. a whole - body project where students collaborate to create a gigantic living symbol of nature, shaped by their own bodies, often along with recyclable materials. this amazing team - building activity uses math, art, and cooperation to help students understand their interconnection with each other and life. beloved educator parker palmer discusses the connection between classroom teaching and the teacher ' s inner life. palmer ' s center for courage and renewal has multimedia resources and retreats to feed and care for teachers, clergy, activists, and others who serve their communities. things i want to learn \u2026 from yes! contributing editor frances moore lappe : from yes! board member puanani burgess : from yes! contributing editor carol estes : index : in this issue how to get more yes! yes! web picks yes! in spanish | yes! is published by the nonprofit positive futures network : : www. yesmagazine. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4806385443346924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59e26ed2-91cd-44c9-b4e2-63ddea3bd8af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.524266"}
{"text": "a team of researchers has come up with a way to stop malicious code from spreading from one virtual machine to the hypervisor and from there to other virtual machines. the researchers from north carolina state university said that their \" hypersafe \" technology could protect virtualised system against this kind of threat, known as \" virtual machine escape \". the team ' s research is set to be presented in a paper called hypersafe : a lightweight approach to provide lifetime hypervisor control - flow integrity on 18 may at the thirty - first ieee symposium. while such virtual machine risks remain largely theoretical, the fear of them is holding back wider adoption of technologies such as cloud computing, according to assistant professor of computer science xuxian jiang and phd student zhi wang, the developers of the technology. cloud computing routinely relies on virtualisation to host the computing capacity of multiple customers on the same physical system, raising the possibility that a compromise of a virtual machine belonging to one customer could spread to those of other customers. the software developed by jiang and wang, called hypersafe, aims at stopping such attacks by protecting the integrity of the hypervisor, they said. it uses two techniques to ensure this integrity : non - bypassable memory lockdown and restricted pointer indexing. the first relies on security features built into modern processors to lock down the memory range that includes executable code, according to the researchers. the effect is to protect the hypervisor ' s code and static data from being compromised, even in the presence of exploitable memory corruption bugs such as buffer overflows, they said. new code can only be introduced by the hypervisor administrator. the second technique \u2014 restricted pointer indexing \u2014 creates an initial profile of the hypervisor ' s normal behaviour, and then prevents any deviation from that profile. \" restricted pointer indexing introduces one layer of indirection to convert the control data into pointer indexes, \" jiang and wang wrote in the paper. \" these pointer indexes are restricted such that the corresponding call / return targets strictly follow the hypervisor control flow graph, hence expanding protection to control - flow integrity. \" only the hypervisor administrators can introduce changes to the hypervisor code, according to jiang. so far the hypersafe code developed by jiang and wang works with the bitvisor and xen hypervisors, but the researchers said it could be adapted for other type - i, bare - metal hypervisors such as vmware esx and microsoft hyper - v. in its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5667748195512606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b72f5ef4-f3a9-4ad0-9bbf-21dc5c973642>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.527901"}
{"text": "poalei tziyon - ( hebrew \" workers of zion \" - pronounced \" poh ah lay tseeyon \" ) - movement of marxist zionist jewish workers circles founded in various russian cities about the turn of the century. the first of these groups was the poalei tziyon party in minsk, founded in 1897. however, their ideology was not marxist and not identified with later poalei tziyon groups. poalei tziyon began in earnest in russia after the bund rejected zionism in 1901. poalei tziyon came into existence in the usa in 1903, at the \" radical poalei tziyon organization. branches in other countries formed between 1904 and 1907 : austria, canada, england, argentina, romania and later ( 1910 ) in bulgaria. in the period of 1903 - 05 three different tendencies competed within jewish socialist circles - territorialism, autonomy ( cultural and political autonomy within a socialist state and proletarian zionism. from these, three parties were formed in 1905 and 1906 : the s. s. ( zionist - socialists ) the y. s. ( jewish socialists ) and the poalei tziyon. in december of 1905, the main themes of poalei tziyon ideology were enunciated by ber borochov. immediately after that poalei tziyon was formed in poland as well. david ben - gurion had joined a local poalei tziyon group in 1904. in march1906 a formal poalei tziyon party was formed at poltava, under the leadership of ber borochov. it was called the jewish socialist democratic workers party - poalei tziyon. \" the poalei tziyon platform of 1906 describes at length the major ideological tenets of the party and its differences from other parties. the key features of its ideology were acceptance of the marxist view of history with the addition of the role of nationalism, which borochov believed could not be ignored as a factor in historical development. a jewish proletariat would come into being in the land of israel, according to poalei tziyon, and would then take part in the class struggle. the program was approved in the second party congress in august of1907, in karkhov. ( krakow ). poalei tziyon participated in the zionist congress from the beginning of its existence, and with the founding of the world federation of poalei t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45752582167203903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e41a4d6-dd75-4441-aeda-a33229cee22d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.535359"}
{"text": "party congress in august of1907, in karkhov. ( krakow ). poalei tziyon participated in the zionist congress from the beginning of its existence, and with the founding of the world federation of poalei tziyon, they were recognized as an autonomous federation within the world zionist organization. in 1906 they rejoined the social democratic party from which they had previously been expelled. in 1909 the poalei tziyon party of russia left the zionist organization. in 1906, party branches were formed in austria, the land of israel and other countries. poalei tziyon began in the land of israel in 1904 with the beginning of the second aliya. in october 1906, the platform of the party was promulgated in a meeting in ramleh. at the beginning of 1907, the first formal congress of \" the jewish social democratic workers party in the land of israel - poalei tziyon \" was held. the first world congress of the poalei tziyon was held in the hague in august of 1907. the second congress, held in karkhov in 1909, ratified a separate fund for the palestine poalei tziyon for independent action, and also worked for independent representation of jews in the socialist international. a third congress was held in 1911 in vienna. in 1920, at the fourth ( or fifth, as a congress was held in stockholm in 1919 ) the world federation split over questions of its relations to zionism, activism in the land of israel and the question of conditions for joining the socialist international. in ottoman eretz yisrael ( land of israel ), poalei tziyon founded the hashomer guard organization that guarded settlements, and took up the ideology of conquest of labor ( kibbush ha ' avoda ) and avoda ivrit. poalei tziyon members were insrumental in setting up the first workers commune in sejera and the first kibbutz. poalei tziyon set up employment offices, kitchens and health services for members. these eventually evolved into the institutions of labor zionism in israel. during world war i, poalei tziyon in palestine and the usa was instrumental in recruiting members to the jewish legion. after the first world war, poalei tziyon in palestine was merged by david ben - gurion into the achdut ha ' avoda party, which eventually became mapai and achdut avoda - poalei tziyon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4189207292340572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e41a4d6-dd75-4441-aeda-a33229cee22d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.536381"}
{"text": "first world war, poalei tziyon in palestine was merged by david ben - gurion into the achdut ha ' avoda party, which eventually became mapai and achdut avoda - poalei tziyon. its members were instrumental in forming theg ' dud ha ' avoda work battalion, which spawned several kibbutzim. the leaders of poalei tziyon included ber borochov, yitzhak ben zvi, rachel yanait ( later rachel yanait ben - tzvi, wife of y. ben - tzvi ), y. tabenkin, s. kaplansky, a. kashin, n. nir, david ben - gurion and others. in august of 1917 the last congress of poalei tziyon took place in russia, with the participation of borochov. in the october revolution, the poalei tziyon were the first jewish party with sympathies for the soviets, but they suffered from factionalism as well as persecution after the revolution. in 1919 part of the party split to form the \" jewish communist poalei tziyon party \", which was disbanded in 1922. the social democratic poalei tziyon party which also later changed its name to the \" jewish communist poalei tziyon party \" continued to exist in the ussr until 1928, when it was outlawed by the regime and liquidated by the nkvd.. in poland and other central and eastern european countries, poalei tziyon functioned until world war ii, when most members who did not migrate to palestine perished in the holocaust. in the usa, poalei tzyion founded the hechalutz movement and the yiddisher arbeiters farband. remnants of poalei tziyon are still active in great britain. synonyms and alternate spellings : poale ziyon poalei zion, poalei tzion, poaley tzion < poale zion... further information : labor and socialist zionism hebrew / arabic pronunciation and transliteration conventions : ' h - ( ' het ) a guttural sound made deep in the throat. to western ears it may sound like the \" ch \" in loch. in arabic there are several letters that have similar sounds. examples : ' hanukah, ' hamas, ' haredi. formerly, this sound was often represented by ch, especially in german transliterations of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45235992793332197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e41a4d6-dd75-4441-aeda-a33229cee22d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.537341"}
{"text": "like the \" ch \" in loch. in arabic there are several letters that have similar sounds. examples : ' hanukah, ' hamas, ' haredi. formerly, this sound was often represented by ch, especially in german transliterations of hebrew. thus, ' hanukah is often rendered as chanuka for example. ch - ( chaf ) a sound like \" ch \" in loch or the russian kh as in khruschev or german ach, made by putting the tongue against the roof of the mouth. in hebrew, a chaf can never occur at the beginning of a word. at the beginning of a word, it has a dot in it and is pronounced \" kaf. \" u - usually between oo as in spoon and u as in put. a - sounded like a in arm ah - used to represent an a sound made by the letter hey at the end of a word. it is the same sound as a. haganah and hagana are alternative acceptable transliterations. ' a - notation used for hebrew and arabic ayin, a guttural ah sound. o - close to the french o as in homme. th - ( taf without a dot ) - th was formerly used to transliterate the hebrew taf sound for taf without a dot. however in modern hebrew there is no detectable difference in standard pronunciation of taf with or without a dot, and therefore histadruth and histadrut, rehovoth and rehovot are all acceptable. q - ( quf ) - in transliteration of hebrew and arabic, it is best to consistently use the letter q for the quf, to avoid confusion with similar sounding words that might be spelled with a kaf, which should be transliterated as k. thus, hatiqva is preferable to hatikva for example. this site is a part of the zionism and israel on the web project this work and individual entries are copyright \u00a9 2005 by ami isseroff and zionism and israel information center and may not reproduced in any form without permission unless explicitly noted otherwise. individual entries may be cited with credit to the encyclopedia and dictionary of zionism and israel zionation - zionism - israel web log zionism & israel news israel : like this, as if bible bible quotes history of zionism zionism faq zionism israel center maps of israel jew israel advocacy zionism and its impact israel christian zionism site map", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48266779598318454, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e41a4d6-dd75-4441-aeda-a33229cee22d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.538599"}
{"text": "common names in english : annual, purple ammannia, scarlet toothcup, scarlet ammannia, scarlet loosestrife, toothcup, valley redstem, or trees ; young stems often quadrangular. leaves opposite, often decussate, or whorled, rarely subalternate to alternate, simple, entire ; pinnately veined, secondary veins typically joined in a series of intramarginal arches ; stipules vestigial or absent. inflorescences racemes, cymes, or panicles ; flowers axillary, usually 4 -, 6 - or 8 - merous, sometimes 3 - or 5 - merous, bisexual, regular or irregular. floral tube perigynous, hemi - epigynous, or epigynous in fruit, membranous to leathery, often 6 - 12 - ribbed ; sepals valvate, equal to much shorter than floral tube, membranous to thickly leathery, persistent ; epicalyx alternating with sepals or absent. petals inserted of floral tube, alternating with sepals, crinkled, clawed or not, frequently caducous, rarely absent. stamens usually biseriate and 2 a \u2014 as many as sepals, sometimes uniseriate, inserted near base of floral tube or higher, or numerous, multiseriate, with at least some inserted at floral rim just below sepals ( punica, sonneratia, and some duabanga ) ; anthers versatile [ rarely basifixed ]. ovary superior, half - inferior, or inferior, 2 - 6 - or multi - loculed, with many ovules per locule ; style simple ; stigma capitate, conic - peltate, or punctiform ; placentation axile, sometimes free central at fruit maturity. fruit partly or completely surrounded by persistent floral tube, loculicidally dehiscent or irregularly dehiscent capsules, infrequently indehiscent, leathery, or berrylike. seeds usually numerous, without endosperm ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat or convolute. about 31 genera and 625 - 650 species : widespread in tropical regions, less common in temperate regions ; ten genera and 43 species ( ten endemic, four introduced ) in china. from the morphological standpoint, the lythraceae sensu lato ( including trapaceae ) have a very generalized morphology, without a single", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4650352748133591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37403017-c610-4b07-a964-a37eddfd827c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.559897"}
{"text": "less common in temperate regions ; ten genera and 43 species ( ten endemic, four introduced ) in china. from the morphological standpoint, the lythraceae sensu lato ( including trapaceae ) have a very generalized morphology, without a single unique, defining character, i. e., there is no morphological synapomorphy that defines the family. at the same time, the genera are distinct. the position of the ovary in duabanga, punica, sonneratia, and trapa is variable : superior to partly inferior in sonneratia ; partly inferior in duabanga ; and partly, nearly, or completely inferior in punica and trapa. several other features ally these genera to the lythraceae sensu stricto, including opposite and simple leaves, commonly held wood anatomical characters ( true for the myrtales generally ), development of a persistent floral tube, valvate sepals, 4 - or 6 - merous flowers, introrse and versatile anthers, axile placentation, and seeds without endosperm. of the four genera, trapa is the most divergent, but still sufficiently similar to the lythraceae and onagraceae to have been considered for membership within either family, or as a closely related family ( as has been done in the present flora ). the inclusion of sonneratia, duabanga, and punica in the lythraceae adds some additional derived features to the definition of the family, but at the same time, brings together taxa that we know, from molecular sequence data, represent a single historical lineage. that knowledge of evolutionary relationship is lost if the genera are maintained as separate families, whereas the taxonomic utility of the flora is not affected by their inclusion in an expanded lythraceae. the molecular data from four genes ( three chloroplast and one nuclear ) unquestionably place not only duabanga, punica, and sonneratia, but also trapa, within the lythraceae. punica is well supported as a member of a clade of genera that includes capuronia lourteig, galpinia n. e. brown, and pemphis ( from east africa and madagascar ). duabanga and lagerstroemia are sister genera, and sonneratia and trapa, as unlikely as it may seem morphologically, are also sister genera. duabanga, lagerstroemia, sonneratia, and trap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4821033751589626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37403017-c610-4b07-a964-a37eddfd827c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.560847"}
{"text": "urceolate, 3 - 5 mm ; sepals 4 ( or 5 ), broadly deltate ; epicalyx segments thickened, ca. as long as sepals. petals 4 ( or 5 ), rose - purple, obovate, ca. 2 mm. stamens 4 ( - 7 ), slightly exserted. style ca. as long as or longer than ovary, well - exserted. capsules 3. 5 - 5 mm in diam., equal to or exceeding floral tube, rarely included. fl. jul - oct, fr. aug - nov. 2n = 66. [ source ] habit : forb / herb, subshrub \u2022 flower color : red typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2, 085 meters ( 0 to 6, 841 feet ). - whittaker & margulis, 1978 - haeckel, 1866 - cavalier - smith, 1981 - sinnott, 1935 ex cavalier - smith, 1998 - vascular plants - kenrick & crane, 1997 - brongniart, 1843 - takhtajan, 1967 - superorder : myrtanae ( ) - takhtajan, 1967 - subclass : rosidae ( ) - takhtajan, 1967 - class : spermatopsida ( ) - brongniart, 1843 - infraphylum : radiatopses ( ) - kenrick & crane, 1997 - subphylum : euphyllophytina ( ) - phylum : tracheophyta ( ) - sinnott, 1935 ex cavalier - smith, 1998 - vascular plants - subkingdom : viridaeplantae ( ) - cavalier - smith, 1981 - kingdom : plantae ( ) - haeckel, 1866 - plants ammannia teres raf. publishing author : rottb. publication : pl. hort. univ. ( havn. ) programm. descr. ( 1773 ) 7 members of the genus ammannia zipcodezoo has pages for 7 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus : a. auriculata ( eared redstem ) \u00b7 a. baccifera ( blistering ammania ) \u00b7 a. coccinea ( annual ) \u00b7 a. latifolia ( koehne ammannia ) \u00b7 a. ramosior ( lowland toothcup ) \u00b7 a. robusta ( grand redstem ) \u00b7 a. senegalensis ( red ammannia ) - search for pictures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4132813932642573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37403017-c610-4b07-a964-a37eddfd827c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.562657"}
{"text": "( annual ) \u00b7 a. latifolia ( koehne ammannia ) \u00b7 a. ramosior ( lowland toothcup ) \u00b7 a. robusta ( grand redstem ) \u00b7 a. senegalensis ( red ammannia ) - search for pictures : images. google. com - search for scholarly articles : google scholar - search using scientific name and vernacular names : all the web | altavista canada | altavista | excite | google | hotbot | lycos - search using specialized databases : genbank | medline | scirus | cisti / cal | agricola periodicals | agricola books - a flora of california, by willis linn jepson. san francisco, calif., cunningham, curtis & welch, 1909 - url p. 559. - a flora of western middle california, berkeley, cal., encina publishing company, 1901. url. - a general system of gardening and botany. founded upon miller ' s gardener ' s dictionary, and arranged according to the natural system. by george don. london, printed for c. j. g. and f. rivington, 1831 - 38. url p. 710. - a guide and key to the aquatic plants of the southeastern united states, by don e. eyles and lynne robertson, jr. with original drawings by garnet w. jex. washington, u. s. govt. print. off., 1963. url p. 125. - a report upon the grasses and forage plants of central texas. by h. l. bentley... washington, govt. print. off., 1898. url p. 31. - an enumeration of philippine flowering plants, manila, bureau of printing, 1922 - 26. url p. 136. - an illustrated flora of the northern united states, canada and the british possessions : from newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of virginia and from the atlantic ocean westward to the 102nd meridian / by nathaniel lord britton and hon. addison brown. new york : scribner, 1913. url p. 577, p. 578, p. 578. - an illustrated guide to the flowering plants of the middle atlantic and new england states ( excepting the grasses and sedges ) the descriptive text written in familiar language, by george t. stevens... with more than 1800 illustrations from drawings by the author. new york, dodd, mead and company, 1910. url p. 420", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4203245097139652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37403017-c610-4b07-a964-a37eddfd827c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.563522"}
{"text": "the grasses and sedges ) the descriptive text written in familiar language, by george t. stevens... with more than 1800 illustrations from drawings by the author. new york, dodd, mead and company, 1910. url p. 420. - anales de la sociedad espanola de historia natural. madrid : la sociedad, url p. 244, p. 244. - annual report missouri botanical garden. 20 1909 st. louis : board of trustees, 1890 - 1912. url p. 164, p. 207. - aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern united states, by donovan s. correll and helen b. correll. [ washington ] environmental protection agency ; [ for sale by the supt. of docs., u. s. govt. print. off. ] 1972. url p. 1162, p. 1163. - bartonia ; proceedings of the philadelphia botanical club... 58 1994 philadelphia, philadelphia botanical club, academy of natural sciences. url p. 86. - biological survey of a prairie landscape in montana ' s glaciated plains : final report / helena, mont. : montana natural heritage program : 2001. url. - botanical explorations in southern texas during the season of 1894. [ lancaster, pa. ] the new era printing house, 1895. url p. 69. - botanical survey of nebraska. conducted by the botanical seminar. i - vii. lincoln, neb., 1892 - 1904. url. - bulletin / illinois natural history survey. urbana, state of illinois, dept. of registration and education, natural history survey division, 1918 - 1985. url p. 251, p. 280, p. 281, p. 399, p. 433, p. 475, p. 539. - bulletin of the torrey botanical club. 37 1910 new york : torrey botanical club, 1870 - 1996 url p. 115, p. 119, p. 121, p. 154. - california fish and game. [ san francisco, etc. ] : state of california, resources agency, dept. of fish and game. url p. 66. - catalogue of plants found in new jersey by n. l. britton. trenton : john l. murphy pub. co., 1889 url p. 107. - contributions from the united states national herbarium 2 1891 - 1894 washington, d. c. : smithsonian institution press, 1890 - url p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43693202822057986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37403017-c610-4b07-a964-a37eddfd827c>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.564394"}
{"text": "the climate of middle illinois. peoria, ill., j. w. franks & sons, 1887. url,, p. 48, p. 77. - flora washingtonensis ; a catalogue of the phaenogamia and pteridophyta of the state of washington, n. p., 1892 url. - flora of guatemala / paul c. standley and louis o. williams. 24 1962 chicago, ill. : chicago natural history museum, 1962. url p. 241. - flora of illinois, containing keys for identification of flowering plants and ferns. notre dame, ind., university of notre dame press, 1963. url p. 160. - flora of indiana, by charles c. deam. indianapolis, wm. b. burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. url p. 697. - flora of jamaica, containing descriptions of the flowering plants known from the island, by william fawcett and alfred barton rendle. london. printed by order of the trustees of the british museum, 1910 - url p. 294, p. 294. - flora of japan : in english : combined, much revised and extended translation / by the author of his flora of japan ( 1953 ) and flora of japan, pteridophyta ( 1957 ) ; edited by frederick g. meyer and egbert h. walker. washington : smithsonian institution, 1965. url p. 649. - flora of nebraska ; a list of the conifers and flowering plants of the state with keys for their determination. plainview, neb. [ c1912 ] url. - flora of nebraska ; a list of the ferns, conifers and flowering plants of the state with keys for their determination. plainview, neb., 1923 url p. 150. - flora of peru / by j. francis macbride. 13 1941 chicago, [ ill. ] : field museum of natural history, url p. 217. - flora of yucatan, by paul c. standley. 3 1930 chicago, field museum of natural history, 1930. url p. 369. - flora of southeastern washington and adjacent idaho / by charles v. piper and r. kent beattie. lancaster, pa. : new era, 1914. url p. 168. - flora of the aguan valley and the coastal regions near la ceiba, honduras, by t. g. yuncker. 9 1940 [ chicago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41695154773287285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37403017-c610-4b07-a964-a37eddfd827c>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.566495"}
{"text": "kent beattie. lancaster, pa. : new era, 1914. url p. 168. - flora of the aguan valley and the coastal regions near la ceiba, honduras, by t. g. yuncker. 9 1940 [ chicago ] 1940. url p. 318. - flora of the northwest coast, including the area west of the summit of the cascade mountains, from the forty - ninth parallel south to the calapooia mountains on the south border of lane county, oregon. lancaster, pa., press of the new era printing company, 1915. url. - flora of the northwest coast : including the area west of the summit of the cascade mountains, from the forty - ninth parallel south to the calapooia mountains on the south border of lane county, oregon / by charles v. piper and r. kent beattie. lancaster, pa. : press of the new era printing company, 1915. url p. 245. - flora of the southeastern united states ; being descriptions of the seed - plants, ferns and fern - allies growing naturally in north carolina, south carolina, georgia, florida, tennessee, alabama, mississippi, arkansas, louisiana, and in oklahom by john kunkel small. new york, the author, 1913. url p. 826, p. 826, p. 827. - flora of the southeastern washington and adjacent idaho, lancaster, pa., press of the new era printing company, 1914. url. - flora of the state of washington. by charles v. piper. washington, govt. print. off., 1906. url p. 398. - flora of the vicinity of new york ; a contribution to plant geography. [ new york ] 1915 url p. 460, p. 653. - flowers and insects ; lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty - three flowers, by charles robertson. carlinville, ill., n. p. 1928. url p. 143. - forest conditions of mississippi. [ jackson, miss. ] : mississippi state geological survey, 1913. url p. 158. - gray ' s school and field book of botany : consisting of \" lessons in botany \" and \" field, forest, and garden botany \" bound in one volume. new york : american book company, [ between 1895 and 1900 ]. url p. 178. - gray ' s school and field book of botany. consisting of \" lessons in botany, \" and \" field, forest, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4546736384790081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37403017-c610-4b07-a964-a37eddfd827c>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.568302"}
{"text": "in one volume. new york : american book company, [ between 1895 and 1900 ]. url p. 178. - gray ' s school and field book of botany. consisting of \" lessons in botany, \" and \" field, forest, and garden botany, \" bound in one volume. new york : american book co., [ c1887 ] url. - great basin naturalist memoirs. 1987 [ provo, utah ] brigham young university, 1976 - 1992. url p. 417, p. 847. - illinois river bluffs area assessment / illinois department of natural resources, office of scientific research and analysis, [ and the ] state geological survey division. springfield, ill. : illinois dept. of natural resources, 1998 - url p. 163, p. 175. - journal of the kentucky academy of science. lexington, ky : the academy, 1998 - url p. 128. - leaflets of western botany. san fransisco : [ j. t. howell ], 1932 - 1966. url,, p. 260, p. 268, p. 6, p. 64. - list of pteridophyta and spermatophyta growing without cultivation in northeastern north america. prepared by a committee of the botanical club, american association for the advancement of science. new york, 1894. url p. 231. - manual of the flora of jackson county, missouri, by kenneth k. mackenzie, assisted by b. f. bush and others. kansas city, mo., s. n., 1902 url p. 137. - manual of the flora of jackson county, missouri, by kenneth k. mackenzie, assisted by b. f. bush and others. kansas city, mo., 1902. url. - manual of the flora of the northern states and canada / by nathaniel lord britton. new york : holt, 1905. url p. 648. - manual of the flowering plants of iowa. [ lamoni, iowa ] privately published, 1899. url. - memoirs / brooklyn botanic garden. brooklyn, n. y. : the garden, 1918 - 1936. url p. 74. - memoirs of the torrey botanical club. 5 1893 - 18 durham, n. c. : published for the club by the seeman printery, 1889 - url p. 231. - miscellaneous publication - university of kansas, museum of natural history. 1965 lawrence : university of kansas, 1946 - 1996. url p. 48.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4432621014366081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37403017-c610-4b07-a964-a37eddfd827c>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.569309"}
{"text": ": published for the club by the seeman printery, 1889 - url p. 231. - miscellaneous publication - university of kansas, museum of natural history. 1965 lawrence : university of kansas, 1946 - 1996. url p. 48. - new manual of botany of the central rocky mountains ( vascular plants ) cincinnati [ etc. ] american book company [ c1909 ] url. - phytogeography of nebraska. 1. general survey by roscoe pound and frederic e. clements. lincoln, neb. published by the seminar1900 url p. 261, p. 418, p. 90. - phytologia. bronx park, new york, h. a. gleason and h. n. moldenke, url p. 143, p. 281, p. 94. - plant life of alabama, an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. by charles mohr... montgomery, ala., brown printing co., 1901. url p. 631. - plant life of alabama : an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by charles mohr. montgomery, ala. : brown printing co., 1901. url p. 631. - plant species of concern / helena, mont. : montana natural heritage program, c2003. url. - plant species of special concern and plant associations of sheridan county, montana / helena, mont. : montana natural heritage program, 2000. url. - plantae lindheimerianae : an enumeration of f. lindheimer ' s collection of texan plants, with remarks and descriptions of new species, etc. / by george engelmann and asa gray. boston : printed by freeman and bolles, 1845 - url p. 207, p. 207. - plants of iowa ; a preliminary list of the native and introduced plants of the state, not under cultivation ; comp. by wesley greene, secretary. des moines, bishard brothers, printers, 1907. url p. 195, p. 195. - plants of mississippi : a list of flowering plants and ferns / by e. n. lowe. [ jackson, miss. ] : mississippi state geological survey, 1921. url p. 204, p. 47.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47543140121185434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37403017-c610-4b07-a964-a37eddfd827c>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.571544"}
{"text": "195, p. 195. - plants of mississippi : a list of flowering plants and ferns / by e. n. lowe. [ jackson, miss. ] : mississippi state geological survey, 1921. url p. 204, p. 47. - proceedings of the biological society of washington. washington, biological society of washington url p. 48. - psyche. cambridge, mass. : cambridge entomological club url p. 168. - report of the geological survey of ohio. columbus, nevins & myers, state printers, 1873 - 93. url. - sandusky flora. a catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns growing without cultivation, in erie county, ohio, and the peninsula and islands of ottawa county, wooster, o., press of clapper printing co., 1899. url. - small, j. k. flora of the southeastern united states ; being descriptions of the seed - plants, ferns and fern - allies growing naturally in north carolina, south carolin, georgia, florida, tennessee, alabama, mississippi, arkansas, louisiana and the indian territory and in oklahoma and texas east of the one - hundredth meridian / by john kunkel small... 1903 new york : the author, 1903. url p. 826. - sources of the ohio flora, by a. d. selby and j. w. t. duvel. columbus, 1899 url p. 50. - special papers / ohio academy of sciences. columbus, ohio : the academy, 1899 - 1929. url p. 117, p. 28. - studies of the vegetation of missouri... / by julian a. steyermark. 9 1940 [ chicago, 1940 - url p. 367. - syllogeus. ottawa, national museum of natural sciences, 1972 - 1995. url p. 119, p. 26. - the canadian field - naturalist. ottawa, ottawa field - naturalists ' club. url p. 384, p. 387, p. 388, p. 389, p. 436. - the great basin naturalist. 41 1981 provo, utah : m. l. bean life science museum, brigham young university, 1939 - 1999. url p. 5. - the journal of the bombay natural history society. bombay : the society, url p. 211. - the journal of the iowa academy of science : jias. cedar falls, iowa : the academy, 1988 - url p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.418127381168128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37403017-c610-4b07-a964-a37eddfd827c>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.572490"}
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{"text": "the academy of science of st. louis. [ st. louis : academy of science of st. louis ], 1860 - 1958. url p. 495. - transactions of the kentucky academy of science. [ lexington, ky. ] kentucky academy of science, 1923 - 1997. url p. 147, p. 173. - tulane studies in zoology and botany. 24 1983 new orleans : tulane university, [ 1968 - url p. 124. - vascular plants of the sangamon river basin ; annotated checklist and ecological summary [ by ] almut g. jones and david t. bell. [ urbana ], university of illinois at urbana - champaign, college of agriculture, url p. 8. - wrightia. 7 1981 - 1984 richardson, tex. [ etc. ] university of texas at dallas. url p. 152. - [ pamphlets on agriculture in guam ] s. l. : s. n., 1905 - 1916 url p. 182. - lee shu - kang & lau lan - fang ; ko wan - chueng ; lo hsien - shui. 1983. lythraceae ; sonneratiaceae ; punicaceae. in : fang wen - pei & chang che - yung, eds., fl. reipubl. popularis sin. 52 ( 2 ) : 67 - 111 ; 111 - 118 ; 120 - 121. - lee shu - kang & lau lan - fang ; ko wan - chueng ; lo hsien - shui. 1983. lythraceae ; sonneratiaceae ; punicaceae. in : fang wen - pei & chang che - yung, eds., fl. reipubl. popularis sin. 52 ( 2 ) : 67 - 111 ; 111 - 118 ; 120 - 121. - \" ammannia coccinea \". in flora of china vol. 13 page 275, 276. published by missouri botanical garden press. online at efloras. org. - bisby, f. a., y. r. roskov, m. a. ruggiero, t. m. orrell, l. e. paglinawan, p. w. brewer, n. bailly, j. van hertum, eds ( 2007 ). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : 2007 annual checklist. species 2000 : reading, u. k. - brands, s. j. ( comp. ) 1989 - present. the taxonomicon. universal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4472632696412801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37403017-c610-4b07-a964-a37eddfd827c>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.574000"}
{"text": ", eds ( 2007 ). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : 2007 annual checklist. species 2000 : reading, u. k. - brands, s. j. ( comp. ) 1989 - present. the taxonomicon. universal taxonomic services, zwaag, the netherlands. accessed january 10, 2012. - global biodiversity information facility. accessed november 16, 2007. http : / / www. gbif. org mediated distribution data from 2 providers. - ruggiero m., gordon d., bailly n., kirk p., nicolson d. ( 2011 ). the catalogue of life taxonomic classification, edition 2, part a. in : species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : 2011 annual checklist ( bisby f. a., roskov y. r., orrell t. m., nicolson d., paglinawan l. e., bailly n., kirk p. m., bourgoin t., baillargeon g., ouvrard d., eds ). dvd ; species 2000 : reading, uk. - the international plant names index. accessed dec 27, 2011. - usda, ars, national genetic resources program. germplasm resources information network - ( grin ) [ online database ]. national germplasm resources laboratory, beltsville, maryland. url ( april 25, 2008 ) accessed through gbif data portal november 15, 2007 : - berkeley natural history museums, university and jepson herbaria digir provider - comision nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, herbario del instituto de ecologia, a. c., mexico - herbarium of the university of aarhus, the aau herbarium database - instituto nacional de biodiversidad -, biodiversidad de costa rica - missouri botanical garden, missouri botanical garden - national institute of genetics, rois, herbarium specimens of museum of nature and human activities, hyogo pref., japan - school of life sciences, arizona state university, arizona state university vascular plant herbarium - usda plants, usda plants database - university of alabama biodiversity and systematics, herbarium - utah state university, usu - utc specimen database - biodiversity heritage library namebankid : 2651074 - catalogue of life accepted name code : its - 27091 - global biodiversity information facility taxonkey : 13743007 - globally unique", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4510340713291753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37403017-c610-4b07-a964-a37eddfd827c>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.574795"}
{"text": "utah state university, usu - utc specimen database - biodiversity heritage library namebankid : 2651074 - catalogue of life accepted name code : its - 27091 - global biodiversity information facility taxonkey : 13743007 - globally unique identifier : urn : lsid : ipni. org : names : 552672 - 1 - grin nomen number : 403806 - integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) taxonomic serial number ( tsn ) : 27091 - international plant names index ( ipni ) id : 552672 - 1 - mobot nameid : 19200303 - natural heritage network species identifier : pdlyt01020 - u. s. d. a. plant symbol : amte6 - zipcode zoo species identifier : 20823 - haining qin, shirley a. graham & michael g. gilbert \" lythraceae \". in flora of china vol. 13 page 274, 290, 400. published by science press ( beijing ) and missouri botanical garden press. online at efloras. org. [ back ] - haining qin & shirley a. graham \" ammannia \". in flora of china vol. 13 page 275. published by science press ( beijing ) and missouri botanical garden press. online at efloras. org. [ back ] - mean = 243. 730 meters ( 799. 639 feet ), standard deviation = 252. 800 based on 851 observations. altitude information for each observation from british oceanographic data centre. [ back ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4921415218795257, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37403017-c610-4b07-a964-a37eddfd827c>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.575379"}
{"text": "playing mother hen to a flamingo chick thursday 5 august 2004 a caribbean flamingo chick, hatched on the 6 july, is being hand reared by keepers at whipsnade wild animal park standing at 10 inches ( 25 cm ) tall the leggy young bird will eventually grow as tall as 4 feet ( 1. 2 m ) and its creamy off white plumage will change to the familiar flamingo pink when it is a year old. flamingos lay their eggs in nests made of piles of mud which they carefully mould into a chimney shape, however the keepers noticed that the parents had abandoned one of the nests and so they collected the egg to see if it could be incubated. after 28 days the egg hatched, producing a long, pink - legged and very noisy chick! it has been a major achievement to hatch and rear the youngster as they are notoriously specialised feeders. the chick is fed 3 times a day on a special mixture of sprats, peeled prawns, two egg yokes, baby food cereals, vitamins, probiotic and calcium, which is liquidised in a food mixer and fed via a syringe. the keepers will continue to look after the chick for about 10 weeks after which it will be slowly integrated into the flock at whipsnade. for further information contact : debbie curtis 020 7449 6363 or email @ example. com notes to editors - the caribbean or rosy flamingo is found in central and south america and is the tallest flamingos - they have a unique way of feeding using their specialised beak as an upside down sieve to filter out invertebrates in the water \u2014 ends \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3692014836125216, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4be9596-e4e5-473e-a8fe-d8e89148e4da>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.577120"}
{"text": "appendix 1 : multiple intelligences applied to years 5 to 8. describes adapted units of work from seven ways at once : book 2 ( mcgrath & noble, 1995 ). it provides a simple outline of how for example music, drama, art, and movement can be used to teach across the curriculum and across disciplines using different themes. | | application to various topics in years 5 8 | | story, poem, essay, article, definitions, crossword wordsearch letter, review, instructions, report, description, script, debate, recipe, poem about the beauty of a particular part of australia. ( australia ) write a story which features one running shoe, a stamp collection & final score. ( sport & leisure ) write a set of instructions for how to open a bank account. ( money, banking ) & maths intelligence | | maths problems, pattern, strategic plans, number puzzle, brainteaser, deductive reasoning, problem comparison, analysis, hypotheses, experiment, statistics, survey grid, matrix, scale data, categorisation the cost of a gym membership plus appropriate clothing & equipment ( for one year ). ( sport & leisure ) classify jobs undertaken in an antarctic base in as many ways as you can. then make a matrix. ( antarctica ) do a venn diagram to compare & contrast solar power & fossil fuel power. ( energy ) & vision intelligence drawing, cartoon, design, drawing plan, map, collage, symbol, logo, timeline, display, board game, card game brochure, sign, mobile, graph, front page of newspaper, book / record cover, film, photograph, chart, mind map, flow chart, magazine advertisement, diorama. doona cover with a flight theme. ( flight ) design the cover of a new magazine devoted to leisure. ( sport & leisure ) make a concept map about space. ( space ) draw diagrams to compare weapons from ancient greece with weapons from today ( ancient greece ) | | play, skit, mime, charades, game, exercise, dance, demonstration, construction, model, | | act out the process of blood clotting. ( blood ) in a group of three, create & perform a dance to show the positives & negatives of working on an antarctic base in a group create a 2 minute play about honesty in sport ( sport & leisure ) | | song, rap, sound effects sound story, tape recording, jingle, mood music | | make up a song which teaches the concepts in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5333275721406576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842a2946-a337-455f-8357-ebb89914fb67>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.581554"}
{"text": "an antarctic base in a group create a 2 minute play about honesty in sport ( sport & leisure ) | | song, rap, sound effects sound story, tape recording, jingle, mood music | | make up a song which teaches the concepts in the healthy diet pyramid ( food & with a partner, tape record sounds of sports & leisure. see if the class can guess the sounds. ( sports & leisure ) with a partner make up & perform a rap about the difficulties of saving money ( money ; banking ) | | cooperative group work, advertising campaign, discussion, class presentation teaching other, leadership task, interviewing \" famous people \" survey, mock trial, negotiated decision. | | in a group of four negotiate to decide which two genetic blood disorders make the most negative impact on quality of life ( blood ; genetics ) in a group of three set up & perform a mock interview with ra & isis ( ancient egypt ) in a group of three list all the traits you can think of which a pilot would need to have. then negotiate to select the two most important ones. | | journal, personal time line, preferences, fears, opinions, self awareness, own experiences, self assessment, goal setting, self reflection on learning. personal time line to show how your interest in different leisure & sporting activities has changed as you have got older ( sport & what is your credit rating like? give reasons for your answer. how could you improve it? ( money ; banking ) assess your own refrigerator in terms of the health diet pyramid. what would you need to add ( make a shopping list ) to improve it? ( food & nutrition ) learning is an active process in which the learner uses sensory input and constructs meaning out of it. the learner needs to do something to learn. people learn to learn as they learn ; learning consists of both constructing meaning and constructing systems of meaning. we learn patterns of meaning. the crucial action of constructing meaning is mental ; it happens in the head. we need to engage the hands, the head, as well as the heart. learning involves language ; the language we use influences learning. we talk to ourselves as we learn. learning is a social activity : our learning is intimately associated with our connection with other human beings. it involves conversation, interaction with others, and the application of knowledge as an integral aspect of learning. learning is contextual : we do not learn isolated facts and theories in some abstract ethereal land of the mind separate from the rest of our lives : we learn in relationship to what else we know,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5844911395985676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842a2946-a337-455f-8357-ebb89914fb67>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.582547"}
{"text": "application of knowledge as an integral aspect of learning. learning is contextual : we do not learn isolated facts and theories in some abstract ethereal land of the mind separate from the rest of our lives : we learn in relationship to what else we know, what we believe, our prejudices, and our fears. we cannot divorce our learning from our lives. one needs knowledge to learn : it is not possible to assimilate new knowledge without having some structure developed from previous knowledge to build on. start where learner is. the more we know, the more we can learn. any effort to teach must be connected to the state of the learner must provide a path into the subject from the learner based on that learner \u2019 s previous knowledge. it takes time to learn : learning is not instantaneous. we need to revisit ideas, ponder them, try them out, play with them, and use them. what we learn is a product of repeated exposure and thought. insight can usually be traced back to longer periods of preparation. motivation is a key component in learning. unless we know the reason \u201c why, \u201d we may not be very involved in using the knowledge that may be instilled in us. no emotion, no attention ; no attention, no learning ; no intention, no retention!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5637884156742441, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:842a2946-a337-455f-8357-ebb89914fb67>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.583271"}
{"text": "this video is not intended to excuse the germans, but it does not hesitate to expose the victorious allies in their treatment of the enemy at the peace, for in most cases it was not the criminals who were raped, starved, tortured or bludgeoned to death but women, children and old men. what needs to be recognized here is the way that many people were allowed to exact revenge by military commanders, even by government ministers ; and that when they did so they often killed the innocent, not the guilty. it is true that some of the old men and a lot of the women had voted for hitler, but it should be recalled once again that he never achieved more than 37. 4 % of the vote in a free election, and in the last one he was down to 33. 1 %. this clearly indicates that even at his most popular, 62. 6 % of the german electorate were unmoved by adolf hitler ' s program. then why were the entire german people chastised and brutally punished in 1945 and later? some people are of the view that, given the wartime misdeeds of the nazis, some degree of vengeful violence against the defeated germans was inevitable and, perhaps, justified. a common response to reports of allied atrocities is to say that the germans \u201c deserved what they got. \u201d but however valid that argument might be, the appalling cruelties inflicted on the totally prostrate german people went far beyond any understandable retribution. during the last months of the war, the ancient german city of konigsberg in east prussia held out as a strongly defended urban fortress. after repeated attack and siege by the red army, it finally surrendered in early april 1945. soviet troops then ravished the civilian population. the people were beaten, robbed, killed and, if female, raped. the rape victims included nuns. even hospital patients were robbed of their possessions. bunkers and shelters, packed with terrified people huddling inside, were torched with flame - throwers. about 40, 000 of the city \u2019 s population were killed, or took their own lives to escape the horrors, and the remaining 73, 000 germans were brutally deported. the onslaught of rape by invading russian forces is, of course, infamous. in the russian zone of austria, rape was part of daily life until 1947 and many women were riddled with vd and had no means to cure it. conservative estimates place the number of berlin women raped at 20, 000. american soldiers were most instrumental in widespread sexual exploitation of starving women who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43561711568783845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:468fd682-a4f8-4c94-813d-a5a273485a5e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.587292"}
{"text": "shale shocked : \u2018 remarkable increase \u2019 in u. s. earthquakes \u2018 almost certainly manmade, \u2019 usgs scientists report a u. s. geological survey ( usgs ) team has found that a sharp jump in earthquakes in america \u2019 s heartland appears to be linked to oil and natural gas drilling operations. as hydraulic fracturing has exploded onto the scene, it has increasingly been connected to earthquakes. some quakes may be caused by the original fracking \u2014 that is, by injecting a fluid mixture into the earth to release natural gas ( or oil ). more appear to be caused by reinjecting the resulting brine deep underground. last august, a usgs report examined a cluster of earthquakes in oklahoma and reported : our analysis showed that shortly after hydraulic fracturing began small earthquakes started occurring, and more than 50 were identified, of which 43 were large enough to be located. most of these earthquakes occurred within a 24 hour period after hydraulic fracturing operations had ceased. in november, a british shale gas developer found it was \u201c highly probable \u201d its fracturing operations caused minor quakes. then last month, ohio oil and gas regulators said \u201c a dozen earthquakes in northeastern ohio were almost certainly induced by injection of gas - drilling wastewater into the earth. \u201d now, in a paper to be deliver at the annual meeting of the seismological society of america, the usgs notes that \u201c a remarkable increase in the rate of [ magnitude 3. 0 ] and greater earthquakes is currently in progress \u201d in the u. s. midcontinent. the abstract is online. energywire reports ( subs. req \u2019 d ) some of the findings : the study found that the frequency of earthquakes started rising in 2001 across a broad swath of the country between alabama and montana. in 2009, there were 50 earthquakes greater than magnitude - 3. 0, the abstract states, then 87 quakes in 2010. the 134 earthquakes in the zone last year is a sixfold increase over 20th century levels. the surge in the last few years corresponds to a nationwide surge in shale drilling, which requires disposal of millions of gallons of wastewater for each well. according to the federal energy information administration, shale gas production grew, on average, nearly 50 percent a year from 2006 to 2010. i foresee a study in the near future, paid for by the oil industry, that concludes the increase in little earthquakes is actually serving to reduce the frequencies and magnitudes of large ones.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4613885745015315, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55dc7eab-76e0-411f-90d6-503ba50de262>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.590368"}
{"text": "picture on [ ( h1, v1 ) ] [ - ( h2, v2 ) ] picture off [, picthandlevar & ] picture on statement initiates \" picture recording \" for the current output window. the picture off statement turns off picture recording. while picture recording is on, all drawing commands and text - display commands which are sent to the window are \" recorded \" in a special data structure called a picture. the internal format of a picture is identical to that of a resource of type \" pict \". after picture recording is turned off, you can display or print the picture, or attach it to a picture field, or save it to disk ( as a \" pict \" resource or a \" every picture has a frame, an imaginary rectangle which is stored as part of the picture ' s data structure. usually, but not always, the picture itself is contained within the frame. the frame is used as a reference to determine how the picture should be scaled and positioned when the picture is later displayed or printed. the picture recording is cropped to the recording window ' s clip region, which may or may not be the same as the frame rectangle. picture on statement, the ( h2, v2 ) parameters specify the upper - left and lower - right corners of a rectangle. if you specify both ( h2, v2 ), they define the picture ' s frame. otherwise, the frame is determined as follows : if you specify only ( h1, v1 ), it becomes the frame ' s upper - left corner ; the frame ' s lower - right corner is set to the current lower - right corner of the window. if you specify only ( h2, v2 ), the picture ' s frame is set to the rectangle ( 0, 0 ) - ( h2, v2 ). if you specify neither ( h2, v2 ), the picture ' s frame is set to the window ' s current rectangle. picture off statement, a handle to the recorded picture is returned in picthandlevar &, if it ' s specified. picthandlevar & must be a long - integer variable, or a handle variable. the value returned in picthandlevar & is the same as the value returned by the by default, drawing commands are not visible on the screen while they ' re being recorded. if you want the picture to be visible while you ' re recording it, you must call the toolbox procedure showpen after you start", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5412461235841965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca530506-9d3b-4180-a181-a8f6e2d2818f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.593660"}
{"text": "the value returned by the by default, drawing commands are not visible on the screen while they ' re being recorded. if you want the picture to be visible while you ' re recording it, you must call the toolbox procedure showpen after you start recording. if you do this, showpen must be \" balanced \" by a call to the hidepen procedure, before you turn off picture recording. for example : call showpen ' show while recording ' [ execute drawing commands here ] call hidepen ' balance the call to showpen only one window can have picture - recording enabled at any given time ; you cannot \" nest \" picture on / picture off pairs. if you switch output windows while picture recording is on, any drawing commands sent to the new output window will not be recorded. you cannot \" temporarily \" turn off the recording of a picture. each call to picture off completes a picture, and each call to picture on starts a brand new picture. however, it is possible to effectively \" append \" one picture to another, by \" inserting \" an old picture inside a new one. for example : picture off, circlepict & ' \" append \" more drawing commands : picture on ' start a new picture picture, circlepict & ' this gets recorded in new pict box 20, 20 to 50, 50 picture off, picthandle & ' contains circle & box your program is responsible for releasing the memory occupied by pictures created with the picture on / picture off statements. use the kill picture statement to do this, once you ' re finished using the picture handle. drawing commands which plot icons are not recorded in pictures. picture function ; picture statement ; kill picture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4832569461546261, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca530506-9d3b-4180-a181-a8f6e2d2818f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.594288"}
{"text": "drug addiction is scary when it lives in your home and takes over your family. assistance in recovery ( air ) is a national organization of counselors, professional intervention specialists, and consultants that provide fast and effective crisis management services through a proven protocol of education, action and healing. one simple phone call to air will put in place the proper resources to dissolve the crisis and put the family or organization and the drug addicted individual on a solid course of recovery. \u201c drug addiction is a result of brain changes that, over time, get translated into behavior changes, \u201d says the national institute for drug abuse director, alan leshner. it is the \u201c use of a drug or substance for a reason other than which it was intended or in a manner or in quantities other than directed. drug and alcohol dependence is a compulsion to take use substances to produce a desired effect or prevent unpleasant effects when they are withheld. risk factors for drug and alcohol abuse include : low self esteem, inability to deal with stress and emotional instability. \u201d if a person uses drugs or abuses alcohol at a high enough dose, frequently enough and for a long period of time, these substances change the way the brain functions. george koob, m. d., a professor of neuropharmacology at scripps research institute believes that addiction is linked to the brain \u2019 s pleasure - reward system. drug abuse and addiction reduce the brain \u2019 s ability to function normally. people who are addicted initially take a drug because it makes them feel good. over time they take it just to return to feeling \u201c normal. \u201d the essence of addiction is that a person has created an artificial state and after a while the system has become so compromised that they are taking the drug to return to a normal state. in effect, the addict spends most of his / her time just trying to feel normal. scientists and medical experts now consider the disease of drug addiction and alcoholism to be chronic and relapsing ; understanding why addicts and alcoholics are so prone to relapse is a major area of research. the phenomenon of craving can linger months or even years after an addict quits using. scientists have discovered evidence that craving may be partly a physiological phenomenon, related to the long - term changes in brain function that addiction causes. what are the differences between a drug user, a drug abuser, and a drug addict \u2014 or social drinkers vs. alcoholics? many people assume that addiction is simply an overuse of drugs, and that the drug addict is just a drug user who chooses to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48289143461723527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:597bcf1e-9e95-4fe0-a149-aa6db5e30eb8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.598339"}
{"text": "between a drug user, a drug abuser, and a drug addict \u2014 or social drinkers vs. alcoholics? many people assume that addiction is simply an overuse of drugs, and that the drug addict is just a drug user who chooses to use or drink too much. but research has shown that addiction, unlike casual use, is no longer a matter of free choice. \u201c functionally you \u2019 ve moved into a different state, a state of compulsive drug use, \u201d says leshner. \u201c people have a lot of trouble understanding that addiction is not an issue of choice or will or morality. \u201d the national academy of sciences \u2019 institute of medicine, the american psychiatric association, and the american medical association all define this state of driven, compulsive use as the essence of addiction. someone who abuses drugs or alcohol may suffer negative consequences from using, as the addict does, but generally can and does stop when these consequences become too severe. the addict may be unable to stop, even after massive negative consequences, without medical and / or behavioral help. says steven hyman, m. d., director of the national institute of mental health, \u201c an alcoholic taking a drink looks like anyone else engaged in that behavior, but what \u2019 s happening in his or her head is different. \u201d what is the difference between someone who can dabble in illicit drugs without developing dependence or many negative consequences, and someone who becomes an addict? researchers believe that there is a great variability among individuals when it comes to their vulnerability to becoming addicted. \u201c the more stress, the more likely it is you will get addicted, \u201d says leshner. risk of addiction, however, is also driven by genetic, biological, environmental and social factors. help! i have a loved one that needs help with his or her drug addiction. learn more about our intervention services, or for more information on drug addiction - related crisis interventions, call our national call center at 800 - 561 - 8158. firshein, janet. excerpts from \u201c moyers on addiction, close to home. \u201d pbs online http : / / www. pbs. org / wnet / closetohome / home. html leshner, alan i. \u201c addiction is a brain disease. \u201d issues in science and technology, spring 2001. http : / / www. nap. edu / issues / 17. 3 / leshner. htm learn more about :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.50516128609955, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:597bcf1e-9e95-4fe0-a149-aa6db5e30eb8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.599373"}
{"text": "many of you will remember the predecessor of the suv as the family friendly station wagon. many of us grew up in the back of one! i remember going to the drive - in with my parents and falling asleep in the back of our station wagon in sleeping bags that my dad brought along for my sister and me. have you ever wondered where the term station wagon came from? well i did! back in the old west, wagon trains, stagecoaches and trains were the basic modes of transportation for the masses. trains were by far the most comfortable and first choice for people whenever possible. the city of denver was a mere \" wide spot in the road \" until the mighty locomotive starting bringing people to town by the thousands. there were train stations throughout the west. once passengers arrived at a local train station, they had to find a way to get their trunks and luggage to their respective hotel. as a courtesy, hotels would provide passenger buggy ' s with large cargo areas in the rear to carry their guests baggage. so, what you had was a passenger buggy with a wagon in the back for luggage. this wagon would make trips back and forth from the train station. thus, becoming known as the station wagon! with the invention of the horseless carriage ( now known as the car ) vehicles were built with a wagon in back to carry luggage ( or kids ) and the term station wagon remained intact. so... now you know!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46961245669985924, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2318871a-1474-4fe9-a571-2f1d1b021cf2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.601005"}
{"text": "national numismatic collection - introduction the national numismatic collection ( nnc ) of the smithsonian institution is one of the largest numismatic collections in the world and the largest in north america. with over 1. 6 millioin objects, the nnc contains many great rarities in coins and currency, from the earliest coins created 2, 700 years ago up to the latest innovations in electronic monetary exchange, as well as fascinating objects such as beads, wampum, dentalia, and other commodities once used as money. the collection emphasizes the development of money and medals in the united states. the core of the u. s. collection, consisting of more than 18, 000 items, including coins of great rarity, came to the smithsonian in 1923 from the united states mint. exceptional rarities include the brasher half doubloon, the 1849 double eagle ( first of the gold 20 dollar pieces ), and two 1877 fifty dollar patterns. other rarities are include the 1913 liberty head nickel as well as all three types of the 1804 dollar, and two of three known examples of the world ' s most valuable coin, the 1933 double eagle, the third of which recently sold for 7. 6 million dollars. learn more about the collection. below you will find a selection of over 350 objects from the collection. we are working to expand and improve online access to additional objects in the near future, so stay tuned.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45960422106438736, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:332675a3-5f70-49fb-b6e6-639fe851aa49>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.604764"}
{"text": "as a nurse practitioner at the oxford adult care and weight loss center, kanina crosen sees alabama ' s obesity problem firsthand. to her, obesity is more than a condition that 30 percent of adult alabamians live with every day, according to centers for disease control and prevention. it is a disease. the american medical association, the largest physician group in the country, agrees, and officially recognized obesity as a disease monday during its annual meeting in chicago. but while the organization has no legal authority to dictate how obesity should be treated, some local health experts say the decision could spur physicians to more aggressively attack the problem and encourage insurers to offer more coverage for treatments and prevention. \" i honestly do think it ' s a disease, \" crosen said. \" we try every possible angle to prevent it, the same way we might treat someone who has high blood pressure... it ' s a problem we ' re trying to prevent. \" the ama, specifically its house of delegates, voted to categorize obesity as a disease during its annual meeting in chicago monday. the decision went against the conclusions of the association ' s council on science and public health, which studied the issue the past year. the council determined obesity was not a disease since the body mass index, the measure used to define obesity, is overly simplistic. statistics from the cdc show that obesity is a growing epidemic, with more than one - third of american adults being categorized as obese. about 17 percent of u. s. children are obese, the statistics show. the situation is particularly dire for alabama, which is among the three states with the highest rates of obesity for adults. obesity can lead to a variety of conditions, from diabetes to high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. dr. lewis doggett of anniston pediatrics, who focuses on childhood obesity and is working to create a childhood obesity clinic for the area, said obesity has been treated like a disease for some time. \" i think whether they call it that or not, we certainly treat it like it ' s a disease, \" doggett said. \" it ' s got obvious medical morbidity attached to it and there ' s definitely prevention efforts with it. \" doggett said he hoped ama ' s decision will lead to more intervention and prevention of obesity among the medical community. at anniston pediatrics, doggett tells parents to feed their children five servings of fruits and vegetables a day, cut out sweets and sugary beverages and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.368347967523168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04f4c98d-180a-458b-aacc-62b98c1e0d60>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.620503"}
{"text": "' s decision will lead to more intervention and prevention of obesity among the medical community. at anniston pediatrics, doggett tells parents to feed their children five servings of fruits and vegetables a day, cut out sweets and sugary beverages and encourage them to engage in one hour of activity each day. crosen said she hoped the disease designation will encourage insurers to cover more treatments for obesity. \" i hope insurance will cover more things like appetite suppressants, weight loss treatment and even gym memberships, \" crosen said. crosen said prevention of obesity is the key to dealing with a host of other diseases that many americans have, such as diabetes. \" you ' ve got to start at the root of the problem, \" crosen said. dr. jeff terry, chairman of the alabama delegation to the ama and past president of the medical association of the state of alabama, said he was not sure what, if any, effect ama ' s decision will have on the medical community. \" we want to acknowledge that obesity is a terrible problem affecting over 30 percent of our population, however, the council felt it did not meet the true definition of disease, \" terry said. \" this does not affect how we take care of obesity... it is not important as far as how physicians take care of the patient. \" don williamson, alabama \u2019 s state health officer, who attended the ama meeting, said he had mixed feelings about the decision. \" if it encourages insurance companies to cover preventive care, that ' s a positive development, \" williamson said. however, he added that the disease label could encourage some people to take less responsibility for their own fitness. dr. timothy garvey, chairman of the department of nutrition sciences at the university of alabama at birmingham, said he considered obesity to be a disease with genetic, behavioral and environmental causes. \" i very enthusiastically welcome this decision, \" garvey said. garvey said the ama decision could accelerate changes in society ' s understanding about obesity, and he hopes it will improve coverage offered by insurers. garvey said insurers will cover bariatric surgery, a procedure involving the removal of a portion of the stomach to treat obesity, but not many lifestyle interventions like weight - loss programs. \" we need to use all the weapons we have to treat this disease and it would help if insurers help cover prevention, \" garvey said. staff writer patrick mccreless : 256 - 235 - 3561.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3927590288430283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:04f4c98d-180a-458b-aacc-62b98c1e0d60>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.623576"}
{"text": "president barack obama has been making the rounds of college campuses, making much ado of some advice his republican opponent, mitt romney, has been dispensing to students concerned about paying for college. \u201c borrow from your parents, \u201d romney said at one event. shop around, he counseled at another. and to one student he cautioned : \u201c don \u2019 t expect the government to forgive the debt that you take on. \u201d nothing romney has said is wrong. parents with savings can be a great low - interest lending source. students and families do have to be realistic about the price tag of the schools they choose. but neither are romney \u2019 s prescriptions especially helpful. most families have figured out they need to hunt for bargains, scrounge for scholarships and still borrow money from the federal government or a private lender. obama has the advantage in this debate because he isn \u2019 t averse to proposing government help. he has initiated a tax credit for families paying tuition, an increase in pell grants and a program that caps monthly federal student loan repayments for some borrowers. student debt has entered the political fray because there is so much of it. its accumulated amount has topped $ 1 trillion, and stories abound of college graduates indentured by their loan payments. but not all college debt is created equal and not all of it is a trap. total student debt has mounted not so much because students are borrowing more than they did a decade ago, but because more people are going to college. despite the abject failure of state legislatures to uphold their commitments to public colleges and universities, the average debt of someone graduating from a four - year state school is $ 12, 300, according to the college board. ten years ago it was $ 10, 700. a graduate with the right major should be able to find work at a salary high enough to pay off that amount fairly expeditiously. and a college graduate is expected to earn $ 570, 000 more over the span of a working life than someone with only a high school diploma. the race to get into expensive private colleges has played a bigger role in driving up debt. the costs of attending some of these schools is bumping up against $ 60, 000 a year and the average debt after four years is $ 18, 300. a redeeming factor is that graduation rates at private schools are higher than at public colleges and universities, and a degree in hand increases the chances of getting a decent - paying job and whittling down debt. the biggest driver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4055553939861142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aeaf7c5d-b404-44b4-a393-221a611cd541>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.653153"}
{"text": "18, 300. a redeeming factor is that graduation rates at private schools are higher than at public colleges and universities, and a degree in hand increases the chances of getting a decent - paying job and whittling down debt. the biggest driver of student debt is the for - profit sector. this galaxy of universities, career colleges and technical schools educates 12 percent of students who seek education beyond high school, but it accounts for 25 percent of federal student aid. 96 percent of for - profit students take out loans and more than half of those who graduate from a four - year for - profit college owe $ 30, 000 or more. for - profit colleges aggressively recruit students with few resources, offer them little in the way of financial aid and too often leave them with no leg up in the job market. don \u2019 t look to romney for reforms. he has promoted for - profit schools at a couple of campaign stops. obama \u2019 s administration has attempted to cut off federal grant money to for - profit schools whose students have poor records of repaying loans. its efforts have been watered down in congress and the courts. but any prescription for the student debt crisis has to start with reining in the for - profit sector. pressure from consumers and politicians may serve to slow down the rising cost of college some. but we won \u2019 t be returning to the good old days when a college degree sometimes cost less than the family car. practical advice, like what romney dispensed, is fine as far as it goes. he might want to add the wisdom of investing early in college savings accounts to his list of practical suggestions. but tough - love advice is no substitute for sound public policy. and on that front obama is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42657104454585637, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aeaf7c5d-b404-44b4-a393-221a611cd541>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.661075"}
{"text": "aros is a multitasking operating system. this essentially means that multiple programs may be run at the same time. every program running is called a task. but there are also tasks that are not user - programs. there are, for example, tasks handling the file - system and tasks watching the input devices. every task gets a certain amount of time, in which it is running. after this time it ' s the next task ' s turn ; the system reschedules the tasks. plain tasks are very limited in their capabilities. plain tasks must not call a function of dos. library or a function that could call a function of dos. library ( this includes openlibrary ( ) for most cases! ). processes don ' t have this limitation. a task is described by a struct task as defined in exec / tasks. h. this structure contains information about the task like the its stack, its signals and some management data. to get the address of a task structure, struct task * findtask ( strptr name ) ; the name is a pointer to the name of the task to find. note that this name is case - sensitive! if the named task is not found, null is returned, otherwise a pointer to a struct task is returned. to get a pointer to the current task, supply null as name. this can the task structure contains a field called tc _ userdata. you can use this for your own purposes. it ' s ignored by aros. a task must be in one of following states ( as set in the field tc _ state of the task structure ) : - this state should never be set! - the task is currently running. on single processor architectures, only one task can be in that state. - the task is waiting for its activation. - the task is waiting on some.. fixme : signal. as long as this does not occur, the program doesn ' t become active ; it is ignored on rescheduling. most interactive programs are in this state most of the time, as they wait for user input. - the task is in an exception. do not set these states yourself, unless you know exactly what you are the field tc _ node. ln _ pri of the struct node embedded in the task structure ( see exec / nodes. h and the.. fixme : : section about exec lists specifies the priority of the task. possible priorities reach from - 128 to 127. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5015776246695589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7673a73f-8801-4880-9065-a4adbabd2564>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.683673"}
{"text": "pri of the struct node embedded in the task structure ( see exec / nodes. h and the.. fixme : : section about exec lists specifies the priority of the task. possible priorities reach from - 128 to 127. the higher the priority the more processor time the task gets from the system. to set a task ' s priority use the function : byte settaskpri ( struct task * task, byte newpri ) ; the old priority is returned. every task has a stack. a stack is a piece of memory in which a tasks stores its temporary data. compilers, for example, use the stack to store variables, you use in your programs. on many architectures, the stack is also used to supply library functions with parameters. the size of the stack is limited. therefore only a certain amount of data can be stored in the stack. the stack - size of a task is chosen by its caller and must be at least 4096 bytes. tasks should generally not assume that their stack - size is bigger. so, if a task needs more stack, the stack can be exchanged by using the function : void stackswap ( struct stackswapstruct * sss ) ; the only argument, sss, is a pointer to a struct stackswapstruct as defined in exec / tasks. h. struct stackswapstack must contain a pointer to the beginning of the new stack ( strk _ lower ), to the end of the new stack ( stk _ upper ) and a new stack - pointer ( stk _ pointer ). this stack - pointer is normally set either to the same address as stk _ lower or to the same address as stk _ upper, depending on the kind of cpu used. when calling stackswap ( ), the stackswapstruct structure supplied as sss will be filled with information about the current stack. after finishing using the new stack, the old stack must be restored by calling stackswap ( ) a second time with the same stackswapstruct. normally, only compilers need this function. handle it with great care as different architectures use the stack in different ways! a process is an expanded task. different from a task, it can use functions of dos. library, because a process structure contains some special fields, concerning files and directories. but of course, all functions that can be used on tasks can also be used on processes. a process is described", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.483348524126239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7673a73f-8801-4880-9065-a4adbabd2564>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.684942"}
{"text": "a task, it can use functions of dos. library, because a process structure contains some special fields, concerning files and directories. but of course, all functions that can be used on tasks can also be used on processes. a process is described by a struct process as defined in dos / dosextens. h. the first field in struct process is an embedded struct task. the extra fields include information about the file - system, the console, the process is connected to, and miscellaneous other stuff. most functions of dos. library set the secondary error - code of the process structure on error. this way the caller can determine, why a certain system - call failed. imagine, the function open ( ), which opens a named file, fails. there can be multiple reasons for this : maybe the file named doesn ' t exist, maybe it is read protected. to find this out, you can query the secondary error - code set by the last function by using : dos - functions return one of the error _ definitions from dos / dos. h. applications can, of course, process these error - codes as well ( which is useful in many cases ), but often we just want to inform the user what went wrong. ( applications normally need not care if a file could not be opened because it did not exist or because it was read protected. ) to output human - readable error messages, dos. library provides two functions : long fault ( long code, strptr header, strptr buffer, long length ) ; bool printfault ( long code, strptr header ) ; while printfault ( ) simply prints an error message to the standard output, fault ( ) fills a supplied buffer with the message. both functions take a code argument. this is the code to be converted into a string. you can also supply a header string, which will prefix the error message. the header may be null, in which case nothing is prefixed. fault ( ) also required a pointer to a buffer, which is to be filled with the converted string. the length of this buffer ( in bytes ) is to be passed in as the last argument. the total number of characters put into the buffer is returned. you are on the safe side, if your buffer has a size of 83 character plus the size of the header. examples for the use of these functions can be found in later chapters, especially in the chapter about.. fixme : : files and directories. secondary error", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.500321742359239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7673a73f-8801-4880-9065-a4adbabd2564>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.690226"}
{"text": "biologists at san francisco state university are tagging radio trackers onto zombie - like bees infected with a fly parasite to find out more about species population decline. bees that are infected with the apocephalus borealis fly abandon their hives and congregate near outside lights, moving in erratic circles on the ground before dying. this parasitic infection was discovered last year by sf state biology professor john hafernik and described in a plos one paper. hafernik and his colleagues are trying to find out how much of a threat the emerging fly parasite might be to the health of honey bee colonies, or if the parasite is linked to the colony collapse disorder that has devastated bee populations in the united states and europe. the team is tagging infected bees ' thoraxes with transmitters the size of \" a fleck of glitter \" and then monitoring their movements in and out of a hive on the biology building. laser readers at the entrance to the hives interact with individual trackers. they are also monitoring other hives nearby to check for signs of the parasite. they are inviting members of the public to get involved through the zombeewatch website. visitors can upload photos of suspected infected bees to help track the spread of the parasite. it ' s important to monitor the comings and goings of bees to understand the progression of the parasitic infection, particularly how long it takes for affected bees to abandon the hive. the original paper found bees disoriented and dying at night, but researchers are keen to find out whether the infected bees only leave the hives to fly in the dark. christopher quock, an san francisco state graduate biology student, said : \" hopefully in the long run this information might help us understand how much of a health concern these flies are for the bees, and if they truly do impede their foraging behavior. we also want to know whether there are any weak links in the chain of interactions between these flies and honey bees that we could exploit to control the spread of this parasite. \" the team also wants to study how the infected bees are treated by uninfected bees. are they expelled from the hive? or treated with aggression by other workers? biology professor andrew zink explained : \" if enough of the parasitized bees do the wrong ' waggle ' dances to send unparasitized foragers off in the wrong directions for food, or distract unparasitized foragers through antagonistic interactions, the hive ' s productivity could falter. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46437601221311603, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d14124d-1e98-41eb-8e7e-cea022d82c89>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.695961"}
{"text": "- published : 13 jan 2013 - views : 28 - author : infogarden with so much information in how to, i started my garden and ill keep you updated in what works or not. in to days episode how to make your own mulch! and a q... a christmas tree is a decorated tree, usually an evergreen conifer such as pine or fir, traditionally associated with the celebration of christmas. an artificial christmas tree is an object made to resemble such a tree, usually made from polyvinyl chloride ( pvc ). the tree was traditionally decorated with edibles such as apples, nuts or dates. in the 18th century, it began to be illuminated by candles, which with electrification could also be replaced by christmas lights. today, there is a wide variety of traditional ornaments, such as garland, tinsel, and candy canes. an angel or star may be placed at the top of the tree, to represent the host of angels or the star of bethlehem from the nativity. the custom of the christmas tree developed in early modern germany with predecessors that can be traced to the 16th and possibly the 15th century. it acquired popularity beyond germany during the second half of the 19th century. the christmas tree has also been known as the \" yule - tree \", especially in discussions of its folkloristic origins. while it is clear that the christmas tree originates in renaissance and early modern germany, there are a number of speculative theories as to its ultimate origin. its 16th - century origins are sometimes associated with martin luther. alternatively, it is identified with the \" tree of paradise \" of medieval mystery plays that were given on 24 december, the commemoration and name day of adam and eve in various countries. in such plays, a tree decorated with apples ( to represent the forbidden fruit ) and wafers ( to represent the eucharist and redemption ) was used as a setting for the play. like the christmas crib, the paradise tree was later placed in homes. the apples were replaced by round objects such as shiny red balls. the first evidence of decorated trees associated with christmas day are trees in guild halls decorated with sweets to be enjoyed by the apprentices and children. in livonia ( present day latvia and estonia ), in 1441, 1442, 1510 and 1514, the brotherhood of blackheads erected a tree for the holidays [ clarification needed ] in their guild houses in reval ( now tallinn ) and riga. on the last night of the celebrations leading up to the holidays, [ clarification", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45328638770762963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12283443-5120-4aca-b735-4eef352e5b50>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.840190"}
{"text": "to vienna in 1816, and the custom spread across austria in the following years. in france, the first christmas tree was introduced in 1840 by the duchesse d ' orleans. in denmark a danish newspaper claims that the first attested christmas tree was lit in 1808 by countess wilhemine of holsteinborg. it was the aging countess who told the story of the first danish christmas tree to the danish writer hans christian andersen in 1865. he had published a fairy - tale called the fir - tree in 1844, recounting the fate of a fir - tree being used as a christmas tree. in britain, the christmas tree was introduced in the time of the personal union with hanover, by george iii ' s queen charlotte of mecklenburg - strelitz in early 19th century, but the custom hadn ' t yet spread much beyond the royal family. queen victoria as a child was familiar with the custom and a tree was placed in her room every christmas. in her journal for christmas eve 1832, the delighted 13 - year - old princess wrote, \" after dinner \u2026 we then went into the drawing - room near the dining - room \u2026 there were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments. all the presents being placed round the trees \u2026 \" after her marriage to her german cousin prince albert, by 1841 the custom became even more widespread throughout britain. in 1847, prince albert wrote : \" i must now seek in the children an echo of what ernest [ his brother ] and i were in the old time, of what we felt and thought ; and their delight in the christmas - trees is not less than ours used to be \". the tradition was introduced to canada in the winter of 1781 by brunswick soldiers stationed in the province of quebec to garrison the colony against american attack. general friedrich adolf riedesel and his wife, the baroness von riedesel, held a christmas party at sorel, delighting their guests with a fir tree decorated with candles and fruits. a woodcut of the british royal family with their christmas tree at windsor castle, initially published in the illustrated london news december 1848, was copied in the united states at christmas 1850, in godey ' s lady ' s book. godey ' s copied it exactly, except for the removal of the queen ' s tiara and prince albert ' s mustache, to remake the engraving into an american scene. the republished godey ' s image became the first widely circulated picture of a decorated evergreen christmas tree in america. art historian karal ann marling called prince albert and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39771652653548173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12283443-5120-4aca-b735-4eef352e5b50>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.844612"}
{"text": "life of the virginia tidewater, minnigerode introduced the german custom of decorating an evergreen tree at christmas at the home of law professor st. george tucker, thereby becoming another of many influences that prompted americans to adopt the practice at about that time. the lyrics sung in the united states to the german tune o tannenbaum begin \" o christmas tree \", giving rise to the mistaken idea that the german word \" tannenbaum \" ( fir tree ) means \" christmas tree \", the german word for which is instead \" weihnachtsbaum \". | | this section may require cleanup to meet wikipedia ' s quality standards. no cleanup reason has been specified. please help improve this section if you can ; the talk page may contain suggestions. ( january 2012 ) | in russia, the christmas tree was banned shortly after the october revolution but then reinstated as a new - year fir - tree ( \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0435\u043b\u043a\u0430 ) in 1935. it became a fully secular icon of the new year holiday, for example, the crowning star was regarded not as a symbol of bethlehem star, but as the red star. decorations, such as figurines of airplanes, bicycles, space rockets, cosmonauts, and characters of russian fairy tales, were produced. this tradition persists after the fall of the ussr, with the new year holiday outweighing the christmas ( 7 january ) for a wide majority of russian people. the tv special a charlie brown christmas ( 1965 ) was influential on the pop culture surrounding the christmas tree. aluminum christmas trees were popular during the early 1960s in the us. they were satirized in the charlie brown show and came to be seen as symbolizing the commercialization of christmas. the term charlie brown christmas tree, describing any poor - looking or malformed little tree, also derives from the 1965 tv special, based on the appearance of charlie brown ' s christmas tree. an unsheared christmas tree from 1951, in a home in new york state. a soviet - era ( 1960s ) new year tree decoration depicting a cosmonaut a makeshift cardboard christmas tree in kabul, afghanistan ( 2010 ) a \" globalized \" christmas tree in hong kong ( kelly chen 2010 ) since the early 20th century, it has become common in many cities, towns, and department stores to put up public christmas trees outdoors, such as the rich ' s great tree in atlanta ( since 1948 ), the rockefeller center christmas tree in new york city, and the large christmas tree at victoria", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4738746633552797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12283443-5120-4aca-b735-4eef352e5b50>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.851259"}
{"text": "common in many cities, towns, and department stores to put up public christmas trees outdoors, such as the rich ' s great tree in atlanta ( since 1948 ), the rockefeller center christmas tree in new york city, and the large christmas tree at victoria square in adelaide. the united states ' national christmas tree has been lit each year since 1923 on the south lawn of the white house. today, [ clarification needed ] the lighting of the national christmas tree is part of what has become a major holiday event at the white house. president jimmy carter lit only the crowning star atop the tree in 1979 in honour of the americans being held hostage in iran. the same was true in 1980, except that the tree was fully lit for 417 seconds, one second for each day the hostages had been in captivity. during most of the 1970s and 1980s, the largest decorated christmas tree in the world was put up every year on the property of the national enquirer in lantana, florida. this tradition grew into one of the most spectacular and celebrated events in the history of southern florida, but was discontinued on the death of the paper ' s founder in the late 1980s. in some cities, a festival of trees is organized around the decoration and display of multiple trees as charity events. in some cases the trees represent special commemorative gifts, such as in trafalgar square in london, where the city of oslo, norway presents a tree to the people of london as a token of appreciation for the british support of norwegian resistance during the second world war ; in boston, where the tree is a gift from the province of nova scotia, in thanks for rapid deployment of supplies and rescuers to the 1917 ammunition ship explosion that levelled the city of halifax ; and in newcastle upon tyne, where the main civic christmas tree is an annual gift from the city of bergen, norway, in thanks for the part played by soldiers from newcastle in liberating bergen from nazi occupation. norway also annually gifts a christmas tree to washington d. c. as a symbol of friendship between norway and the us and as an expression of gratitude from norway for the help received from the us during world war ii. view of the christmas tree in madison square park in new york city ( circa 1910 ) the monumental arvore de natal milennium bcp / sic at the praca do comercio in lisbon ( 2006 ), at 75 metres the tallest christmas tree in europe. christmas tree in st peter ' s square, vatican city in 2007 christmas lights near kryvyy ri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42073243292421314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12283443-5120-4aca-b735-4eef352e5b50>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.854290"}
{"text": "stand, while a skirt is placed over it, having a hole in the middle for the trunk, with a slot cut to the outside edge so that it can be placed around the tree ( beneath the branches ) easily. a plain mat of fabric or plastic may also be placed under the stand and skirt to protect the floor from scratches or water. a christmas tree stand is an object designed to support a cut, natural christmas tree or an artificial christmas tree. christmas tree stands appeared as early as 1876 and have had various designs over the years. those stands designed for natural trees have a water reservoir to hydrate the live tree. artificial christmas trees usually have a plastic or metal stand, with 3 legs shaping like a y. in the 1940s and 1950s flocking was very popular on the west coast of the united states. there were home flocking kits that could be used with vacuum cleaners. in the 1980s some trees were sprayed with fluffy white flocking to simulate snow. typically it would be sprayed all over the tree from the sides, which produced a look different from real snow, which settles in clumps atop branches. flocking can be done with a professional sprayer at a tree lot ( or an artificial tree ' s manufacturer ), or at home from a spray can. this tradition seems to be most popular on the west coast and southern parts of the united states. because flock contains flame retardants, a flocked tree can be placed in a public building in accordance with local fire codes. in the late 1800s and, most probably, long before, home - made white christmas trees were made by wrapping strips of cotton batting around leafless branches creating the appearance of a snow - laden tree. this family tradition eliminated killing and care of a live tree and needle drop in the house while providing a beautiful way of displaying ornaments. after christmas, the cotton batting was unwrapped and stored with the christmas presents and the branches were burnt or discarded. it is thought these home - made white trees at least, in part, inspired flocking popularized by hollywood films in the late 1930s. each year, 33 to 36 million christmas trees are produced in america, and 50 to 60 million are produced in europe. in 1998, there were about 15, 000 growers in america ( a third of them \" choose and cut \" farms ). in that same year, it was estimated that americans spent $ 1. 5 billion on christmas trees. the most commonly used species are fir ( abies ), which have the benefit of not shedding their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4645694926977725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12283443-5120-4aca-b735-4eef352e5b50>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.862309"}
{"text": "them \" choose and cut \" farms ). in that same year, it was estimated that americans spent $ 1. 5 billion on christmas trees. the most commonly used species are fir ( abies ), which have the benefit of not shedding their needles when they dry out, as well as retaining good foliage colour and scent ; but species in other genera are also used. in northern europe most commonly used are : several other species are used to a lesser extent. less - traditional conifers are sometimes used, such as giant sequoia, leyland cypress, monterey cypress and eastern juniper. various types of spruce tree are also used for christmas trees ( including the blue spruce and, less commonly, the white spruce ) ; but spruces ( unlike firs ) begin to lose their needles rapidly upon being cut, and spruce needles are often sharp, making decorating uncomfortable. virginia pine is still available on some tree farms in the southeastern united states, however its winter colour is faded. the long - needled eastern white pine is also used there, though it is an unpopular christmas tree in most parts of the country, owing also to its faded winter coloration and limp branches, making decorating difficult with all but the lightest ornaments. norfolk island pine is sometimes used, particularly in oceania, and in australia, some species of the genera casuarina and allocasuarina are also occasionally used as christmas trees. but, by far, the most common tree is the monterey pine. adenanthos sericeus or albany woolly bush is commonly sold in southern australia as a potted living christmas tree. hemlock species are generally considered unsuitable as christmas trees due to their poor needle retention and inability to support the weight of lights and ornaments. some trees, frequently referred to as \" living christmas trees \", are sold live with roots and soil, often from a nursery, to be stored at nurseries in planters or planted later outdoors and enjoyed ( and often decorated ) for years or decades. others are produced in a container and sometimes as topiary for a porch or patio. however, when done improperly, the combination of root loss caused by digging, and the indoor environment of high temperature and low humidity is very detrimental to the tree ' s health ; additionally, the warmth of an indoor climate will bring the tree out of its natural winter dormancy, leaving it little protection when put back outside into a cold outdoor climate. often christmas trees are a large attraction for living animals, including mice and spiders. thus, the survival rate of these trees", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45325112261164524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12283443-5120-4aca-b735-4eef352e5b50>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.865538"}
{"text": "will bring the tree out of its natural winter dormancy, leaving it little protection when put back outside into a cold outdoor climate. often christmas trees are a large attraction for living animals, including mice and spiders. thus, the survival rate of these trees is low. however when done properly, replanting provides higher survival rates. european tradition prefers the open aspect of naturally - grown, unsheared trees, while in north america ( outside western areas where trees are often wild - harvested on public lands ) there is a preference for close - sheared trees with denser foliage, but less space to hang decorations. in the past, christmas trees were often harvested from wild forests, but now almost all are commercially grown on tree farms. almost all christmas trees in the united states are grown on christmas tree farms where they are cut after about ten years of growth and new trees planted. according to the united states department of agriculture ' agriculture census for 2002, 21, 904 farms were producing conifers for the cut christmas tree market in america, 180, 897 hectares ( 447, 006 acres ) were planted in christmas trees, and 13, 849 farms harvested cut trees. the life cycle of a christmas tree from the seed to a 2 - metre ( 7 ft ) tree takes, depending on species and treatment in cultivation, between 8 and 12 years. first, the seed is extracted from cones harvested from older trees. these seeds are then usually grown in nurseries and then sold to christmas tree farms at an age of 3 \u2013 4 years. the remaining development of the tree greatly depends on the climate, soil quality, as well as the cultivation and tendance by the christmas tree farmer. the first artificial christmas trees were developed in germany during the 19th century, though earlier examples exist. these \" trees \" were made using goose feathers that were dyed green. the german feather trees were one response by germans to continued deforestation in germany. feather christmas trees ranged widely in size, from a small 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) tree to a large 98 - inch ( 2, 500 mm ) tree sold in department stores during the 1920s. often, the tree branches were tipped with artificial red berries which acted as candle holders. over the years, other styles of artificial christmas trees have evolved and become popular. in 1930, the u. s. - based addis brush company created the first artificial christmas tree made from brush bristles. another type of artificial tree is the aluminum christmas tree. the trees were manufactured in the united states, first in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46421186364176004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12283443-5120-4aca-b735-4eef352e5b50>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.868539"}
{"text": "popular. in 1930, the u. s. - based addis brush company created the first artificial christmas tree made from brush bristles. another type of artificial tree is the aluminum christmas tree. the trees were manufactured in the united states, first in chicago in 1958, and later in manitowoc, wisconsin, where the majority of the trees were produced. most modern artificial christmas trees are made from plastic recycled from used packaging materials, such as polyvinyl chloride ( pvc ) or other plastics. approximately 10 % of artificial christmas trees are using virgin suspension pvc resin ; despite being plastic most artificial trees are not recyclable or biodegradable. other gimmicks have developed as well. fiber optic christmas trees come in two major varieties ; one resembles a traditional christmas tree. one dallas - based company offers \" holographic mylar \" trees in many hues. tree - shaped objects made from such materials as cardboard, glass, ceramic or other materials can be found in use as tabletop decorations. upside - down artificial christmas trees became popular for a short time and were originally introduced as a marketing gimmick ; they allowed consumers to get closer to ornaments for sale in retail stores and opened up floor space for more products. artificial trees became increasingly popular during the late 20th century. users of artificial christmas trees assert that they are more convenient, and, because they are reusable, much cheaper than their natural alternative. they are also considered much safer as natural trees can be a significant fire hazard. between 2001 and 2007 artificial christmas tree sales in the u. s. jumped from 7. 3 million to 17. 4 million. the debate about the environmental impact of artificial trees is ongoing. generally, natural tree growers contend that artificial trees are more environmentally harmful than their natural counterparts. however, trade groups such as the american christmas tree association, continue to refute that artificial trees are more harmful to the environment, and maintain that the pvc used in christmas trees has excellent recyclable properties. live trees are typically grown as a crop and replanted in rotation after cutting, often providing suitable habitat for wildlife. in some cases management of christmas tree crops can result in poor habitat since it sometimes involves heavy input of pesticides. concerns have been raised about people cutting down old and rare conifers, such as the keteleeria evelyniana, for christmas trees. real or cut trees are used only for a short time, but can be recycled and used as mulch or used to prevent erosion. real", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44207137793901574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12283443-5120-4aca-b735-4eef352e5b50>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.871702"}
{"text": "down old and rare conifers, such as the keteleeria evelyniana, for christmas trees. real or cut trees are used only for a short time, but can be recycled and used as mulch or used to prevent erosion. real trees are carbon - neutral, they emit no more carbon dioxide by being cut down and disposed of than they absorb while growing. an independent life - cycle assessment study, conducted by a firm of experts in sustainable development, states that a natural tree will generate 3. 1 kg of greenhouse gases every year ( based on purchasing 5 km from home ) whereas the artificial tree will produce 48. 3 kg over its lifetime. some people use living christmas or potted trees for several seasons, providing a longer life cycle for each tree. living christmas trees can be purchased or rented from local market growers. rentals are picked up after the holidays, while purchased trees can be planted by the owner after use or donated to local tree adoption or urban reforestation services. most artificial trees are made of recycled pvc rigid sheets using tin stabilizer in the recent years. in the past, lead was often used as a stabilizer in pvc, but is now banned by chinese laws. the use of lead stabilizer in chinese imported trees has been an issue of concern among politicians and scientists over recent years. a 2004 study found that while in general artificial trees pose little health risk from lead contamination, there do exist \" worst - case scenarios \" where major health risks to young children exist. a 2008 u. s. environmental protection agency report found that as the pvc in artificial christmas trees aged it began to degrade. the report determined that of the 50 million artificial trees in the united states approximately 20 million were 9 or more years old, the point where dangerous lead contamination levels are reached. a professional study on the life - cycle assessment of both real and artificial christmas trees revealed that one must use an artificial christmas tree at least during 20 years to leave an environmental footprint as small as the natural christmas tree. a small amount of real - tree material is used in some artificial trees. for instance, the bark of a real tree can be used to surface an artificial trunk. the christmas tree ' s origins are secular, but it is associated with the celebration of the christmas holidays, so there has been some amount of debate as to whether it should be considered a secular or a religious custom. [ clarification needed ] pope john paul ii introduced the christmas tree custom to the vatican in 1982. although at first disapp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47972788377091874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12283443-5120-4aca-b735-4eef352e5b50>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.874570"}
{"text": ", so there has been some amount of debate as to whether it should be considered a secular or a religious custom. [ clarification needed ] pope john paul ii introduced the christmas tree custom to the vatican in 1982. although at first disapproved of by some as out of place at the centre of the roman catholic church, the christmas tree has become an integral part of the vatican christmas celebrations, and in 2005 pope benedict xvi spoke of it as part of the normal christmas decorations in catholic homes. in 2004, pope john paul called the christmas tree a symbol of christ. this very ancient custom, he said, exalts the value of life, as in winter what is evergreen becomes a sign of undying life, and it reminds christians of the \" tree of life \" of genesis 2 : 9, an image of christ, the supreme gift of god to humanity. in the previous year he said : \" beside the crib, the christmas tree, with its twinkling lights, reminds us that with the birth of jesus the tree of life has blossomed anew in the desert of humanity. the crib and the tree : precious symbols, which hand down in time the true meaning of christmas. \" the catholic church ' s official book of blessings has a service for the blessing of the christmas tree in a home. in 2005, the seattle - tacoma international airport removed all of its christmas trees in the middle of the night rather than allow a rabbi to put up a menorah near the largest tree display. officials feared that one display would open the door for other religious displays, and, in 2006, they opted to display a grove of birches in polyethylene terephthalate snow rather than religious symbols or christmas trees. in 2005, the city of boston renamed the spruce tree used to decorate the boston common a \" holiday tree \" rather than a \" christmas tree \". the name change drew a poor response from the public and it was reversed after the city was threatened with several lawsuits. | wikimedia commons has media related to : christmas tree | | wikisource has the text of the 1913 catholic encyclopedia article christmas. | the world news ( wn ) network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. the following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn. com, as well as e - mail newsletters. we do not collect personally identifiable information about you, except when you provide it to us. for example, if you submit an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44084339202228995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12283443-5120-4aca-b735-4eef352e5b50>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.876722"}
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{"text": "new delhi : a new report suggests that 175 million children will be affected every year by frequent natural disasters caused due to climate change. painting a grim future, a report by child rights ngo save the children said climate change was the biggest global health threat to children that could increase risk of deaths due to diarrhoea, malnutrition, malaria and other diseases because of reduced community access to clean water, nutritious food and hygienic surroundings. the report \u2014 ' feeling the heat : child survival in a changing climate ' \u2014 links access to basic facilities with climate change. it said that 2 million children under 5 years of age die each year in india. pointing out that this was the highest number anywhere in the world, the report said children were dying from a small number of preventable diseases, such as diarrhoea, malaria and pneumonia. \" climate change will make these conditions worse, placing children at greater risk, because it will reduce poor communities ' access to clean water, reduce their ability to grow nutritious food, increase food prices and allow malaria mosquitoes to spread, \" the report said. the average number of natural disasters has increased from 200 a year to more than 400, and this is predicted to increase by as much as 320 % in the next 20 years. the report said climate change disasters would also continue to increase malnutrition and certain diseases that often kill children. it estimated that malnutrition, which affects 178 million worldwide and is associated with up to 3. 2 million child deaths each year, would affect 25 million more children by 2050. already, one - third of all malnourished children live in india. calling for world leaders to sign a deal at copenhagen, save the children ceo thomas chandy said, \" climate change has put india at risk of not meeting the millennium development goals, and even taking several steps backwards from what has been accomplished to date. children, who are not responsible for climate change, will be the ones who are hardest hit. \" the report added that india lagged behind in its commitment to reducing under 5 mortality by 2015. given present trends, india will not meet mdg 4 until 2020, five years after the promised date. \" we fear that any progress india makes in reducing child mortality will be further slowed down by the effects of climate change, \" chandy said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42851911441612595, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a71a22f-254e-4570-8979-fcd63da4f613>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.886910"}
{"text": "the impulse to save and conserve artwork \u2013 particularly older art - might seem beyond question ( witness worldwide outrage of the taliban \u2019 s destruction of art [ artsjournal. com ] ). yet art conservation has increasingly become a set of interlocking paradoxes, unanticipated consequences, and counter - intuitive procedures that defy easy understanding or simple defense. unpleasant surprises and occasionally acrimonious disputes like these provide public glimpses of the state of mind of a discipline whose self - examination just now is wide, deep, and intense. at the risk of gross oversimplification, that self - examination centers on two major issues. - is it fair to say that leonardo \u2019 s last supper still exists after an expensive 20 - year restoration? the images are still so faded out [ u of chicago press ] and the dim conditions under which they can be seen in person so uncomfortable, that the painting scarcely resembles what leonardo must have intended. - after the louvre restored a prominent painting by veronese last year, an expert despaired [ the times ( london ) ] at what had been done : \" clothes that were originally red were now green. the whole spatial and wonderful chromatic harmony is distorted. when you look at the painting... black, red and blue colors seem to be floating among other colors like pieces of a broken puzzle. the light is now a cold, artificial, modern one. \" - india ' s ajanta paintings, which easily rank among the world \u2019 s most precious heritage sites, are being restored [ the art newspaper ]. but a leading expert warns that \" the cleaning methods employed at the caves and the level of skills of the workers engaged in the cleaning have seriously damaged the ajanta paintings and led to a demonstrable loss of pigment. \" - when the vatican ' s st. peter ' s got a facelift two years ago, restoring some original color to the facade, critics decried the job as a post - modern hash, born out of a \u201c desire to transform everything into a movie set. \" - last year a minor scandal of sorts erupted at the british museum when it was revealed [ the art newspaper ] that when the museum \u2019 s experts cleaned the elgin marbles back in the 1930s they irreparably damaged them. 1. quality of conservation among the matters that conservators disagree about is who should be regarded as a conservator in the first place [ the telegraph ]. in italy, despite a decades - old law to the contrary, \u201c any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4871787728429965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ff19c1d-76af-4be5-9159-4475d5dec7d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.900189"}
{"text": "1. quality of conservation among the matters that conservators disagree about is who should be regarded as a conservator in the first place [ the telegraph ]. in italy, despite a decades - old law to the contrary, \u201c any italian citizen can be registered as a restorer, and get working on \u2018 improving \u2019 a supreme work of art \u2014 whether he or she has had any training or not, \u201d according to distinguished ( and distressed ) art historian and restorer bruno zanardi. the result : italy, with the world \u2019 s greatest concentration of master works in need of conservation and with a comparably large pool of conservation expertise, is a scene of conservation chaos. but disagreement scarcely stops at the question of credentials and qualifications. when five conservators met for a conversation [ getty conservation newsletter ] about surface cleaning sponsored by the getty conservation institute, the results were revealing. what counts as best practice in old masters painting conservation may not be so regarded in antiquities conservation. similarly, a conservator of fine furniture may draw the line between restoration and preservation very differently than do his colleagues either in antiquities or in painting. ( getty conservation institute newsletter ). the layman may assume that in a painting soil is the top layer, shellac or varnish the middle layer ( s ), and paint the bottom layer ( s ), but scientific cross - section studies by richard wolbers show clear and sobering layer - to - layer vertical migration [ getty ]. it might not be possible, then, to remove the shellac without removing some of the paint. furthermore, though dirt may have no rights, shellac does. the older the work, the more art - historical information is to be recovered from whatever may have been applied to its surface in the past. patinas and glazes have a story to tell, in short, and paintings that show signs of conservation are less valuable, other things equal, than those that show none. the research science of conservation clearly complicates rather than simplifies the lives of working conservators. research chemists told a meeting ananova ] of the american chemical society that the solvents which many collectors and curators use to clean paintings often damage the paint, first softening and deforming it, then \u2014 when the solvent dries \u2014 rendering it more brittle and fragile. the chemists proposed using sophisticated computer models to predict paint behavior under cleaning. but how many museums can afford computer modeling, and where does this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.475564965501831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ff19c1d-76af-4be5-9159-4475d5dec7d5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.901178"}
{"text": "of the scrovegni chapel, she reports \u201c talk of erecting a facsimile of the chapel and the frescoes \u2014 rather like the faux version of the cave paintings at lascaux \u2014 that tourists could visit in lieu of the real thing. but why would anyone want to? wouldn \u2019 t most people prefer just to stay home [ the atlantic ] and contemplate, at their leisure, reproductions of the frescoes in an art book or on a computer screen? \u201d good question. but what serious art lover would suggest that a poster or book or computer - screen representation of a work of art compares to experiencing the original? just how many tourists would visit a full - size scrovegni chapel facsimile remains to be seen. perhaps a great many would. theme park operators such as disney have made billions proving there is a vast audience for places that are supposed to be other places. such recreations, architecture critic ada louise huxtable has pointed out, often seek to recreate an experience that probably never existed \u2013 instead substituting our imaginings of what an idealized place or thing might have been. worse, the theme - park mentality as applied to conservation can be downright dangerous. \u201c restoration \u201d of sites such as ephesus in turkey, old samarkand, and now old bukhara [ cnn ] risks turning them into little more than walkabout fantasies for the tourist trade, in the process destroying the historical ( as distinct from artistic ) value of what was originally there. a more contemporary example is the perpetually cash - strapped barnes collection outside philadelphia. one proposal to revive the barnes \u2019 fortunes is to recreate it downtown in a more tourist - friendly location. that, it has been pointed out, [ philadelphia inquirer ] might be good for the bottom line, but the distinctive experience of the barnes as directed by its founder would most certainly be lost. on the other hand, the case for facsimiles may be strong for books and precious manuscripts. while the technology for the preservation of, for example, j. s. bach autographs is progressing dramatically [ cnn ], so is digital photography that can sometimes \u201c see \u201d more than the naked eye can. cd - rom facsimiles provide, on the one hand, a uniquely private and functional experience of rare books or manuscripts and, on the other, minimize damage to fragile works that, uniquely, cannot be seen without being touched. paradoxically, however, the very iconization of original objects, monuments and buildings which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5115145135298828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5ff19c1d-76af-4be5-9159-4475d5dec7d5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.904148"}
{"text": "welcome to the may 2007 episode of blueshift, from nasa goddard space flight center. we \u2019 ll discuss our search for earth - like planets outside of our own solar system. we \u2019 ll also look into gamma ray bursts, and how the swift satellite team is working to solve their mysteries. this episode includes a brain teaser and mailbag question. - introduction ( 0 : 00 \u2013 1 : 20 ) - brain teaser ( 1 : 21 \u2013 2 : 12 ) - interview : jennifer wiseman and the search for other worlds ( 2 : 13 \u2013 8 : 11 ) we \u2019 re finding new planets almost every day \u2013 find out what \u2019 s out there and how we \u2019 re finding them. - featured story : solving the puzzles of gamma - ray bursts ( 8 : 12 \u2013 14 : 26 ) these mysterious events have had scientists asking questions for years, but now we have some answers. - mailbag : what kind of rays are cosmic rays? ( 14 : 27 \u2013 17 : 40 ) get the facts on these fast - moving particles \u2026 and old movies. - james webb space telescope story update ( 17 : 41 \u2013 18 : 17 ) new information about the story featured in episode 1. - brain teaser \u2013 answer ( 18 : 18 \u2013 19 : 06 ) - closing ( 19 : 07 \u2013 20 : 00 ) the search for other worlds in our interview with jennifer wiseman, we heard about the technology and methods behind the discovery of other planets outside of our solar system. for more information about these discoveries, visit : - planetquest : the search for another earth - california & carnegie planet search project - press release : astronomers find first earth - like planet in habitable zone ( april 25, 2007 ) solving the puzzles of gamma - ray bursts the swift satellite is regularly detecting gamma - ray bursts all over the universe, powerful events of great interest to astronomers. to find out more about swift and gamma - ray bursts, take a look at these sites : - nasa \u2019 s swift mission - press release : gamma - ray burst challenges theory ( march 10, 2007 ) - press release : gamma - ray bursts active longer than thought ( may 22, 2007 ) | trivia master | | louis barbier | | interview with jennifer wiseman | | anita krishnamurthi | | featured story | | ilana harrus | | theme music | | naked singularity | | other music | | outta scope | | executive producer | | anita krishnamurthi | | responsible nasa official | | kim weaver | no comments yet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5513954061251108, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bad56675-aba6-4202-b500-2e69c5345eca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.906542"}
{"text": "there seems to be an amount about mamluk heraldry, from egypt after the overthrow of the fatimids by salah al - din. dr murray eiland wrote this website on islamic heraldry and the problems associated with it. here is the site on st gabriel about islamic heraldry and the article on mamluk heraldry by da \u2019 ud ibn auda ( david appleton ) is available as a pdf on st gabriel \u2019 s or here as an article. david appleton is also repeated on medievalists. net. this is an article in military review which talks about islamic symbolism. this site is the royal heraldry society of canada \u2018 s site on jewish heraldry. this is a site that gives you the meaning of arabic names. please be aware that the names may not be period and can cause people to laugh hysterically when you refer to it! please check!!. for names that can be taken to your local herald, please check out this site on st. gabriel and this site on st. gabriel which covers jewish names from many regions and time periods. here is a link to the book \u201c iranisches namenbuch \u201d by fernand justi which has over 9, 500 names is available here for download. this site, named names of the middle east cover many names, as well as ancient, medieval and modern cities, all over the middle east. some nasrid or late period al - andalus heraldic textile is mentioned on heraldic frocks by merouda. this is a small mention, but has a picture of the textile.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.448847547421247, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c8a0e4e-446d-4b88-8e04-2c6c8e591376>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.908128"}
{"text": "objectivity is both a metaphysical and an epistemological concept. it pertains to the relationship of consciousness to existence. metaphysically, it is the recognition of the fact that reality exists independent of any perceiver \u2019 s consciousness. epistemologically, it is the recognition of the fact that a perceiver \u2019 s ( man \u2019 s ) consciousness must acquire knowledge of reality by certain means ( reason ) in accordance with certain rules ( logic ). this means that although reality is immutable and, in any given context, only one answer is true, the truth is not automatically available to a human consciousness and can be obtained only by a certain mental process which is required of every man who seeks knowledge \u2014 that there is no substitute for this process, no escape from the responsibility for it, no shortcuts, no special revelations to privileged observers \u2014 and that there can be no such thing as a final \u201c authority \u201d in matters pertaining to human knowledge. metaphysically, the only authority is reality ; epistemologically \u2014 one \u2019 s own mind. the first is the ultimate arbiter of the second. the concept of objectivity contains the reason why the question \u201c who decides what is right or wrong? \u201d is wrong. nobody \u201c decides. \u201d nature does not decide \u2014 it merely is ; man does not decide, in issues of knowledge, he merely observes that which is. when it comes to applying his knowledge, man decides what he chooses to do, according to what he has learned, remembering that the basic principle of rational action in all aspects of human existence, is : \u201c nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed. \u201d this means that man does not create reality and can achieve his values only by making his decisions consonant with the facts of reality. objectivity begins with the realization that man ( including his every attribute and faculty, including his consciousness ) is an entity of a specific nature who must act accordingly ; that there is no escape from the law of identity, neither in the universe with which he deals nor in the working of his own consciousness, and if he is to acquire knowledge of the first, he must discover the proper method of using the second ; that there is no room for the arbitrary in any activity of man, least of all in his method of cognition \u2014 and just as he has learned to be guided by objective criteria in making his physical tools, so he must be guided by objective criteria in forming his tools of cognition : his concepts. it is axiomatic concepts that identify the precon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6208608368804747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f245e2b8-8a0e-442d-9a17-5d34ee8844b7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.911995"}
{"text": "approximately 66 seeds per gram seed - counts are only a guide, not to be used for accurate calculations. b and t world seeds ' reference number : usda average, annual, minimum temperature zone : 9 type of plant - annual or perennial, depending on climate flower : - 23x15cm., wide funnelf., very pale violet shading darker at edge ( white ) fruit : caps. - 3. 5cm. dia., glob., 5mm. spines, yellow - brown seeds foliage : ovate, entire or lobed... stem grey toment... tuber. root height in meters : 0. 4 - 1. 5 parts of datura wrightii are considered toxic. is included in the following b and t world seeds flowering plant categories : 6 : bulbous and rhizomatous plant seed list 19 : everlasting and dried flower seeds australian and other 31 : house and container plant seed list 43 : herbaceous border plant seed list 44 : cut flowers commercial and other recommended varieties 53 : bedding plant seed list 62 : mexican native and introduced plants 76 : californian native plant seed list 85 : natives of u. s. south west ( arizona texas new mexico ) 719 : north american native ethnobotanicals datura wrightii seeds will usually germinate in 7 to 45 days, even under good conditions germination may be erratic. sow seeds about 3mm deep in a rich and sandy seed sowing mix at about 25\u00b0c. soak in warm water for a day and a night, sow just below the surface of a sandy - peaty mix, keep at about 25\u00b0c, dark and moist ( not damp ) gibberellic acid ( ga 3 ) is often recommended. vernalized seeds will germinate better if surface sown ( ie with sunlight ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3779488940330255, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:606c883e-5140-4366-a1ed-d2c20ca1eb28>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.914243"}
{"text": "draw your own controller. the beatsurfing app has 4 objects available : the line, the polygon, the fader and the circle. each of them has special features ( direction detection, counter, etc. ). you use those objects to create swarms, groups of objects that you can arrange in layers, duplicate, etc. enabling you to create unique midi controls taht would not occur if you had to prototype them physically. as you can link objects together and create interactions between them ( \u201c behaviours \u201d, of which an example is available here : https : / / vimeo. com / 40236917 ), there \u2019 s also more to a scene than what meets the eye. how does it work? using the multi - touch ipad gestures to bring the objects on the surface, position, resize, color and orient them. - everything can be modified seemlessly through the ipad gestures. - each object can be positioned on a 3 - dimensional space ( through layers ), allowing you to create swarms, controls that won \u2019 t exist in any physical controller in the world. all four objects are very simple operators if you consider them separately. it is also important to highlight that each operator has a concept of \u201c behaviors \u201d they can be assigned with. - the line can trigger a unique midi note defined as the \u201c root note. \u201d each time your finger collides a line, the midi note message is sent. then you have the notion of directional detection that you can enable or not. when enabled, it will detect in which direction you pass through the line and trigger the root note if you slide your finger from right to left, or the next note relative to the root note if you slide your finger from left to right. - the polygon is very similar to the line, where each segment of the polygon has the same characteristic as the line operator. - the circle is more or less a sequencer. you can define from 1 to 16 steps. each step triggers a midi note. each time you collide a circle, the current step is increased and as a result triggers the next midi note. other objects in the scene can be configured to reset or set a particular step on the circle. - the fader sends midi control change or pitch wheel messages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5073767693957132, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c1bb2088-e12b-4b21-bb12-72892a46fee9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.916552"}
{"text": "cosmetics magnate ronald lauder listens during an interview, as he stands in front of his latest acquisition of gustav klimt ' s portrait \" adele bloch - bauer 1, \" at new york ' s neue galerie museum for german and austrian art, wednesday july 12, 2006. lauder p \" the portrait and the nazis \" op - ed, the atlantic february 14, 2011 author : ben heineman, senior fellow, belfer center for science and international affairs on a quiet friday morning, my wife and i came face to face with history. the face was a portrait, painted by gustav klimt in 1907, of adele bloch - bauer, the spouse of a wealthy austrian businessman. it is one of the iconic paintings of the 20th century. a heavy - lidded, red - lipped, enigmatic 26 - year - old woman is sheathed in a body - hugging gown of gold leaf punctuated by blue triangles and emblazoned with obscure byzantine, greek, egyptian, and modernist symbols. she merges into darker gold leaf with swirling designs, and her long fingers are delicately intertwined below a shimmering necklace. klimt was a leader of vienna ' s art nouveau movement ( or jugendstil, \" youth art, \" in german ). his unique decorative style and his erotic sensibility made him a controversial painter of the time and a widely popular artist as sexual mores changed. although he painted portraits of wealthy women to earn a living, even those works had strong hints of sensuality. and, although he touched on a variety of subjects, many of his best known works were quite explicitly sexual. reproductions of \" the kiss \" decorate dorm rooms of college students everywhere. the portrait hung originally in the palatial summer home of adele and ferdinand bloch - bauer. and our viewing a century later was in another mansion, a beautiful home built in 1914 in beaux - arts style by the architects of the new york public library ( carrere & hastings ) for an american industrialist \u2014 and occupied later by mrs. cornelius vanderbilt. located on 86th and fifth avenue in new york city, the home is now the neue galerie, a small museum of early 20th century german and austrian art and design, founded by art dealer serge sabarsky and businessman, ronald s. lauder. even on the weekend, the neue galerie was not crowded. we could view the remarkable portrait in the mansion - gallery as if we were would - be residents, slowly observing the decorative detail, trying to understand what the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46029901547013663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26f81481-e963-4c27-b1d9-d4136a55960c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.922214"}
{"text": ", ronald s. lauder. even on the weekend, the neue galerie was not crowded. we could view the remarkable portrait in the mansion - gallery as if we were would - be residents, slowly observing the decorative detail, trying to understand what the expressive hands were telling us, looking at the young face and imagining her feelings and her character, speculating about her relationship with the artist. unhurried. alone with our thoughts in a light filled family room overlooking the street. but the history of the painting is not so serene, and our thoughts could not just be of the portrait. in 1938, it was confiscated by the nazis when they occupied austria, as ferdinand bloch - bauer fled to switzerland ( adele had died in 1925 at age 44 ). members of the family perished in the concentration camps. after the war, the austrian government claimed that adele had left the portrait to the state. it hung for years in the belvedere, an austrian government museum in vienna, surrounded by many other klimts, who had now evolved from artistic rebel to national tourist attraction. the austrian possession was symbolic of its improper retention of property confiscated from jews by the nazis. but ferdinand, not adele, owned the paintings. when he died in 1946, he bequeathed them, not to austria, but to his nephews and nieces, including maria altmann. she had escaped to england and the america before the war and ultimately settled in los angeles. in the late 1990s, ms. altmann began a determined and tortuous legal battle to regain five klimt paintings : the world famous 1907 portrait of her aunt, another 1912 portrait of adele and three landscapes. her effort became a symbol of the attempt of families, long after the fact, to regain property confiscated by the nazis during the terror of world war ii. after proceedings bounced from austria to the united states and back to austria, an arbitration panel awarded her the paintings in january, 2006. the story of maria altmann ' s perseverance has been told well both in print and in film. in a june 2006 auction, ronald lauder bought the 1907 portrait of adele bloch - bauer for the neue galerie at the then record price of $ 135 million. ( the 1912 portrait of adele was sold to a private buyer for a reported $ 88 million. ) we had long - planned to see the portrait in its quiet home in new york because on a trip to vienna five years ago we had been stunned by its singular beauty among the other klimts in the belvedere but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4549098680816126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:26f81481-e963-4c27-b1d9-d4136a55960c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.923185"}
{"text": "message from the chief science officer regarding the institute of medicine \u2019 s report on adverse effects of vaccines geraldine dawson, ph. d., autism speaks chief science officer on thursday, august 25, the institute of medicine \u2019 s committee to review adverse effects of vaccines board on population health and public health practice released its report on the scientific evidence related to adverse effects of vaccines. the institute of medicine ( iom ) is a non - profit, non - governmental organization which is part of the national academy of sciences. iom members are scientific and medical experts who serve as pro bono as advisors to the u. s. congress and other policy - makers. they are periodically asked to provide a review of the evidence on matters of public concern and welfare. among several other topics, the iom committee specifically reviewed the evidence regarding whether the mmr vaccine or the dtap vaccine is causally linked to autism. in addition to reviewing epidemiological evidence, they reviewed case studies and research on biological mechanisms that might explain a connection between a vaccine and an adverse outcome, such as autism. they specifically assessed the evidence that vaccines could alter neuronal development resulting in autism symptoms, arising from chronic encephalopathy, mitochondrial disorders or other underlying disorders. the committee reviewed 22 epidemiological studies that evaluated the connection between risk for autism and the mmr vaccine and concluded that the evidence does not support a causal link between the mmr vaccine and autism. the committee only found one study on the relationship between the dtap vaccine and autism and concluded that the data were insufficient to assess an association. the committee noted that reports of case studies linking the onset of autism to infectious diseases such as encephalitis and malaria suggest that infection or inflammation may underlie some cases of autism. furthermore, evidence from postmortem brain tissue suggests that autism may involve inflammatory processes affecting the brain. the authors argue that, at a minimum, prior to ascribing autism to vaccination it would be important to rule out chromosomal and single - gene defects, including a variety of metabolic ( e. g. mitochondrial disorder ) and inflammatory or infectious diseases that may exist prior to vaccination. the iom report is consistent with autism speaks \u2019 policy statement on vaccines. given the present state of the science, the proven benefits of vaccinating a child to protect them against serious diseases outweigh the hypothesized risk that vaccinations might cause autism. autism speaks continues to support research that explores the relationship between innate or acquired", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.532634585402231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbdac7c1-4310-4ee8-a2a0-e833aae912cc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.927339"}
{"text": "by lisa murray - johnson, phd, the ohio state university medical center and ohio state university nisonger center \u201c we are grateful he \u2019 s alive. \u201d pat \u2019 s voice was strong, but you could still hear the heartache as she described the horrific fire that injured her son john and claimed the life of his roommate and a caregiver. \u201c he was burned over 18 percent of his body and fred and i knew it would be a long recovery. \u201d as a young adult with autism and other developmental disabilities, john recovered at the ohio state university medical center \u2019 s burn unit. i thought i was just having lunch with my colleagues pat cloppert and becky coffey. i didn \u2019 t realize how prevalent burn injuries were among young adults, nor was i aware that becky had cared for john. becky coffey, rn, cnp, is a nurse practitioner in the osumc burn unit. she said 68 percent of all burn and hot water scalds happen at home. these were the statistics from the national burn registry from 2001 - 2010, a database that records burns from such events as fires, hot water, hot objects and chemicals. the numbers were startling ; as many as 450, 000 people need medical treatment for burn injuries each year : - 44 percent of burns are from flame fires. - 33 percent of burns are from hot water scalds. - 9 percent are from contact with hot objects. and these are only the reported injuries. those who treat their injuries at home without a doctor or hospital visit are not included. it underscores the enormity of the problem. pat cloppert, bsfs, is an advocate and public speaker for family services and autism at the ohio state university \u2019 s nisongercenterfor developmental disabilities. her life has been to the service of others. but that day, she was a mom. we were three health professionals who were mothers. what if that had been my child? the safe signals project was born. the goal was simple : create a tool kit with a video, workbook and vinyl clings that would serve as everyday safety reminders. burn and scald prevention education also has the potential to reduce other household injuries and fires in the home. diane moyer, rn, patient education associate director, and fire fighter jaime sierra, a public education specialist with columbus division of fire, rounded out our team. we also needed young adults to help us with this project. it was meant to be a project by young adults, and for young", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43473383638269625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b3391e6-e28b-4bf8-be5d-751080994a5c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.932095"}
{"text": "associate director, and fire fighter jaime sierra, a public education specialist with columbus division of fire, rounded out our team. we also needed young adults to help us with this project. it was meant to be a project by young adults, and for young adults. pat and her colleague jeff siegel, msw, social worker for aspirations ohio and also at thenisongercenter, helped to coordinate young adults on the autism spectrum to join us. together, we were each other \u2019 s teachers and students. there are so many moments that make the safe signals project special : justin rooney, our narrator, showing his gift of voiceover work, or alissa mangan and tommi lee gillard working to shape the dialogue of the video script so that it felt comfortable. or the moments when seamus mccord and tom robison worked through the kitchen scene finding humor in overcooked noodles for the macaroni and cheese. and zoe castro, our spanish narrator, graciously helping us navigate cultural sensitivities. we hope you find the safe signals toolkit helpful in looking at your own living space with a fresh perspective. most safety behaviors take very little time and money. from our homes to yours, we wish you safe living! - plan out safety behaviors for each task at home. for example, use oven gloves and pan lids to protect yourself when cooking. - practice safety behaviors and place reminders in each room to help you. - set the hot water heater or boiler to 120 degrees fahrenheit ( 48 degrees celsius ) to avoid burns. always turn on the cold water first, and then add warm water. - create a fire escape plan. if there is a fire, get outside and then call 911. do not go back inside. wait for help to arrive. - install smoke and carbon monoxide detectors where you live. test them each month and change the batteries every 6 months. note : pat cloppert, bsfs, contributed to this blog.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4243585191803626, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b3391e6-e28b-4bf8-be5d-751080994a5c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.932897"}
{"text": "unlike christian or jewish holidays, there isn \u2019 t a universally accepted method to be exactly sure which day ramadan begin. in fact, there is significant debate among muslims in america about whether calculations or visual confirmation should be used to determine the exact date of islamic holidays. one school of thought on the issue follows the dictates of scientific calculations, which tell us that the new crescent moon should be visible tonight, signifying that tomorrow will be the first day of ramadan. others feel that an actual sighting of the moon is required to confirm the date, regardless of whether or not calculations predict it will be there. this group of people could start ramadan tomorrow or the day afterwards. as i previously mentioned, i am an unapologetic geek, so i abide by the calculations method. this, however, does not take away the significance for me of seeing the hilal ( crescent moon ) that marks the beginning of ramadan. so tonight, just after sunset, i will look just above and to the left of where the sun set to see with my own eyes what my heart ( and computer ) already know to be true : ramadan has arrived, and fasting begins tomorrow. click here to see all of our uplifting newsletters \u00bb about hungry for ramadanthe last update to the hungry for ramadan blog was in october 2007. we welcome your comments about ramadan and islam in general in our muslim forums. shahed amanullah, a frequent beliefnet contributor, is one of the country \u2019 s foremost muslim journalists. he has harnessed the power of the internet to spread a positive view of islam. amanullah is the editor of altmuslim. com, a muslim news website, and founder of halalfire media, a network of muslim - themed websites with more than five million annual visitors. through his work amanullah has tapped into a strong force of online activism. he lives in texas with his wife and two sons, and looks forward to the spiritual rewards of ramadan every year. - ramadan 2009 ( on beliefnet ) - \u201c hungry for ramadan \u201d recap - these are the days of eid - what a difference 30 days can make - the sweets of ramadan - making ramadan festive for children - the solitude of the suhoor \u2013 the morning meal - sharing the blessings of ramadan with the fast - a - thon - a golden opportunity to curb addiction - the story of the usps eid stamp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4581334417877051, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:508757fc-f86e-49f6-b248-572d0297a2b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.935422"}
{"text": "by malou navio, antipolo project coordinator project staff and cfca families in the antipolo project respond to the call to care for our mother earth by caring for our local environment through a program we call clean and green. clean and green enhances cfca sponsorship for our sponsored individuals and their families. the antipolo project uses ongoing training, lectures and discussion to incorporate clean and green into spirituality and way of life and to encourage families to consider the ecosystem. as cfca farming families learn irrigation methods for rice paddies and corn growing, more and more are gradually shifting away from the kaingin ( slash and burn ) way of farming. the families in urban areas promote waste management by reducing, reusing and recycling. to reinforce this practice, we do not use disposable cups, plates or utensils ; plastic wrappers ; straws ; and styrofoam during our activities. our sponsored children, youth, their parents and the aging in kapitbahayans ( small, caring communities ) devote one to two hours every saturday morning to cleaning up their surroundings, streets, canals and rivers. this contributes to disaster risk reduction. kapitbahayans grow plants and flowers in easement lots and open spaces to improve their communities. they cultivate these spaces for communal gardens of vegetables and medicinal plants. they can also share the harvest with neighbors. a tree - planting activity takes place yearly. most families plant the seeds from the fruits they eat. many sponsored aging friends love this activity. though they say they may not witness the fruition of the trees they have planted, for them it is their gesture toward repaying the food they eat without the effort of growing it. we have planted and nurtured thousands of trees. the ages of these trees range from younger than one year to more than 10 years old. they are growing in backyards, along the roads, rivers, in the parks, open spaces, foothills, watershed and shores in the communities served by our three subprojects. fifteen sponsored youth leaders with parent advisers are graduates of a comprehensive training on holistic environmental education. this training discussed inner - and outer - ecology, and cosmic ecology. they also learned about the making of bokashi balls ( click here to read more about bokashi balls ), an indigenous technology of effective micro - organisms that eliminates harmful bacteria from fresh waters. they facilitate the same training on weekends with the sponsored youth, children, mothers and fathers group leaders. the earth day celebration is one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45947675477984246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fdd5a641-6422-4aa3-8341-07a7eba87ee1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.939301"}
{"text": "chapter 6 : learning fads learning is a process that takes time and effort. mental health professionals have come up with numerous techniques that are meant to assist is learning at a quicker and simpler pace. there are four techniques they came up with. sleep - assisted learning is learning new material as you sleep. some studies have shown positive results but they did find that while fully asleep, people didn ' t learn any different from those who learn regularly. accelerated learning is using small techniques to allow yourself to learn faster than normal. these techniques are telling people they will learn more quickly, visualizing information, and breathing in a regular rhythm. discovery learning is giving an experimental material and asking the person to figure out the scientific principles on their own. discovery can help people to educate themselves and learn in a more thorough way. learning styles are one ' s own preferred means of learning information. ( holistic, verbal, analytical ). it can help to use the best way of learning for each person, but does not greatly affect learning all together. i wanted to blog about this because from experience, learning is a broad category. people learn in different ways. i ' m more of a straight forward learning that likes to be told the information but also see visuals. then i can go back and learn in more depth by myself. while it ' s always good to find new techniques to improve learning, i believe it is a mixture of different techniques along with the type of person you are dealing with.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5674890866340235, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a53ccb18-8c87-45b4-b069-b713d489d362>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.940971"}
{"text": "selections from john donne \u2019 s death \u2019 s duel, a consolation against the dying life and living death of the body. converted to modern english, edited, and introduced by themb in the year of our lord 1631, john donne, dean of st. paul \u2019 s, left his sickbed and stood before the king \u2019 s majesty in his chapel at the palace of whitehall, there to deliver a lenten sermon. he spoke for an hour or so, taking as his text, psalm 68, verse 20 : he is our god, the god of our salvation ; god is the lord, by whom we escape death. he said something like this on that occasion. the old expositors looked at the final part of the verse ( god is the lord, by whom we escape death ) in three ways : first, it is in god \u2019 s power and it is often his will to give us frequent escapes and deliverances, even when we find ourselves almost in the jaws and teeth of death, and on the lips of that whirlpool, the grave. in this way of reading, the verse refers to those frequent, but temporary, evasions or deliverances from death which we all experience from time to time, and this is the most ordinary reading, and that which may be most obvious at first, the escape from death. but there is a second way of reading it common in the old expositors, that unto god the lord belongs the escape in death, that is, in the manner of our death ; regardless of the kind of departure we shall have out of this world, whether prepared or sudden, whether violent or natural, whether in possession of our right minds or shaken and disordered by sickness. of course, all of us will die, but the manner of our passing matters little for, howsoever they die, precious in his sight is the death of his saints ( psalm 116 : 15 ). and so, in this sense of the words, the escape in death, god sees to us in the hour of death ; the ways of our departing out of this life are in his hands. yet a third way of reading our verse is the escape by death ; that is, this god the lord having united and knit both natures in one, and being god, having also come into this world in our flesh, he could have no other means to save us, and he could have no other way of departing out of this world, nor could he return to his former glory, but by death", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4630042385379576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e339ad69-5391-44ed-b5f3-aee503ce9aef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.956703"}
{"text": "and being god, having also come into this world in our flesh, he could have no other means to save us, and he could have no other way of departing out of this world, nor could he return to his former glory, but by death. and so in this sense, his escape by death is our deliverance by death, by the death of this god, our lord christ jesus. the escape from death first, then, we consider that in all the deadly calamities of this life, we may justly hope of a good escape. consider that all our periods and transitions in this life are just so many passages from one death to another ; our very birth and entrance into this life is an escape from death, for in our mother \u2019 s womb we are dead, at least to the extent that we do not know we live. in the womb, we are dead to the extent that, as the psalmist says, idols are dead. in the womb we have eyes and see not, ears and hear not ( psalms 115 : 6 ; cf. mark 8 : 18 ).. of our making in the womb, the psalmist also says, i am wonderfully and fearfully made, and such knowledge is too excellent for me, ( psalm 139 : 6 ) for even that is the lord \u2019 s doing, and it is wonderful in our eyes ; ( psalm 118 : 23 ) it is he that made us, and not we ourselves, ( psalm 100 : 3 ) nor our parents neither. thy hands have made and fashioned me round about, says job ( 10 : 8 ). though i be the masterpiece of the greatest master ( man is so ), yet if you, o lord, do no more for me, if you leave me where you made me, destruction will follow. the womb, which should be the house of life, becomes death itself if god leaves us there. as soon as we are men, animated, quickened in the womb, though we cannot ourselves, our parents have to say in our behalf, wretched man that he is, who shall deliver him from this body of death? ( romans 7 : 24 ) and that deliverer must be he that said to jeremiah, before i formed thee i knew thee, and before thou camest out of the womb i sanctified thee ( jeremiah 1 : 5 ). eve had no midwife when she delivered cain, therefore she might well say, i have gotten a man from the lord, ( genesis 4 : 1 ) wholly, entirely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4340853550455642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e339ad69-5391-44ed-b5f3-aee503ce9aef>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.957777"}
{"text": "out of the womb i sanctified thee ( jeremiah 1 : 5 ). eve had no midwife when she delivered cain, therefore she might well say, i have gotten a man from the lord, ( genesis 4 : 1 ) wholly, entirely from the lord ; she might well say it is the lord that enabled me to conceive, the lord that infused a quickening soul into that conception, the lord that brought into the world that which he himself had quickened ; without all this, eve would have had to say, my body is but the house of death. but then this first escape from death, the death of the womb, is but an introduction into death, the manifold deaths of this world. we have a shroud in our mother \u2019 s womb which grows with us from our conception, and we come into the world wound up in that shroud, for we come to seek a grave. we celebrate our own funerals with cries even at our birth ; we beg our baptism with tears ; and we come into a world that lasts many ages, but we last not. god has given us earth for our material, to be made of earth, and he has given us earth for our grave, to return and dissolve to earth, but earth is given to us in these ways only and not for our possession. here we have no continuing city, ( hebrews 13 : 14 ), no house that continues, no persons, no bodies, that continue. this whole world is but a universal churchyard, but our common grave. that which we call life is but a week of death, seven days, seven periods of our life spent in dying, a dying seven times over ; and there is an end. our birth dies in infancy, and our infancy dies in youth, and youth and the rest die in age, and age also dies and determines all. nor do all these, youth out of infancy, or age out of youth, arise in the clean way in which the ph\u0153nix arises out of the ashes of another ph\u0153nix, but as a wasp or a serpent out of a carrion, or as a snake out of dung. our youth is worse than our infancy, and our age worse than our youth. our youth is hungry and thirsty after those sins which our infancy knew not ; and our age is sorry and angry, that it cannot pursue those sins which our youth did ; and besides, so many deaths, so many deadly calamities accompany every condition and every period of this life,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47890501915684747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e339ad69-5391-44ed-b5f3-aee503ce9aef>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.958741"}
{"text": "those sins which our infancy knew not ; and our age is sorry and angry, that it cannot pursue those sins which our youth did ; and besides, so many deaths, so many deadly calamities accompany every condition and every period of this life, as that death itself would be an ease to them that suffer them. upon this sense does job wish that god had not given him an escape from the first death, from the womb, wherefore hast thou brought me forth out of the womb? oh that i had given up the ghost, and no eye seen me! ( job 10 : 18 - 19 ) and not only the impatient israelites in their murmuring ( would to god we had died by the hand of the lord in the land of egypt ), but elijah himself, when he fled from jezebel, and went for his life, as that text says, under the juniper tree, requested that he might die, and said, it is enough now, o lord, take away my life. ( i kings 19 : 4 ) how much worse than death is this life, when good men would so often exchange it for death! but if my case be as saint paul \u2019 s case, that i die daily ; though that be true of me, i was shaped in iniquity, and in sin did my mother conceive me ( there i died one death ) ; though that be true of me, i was born not only the child of sin, but the child of wrath, of the wrath of god for sin, which is a heavier death : yet, god is the lord by whom we escape death ; and, if no other deliverance would give more to his glory and my good, yet he has the keys of death, ( revelation 1 : 18 ) and he can let me out at that door, that is, deliver me from the manifold deaths of this world, the every day \u2019 s death and every hour \u2019 s death, by that one death, the final dissolution of body and soul, the end of all. but then is that the end of all? is that dissolution of body and soul the last death that the body shall suffer? it is not. though this be escape : it is an entrance into yet another death ; though it be an escape from the manifold deaths of this world, yet it is an entrance into the death of corruption and putrefaction, and dispersion in and from the grave, in which every dead man dies over again. except for that holy one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4593744681030773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e339ad69-5391-44ed-b5f3-aee503ce9aef>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.959622"}
{"text": "an escape from the manifold deaths of this world, yet it is an entrance into the death of corruption and putrefaction, and dispersion in and from the grave, in which every dead man dies over again. except for that holy one that he would not allow to see corruption, all those who die now and sleep in the state of the dead, must pass this posthumous death, this death after death, this death after burial, this dissolution after dissolution, this death of corruption and putrefaction ; when my mouth shall be filled with dust, and the worm shall feed, and feed sweetly ( job 23 : 20 ) upon me ; when the ambitious man shall have no satisfaction, if the poorest alive tread upon him, nor the poorest receive any contentment in being made equal to princes, for they shall be equal but in dust. even those bodies that were the temples of the holy ghost come to this dilapidation, to ruin, to rubbish, to dust. truly the consideration of this posthumous death, this death after burial, that after god has delivered me from the death of the womb, by bringing me into the world, and from the manifold deaths of the world, by laying me in the grave, i must die again in the putrefaction of this flesh, and in a dispersion of that dust. this is the most inglorious and contemptible vilification, the most deadly and peremptory nullification of man, that we can consider. god would seem to have carried the declaration of his power to a great height, when he sets the prophet ezekiel in the valley of dry bones, and says, son of man, can these bones live? as though it had been impossible, and yet they did ; the lord laid sinews upon them, and flesh, and breathed into them, and they did live. but in that case there were bones to be seen, something visible, of which it might be said, can this thing live? but in this death of putrefaction and dispersion of dust, we see nothing that we can call a particular man \u2019 s. can this dust live? this death of incineration and dispersion is, to natural reason, the most irrecoverable death of all ; and yet, god is the lord by whom we escape death ; and by recompacting this dust into the same body, and rejoining the same body with the same soul, he shall in a blessed and glorious resurrection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5072724808823584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e339ad69-5391-44ed-b5f3-aee503ce9aef>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.960626"}
{"text": "own death had those impressions in it ; he was reputed, he was executed as a malefactor, and no doubt many of them who agreed to his death did believe him to be so. therefore make no ill conclusion upon sudden death nor upon an individual \u2019 s reluctance or fear in departing. the tree lies as it falls, it is true, but it is not the last stroke that fells the tree, nor the last word nor gasp that alone qualifies the soul. still, pray for a peaceable death and against violent death, and for time of repentance against sudden death, and for sober and modest assurance against reluctant or fearful death, but never make ill conclusions upon persons overtaken with such deaths. god alone is the lord, by whom we escape death. our critical day is, perhaps, not the very day of our death, but the whole course of our life. i thank him that prays for me when the death - bells toll for me, but i thank him much more that catechises me, or preaches to me, or instructs me how to live. our security is in the word of the lord who said, do this and thou shalt live ( luke 10 : 28 ). but though i do it, yet i shall die too, that is, die a bodily, a natural death. god does not say, live well, and you shall die an easy, a quiet death ; but, live well here, and thou shalt live well for ever. a good life here flows into an eternal life. but whether the gate of my prison be opened with an oiled key, a gentle and preparing sickness, or the gate be hewn down by a violent death, or the gate be burnt down by a raging and frantic fever, a gate into heaven i shall have, for from the lord is the cause of my life, and with god the lord is the escape in death. and this is the second sense of our text, as this escape in death is god \u2019 s care that the soul be safe, whatever the agonies the body suffers in the hour of death. the escape by death and so, now we turn to the third and final way of reading the verse : god is the lord, by whom we escape death. this final escape is a deliverance by the death of another. now, at last. consider the end of the lord, the end that the lord himself came to, death, and a painful and a shameful death. but why", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4905651365865561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e339ad69-5391-44ed-b5f3-aee503ce9aef>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.963083"}
{"text": "escape death. this final escape is a deliverance by the death of another. now, at last. consider the end of the lord, the end that the lord himself came to, death, and a painful and a shameful death. but why did he die? and why die so? as saint augustine, interpreting our text, answers that question, ( de civitate dei, lib. 17 ) because to this god our lord belonged our escape by death. what can be more obvious, more manifest than this sense of these words? he says. in the earlier part of our text it is said, he that is our god is the god of salvation ; or, as augustine reads it, the god that must save us. who can that be, says he, but jesus? for therefore that name was given him because he was to save us. and so, to this jesus, this saviour, ( matthew 1 : 21 ) belongs the escape by death ; having come into this life in our mortal nature, he could not go out of this life any other way but by death, to save us was to die. though he were god the lord, yet to him, to god the lord belonged the escape by death ; more cannot be said than christ himself says of himself : these things christ ought to suffer ; ( luke 23 : 26 ) he had no other way but death. that god, this lord, the lord of life, could die, is a strange contemplation ; that the red sea could be dry, that the sun could stand still, that an oven could be seven times heat and not burn, that lions could be hungry and not bite, all these are strange, miraculously strange, but super - miraculous that god could die ; but that god would die is an exaltation of that. but even of that also it is a super - exaltation, that god should die, must die, ( said saint augustine ), god the lord had no escape but by death, and ( says christ himself ), all this christ ought to suffer, was bound to suffer ( luke 24 : 26 ) ; as the psalmist says, god is the god of revenges, he would not pass over the son of man unrevenged, unpunished ( psalm 93 : 1 ). but then ( as it says in the same place ), the god of revenges works freely, he punishes, he spares whom he will. and would he not spare himself? he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44513759696355537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e339ad69-5391-44ed-b5f3-aee503ce9aef>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.964080"}
{"text": ", unpunished ( psalm 93 : 1 ). but then ( as it says in the same place ), the god of revenges works freely, he punishes, he spares whom he will. and would he not spare himself? he would not. says christ, if it be possible, let this cup pass ( matthew 26 : 39 ), when his love, expressed in a former decree with his father, had made it impossible. many waters quench not love ( canticles 8 : 7 ). christ tried many : he was baptised out of his love, and his love was not quenched ; he mingled blood with water in his agony, and that quenched not his love ; he wept pure blood, it seeped from his pores in his flagellation and thorns, and these expressed, but these did not quench his love. he would not spare, he could not spare himself. there was nothing more free, more voluntary, more spontaneous than the death of christ. it is true, he died voluntarily for love of us ; but yet when we consider the contract that had passed between his father and him, there was a kind of necessity upon him : all this christ ought to suffer. and when shall we date this obligation, this necessity? when shall we say that began? certainly this decree by which christ was to suffer all this was an eternal decree, and was there anything before that that was eternal? infinite love, eternal love ; be pleased to follow this home, and to consider it seriously, that what liberty soever we can conceive in christ to die or not to die ; this necessity of dying, this decree is as eternal as that liberty ; and yet how small a matter made he of this necessity and this dying? his father calls it but a bruising of his heel ( genesis 3 : 15 ) ( the serpent shall bruise his heel ). he himself calls it but a baptism, as though he were to be the better for it. i have a baptism to be baptised with, ( luke 12 : 50 ), and yet this baptism was his death. the holy ghost calls it joy ( for the joy which was set before him he endured the cross ) ( hebrews 12 : 2 ). and so, the lord was god, yet could die, would die, must die for our salvation. and now, consider one last point : our lord refers to his passion and death as a cup, and no worse ( can ye drink of my cup ) ( matthew 20 : 22", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48061109910505145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e339ad69-5391-44ed-b5f3-aee503ce9aef>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.965085"}
{"text": ", yet could die, would die, must die for our salvation. and now, consider one last point : our lord refers to his passion and death as a cup, and no worse ( can ye drink of my cup ) ( matthew 20 : 22 ). if such a thing as death on a cross may be compared to a cup, then the chalice of his passion and death was freely raised in a toast to our escape from death. in gratitude for so many and great escapes, but especially for this last escape, the escape by his death, what shall we render to the lord ( psalm 116 : 12 )? there is only one reply : we must take the chalice of his passion and death, accept the cup of salvation freely offered and drink deeply. this is the third and final way of reading our text : god is the lord by whom we escape death. and so, having demonstrated how the god of power, the almighty father rescues his servants from the jaws of death ; how the god of mercy, the glorious son took upon himself our escape by his death ; and how the comforter, the holy ghost assures us that the escape in death is merely the entrance into everlasting life, the frail old dean of st. paul \u2019 s, retired again to his sickbed where, three days later, his own escape in death was made good.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46708127324360105, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e339ad69-5391-44ed-b5f3-aee503ce9aef>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.965748"}
{"text": "my favorite : the fedex analogy to explain the osi layers, what each layer does and how they work together in protocol stacks. here \u2019 s the latest free tutorial, with embedded video of yours truly and my favorite analogy : the fedex analogy to explain the osi layers, what each layer does and how they work together in protocol stacks. enjoy! what is a mac address? the term comes from the institute of electrical and electronics engineers ( ieee ) 802 series of standards for lans and mans developed following the invention of ethernet lans by the digital equipment corporation ( now a part of hp ), xerox and intel in 1979. and people say xerox never does anything original! the first kind of lan, ethernet, employed a bus topology. the term bus comes from the latin word omnibus, meaning \u201c all \u201d. it is used in electrical power systems, where a bus is a thick metal bar used to distribute electricity to many circuits. cisco voip phone vulnerability : continuously monitor and record all sound in people \u2019 s offices, boardrooms and bedrooms a recent report of a cisco voip phone vulnerability is very disturbing. this is more serious than phone calls. if the network world article is accurate, its first paragraph \u201c vulnerability in its ip phones that allows hackers to access calls and call data \u201d should read \u201c vulnerability in its ip phones that allows attackers to eavesdrop in people \u2019 s offices, boardrooms and bedrooms \u201d \u2013 or in fact, \u201c continuously monitor and record all sound in people \u2019 s offices, boardrooms and bedrooms \u201d. the same day i came across this by accident, today, fourteen years later, i am getting bell fibe tv installed, which is exactly what i was talking about in the video clip! broadband high - speed internet service ( 25 mb / s ) with iptv over dsl over the phone line for content delivery. - eric coll | the term \u201c port \u201d crops up in ip networking, particularly in the context of rules in routers and software firewalls. one hears about \u201c opening a port on a firewall \u201d and \u201c tcp ports \u201d and \u201c udp ports \u201d. | so just what is a \u201c port \u201d, exactly? | | like about 40 % of the words in english after the norman invasion of southern england following the battle of hastings in 1066, the english word \u201c port \u201d is french. une porte is a door. | | of course, the french got it from latin : porta ( gate, door ). the latin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5612502262500798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655bcbea-118f-43b9-987c-d0cb362c9ceb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.984818"}
{"text": "invasion of southern england following the battle of hastings in 1066, the english word \u201c port \u201d is french. une porte is a door. | | of course, the french got it from latin : porta ( gate, door ). the latin word portus ( port, harbor, and earlier, entrance, passage ) and the greek word poros ( journey, passage, way ) are obviously related. | | in the computer hardware business, a port is a doorway into the machine : a jack, where a cable can be connected. in days past, there were serial ports and parallel ports on pcs. today, we have usb ports and lan ports. technicians talk about connecting customers to ports on access equipment, for example, equipment with banks of modems. | | in the computer software business, a port can be thought of as a doorway into the software running on the machine, a passageway to a specific computer program running on the computer. | | why is this necessary? since there can be many computer programs ( a. k. a. applications, apps ) running on the same computer at the same time, when trying to communicate to a particular program, we require a mechanism to identify it, a way of telling the host computer to which program to relay our communications. | | for example, we all know that it \u2019 s possible to have multiple applications using the internet connection on a computer at the same time. think of an outlook email program and a chrome browser program running at the same time on a pc connected to the internet. | | when data arrives at this computer, how does the computer know whether this data is for the email program or for the browser program? and how does it convey the data to the correct program? | | the answer : every program is assigned a number called a port number. your browser is assigned port 80, for example. | | here \u2019 s how it works : the sending program creates a message and tags it with the port number identifying the program it wishes to communicate with on the destination computer. this is put in a packet that is tagged with the network address ( ip address ) of the destination host computer and transmitted. when the packet arrives at the destination computer identified by the ip address, this receiving computer looks at the destination port number and parks the message in a memory space associated with that port number. the program on the destination computer assigned that port number is constantly checking that memory space to see if there is anything new waiting for it. | | the result is the ability for a computer program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49689685556044416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655bcbea-118f-43b9-987c-d0cb362c9ceb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.985762"}
{"text": "the message in a memory space associated with that port number. the program on the destination computer assigned that port number is constantly checking that memory space to see if there is anything new waiting for it. | | the result is the ability for a computer program running on one computer to communicate with a specific computer program on another computer. | | visiting our warehouse service a couple of weeks ago, i was struck by the analogy possible between the idea of computer ports and a multi - tenant warehouse, so whipped out my android smartphone and took a picture with the totally cool panoramic feature : | | the warehouse is analogous to the host computer. it has a single street address. it handles goods for multiple users. users have space allocated inside the warehouse. the warehouse has ( on this side ) six ports, also called loading docks. each port has a number. a user can be assigned a port, either temporarily or permanently. | | to communicate goods to that user, they \u2019 re carried in a shipping container ( ip packet ) on a truck ( ethernet frame ) over a road ( lan cable ) to the warehouse at its street address ( ip address ). to get the contents of the shipping container delivered to the correct user, the truck is backed up to the appropriate loading dock ( port ) identified by its door number ( port number ) and the contents of the container are unloaded to the space behind that port. | | in computer communications today, the port number is 16 bits long, and the source and destination port number are populated at the beginning of the transport layer header, layer 4 of the osi model. the world \u2019 s most popular standard protocols for implementing the transport layer are the tcp ( transmission control protocol ) and udp ( user datagram protocol ). | | hence, one hears of \u201c tcp ports \u201d and \u201c udp ports \u201d, particularly when configuring rules for packet forwarding on a router or firewall. when one \u201c blocks \u201d a port, that means that communication to a particular computer program is denied. when one \u201c opens \u201d a port, communication to that computer program is being allowed. | | standard practice is to allow communications only to specifically - identified ports and deny all other communications. | | the port number of the application and the ip address of the host computer concatenated together is called a socket in unix and ip and is called a transport service in the osi model. the result is the ability to identify the specific source computer program on one computer and the specific desired destination computer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5559063237805696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655bcbea-118f-43b9-987c-d0cb362c9ceb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.988255"}
{"text": "address of the host computer concatenated together is called a socket in unix and ip and is called a transport service in the osi model. the result is the ability to identify the specific source computer program on one computer and the specific desired destination computer program on a different computer. | | i hope you \u2019 ve enjoyed this tutorial! this discussion is covered in the following teracom training courses : \u2022 instructor - led course 101 : telecom, datacom and networking for non - engineering professionals, lesson 12. 17 \u2022 instructor - led course 110 : ip, voip and mpls for the non - engineering professional, lesson 8. 25 - 8. 27 \u2022 dvd - video course v4 : understanding networking 1 \u2022 dvd - video course v5 : understanding networking 2, lesson 2. 11 \u2022 online course l2112 the osi layers and protocol stacks, lesson 8 \u2022 online course l2113 ip networks, routers and addresses, lessons 7 and 9 | not only will you earn 20 % of net proceeds from students who are referred from your site, becoming a teracom training affiliate adds prestige to your site, and may complement other content on your site or add to other training affiliations you may have, making your site in turn more valuable. | | there is no cost to become a teracom sales affiliate. there are, of course, terms and conditions that must be respected, including a minimum sales level that must be maintained to remain in the program. all of this is spelled out in the affiliate agreement that will be sent to you if you are accepted into the teracom affiliate sales program. | | for more information, please review the teracom affiliate information sheet. | | to begin the process of becoming a teracom sales affiliate, please complete the \u201c contact us \u201d form, stating that you would like to apply to join the teracom affiliate sales program, and include the address of your website. | | get started today! | how to use cellular as backup internet access when your dsl, cable or fiber internet dies | the internet connection at your office dies. lights on your modem are flashing in a strange pattern. you call the isp, and they quickly diagnose that the modem power supply has failed, and they will overnight you a replacement. presumably you are not the first person to have this problem with that modem. | | so how do you continue to operate while you are waiting for the replacement power supply? it \u2019 s hard to run your business without e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5411259898631343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655bcbea-118f-43b9-987c-d0cb362c9ceb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:50.990501"}
{"text": "overnight you a replacement. presumably you are not the first person to have this problem with that modem. | | so how do you continue to operate while you are waiting for the replacement power supply? it \u2019 s hard to run your business without e - mail and ordering and administration systems, which are all accessed via the internet. | | if you want availability, you need two connections to the internet, so if one fails you are not out of business. we go over this in the lesson \u201c mature competitive carrier network : regional rings, pops and mans \u201d, slide 3. 17 of course 101, telecom datacom and networking for non - engineers, and mention it in pretty much every other course. | | a large business will be a station on a metropolitan area network, which is a ring, meaning two connections to the internet for that business and automatic reconfiguration in the case of one failing. but this is expensive \u2026 the second connection is not free. | | small and medium businesses usually have a single dsl or cable modem connection to the internet. when that fails, connectivity to email, ordering and administration servers is impossible, and many businesses these days would be \u201c dead in the water \u201d until the isp fixes the problem with their hardware. | | unless you have an android smartphone, a good \u201c data \u201d plan and a laptop with wifi running windows. | | the scenario described happened at our office last week. since many of our customers might find themselves in a similar situation - even at home - i thought i \u2019 d share the quick and painless solution i came up with. even if you \u2019 re not likely to need this solution, understanding how it works will no doubt sharpen your understanding of the devices involved and their functions. | | in this tutorial, i will use the technology in our office : 16 mb / s dsl, android smartphone and windows laptop. the solution is equally applicable to an internet connection using a cable modem or if you are one of the lucky few, an internet connection via fiber. | | for the smartphone and laptop, there may be equivalent functions on apple products, but as i am allergic to apples, we don \u2019 t have any in the office. i \u2019 m posting this tutorial on our facebook page, our google + page, or our blog ; i invite someone better able to tolerate apple products to leave a comment whether and how the iphone and macbook can perform the required functions. | | figure 1. normal network setup | | the diagram", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48552528529835604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655bcbea-118f-43b9-987c-d0cb362c9ceb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.010283"}
{"text": "page, our google + page, or our blog ; i invite someone better able to tolerate apple products to leave a comment whether and how the iphone and macbook can perform the required functions. | | figure 1. normal network setup | | the diagram above illustrates the normal network setup in our office, a typical configuration for networking at a small or medium business. on the left is the access circuit to the internet service provider ( isp ), terminating on a modem in our office. | | the modem is contained in a box that also includes a computer and an ethernet switch. this box is more properly called the customer edge ( ce ). the computer in the ce runs many different computer programs performing various functions : stateful packet inspection firewall, dhcp server offering private ip addresses to the computers in - building, dhcp client obtaining a public ip address from the isp, a network address translation function between the two, routing, port forwarding and more. | | in - building is a collection of desktop computers, servers and network printers. these are connected with category 5e lan cables to gigabit ethernet lan switches, one of which is also connected to the ce. | | when a desktop computer is restarted, its dhcp client obtains a private ip address and domain name server ( dns ) address from the dhcp server in the ce. the private address of the ce is configured as the \u201c default gateway \u201d for the desktop by windows. | | when a desktop computer wants to communicate with a server over the internet, it looks up the server \u2019 s numeric ip address via the dns, then creates a packet from the desktop to the internet server and transmits it to its default gateway, the ce. the nat function in the ce changes the addresses on the packet to be from the ce to the internet server and forwards the packet to the isp via the modem and access circuit. the response from the internet server is relayed to the ce, where the nat changes the destination address on the return packet to be the desktop \u2019 s private address and relays it to the desktop. | | the solution for restoring internet access after the ce died is illustrated below. | | figure 2. restored internet access via cellular | | an android smartphone and a laptop running windows were used to restore connectivity to the internet without making any changes to the desktops, servers or network printers. | | first, i took my samsung / google nexus smartphone running android out of my pocket and plugged in the charger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49619704466929404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655bcbea-118f-43b9-987c-d0cb362c9ceb>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.015903"}
{"text": "laptop running windows were used to restore connectivity to the internet without making any changes to the desktops, servers or network printers. | | first, i took my samsung / google nexus smartphone running android out of my pocket and plugged in the charger. then on its menu under settings > more > tethering & portable hotspot > set up wi - fi hotspot, i entered a network ssid ( \u201d teracom \u201d ) and a password, clicked save, then clicked portable wi - fi hotspot to turn it on. the smartphone is now acting as a wireless lan access point, just like any other wifi ap at starbucks, in the airport or in your home. | | at this point, the smartphone is the ce device, performing all of the same functions that the dsl ce device had been before it died : firewall, dhcp client to get a public ip address from the isp ( now via cellular ), dhcp server to assign private ip addresses to any clients that wanted to connect ( now via wifi ), nat to translate between the two and router to forward packets. | | just as the dsl ce equipment \u201c bridged \u201d or connected the dsl modem on the isp side to the ethernet lan in - building, allowing all the devices on the lan to send and receive packets to / from the internet via dsl, the smartphone \u201c bridges \u201d or connects the cellular modem on the isp side to the wifi wireless ethernet lan in - building, allowing all the devices on the wireless lan to send and receive packets to / from the internet via cellular radio. | | the remaining problem was that none of the desktops or servers had wireless lan cards in them, so they could not connect to the smartphone ap and hence the smartphone \u2019 s cellular internet connection. | | what was needed was a device to \u201c bridge \u201d or connect the wired lan to the wireless lan in - building. by definition, this device would need two lan interfaces : a physical ethernet jack to plug into the wired lan, plus a wireless lan capability. looking around the office, i spotted two devices that fit this description. one of them was my laptop, with both a lan jack and wireless lan. | | i fired up the laptop, plugged it into an ethernet switch with a lan cable, and in the network and sharing center, clicked change adapter settings to get to the network connections screen that showed the two lan interfaces. i enabled both the wired and wireless lan interfaces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4342335375641453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655bcbea-118f-43b9-987c-d0cb362c9ceb>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.017328"}
{"text": "laptop, plugged it into an ethernet switch with a lan cable, and in the network and sharing center, clicked change adapter settings to get to the network connections screen that showed the two lan interfaces. i enabled both the wired and wireless lan interfaces. then right - clicking the wireless network connection icon, selected the teracom wireless network and entered the password. once that was successfully connected, i selected the two adapters in the network connections screen, right - clicked and chose \u201c bridge connections \u201d. a message saying \u201c please wait while windows bridges the connections \u201d appeared, then an icon called \u201c network bridge \u201d appeared, and after a few seconds, \u201c teracom \u201d appeared as well. | | my laptop was now acting as an ethernet switch, connecting the wired lan to the smartphone \u2019 s wireless lan. | | each of the desktops, servers and network printers in the office had to be rebooted so they would run their dhcp client again, obtaining a private ip address and dns address from the smartphone ap, and be configured so the smartphone was the \u201c default gateway \u201d in windows. | | after rebooting my desktop computer, it had internet access over the wired lan, through the wired ethernet switch to my laptop, to the smartphone via wifi then to the isp over cellular. after rebooting the other desktops and servers, all had internet access again, with no changes to the configuration of the desktops or servers. | | this took about 20 minutes to get up and running, and we were back in business. running a bandwidth test on speedtest. net, i found we had exactly 5 mb / s connection to the internet via cellular. obviously my cellular service provider limited the connection to 5 mb / s in software - but who \u2019 s complaining? 5 mb / s is more than three times as fast as a t1, which cost $ 20, 000 per month when i first started in this business 20 years ago. | | i hope you found this tutorial useful, either as a template for your own emergency backup internet connection, or simply as a way of better understanding the devices, their functions and relationships. | note 1 : you must verify your billing plan for \u201c data \u201d on your cellular contract before doing this. i have 6 gb included, which means basically unlimited, and that includes the wifi hotspot traffic. make sure you have something similar, to avoid receiving a bill for $ 10, 000 for casual \u201c data \u201d usage. | | note 2 : as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45175481413438184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655bcbea-118f-43b9-987c-d0cb362c9ceb>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.020531"}
{"text": "6 gb included, which means basically unlimited, and that includes the wifi hotspot traffic. make sure you have something similar, to avoid receiving a bill for $ 10, 000 for casual \u201c data \u201d usage. | | note 2 : as always, this tutorial is provided as general background information only. we do not guarantee it will work for you. each situation is unique and requires professional advice to identify and resolve issues including but not limited to performance and security. this tutorial is not professional advice. but i hope you have found it valuable. | | note 3 : i might have been able to implement this without the laptop. if you \u2019 d like to know that, or what was the other device i could have used to bridge the wired and wireless lan in - building, or suggest how this could be done with apple products, please leave a comment. | mpls and carrier networks is a comprehensive training course designed to build a solid understanding of carrier packet networks and services, the terminology, technologies, configuration, operation and most importantly, the underlying ideas \u2026 in plain english. this course can be taken by both those who need simply an overview and introduction to the fundamentals of carrier packet networks and mpls, and by those who need to get up to speed and establish a solid base that project or job - specific knowledge can be built on. we \u2019 ll cut through the buzzwords and marketing to demystify carrier packet networks and services, explaining service level agreements, traffic profiles, virtual circuits, qos, class of service, differentiated services, integration, convergence and aggregation, mpls and other network technologies, and how they relate to tcp / ip without bogging down on details. you will gain career - and productivity - enhancing knowledge of the structure, components and operation of carrier packet networks and services, how they are implemented, packaged and marketed by carriers and how they are used by government, business \u2026 and other carriers. | please click here to see the full tutorial on its web pagel, with the necessary diagram \u2026 | | we \u2019 re getting ready to release another online course module at the end of march : l2014 \" mpls and carrier packet services. \" as a sneak preview, this newsletter \u2019 s free tutorial is part of lesson 11 \" tcp / ip over mpls \" from that module. note : you may find this tutorial a bit overwhelming, landing smack on your computer screen with no preparation, like a parachutist whose chute didn \u2019 t open landing in a cow field", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45878626007111667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655bcbea-118f-43b9-987c-d0cb362c9ceb>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.023012"}
{"text": "##p / ip over mpls \" from that module. note : you may find this tutorial a bit overwhelming, landing smack on your computer screen with no preparation, like a parachutist whose chute didn \u2019 t open landing in a cow field. in the online course module \" mpls and carrier packet services \", there are ten lessons building up to this one. we \u2019 re actually going to be recommending at least two modules : \" the osi layers and protocol stacks \" and \" ip packet networks, addresses and routers \" as prerequisites \u2026 so that would be at least thirty - five lessons building up to this one. | so \u2026 if you are already familiar with the osi layers and protocol stacks, and ip packets and lans, you \u2019 ll find the following lesson easier to follow. if you \u2019 re not already familiar with those pre - requisites, then you might want to watch some other free tutorials first : video tutorial vt - 3 \" packets, frames, addresses and routing \", video tutorial vt - 4 osi layers : the fedex analogy, and the \" datacom and networking fundamentals \" section of our free online tutorials. | | the following is part of the text and one graphic from lesson 11 \" tcp / ip over mpls \". the online course module when released at the end of march will have extensive animations following along with a voiceover of the text. enjoy! | please click here to see the full tutorial on its web pagel, with the necessary diagram \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4735575411839026, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655bcbea-118f-43b9-987c-d0cb362c9ceb>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.023730"}
{"text": "one of my favorite nutraceuticals is magnesium. long considered only a side kick to calcium, its full potential is rarely appreciated by the public. magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body, and a co - factor in over 300 biochemical reactions. it is vital to the function of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and nervous systems. magnesium contributes to maintaining healthy blood pressure, normal heart rhythm, strong bones, protein synthesis and energy metabolism. it is critical to the function of certain enzymes, the production and regulation of hormones and neurotransmitters, it supports the immune system, and is necessary for the proper contraction and relaxation of muscles. recent research finds that magnesium helps to improve sensitivity to insulin, and can be a deterrent to developing metabolic syndrome and diabetes. signs of magnesium deficiency point to other roles in health and well being. early signs can include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness, irritability, insomnia, muscle twitching, apathy, confusion, and issues with memory. as magnesium deficiency progresses signs can include numbness, tingling, muscle contractions and cramps, seizures, personality changes, abnormal heart rhythms, and spasms of the arteries that feed the heart. severe magnesium deficiency can result in low levels of calcium and / or low levels of potassium in the blood. it is well known that certain individuals are at increased risk for magnesium deficiency, through inadequate diet, excessive loss, and / or poor absorption. poorly controlled diabetics lose more magnesium through excretion in the kidneys. thirty to sixty percent of alcoholics have low magnesium levels, and up to ninety percent going through withdrawal are found to be deficient. magnesium requires uptake in the intestines ; therefore, individuals with chronic malabsorption, such as found in inflammatory bowel disease, gluten sensitive enteropathy, and intestinal surgery are at risk. chronic diarrhea associated with these diseases also increases the potential for deficiency ; and, illnesses that involve vomiting and / or diarrhea can temporarily lower magnesium. pancreatitis, hyperthyroidism ( over active thyroid ), heavy menstrual periods, excessive sweating, and prolonged stress can also lower magnesium levels. some individuals with chronically low blood potassium or calcium levels may actually have an underlying low magnesium level that will reverse with supplementation. older adults are at risk due to several factors : their diet is often low in magnesium, and as we age we absorb less from our diet, while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5162062900023141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4560ae64-4230-4429-9780-2912ec31a366>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.028846"}
{"text": "blood potassium or calcium levels may actually have an underlying low magnesium level that will reverse with supplementation. older adults are at risk due to several factors : their diet is often low in magnesium, and as we age we absorb less from our diet, while excreting more from the kidneys. in addition, seniors are often taking medications that will add to the problem. recently, the fda announced that prolonged use of acid - lowering medications, over the counter and prescription strength, deplete magnesium. other medications known to interfere with healthy magnesium levels include certain diuretics, antibiotics, laxatives and anti - cancer drugs. on the flip side, many antacids and laxatives actually contain magnesium, and excessive use can contribute to elevated magnesium levels. in addition, since magnesium is eliminated from the body via the kidneys, those with kidney disease need to be monitored for excessive intake of magnesium. signs of hypermagnesemia ( too high ) can be similar to hypomagnesemia ( too low ), as listed earlier in the article. as always, the best way to support healthy magnesium levels is through food. aim to eat a variety of vegetables, especially the dark green leafy family ( think spinach and swiss chard ), legumes ( beans, peas, peanuts and soy ), nuts ( almonds and cashews in particular ), seeds ( pumpkin, sesame, and sunflower rank high ), avocado, and whole grains. halibut, salmon and some fruits are also good sources. refined grains are low in magnesium, since the magnesium - rich germ has been removed. in general, magnesium levels in food are often lowered through cooking and processing. adequate calcium intake is necessary when consuming magnesium. this is easy to achieve with dietary sources, as many magnesium - rich sources are also sources for calcium. the following site is a useful way to search for the food sources of nutrients : http : / / www. nal. usda. gov / fnic / foodcomp / search /. the current rda for magnesium in adults is : males 400 - 420 mg ; females 310 - 360 mg ; pregnant females 350 - 400 mg daily ; and breastfeeding females, 340 - 360 mg. unfortunately, most americans probably do not get enough magnesium from their diet. in addition, too much coffee, soda, salt, or alcohol may be implicated in lending a hand in lowering levels. many people may benefit from supplementation, especially those previously mentioned at risk for deficiency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44474277765411896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4560ae64-4230-4429-9780-2912ec31a366>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.029789"}
{"text": "probably do not get enough magnesium from their diet. in addition, too much coffee, soda, salt, or alcohol may be implicated in lending a hand in lowering levels. many people may benefit from supplementation, especially those previously mentioned at risk for deficiency. studies also suggest or support a role for magnesium supplementation in asthma, diabetes, high blood pressure, fibromyalgia, migraine headaches, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, noise - related hearing loss, osteoporosis, pms, restless legs syndrome, preeclampsia and eclampsia ( in hospital therapy ). in my practice i also find magnesium useful in helping to address constipation, sleep issues, fatigue, anxiety and stress. the chelated forms of magnesium appear to be better absorbed. of these, magnesium citrate is the most cost effective. magnesium oxide is cheap, but not well absorbed and can be irritating to the gi tract. since magnesium will relax the muscles of the bowels ( hence, its benefit in relieving constipation ) the main side effect to watch for is bowel intolerance, such as diarrhea or abdominal cramping. magnesium glycinate is a chelated form that generally does not affect the bowels. do not disregard the healing effects of the old - fashioned epsom salt bath, especially to relax muscles and aide in a restful night \u2019 s sleep. be aware that magnesium can interfere with the the function of some medications and / or increase the side effects of the drugs. appropriate doses and administration of supplementation should be discussed with your health care provider. be well. ann carey tobin, m. d., faafp, is a board certified family physician. her integrative medicine consultation practice, partners in healing, is located in delmar. she can be reached at 518. 506. 6303, by e - mail at firstname. lastname @ example. org, or visit www. partnersinhealing. info disclaimer : this information is provided for educational purposes only. please consult a medical practitioner regarding the applicability of any opinions or recommendations with respect to your symptoms or medical conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46355125590085405, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4560ae64-4230-4429-9780-2912ec31a366>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.030605"}
{"text": "smoke is in the air again. well, smoking, rather. the newest report by the surgeon general ( yes, they \u2019 re still doing those ) came out this week, and the 30th installment of this institutional dispatch ratcheted up the message. it \u2019 s not just a lot of smoking that will kill you ; the surgeon general \u2019 s office is now pushing the idea that even one cigarette is one too many \u2014 serious damage can start immediately, says the report. thursday \u2019 s report says there \u2019 s no doubt that tobacco smoke begins poisoning immediately \u2014 as more than 7, 000 chemicals in each puff rapidly spread through the body to cause cellular damage in nearly every organ. \u201c that one puff on that cigarette could be the one that causes your heart attack, \u201d said surgeon general regina benjamin. [ ap ] it \u2019 s not exactly a revelation that smoking is risky and get riskier the more you do it. however, this is the first in the long line of these reports to really press the points that have turned up in recent research, like epigenetic changes or immediate risk to the cardiovascular system. the root of the problem is that even small amounts of the chemicals in cigarette smoke cause rapid inflammation in the endothelium, or lining, of blood vessels and in the lungs. inflammation is increasingly blamed by researchers as a key promoter of blood vessel plaques and clots and in obstructive lung diseases like emphysema. \u201c the evidence on the mechanisms by which smoking causes disease indicates that there is no risk - free level of exposure to tobacco smoke, \u201d the report concludes. [ webmd health news ] benjamin \u2019 s 700 - page report also points the finger at tobacco companies for making their product more addictive. recent changes in the design and ingredients in cigarettes have made them more likely to hook first - time users and keep older smokers coming back, benjamin says. changes include ammonia added to tobacco, which converts nicotine into a form that gets to the brain faster ; filter holes that allow people to inhale smoke more deeply into the lungs ; sugar and \u201c moisture enhancers \u201d to reduce the burning sensation of smoking, making it more pleasant, especially for new cigarette users. [ usa today ] the new report from the country \u2019 s head doc should be another kick in the pants to the nation \u2019 s struggling smoker - in - chief, president obama. press secretary robert gibbs, when asked this week, said he hadn \u2019 t noticed the president smoking in nine months or so, and said that obama is resisting the urge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4313793113072855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:882a1e57-1d1f-4a4d-b005-98d0287840f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.034134"}
{"text": "pants to the nation \u2019 s struggling smoker - in - chief, president obama. press secretary robert gibbs, when asked this week, said he hadn \u2019 t noticed the president smoking in nine months or so, and said that obama is resisting the urge to light up despite the stress of the presidency. incoming house speaker john boehner reportedly struggles with the cancer sticks, too. but neither the democrat nor the republican can hold a cigarette to the rolling stone. keith richards, the guardian reports, visited the new york public library a couple months ago and left dead flowers and disappointed librarians in his smoke trail. the guitarist had been given a tour of the premises, finishing with an invitation to sit \u201c backstage \u201d, in the office of marie d \u2019 origny, deputy director of the library \u2019 s cullman center for scholars and writers. when d \u2019 origny returned a little while later, richards was smoking a cigarette, the office window open, and according to the library \u2019 s blog, \u201c between the cold and the smoke, the little orchid never stood a chance \u201d. [ the guardian ] being a true gentleman, though, keith signed the flower \u2019 s pot ( which he \u2019 d been using as an ashtray ) before departing. 80beats : study : \u201c third - hand smoke \u201d sticks around & produces new carcinogens 80beats : study : ct scans could catch smokers \u2019 lung cancer early 80beats : electronic cigarettes not a safe alternative to conventional cigs 80beats : even discreet, conscientious smokers leave a trail of \u201c third - hand smoke \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4056391709349123, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:882a1e57-1d1f-4a4d-b005-98d0287840f6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.034886"}
{"text": "by rita r. robison if you \u2019 re like me, you \u2019 ve put on a few too many pounds recently and you \u2019 re worried about additional weight you could gain during the holiday season. what can you do to keep from gaining weight? here are some tips from the university of illinois extension \u2019 s dewitt - piatt - macon extension unit to help get you through the maze of wonderful holiday food : 1. be realistic about the holidays and don ' t try to lose weight. instead, concentrate on having a good time with family and friends. 2. eat before you eat. try not to wait until time for that special meal to eat. skipping breakfast and lunch can cause you to overeat. have a bowl of cereal, a piece of fruit, some vegetable sticks, or handful of nuts before arriving for the meal. 3. bring your own healthy dish. the host may appreciate it, and it can provide at least one healthy item for you to eat. 4. use pasteurized eggs for recipes that require raw egg with no additional cooking such as eggnog. 5. avoid excessive snacking. save your calories for the big meal. 6. be aware of beverages. alcoholic beverages, soda pop, punches, and other sweet drinks provide a lot of calories and almost no nutritional value. in addition, alcohol can lessen inhibitions that may result in overeating. 7. eat slowly and savor your food. take time to enjoy your meal. it usually takes about 20 minutes for your brain to register that you are full. eating slowly may prevent overeating. 8. eat lightly during the next meal if you \u2019 ve overeaten. it takes about 500 calories per day above your normal calorie intake to gain one pound during one week. 9. make dishes you \u2019 re preparing \" healthier \" by reducing the salt, fat, and sugar content. 10. keep food safety in mind when preparing turkey, stuffing, and food items if you \u2019 re hosting the meal. 11. find time to get at least 30 minutes of physical activity most days, including the holidays. physical activity can help offset some of the calories from holiday eating. good luck with your healthy eating holiday plan. we all need it because there are so many wonderful temptations during the holidays.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3562419646262071, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:158a8d73-1c09-482c-b365-1dca026a3479>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.038225"}
{"text": "understanding roe, roc and irr with an example when expanding and investing in projects overseas it is essential to understand such things as return on equity ( roe ) and internal rate of return. using internet sources ( you may want to start with the websites listed below ) gather information on roe and irr. post a two to three paragraph explanation of these terms and the advantages and disadvantages of using them when selecting projects to invest in overseas. return on equity vs. return on capital return on equity definition keep your eye on the roe select two companies from the same industry. using the annual report information available on the company ' s website compute the roe for each company. this question has the following supporting file ( s ) : - fundamental analysiskeep your eyes on the roe. txt - invest faqanalysisreturn on equity versus return on capital. txt - roi guide internal rate of return - computerworld. txt this solution contain detailed understanding of roe, roc and irr with an example from the industry to explain the concepts. the solution discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each and how we can interpret the values obtained. this answer includes : - plain text - cited sources when necessary - attached file ( s ) - roe vs roc. doc active since 2004 extracted content from question files : - fundamental analysiskeep your eyes on the roe. txt fundamental analysis : keep your eyes on the roe chalk talk | investing basics | analyst | technical analy | fundamental analy | options / futures | trading | mutual funds | retirement dictionary entire site articles tutorials ask us term of the day learn the basics options & futures cfa ( i, ii, iii ) textbooks & software open an account goto your portfolio free trading kits keep your eyes on the roe by ben mcclure october 1st, 2003 printer friendly version it pays to invest in companies that generate profits more efficiently than their rivals. roe can help investors distinguish between companies that are profit creators and those that are profit burners. on the other hand, roe might not necessarily tell the whole story about a company and therefore must be used carefully. what is roe? by measuring how much earnings a company can generate from assets, roe offers a gauge of profit - generating efficiency. roe helps investors determine if a company is a lean, mean profit machine or an inefficient clunker. firms that do a good job of milking profit from their operations typically have a competitive advantage - - a feature that normally translates into superior returns for investors. the relationship between the company ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5029934394527038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06e887a5-8b80-42e2-81cb-5b08e299431a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.057349"}
{"text": "machine or an inefficient clunker. firms that do a good job of milking profit from their operations typically have a competitive advantage - - a feature that normally translates into superior returns for investors. the relationship between the company ' s profit and the investor ' s return makes roe a particularly valuable metric to to find companies with a competitive advantage, investors can use five - year averages of the roes of companies within the same industry. think of the pc industry : between 1998 and 2003, dell computer ' s highly - efficient direct sales, high profit - margin strategy paid off in terms of strong earnings and share price appreciation - - especially compared with rivals hewlett packard and gateway. the roe numbers reinforce the differences. dell enjoyed a whopping five - year roe of 46 % while hp ' s roe was only 12 %. over the same period, gateway ' s average roe was negative 2. 5 %! a company ' s roe ratio is calculated by dividing the company ' s net income by its shareholder equity, or \" book value. \" the formula is net income / average common equity * * total assets less total liabilities you can find net income on the income statement, but you can also take the sum of the last four quarters worth of earnings. shareholders equity, meanwhile, is located on the balance sheet and is simply the difference between total assets and total liabilities. shareholder equity represents the tangible assets that have been produced by the business. both net income and shareholder equity should cover the same period of time. how should roe be interpreted? roe offers a useful signal of financial success since it might indicate whether the company is growing profits without pouring new equity capital into the business. a steadily - increasing roe is a hint that management is giving shareholders more for their money, which is represented by shareholders ' equity. simply put, roe indicates know how well management is employing the investors ' capital invested in the company. it turns out, however, that a company cannot grow earnings faster than its current roe without raising additional cash. that is, a firm that now has a 15 % roe cannot increase its earnings faster than 15 % annually without borrowing funds or selling more shares. but raising funds comes at a cost : servicing additional debt cuts into net income and selling more shares shrinks earnings per share by increasing the total of shares outstanding. so roe is, in effect, a speed limit on a firm ' s growth rate, which is why money managers rely on it to gauge growth potential. in fact, many specify 15 % as their minimum acceptable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4682176837399886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06e887a5-8b80-42e2-81cb-5b08e299431a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.058530"}
{"text": "by increasing the total of shares outstanding. so roe is, in effect, a speed limit on a firm ' s growth rate, which is why money managers rely on it to gauge growth potential. in fact, many specify 15 % as their minimum acceptable roe when evaluating roe isn ' t perfect still, there are caveats that need to be considered. roe is not an absolute indicator of investment value. after all, the ratio gets a big boost whenever the value of the shareholder equity, the denominator, goes down. if, for instance, a company takes a large write - down, the reduction in income ( roe ' s numerator ) occurs only in the year that the expense is charged ; the write down therefore makes a more significant dent in shareholder equity ( the denominator ) in the following years, causing an overall rise in the roe without any improvement in the company ' s operations. having a similar effect as write - downs, share buy - backs also normally depress shareholders ' equity proportionately far more than they depress earnings. as a result, buy - backs also give an artificial boost to roe. moreover, a high roe doesn ' t tell you if a company has excessive debt and is raising more of its funds through borrowing rather than issuing shares. remember, shareholder ' s equity is assets less liabilities, which represent what the firm owes, including its long and short - term debt. so, the more debt a company has, the less equity it has ; and the less equity a company has, the higher its roe ratio will be. suppose that two firms have the same amount of assets ( $ 1, 000 ) and the same net income ( $ 120 ) but different levels of debt : firm a has $ 500 in debt and therefore $ 500 in shareholder ' s equity ( $ 1, 000 - $ 500 ), and firm b has $ 200 in debt and $ 800 in shareholder ' s equity ( $ 1, 000 - $ 200 ). firm a shows an roe of 24 % ( $ 120 / $ 500 ) while firm b, with less debt, shows an roe of 15 % ( $ 120 / $ 800 ). as roe equals net income divided by the equity figure, firm a, the higher - debt firm, shows the highest return on equity. this company looks as though it has higher profitability when really it just has more demanding obligations to its creditors. its higher roe may therefore be simply a mask of future problems. for a more transparent view that helps you see through this mask, make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.490903554273417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06e887a5-8b80-42e2-81cb-5b08e299431a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.059512"}
{"text": ". this company looks as though it has higher profitability when really it just has more demanding obligations to its creditors. its higher roe may therefore be simply a mask of future problems. for a more transparent view that helps you see through this mask, make sure you examine also the company ' s return on invested capital ( roic ), which reveals the extent to which debt drives returns. another pitfall of roe concerns the way in which intangible assets are excluded from shareholder ' s equity. generally conservative, the accounting profession normally omits a company ' s possession of things like trademarks, brand names, and patents from asset and equity - based calculations. as a result, shareholder equity often gets understated in relation to its value, and, in turn, roe calculations can be misleading. a company with no assets other than a trademark is an extreme example of a situation in which accounting ' s exclusion of intangibles would distort roe. after adjusting for intangibles, the company would be left with no assets and probably no shareholder equity base. roe measured this way would be astronomical but would offer little guidance for investors looking to gauge earnings let ' s face it, no single metric can provide a perfect tool for examining fundamentals. but contrasting the five - year average roes within a specific industrial sector does highlight companies with competitive advantage and with a knack for delivering shareholder think of roe as a handy tool for identifying industry leaders. a high roe can signal unrecognized value potential, so long as you know where the ratio ' s numbers are coming from. visit the wall street journal ' s center for entrepreneurs find out exactly what the world ' s best investors are buying and selling term directory : # | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k financial planning \u00b7 stock exchange contest \u00b7 tax information online \u00b7 bad credit loan \u00b7 term life insurance quotes site stuff : advertising \u00b7 licensing \u00b7 tell - a - friend \u00b7 contact us \u00b7 newsletter : \" the # 1 way to learn about investing \" more copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2004 - all rights reserved. owned and operated by - invest faqanalysisreturn on equity versus return on capital. txt invest faq : analysis : return on equity versus return on capital.. the email list.. what is it? subject : analysis - return on equity versus return on capital last - revised : 7 june 1999 contributed - by : john price ( johnp at sherlockinvesting. com ) this article analyze", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41787228099738793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06e887a5-8b80-42e2-81cb-5b08e299431a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.060520"}
{"text": "capital.. the email list.. what is it? subject : analysis - return on equity versus return on capital last - revised : 7 june 1999 contributed - by : john price ( johnp at sherlockinvesting. com ) this article analyzes the question of whether return on equity ( roe ) or return on capital ( roc ) is the better guide to performance of an we ' ll start with an example. two brothers, abe and zac, both inherited $ 10, 000 and each decided to start a photocopy business. after one year, apple, the company started by abe, had an after - tax profit of $ 4, 000. the profit from zebra, zac ' s company, was only $ 3, 000. who was the better manager? i. e., who provided a better return? for simplicity, suppose that at the end of the year, the equity in the companies had not changed. this means that the return on equity for apple was 40 % while for zebra it was 30 %. clearly abe did better? or did he? there is a little more to the story. when they started their companies, abe took out a long - term loan of $ 10, 000 and zac took out a similar loan for $ 2, 000. since capital is defined as equity plus advertisement long - term debt, the capital for the two companies is calculated as $ 20, 000 and $ 12, 000. calculating the return on capital for apple and zebra gives 20 % ( = 4, 000 / 20, 000 ) for the first company and 25 % ( = 3, 000 / 12, 000 ) for the second company. so for this measure of management, zac did better than abe. who would you perhaps neither. but suppose that the same benefactor who left money to abe and zac, also left you $ 100 with the stipulation that you had to invest in the company belonging to one or other of the brothers. who would most analysts, once they have finished talking about earnings per share, move to return on equity. for public companies, it is usually stated along the lines that equity is what is left on the balance sheet after all the liabilities have been taken care of. as a shareholder, equity represents your money and so it makes good sense to know how well management is doing with it. to know this, the argument goes, look at return on equity. let ' s have a look at your $ 100. if you loan it to abe, then his capital is now $ 20, 100.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4858583838566113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06e887a5-8b80-42e2-81cb-5b08e299431a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.061500"}
{"text": "how well management is doing with it. to know this, the argument goes, look at return on equity. let ' s have a look at your $ 100. if you loan it to abe, then his capital is now $ 20, 100. he now has $ 20, 100 to use for his business. assuming that he can continue to get the same return, he will make 20 % on your $ 100. on the other hand, if you loan it to zac, he will make 25 % on your money. from this perspective, zac is the better manager since he can generate 25 % on each extra dollar whereas abe can only generate 20 %. the bottom line is that both ratios are important and tell you slightly different things. one way to think about them is that return on equity indicates how well a company is doing with the money it has now, whereas return on capital indicates how well it will do with further capital. but, just as you had to choose between investing with abe or zac, if i had to choose between knowing return on equity or return on capital, i would choose the latter. as i said, it gives you a better idea of what a company can achieve with its profits and how fast its earnings are likely to grow. of course, if long - term debt is small, then there is little difference between the two ratios. warren buffett ( the famous investor ) is well known for achieving an average annual return of almost 30 percent over the past 45 years. books and articles about him all say that he places great reliance on return on equity. in fact, i have never seen anyone even mention that he uses return on capital. nevertheless, a scrutiny of a book the essays of warren buffett and buffett ' s letters to shareholders in the annual reports of his company, berkshire hathaway, convinces me that he relies primarily on return on capital. for example, in one annual report he wrote, \" to evaluate [ economic performance ], we must know how much total capital \u2014 debt and equity \u2014 was needed to produce these earnings. \" when he mentions return on equity, generally it is with the proviso that debt is minimal. if your data source does not give you return on capital for a company, then it is easy enough to calculate it from return on equity. the two basic ways that long - term debt is expressed are as long - term debt to equity dte and as long - term debt to capital dtc. ( dtc is also referred to as the capitalization ratio. ) in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4315275163166136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06e887a5-8b80-42e2-81cb-5b08e299431a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.062439"}
{"text": "on equity. the two basic ways that long - term debt is expressed are as long - term debt to equity dte and as long - term debt to capital dtc. ( dtc is also referred to as the capitalization ratio. ) in the first case, return on capital roc is calculated from return on equity roe by roc = roe / ( 1 + dte ), and in the second case by : roc = roe * ( 1 - dtc ) for example, in the case of abe, we saw dte = 10, 000 / 10, 000 = 1 and roe = 40 % so that, according to the first formula, roc = 40 % / ( 1 + 1 ) = 20 %. similarly, dtc = 10, 000 / 20, 000 = 0. 5 so that by the second formula, roc = 40 % ( 1 \u2013 0. 5 ) = 20 %. you might like to check your understanding of this by repeating the calculations with the results for zac ' s company. if you compare return on equity against return on capital for a company like general motors with that of a company like gillette, you ' ll see one of the reasons why buffett includes the latter company in his portfolio and not the former. for more articles, analyses, and insights into today ' s financial markets from john price, visit his web site. search the web powered by mywayinvestment faq previous article is analysis : risks of investments next article is analysis : rule of 72 category is analysis index of all articles sponsored linksget listed here free investing kit from american express sign up to get your free copy of \" how to invest smarter, safer, better \" from american express financial advisors. filled with pages of tips for both the novice and seasoned timingcube : up 900 % since 2000 - 4 trades a year join thousands of trend timers who have taken control of their financial future. if you are a long - term investor, timingcube can help you achieve your goals and dreams. try it risk - free for 30 days. fredhager. com newsletter : up 80 % in 2004 according to hulbert financial digest, fredhager. com portfolio a was up 187 % in 2003. hager is up over 80 % in 2004 through 5 / 28. long term investing since 1986. the investment faq is copyright \u00a9 2004 by christopher lott. - roi guide internal rate of return - computerworld. txt roi guide : internal rate of return - computerworldit management centerit management center -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4755008955486567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06e887a5-8b80-42e2-81cb-5b08e299431a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.063355"}
{"text": ". long term investing since 1986. the investment faq is copyright \u00a9 2004 by christopher lott. - roi guide internal rate of return - computerworld. txt roi guide : internal rate of return - computerworldit management centerit management center - help desk / user support - help desk / user support - it spending - it spending - project management - project managemente - business centere - business centeroutsourcing centeroutsourcing center - asp - asp - isp / telecom - isp / telecom - it services - it servicesroi centerroi centercareers centercareers center - consulting / contracting - consulting / contracting - education / training - education / training - hiring / recruiting - hiring / recruiting - workforce - workforce - skills - skillssearch / post jobssearch / post jobssecurity centersecurity center - cybercrime - cybercrime - encryption - encryption - disaster recovery - disaster recovery - firewalls - firewalls - hacking - hacking - privacy - privacy - security holes - security holes - viruses and worms - viruses and worms - vpn - vpnhardware centerhardware center - handhelds - handhelds - desktops - desktops - laptops - laptops - grid computing - grid computing - mainframes - mainframes - server - serverstorage centerstorage centersoftware centersoftware center - applications - applications - application development - application development - e - mail / groupware - e - mail / groupware - graphics / multimedia - graphics / multimediacrm centercrm centererp / supply chain centererp / supply chain centeroperating systems centeroperating systems center - mainframe os - mainframe os - unix - unix - windows - windows - linux - linux - macintosh - macintoshdata management centerdata management center - data center - data center - databases - databasesbusiness intelligence centerbusiness intelligence center - data mining - data mining - data warehouse - data warehousestorage centerstorage centernetworking centernetworking center - firewalls - firewalls - network lan / wan - network lan / wan - network management - network management - network os - network os - network protocols - network protocols - vpn - vpn - voip - voipgovernment centergovernment center - it in government - it in government - government policy - government policy - legal issues - legal issues - legislation - legislationmobile & wireless centermobile & wireless center - handhelds - handhelds - laptops - laptops - wireless", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5162104873430935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06e887a5-8b80-42e2-81cb-5b08e299431a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.064268"}
{"text": "##government center - it in government - it in government - government policy - government policy - legal issues - legal issues - legislation - legislationmobile & wireless centermobile & wireless center - handhelds - handhelds - laptops - laptops - wireless technology - wireless technology - wi - fi - wi - fidevelopment centerdevelopment center - application development - application development -. net -. net - java - java - web development - web development - web services - web services - xml - xmlweb site management centerweb site management computerworld idg. net whitepapers _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ careers crm business intelligence development e - business erp / supply chain hardware it management mobile & wireless networking operating sys roi security storage web site mgmt outsourcing mobile & wireless jump to any - - - - - - - - - - business intell. crm careers data mgmt. development e - business erp government hardware it management mobile / wireless networking o / s outsourcing roi security software storage web site mgmt. business service mgmt this week ' s issue home > browse topics > management > roi roi guide : internal rate of return there ' s more to this story : > roi guide : economic value added > roi guide : the consultants ' offerings > where roi models fail > roi guide : balanced scorecard > eva shows outsourcing ' s payoff > roi guide : payback period > roi guide : net present value > roi guide : real options > three problems this story is part of a special report click here to see the entire report news story by gary h. anthes february 17, 2003 ( computerworld ) - definition : the internal rate of return ( irr ) is the discount rate that results in a net present value of zero for a series of future cash flows. what it means : it ' s a cutoff rate of return ; avoid an investment or project if its irr is less than your cost of capital or minimum desired rate of return. strengths : it provides a simple hurdle rate for investment decision - making. it ' s the method favored by many accountants and finance people, possibly the ones at your company. weaknesses : it ' s not as easy to understand as some measures and not as easy to compute ( even excel uses approximations ). computational anomalies can produce misleading results, particularly with regard to reinvestments. irr is the flip side of net present value ( npv )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5080015028082177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06e887a5-8b80-42e2-81cb-5b08e299431a>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.065188"}
{"text": "understand as some measures and not as easy to compute ( even excel uses approximations ). computational anomalies can produce misleading results, particularly with regard to reinvestments. irr is the flip side of net present value ( npv ) and is based on the same principles and the same math. npv shows the value of a stream of future cash flows discounted back to the present by some percentage that represents the minimum desired rate of return, often your company ' s cost irr, on the other hand, computes a break - even rate of return. it shows the discount rate below which an investment results in a positive npv ( and should be made ) and above which an investment results in a negative npv ( and should be avoided ). it ' s the break - even discount rate, the rate at which the value of cash outflows equals the value of cash inflows. consider the three scenarios shown here ( see table ), each involving an initial investment of $ 1 million. the investment returns $ 300, 000 ( undiscounted ) per year in each of the five years after the initial investment, for a net return of $ 500, 000. a company evaluating this investment using cash flow discounted at 10 % would compute an npv of $ 137, 000, a decent but not spectacular result. but if the company evaluates the same investment at 15 %, the project has a present value of only $ 6, 000, essentially just breaking even, and at 20 % the project ' s present value is negative. the irr is a fraction of a percentage point above 15 % ; at that discount percentage, the investment ' s npv is zero. irr is often used as a hurdle rate, a sort of go / no - go investment threshold. gaylord entertainment co. in nashville, for example, has computed its weighted average cost of capital \u2014 a percentage that it won ' t disclose \u2014 and a \" hurdle \" percentage rate a few points higher. an investment ' s irr must generally equal or exceed the hurdle rate to be approved by management, says cio kent fourman. \" we calculate the irr and then compare that to our hurdle rate, \" fourman says. \" and we compare that irr against every other [ project ' s ] irr, because you always have limited cash. \" but the irr cutoff isn ' t an absolute test, he says. for example, management ' s subjective assessment of risk may influence an investment decision", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4943500915614003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06e887a5-8b80-42e2-81cb-5b08e299431a>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.066057"}
{"text": "against every other [ project ' s ] irr, because you always have limited cash. \" but the irr cutoff isn ' t an absolute test, he says. for example, management ' s subjective assessment of risk may influence an investment decision, he says. \" but if you can ' t show that irr exceeds our hurdle rate, then you ' ll have to have a lot of the soft justifications to get it approved, \" fourman says. not everyone is as enthusiastic about irr. like npv, it doesn ' t measure the absolute size of the investment or its return. and because of the way the math works, the timing of periods of negative cash flow can affect the value of irr without accurately reflecting the underlying performance of irr can also produce misleading results because, as classically defined, it assumes that the cash returned from an investment is reinvested at the same percentage rate, which may not be realistic. that error is magnified when comparing two investments of different durations. some software, such as microsoft excel, will compute an optional \" modified irr \" that allows the user to specify a different reinvestment rate. irr becomes increasingly misleading the more it diverges from the cost of capital, says ian campbell, chief research officer at nucleus research inc. in wellesley, mass. \" irr is a terrible metric, and it should never be used, \" he asserts. the key metric for it projects, campbell says, is payback period, because it favors short - term, and hence less risky, projects that it should be internal rate of return : what it looks like discount rate : 10 % discount rate : 15 % discount rate : 20 % 0 - $ 1 million1. 000 - $ 1 million1. 000 - $ 1 million1. 000 - $ 1 total + $ 500, 000npv = + $ 137, 000npv = + $ 6, 000npv = irr = slightly more than 15 % irr is often used as a hurdle rate, a sort of go / no - go investment threshold. in this example, there is an initial investment of $ 1 million, with a net ( undiscounted ) return of $ 500, 000. the npv of the $ 1 million outlay depends on the discount rate, or cost of capital, used to evaluate the investment. the npv is zero at the irr, here a fraction of a percentage point above 15 %. subscribe to our it management / leadership e -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49849028291173425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06e887a5-8b80-42e2-81cb-5b08e299431a>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.066880"}
{"text": "outlay depends on the discount rate, or cost of capital, used to evaluate the investment. the npv is zero at the irr, here a fraction of a percentage point above 15 %. subscribe to our it management / leadership e - mail newsletter : also in the roi knowledge center news | discussions | buyers ' guides | resource links | white papers | it spending analysis | mobile channel | e - mail newsletters > roi xml feed > xml feed faq roi white papers read up on the latest ideas and technologies from companies that sell hardware, software and services. san performance monitoring is essential to maintaining san uptime : nas cluster white paper : windows file serving white paper : fdc white paper : \u201c flexible database clusters with ibm eserver realizing the mobile enterprise with 2. 5g wireless solutions view roi whitepapers this idc white paper demonstrates growth in value of distributed applications accessed over the web, especially for ecommerce applications, and analyses the requirements needed for performance management of distributed applications in today ' s complex distributed applications performance management : the veritas i3 the enterprise unwired learn about global trends in wireless technologies, and hear some real - world examples of the ways forward - thinking companies are taking advantage of wireless technologies, in this exclusive make a credible case for spending money on it security email viruses, worms ; hacking attacks ; and the difficulties of keeping up with patch management tasks and other protective measures, has forced every company to be concerned about information security. learn more. unburden your primary storage learn how. free nearline storage white mobilize your enterprise for success new webcast free guide how to web - enable bpm apps in just weeks, not months hp workstations at pc prices xtreme machines for xtreme users. click here or call 1 - 888 - 367 - 2402 improve it efficiency. windows server system makes it possible. the ip migration a wake - up call securing your website for business looking for mission - critical server click for cost - effective intel\u00ae enterprise solutions envoyworldwide white paper : ' shattering the myths of automated enterprise grid alliance helping make grid computing work for you scalable. affordable. reliable. ibm eserver xseries systems with intel\u00ae dell has everything you need to build a scalable enterprise now. reprints site map copyright \u00a9 2004 computerworld inc. all rights reserved. reproduction in whole or in part in any form or medium without express written permission of computerworld inc. is prohibited. computerworld and computerworld. com and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.481050703605902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06e887a5-8b80-42e2-81cb-5b08e299431a>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.067848"}
{"text": "marchmont home, belleville, ontario. a group of boys from miss macpherson ' s home ( london, england ). april 1922. photograph : canadian government motion picture bureau, library and archives canada c - 034837. public domain. today the australia government is apologizing to the \" forgotten australians \" - those who as children were in government homes between 1930 and 1970. [ \" ordeal of australia ' s child migrants \" by nick bryant. bbc news, australia, published sunday, 15 november 2009. ] this includes many sent from great britain to australia as child migrants in a great number of organized emigration schemes supported by governments and other agencies. thousands of british children were also sent to other parts of the commonwealth, including canada and south africa and there have been calls for some time for other governments to apologize, including the british and canadian governments. i was surprised myself to see the comments attributed to alykhan velshi, spokesman for immigration minister jason kenney, saying that the child migrants ' experience was \" different \" in canada. [ \" canada won ' t apologize to british home children \" by gloria galloway, with a report from the associated press. globe and mail, published monday, nov. 16, 2009. see also \" canada shows no sign of apology to migrant children \" by tiffany crawford, canwest news service. published global news, monday, november 16, 2009 ] it appears that the british government is seriously considering an apology, but that canada will not, although canada may be willing to approve some kind of commemoration. right now, there is a bill in the canadian parliament to have 2010 designated as the year of the british home child in canada which, according to information in the globe and mail today, canada ' s immigration minister jason kenney supports and according to global news, alykhan velshi, spokesperson for the minister, has said the request for a canadian stamp honouring the home children has been approved. from the 1860s to the 1940s, some 100, 000 children were sent as ' child migrants ' to canada. here they were known as ' home children ' - the term used by most researchers in canada today. certainly not all were treated badly in canada, but even those who found new and happy homes, usually lost their connection to family in britain, or in some cases, even to other family in canada - siblings were often separated - a loss which many regretted and which their descendants are still working to correct. since this is a topic of interest to many in canada and now is in the news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44465415802584796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5b44fd5-a7b8-4874-88fc-3971eff73d5e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.079647"}
{"text": ", or in some cases, even to other family in canada - siblings were often separated - a loss which many regretted and which their descendants are still working to correct. since this is a topic of interest to many in canada and now is in the news, i ' m including here a selected list of sources of information and a very selective timeline. the primary research and information website now is the british home children descendants site. my list is not exhaustive, but is meant to get you started if you are interested in this aspect of canadian history, or if you are descended, or connected, as i am to a ' canadian home child '. books \u2013 most available at the british columbia genealogical society ' s walter draycott library. new lives for old : the story of britain \u2019 s child migrants by roger kershaw and janet sacks ( kew, richmond, surrey, england : the national archives, 2008 ). researching canada ' s home children by john d reid ( toronto : heritage books, 2005, with the british isles family history society of greater ottawa ). the golden bridge, young immigrants to canada 1833 - 1939 by marjorie kohli ( toronto : dundurn press, 2003 ). the quarriers story, one man ' s vision which gave over 40, 000 children a new life by anna magnusson ( toronto : dundurn press, 2006 ). the little immigrants : the orphans who came to canada by kenneth bagnell ( toronto : macmillan of canada, 1980 ). the home children edited by phyllis harrison ( winnipeg, manitoba : watson & dwyer publishing ltd., 1979 ). barnardo children in canada by gail h. corbett ( peterborough, ontario : woodland publishing, 1981 ). \u201c shipped to canada \u201d by janet sacks, who do you think you are? july 2008, pp. 26 - 31. \u201c tracing child migrant ancestors \u201d by roger kershaw, who do you think you are? july 2008, pp. 32 - 33, \u2018 home children \u2019 feature, anglo - celtic roots, british isles family history society of greater ottawa, summer 2008. includes \u201c the bifhsgo - lac home children program by john sayers, \u201c remembering brockville \u2019 s scottish orphans \u201d by carol arnett, \u201c henry gilchrist : a quarriers home child \u201d by bryan d. cook and \u201c john harold russell : a home child success \u201d by joyce c. fingland. \u201c finding dorothy \u201d by judy hassall, the british columbia genealogist, march 2007, pp. 35", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4486046043394518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5b44fd5-a7b8-4874-88fc-3971eff73d5e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.080624"}
{"text": "home child \u201d by bryan d. cook and \u201c john harold russell : a home child success \u201d by joyce c. fingland. \u201c finding dorothy \u201d by judy hassall, the british columbia genealogist, march 2007, pp. 35 - 38. \u201c childhood lost : the story of canada \u2019 s home children \u201d documentary, directed by donna davies. produced by cellar door and ocean entertainment, 2004. shown on knowledge network, sept 2008. websites and mailing lists : british home children descendants : http : / / www. britishhomechildren. org / the golden bridge ( scottish child emigration ) : home children, canadian genealogy centre : http : / / www. collectionscanada. gc. ca / genealogie / 022 - 908. 009 - e. html home children project, british isles family history society of greater ottawa ( bifhsgo ) : http : / / www. bifhsgo. ca / home _ children. htm young immigrants to canada, marjorie p. kohli : http : / / ist. uwaterloo. ca / ~ marj / genealogy / homeadd. html the british home children, perry snow, author of neither waif nor stray : home children, carol russell, tweetybird \u2019 s genealogy : http : / / freepages. genealogy. rootsweb. ancestry. com / ~ tweetybirdgenealogy / homechild. html emigration, see section 18 - child emigration, national archives of the u. k. : child emigration, your archives, national archives of the u. k. : http : / / yourarchives. nationalarchives. gov. uk / index. php? title = child _ emigration home children, olive tree genealogy : http : / / www. olivetreegenealogy. com / can / ont / homekids. shtml \u201c thy children own their birth : diasporic genealogies and the descendants of canada ' s home children \u201d by andrew morrison, 2006. phd thesis, university of nottingham, england. full text available on - line : http : / / etheses. nottingham. ac. uk / archive / 00000276 britishhomechildren rootsweb e - mailing list : http : / / lists. rootsweb. ancestry. com / index / intl / can / britishhomechildren. html \u2018 child emigration \u2019 agencies barnardo \u2019 s \u2013 making connections", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41077092037729035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5b44fd5-a7b8-4874-88fc-3971eff73d5e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.081507"}
{"text": "rootsweb e - mailing list : http : / / lists. rootsweb. ancestry. com / index / intl / can / britishhomechildren. html \u2018 child emigration \u2019 agencies barnardo \u2019 s \u2013 making connections : http : / / www. barnardos. org. uk / fosteringandadoption / fosteringandadoption _ resources / fosteringandadoption _ making _ connections. htm barnardo \u2019 s photo archive : http : / / www. barnardos. org. uk / resources / photo _ archive. htm quarrier \u2019 s, genealogy : http : / / www. quarriers. org. uk / about / genealogy fairbridge farm school, fintry, bc : http : / / www. fintry. ca / history / fairbridge. php \u2018 home children \u2019 research resources note * some records may be restricted, for example, to proven direct descendants only. some research may involve a fee. the national archives of the uk - home office, poor law union and board of governor records ( some available at local archives, including workhouse records ). also passenger lists, outbound ( see http : / / www. ancestorsonboard. com / ) university of liverpool, special collections - national childrens homes, barnardo \u2019 s and fairbridge society records barnardo \u2019 s - case files, including some for macpherson and marchmont children, 1882 - 1939. fee for search and copies. catholic children \u2019 s society archives \u2013 records of homes and emigration, registers of roman catholic workhouse children, 1870 - 1920 ; generally 100 year closure rule fegan \u2019 s homes - contact douglas fry ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ) for an initial search of his canadian home records database. nominal fee. library and archives canada \u2013 inbound passenger lists, home children database, copies of inspection reports of the immigration branch central registry ( 1892 - 1946 ) and the juvenile inspection reports ( mainly 1920s \u2013 see index on tweetybird genealogy ), and also the middlemore home records ( see bifhsgo website for index ) archives of british columbia \u2013 various records of fairbridge farm schools in b. c. for example, administration 1935 - 1961 \u2013 case files of \u201c student trainees \u201d, pages from punishment book ( 1944 - 46 cowichan station ), files of the fairbridge alumni association and the old fairbridgian association ( 1935 - 51 ). also copies of some federal files. also u.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45361202904917897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5b44fd5-a7b8-4874-88fc-3971eff73d5e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.082657"}
{"text": "trainees \u201d, pages from punishment book ( 1944 - 46 cowichan station ), files of the fairbridge alumni association and the old fairbridgian association ( 1935 - 51 ). also copies of some federal files. also u. k. and canadian newspapers \u2013 for instance, \u2018 newspaper clippings regarding home children \u2019 tweetybird genealogy : and the publications of each group involved, for example, the canadian barnardo magazine \u201c ups and downs \u201d ( see tweetybird genealogy for a list of known copies ) and the fegan \u2019 s homes newsletters ( being reprinted & indexed \u2013 see global genealogy : http : / / globalgenealogy. com / countries / canada / home - children / resources / 101041. htm ) for more research information, see young immigrants to canada, marg kohli : http : / / ist. uwaterloo. ca / ~ marj / genealogy / homeadd. html home children, canadian genealogy centre : http : / / www. collectionscanada. gc. ca / genealogy / 022 - 908. 009 - e. html new lives for old by roger kershaw and janet sacks. ( includes also information on british child emigration to australia and on world war ii child evacuees ) for more historical information, see various reports concerning home children on microform from canadiana. org ( previously the canadian institute for historical microreproductions ). a few available free at early canadiana online, for instance, \u201c canadian homes for london wanderers \u201d by annie macpherson ( original - london : morgan, chase & scott : [ 1870? ] ) : http : / / www. canadiana. org / eco. php - maria rye buys property at niagara on the lake. 1869 - rye brings first group on the \u2018 hibernian \u2019 - 100, aged 5 to 11. 1870 - annie macpherson brings 2 boys to canada ; marchmont home at belleville, ontario set up. - father nugent brings 35 children to canada \u2013 2 girls are 8 ; most 10 - 16. 1872 - marchmont \u2019 s blair atholl farm opens at galt, ontario. 1872 - first group of quarrier children to canada \u2013 64 boys. 1873 - first group of middlemore children to canada \u2013 29 children. 1873 - first stephenson group of children to canada \u2013 35 boys & 14 girls. 1874 - local government board in britain appoints andrew doyle to report on inspections. many concerns covered in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42472778672005557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5b44fd5-a7b8-4874-88fc-3971eff73d5e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.083562"}
{"text": "1873 - first group of middlemore children to canada \u2013 29 children. 1873 - first stephenson group of children to canada \u2013 35 boys & 14 girls. 1874 - local government board in britain appoints andrew doyle to report on inspections. many concerns covered in british papers. abt 1878 - all quarrier and some other scottish, and later barnardo children go through marchmont homes. ellen agnes bilbrough in charge. ( home closed 1925. ) 1883 - first group of barnardo children to canada \u2013 72 girls \u2013 one is four years old. 1884 - fegan \u2019 s first group of childen to canada \u2013 10 boys, then same year 50 more. 1887 - barnardo farm set up at russell, manitoba. 1888 - southwark catholic emigration society opens home in ottawa, ontario. 1895 - george everitt green, barnardo boy, found dead in owen sound, ontario, inquest \u2013 cause : neglect, starvation, violence. manslaughter trial \u2013 no decision? 1896 - barnardo home in winnipeg, manitoba opens. 1897 - ontario passes \u2018 act to regulate the immigration into ontario of certain classes of children \u2019 \u2013 requires licensing and inspection four times a year. - catholic emigration society opens farm at makinak, manitoba. 1903 - catholic emigration association formed \u2013 after a fact finding mission and report, sees spiritual, moral and material advantages for child emigrants to canada. 1915 - 1920 - no organized child emigration. 1920 - british child emigration resumes \u2013 581 children sent away. 1922 - empire settlement act \u2013 britain and canada agree to pay $ 40 towards cost of sending each child overseas. 1924 - canada \u2013 order in council prohibits unaccompanied emigrants under 14. 1935 - fairbridge prince of wales fairbridge farm school opens at cowichan station, british columbia. 1938 - fairbridge farm at fintry in b. c. \u2019 s okanagan opens. 1938 - last? quarrier group arrives on the \u2018 duchess of bedford \u2019. 1948 - fintry farm closes. 1948 - last \u2018 barnardo boy \u2019 arrives by air. 1949 - all fairbridge farm schools close.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39273309812686, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a5b44fd5-a7b8-4874-88fc-3971eff73d5e>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.084384"}
{"text": "nail problems and injuries minor fingernail and toenail problems are common. at one time or another, almost everyone has caught a nail on something, causing it to rip, or has smashed a finger in a door, leaving blood under the nail. these kinds of injuries can be quite painful but are usually not serious. you can often relieve pain and prevent infection of minor nail problems at home. normally, fingernails grow about one - tenth of a millimeter each day. toenails grow at about one - half or one - third the rate of the fingernails. aging and diseases that decrease blood flow to the hands and feet may slow nail growth. common nail changes include : - splitting, peeling, or brittle nails. these are common problems that develop when your hands are frequently exposed to water, strong soaps, and other chemicals. you may be able to prevent some of these problems if you use lotion and avoid repeatedly putting your hands in water. - little white marks ( leukonychia ) often appear after minor injuries. they may last for weeks or months and usually go away on their own. - it is common for a nail to turn black after an injury. the black or purple - black color is caused by blood under the nail and will go away as the injury heals. - black, brown, or purple discoloration under a nail that has not been injured may be caused by melanoma. - changes in the shape or texture of nails, which may occur for a variety of reasons. some nail changes, such as the formation of ridges, are normal with aging. thick, brittle, or dark nails are more common in older adults who have poor circulation. - ingrown nails, which are often caused by improper trimming, tight shoes, or heredity. your nails may grow into the surrounding skin, causing pain, swelling, and infection. in rare cases, an abscess may develop under a nail ( subungual abscess ). - separation from the nail bed. once your nail separates from its nail bed, for whatever reason, it will not reattach. nails grow back slowly. it takes about 6 months for fingernails and up to 18 months for toenails to grow back attached to the nail bed. - infection and allergic reactions. these are common problems caused by artificial nails. - fungal nail infections, which can vary in appearance depending on the type of fungus infecting the nail or the location of the infection. it is not unusual for fungal nail infections to follow athlete ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4261515712722857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:408f141b-343b-4a66-ad3a-847230128030>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.094705"}
{"text": "these are common problems caused by artificial nails. - fungal nail infections, which can vary in appearance depending on the type of fungus infecting the nail or the location of the infection. it is not unusual for fungal nail infections to follow athlete ' s foot infections. for more information, see the topic fungal nail infections. nail problems can also be caused by : - an injury to a nail. - hangnails, which may lead to a minor infection next to your nails ( paronychia ), causing the skin around the nails to become swollen and tender. - nail - biting, which can lead to fingertips that are red and sore and cuticles that bleed. nail - biting also increases the chance of bacterial infections around your nail beds and in your mouth. - side effects of medicines, such as chemotherapy and antimalarial medicines. - diseases of the skin, such as psoriasis and eczema. - skin growths, such as warts, cysts, and moles. - other diseases such as addison ' s disease, peripheral arterial disease, and hiv infection. check your symptoms to decide if and when you should see a doctor. home treatment can help relieve pain, prevent infection, and promote healing. to relieve pain from an injury to the nail, try the following : - apply ice and elevate the injured nail area as soon as possible after the injury. - trim a torn or detached nail, and tape the nail in place. - drain blood from under the nail. note : do not drain blood from under your nail if you have diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, or an immune system problem, or if you think a bone is broken. consider trying home treatment for the following problems : - an ingrown toenail - a hangnail - problems with an artificial nail - a weak, brittle, or splitting nail - an infection of the skin around a nail | try a nonprescription medicine to help treat your fever pain : | talk to your child \u2019 s doctor before switching back and forth between doses of acetaminophen and ibuprofen. when you switch between two medicines, there is a chance your child will get too much medicine. | be sure to follow these safety tips when you use a nonprescription medicine : | symptoms to watch for during home treatment call your doctor if any of the following occur during home treatment : - signs of infection develop. - symptoms become more severe or frequent despite home treatment. to prevent common nail problems : - apply hand cream frequently throughout the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4117282689226537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:408f141b-343b-4a66-ad3a-847230128030>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.095796"}
{"text": "symptoms to watch for during home treatment call your doctor if any of the following occur during home treatment : - signs of infection develop. - symptoms become more severe or frequent despite home treatment. to prevent common nail problems : - apply hand cream frequently throughout the day. be sure to massage the cream into the nail and cuticle. - wear gloves when you are working in your garden or when the weather turns cold. - wear cotton - lined rubber gloves or disposable plastic gloves to protect your hands from overexposure to water, detergents, and other chemicals. - trim your fingernails weekly, after bathing, when they - do not trim nails too short. - use an emery board and sharp manicure scissors or clippers to trim your fingernails. nails that are smooth and well - cared for are less likely to become damaged. trim toenails monthly, after bathing. - cut them straight across and leave the nails a little longer at the corners so that the sharp ends don ' t cut into your skin. - if you have a chronic disease, such as diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, or a disease that causes problems with your immune system, discuss with your doctor the best way to trim your toenails before trimming them yourself. - be especially careful when trimming your baby ' s nails. - avoid trimming your cuticles. even a minor cut alongside your nail can cause infection. - do not bite or pick at your nails. to prevent a fungal nail infection : - keep your feet clean and dry. dry feet are less likely to become infected. apply powder to your feet when needed. - wear clean, dry socks. change your socks once a day or more frequently if they become wet. - wear roomy shoes that allow air to circulate around your feet. - wear shower sandals or shower shoes when you use public pools, spas, and showers. to prevent problems with artificial nails : - test for a reaction to the artificial nail by having just one nail applied. wait several days to see whether redness, itching, pain, or rash around or under the nail or separation of the nail from the nail bed develops. - do not apply an artificial nail if the nail or the skin around the nail looks irritated or infected. - if an artificial nail does separate from the nail bed, dip your fingertip into rubbing alcohol for 15 seconds before reattaching the artificial nail. this will clean the space between the nails. - do not wear artificial nails for longer than 3 months at a time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4470161159204398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:408f141b-343b-4a66-ad3a-847230128030>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.096723"}
{"text": "nail does separate from the nail bed, dip your fingertip into rubbing alcohol for 15 seconds before reattaching the artificial nail. this will clean the space between the nails. - do not wear artificial nails for longer than 3 months at a time. give your natural nails a month to rest before reapplying artificial nails. preparing for your appointment to prepare for your appointment, see the topic making the most of your appointment. you can help your doctor diagnose and treat your condition by being prepared to answer the following questions : - when did your nail problem begin? - was there an injury? - have you had a nail problem like this in the past? if so, how was it treated? - did you try any home treatment? if so, what? did it help? - has anything improved your nail problem or made it worse? - are you taking any medicines? - do you have any health risks? | primary medical reviewer | | william h. blahd, jr., md, facep - emergency medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | h. michael o ' connor, md - emergency medicine | | last revised | | october 12, 2010 | last revised : october 12, 2010 to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3997677265403373, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:408f141b-343b-4a66-ad3a-847230128030>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.097227"}
{"text": "- tumor grade is the description of a tumor based on how abnormal the tumor cells and tumor tissue look under a microscope. - tumor grade is an indicator of how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. - tumor grading systems differ depending on the type of cancer. - tumor grade may be one of the factors considered when planning treatment for a patient. what is tumor grade? tumor grade is the description of a tumor based on how abnormal the tumor cells and the tumor tissue look under a microscope. it is an indicator of how quickly a tumor is likely to grow and spread. if the cells of the tumor and the organization of the tumor \u2019 s tissue are close to those of normal cells and tissue, the tumor is called \u201c well - differentiated. \u201d these tumors tend to grow and spread at a slower rate than tumors that are \u201c undifferentiated \u201d or \u201c poorly differentiated, \u201d which have abnormal - looking cells and may lack normal tissue structures. based on these and other differences in microscopic appearance, doctors assign a numerical \u201c grade \u201d to most cancers. the factors used to determine tumor grade can vary between different types of cancer. tumor grade is not the same as the stage of a cancer. cancer stage refers to the size and / or extent ( reach ) of the original ( primary ) tumor and whether or not cancer cells have spread in the body. cancer stage is based on factors such as the location of the primary tumor, tumor size, regional lymph node involvement ( the spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes ), and the number of tumors present. more information about staging is in the nci fact sheet cancer staging. how is tumor grade determined? if a tumor is suspected to be malignant, a doctor removes all or part of it during a procedure called a biopsy. a pathologist ( a doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope ) then examines the biopsied tissue to determine whether the tumor is benign or malignant. the pathologist also determines the tumor \u2019 s grade and identifies other characteristics of the tumor. the nci fact sheet pathology reports describes the type of information that can be found in a pathologist \u2019 s report about the visual and microscopic examination of tissue removed during a biopsy or other surgery. how are tumor grades classified? grading systems differ depending on the type of cancer. in general, tumors are graded as 1, 2, 3, or 4, depending on the amount of abnormality. in grade 1 tumors, the tumor cells and the organization of the tumor tissue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.50606272752019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44569d3f-f809-4a38-9510-6c36ff2fccbc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.101655"}
{"text": "? grading systems differ depending on the type of cancer. in general, tumors are graded as 1, 2, 3, or 4, depending on the amount of abnormality. in grade 1 tumors, the tumor cells and the organization of the tumor tissue appear close to normal. these tumors tend to grow and spread slowly. in contrast, the cells and tissue of grade 3 and grade 4 tumors do not look like normal cells and tissue. grade 3 and grade 4 tumors tend to grow rapidly and spread faster than tumors with a lower grade. if a grading system for a tumor type is not specified, the following system is generally used ( 1 ) : what are some of the cancer type - specific grading systems? breast and prostate cancers are the most common types of cancer that have their own grading systems. breast cancer. doctors most often use the nottingham grading system ( also called the elston - ellis modification of the scarff - bloom - richardson grading system ) for breast cancer ( 1 ). this system grades breast tumors based on the following features : - tubule formation : how much of the tumor tissue has normal breast ( milk ) duct structures - nuclear grade : an evaluation of the size and shape of the nucleus in the tumor cells - mitotic rate : how many dividing cells are present, which is a measure of how fast the tumor cells are growing and dividing each of the categories gets a score between 1 and 3 ; a score of \u201c 1 \u201d means the cells and tumor tissue look the most like normal cells and tissue, and a score of \u201c 3 \u201d means the cells and tissue look the most abnormal. the scores for the three categories are then added, yielding a total score of 3 to 9. three grades are possible : - total score = 3 \u2013 5 : g1 ( low grade or well differentiated ) - total score = 6 \u2013 7 : g2 ( intermediate grade or moderately differentiated ) - total score = 8 \u2013 9 : g3 ( high grade or poorly differentiated ) prostate cancer. the gleason scoring system is used to grade prostate cancer ( 1 ). the gleason score is based on biopsy samples taken from the prostate. the pathologist checks the samples to see how similar the tumor tissue looks to normal prostate tissue. both a primary and a secondary pattern of tissue organization are identified. the primary pattern represents the most common tissue pattern seen in the tumor, and the secondary pattern represents the next most common pattern. each pattern is given a grade from 1 to 5, with 1 looking the most like normal prostate tissue and 5 looking the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47741902281560245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44569d3f-f809-4a38-9510-6c36ff2fccbc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.102625"}
{"text": ". the primary pattern represents the most common tissue pattern seen in the tumor, and the secondary pattern represents the next most common pattern. each pattern is given a grade from 1 to 5, with 1 looking the most like normal prostate tissue and 5 looking the most abnormal. the two grades are then added to give a gleason score. the american joint committee on cancer recommends grouping gleason scores into the following categories ( 1 ) : - gleason x : gleason score cannot be determined - gleason 2 \u2013 6 : the tumor tissue is well differentiated - gleason 7 : the tumor tissue is moderately differentiated - gleason 8 \u2013 10 : the tumor tissue is poorly differentiated or undifferentiated how does tumor grade affect a patient \u2019 s treatment options? doctors use tumor grade and other factors, such as cancer stage and a patient \u2019 s age and general health, to develop a treatment plan and to determine a patient \u2019 s prognosis ( the likely outcome or course of a disease ; the chance of recovery or recurrence ). generally, a lower grade indicates a better prognosis. a higher - grade cancer may grow and spread more quickly and may require immediate or more aggressive treatment. the importance of tumor grade in planning treatment and determining a patient \u2019 s prognosis is greater for certain types of cancer, such as soft tissue sarcoma, primary brain tumors, and breast and prostate cancer. patients should talk with their doctor for more information about tumor grade and how it relates to their treatment and prognosis. american joint committee on cancer. ajcc cancer staging manual. 7th ed. new york, ny : springer ; 2010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47927866006706693, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44569d3f-f809-4a38-9510-6c36ff2fccbc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.104083"}
{"text": "\u201c \u2026 first, to understand what life is, we must understand how we identify it. evolutionary psychologists claim that we distinguish living and non - living things only because it confers a genetic advantage. animals need to know what to count as predator or prey \u2013 they cannot afford to waste time running away from rocks. the human tendency to err on the side of caution \u2013 the coats in the cupboard become a terrifying monster \u2013 is a throwback to our evolutionary heritage when failure to recognize sleeping lions as alive could be fatal. because of the obvious survival - advantage of life - recognition, psychologist steven pinker argues that we possess a \u2018 folk biology, \u2019 analogous to folk psychology : \u201c the distinction between living and non - living things is appreciated early, perhaps before the first birthday. the cut originally takes the form of a difference between inanimate objects that move around according to the rules of billiard ball physics and objects like people and animals that are self - propelled. \u201d experiments by psychologist frank keil demonstrate that toddlers shown a toy bird being covered in real feathers and filled with \u2018 avian - insides \u2019 always say it is still non - living. despite lifelike cosmetic changes, it still lacks a critical something to make it a real bird. we can conclude that in the same way that we think of other humans as possessing minds, we think of other living things as possessing some quality which makes them living. this, i believe, is the origin of haldane \u2019 s intuition. the philosophy of vitalism values this intuition as the best tool to define life, arguing that every life - form is made living by a something special, an \u2018 oomph, \u2019 which we cannot reduce to mechanical laws. haldane himself said : \u201c it is life we are studying in biology, and not phenomena which can be represented by the causal conceptions of physics and chemistry. \u201d life, being self - propelled, was somehow beyond physics \u2013 this idea led philosopher henri bergson to posit a new vital - force of life located in the cell cytoplasm. in the early twentieth century, however, cytoplasm was revealed to be governed by the same laws as any chemical \u2013 no magical \u2018 oomph \u2019 was ever found. and no wonder! it is an easy explanation which explains nothing ; a hazy tautology \u2013 vital - force is the thing that makes living things living \u2013 designed simply to justify our intuitions. ultimately haldane came to reject vitalism, preferring to see life as a multifaceted phenomenon. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5868453232086369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4f0e4f8-98bf-4ccf-b7b6-5c90e6dcef18>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.113391"}
{"text": "explains nothing ; a hazy tautology \u2013 vital - force is the thing that makes living things living \u2013 designed simply to justify our intuitions. ultimately haldane came to reject vitalism, preferring to see life as a multifaceted phenomenon. this appealed to philosopher henry woodger who urged scientists to abandon the word life, instead sticking to listing the properties of living organisms. the laboured definition has now become paradigmatic, turning biologists away from the big philosophical questions concerning life. this is seen in the introduction to most biology textbooks. but the problem with the listing method is that it pretends to tell us what life is, but really only gives us a shopping list of things to look for in living things, ignoring the deeper question of how these properties make things living. furthermore, lists almost always disagree, being dependent on the author \u2019 s personal prejudices. hiding behind our intuition, steven pinker says, is a subjective tick - box of properties which the professional biologist merely couches in technical language. the most important of these properties is the idea that each life - form, besides being self - propelled, contains an essence \u2013 a caterpillar may change into a chrysalis, and then into a butterfly, but despite these huge anatomical changes we feel it is still the same animal. non - living objects lack this essential identity which goes unchanged during the life - cycles of living things. taxonomist ernst mayr believes that essentialism is just as dangerous as vitalism when defining life. he blames plato \u2019 s perfect forms and their overbearing influence on western philosophy. we divide organisms into broad taxonomic categories, specifying the ideal ( average! ) ant or panda \u2013 knowledge we can then use to generalize and make predictions about nature. but therein lies the rub : mayr says \u201c generalizations in biology are almost invariably of a probabilistic nature. \u201d science, as a product of our essentialist intuitions, has been dominated by the search for strict definitions and universal laws. when defining life, however, we must embrace what mayr calls \u2018 population thinking. \u2019 we must see each individual in the population as unique, rejecting the idea of the typical tiger. because \u201c variation is attributed to the imperfect manifestation of the underlying essences, \u201d many intuitive essentialists struggle to accept evolution by natural selection. consider the creationists \u2019 mocking demands for a \u2018 fronkey \u2019, halfway between frog and monkey \u2013 they see species as inviolate categories. they imagine evolutionary change as being a pokemon - like transformation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.634975424968586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4f0e4f8-98bf-4ccf-b7b6-5c90e6dcef18>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.114437"}
{"text": "##ting information in the form of rna. natural selection can operate on that information favouring in the end the development of cell - walls and all the paraphernalia of life : \u201c macros gradually built up [ the ] \u2018 molecular toolkit \u2019 that living cells used to recreate themselves, while also building around themselves the sorts of structures that became, in due course, the protective membranes of the first prokaryotic cells. \u201d this theory \u2013 or at least the underlying mechanism \u2013 chemists say, is our best plausible explanation of the origin of life. for philosophers investigating life, however, the interesting fact is that evolution by \u2018 macros \u2019 is purported to have taken almost one billion years. thus we have a huge temporal fuzzy zone between matter we would definitely call non - living and prokaryotes we would certainly call living. dennett calls the macros \u2018 quasi - living \u2019 \u2013 but are they 99 %, 50 % or 20 % living? the question is absurd. yet, if we take vitalism seriously, we are obliged to ask it \u2013 if living things are driven by pure \u2018 oomph, \u2019 quasi - living things must have some fraction of that \u2018 oomph! \u2019 the evolutionary model of the origin of life says that there is no exact cut - off from non - living to living, implying that whatever defines life cannot have just appeared ; it must have evolved. the consequences of this for our understanding of life are enormous. if we can \u2019 t clearly separate living and non - living matter in time, why should we be able to do it in space? this calls for a far looser concept of life, derived from those pre - biotic macros. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5697831074412979, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4f0e4f8-98bf-4ccf-b7b6-5c90e6dcef18>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.116318"}
{"text": "a doctor recounts the story of an old priest who found consolation in the hospice section of a hospital for the alleviation of pain from cancer. his father had died when he was only two years old so he doesn ' t remember his father. this left him alone with his mother. the church in the village was the refuge for the mother, and the son also grew close to the church community. one of his relatives was a religious sister and the thought did come to him of entering the priesthood and in high school this became his decision. he often said it was the prayers of his mother that enabled him to become a priest. a picture taken together with his mother when he entered the seminary is in his wallet and in a frame that continues to be on his desk at home. his mother was his father, teacher, friend and sweetheart. the person who would have been the happiest on the day of his ordination. but she collapsed suddenly two month before his ordination and died shortly after. now in the hospital he would frequently call out to his mother when experiencing pain, wrote his attending doctor in the culture of life column of the peace weekly. medically there was no more that could be done. the cancer had spread throughout the body and there was no medical way of controlling the pain. this is difficult, the doctor said, not only for the patient but for all those who are taking care of the patient. this common occurrence is frustrating for the medical profession and leaves most doctors with a feeling of helplessness. recounts the greek myth of alcyone and ceyx. the husband ceyx went on a trip by boat and did not return. alcyone went to the port daily waiting for his return and praying to the gods for his safe return. one of the gods felt sorry for alcyone whose husband had died in a shipwreck, so he had morpheus make her husband appear in a dream that would make clear what had happened to him. with this news she went back to the ocean and prayed for his heavenly bliss. during the priest ' s pastoral days, whenever his mother was mentioned, all the christians knew that tears would come to the priest ' s eyes. when he was diagnosed with cancer and became weak, the thought of his mother came often. when he was in pain he used to say that his mother would appear to him in a dream. only when he relied on morphine that he was able to rid himself of the pain of cancer and get some sleep. it was at that time that the expression on his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4762125230057759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1adaaa58-6be0-481a-b169-2168ea8b8dc2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.119009"}
{"text": "amnesty international, a human rights organization that used to be abortion neutral, is now using the problem of maternal mortality to advocate for abortion. in a new report, ostensibly on medical care for maternal health, amnesty calls on governments to repeal abortion laws and conscience protection for medical workers who may object. they also call for public health systems to train and equip health care providers to perform abortions. amnesty \u2019 s \u201c maternal health is a human right \u201d campaign focuses attention on four countries : sierra leone, burkina faso, peru, and the united states. amnesty argues that maternal mortality will decrease if it is treated as a human rights issue, if costs to health care are covered by governments, and if a right for women to control their reproductive and sex lives is established. the united states \u2019 maternal mortality ratio is only 21 deaths per 100, 000 live births compared to burkina faso \u2019 s 300 and sierra leone \u2019 s 890 deaths per 100, 000 births. the amnesty \u2019 s report that in sierra leone, burkina faso, and peru, that women face death because of inadequate medical conditions and corruption. but then the report goes further arguing that abortion is needed, too. even though amnesty says the united states has the best health care system in the world, the group urges that abortion services be expanded and obstacles eliminated, including what they call racial and cost barriers. they say abortion services are restricted for native americans and women on medicaid since abortions are only paid for by the government in cases of rape, incest, or when the woman \u2019 s life is in danger. these women can still obtain an abortion, but it would not be covered by federal insurance. amnesty takes issue with restraints on abortion, including conscience clauses and laws that allow health care providers and institutions to decline to commit an abortion if it is against their religious or moral beliefs. elsewhere amnesty has called for small steps towards the legalization of abortion. the group submitted a report to the un committee on the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women ( cedaw ) calling for the legalization of abortion in mexico for women who are pregnant as a result of rape or incest. according to its official position, \u201c amnesty international believes that where women \u2019 s access to safe and legal abortion services and information is restricted, their fundamental human rights may be at grave risk. \u201d at the time amnesty changed its position, many long - time catholic supports left the group and at least one vatican cardinal called upon catholics no longer to support the group. in the intervening years amnesty has become an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3609219859635793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:df4f126b-9494-4d95-bbef-2b883be89cd9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.123000"}
{"text": "haganah ( ' the defense ' ) 1936... the revolt of the palestinian arab masses in 1936 made berlin re - think the implications of their pro - zionist policies. intense unrest had been aroused in october 1935 by the discovery of weapons in a cement cargo bound for tel aviv, and the situation became feverish in november when shaykh izz al - din al - qassam, a popular muslim preacher, took to the hills with a guerrilla band. british troops soon killed him, but his funeral developed into a passionate demonstration. the crisis dragged on for months before it finally exploded on the night of 15 april 1936, when a remnant of qassam \u2019 s band stopped traffic on the tulkarm road, robbing travellers and killing two jews. two arabs were slain in reprisal the next night. the funeral of the jews turned into a right - wing zionist demonstration and the crowd started marching on arab jaffa. the police opened fire, four jews were shot and, again, arabs were attacked on the streets of tel aviv in retaliation. a counter - march soon started for tel aviv. the revolt was on. a spontaneous general strike developed and the pressure from below forced the rival cliques within the arab establishment to unite in an arab higher committee under the leadership of the mufti. however, the higher committee feared that the continuation of the rising would put the peasantry permanently beyond its leaders \u2019 control, and finally prevailed upon the strike committees to call off the protest on 12 october, pending the outcome of a british royal commission \u2019 s investigation. until the arab revolt, the nazis \u2019 patronage of zionism had been warm but scarcely committed, as we have seen. however, with the political turmoil in palestine and the appointment of the peel commission, the wzo saw their chance to persuade the nazis to make a public commitment to them in palestine itself. on 8 december 1936 a joint delegation of the jewish agency, the highest body of the wzo in palestine, and the hitachdut olei germania ( the german immigrants association ), went to the jerusalem office of doehle, the german consul - general. the zionist scholar, david yisraeli, has related the incident. they sought through doehle to persuade the nazi government to have its jerusalem representative appear before the peel commission, and declare that germany was interested in an increased immigration to palestine because of its eagerness to have the jews emigrate from germany. the consul, however, rejected the proposal on the spot. his official reasons were that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46253614336356297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05a78b92-8436-467f-a4bb-14611ee98a95>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.129151"}
{"text": "representative appear before the peel commission, and declare that germany was interested in an increased immigration to palestine because of its eagerness to have the jews emigrate from germany. the consul, however, rejected the proposal on the spot. his official reasons were that considerations of increased immigration from germany would inevitably bring out the matter of the transfer which was detrimental to british exports to palestine. characteristically, the zionists were more eager to extend their relationship than the nazis, but doehle \u2019 s rejection of their request did not stop them from further approaches. the outcome of the peel commission \u2019 s expedition was thought crucial to the zionist endeavour and it was therefore the haganah, then the military arm of the jewish agency ( de facto the labour zionist militia ), that obtained berlin \u2019 s permission to negotiate directly with the sicherheitsdienst ( sd ), the security service of the ss. a haganah agent, feivel polkes, arrived in berlin on 26 february 1937 and was assigned adolf eichmann as his negotiating partner. eichmann had been a protege of the pro - zionist von mildenstein and, like his mentor, had studied hebrew, read herzl and was the sd \u2019 s specialist on zionism. the eichmann - polkes conversations were recorded in a report prepared by eichmann \u2019 s superior, franz - albert six, which was found in the ss files captured by the american army at the end of the second world war : polkes is a national - zionist he is against all jews who are opposed to the erection of a jewish state in palestine. as a haganah man he fights against communism and all aims of arab - british friendship... he noted that the haganah \u2019 s goal is to reach, as soon as possible, a jewish majority in palestine. therefore he worked, as this objective required, with or against the british intelligence service, the surete generale, with england and italy... he declared himself willing to work for germany in the form of providing intelligence as long as this does not oppose his own political goals. among other things he would support german foreign policy in the near east. he would try to find oil sources for the german reich without affecting british spheres of interest if the german monetary regulations were eased for jewish emigrants to palestine. six definitely thought that a working alliance with the haganah would be in the nazis \u2019 interest. they still needed the latest inside information on the various jewish boycott groups and on jewish plots against the lives of prominent nazis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46395599484764466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05a78b92-8436-467f-a4bb-14611ee98a95>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.130328"}
{"text": "for jewish emigrants to palestine. six definitely thought that a working alliance with the haganah would be in the nazis \u2019 interest. they still needed the latest inside information on the various jewish boycott groups and on jewish plots against the lives of prominent nazis. he was eager to allow the ss to help the zionists in return. pressure can be put on the reich representation of jews in germany in such a way that those jews emigrating from germany go exclusively to palestine and not go to other countries. such measures lie entirely in the german interest and is already prepared through measures of the gestapo. polkes \u2019 plans to create a jewish majority in palestine would be aided at the same time through these measures. zionism in the age of the dictators chapter 8. palestine \u2013 the arabs, zionists, british and nazis heinz hohne in the order of the death ' s head : the story of hitler ' s ss also writes about the proposed ss - haganah military alliance in the mid - 1930s which was considered during this ( above ) planned visit by eichmann and entourage in 1937. zionist collaboration with fascism / nazism in the 20th century has been documented in extensive detail by such historians as lenni brenner in 51 documents : zionist collaboration with the nazis ( the quintessential work on this subject ), zionism in the age of dictators ( also by brenner and available online in html format ) hannah arendt ' s eichmann in jerusalem, edwin black ' s the transfer agreement : the dramatic story of the pact between the third reich and jewish palestine, francis r. nicosia ' s the third reich and the palestine question, rudolf vrba and alan bestic ' s i cannot forgive, and rafael medoff ' s the deadening silence : american jews and the holocaust. from lenni brenner ' s 51 documents : zionist collaboration with the nazis : zionist factions competed for the honor of allying to hitler. by 1940 - 41, the \" stern gang, \" among them yitzhak shamir, later prime minister of israel, presented the nazis with the \" fundamental features of the proposal of the national military organization in palestine ( irgun zvai leumi ) concerning the solution of the jewish question in europe and the participation of the nmo in the war on the side of germany. \" mae brussell ' s program number 837 (? free sample available online ) makes reference to the haganah assisting martin bormann ' s escape to south america and subsequent liaison via", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4025076231661855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05a78b92-8436-467f-a4bb-14611ee98a95>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.131320"}
{"text": "christiananswers. net webbible encyclopedia meaning : highland ; the name elam is an assyrian word meaning \u201c high. \u201d the son of shem ( gen. 10 : 22 ), and the name of the country inhabited by his descendants ( 14 : 1, 9 ; isa. 11 : 11 ; 21 : 2, etc. ) lying to the east of babylonia, and extending to the shore of the mediterranean, a distance in a direct line of about 1, 000 miles \u201c the inhabitants of elam, or \u2018 the highlands, \u2019 to the east of babylon, were called elamites. they were divided into several branches, speaking different dialects of the same agglutinative language. the race to which they belonged was brachycephalic, or short - headed, like the pre - semitic sumerians of babylonia. \u201c the earliest elamite kingdom seems to have been that of anzan, the exact site of which is uncertain ; but in the time of abraham, shushan or susa appears to have already become the capital of the country. babylonia was frequently invaded by the elamite kings, who at times asserted their supremacy over it ( as in the case of chedorlaomer, the kudur - lagamar, or \u2018 servant of the goddess lagamar, \u2019 of the cuneiform texts ). \u201c the later assyrian monarchs made several campaigns against elam, and finally assur - bani - pal ( about b. c. 650 ) succeeded in conquering the country, which was ravaged with fire and sword. on the fall of the assyrian empire, elam passed into the hands of the persians \u201d ( a. h. sayce ). this country was called by the greeks cissia or susiana.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4696991136121511, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69ea565b-c1df-4aef-8e47-c1337256de7f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.133049"}
{"text": "achille - claude debussy ( 1862 - 1918 ) was born in saint - germain - en - laye, about 20 miles outside of paris, the son of shopkeepers. ( he eventually would drop the achille. ) the family soon moved to clichy, closer to paris. young claude thought of being a painter, while his father initially hoped his son would enter the navy. it was the pianist antoinette maute, a student of chopin, who discovered his musical talent and prepared him for entrance to the paris conservatory at age 11. the boy began as a pianist, but switched to composition. his abilities were obvious, as were yearnings to break free from the composition restraints taught at the conservatory. traveling intensified those yearnings. a trip to russia exposed him to the exotic harmony of composers like rimsky - korsakov and borodin. later he would discover the nativism of mussorgsky. winning the prix de rome sent him to rome for study in 1884, though he did not enjoy his stay there and returned to paris before the end of his term. a trip to bayreuth in 1888 helped make him a devotee of wagner ; a visit a year later began his retreat. that same year he was captivated by the free melodies and rhythms of the javanese music he heard at the universal expedition in paris ( as was the younger ravel ). in the 1890s he encountered the french symbolist movement and joined the circle of its leader, stephane mallarme, who neatly summed up its attractions this way : \" to name an object is to sacrifice \u00be of that enjoyment \u2026 that comes from the guessing bit by bit. \" symbolism led him to the impressionism of painters like claude monet, and that helped lead him to applying impressionist techniques to music. debussy ' s first significant works appeared in the 1890s. two were based on symbolist writings : prelude to the afternoon of a faun ( mallarme ) and fetes galantes, a song cycle with texts by verlaine. the string quartet appeared in 1893, and his opera pelleas et melisande in 1895. other significant works followed. nocturnes ( 1890s ), la mer ( 1905 ), the piano images ( 1905 & 1907 ), and in 1912, the three - movement orchestral images ( the two images are different works ). in 1909 the cancer that would eventually kill him made its first appearance, but debussy continued to work. several major piano works appeared in the following", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4299909025455319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29fa53fd-befe-448d-823b-5503d1afd8fe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.141056"}
{"text": ", and in 1912, the three - movement orchestral images ( the two images are different works ). in 1909 the cancer that would eventually kill him made its first appearance, but debussy continued to work. several major piano works appeared in the following years ( preludes, etudes, en blanc et noir, and others ), a major orchestral work ( jeux ), and three instrumental sonatas, including his last work, the violin sonata in 1917. debussy was often described as catlike in his physical manner. he was in fact a lover of cats, a hedonist who was quite the bohemian and cafe - goer. he was not terribly active except when composing. his means were limited, and he was often in debt. he had a few scandalous affairs ( his first wife and one paramour attempted suicide ), two wives and one daughter. his later years were marred by the pain of the cancer that would keep him housebound and eventually kill him. debussy was a dreamer whose music dreamed with him. his work tended toward the amorphous and liquid, with delicate changes in color, and soft, indefinite cadences. his rhythm wasn ' t terribly free at first, but by la mer he was defying the bar - line and combining several complex rhythms at once. he adopted the impressionist technique of using color and light to suggest rather than define scenes and objects, but he was too concerned with form to be definitively classified as an \" impressionist. \" he was often more interested in instrument timbres than the melody they produced, and his orchestration was precisely and subtly drawn. he also understood the dramatic value of silence. perhaps most important was his extension of western harmony and tonality beyond where wagner had taken it. rather than limiting himself to major and minor keys, standard rules of chord building, and wagner ' s chromaticism, he extended his harmony with the eastern - sounding whole tone scale, medieval modes, chords built from the harmonics and overtones of instruments, and pure imagination. debussy did not spawn disciples, as wagner, mahler, schoenberg, et al., did. he was more of a quiet revolutionary, but as a pivotal, transitional figure between the late romantics and the 20th century, his influence on 20th century music was just as strong. copyright \u00a9 2008 by roger hecht.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4726086677511635, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29fa53fd-befe-448d-823b-5503d1afd8fe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.142030"}
{"text": "greenland, antarctic ice loss confirmed in landmark study november 29, 2012 pasadena, calif. \u2013 an international team of experts supported by nasa and the european space agency ( esa ) has combined data from multiple satellites and aircraft to produce the most comprehensive and accurate assessment to date of ice sheet losses in greenland and antarctica and their contributions to sea level rise. in a landmark study published thursday in the journal science, 47 researchers from 26 laboratories report the combined rate of melting for the ice sheets covering greenland and antarctica has increased during the last 20 years. together, these ice sheets are losing more than three times as much ice each year ( equivalent to sea level rise of 0. 04 inches or 0. 95 millimeters ) as they were in the 1990s ( equivalent to 0. 01 inches or 0. 27 millimeters ). about two - thirds of the loss is coming from greenland, with the rest from antarctica. this rate of ice sheet losses falls within the range reported in 2007 by the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ). the spread of estimates in the 2007 ipcc report was so broad, however, it was not clear whether antarctica was growing or shrinking. the new estimates, which are more than twice as accurate because of the inclusion of more satellite data, confirm both antarctica and greenland are losing ice. combined, melting of these ice sheets contributed 0. 44 inches ( 11. 1 millimeters ) to global sea levels since 1992. this accounts for one - fifth of all sea level rise over the 20 - year survey period. the remainder is caused by the thermal expansion of the warming ocean, melting of mountain glaciers and small arctic ice caps, and groundwater mining. \u201c both ice sheets appear to be losing more ice now than 20 years ago, but the pace of ice loss from greenland is extraordinary, with nearly a five - fold increase since the mid - 1990s, \u201d ivins said. \u201c in contrast, the overall loss of ice in antarctica has remained fairly constant, with the data suggesting a 50 - percent increase in antarctic ice loss during the last decade. \u201d more than 4tn tonnes of ice from greenland and antarctica has melted in the past 20 years and flowed into the oceans, pushing up sea levels, according to a study that provides the best measure to date of the effectclimate change is having on the earth \u2019 s biggest ice sheets. the research involved dozens of scientists and 10 satellite missions and presents a disturbing picture of the impact of recent warming at the poles. the scientists claim the study, published in the journal science, ends", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4850953981319334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0195f143-c95e-428f-80b9-8cb5fb3fedf6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.146234"}
{"text": "change is having on the earth \u2019 s biggest ice sheets. the research involved dozens of scientists and 10 satellite missions and presents a disturbing picture of the impact of recent warming at the poles. the scientists claim the study, published in the journal science, ends a long - running debate over whether the vast ice sheet covering the antarctic continent is losing or gaining mass. east antarctica is gaining some ice, the satellite data shows, but west antarctica and the antarctic peninsula is losing twice as much, meaning overall the sheet is melting. \u201c the estimates are the most reliable to date, and end 20 years of uncertainty of ice mass changes in antarctica and greenland, \u201d said study leader, andrew shepherd, of leeds university. \u201c there have been 30 different estimates of the sea level rise contribution of greenland and antarctica, ranging from an annual 2mm rise to a 0. 4mm fall. \u201c we can state definitively that both greenland and antarctica are losing mass, and as [ the ] temperature goes up we are going to lose more ice. \u201d the study shows the melting of the two giant ice sheets has caused the seas to rise by more than 11mm in 20 years. it also found greenland is losing ice mass at five times the rate of the early 1990s. the uncertainties over ice cap melting have made it difficult for scientists to predict sea level rise. but prof richard alley, of penn state university, us, who was not involved in the study, said : \u201c this project is a spectacular achievement. the data will support essential testing of predictive models, and will lead to a better understanding of how sea level change may depend on the human decisions that influence global temperatures. \u201d rising sea level is one of the greatest long - term threats posed by climate change, threatening low - lying cities and increasing the damage wrought by hurricanes and typhoons. the results show that the largest ice sheet \u2013 that of east antarctica \u2013 has gained mass over the study period of 1992 - 2011 as increased snowfall added to its volume. however, greenland, west antarctica and the antarctic peninsula were all found to be losing mass \u2013 and on a scale that more than compensates for east antarctica \u2019 s gain. the study \u2019 s headline conclusion is that the polar ice sheets have overall contributed 11. 1mm to sea level rise but with a \u201c give or take \u201d uncertainty of 3. 8mm \u2013 meaning the contribution could be as little as 7. 3mm or as much as 14. 9mm. \u201c we can now say for sure that antarctica is losing ice and we can see how the rate of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4604463291930738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0195f143-c95e-428f-80b9-8cb5fb3fedf6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.147366"}
{"text": "\" after the mountain pine beetle workshop \" to discuss future forests and tree farming by a panel of experts on the subject. the workshop is to be held at the granby fire station on april 14, 2012 at 10am. mountain pine beetle is a naturally occurring pest associated with mature, crowded, even - aged lodgepole pine forests. the mpb does not respect property boundaries, so you must do mitigation work or preventative spraying to protect your high value trees. mountain pine beetle ( dendroctonus ponderosae ) is an insect native to the forests of western north america. mpb develop in pines, particularly ponderosa, lodgepole, scotch and limber pine. during early stages of an outbreak, attacks are limited largely to trees under stress from injury, poor site conditions, fire damage, overcrowding, root disease or old age. presently, as the beetle population has increased, any tree larger than 4 \u201d in diameter is vulnerable to attack. if a tree is attacked there may be popcorn - shaped masses of resin called pitch tubes on the trunk. these pitch tubes can be brown, pink or white in color. boring dust will also be present in bark crevices and on the ground immediately adjacent to the tree base and woodpeckers may be feeding on the beetles / larvae in the trunk actually de - barking the tree. once a tree is infested with the mpb, even if it is still green, the tree cannot be saved. the summer following a successful attack, the pine needles will turn yellowish to reddish throughout the entire tree crown. by july the adult beetles start to leave the dying trees, so after the first year, dead trees no longer harbor mpb. under epidemic or outbreak conditions, enough beetles can emerge from an infested tree to kill anywhere from two to ten trees the following year. in the long - term management, thin susceptible stands with emphasis on leaving well - spaced, healthy trees. in the short term, spray non - infested tree trunks with preventative insecticide sprays to protect trees from attack. again, once a tree is attacked, nothing can be done to save the tree. it is best to remove an infested tree from your property, peel off the bark, chip the tree trunk or mist all sides of the cut trunk with diesel fuel before july of the following year after infestation. for preventative insecticidal tree spraying treatment, please be sure to hire a colorado department of agriculture licensed applicator. mpb tree removal services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47101820139697115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37fb363b-5d47-4db7-b2c7-839da54b4bac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.149736"}
{"text": "copyright \u00a9 1999 by akimasa nakamura ( kuma kogen astronomical observatory, japan ) the ccd image was taken on 1999 october 9. 65 ut, using a 0. 60 - m f / 6 ritchey - chretien telescope. this comet was found during 1987 january by jennifer wiseman on two photographic plates exposed on 1986 december 28. 29 and 28. 34 by brian skiff at lowell observatory ' s anderson mesa station. the magnitude was estimated as 14. skiff and wiseman were able to confirm the comet on 1987 january 19. 11. the comet had faded to magnitude 14. 5. on both occasions the comet appeared diffuse with a strong condensation. the first orbit was computed and published by brian g. marsden on january 21. he used 6 positions obtained during the period of december 28 to january 21 and indicated the comet was moving in a short - period orbit. he determined the perihelion date as 1986 november 22. 76, the perihelion distance as 1. 506 au, and the orbital period as 6. 53 years. marsden said the orbit indicated the comet passed about 0. 25 au from jupiter during 1984. with nearly a month of observations, this orbit was little different from later orbits computed with several months of observations. the comet was kept under observation until 1987 may 25. 17 when t. gehrels and j. v. scotti ( steward observatory, arizona, usa ) obtained an image of magnitude 19. 4 with the 0. 91 - m spacewatch telescope. s. nakano predicted the comet would next arrive at perihelion on 1993 june 4. 39. b. schmidt obtained three ccd images with the multiple - mirror telescope on mt. hopkins on 1993 february 2. these revealed \" suspected \" weak images. unfortunately, the images were not certain enough to establish a recovery had been made. no other successful attempts were made until james v. scotti announced he had recovered the comet on spacewatch images exposed on december 16. the magnitude was then 20. 8 and scotti said the coma was 13 arc seconds in diameter. in addition, the nuclear condensation had a magnitude of 22. 6 and a faint tail extended 0. 34 arc minute toward pa 286\u00b0. scotti subsequently found the comet on a single ccd image obtained with spacewatch. the positions confirmed that the faint object detected by schmidt in february was the comet. the positions also indicated the prediction by nakano required a correction of only - 0. 08 day. no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49804816695308685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:43600f47-0efc-43f9-9491-5c6155cd41a8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.152117"}
{"text": "oil spill planning and response remains the primary use of these maps, however they are finding ever - widening use in such areas as coastal resource inventories and assessments, coastal planning, and recreational planning. the time period section in this metadata record represents the dates when the data and information were collected to prepare the gis products and atlases. hence, the actual observation of the resource status was completed on, or most likely before, this date. see the atlas - specific metadata for actual survey and data publication dates. shoreline classification - esi maps include a shoreline ranking, based on a scale relating sensitivity, natural persistence of oil, and ease of cleanup. the shoreline classification scheme combines an understanding of the physical and biological character of the shoreline environment, as well as the substrate type and grain size. relationships among physical processes, substrate type, and associated biota produce specific geomorphic / ecological shoreline types, sediment transport patterns, and predictable oil behaviors and biological impacts. the sensitivity ranking ( rank 1 - rank 10 ) is dictated by the following factors : relative exposure to wave and tidal energy, shoreline slope, substrate type ( grain size, mobility, penetration and / or burial, and trafficability ), and biological productivity and sensitivity. methods for classifying shorelines include review of existing maps, literature, and remote imagery, incorporated with observations from low - altitude aerial surveys and ground observations. base maps, shoreline, wetland boundaries, and aerial photographs are gathered prior to a survey. using this information, along with any previous studies of the area, the geologist completes a preliminary shoreline classification. this classification is modified during the fieldwork process. fieldwork consists of two parts : aerial surveys and ground verifications. during the overflight phase, the geologist annotates the shoreline base map with esi rankings, carefully noting transitions in habitats. shorelines with more than one esi type in the intertidal zone are annotated on the map in order from landward to seaward esi classification. a segment of coastline may be assigned up to three esi shoreline types. in areas where the coastline has changed significantly from the base map ( either through natural or artificial processes ), the geologist modifies the base map by hand. in addition to classifying the shoreline, the observer takes representative low - altitude, oblique photographs for each esi habitat. ground verification consists of spot - checking to confirm aerial observations. ideally, an example of each habitat is visited and photographed from the ground. at a minimum, ground verification concentrates on confirming grain - size classification for sedimentary substrates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5018761152082487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad996d49-989d-4d96-a2d2-ab8ba958e3b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.159369"}
{"text": "for each esi habitat. ground verification consists of spot - checking to confirm aerial observations. ideally, an example of each habitat is visited and photographed from the ground. at a minimum, ground verification concentrates on confirming grain - size classification for sedimentary substrates, since this can be difficult to recognize from the air. if a portion of the coast is identified during the overflights as problematic or difficult to classify, that segment is ground checked and maps are updated according to the ground observations. once the field component of the project is complete, the maps are scanned and the digital shoreline arcs are updated with the esi attributes noted in the field. the shape and position of the digital shoreline may also be modified at this time to reflect field observations. after the information from the field map has been incorporated into the digital database, the esi shoreline is color - coded and replotted at the same scale as the original base maps. the geologist then compares the classified shoreline plots to the original field - annotated base maps and any errors in shoreline attributes, as recorded in the gis database, are corrected. sensitive biological resources - esi maps depict oil - sensitive animals and rare plants, as well as habitats that are used by oil - sensitive species. some habitats, such as submersed aquatic vegetation and coral reefs, that are themselves sensitive to oil spills may also be depicted. biological resource information is gathered from local officials who provide expert knowledge and suggest relevant source materials for biological resources in the study area. when the data have been collected and reviewed, the biologist plans how each resource will be mapped throughout the entire study area. during this process, it may be necessary to prioritize the species to be mapped in order to avoid excess clutter, which makes the final product difficult to read or interpret. considerations may include species that are rare or listed as protected or endangered, or those species that have a particular commercial, recreational, or cultural value in the area. it may also be appropriate to limit some species - mapping to particularly critical life stages, such as nesting or spawning. biological features are mapped as points, polygons, and lines, and are given unique numbers corresponding to associated data tables, for easy identification and editing. human - use resources - esi maps also include human - use areas that could be impacted by an oil spill, or that could provide access for spill response operations. they include areas that have added sensitivity and value because of their use, such as beaches, parks, and marine sanctuaries ; water intakes ; and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4651203900166115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad996d49-989d-4d96-a2d2-ab8ba958e3b3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.160460"}
{"text": "that could be impacted by an oil spill, or that could provide access for spill response operations. they include areas that have added sensitivity and value because of their use, such as beaches, parks, and marine sanctuaries ; water intakes ; and archaeological sites. human - use resources are divided into four major components : high - use recreational and shoreline access locations, management areas, resource extraction locations, and archaeological and historical cultural resource locations. each human - use resource is assigned a feature type and feature code. management areas are typically mapped as polygons, while the remaining socioeconomic resources are generally depicted as points. for more information about the data sources and process for a particular resource, refer to the metadata record for the desired resource in the esi atlas of interest. animals, plants, and habitats potentially at risk from oil spills are segmented into seven elements based on major taxonomic and functional groupings. each element is further divided into groups of species or sub - elements with similar taxonomy, morphology, life history, and / or behavior relative to oil spill vulnerability and sensitivity. attribute data include : species names ( common and scientific ), the legal status of each species ( state and / or federal threatened, endangered, and special concern listings ), concentration / abundance, seasonal presence by month, and special life - history time - periods ( e. g. spawning, nesting ). human - use resources can be subdivided into four major components : high - use recreational and shoreline access locations, management areas, resource extraction locations, and archaeological and historical cultural resource locations. each of these elements is further subdivided based upon types of use. the files included at < http : / / data. nodc. noaa. gov / coris / data / noaa / nos / environmentalsensitivityindices / virginislands / > include the individual map pdfs, as well as files containing ancillary esi map information : guide. pdf, intro. pdf, index. pdf, legend. pdf, season. pdf ( for some atlases ), and metadata. pdf. in order for the links between the various documents to work properly, users must maintain the same directory structure and file names on their personal hard drive. to view a map of a particular area, the user should open the index file and click a region of interest on the map. the map file will open, displaying the esi for that region. to ensure that the user has seasonality information for each region, the appropriate seasonality table has been packaged as part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4742678370158413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ad996d49-989d-4d96-a2d2-ab8ba958e3b3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.161456"}
{"text": "breathtaking new frog surprise photo by david bickford. the discovery that this rare frog, living in borneo, has no lungs, is being used to promote evolution. but as the article shows, this is off the mark. making headlines is an amazing discovery about a unique species of frog. the amphibian is described as \u2018 bizarre \u2019, a fitting epithet given that it is missing lungs altogether ( the wordplay in the title is intentional ). 1 the 5 cm ( 2 inch ) long barbourula kalimantanensis lives in the jungles of borneo, and apparently gets all the oxygen it needs through its skin. it was first known about some 30 years ago, but being very rare, only one other specimen has been discovered to date, and neither was dissected. some of the media descriptions associate the frog with the word \u2018 primitive \u2019, a term loaded with evolutionary connotations. but is it somehow an intermediate, a form closer to some ancestor that had not evolved lungs yet? not at all ; even most informed evolutionists would agree with the conclusion that it is almost certainly descended from a frog that once had lungs. we can \u2018 connect the dots \u2019 to lead to a very likely scenario of how this species arose. - frogs with lungs already get a significant amount of their oxygen through the skin \u2014 this is absorbed directly from the water. - even though its habitat is close to the equator, the streams that b. kalimantanensis lives in are very fast - flowing and extremely cold. such waters contain large amounts of dissolved oxygen. - there is a very similar species of frog in the philippines that does have lungs, and the two may well be descendants of the same created kind. - if one such frog with lungs happened to have a ( information - losing, hence not evolutionary in the \u2018 microbes to man \u2019 sense ) mutation causing lungs to disappear or dramatically reduce, then the descendants of such a frog exhibiting this loss / defect - be well able to survive in their oxygen - rich home waters, using the existing mechanism of skin - breathing. but in addition : - they would actually be at a selective advantage compared to their lung - equipped co - members of the population. in such fast - moving streams, those with lungs ( which make the creature float ) would be more likely to be carried away from the breeding population. also : - without lungs, the body would flatten more readily, increasing the available surface area for skin - breathing still more. although such fascinating features of the natural world are always trumpeted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4546676152353536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14a73fda-a659-4940-bc33-ae20b086f48e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.164300"}
{"text": "small - scale fault systems in the earth \u2019 s crust have a strong correlation with the location of gold, a recent study of the st ives goldfields in western australia has found. our research, published in science journal ore geology reviews, found that all major gold deposits are controlled by faults, but small fault systems are more likely to lead to gold than larger ones. researcher dr carsten laukamp says the relationship between fault systems and gold traces is key to understanding the genesis of gold and could be used to help locate any commodity. \u201c determining the spatial relationship between geological features such as fault lines, and gold traces, is not only important to understand how deposits form, it can also guide mineral exploration because we can use this information to develop predictive mineral maps, \u201d he says. dr laukamp and his team developed a predictive mineral map of the st ives goldfields that shows new prospective areas where there is a high likelihood that gold could be located. \u201c we used information such as rock type, colour, shape and size and geological boundaries \u2013 all information we can gather from drilling samples \u2013 to develop the map, \u201d dr laukamp says. \u201c this research is one step in the development of predictive mineral maps that integrate various types of geological data. \u201c next, we \u2019 ll incorporate data collected from aircrafts and satellites, such as geophysical and spectroscopic data, which will improve the information value and accuracy of the predictive mineral map. \u201d learn more about our research in mineral exploration. media enquiries : liz greenbank | 03 9545 8563 | firstname. lastname @ example. org ant and termite nests could lead to hidden treasure according to research conducted by csiro. research published in science journals plos one and geochemistry : exploration, environment, analysis, found that at a test site in the west australian goldfields termite mounds contained high concentrations of gold. this gold indicates there is a larger deposit underneath. \u201c we \u2019 re using insects to help find new gold and other mineral deposits. these resources are becoming increasingly hard to find because much of the australian landscape is covered by a layer of eroded material that masks what \u2019 s going on deeper underground, \u201d dr aaron stewart, csiro entomologist said. termites and ants burrow into this layer of material where a fingerprint of the underlying gold deposit is found, and bring traces of this fingerprint to the surface. \u201c the insects bring up small particles that contain gold from the deposit \u2019 s fingerprint, or halo,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49043893921922066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3757bd55-c7aa-46b4-9fbf-b6f56814862d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.168583"}
{"text": "##ow into this layer of material where a fingerprint of the underlying gold deposit is found, and bring traces of this fingerprint to the surface. \u201c the insects bring up small particles that contain gold from the deposit \u2019 s fingerprint, or halo, and effectively stockpile it in their mounds, \u201d dr stewart said. \u201c our recent research has shown that small ant and termite mounds that may not look like much on the surface, are just as valuable in finding gold as the large african mounds are that stand several metres tall. \u201d mineral resources make up $ 86. 7 billion of australia \u2019 s exports and new discoveries in many commodities are required to sustain production. after 150 years of mining, gold and other mineral deposits near the surface have been discovered and miners need new tools to explore deeper underground. insects could provide a new, cost effective and environmentally friendly way of exploring for new mineral deposits, avoiding the traditional method of expensive and often inaccurate drilling. dr stewart \u2019 s work has also found that insects carry metals in their bodies. \u201c we \u2019 ve found that metals accumulate in excretory systems of termites, \u201d he said. \u201c although the insects may not concentrate metals in their bodies, they actively rid their bodies of excess metals. this process shows up as little stones, much like kidney stones in people. this finding is important because these excretions are a driving force in redistribution of metals near the surface. \u201d dr stewart was selected as a finalist in this year \u2019 s fresh science awards. media : liz greenbank. mb : 0408 778 189. e : email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48135033784052855, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3757bd55-c7aa-46b4-9fbf-b6f56814862d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.169406"}
{"text": "aotus trivirgatus, the owl monkey, is a south american or new world monkey. south american monkeys or platyrrhines comprise one of the two infraorders ( platyrrhini and catarrhini ) of anthropoid primates. they live exclusively in south and central america, but their fossil distribution includes the greater antilles ( macphee and horovitz, 2002 ). the fossil record of platyrrhines extends back to the deseadan or late oligocene of bolivia where they are represented by the genus branisella ( takai & anaya, 1996 ). their presence in the new world is generally considered to be the result of a single dispersal event ( fleagle, 1999 ) near the end of the eocene from the old world, where all known basal anthropoids are found ( beard, 2002 ). because south america was not connected with north america or africa at the time, this dispersal must have involved rafting across some portion of the atlantic. once in the new world, platyrrhines diverged into a variety of forms ranging in size from the smallest living anthropoid ( cebuella ) at ~ 110 grams to the howler monkeys ( alouatta ) that reach 11 kg ( fleagle, 1999 ). this diverse radiation of primates includes 78 living species ( fleagle, 1999 ) in 16 genera, one of which is the only living nocturnal anthropoid, aotus. their diets and locomotor adaptations are diverse, though most are at least partly frugivorous and none are primarily terrestrial. although the adaptations of different genera are reflected in their craniodental anatomy, platyrrhines in general retain a cranial morphology more similar to primitive anthropoids from the eocene and oligocene of egypt such as catopithecus, parapithecus, and aegyptopithecus than do the living old world anthropoids ( fleagle, 1999 ; simons, 2001 ). the research for which these ct data were collected indicates that this primitive anthropoid cranial morphology included considerable cranial pneumatization via the paranasal sinuses. aotus trivirgatus is the only nocturnal anthropoid and is rather small with males and females averaging 813g and 736g respectively ( fleagle, 1999 ). its orbits are the largest of any anthropoid, housing the enlarged eyes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48129452049050325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8be8feea-44ac-4b19-a198-42b41de0fe1e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.175325"}
{"text": "those had certificated librarians, compared with 93 % of all high schools nationally with certificated librarians ( howell, 1968 ). the report noted the challenges of keeping pace with the rapid population growth of that era but nevertheless included a host of recommendations about required staffing and budget levels to provide adequate library services to all public schools. \" the results of this study make it apparent, \" wrote superintendent of public instruction max rafferty in the foreword of the report, \" that far too little has been done for the schools to have the library facilities, stock of library materials, and quality of library services they need and must have to maintain the quality of modern education programs that are required \" ( howell, iii ). in spite of robust federal funding from esea, the california legislature did not mandate staffing or minimum per pupil expenditures. the california media and library educators association, though, did produce guidelines for california library media programs. : school, district, county, state, which adapted the national standards of 1975 to california and articulated qualitative and quantitative guidelines to be used by schools and districts throughout the state in developing and maintaining quality school library programs ( guidelines for california media programs, 1977 ). just as the esea money was folded into an education block grant, section 18100 of the california education code was passed, requiring school districts to maintain school libraries or enter into contracts with other agencies to do this, and directing the state board of education to adopt standards, rules and regulations for library services ( brandes, 1987 ). the state board even made strong recommendations that districts assign certificated librarians to provide services to students in well - stocked school libraries. unfortunately, because these recommendations and regulations carried no funding mechanisms or sanctions for enforcement, districts were free to carry out the board ' s instructions to any degree they chose ( brandes, 1987 ). achterman, douglas l.. haves, halves, and have - nots : school libraries and student achievement in california. denton, texas. unt digital library. http : / / digital. library. unt. edu / ark : / 67531 / metadc9800 /. accessed june 19, 2013.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42655419078383205, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1cbd70b9-b126-49ce-a91e-667f9400cc08>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.179205"}
{"text": "does the information age free us to pursue learning centered on individuals and not institutions? does each of us have a part to play in the possibility of education? can a broader definition and responsibility for education bring us all closer together? those are questions tackled in this short film by \" soul biographer \" nic askew. we commissioned nic to help explore the underlying thinking of connected learning. here is what he had to say in his introduction to the short film : this film is about the possibilities of change in education. as are the others in the series. \u2018 everyone \u2019 is a film rich with substantial notions. ideas and observations that are held loosely between the opening and closing notions ; opening / \u2018 the march of the formal educational curriculum is at a very different pace from how kids interests develop. \u2019 this might lead you to wonder about your own pacing in the world? and the painful, and perhaps unrecognized, implications of being out of synch. followed by [ substantial notions etc... ] closing / \u2018 a sense of fulfillment, belonging and purpose are possibly more important than the knowledge being cultivated. \u2018 this might open the gates to question the very point of education. use this film to provoke conversation. banner image credit : miffdesigner http : / / www. flickr. com / photos / miffdesigner / 2296441957 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5109082597277791, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9bb5524-6250-434c-9930-bea2caed738f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.180871"}
{"text": "use this procedure to create a logical volume from unassigned storage capacity. sun storage documentation uses the following terms : logical unit number ( lun ) this manual uses logical volume to refer to all such logical constructs. this procedure relies on the following prerequisites and assumptions. all nodes are booted in cluster mode and attached to the storage device. the storage device is installed and configured. if you are using multipathing, the storage devices is configured as described in the installation procedure. if you are using sun storedge traffic manager, it is installed and configured and the path between traffic manager and the storage device is functioning. follow the instructions in your storage device ' s documentation to create and map the logical volume. for a url to this storage documentation, see related documentation. completely set up the logical volume. when you are finished, the volume must be created, mapped, mounted, and initialized. if necessary, partition the volume. to allow multiple clusters and nonclustered nodes to access the storage device, create initiator groups by using lun masking. are you using multipathing? are any devices that are associated with the volume you created at an unconfigured state? # cfgadm - al | grep disk if no, proceed to step 4. if yes, configure the traffic manager paths on each node that is connected to the storage device. cfgadm - o force _ update - c configure controllerinstance for the procedure about how to configure traffic manager paths, see the sun storedge traffic manager installation and configuration guide. on one node that is connected to the storage device, use the format command to label the new logical volume. from any node in the cluster, update the global device namespace. you might have a volume management daemon such as vold running on your node, and have a cd - rom drive connected to the node. under these conditions, a device busy error might be returned even if no disk is in the drive. this error is expected behavior. you can safely ignore this error message. to manage this volume with volume management software, use the appropriate solstice disksuite / solaris volume manager or veritas volume manager commands to update the list of devices on all nodes that are attached to the new volume that you created. for more information, see your solstice disksuite / solaris volume manager or veritas volume manager documentation. to configure a logical volume as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4864293445344643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c228a464-0853-49d1-b5cf-6ee537ca24f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.185278"}
{"text": "hi, this is my first post here. am a little nervous thinking how my post will be. but i will try my best to take you through the topic and make you understand the topic. the topic i will discuss is called \" decorator pattern \". i will just discuss when to use the decorator pattern and just the basic concept of decorator pattern. what is decorator pattern? decorator pattern is design pattern which is used to add more functionalities to an existing class dynamically ( at runtime ). how does the concept of decroator pattern work? the concept is usually regarded as confusing. but it is simple if you just remember the word \" wrap \". we have a class \" a \" which is implementing and interface \" iinterface \". \" a \" has some specific behaviours \" a1 \", \" a2 \" etc. now we want to add a new behaviour \" b1 \" to a. ( this should be done without altering class \" a \" ) we can do it in a simple way create a class \" b \" implementing \" iinterface \". \" b \" will have the behaviour \" b1 \". create a class which will help any \" iinterface \" implementor to wrap around any other \" iinterface \" implementor. this is our decorator. now at runtme create an instance of \" a \". lets call it \" obja \". now create an instance of \" b \", lets call it \" objb \". use the use the decorator to help objb so that it can wrap around obja. now the decorator is nothing but objb which will have obja inside it. so the decorator now has the funtionality of both objb and obja so it will emit the behaviour \" a1 \", \" a2 \", \" b1 \". note that we did not have to change the class a at all. now if we want to add another functionality \" c1 \" to this decorator object ( having objb and obja ), how will we do it? we can do it, if we make the decorator class implement \" iinterface \". recollect that the purpose of the decorator is to help any \" iinterface \" implementor to wrap around any other \" iinterface \" implementor. now we can have any decorator wrapped in any other decorator. hope i was clear. i will give an example in my next post", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5529127528728068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:800cc3b0-0ac4-4945-b6f6-d994be68074d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.189955"}
{"text": "dragons are creatures with nearly unlimited life spans. they can survive for long periods of time, and no one has found a dragon that has died of old age. adolescence is usually marked by the growth of a hatchling \u2019 s wings, although not all breeds of dragons grow wings and some breeds have other traits that indicate the beginning of maturation. once they hit adolescence, hatchlings change quickly, maturing to their full forms in only 2 years. dragons don \u2019 t communicate with each other verbally, but they will growl to scare off predators and frighten prey. young dragons will emit an extremely high - pitched squeal when they are frightened. to communicate, they use telepathy with each other and to speak to other creatures. thunder dragons are the masters of electricity. their wings gather energy as they soar through the clouds, and when they clap their wings together they can create devastating arcs of lightning. they can stay airborne nearly indefinitely, landing only to sleep and breed ; they catch their prey from the air and take moisture from the clouds. a thunder dragon \u2019 s roar is considered to be an omen of misfortune. trydan taranfollt means \" electric thunderbolt, \" and the name fits him as well as the skittering sparks of lightning that play across his dark scales. the first of the powerful new dragons to join the flight, he is exuberant and witty, and wears his magic easily. while others among the flight feared that the newcomers might make a bid for leadership, nosoriadur, their wise queen, took the young thunder under her wing. trydan is joyful and kind ; although he possesses some of most deadly magic among dragons, he uses his powers only for the good of his flight. he enjoys flying through storms and has an interest in the clever albino tylluanllef. trydan is ferocious and terrifying when he does fight, but prefers talking over battle ; his quick mind is well - suited to the task. his sharp silhouette against the charged air, his booming roar like a crack of lightning, the sparks shooting from his ragged wings strike fear and wonder into those who see him : a diving comet, an electric thunderbolt.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5027923316977123, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:79c7ce6f-0c6a-4c84-b876-cae8b6196e7e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.193670"}
{"text": "during the 1936 summer olympic games, james cleveland \u201c jesse \u201d owens won four gold medals in berlin : he came in first in the 100 meters, the 200 meters, the long jump and was part of the 4\u00d7100 - meter relay team that also took gold. owens \u2019 success was a poke in the eye of adolf hitler, who had hoped the 1936 games would serve as a showcase his aryan propaganda. the column below, published aug. 15, 1936, my father chided hitler, whom he described as a \u201c one - time austrian house painter \u201d and a \u201c pervert, \u201d who snubbed owens. he cited news reports that while hitler had \u201c received and congratulated in his private quarters the german winners, he was conspicuously absent from his box when the occasion arose that he should extend similar felicitations to the american negro winners. \u201d it remains unclear whether the reports of hitler \u2019 s snub are true. the la times recently included the story as one of the \u201c top ten olympic controversies. \u201d \u201c perhaps the most enduring myth of the olympic games is that adolf hitler refused to extend a congratulatory handshake to jesse owens, a claim for which olympic historians have found no supporting evidence. it is clear that hitler was neither pleased nor impressed by the four gold medals owens won, even as the german crowd cheered him loudly and mobbed him for pictures and autographs. as owens pierced the nazi myth of aryan superiority, his home country acted with regrettable caution, replacing two jewish sprinters on the u. s. team. owens got a hero \u2019 s welcome upon returning home, yet as a black man he had to ride the freight elevator to a new york hotel reception in his honor. \u201d my father \u2019 s aug. 15 column was published the week my grandmother, malvina alkins, died. guest columnists appear in the \u201c dottings \u201d space in the two issues that followed. \u201c it is not news to those of you that read mr. ray \u2019 s columns that he has been an inspiration for many men who later found success in the field of journalism, \u201d wrote romeo dougherty, whose bio describes him as a \u201c well - known sports and theatrical writer. \u201d \u201c to be considered worthy to take his place for even a week makes me feel that i have not labored in vain \u2026, \u201d he wrote in a guest column published aug. 22, 1936. \u201c in the splendid showing of our boys in the olympic games, \u201d dougherty added, \u201c we have practically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4129576355314785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd635a4e-1d4e-4c94-88ca-5f95e3f8ff06>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.196629"}
{"text": "instructional objective this card game serves as a learning aid to music 350 students. they will learn to classify classical composers by the era in which they worked : renaissance, baroque, classical, romantic and modern. learners / context the learners are college undergraduate general education students in music 350 - survey of classical composers. these students may be familiar with some composers names, but may confuse the era ' s in they worked in. early in the semester, students must learn + / - 15 composers. the instructor would allow students 15 to 20 minutes to play 2 times a week for the first 3 to 4 weeks. each group would have three to five students. rationale although most of the course depends upon students recognizing the music of the composers, students must recall information about the composer after recognizing him. also, if the students are unable to immediately recall the composer, they can deduce details relating to the composition. they can deduce details by listening for characteristics that are related to the era the piece was written in. once students determine the era, they can deduce the author by considering each of the composers who were producing works within the era. rules three to five players can play the game. the dealer gives each player seven cards. the dealer places the remaining cards face down in the center of the group. the dealer turns over the first card. the players will then take turns. they may : * discard a single card and take the card facing up. * discard a single card and draw a card from the pile. * lay down matched sets consisting of three cards with the same composers or four cards within the same era. the player who lays down one matching set of composers and one matching set of eras. first, wins the game. deck design the deck has 45 cards. there are 15 different composers, 3 from each era. each composer will have three different works, for a total of 45 cards. design process after deciding on the content and audience, i decided on the time allotted for playing. then, i considered how the players should interact with each other and the cards. once i decided that players should match composers and eras, i reduced the number of composers involved, but increased the number of works by each composer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5074841469804937, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b91b0571-ab4a-417c-af4c-977fd2cf95c6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.200856"}
{"text": "a kidney stone is a solid mass made up of tiny crystals. one or more stones can be in the kidney or ureter at the same time. see also : cystinuria renal calculi ; nephrolithiasis ; stones - kidney causes, incidence, and risk factors : kidney stones can form when urine contains too much of certain substances. these substances can create small crystals that become stones. the biggest risk factor for kidney stones is dehydration. kidney stones may not produce symptoms until they begin to move down the tubes ( ureters ) through which urine empties into the bladder. when this happens, the stones can block the flow of urine out of the kidneys. this causes swelling of the kidney or kidneys, causing pain. the pain is usually severe. kidney stones are common. a person who has had kidney stones often gets them again in the future. kidney stones often occur in premature infants. some types of stones tend to run in families. certain kinds of stones can occur with bowel disease, ileal bypass for obesity, or renal tubule defects. there are different types of kidney stones. the exact cause depends on the type of stone. - calcium stones are most common. they occur more often in men than in women, and usually appear between ages 20 - 30. they are likely to come back. calcium can combine with other substances, such as oxalate ( the most common substance ), phosphate, or carbonate to form the stone. oxalate is present in certain foods. diseases of the small intestine increase the risk of forming calcium oxalate stones. - cystine stones can form in people who have cystinuria. this disorder runs in families and affects both men and women. - struvite stones are mostly found in women who have a urinary tract infection. these stones can grow very large and can block the kidney, ureter, or bladder. - uric acid stones are more common in men than in women. they can occur with gout or chemotherapy. other substances also can form stones. the main symptom is severe pain that starts suddenly and may go away suddenly : - pain may be felt in the belly area or side of the back - pain may move to groin area ( groin pain ) or testicles ( testicle pain ) other symptoms can include : signs and tests : pain can be severe enough to need narcotic pain relievers. the belly area ( abdomen ) or back might feel tender to the touch.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5093431622169847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de7ed586-79c3-4ff0-9a4b-74c4bda54e4f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.207906"}
{"text": "( groin pain ) or testicles ( testicle pain ) other symptoms can include : signs and tests : pain can be severe enough to need narcotic pain relievers. the belly area ( abdomen ) or back might feel tender to the touch. tests for kidney stones include : stones or a blockage of the ureter can be seen on : tests may show high levels of calcium, oxylate, or uric acid in the urine or blood. the goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and prevent further symptoms. ( kidney stones that are small enough usually pass on their own. ) treatment varies depending on the type of stone and how severe the symptoms are. people with severe symptoms might need to be hospitalized. when the stone passes, the urine should be strained and the stone saved and tested to determine the type. drink at least 6 - 8 glasses of water per day to produce a large amount of urine. some people might need to get fluids through a vein ( intravenous ). pain relievers can help control the pain of passing the stones ( renal colic ). for severe pain, you may need to take narcotic pain killers or nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) such as ibuprofen. depending on the type of stone, your doctor may prescribe medicine to decrease stone formation or help break down and remove the material that is causing the stone. medications can include : - allopurinol ( for uric acid stones ) - antibiotics ( for struvite stones ) - phosphate solutions - sodium bicarbonate or sodium citrate ( which make the urine more alkaline ) surgery is usually needed if : - the stone is too large to pass on its own - the stone is growing - the stone is blocking urine flow and cuasing an infection or kidney damage today, most treatments are much less invasive than in the past. - extracorporeal shock - wave lithotripsy is used to remove stones slightly smaller than a half an inch that are located near the kidney. this method uses ultrasonic waves or shock waves to break up stones. then, the stones leave the body in the urine. - percutaneous nephrolithotomy is used for large stones in or near the kidney, or when the kidneys or surrounding areas are incorrectly formed. the stone is removed with an endoscope that is inserted into the kidney through a small opening. - ureteroscopy may be used for stones in the lower urinary tract. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4336649045611259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de7ed586-79c3-4ff0-9a4b-74c4bda54e4f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.208926"}
{"text": "the kidneys or surrounding areas are incorrectly formed. the stone is removed with an endoscope that is inserted into the kidney through a small opening. - ureteroscopy may be used for stones in the lower urinary tract. - standard open surgery ( nephrolithotomy ) may be needed if other methods do not work or are not possible. kidney stones are painful but usually can be removed from the body without causing permanent damage. they tend to return, especially if the cause is not found and treated. calling your health care provider : call your health care provider if you have symptoms of a kidney stone. also call if symptoms return, urination becomes painful, urine output decreases, or other new symptoms develop. if you have a history of stones, drink plenty of fluids ( 6 - 8 glasses of water per day ) to produce enough urine. depending on the type of stone, you might need to take medications or other measures to prevent the stones from returning. you may need to change your diet to prevent some types of stones from coming back. cameron ma, sakhaee k. uric acid nephrolithiasis. urol clin north am. 2007 ; 34 ( 3 ) : 335 - 346. chandhoke ps. evaluation of the recurrent stone former. urol clin north am. 2007 ; 34 ( 3 ) : 315 - 322. finkielstein va. strategies for preventing calcium oxalate stones. cmaj. 2006 ; 174 ( 10 ) : 1407 - 1409. pietrow pk, preminger gm. evaluation and medical management of urinary lithiasis. in : wein aj, ed. campbell - walsh urology. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 43.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4711289327998234, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de7ed586-79c3-4ff0-9a4b-74c4bda54e4f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.209647"}
{"text": "the shrinkage of a water surface : san francisco bay the shrinkage of a water surface : copyright \u00a9 2001 paul r. baumann san francisco bay, a water body of inspiring beauty and imposing magnitude, covers an area of over 450 square miles ( 1, 165. 5 square kilometers ) in size. outlined by softly shaped hills and low mountains it extends for approximately 50 miles ( 80 kilometers ) in its north - south length and from 12 miles ( 19 kilometers ) down to one ( 1. 6 kilometers ) mile in its east - west width. it opens to the pacific ocean through a spectacular gap called the golden gate. the bay provides a large and refreshing open space for the millions of people who live and work in the crowded urban and suburban landscapes ringing its shores. figure 1 provides an overview of the bay region. this landsat 7 enhanced thematic mapper plus ( etm + ) digital image was recorded during the late spring period of 1999. it is a true color composite generated by combining etm + spectral bands 3 ( visible - red ), 2 ( visible - green ), and 1 ( visible - blue ) as red, green, and blue, respectively. the image covers the san francisco bay and delta region. the cities of san francisco and oakland can be seen to the left of center. the bright white areas correspond to urban areas, which surround the bay. san pablo and suisun bays are to the northwest of center and the sacramento river is shown in the north / northeast portion of the image. the combination of the three visible bands makes it possible to detect the flow of water and build - up of sedimentation within the bay. the large green areas in the northeast section of the image are agricultural fields in the delta region of the central valley of california. the bright green colored features at the south end of the bay are diked salt ponds. this biologically rich and psychologically serene environment is quietly and steadily being modified by the encroachment of various human activities. the bay is shrinking in size through different sedimentation processes. the goal of this instructional module is to develop a methodology using satellite imagery to identify those water areas within the bay facing the immediate danger of disappearing and determine the amount of area in immediate danger. this methodology employs a landsat 7 etm + data set ( taken july 7, 1999 ), which covers a study area of 1501 rows by 1501 elements in size. this data set not only includes san francisco bay but also the urban development around it. the problem : the shrinkage of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5130305226081662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c968410-1938-4073-a06d-16442ec6e77f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.230113"}
{"text": "set ( taken july 7, 1999 ), which covers a study area of 1501 rows by 1501 elements in size. this data set not only includes san francisco bay but also the urban development around it. the problem : the shrinkage of the bay san francisco bay is facing some major environmental problems, foremost among these is the sedimentation, and thereby, the shrinkage of the bay. in 1850, san francisco bay along with san pablo and suisun bays covered around 680 square miles ( 1761 square kilometers ). by 1970, 250 square miles ( 647 square kilometers ) of water surface, mainly around the shores, had disappeared. see figure 2. this rapid reduction in the size of the bay corresponds to the growth and spread of human activities around the bay ' s shoreline, initially as agricultural development and salt pond construction followed by industrialization and urbanization. diking and filling in with trash and dry fill to create land for port facilities, airports, roads, industrial - commercial developments, and housing areas has been the main justification for reducing the bay ' s overall size. diking has also been done to make salt ponds. figure 3, produced under project gigalopolis at the university of california at santa barbara, shows the development and spread ( in red ) of the urban landscape within the bay area from 1800 to 2100. the years from 1800 to 1990 are based on actual census counts and the years after 1990 relate to population projections. in 1990, the san francisco - oakland metropolitan area had a population of over six million people, making it the fourth largest urban concentration in the united states. in displaying the future population growth around the bay, figure 3 is also illustrating the magnitude of the problem of keeping the bay from shrinking. of the nearly 430 square miles ( 1114 square kilometers ) left, little over half is less than 12 feet ( 3. 66 meters ) deep and can be easily and quickly filled. if filled, the bay would shrink to 187 square miles ( 484 square kilometers ) and sections would be basically converted into rivers. unlike the chesapeake, delaware, and other bays located along the atlantic coastline, san francisco bay rests completely within the political domain of one state. however, its shores fall within nine counties and thirty - two cities with various vested interests. to complicate further the jurisdiction and control issue, about twenty - two percent of the bay ' s bottomland is in private ownership with another twenty - three percent owned by cities and other local governments. most of this bottomland is situated around the bay ' s present shoreline", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4593247025831698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c968410-1938-4073-a06d-16442ec6e77f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.231190"}
{"text": "the jurisdiction and control issue, about twenty - two percent of the bay ' s bottomland is in private ownership with another twenty - three percent owned by cities and other local governments. most of this bottomland is situated around the bay ' s present shoreline where most future development is likely to occur. california controls about fifty percent of the bay ' s bottom and the federal government only has about five percent. fortunately, the u. s. corps of engineers now has jurisdiction over all tidelands below mean high tide within the bay. because of this jurisdiction permits are now required for any diking or filling in, and to obtain a permit public notification and an environmental impact study are required. in addition, the san francisco bay conservation and development commission ( bcdc ) was established to bring together the various interest groups concerned about the use and development of the bay and to prepare a plan. the bcdc points out that as the result of its efforts the filling process has dropped from 2300 acres ( 931 ha ) per year before 1965 to now 15 acres ( 6 ha ) per year. also, the san francisco bay national wildlife refuge was created in the southern part of the bay and most of the salt ponds reside within the refuge. pond diking can significantly modify tidal zone habitats where salt water and fresh water blend to form biologically rich environments. these various governmental attempts to protect the bay can have an impact on the large and more publicized endeavors to fill in sections of the bay. however, the harder issue relates to how to control the acceleration of sedimentation due mainly to the increased paving of urban and suburban land surfaces which creates more and faster runoff of storm water. due to growing environmental concerns about storm water runoff, the national pollutant discharge elimination system ( npdes ) act was passed. the goal of npdes is the reduction and elimination of pollutants in storm water discharge from large and medium size municipal storm sewer systems. large sewer systems serve populations greater than 250, 000 and medium size systems deal with populations between 100, 000 and 250, 000. in the implementation of this act, the united states environmental protection agency published a series of regulations in november 1990 requiring municipalities and industries to obtain npdes storm water permits. since no federal funds were made available to achieve this mandated program, each local government has been faced with finding funds within its own budget, which generally means an increase in local property taxes. the physical environment the climate of the bay area can be described best as having warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. under the koeppen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4679564026366228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c968410-1938-4073-a06d-16442ec6e77f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.232293"}
{"text": "been faced with finding funds within its own budget, which generally means an increase in local property taxes. the physical environment the climate of the bay area can be described best as having warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. under the koeppen climatic classification system the area is defined as a coastal mediterranean climate ( csb ). september is the warmest month with daily temperatures generally in the 70 ' s. january is the coolest month but winter temperatures rarely reach the freezing level. it is slightly warmer on the east shore of the bay than the west shore. total rainfall is about 20 inches during the year, coming predominately in the winter. figure 4 is a climatic data chart showing the monthly average temperatures and precipitation levels at the oakland airport. it illustrates the mild temperatures throughout the year and the summer dry condition. fog, generally associated with san francisco, occurs mainly on the pacific side of the city. the coastal mountains and hills keep most of the daytime fog from reaching within the bay area. during the summer the climate is associated with stable air coming from a subtropical high - pressure cell located over the pacific ocean, near the california coast. being so close to the land, due to the california cold ocean current, the air from the cell has little opportunity to collect any moisture from water surfaces to provide rainfall. precipitation amounts, during this period of the year, correspond to semiarid and arid conditions. during the winter when the entire global circulation system migrates southward, the subtropical high - pressure cell situated off of the california coast shifts south. this movement allows the westerlies from the cell to travel over more water before reaching the bay area, and thereby, bringing in more precipitation. this rain comes mainly in the form of cyclonic precipitation but the hills throughout the bay area do produce some orographic rainfall. in some years the subtropical high - pressure cell does not shift away from its summer position resulting in a dry winter. after the normal dry summer, a dry winter followed by a second dry summer results in a drought situation. with respect to storm water runoff and sedimentation the winter is a much more active period especially at the beginning of the winter rainy season when impervious urban surfaces are covered with tremendous amounts of grit and hillsides are bare of vegetation from a long, dry summer. due to the excellent climate in the bay area few homes need air conditioning. however, the filling of the bay can significantly change this situation. the daily tidal flow within the bay serves as a natural air conditioning system. decreasing the volume and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4780600934785485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c968410-1938-4073-a06d-16442ec6e77f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.233497"}
{"text": "dry summer. due to the excellent climate in the bay area few homes need air conditioning. however, the filling of the bay can significantly change this situation. the daily tidal flow within the bay serves as a natural air conditioning system. decreasing the volume and surface area of water adversely impacts this system. it also increases the probability of more temperature inversions, the prime condition for air pollution and smog. in addition to the tidal flow, the salt ponds maintain the water level, and thereby, the natural air conditioning. the elimination of the ponds to protect wildlife habitats and reduce the filling process will change this situation. this situation might occur anyway due to the economics involved in salt production. ironically, the excellent climate, one of the principal reasons why so many people have elected to live in the bay area, might be changed by too many people living there. in 1830, french scientist gustave gaspard de coriolis identified what is now called the coriolis force. the coriolis force deals with the movement of fluids such as water and air on the face of the earth and how they are deflected away from their original direction of movement due to the earth ' s rotation. in the northern hemisphere, fluids are deflected to the right from their point of origin and in the southern hemisphere they are deflected to the left. most often the coriolis force is discussed in respect to the flow of air but it also affects the flow of water. the greeks understood this situation when they built the city of alexandria in egypt. they placed the city to the left or on the west side of the nile so that sediment carried by the nile into the mediterranean sea would not clog the city ' s port. on leaving the nile, point of origin, sediment is deflected to the right or to the east of the river. today, this situation creates problems for the city of port said, which is at the mediterranean entrance to the suez canal. the city regularly has to dredge its port of sediment. at the south end of san francisco bay, the coyote river carries sediment into the bay in the same manner as the nile brings sediment into the mediterranean sea. over geological time the east side of the bay has filled in more than the west side so that today the east side has a large alluvial plain. other physical processes have also been involved in the creation of this plain. the urbanization and industrialization processes in recent decades have promoted horizontal growth versus vertical growth. for example, commercial activities and industries prefer to have single", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5240453300144481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c968410-1938-4073-a06d-16442ec6e77f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.234463"}
{"text": "a large alluvial plain. other physical processes have also been involved in the creation of this plain. the urbanization and industrialization processes in recent decades have promoted horizontal growth versus vertical growth. for example, commercial activities and industries prefer to have single story buildings, which spread out horizontally over the land rather than having vertical structures several stories tall. these processes generate the need for large areas of flat land. the alluvial plain on the east side of the bay meets this need. thus, the industrial center of the bay is oakland, not san francisco. san francisco and the other cities on the west side of the bay lack flat land for development. the horizontal expansion of urbanization has resulted in more land being changed into impervious surfaces. on april 15, 1999, landsat 7 was successfully placed into orbit and its enhanced thematic mapper plus ( etm + ) started recording images. the data set used in this module comes from an etm + image recorded on july 7, 1999. it covers san francisco bay but not san pablo and suisun bays. it is 1501 lines by 1501 elements in size. the software package earthscenes is used throughout this module and all the functions required to complete tasks associated with this lesson are available in this package. an etm + data set has eight bands. six of the bands are identical to the landsat 4 and 5 thematic mapper bands. they cover the same spectral range and have the same spatial resolution of 30m by 30m. these spectral bands are 1 - 5 and 7. the thermal infrared band, band 6, found on the etm + scanner is also available but its spatial resolution has increased from 120m by 120m to 60m by 60m. it covers the same spectral ranges ; however, the data have been provided in low and high gain, making for two bands, band 6l and band 6h. finally, there is a panchromatic band, which has a wide spectral range extending from the green visible through the near infrared portion of the spectrum. this band has a spatial resolution of 15m by 15m. the spatial resolution of the panchromatic band provided with this module has been modified in order to relate to the size of the bands, which is 30m by 30m. to convert all the bands to correspond to the panchromatic band size of 15m x 15m would result in some of the images appearing fuzzy. also, to cover the geographic area being studied a data set with a 15m by 15m resolution would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4914419411282082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c968410-1938-4073-a06d-16442ec6e77f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.235674"}
{"text": "convert all the bands to correspond to the panchromatic band size of 15m x 15m would result in some of the images appearing fuzzy. also, to cover the geographic area being studied a data set with a 15m by 15m resolution would be four times the size of the present data set and would introduce some problems of displaying reasonable size areas for the lesson. the panchromatic band was reduced down in size by dropping out every other element and every other line. the panchromatic will not be needed for this particular module. band 6l and band 6h are not included with the data set provided for this module. they introduced certain technical issues when trying to convert them to the same resolution as the other bands. before attempting to measure the amount of water area that is in danger of being lost, some observations might help in demonstrating how serious the situation is. the visible bands are better for detecting differences within a water body than the near and middle infrared bands, which are good for separating water surfaces from land conditions. figure 5, a true color composite of bands 1, 2, and 3, shows that urbanization of the east side of the bay around oakland and san leandro extends down to the water ' s edge. however, in moving southward on this side of the bay, urbanization appears to have shifted away from the water ' s edge, and large wetlands and salt ponds exist between the bay and the urban development. most of this area is under pressure to be developed because of the need for flat land and economic development. figure 6 is a false color composite ( bands 4, 3 and 2 ), which shows the west side of the bay directly across from the wetlands and salt ponds on the east side of the bay. the west side of the bay faces even greater pressure for flat land because so little of such land exists initially. an examination of figure 6 shows how urbanization is moving southward taking over the wetlands and salt ponds. thus, a true concern exists for the potential shrinkage of the bay. once the wetlands and salt ponds are developed, the next step is to extend further out into the bay. by the removal of the wetlands and the straightening out of streams, sediment from the surrounding hills and grit from impervious urban surfaces wash into the bay. figure 7 is a false color composite ( bands 4, 3 and 2 ) superimposed on a navigational chart of the area around the city of san lorenzo. note on the color composite that a delta shaped area extends into the bay. this is deposition of sediment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5388649564466044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c968410-1938-4073-a06d-16442ec6e77f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.237587"}
{"text": "a false color composite ( bands 4, 3 and 2 ) superimposed on a navigational chart of the area around the city of san lorenzo. note on the color composite that a delta shaped area extends into the bay. this is deposition of sediment and grit being carried by the san lorenzo creek into the bay. note on the chart that this deposition is described as being \" foul. \" there are two other items to be noted on the chart. the spatial pattern of the sediment and grit flowing into the bay does not correspond to the pattern appearing on the satellite image. the chart, like any map, is an attempt to generalize conditions based on limited information. the image most likely provides a more accurate picture. the second item is the numbers in the bay. these are depth figures given in feet. the bay is only 1 to 2 feet deep in this area. it would not take too much effort to fill in this area. figure 8 covers an area immediately north of the area shown in figure 7. a boat moving in a straight line from a marina can be observed in this composite. this boat and its wake cannot be detected in the regular images or other color composites. this color composite is the result of stretching the three visible bands twice. the navigational chart shows why this boat is moving along in a straight line. a path in the bay floor has been opened, which allows boats from the marina to reach deeper water. another reason why this path exists can be seen on the chart. it contains the sewer line for mulford gardens and san leandro. thus, people with yachts have to follow a sewer line to reach open water. note the area immediately east and southeast of the marina and compare it to the same area on the figure 7 color composite. the bright red areas on figure 7 form a golf course associated with the marina. it is hard to detect the golf course on the figure 8 color composite. the chart shows part of the golf course as being built on the \" foul \" area. this difference is due to the chart being produced in 1986 and the satellite image being taken in 1999. however, this difference also illustrates how quickly a \" foul \" land area was converted into a land use to fulfill certain human interests. the initial step in addressing the problem of identifying endangered areas within the bay is to select the best spectral band to use for the analysis. as indicated previously the three visible bands show variations within water, which make them the best candidates for the task. the near and middle infrared bands do not provide much differentiation within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5622543486007627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c968410-1938-4073-a06d-16442ec6e77f>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.238615"}
{"text": "within the bay is to select the best spectral band to use for the analysis. as indicated previously the three visible bands show variations within water, which make them the best candidates for the task. the near and middle infrared bands do not provide much differentiation within water but they do an excellent job of separating water from land. the thermal infrared bands do not have the spatial detail required. the panchromatic band is another possible candidate but its wide spectral range includes the near infrared portion of the spectrum, which makes it a weaker candidate. each of three visible bands displays spectral variations within the bay. since these bands are conveying reflective energy, it is important to determine if they are showing surface conditions on the water or water depth. the deeper the water, the harder it becomes to identify depth. a deep channel is maintained at the south end of the bay as indicated on the chart portion of figure 9. this channel is around 40 feet deep, which makes it difficult for the visible bands to identify it. however, the channel can be seen on all three bands, which have been superimposed on the chart in figure 9. this indicates that any one of the bands can be used to identify more shallow water areas. a closer examination of the three bands reveals another important item. the reflective nature of the salt ponds and wetlands in band 2 and band 3 is very similar to the reflective conditions within the bay, which might create problems separating these areas from water within the bay. band 1 has similar problems but not to the degree found in the other two bands. thus, band 1 will be used throughout the remainder of this lesson. band 1 was stretched between 63 and 190 to make better use of most of its data. see figure 10. its original dynamic range was 63 to 250 but only. 005 of its data values fell between 190 and 250. one of the difficulties in using band 1 or any of the visible bands is that many of the reflectance values associated with water surfaces are also found with land surfaces. it would be impossible to pick out the endangered water areas without also having a large amount of various land surfaces being selected. thus, it becomes necessary to negate or reduce land surface conditions. band 4 is the best spectral band to separate the land from the water. band 4 was first stretched between 14 and 197. next, the pixel read - out function was used to determine the water value range and the land value range, which were 1 - 52 and 53 - 250, respectively. using this information a density slice classification of band 4 was created with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5531834619474818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c968410-1938-4073-a06d-16442ec6e77f>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.239669"}
{"text": "and 197. next, the pixel read - out function was used to determine the water value range and the land value range, which were 1 - 52 and 53 - 250, respectively. using this information a density slice classification of band 4 was created with two classes, water and land. this classification was saved as a new layer in the earthscenes master image file. the data values in this layer were \" 1s \" and \" 2s \" for water and land. this layer was stretched and saved as a new layer. in the new layer all water surfaces had a value of 1 and all land surfaces a value of 250. this layer and the stretched band 1 layer were added to produce another layer. in adding the two layers together all values above 250 were designated to be truncated. since all the land values in the one layer were already 250, the addition of these values to the corresponding pixels in band 1 resulted in all the land pixels being above 250, and therefore, assigned the value of 250. in the case of the water pixels, only the value of 1 was being added to them and they would not exceed 250 and be truncated. figure 11 shows the new layer for band 1 with land surfaces appearing all in white and not conflicting with water, with respect to reflectance values. it might be desirable to create and view the histogram for this new layer. see figure 12. the water values barely appear on the histogram since all the land values have been assigned the value of 250 and that bar on the histogram dominates. a review of this histogram shows that the water values range between 11 and 102. with this information, the new layer was stretched to produce yet another layer. the values used in the stretching process were 1 and 105. since there were no water values above 102, placing the upper limit slightly above 102 kept the higher reflectance water pixels from merging with the land values. figure 13 shows the histogram for the new layer. the distribution across the histogram of the water pixel values is more spread out and easier to see in comparison to figure 12. figure 14 displays the new layer. this layer shows a much greater variation within the water surfaces but at the same time no variation in the land surfaces occurred. this is the layer from which the final classification and measurements will be obtained. the goal of the module is to identify the endangered areas within the bay and determine the amount of area in immediate danger of disappearing. those areas with one - half foot or less of water coverage should be viewed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.528629297153896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c968410-1938-4073-a06d-16442ec6e77f>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.240857"}
{"text": "the final classification and measurements will be obtained. the goal of the module is to identify the endangered areas within the bay and determine the amount of area in immediate danger of disappearing. those areas with one - half foot or less of water coverage should be viewed as areas that are already more land than water. these areas are basically those sections along the edge of the bay that have been designated as being \" foul \" or \" muck \" areas. as mentioned above, the navigational charts and the satellite image do not exactly agree on the coverage and location of these areas. the satellite image might be providing a more accurate presentation of these areas. for the purpose of this module, the areas between one - half to two feet of water coverage are the areas in immediate danger of disappearing and resulting in further shrinkage of the bay. the navigational charts are too large to present in a digital format for this lesson. thus, using key sections of the charts and the pixel read - out function, it was determined that the spectral values ranging between 186 and 249 corresponded reasonably close to the one - half to two foot water coverage area. when these values were compared to the histogram, figure 13, it was interesting to note the obvious break point in the histogram at 186. a density slice classification was done on the histogram producing three classes. see figure 15. the classes were : other water and wet surfaces ( 1 - 185 ), endangered water areas ( 186 - 249 ), and land surfaces ( 250 ). figure 16 is the three - class map created from this classification. the red colored areas are the endangered sections of the bay. they are mainly on the east side of the bay where sediment and grit from the hills and urban areas are dumped into the bay. winter rain, mainly in the form of cyclonic precipitation, comes across the bay moving eastward. the west side of the hills around the bay produce orographic rainfall ; whereas, the east side of the hills fall into rain shadow areas. the hills on the east side of the bay face westward and receive the rain, which in turn washes sediment and grit into the east side of the bay. the hills on the west side of the bay are in the rain shadow areas and do not receive as much rain resulting in less runoff. the rain around these hills occurs on the pacific ocean side and runoff flows more into the ocean. in addition, the impact of the coriolis force, which was previously discussed, must be considered. thus, it is not surprising to find the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5246388045809585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c968410-1938-4073-a06d-16442ec6e77f>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.241883"}
{"text": ". the rain around these hills occurs on the pacific ocean side and runoff flows more into the ocean. in addition, the impact of the coriolis force, which was previously discussed, must be considered. thus, it is not surprising to find the greatest concentration of the endangered areas on the east side of the bay. one pattern of interest is the red colored area farther out in the bay directly in line with san lorenzo creek and its \" foul \" delta. is sediment and grit from this stream flowing farther out into the bay? another pattern of interest is that the \" foul \" and \" muck \" areas were classified as water surfaces. in band 1, these areas have a low ( dark ) reflectance level similar to deep areas within the bay. in general, the classification produced very good results. some misclassifications occurred in the salt ponds and on the san mateo - hayward bridge crossing over the bay. these errors are minor and the classification is well within the 85 percent accuracy range accepted for land ( water ) cover maps. in addition to the map, pixel counts were provided for the three classes. these counts are provided in the below table. | other water and wet surfaces | | 621, 545 | | 138, 157. 6 | | 55, 912. 4 | | 215. 87 | | 559. 12 | | endangered water areas | | 71, 024 | | 15, 787. 3 | | 6, 389. 1 | | 24. 66 | | 63. 89 | with these figures and knowing that each pixel is 30m x 30m in area, various areal counts can be calculated. in other words, the endangered water areas within the bay cover 15, 787. 3 acres ( 6, 389. 1 ha ) or 24. 66 square miles ( 63. 89 square kilometers ). one must keep in mind that this instructional module only covers a portion of the entire bay region. it does take into account san pablo bay and suisun bay, which based on figure 1 appear to have a greater proportion of endangered water conditions than san francisco bay. below are the three key navigational charts used in this module. also, below are some web sites dealing with the topic of the bay and its endangered environment. access usgs - water flow, wetlands, water quality, hazards and more, from the us geological survey the bay institute of san francisco - dedicated to the protection and restoration of the ecosystems of san francisco bay, the sacramento - san joaquin delta, and the rivers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.480391090307211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c968410-1938-4073-a06d-16442ec6e77f>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.242924"}
{"text": "common lisp / advanced topics / numbers common lisp has much more support for performing number - crunching tasks than most programming languages. this is achieved by having support for large integers, rational numbers, and complex numbers, as well as many functions to work on them. types of numbers the hierarchy of the number type is as follows : fixnums and bignums fixnums are integers which are not too large and can be manipulated very efficiently. which numbers are considered fixnums is implementation - dependant, but all integers in [ - 215, 215 - 1 ] are guaranteed to be such. bignums are integers which are not fixnums. their size is limited by the amount of memory allocated for lisp, and as such they can be really large. operations on them are significantly slower than on fixnums. of course, that doesn ' t make them less useful. ratios represent the ratio of two integers. they have the form numerator / denominator. the function / which performs division always produces ratios when its arguments are integers or ratios. for example ( / 1 2 ) will result in 1 / 2, not 0. 5. other arithmetic operations also work fine with ratios. float is short for floating - point number, a datatype used to represent non - integer numbers in most programming languages. there are four kinds of floats in common lisp, which provide increasing precision ( implementation - dependent ). by default, implementations assume short floats, which have limited precision. to input a more precise float, other textual notations must be used, e. g., \" 1. 0d0 \" for a double - float. complex is a datatype for representing complex numbers. the notation for complexes is # c ( real imaginary ). real and imaginary parts are both either rational or floating - point. the operations that can be performed on complexes include all arithmetic operations and also many other functions which can be extended to complex numbers ( such as exponentiation and logarithm ). the following functions are defined for all kinds of numbers : - the arithmetical operations +, -, *, / are quite obvious ( note, though, that they can have more than two parameters ). - sin, cos, tan, acos, asin, atan provide trigonometric functions. - the same, with h at the end ( like asinh ) provide corresponding hyperbolic functions. - exp and expt perform exponentiation. exp accepts one parameter and calculates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4783486152595744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4ceb744-f5db-4e95-9895-5dbe65dc5e7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.247879"}
{"text": "as ratio with the largest absolute value that is less than absolute value of ratio, and round chooses an integer that is closest to ratio ( if there are two such numbers, an even integer is chosen ). note : these functions return two values ( see multiple values ). - ffloor, fceiling, ftruncate, fround are the same as above but the quotient is converted to the same float type as number. - ( mod a b ) returns the second value of ( floor a b ). - ( rem a b ) returns the second value of ( truncate a b ). - float converts its first argument ( a real ) to a float. it may be useful to avoid slow operations with rational numbers ( see example 1 ). the second optional argument may be supplied, which must be float - it will be used as a prototype. the result would be of the same floating - point type as a prototype. - rational and rationalize convert a real number to rational. when this number is a float rational returns a rational number that is mathematically equivalent to float. rationalize approximates the floating - point number. the former function usually produces ratios with a huge denominator so it ' s not as useful as you may think. - numerator and denominator return the corresponding parts of a rational number. - complex creates a complex number from its real part and imaginary part. functions realpart and imagpart return real and imaginary part of a number. predicate returns a non - nil result if it ' s true and nil if it is false. - zerop - the number is zero ( there may be several zeros in lisp - integer zero, real zero, complex zero, there may be negative zeros too ). - plusp, minusp - the real number is positive / negative. - evenp, oddp - the integer is odd / even. - integerp - the number is integer ( of the type integer - see type tree above ). - floatp - the number is float. - rationalp - the number is rational. - realp - the number is real. - complexp - the number is complex.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5321108219730222, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b4ceb744-f5db-4e95-9895-5dbe65dc5e7a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.249937"}
{"text": "witness of his time \u201c goya is always a great artist and often a terrifying artist \u2026 adding to the spanish satirical spirit, fundamentally joyful and humorous, as it was in the time of cervantes, something much more modern, a quality that is highly appreciated in modern times, as is love for the indefinable, a terrifying sense of nature, of human features that have acquired animal characteristics \u2026 \u201d charles baudelaire, curiosites esthetiques ( 1868 ) the exhibition traces the artistic path of one of the greatest masters in art history. being the successor of the predominant art tradition of the times before him, goya is commemorated as the precursor of the modern narrative. bearing witness to a turbulent period in spain and europe, goya reflects the social circumstances of the era with a critical perspective. the exhibition unites his various oil paintings and engraving series and shed light on goya \u2019 s extraordinary imagination with his realistic and at times frigthening style that makes him one of the best narrators of darkness. francisco de goya was born on march 30th 1746 in zaragoza as the fourth child of a couple formed by the gilder jose goya and gracia lucientes. goya first began his schooling in the escuelas pias, where he coincided with his best friend martin zapater. after he attended to the school of the painter jose luzan where he learned the essence of aragonese painting. in 1775, goya moved to madrid, summoned by the court painter antonio rafael mengs, possibly at the request of his brother - in - law francisco bayeu, to work as painter of models in the royal tapestry factory of santa barbara. on 1786, he was appointed royal painter and after the crowning of charles iv on 1789, goya became court painter. in 1799, he appointed as the first court painter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38054561955293553, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32580a20-a721-4dc7-90c0-db1d308fa674>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.251987"}
{"text": "a birthstone is a gemstone, usually in the form of personal jewelry and most often in the form of a ring or pendant. each stone is traditionally associated with various qualities that symbolize the month of birth in the gregorian calendar. history of birthstones the first century jewish historian josephus proclaimed a connection between the twelve stones in aaron ' s breastplate, the twelve months of the year, and the twelve signs of the zodiac. translations and interpretations of the passage in exodus regarding the breastplate have varied widely, however, with josephus himself giving two different lists for the twelve stones ( kunz argues that josephus saw the breastplate of the second temple, not the one described in exodus ). st. jerome, referencing josephus, said the foundation stones of the new jerusalem ( revelation 21 : 19 \u2013 20 ) would be appropriate for christians to use. in the eight and ninth century religious treaties were written associating a particular stone with an apostle, as revelation stated their name would be inscribed on the foundation stones, and his virtue. practice became to keep twelve stones and wear one a month. wearing a single birthstone is only a few centuries old, although modern authorities differ on dates : kunz places the custom in eighteenth century poland, while the gemological institute of america starts it in germany in the 1560s. modern lists of birthstones have little to do with either the breastplate or the foundation stones of christianity. tastes, customs and confusing translations have distanced them from their historical origins, with one author calling the 1912 kansas list \" nothing but a piece of unfounded salesmanship. \" ancient traditional birthstones are society - based birthstones. the table below contains many stones which are popular choices, often reflecting polish tradition. the gregorian calendar has poems matching each month with its birthstone. these are traditional stones of english - speaking societies. tiffany & co. published these poems \" of unknown author \" for the first time in a pamphlet in 1870. by her who in this month ( january ) is born no gem save garnets should be worn ; they will ensure her constancy, true friendship, and fidelity. the february - born shall find sincerity and peace of mind, freedom from passion and from care, if they an amethyst will wear. who in this world of ours their eyes in march first open shall be wise, in days of peril firm and brave, and wear a bloodstone to their grave. she who from april dates her years, diamonds shall wear, lest bitter tears for vain repentance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5462198067744044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00af4af6-fee6-4a55-b0b1-9f2c916fbcb8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.260031"}
{"text": "of ours their eyes in march first open shall be wise, in days of peril firm and brave, and wear a bloodstone to their grave. she who from april dates her years, diamonds shall wear, lest bitter tears for vain repentance flow ; this stone, emblem of innocence, is known. who first beholds the light of day in spring ' s sweet flowery month of may and wears an emerald all her life shall be a loved and happy wife. who comes with summer to this earth, and owes to june her hour of birth, with ring of agate on her hand can health, wealth, and long life command. the glowing ruby shall adorn, those who in july are born ; then they ' ll be exempt and free from love ' s doubts and anxiety. wear a sardonyx or for thee, no conjugal felicity ; the august - born without this stone, ` tis said, must live unloved and lone. a maiden born when september leaves are rustling in september ' s breeze, a sapphire on her brow should bind ` twill cure diseases of the mind. october ' s child is born for woe, and life ' s vicissitudes must know, but lay an opal on her breast, and hope will lull those woes to rest. who first comes to this world below with drear november ' s fog and snow, should prize the topaz ' s amber hue, emblem of friends and lovers true. if cold december gave you birth, the month of snow and ice and mirth, place on your hand a turquoise blue ; success will bless whate ' er you do. \u2014 gregorian birthstone poems in 1912, in an effort to standardize birthstones, the ( american ) national association of jewelers met in kansas and officially adopted a list. the jewelry industry council of america updated the list in 1952 by adding alexandrite to june and citrine to november ; specifying pink tourmaline for october ; replacing december ' s lapis with zircon ; and switching the primary / alternate gems in march. the most recent change occurred in october 2002, with the addition of tanzanite as a december birthstone. britain ' s national association of goldsmiths created their own standardized list of birthstones in 1937. | this section requires expansion. ( may 2012 ) | a hindu text from 1879, mani mala, lists gems for each month. birthstones by cultures early civilizations, such as those in india and babylon, have attributed gemstones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46527302860073483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00af4af6-fee6-4a55-b0b1-9f2c916fbcb8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.261112"}
{"text": "birthstones in 1937. | this section requires expansion. ( may 2012 ) | a hindu text from 1879, mani mala, lists gems for each month. birthstones by cultures early civilizations, such as those in india and babylon, have attributed gemstones with magical properties and especially to their relationship with the signs of the zodiac. over time, astrologers assigned gems of certain colors to the twelve signs of the zodiac to help people influence the planets in their favor. | aquarius | | 21 january \u2013 21 february | | garnet | | pisces | | 22 february \u2013 21 march | | amethyst | | aries | | 22 march \u2013 20 april | | bloodstone | | taurus | | 21 april \u2013 21 may | | sapphire | | gemini | | 22 may \u2013 21 june | | agate | | cancer | | 21 june \u2013 22 july | | emerald | | leo | | 23 july \u2013 22 august | | onyx | | virgo | | 23 august \u2013 22 september | | carnelian | | libra | | 23 september \u2013 23 october | | chrysolite | | scorpio | | 24 october \u2013 21 november | | beryl | | sagittarius | | 22 november \u2013 21 december | | topaz | | capricorn | | 22 december \u2013 21 january | | ruby | birthday ( day of the week ) stones while this word has also been used as synonym of birth stone ( see above ), there is a separate list of assignment according to the day of the week of the recipient ' s birth : - monday : pearl, crystal - tuesday : ruby, emerald - wednesday : amethyst, lodestone - thursday : sapphire, carnelian - friday : emerald, cat ' s eye - saturday : turquoise, diamond - sunday : topaz, diamond - kunz, george f ( 1913 ). the curious lore of precious stones. lippincott. pp. 275 \u2013 306. - gleadow, rupert ( 2001 ). the origin of the zodiac. dover publications. pp. 130 \u2013 131. - kunz ( 1913 ), p. 289 - knuth, bruce g. ( 2007 ). gems in myth, legend and lore ( revised edition ). parachute : jewelers press. p. 294. - knuth, p. 299 - knuth, p. 298 - knuth, p. 293 - knuth, p. 310 - gleadow, p. 132 - kunz ( 1913", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4724637991729574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00af4af6-fee6-4a55-b0b1-9f2c916fbcb8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.261938"}
{"text": "jewelers press. p. 294. - knuth, p. 299 - knuth, p. 298 - knuth, p. 293 - knuth, p. 310 - gleadow, p. 132 - kunz ( 1913 ), p. 320 - farrington, oliver cummins ( 1903 ). gems and gem minerals. mumford. pp. 63 \u2013 64. - kunz ( 1913 ), p. 317 - knuth, p. 311 - \" tanzanite \". american gem trade association. retrieved 6 feb 2012. - \" december birthstone : turquoise or tanzanite \". jewelry information center. retrieved 2011 dec 20. - \" birthstones \". goldsmiths. retrieved 18 apr 2012. - knuth, p. 336 - kunz ( 1913 ), p. 315 - kunz ( 1913 ), p. 315 - \" birthstones \". american gem trade association. retrieved 6 feb 2012. - \" tips & tools : birthstones \". the national association of goldsmiths. retrieved april 18, 2012. - knuth, p. 336 - schwam, gena. \" birthstones : myth and history : december - month of turquoise \". burke museum of natural history and culture. retrieved january 30, 2013. - \" december birthstone \". international colored gemstone association. retrieved january 30, 2013. - knuth, p. 318 - kunz ( 1913 ), pp. 345 \u2013 347 - kunz ( 1913 ), pp. 332 \u2013 333", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4443352487435753, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:00af4af6-fee6-4a55-b0b1-9f2c916fbcb8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.262412"}
{"text": "| | it has been suggested that hymns and hymn tunes be merged into this article. ( discuss ) proposed since may 2010. | a hymn tune is the melody of a musical composition to which a hymn text is sung. musically speaking, a hymn is generally understood to have four - part ( or more ) harmony, a fast harmonic rhythm ( chords change frequently ), and no refrain or chorus. from the late sixteenth century in england and scotland, when most people were not musically literate and learned melodies by rote, it was a common practice to sing a new text to a hymn tune the singers already knew which had a suitable meter and character. there are many hymn tunes which might fit a particular hymn : a hymn in long metre might be sung to any hymn tune in long metre, but the tunes might be as different as those tunes that have been used for centuries with hymns such as te lucis ante terminum, on one hand, and an arrangement of the calypso tune used with jamaica farewell, on the other. the practice of naming hymn tunes developed to help identify a particular tune. the name was chosen by the compiler of the tune book or hymnal or by the composer. the majority of names have a connection with the composer and many are place names. most hymnals provide a hymn tune index by name ( alphabetical ) and a hymn tune index by meter. in some instances a particular text and tune have an almost exclusive partnership with each other, such as reginald heber ' s text, \" holy, holy, holy! \" sung to john bacchus dykes ' s tune nicaea. in other instances a text may be used with a variety of tunes, such as \" o for a thousand tongues to sing \" sung to any of lyngham, oxford new, arden, lydia, richmond, azmon, or university. in yet other instances a tune may partner several texts, such as dix for \" as with gladness, men of old \", \" christ, whose glory fills the skies \", \" god of mercy, god of grace \", \" lord, to you immortal praise \", and \" for the beauty of the earth \". by contrast, in germany and scandinavia, tune names were not typically used even when a hymn tune was used for more than one text. the custom in such cases was to use part of the first line of the first text with which the tune was associated as a name for the tune : for example lasst uns erfreuen ( all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49519734717086844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9f78555-966d-4443-93d6-5b51b2244ab4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.276424"}
{"text": "was used for more than one text. the custom in such cases was to use part of the first line of the first text with which the tune was associated as a name for the tune : for example lasst uns erfreuen ( all creatures of our god and king ), gelobt sei gott ( good christian men ) and was lebet, was schwebet ( o worship the lord in the beauty of holiness ). renaming of tunes occurs from time to time, when a tune is chosen to be printed in a hymnal. when chorales were introduced in england during the eighteenth century, these tunes were sometimes given english - style tune names. the ravenscroft psalter of 1621 was the first english book which specified, by name, which tune should set each text. this followed the procedure used for the first time in the 1616 scottish psalter. in this early time of defining text / tune marriages, editors of different psalters were apt to use different names for the same tune. for example, the french tune, in the scottish psalter ( 1564 ), was the same tune as dundee in the ravenscroft psalter. common practice nowadays is for the composer of a tune to name it. typically, worship services in churches and synagogues include hymns which are sung by the congregation, accompanied by organ, or piano, and / or sometimes by guitars or other instruments. details of performance vary depending on the designated style of the service, or by the hymns themselves. some hymns specify unison singing, and other hymns are sung in parts ( usually soprano, alto, tenor, bass ). it is common practice for a congregation to sing all the hymns in unison, but in some traditions part singing is encouraged. sometimes, especially on longer texts, variety in the performance is introduced. varied performance practices may include : - varied harmonization for a stanza - descant added by sopranos, above the melody - \" fauxbourdon \" with the melody sung by tenors, and the harmonies sung by the other parts - a modulation ( usually for the last stanza ) into the next higher key other possibilities for varied performance can be invited through explanation either in the service bulletin or through verbal instruction by the pastor or the minister of music. combining some or all of these and can add interest to singing while enhancing the sense of the text. for example : - a stanza sung only by the choir - a stanza sung only by the congregation - a stanza sung only by men - a stanza sung only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5148012655648967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9f78555-966d-4443-93d6-5b51b2244ab4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.277361"}
{"text": "some or all of these and can add interest to singing while enhancing the sense of the text. for example : - a stanza sung only by the choir - a stanza sung only by the congregation - a stanza sung only by men - a stanza sung only by women - a stanza sung only by the left half of the sanctuary - a stanza sung only by the right half of the sanctuary, etc. some hymn tunes lend themselves to being sung in canon. | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( may 2008 ) | st. paul encourages christians to \" let the word of christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom ; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the lord \" ( col. 3 : 16 ), \" [ s ] peaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your heart to the lord. \" ( eph. 5 : 19 ). in 313 ad, the emperor constantine issued the edict of milan, which \"... gave the christians the right to practice religion openly. \" at that time the language of the people was latin. use of latin continued in the roman church long after it ceased to be the vernacular. by the early 16th century, the time of martin luther, the people had long since become only observers during the church services ; the singing was still in latin, and was done by choirs of priests and monks ( although the choirs sometimes included a few lay musicians as well ). as part of his efforts at reform, after martin luther prepared a version of the mass in latin, he prepared a version in german, adapting parts of the liturgical texts of the mass as chorales in the vernacular which could be sung and understood by the congregation. luther arranged the music for some of these by adapting the music of existing plainsong melodies ; he set other texts to newly composed tunes composed by others, or by himself. an example of the latter is the tune he composed for his german translation of psalm 46, ein feste burg. nicholas temperley wrote in the hymn tune index that luther \" wished his congregations to take part in the singing, but in general they failed to do so \" and \" it was the calvinist, or ' reformed ', branches of protestantism that succeeded in establishing congregation hymn singing in worship. \" luther ( 1483 \u2013 1546 ) posted his theses against roman church practices, particularly \" indulgences \", in 1517, which signalled the start of the reformation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44174837641761494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9f78555-966d-4443-93d6-5b51b2244ab4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.278288"}
{"text": "protestantism that succeeded in establishing congregation hymn singing in worship. \" luther ( 1483 \u2013 1546 ) posted his theses against roman church practices, particularly \" indulgences \", in 1517, which signalled the start of the reformation, \"... but six or seven years passed after the inception of his reformation before he gave his thought to hymns.... luther wished to refine the worship of the church by excluding what he thought were needless complications while retaining, through the use of music, the essential spirit of christian devotion as enshrined in the church ' s tradition.... the year 1524 saw the first official luther hymnals. \" luther wanted the congregation to participate in singing, with german texts sung to tunes straightforward enough for ordinary people to sing. \" luther himself wrote many new religious texts to be used with well - known german folk songs. vom himmel hoch is one of these. \" luther was a gifted and well - trained musician. he composed and found hymn tunes which were accessible for ordinary people to sing, and \"... at the same time he encouraged church choirs to continue the tradition of polyphonic motets within the lutheran mass. he used various textures and styles of music in ways which were most appropriate and effective for each. \" luther also adapted the music of existing plainsong melodies as hymn tunes. families enjoyed singing hymns in parts in their homes, for the family ' s enjoyment and edification, but unison singing was the custom in church. the reformed church and the ( french ) genevan psalter were the result of work by john calvin ( 1509 \u2013 1564 ). his profound reverence for scripture \"... caused him to insist that public praise in church should be confined to the language of the bible, adapted to the minimum extent required for congregational singing. he was \"... the architect of the tradition of metrical psalmody. \" calvin heard lutheran hymn singing while he served minister of the reformed church of strasbourg ( 1538 - 41 ). in fact, routley says, \" [ m ] etrical psalmody was really born [ in strasbourg ] rather than in geneva. \" clement marot ( c. 1497 - 1544 ) was a french court poet in strassbourg, who had begun setting psalms in metrical versions before calvin met him. although marot remained a catholic, calvin included marot ' s psalm versions in the psalter. the first geneva", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4325097403308778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9f78555-966d-4443-93d6-5b51b2244ab4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.279522"}
{"text": "was a french court poet in strassbourg, who had begun setting psalms in metrical versions before calvin met him. although marot remained a catholic, calvin included marot ' s psalm versions in the psalter. the first genevan psalter, 1542, contained 6 psalms by calvin and 30 by marot. the genevan psalter of 1562 contained all 150 psalms, and included the works of calvin ' s successor, theodore de beza ( 1509 \u2013 1565 ). calvin did not approve of free religious texts ( hymns ) for use in church ; scripture was the only source of texts he approved. calvin endorsed only singing of metrical psalm texts, only in unison, only a cappella, with no harmonization and no accompanying instruments of any kind. tunes for the metrical psalm versions came from several men, including louis bourgeois ( c. 1501 - c. 1561 ), and claude goudemil ( c. 1525 - 1572 ). there were 110 different meters used for the texts in calvin ' s psalter, and 125 different tunes to set them. the music was very difficult ; the long tunes were hard for ordinary people to grasp. but later adaptations ( and simplifications ) of these tunes have added to current day hymn tunes repertoire. routley states that metrical psalmody was actually the first english protestant hymnody. england ' s reformation began when king henry viii separated the english church from the catholic church in rome in 1532. king henry ' s heir was king edward vi, who ascended to the throne in 1547. thomas sternhold ( d. 1549 ), groom of the royal wardrobe at the end of henry viii ' s reign and during edward vi ' s, \"... began metricizing psalms for the edification of the young new king ( ten years old when he came to the throne in 1547 : sixteen when he died in 1553 ). \" interestingly, sternhold ' s work paralleled marot ' s efforts in the french court ; sternhold ' s \"... strong puritan strain moved him to replace with sacred songs the trivial secular music that was the court ' s normal entertainment ; this led him to versify certain psalms in the ballad metre that would enable them to be sung to tunes already known. \" ( forest green, kingsfold, etc. ). the ballad meter, \" which sternhold used very nearly without variation, \" had 4 iambic lines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40690368018590795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9f78555-966d-4443-93d6-5b51b2244ab4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.280697"}
{"text": "psalms in the ballad metre that would enable them to be sung to tunes already known. \" ( forest green, kingsfold, etc. ). the ballad meter, \" which sternhold used very nearly without variation, \" had 4 iambic lines of 14 syllables, which breaks down to 8686 8686 ( our double common meter dcm or cmd ). also, a simpler \" half length \" tune evolved, now described as common meter ( cm = 8686 ). the english aimed at a psalter of all 150 psalms, virtually all in ballad meter. sternhold started the task, writing a total of 37 by the time he died, when john hopkins took over the work..... in the year of [ sternhold ' s ] death, a little book without music containing 44 psalms was published, of which 36 were by sternhold and eight by his collaborator john hopkins ( d. 1570 ). progress on the psalter was interrupted when king edward died in 1553, and his elder half sister mary ( \" bloody mary \" ) became queen. she tried to reinstate catholicism as the state religion. churchmen whose lives were threatened fled to the continent, some ending up in geneva, where they encountered the 1551 genevan psalter and the congregational singing which it supported. when elizabeth i ascended the throne after her sister ' s death in 1558, the exiled churchmen returned to england, bringing them an anglo - genevan psalter containing all the psalms plus a few tunes to set them, along with their desire to add congregational singing to church services. at that point work continued with the sternhold and hopkins psalter, adding psalms to it from the anglo - genevan psalter. the complete psalter was published in 1562 by john daye. \" it is at this point important to remember that all these versions of the psalter, up to and including 1562, were published for private use. there was not, by 1562, strictly a ' church of england ' that could authorize the use of it in church. \" the question of \" authorization \" of the sternhold and hopkins psalter for use in church services is discussed at length in john julian ' s dictionary of hymnology ; actually, the psalter was used in church whether it was ever officially authorized or not. \" few books have had so long a career of influence. with the growing puritanism psalm - singing came to be esteemed the most divine part of god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4114589998879504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9f78555-966d-4443-93d6-5b51b2244ab4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.281650"}
{"text": ", the psalter was used in church whether it was ever officially authorized or not. \" few books have had so long a career of influence. with the growing puritanism psalm - singing came to be esteemed the most divine part of god ' s public service. \" books did not print the music with hymns in hymnals, until the middle 19th century. tunes were printed separately in tune books. some of those printed in america in the 19th century ( for example, lowell mason ' s, or george root ' s ) use four staff systems. the tune name, but no composer credit, appears above each tune. the melody of the tune appears in the tenor ( fauxbourdon ), often with the first stanza words, printed above the tenor staff. during the decade 1791 - 1800, more than 8, 000 hymn tunes were printed in great britain and between 7, 000 and 8, 000 were printed in the united states ; during the decade 1801 - 1810, about 11, 000 hymn tunes were printed in great britain, while more than 15, 000 were printed in the united states. the total number of hymn tunes published with english - language texts in publications from 1535 up to and including 1820 is recorded as 159, 123. many early hymnals were published in editions which contained only texts. the early methodist movement provides an example. the co - founders, john wesley and his brother charles wesley, published several text - only collections, culminating in a collection of hymns, for the use of the people called methodists, in 1780. john wesley published tune books separately, culminating in sacred harmony, in 1780. in 1786, with the fifth edition of the text - only collection, wesley indicated at the head of each hymn the tune to which he intended it to be sung. among the tunes in sacred harmony that are still in use are derby, helmsley, and savannah. accompanists to hymn singing had a tune book, a volume which a collection of tunes, most without words, the exception being the occasional lyric when underlay of words to the music was ambiguous. an example of this was the bristol tune book. as more people became musically literate, it became more common to print the melody, or both melody and harmony in hymnals. contemporary practice in the u. s. and canada is to print hymn tunes so that lyrics underlay the music ; the more common practice in the uk is to print the hymn tunes on one page, and the hymn text either below, or on facing pages. among twentieth - century", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4442690690899421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9f78555-966d-4443-93d6-5b51b2244ab4>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.282654"}
{"text": "s. and canada is to print hymn tunes so that lyrics underlay the music ; the more common practice in the uk is to print the hymn tunes on one page, and the hymn text either below, or on facing pages. among twentieth - century developments was the publishing of the english hymnal in 1906 under the music editorship of ralph vaughan williams. more recently, ethnic hymns and tunes have been included, descants have been added for some hymns, freer song - like styles have been accepted, and accompaniments by guitar and / or other instruments have been notated. - routley, erik ( 1980 ). christian hymns, an introduction to their story ( audio book ). princeton : prestige publications, inc. p. part 6, \" the beginnings of english psalmody, 1549 \u2013 1567 \". - compton ' s encyclopedia, vol. 5, 1968 edition. chicago : f. e. compton co. 1968. p. 548. - routley. christian hymns ( audio book ), op. cit. p. part 3, \" reformation hymnody \". - temperley, nicholas ( 1998 ). the hymn tune index : a census of english - language hymn tunes in printed sources from 1535 to 1820. oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 311150 - 0. - routley, erik ( 1981 ). the music of christian hymns. chicago : gia publications, inc. pp. 21 \u2013 22. isbn 0 - 941050 - 00 - 9. - doran, carol ( 1990 ). \" popular religious song \". in raymond f. glover. the hymnal 1982 companion. vol. 1. new york : the church hymnal corporation. p. 16. isbn 0 - 89869 - 143 - 5a. - doran. p. 21. unknown parameter | book = ignored ( help ) ; missing or empty - routley. \" section 3 : the age of luther \". christian hymns ( audio book ), op. cit. - routley. the music of christian hymns, op. cit. p. 28. - ibid. p. 29. - ibid. p. 29. - \" section 5, the psalmody of calvin ' s geneva \". christian hymns ( audio book ), op. cit. unknown parameter - routley. the music of christian hymns, op. cit. p. 35. - routley. the music of christian hymns", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4210929228870148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9f78555-966d-4443-93d6-5b51b2244ab4>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.283484"}
{"text": "calvin ' s geneva \". christian hymns ( audio book ), op. cit. unknown parameter - routley. the music of christian hymns, op. cit. p. 35. - routley. the music of christian hymns, op. cit. pp. 36 \u2013 37. - ibid. p. 38. - julian, john ( 1985 ). dictionary of hymnology. grand rapids : kregel publications. pp. 863 \u2013 864. isbn 0 - 8254 - 2960 - 9. unknown parameter | subject entry = ignored ( help ) - ibid. p. 864b. unknown parameter | subject entry = ignored ( help ) - stone, alfred ( 1891 ). the bristol tune book ( third edition ed. ). london, uk, new york, ny : novello, ewer & co. - raymond f. glover, ed., the hymnal 1982 companion, four volumes, the church hymnal corporation, new york, 1990. - franz hildegrandt and oliver a. beckerlegge, eds., the works of john wesley, volume 7 : a collection of hymns for the use of the people called methodists, oxford university press, 1983. includes appendix j : wesley ' s tunes for the collection, 1786. - john julian, a dictionary of hymnology, 2 vols., dover publications, new york, 1957. - d. dewitt wasson, hymntune index and related hymn materials, three volumes, scarecrow press, lanham, maryland, 1998. - erik routley, the music of christian hymns, gia publications, chicago, il, 1981. - austin c. lovelace, the anatomy of hymnody, gia publications, chicago, il, 1965.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4610052961784642, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9f78555-966d-4443-93d6-5b51b2244ab4>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.284209"}
{"text": "naval station norfolk | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( april 2008 ) | | naval station norfolk | naval station norfolk in june 2009 | | iata : ngu \u2013 icao : kngu \u2013 faa lid : ngu | | airport type | | military : naval station | | operator | | united states navy | | location | | norfolk, virginia, u. s. | | occupants | | u. s. fleet forces command | naval station norfolk ( iata : ngu, icao : kngu, faa lid : ngu ), in norfolk, virginia, is a base of the united states navy, supporting naval forces in the united states fleet forces command, those operating in the atlantic ocean, mediterranean sea, and indian ocean. ns norfolk, also known as the norfolk naval base, occupies about four miles ( 6 km ) of waterfront space and seven miles ( 11 km ) of pier and wharf space of the hampton roads peninsula known as sewell ' s point. it is the world ' s largest naval station, supporting 75 ships and 134 aircraft alongside 14 piers and 11 aircraft hangars, and houses the largest concentration of u. s. navy forces. port services controls more than 3, 100 ships ' movements annually as they arrive and depart their berths. air operations conducts over 100, 000 flight operations each year, an average of 275 flights per day or one every six minutes. over 150, 000 passengers and 264, 000 tons of mail and cargo depart annually on air mobility command ( amc ) aircraft and other amc - chartered flights from the airfield ' s amc terminal. the land on which the naval station is located was originally the site of the 1907 jamestown exposition. during this exposition, high - ranking naval officers agreed that this site was ideal for a naval activity. a bill was passed in 1908 proposing that the u. s. congress allow $ 1 million for the purchase of the property and buildings, but it died when the assistant secretary of the navy was given a choice between this property and a new coal ship. he replied that a new ship was an absolute necessity. however, immediately after the united states entered world war i in april 1917, the secretary of the navy was persuaded to buy the property. a bill was passed for the purchase of 474 acres ( 1. 9 km\u00b2 ) ; it set aside the sum of $ 1. 2 million as payment for the property and an additional $ 1. 6 million for the development of the base, including piers, aviation facilities, storehouses, facilities for fuel and oil storage, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42979780029057346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c85b7ce-f6d1-40d1-ab18-08b237d76996>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.306427"}
{"text": ") ; it set aside the sum of $ 1. 2 million as payment for the property and an additional $ 1. 6 million for the development of the base, including piers, aviation facilities, storehouses, facilities for fuel and oil storage, a recruit training station, a submarine base and recreation grounds for fleet personnel. rear admiral dillingham was assigned the task of coordinating the area ' s development. construction of the training camp began on independence day 1917, and within the first 30 days housing for 7, 500 men had been completed. the next six months saw the establishment of the 5th naval district headquarters and the naval operating base, which included the naval training center, naval air station, naval hospital and submarine station. by armistice day 1918, there were 34, 000 enlisted men at the base. when the available land became insufficient, a large part of the flats on the west and north were filled from dredging done to allow large ships to dock. during the fall and winter of 1917, approximately 8 million cubic yards ( 6, 000, 000 m\u00b3 ) of dredging took place. important historical events were taking place on the air side of the station as well. november 14, 1910 marked the birth of naval aviation when eugene ely, a pilot employed by the curtiss exhibition company, slowly accelerated toward the end of a 57 - foot ( 17 m ) wooden ramp constructed on the bow of the cruiser uss birmingham. the heavy cruiser was anchored in the james river, not too far from the site of the civil war ' s famous ironclad battle of hampton roads between the monitor and merrimac. nas norfolk started its roots training aviators at naval air detachment, curtiss field, newport news, on may 19, 1917. approximately five months later, with a staff increasing to five officers, three aviators, ten enlisted sailors and seven aircraft, the detachment was renamed naval air detachment, naval operating base, hampton roads. the aircraft, all seaplanes, were flown across the james river and moored to stakes in the water until canvas hangars were constructed. the new location offered sheltered water in an ice - free harbor, perfect for seaplane landings, good anchorage on the beach front, accessibility to supplies from naval station norfolk and room for expansion. its mission was to conduct anti - submarine patrols, train aviators and mechanics and run an experimental facility. world war i when the united states became involved in world war i, the size of the navy ' s air component was rapidly expanded. in the 19 months of u. s. participation, a force", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4017159269954875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c85b7ce-f6d1-40d1-ab18-08b237d76996>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.307514"}
{"text": "aviators and mechanics and run an experimental facility. world war i when the united states became involved in world war i, the size of the navy ' s air component was rapidly expanded. in the 19 months of u. s. participation, a force of 6, 716 officers and 30, 693 enlisted served in naval aviation. the training of mechanics to support the aircraft began in january 1918 at the norfolk detachment and the first patrol was conducted five months later. by then, the air detachment was recognized as one of the most important sources of trained naval aviators. in recognition of its importance, on august 27, 1918, the detachment became naval air station hampton roads, a separate station under its own commanding officer, lt. cmdr. patrick n. l. bellinger. as world war i came to an end, the former nas hampton roads saw erratic growth, growing to nearly 167 officers, 1, 227 enlisted men and 65 planes. but, it was after the war that demobilization had threatened the future of naval aviation. within seven months of the war ' s end, navy manpower fell to less than half its wartime highs. the republican party rose to power in 1920, promising fiscal austerity. congress cut naval appropriations by 20 % and manpower navy - wide was reduced. the carriers which congress had authorized were impossible to man. after the 1929 stock market crash and the onset of the great depression, president herbert hoover favored more naval limitation through international conferences, but the air operations in norfolk continued. using the same theories of eugene ely ' s flight nearly 13 years earlier, another milestone was achieved. the air station developed an arresting device to train pilots for deck landings aboard the fleet ' s first aircraft carrier, uss langley. at the same time, the station also began work on the development of the catapult. in january 1923, the secretary of the navy ordered a detailed study of the capacity of the bases and stations during war and peace. in comparing the development of the fleet and shore establishments, only hampton roads met the requirements. lighter - than - air operations, important for off - shore patrols during the war, ceased in 1924. in an effort similar to base closure struggles the military has today, civilian employees of the assembly and repair department ( forerunner of the former naval air depot ) joined the norfolk chamber of commerce in successfully fighting the planned suspension of aircraft overhaul work. the training of air groups from newly commissioned aircraft carriers such as langley, saratoga and lexington demanded expansion, but appropriations were meager for shore establishments. during the 1920s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4526578061661911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c85b7ce-f6d1-40d1-ab18-08b237d76996>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.308664"}
{"text": ") joined the norfolk chamber of commerce in successfully fighting the planned suspension of aircraft overhaul work. the training of air groups from newly commissioned aircraft carriers such as langley, saratoga and lexington demanded expansion, but appropriations were meager for shore establishments. during the 1920s and ' 30s the naval station operated at a reduced operating tempo. the training component processed only 1, 600 individuals by the late 1920s. by 1927, the naval training station, whose primary mission was to operate 12 service schools and train new recruits, had been reduced considerably from its wartime status, training only 560 recruits at a command with triple that capacity. during the late 1930s, major construction took place at naval station norfolk. at this time, building k - bb ( naval station headquarters ), the galley, and many barracks were built. as the 1930s came to a close, the station also began to prepare for total war. by 1939, when the atlantic fleet returned to the east coast, the naval station was clearly the biggest naval installation on the atlantic coast. in april 1939, in something of a test, the naval station refueled, restocked, and returned to service 25 ships in one week. this force was but the prelude to about 100 ships converging on norfolk at the time. it included the battleships california, idaho and new mexico and the carriers, lexington, ranger, yorktown and enterprise. the expansion of shipboard aviation in the 1930s brought renewed emphasis to naval air station norfolk. reverting to its experimental roots, development and testing of catapult and arresting gear systems took the highest priority at the air station. the commissioning of the aircraft carriers ranger, yorktown, wasp, and hornet increased the tempo of routine training in navigation, gunnery and aerial bombing as new air wings formed prior to world war ii. this demanded expansion, but appropriations for shore activities were meager. although congressional approval was gained in 1934 for the purchase of land that would expand the airfield by 540 acres ( 2. 2 km\u00b2 ), the matter was dropped. at the outbreak of war in europe on september 1, 1939, nas norfolk encompassed 236 acres ( 1. 0 km\u00b2 ) with two small operating areas, chambers field and west landing field. during world war ii, the naval air station had a direct combat support role in the area of anti - submarine patrols. president franklin d. roosevelt ' s response to the start of the war in europe was the national emergency program of september 8, 1939. it resulted in fantastic growth for all navy activities in the norfolk area. the combat support role", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42192762044110277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c85b7ce-f6d1-40d1-ab18-08b237d76996>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.309618"}
{"text": "anti - submarine patrols. president franklin d. roosevelt ' s response to the start of the war in europe was the national emergency program of september 8, 1939. it resulted in fantastic growth for all navy activities in the norfolk area. the combat support role began on october 21, 1939, when a 600 - mile ( 970 km ) - wide neutrality zone was declared around the american coast. four norfolk - based patrol squadrons, vp - 51, us vp - 52, vp - 53 and vp - 54 were among the first units to enforce the zone. world war ii world war ii profoundly changed the appearance of the naval station. with the eruption of war in europe in september 1939, the station began to vibrate with activity. by december, the navy had over $ 4 million in projects underway on the station. by the summer of 1940 the station employed some 8, 000 personnel, a number larger than any time since the end of world war i. the hepburn board had made recommendations to congress earlier in the year that would also double the size and workload of the station. since chambers and west fields were encroaching on the activities of the former naval operating base, it was decided to expand to the east. east camp, with an area of about 1, 000 acres ( 4 km\u00b2 ) between the east side of naval station and granby street, had been sold off by the army at the end of world war i. congress authorized its repurchase in early 1940. on june 29 of that year, a contract was signed with the virginia engineering company of newport news for the expansion of the station. the cost of expansion and construction was to reach more than $ 72 million. hangars, a new dispensary, three runways, magazine areas, warehouses, barracks and docking areas were patterned after similar existing airfields. the plan was revised and approved by captain p. n. l. bellinger, returning as commanding officer 20 years after first holding the job. bellinger insisted that as many structures as possible be permanent ones. the air station was still largely composed of temporary hangars and workshops left over from world war i. many were unsafe and costly to maintain. the last permanent structure added had been the administration building, constructed in 1930. special attention was paid to control facilities. prior to the expansion, operations from chambers field had no traffic control system except for a white placard inserted through a slot on the roof to indicate the direction of the runway in use. some 353 acres ( 1. 4 km\u00b2 ) were eventually reclaimed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4506553002466707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c85b7ce-f6d1-40d1-ab18-08b237d76996>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.310547"}
{"text": "to the expansion, operations from chambers field had no traffic control system except for a white placard inserted through a slot on the roof to indicate the direction of the runway in use. some 353 acres ( 1. 4 km\u00b2 ) were eventually reclaimed at a cost of $ 2. 1 million. two large hangars and ramps for seaplanes, barracks, officer quarters and family housing were built. this construction cut off mason creek road and the navy compensated the city by improving kersloe road between hampton boulevard and granby street. norfolk responded by renaming the road, admiral taussig boulevard, in honor of the retiring commander of the naval operating base. in july 1940, the federal government began dredging willoughby bay and the naval air station seaplane operating area at breezy point, virginia was constructed from reclaimed marshlands at the mouth of mason creek, virginia. by the time president roosevelt visited at the end of july, the station was clearly reaching the point where it could support ships engaged in war overseas. in 1941, the possibility of u. s. involvement in the war looked more likely. construction of more new facilities was pushed forward to match increased requirements. directives from washington meant facilities had to be developed to operate five aircraft carrier air groups, seven to nine patrol squadrons, the fighter director school and the atlantic fleet operational training program for 200 pilots prior to their fleet assignment. further requests were made to provide training and maintenance facilities for british aircrew from hms illustrious and formidable. in june 1941, the personnel count at the naval station dramatically increased once again. there were now about 10, 000 new recruits at the naval training station, 15, 559 officers and enlisted on station, and 14, 426 sailors assigned to ships homeported in norfolk. after pearl harbor, another $ 4 million was put into the receiving station to elevate its capacity by some 5, 500 individuals. the navy planned to double hospital capacity, as well as adding a full range of indoor and outdoor athletic facilities to go along with the construction of a new auditorium. in all, these new requirements led to enlarging the construction project to five times its original scope. at the completion of the first round of construction, east field was estimated to have the capacity for 410 land planes while breezy point ' s capacity was estimated at 72 seaplanes. from a manpower viewpoint, nas norfolk grew from an average of 2, 076 officers and enlisted in december 1940 to 16, 656 active duty in december 1943. for the first six months of 1943,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4708088010637904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c85b7ce-f6d1-40d1-ab18-08b237d76996>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.311496"}
{"text": "s capacity was estimated at 72 seaplanes. from a manpower viewpoint, nas norfolk grew from an average of 2, 076 officers and enlisted in december 1940 to 16, 656 active duty in december 1943. for the first six months of 1943, the flight operations department recorded an average of 21, 073 flights per month and an average of 700 flights per day. this represents a take - off or landing every two minutes, 24 hours a day. the increased pace of operations made it necessary to further physical plant growth. in order to extend runways and provide more parking areas, an additional 400 acres ( 1. 6 km\u00b2 ) including the old norfolk airport were acquired. finally, by 1943, the naval air station had become the hub for a series of outlying airfields. facilities were commissioned at chincoteague, whitehurst, reservoir, oceana, pungo, fentress, monogram, and creeds, va., as well as elizabeth city, edenton, manteo, and harvey point, n. c. a new command, naval air center, had been formed october 12, 1942 under captain j. m. shoemaker, the 15th and 18th commanding officer of nas norfolk, to coordinate operations within the norfolk area. the outlying fields were used for training, patrol plane operations, practice bombing and aerial gunnery. the assembly and repair ( a & r ) department also offers an excellent example of expansion at the naval air station. in 1939, a & r occupied four world war i hangars and a few workshops. it employed 213 enlisted men and 573 civilians in the overhaul of aircraft engines and fuselages. in 1940, the naval aircraft program passed congress with a production goal of 10, 000 new planes later increased 15, 000. to support this effort, a & r, after pearl harbor, went to two 10 - hour shifts per day, seven days a week for a work force that now numbered 1, 600 enlisted and 3, 500 civilians. women, who had been employed only as seamstress for wing and fuselage fabric, began working in a & r machine shops as labor shortages became acute. during the summer of 1942, the apprentice school was opened to provide training in nine trades. by war ' s end, assembly and repair had developed into a class \" a \" industrial plant with peak employment of 3, 561 civilians and 4, 852 military workers. after war was formally declared following pearl harbor, germany began a u - boat offensive, \" operation drumbeat \", against shipping along the atlantic coast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43601129962034724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c85b7ce-f6d1-40d1-ab18-08b237d76996>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.312436"}
{"text": "a \" industrial plant with peak employment of 3, 561 civilians and 4, 852 military workers. after war was formally declared following pearl harbor, germany began a u - boat offensive, \" operation drumbeat \", against shipping along the atlantic coast. the eastern sea frontier, a command headquartered in new york, directed the american response. locally, fleet air wing 5 units flew under its operational command of the 5th naval district. wing 5 units involved consisted of scouting squadrons, 12 os2u kingfisher seaplanes and vps 83 and 84 equipped with pby5a catalinas. by 1942, nas norfolk was home to 24 fleet units. in this early phase of the war, the u - boats had the best of it. with a peacetime mindset still prevalent, valuable ships sailed independently \u2014 backlit by the lights of seaside towns. from january through april 1942, the eastern sea frontier recorded 82 sinkings by u - boats. during the same period, only eight u - boats were sunk by u. s. forces. eventually, coastal convoys were instituted and more aircraft became available. german u - boats moved elsewhere and sinkings decreased. to move closer to their patrol areas and free up space for the training of new squadrons, nas norfolk - based patrol squadrons transferred their operations from breezy point to chincoteague and elizabeth city. nas norfolk ' s biggest contribution to the winning of world war ii was in the training it provided to a wide variety of allied naval air units. at the start of the war, training activities at nas did not fall under the direction of a single overseer. this changed on january 1, 1943 with the creation of commander air force atlantic fleet with rear admiral ( later vice admiral ) bellinger in charge. the former nas commanding officer was tasked with providing administrative, material and logistic support for atlantic fleet aviation units. airlant also furnished combat - ready carrier air groups, patrol squadrons and battleship and cruiser aviation units for both the atlantic and pacific fleets. to complete this task, fleet air wing 5 in norfolk turned over its operational commitments for the eastern sea frontier to fleet air wing 9 at nas quonset point, rhode island. in december 1942, recruit training at the base was abolished since the base was now more suitably equipped for advanced training for men going directly to the fleet. with the change in the training station and the declaration of war, the mission became that of a pre - commissioning training station. three 1, 000 foot ( 300 m ) piers, which were used as convoy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.427361494855543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c85b7ce-f6d1-40d1-ab18-08b237d76996>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.313367"}
{"text": "training for men going directly to the fleet. with the change in the training station and the declaration of war, the mission became that of a pre - commissioning training station. three 1, 000 foot ( 300 m ) piers, which were used as convoy escort piers, were built during world war ii. on september 18, 1943, faw - 5 assumed the primary mission of providing training under the direction of airlant. the aviation service school offered courses in metalsmith work, engine repair, radio repair and ordnance. aviation machinist ' s mate a school consisted of two months of training and two months of practical experience in a & r department shops. the advanced base aviation training unit helped sailors develop the skills necessary to maintain all types of aircraft at advanced bases in combat area. the aircraft they completed went to the fleet pool for distribution to squadrons in the process of commissioning. a similar service for maintenance crews in squadrons awaiting the commissioning of new carriers was provided by the carrier air service unit. among the earliest schools at nas was the fighter director school, which taught fleet communications and tactics, radar operations and direction of aircraft from ships before moving to georgia. the celestial navigation training unit instructed pilots being assigned to patrol squadrons. the aerial free gunnery training unit was originally located at breezy point, but moved to dam neck in 1943 to be able to carry out range work without restricting airspace. carrier qualifications training unit provided for field carrier landing practice, simulated carrier search techniques and qualification landings. any carriers available in hampton roads were used to deck - qualify pilots, but the bulk of the load went to uss charger. for most of the war, charger acted as school ship both for squadrons in training and for flight deck personnel assigned to newly commissioned carriers. the air station ' s impact on winning world war ii was more extensive than most people think. with only a few exceptions, all navy air squadrons that fought in the war trained in norfolk. the air station also trained numerous british fighter squadrons and french and russian patrol squadrons. from 1943 to the end of the war, a total of 326 u. s. units were commissioned and trained under the control of airlant. undoubtedly, the loudest noise heard and one of the most devastating navy accidents in hampton roads during world war ii occurred at 11 am september 17, 1943. a nas ordnance department truck was pulling four trailers loaded with depth charges on the taxiway between nas and the nob piers. each trailer was designed to carry four aerial depth charges. to save time, two additional charges were loaded on top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43908982363556404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c85b7ce-f6d1-40d1-ab18-08b237d76996>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.314363"}
{"text": ", 1943. a nas ordnance department truck was pulling four trailers loaded with depth charges on the taxiway between nas and the nob piers. each trailer was designed to carry four aerial depth charges. to save time, two additional charges were loaded on top of each trailer. compounding the problem, the charges on top were not properly chained down. one of the charges slipped loose and became wedged between the trailer and the ground. the friction of being dragged against the road caused the charge to begin smoking. an alert marine sentry spotted the smoke and notified the driver who immediately stopped the truck and ran to a nearby fire station. assistant fire chief gurney e. edwards hurried to the scene and attempted to cool down the charges with a fire extinguisher. as soon as he started his attempt, the first depth charge exploded, killing him instantly. for several minutes, charges continued to explode. the blasts shattered windows up to seven miles ( 11 km ) away ( 10 km ) and were heard in suffolk, 20 miles ( 30 km ) distant. in the center of the explosion was a group of old enlisted men ' s barracks opposite the dispensary, the vicinity of the current location of v - 88. a total of 18 buildings were destroyed by the blast. they were so badly damaged that they had to be razed. thirty - three aircraft were also destroyed with a monetary damage of $ 1. 8 million. according to official histories, the shock of the explosion found people scaling fences that had been considered man - proof and impossible to climb. other persons found themselves some time later with shoes in hand, waiting for street cars, with no memory of the event. the casualties amounted to 426, including 40 dead. among them was seaman 2nd class elizabeth korensky, the only woman killed and the first wave to die in the line of duty in the war. nas norfolk responded to the tragedy by building six new brick barracks to house the troops and added industrial space by building r - 80, the largest airplane hangar in the world. winning the war was a full - time effort. postwar period developments underscored the capacity of the naval station to change. the station at first stored inactive aircraft carriers, other reserve vessels, and finally submarines and destroyers. fire fighting and salvage control now became specialties. the atlantic fleet command came ashore in 1948 and placed its headquarters with a staff of 165 officers and 315 enlisted in an abandoned hospital. at the same time, the station rendered service to military as well as scientific pursuits. known officially as naval", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.461484756310448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c85b7ce-f6d1-40d1-ab18-08b237d76996>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.315361"}
{"text": "specialties. the atlantic fleet command came ashore in 1948 and placed its headquarters with a staff of 165 officers and 315 enlisted in an abandoned hospital. at the same time, the station rendered service to military as well as scientific pursuits. known officially as naval operating base until 31 december 1952, on january 1, 1953 the name of the installation was changed to naval station norfolk. after the second world war, the air side of the station continued to operate at near peak levels as well. it served as operational headquarters for the fleet air command, and with the emergence of nas oceana as a master jet base in the late 1950s, the tandem formed the nucleus of the biggest air base on the east coast. the airfield was renamed as naval air station norfolk ( chambers field ) and would remain so throughout the postwar period through the end of the cold war. in 1967 it came under the control of commander, naval air force, atlantic ( comnavairlant ). the norfolk facility remained the chief supplier of aircraft parts and a major rework plant. classified as \" industrial \", the station employed about 7, 500 civilians in 1946. in one postwar year the navy invested $ 36 million in the overhaul and repair plant alone. the average annual payroll in the last had of the 1950s came to nearly $ 45 million. by 1976, the air rework plant covered 174 acres ( 0. 7 km\u00b2 ) and included 175 buildings. in the 1970s and 1980s its workers restored or repaired, among other craft, f - 14 tomcats, a - 6 intruders, and f - 8 crusaders. from june 1980 until june 1981, the air station handled over 135, 478 aircraft operations, 29, 832 tons of air cargo, and 132, 000 passengers. in 1996, as part of the congressional \" base realignment and closure \" ( brac ) process this plant, known by this time as the naval aviation depot norfolk, closed its doors. the air station, at one time, was host to more than 70 tenant commands, including several carrier groups, a carrier airborne early warning wing and associated squadrons, a helicopter sea control wing and associated squadrons, and various naval air reserve units, primarily the wing headquarters for reserve patrol wing atlantic, the local headquarters for naval air reserve norfolk and reserve e - 2 hawkeye, c - 9 skytrain ii and various helicopter squadrons. a marine corps reserve medium helicopter squadron with ch - 46 sea knight aircraft was also assigned. in addition, the air station rendered support in photography, meteorology, and electronics to the fleet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42037144230711954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c85b7ce-f6d1-40d1-ab18-08b237d76996>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.316399"}
{"text": "for other places with the same name, see la paz ( disambiguation ) la paz is the administrative capital of bolivia, while sucre is the constitutional capital and the seat of the supreme court. la paz was established in 1548, and is in the andes. altitude of the city ranges from about 4, 058 m ( 13, 313 ft ) above sea level in el alto ( where the airport is located ) to 3, 100 m ( 10, 170 ft ) in the lower residential area. it is the highest national capital in the world. the sight from the air as one flies into la paz is incredible. first, one sees the sprawling shantytowns of el alto, slowly giving way to the sight of la paz itself, clinging tenuously to the sides of what looks like a large gash in the earth. la paz was built in a canyon created by the choqueyapu river ( now mostly built over ), which runs northwest to southeast. the city ' s main thoroughfare, which roughly follows the river, changes names over its length, but the central tree - lined section running through the downtown core is called the prado. la paz geography, in particular the altitude, reflects the city ' s society : the lower you go, the more affluent. while many middle - class pacenos live in high - rise condos near the center, the really rich houses are located in the lower neighborhoods southwest of the prado. the reason for this division is that the lower you go in the city the milder the weather is. and looking up from the center, the surrounding hills are plastered with makeshift brick houses of those struggling in the hope of one day reaching the bottom. the satellite city of el alto, in which the airport is located, is spread over a broad area to the west of the canyon, on the altiplano. el alto international airport ( iata : lpb ) ( icao : sllp ), el alto. this is the world ' s highest international airport ; at 13, 313 ft / 4, 058 m above sea level, it ' s almost half as high as a jetliner ' s cruising altitude, and takeoffs require a longer runway due to the thin air. there is an airport departure tax of us $ 25 for international flights, bs. 15 ( around us $ 2 ) for domestic flights. tax can only be paid in cash, but several atms which also give out us $ are available at the airport. most south american airlines ( lan,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4310023467617382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.362508"}
{"text": "$ 25 for international flights, bs. 15 ( around us $ 2 ) for domestic flights. tax can only be paid in cash, but several atms which also give out us $ are available at the airport. most south american airlines ( lan, taca, avianca, skyairline etc. ) serve el alto airport as well local airlines ( boliviana de aviacion ( boa ), transporte aereo militar ( tam ), aerocon and amaszonas ). most international flights will make a stop over in santa cruz to pick up or drop off passengers. american airlines is currently the only u. s. carrier serving bolivia, with one daily flight from miami. state - funded boliviana de aviacion ( boa ) and tam ( usually for a cheaper price ) serve major domestic destinations as well as some major south american hubs. aerocon mainly provides air links to communities in the beni department via their hub trinidad. amaszonas provides direct service to tourist destinations like rurrenabaque or uyuni. lab ( lloyd aereo boliviano ) was bolivia ' s national airline until april 2007, when services were suspended by the bolivian government due to financial problems. while you may be in the practice of racing to immigration when you get off a plane, in order to avoid long queues, forget about this in la paz. take things very easily or you will be seriously out of breath and may suffer medical complications. just walk slowly to the immigration area. from the airport, the official rate for a taxi into central la paz is bs 60 ( about us $ 9 ). only use radio taxis with a sign on the roof. shared vans cost bs 3. 80 ( us $ 0. 50 ). when returning to the airport, please give yourself plenty of time if taking the bus. often they are full once they pass near plaza san francisco, especially during rush hour 5 - 7pm. the first bus leaves from plaza isabel de catolica in sopocachi at 6. 15 a. m. if you are taking a tam flight out of la paz airport be very careful to verify which airport it is leaving from, some tam flights leave from the el alto intl airport and others from the military base airport. i got mistakenly dropped off early morning by the taxi driver at the military airport which is about 2 km from the intl airport and had no choice but to catch a cab back for the ripoff price for 30 bs ( for 2 km", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3848452459998458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.363460"}
{"text": "base airport. i got mistakenly dropped off early morning by the taxi driver at the military airport which is about 2 km from the intl airport and had no choice but to catch a cab back for the ripoff price for 30 bs ( for 2 km! ) as it was early morning! ( as of nov. 2011 all tam flights seem to be leaving from el alto intl. - may 2012 update - tam flights do sometimes still leave from the military airport ) the main bus terminal is in central park, near the upper end of the prado and a 15 - 20 min walk from most hostels. from this bus station, buses leave for big cities such as cochabamba, santa cruz, oruro, potosi, sucre, tarija and arica. buses leaving la paz usually stop in el alto to pick up more passengers. it sometimes takes almost an hour until you really leave the city. cochabamba 7 - 8 hr. normal day buses cost around bs 20 while \" full cama \" ( flat bed ) buses with for example bolivar cost bs 90. semi cama between the two. oruro 3 hr, bs 15. to chile, buses run to arica, around 8 hr, some continuing to iquique ( 12 - 14 hr - best to get the bus at 7am, later buses will result in arriving in iquique in the middle of the night. ) buses departing to, and arriving from, lake titicaca, like copacabana, sorata, desaguadero, tiwanaku and so on leave from the area \" cementerio \" ( the city cemetery ). buses are leaving from \" parada copacabana \", \" parada sorata \", \" parada desaguadero \" in the \" cementerio \" - area. buses going towards quime, any bus going to oruro from the main bus terminal will stop in conani, from whence you catch a mini - van into the cordillera de quimsa cruz. there are three types of shared public transportation in la paz : regular buses or \" micros \" ; shared vans, called \" mini buses \", and shared taxis running set routes advertised on the windshield, called \" trufis \". the former cost bs 1, 30 while the second are bs 1, 50 - 2, 30 depending on duration. a trufi will generally cost you bs 3 - 3. 50. all types have their routes indicated on the windshield, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.37949223501046286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.364328"}
{"text": ". the former cost bs 1, 30 while the second are bs 1, 50 - 2, 30 depending on duration. a trufi will generally cost you bs 3 - 3. 50. all types have their routes indicated on the windshield, but mini buses have the bonus of fare collectors hanging out the side, yelling out routes in a rapid, auctioneer - like manner. you can hail a bus or mini bus anywhere ; to get off, just yell out \" \u00a1 voy a bajar! \" the easiest way to get around is by taxi. they aren ' t metered, so agree on a fare before boarding ; a ride within downtown should be about bs 6 - 8. if you want to go further, ask two or more taxi drivers before boarding. a normal ride by taxi from downtown to a place within the city won ' t cost more than bs 20. if you ever find yourself to be lost, in general the easiest thing is to simply walk downhill. you will eventually find yourself on the prado or another main avenue, then you ' ll be able to take a taxi to the downtown, if you are on the southside of the city ( zona sur ). - sagarnaga street, ( just south of plaza san francisco ). la paz ' main tourist strip. it ' s mainly a market street with artesano and souvenir stores, but you ' ll also find budget hostels, tour and travel agencies, cafes, and lots and lots of backpackers. don ' t be suckered by the roving sellers of \" trilobite - in - a - rock \". - the witches ' market, ( mercado de hechiceria or mercado de las brujas ). calle linares between sagarnaga and santa cruz. vendors sell llama fetuses and dried frogs for aymara rituals, as well as soapstone figurines and aphrodisiac formulas. this street is also the best place to pick up a charango or other bolivian musical instrument. - eloy salmon. shops on this street sell cheap electronics. - calle jaen. one of the few places in the city with preserved colonial buildings, currently housing several interesting museums. - plaza murillo. contains government buildings and the city cathedral. - the valle de la luna. surreal, weathered rock. just outside the city. take a local bus to mallasa ( bs2. 30 ) or a taxi ( bs 35 ) or join a tour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4109312092601266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.365240"}
{"text": ". contains government buildings and the city cathedral. - the valle de la luna. surreal, weathered rock. just outside the city. take a local bus to mallasa ( bs2. 30 ) or a taxi ( bs 35 ) or join a tour. the entrance to the park is located next to the flags and costs bs15. if you want to see more eroded formations with glittering diamond like silver and pink sand, try going on a red bus to alpacoma from calle buenos aires, then take a bs. 2. 00 trufi to the brick ovens, then walk a few minutes over the pass to the upper achocalla valley ( towards the well - hidden municipal dump ). - the thursday & sunday market in el alto or feria de 16 de julio. a huge market held in el alto every thursday and sunday. this mostly aimara market is one of the world ' s biggest, and a person can find just about anything. the latest software and dvds are practically free as are high quality used clothes, jackets, sweaters and everything else imaginable. for newbies, stick to the railroad tracks starting at the ceja and ending at plaza ballivian. do not bring anything valuable ( like camera or iphone ) and keep your money ( except small bills like 10 ' s ) inside your clothing. bring sunblock. as a long time resident of bolivia, this is one of my favorite pass times and the area where i have practically furnished my house, dressed my kids and bought plants for my garden. on fair days there are hundreds of mini buses leaving from the prado. - the self - guided public transport tour. the best way to see the real la paz is to jump on and off public transport minibuses and micros at random, go to the end of the line, turn around and jump off at any place that looks interesting. there is no way to get lost and each jump on and off costs about $ us 0. 15. buy fruit and so on along the way and talk to people in the periferal zones. quite safe. - mercado uruguay, a labyrinth of street market stalls on a steep slope. best fish meals in the city ( \" fish alley \" ). from the corner of santa cruz and illampu walk up hill about four blocks... othat is, two blocks will bring you to the round plaza 14 de septiembre. one block straight up will bring you to eloy salmon, and another block to the market.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40142802841121505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.366136"}
{"text": "illampu walk up hill about four blocks... othat is, two blocks will bring you to the round plaza 14 de septiembre. one block straight up will bring you to eloy salmon, and another block to the market. - circular circuit of culture and art : one ticket for three awesome museums, visit la paz museums, one ticket for three within a week! with the aim of promoting the cultural and historical heritage of la paz and bolivia, we launched a single ticket to access the circuit, which will be sold at tourist agencies, hotels and the museums of the circuit. the three museums of the circuit are san francisco museum : a catholic - indigenous face, the national ethnographic and folk museum : a trip through bolivian cultures, and the national museum of art : exhibitions, collections, history and more. - museum san francisco, plaza san francisco. this restored religious complex has housed some of bolivia ' s most important historical moments, including the birth of the independence revolution of 1809. also, one can climb the church tower to get a panoramic view of both the indigenous and mestiza quarters. displays are in spanish and english along with personal guides. - national ethnographic and folk museum, ingavi 916, esq. jenaro sanjines. the musef shows us the bolivian cultures in their historic dimension and their current situation. these cultures are alive in the cities and the countryside, in markets, schools and churches, in streets, the jungle or a minibus. not a single corner of bolivia escapes its diversity. and to understand this complexity better, the musef offers us an incomparable tour. - national museum of art, calle comercio esq. socabaya. no doubt, the tour through the national museum of art is a ride through the history of bolivian art, its paintings, sculptures, photos and other artistic expressions ; a singular experience for both national and foreign visitors. - tiwanaku museum ( museo tihuanaco ) - museum of contemporary art ( museo de arte contemporaneo ), av. 16 de julio 1698 ( prado ). the permanent collection upstairs ( bs10 ) contain many works by renowned aymara painter mamani mamani. the downstairs gallery containing work by students and up - and - comers is free. - coca museum, calle linares 906. m - su 10am - 7pm. a favorite of foreign tourists, this small museum details the history and significance of the coca plant, including the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45999894874733116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.367437"}
{"text": "up - and - comers is free. - coca museum, calle linares 906. m - su 10am - 7pm. a favorite of foreign tourists, this small museum details the history and significance of the coca plant, including the effect of the u. s. war on drugs. the displays are in spanish, but booklets of complete translations in other languages are provided. according to the museum, crack cocaine is the greatest epidemic since the plague in the middle - ages. and yes, there are free samples of coca leaf for visitors. bs 10. - musical instrument museum ( museo de instrumentos musicales de bolivia ), calle jaen 711. displays a huge collection of sound - producing devices from bolivia and beyond, some of which you can play yourself. the museum was founded by charango master and inventor ernesto cavour, and some of his creations on display ( such as multi - bodied guitars ) are downright bizarre. - museum of precious metals ( museo de metales preciosos precolombinos ), calle jaen 777. pre - columbian treasures in silver and gold. - submerged museum ( museo subterraneo ), in front of the city stadium. hardly deserving the name \" museum \", it ' s essentially a small outdoor plaza sunk into the ground with a huge replica tiwanaku monolith in the middle of it. the original one used to be there, but it was moved back to tiwanaku for preservation. - bolivian andean textile museum ( museo de textiles andinos bolivianos ), plaza benito juarez 488. it exhibits a large variety of textiles and weavings from all the bolivian andean communities. it ' s a must - see for weaving lovers. it also displays several garments, like ponchos, from all these regions. the museum also includes a shop ( 90 % of your purchase belongs to the artists ) and it is located at lovely house in miraflores. la paz is a city which can be a sight in itself, and there are several viewing places or miradores offering impressive panoramas. - mirador killi killi, ( from avenida sucre take avenida la bandera and then walk straight up, the mirador is on the right side ). you can get the best view of la paz from here. no entrance fee. you can either walk, take a taxi or bus to get there. buses with sign \" v. pabon \" go there, such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4495958869958194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.369536"}
{"text": "on the right side ). you can get the best view of la paz from here. no entrance fee. you can either walk, take a taxi or bus to get there. buses with sign \" v. pabon \" go there, such as \" micros \" w, p, 22, 137. - parque laikacota, ( at the top of av. ejercito west of the city center ). the best panorama from within the bowl, with clear views of the city and the rugged terrain to the east, all the way to mt. illimani. admission is bs 3. 50. - mirador monticulo, ( next to plaza espana ). this small park ( free entry ) has a church and lots of trees which block much of the city, but the clear view of illimani makes it an evening hotspot for couples. - av. camacho, ( in the heart of downtown ). points straight to illimani, and from the intersection with the prado it ' s framed by skyscrapers in an interesting juxtaposition. - condor samana, ( take a red bus from calle buenos aires east towards ciudad satellite ) : near alpacoma, the most unknown of la paz view sites, on top of some eroded cliffs belowe ciudad satellite, the condors used to nest here before the city moved up. if upu look out the left hand side of the bus you will spot the castle like formation a bit before getting to el alto. take it easy on your first day in la paz if you arrive from low altitude. even if you feel fine, resting and walking slowly will help. try not to eat too much, at least the first day or so. and sleep as much as you can. one good thing to do is to take any mini - bus or micro from near your hotel to the end of the line, walk down a bit and catch another one to the end of the line, walk down some more and catch another one and so on. cheap, no danger and you will see the most fascinating things imaginable. one of the most recognizable aspects of andean culture is its folk music, which you can enjoy at a number of penas, or music clubs. - huari, calle sagarnaga 329. its location makes it the convenient choice for foreign tourists, so be prepared for extreme tourist prices and slightly tacky decor. ( the ancient incas probably didn ' t have black lighting. ) nonetheless", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4119369175539086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.375789"}
{"text": "- huari, calle sagarnaga 329. its location makes it the convenient choice for foreign tourists, so be prepared for extreme tourist prices and slightly tacky decor. ( the ancient incas probably didn ' t have black lighting. ) nonetheless, the music and dance performances are excellent. - marka tambo, calle jaen 710. considered among the best for serious fans of the music. - megacenter, ( in the entrance to irpavi in the \" zona sur \" ), from downtown you must go on public transportation. - multicine, 2631 avenida arce, ( a couple of blocks south of plaza isabel de catholica ),. brand new multiplex cinema with 1 3d screen. shows current hollywood blockbusters. - the cinemateca boliviana, guachalla and federico suazo st ). most modern movie theater in the city. you can see new mega - releases as well as local films and international festivals. - monje campero, ( at the beginning of av. 16 de julio ), - 16 de julio ( near to plaza del estudiante ). - cine azul, ( at the beginning of av. 16 de julio ). despite the best efforts to censor it latin america ' s premier underground bluey showhouse is still up and running. the steam is literally dripping off the walls, among other things. bank holidays and special dates 16 july - anniversary of la paz - instituto exclusivo, avenida 20 de octubre # 2315, + 591 2 242 1072. study spanish, english, dutch, german, portuguese or several other foreign languages with experienced and personable teachers. excellent individualized and small group instruction with friendly staff. activities from salsa classes to local excursions, including museum, market or pena visits upon request. free internet, homestays and transportation. - pico verde languages, 363 sagarnaga st ( up from san francisco, close to corner with calle illampu ), + 591 2 231 8328 or + 591 737 18240. m - f 9am - 6pm, sa 9am - 1pm. friendly spanish school in the heart of la paz\u00b4s historical district. specialises in crash courses for travellers wanting to get to grips with or improve their spanish, as well as longer courses for those spending more time in the city. group or individual classes tailored to any level, with experienced teachers who all speak fluent english, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39819013677273196, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.433390"}
{"text": "##ises in crash courses for travellers wanting to get to grips with or improve their spanish, as well as longer courses for those spending more time in the city. group or individual classes tailored to any level, with experienced teachers who all speak fluent english, as well as some french, german and italian speakers. homestays and volunteering opportunities can be arranged, as well as other activities. competitive prices and laid back atmosphere. us $ 4. 50 - 8 per hour depending on class size and hours taken. - speakeasy institute, avenida arce # 2047, + 591 2 244 1779. highly trained, experienced teachers and courses tailor - made, short survival spanish, brush up on what you know, prepare for international exams, understand exactly what the subjunctive is. homestays, volunteer work and cultural activities offered. - william ortiz ( servicing for abc spanish tuition ), miraflores, avenida simon bolivar, pasaje 1880, house n\u00ba 1785 ( opposite china motors company, walk the alley up to the end ), + 591 2 2220582 or + 591 72552871, e - mail : email @ example. com. mon - sun 8am - 8pm. mr. ortiz, has taught spanish since 1992, in la paz, his place is located 20 min walk from sopocachi and 10 min to the centre. the schedules for the lessons are completely flexible and the student could start lessons any day of the week. individual, group and tailor - made classes. family homestay, volunteer work and educational tours could be organized for students during the course. intensive lessons 3 - 4 hrs / day or short - term intensive lessons 5 - 10 hrs / day. free hostal pick - up. - rita clavijo, pasaje jose manuel loza n\u00ba 420 ( calle prudencio esq. juan de vargas ) ( miraflores, between parque laicacota and estadio obrero ), + 591 728 89 364, e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org. for those who find learning in a formal school environment difficult, or whose schedules make fitting in with a school ' s timetable impossible. rita offers private tuition at whatever time is most convenient, either at her home, your hostel, or a quiet cafe of your choice. more than 10 years experience teaching spanish, and a positive, adaptable approach based on her extensive study of cognitive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44580837923951533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.448547"}
{"text": ". rita offers private tuition at whatever time is most convenient, either at her home, your hostel, or a quiet cafe of your choice. more than 10 years experience teaching spanish, and a positive, adaptable approach based on her extensive study of cognitive theory. specialises in helping students who have found that rigid, traditional approaches don ' t work for them. - iris palacios, calacoto district, calle 23 n 7870. 9am - 7pm. private spanish classes in the heart of south area of the city. certified teacher with 5 years of experience. flexible schedules, kitchen, wifi, volunteer placements, homestay and host families. - fair trade shop, 958 calle linares. weavings are upstairs, better quality than the stuff on the street with comparable prices. nicely mounted with wood panels and ready for hanging. - a manos, calle carlos bravo 299 ( behind hotel plaza on el prado ). good quality handicrafts. has a cafe ( cafe el consulado ), travel agency ; topas adventure travel bolivia, and 5 great rooms. - ayni bolivia ( fair trade handicrafts ), av. illampu 704 ( one block from witches market ), + 591 2 279 2395, e - mail : email @ example. com. m - f 8am - 8 : 30pm, sa 10am - 6 : 30pm. fair trade store member of world fair trade organization wfto, has 26 different groups, with a wide variety of handicrafts ( alpaca, wood, ceramics, native textiles, table cloth, greeting cards ). one store is located inside hotel rosario and other at the street. us $ 2 - 50. gear & equipment - the spitting llama bookstore & outfitter, 947 calle linares ( inside the hostal posada de la abuela ), + 591 79770312, e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org. m - sa 10am - 7 : 30pm. offers offers a wide range of trekking, camping equipment and similar requirements. they also rent things like tents and sleeping bags. thousands of books in english and many other languages and have bolivia ' s best book exchange. english - speaking staff available. la paz is a good place for buying maps of the country. topographical maps are available in 1 : 50 000, 1 : 100 000 and 1 : 250 000. the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4239924120814819, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.459564"}
{"text": "have bolivia ' s best book exchange. english - speaking staff available. la paz is a good place for buying maps of the country. topographical maps are available in 1 : 50 000, 1 : 100 000 and 1 : 250 000. the most popular maps, including the 1 : 250 000 version of cordillera real and the 1 : 50 000 version of volcan sajama are sold by street vendors that roam calle sagarnaga and from stalls along el prado. but the best place to buy maps is the \" instituto geografico militar \", igm. the instituto has two offices in town, listed below. - edificio murillo no. 100, calle juan xxiii parallell to calle murillo at the end of calle rodriguez. this office is likely to be closest to where you stay and sometimes has as map or two on offer, but most often asks you to come back manana when they still don ' t have the map you want. it ' s has a nice atmosphere though, and makes a nice visit for mapophiles needing that fix of fresh map air. - oficina central, estado mayor general, av. saavedra no. 2303. this is the place to go, but a little out of the way. it is said to be open afternoons, but it ' s best to visit between 9pm and 11pm closed if there ' s a soccer game in the nearby stadium. take a micro marked \" e. mayor \" from plaza san francisco. the unmarked entrance is 20 m down av. saavedra from the main car entrance to the estado mayor. surrender your passport in the window marked igm, get a number tag to hang around you neck and walk down the road and to the left. many maps are only available in copies for bs 30 a sheet. an original is bs 40. for lunch try the little almuerzo - kitchens. you ' ll get a decent menu for under bs10. be careful with or avoid salads the first days. if you are on a budget it is always possible to eat in the local markets. most of the fancier restaurants in la paz are at the bottom of the prado, around the vicinity of plaza isabel la catolica and plaza avaroa. there ' s a string of inexpensive pizza and hamburger joints on the west side of avenida 6 de agosto south of plaza del estudiante. sergio ' s is considered the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4191079436382973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.463717"}
{"text": "of plaza isabel la catolica and plaza avaroa. there ' s a string of inexpensive pizza and hamburger joints on the west side of avenida 6 de agosto south of plaza del estudiante. sergio ' s is considered the best, and is good for checking upcoming music venues. - chifa puerta del sol, av. ballivian # 503 ( calacoto, calle 11 ). average chinese. not worth the 17 km drive out of the city. - el consulado, calle bravo 299 ( behind hotel plaza ( prado ) ). new place in la paz. best brunch in town, gourmet food in beautiful surroundings. wifi and garden. working with the \" new andean kitchen \" and organic coffee. - restaurant sabrosa taiwanesa, calle chichas no. 1208, zona miraflores, 2221186 ( a short walk or quick taxi from plaza isabela catolica, just on the other side of the puente de las americas ). new family - run taiwanese restaurant. flavourful dishes and a good sized menu ( veg and non - veg ) in a clean setting. 30bs for chicken with spicy peanut sauce ( 2 - person portion ). ( update 2 june 2011 : restaurant seemed to be closed today around 1pm... in fact, aside from the small taiwanese decorative lantern hanging next to the front door, it was hard to tell if that was even the correct address. maybe closed permanently? ) - utama, av. 16 de julio 1789 ( prado ) ( top floor of plaza hotel ). with its fabulous view of the city, the utama has served the likes of fidel castro and alberto fujimori ( embattled former president of peru ), yet the main dishes ( bolivian and international, in portions ample for two ) are only around bs 50 ( us $ 6. 50 ). - angelo colonial, calle linares 922. a dark, bohemian cafe set in an old mansion decorated with scads of antiques. serving bolivian and mediocre international food. the best drip coffee in la paz. painfully slow service. another location on the prado. serves llamas. - tambo colonial, in hotel rosario. lavish breakfast buffet for bs 20 ( us $ 2. 50 ), great international and local food from 12 noon - 11pm. try the lake titicaca trout with beni almonds. - naira, calle saga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3745532040137316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.467127"}
{"text": "in hotel rosario. lavish breakfast buffet for bs 20 ( us $ 2. 50 ), great international and local food from 12 noon - 11pm. try the lake titicaca trout with beni almonds. - naira, calle sagarnaga 161. catering mostly to travelers ( and guests of the hotel \u2014 see below ), but a good sampling of bolivian dishes. expensive. - alo cubano, av. aniceto de arce. best place to pretend you ' re back in the 50s plotting a pan - american revolution with fidel and che. - contigo peru, second floor of edificio alameda ( on the prado ). good ceviche and other seafood. - eli ' s new york deli ( on the prado ). try ordering with a thick new york accent and see what you get. prices gone sky high this year. - sultan, san miguel, zona sur. great arabic fast food in a tiny setting. try the falafel for 7 bs. order a \" super \" for 10 bs if you ' re hungry and be there for lunch when the boss isn ' t around ( bigger portions ). - pizzeria italia, calle ilampu 809. serves nice breakfasts with a friendly smile. pizzas are not good, and also overpriced. - la mia pizzeria, calle ilampu ( below one of the two ). cheaper than \" italia \" with more american style pizzas. take - away available. - al amir, murillo 824. has nice arabic food. - 100 % natural, calle sagarnaga 345. often full, especially around 11pm, but serves huge sandwiches and great vegetarian burgers in a cozy atmosphere. good food, better juices. - the star of india. open from 9am for breakfast, then lunch served mon - sa from 11 : 30am and sun from 4pm. the highest curry house in the world!. this is one of the few places you can get curry in bolivia ( and also can deliver to your hostel ). good veggie and vegan options. the curries and side dishes are mediocre at best, if you ' re longing for a uk style curry you ' ll be disappointed. they offer a free \" i survived the world ' s most dangerous vindaloo \" t - shirt to anyone who finishes it - people generally don ' t. portions are small for a curry house. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3816503877312673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.477496"}
{"text": "uk style curry you ' ll be disappointed. they offer a free \" i survived the world ' s most dangerous vindaloo \" t - shirt to anyone who finishes it - people generally don ' t. portions are small for a curry house. - cafe ciudad, plaza estudiantes ( lower end of the prado ). open 24 hr. burgers 15 - 20 bs, main courses 30 - 40 bs. - cafe karlovy, av. claudio aliaga n\u00ba 1182 - bloque j - 47, san miguel. 8am - 12pm. an elegant coffee shop in the hip southern part of la paz. serves fantastic food all day. - sol y luna, calle murillo and cochabamba. wide selection of international food, dutch owned and operated. excellent coctails and always a good atmosphere. drink coca leaf mojitos where the mint is replaced by coca leaves - top cocktail! - yussef ( closed down ), cnr illampu and sagarnaga ( as you go up sagarnaga it is on the right inside a building about 10 m before the corner ). lebanese food, with real authentic lebanese owners. great platters for vegeterians and mea eaters alike. also real quality baklava. great hosts there and atmosphere. it is a little more pricey than the usual fare but definitely worth it. - namas te, zoilo flores # 1334 ( san pedro ). 8 : 30am - 7 : 00pm. in the heart of the city, san pedro. serving possibly the best homestyle vegetarian cookin w / much flavour and love. deep fried vegan patties. fixed lunch starts midday. music w / your organic coffee / tea / food. if you want the menu del dia, be sure to reserve it in advance by calling! bs 20. - la terraza cafe, ave 16 de julio 1615. on el prado. very nice restaurant - cafe for bolivian standards. try the personal size pizza. the one with extra cheese, pesto, tomato and caramelized onions is to die for. - ken chan, batallon colorados no. 98. esq. federico suazo ( 200 m on the right side of batalion colorados from the round - about at the lower end of the prado ( the left street if coming from the direction of the bus station ) ), + 591 2 2442292. authentic japanese food in this restaurant run", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39990333406719414, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.479129"}
{"text": "##alion colorados from the round - about at the lower end of the prado ( the left street if coming from the direction of the bus station ) ), + 591 2 2442292. authentic japanese food in this restaurant run by the japanese society in la paz. japanese specialties such as ramen, chicken katsu and karaage in addition to the expected sushi. set meals with miso soup, ( japanese ) rice are available. set meal main around bs 40 ~ 50. - la coca, rosendo gutierrez n\u00ba 482, + 591 2 2410892. in the sopocachi district, about a block and a half from plaza avaroa, la coca is an almuerzo style restaurant offering a very good four course menu for the price. choice of 3 soups and 5 main courses, at least one of each guaranteed to be vegetarian. quiet, pleasant decor, friendly and competent staff. 20bs. - glam, sanchez lima n\u00ba 2237, + 591 2 2423446. high - end international cuisine at a price to match. the food is excellent, and the surroundings live up to the name, but you won ' t get much change from 400bs for two people ( including wine and dessert ). despite describing itself as a \" jazz lounge \", the resident dj has never heard of chet baker, miles davis or john coltrane, and seems to prefer elevator music... though with a little prodding can be persuaded to put something more tolerable on. 85bs. local law prohibits serving alcohol after 4am. there are a number of speakeasies defying this. - paladar - cozinha brasileira, c. ferrecio # b - 28, san miguel ( on the right side of alexander coffee ), + 591 2 2774337. tu - su 12noon - 3 : 30pm / tu - sa 7pm - 11 : 30pm. traditional brazilian cuisine. feijoada ( hot bean pot with smoked pork rib, smoked sausages, sun dried meat and bacon ), moqueca de peixe ( pirarucu filet [ white meat amazonian river fish ] slowly cooked in coconut milk and spices ). a caipirinha is the perfect cocktail for this meal or you can also have wine or beer if you aren ' t feeling that adventurous. variety of grilled meats ( not \" rodizio \" style ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42978437657012547, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.480295"}
{"text": "milk and spices ). a caipirinha is the perfect cocktail for this meal or you can also have wine or beer if you aren ' t feeling that adventurous. variety of grilled meats ( not \" rodizio \" style ), chicken and trout. cozy and owned by a brazilian and french canadian couple. us $ 5 - 15 with drinks. - alexander the great, av. 16 de julio 1832 and other locations. many thought the legendary macedonian slayer had long since died. not so in fact, although he is considerably tamer after a rough encounter with a fiery cholita. - blueberries, av. 20 de octubre 2475. this cafe serves very delicious coffee, and also has a very appealing breakfast menu. the cafe is situated at the east end of plaza avaroa, where you may also find an \" alexanders coffee \". - cafe confiteria la paz, avenida camacho & ayacucho ( close to obelisco ). 8am - midnight. free wifi for customers - papaya ' s cafe, calle jaen and sucre ( cafe of the museo costumbrista ), + 591 791 13 593. 9 : 30am - midnight. llama burgers, terrines, pates. quinoa tabulets and salads, highland cheeses. specialized in coca sours drinks. saya home made beer. bs 20 - 100. - pepe ' s coffee bar, jimenez 894. decent coffee and a nice calm getaway close to the tourist ghetto. sandwiches are disappointingly small, but tasty. the \" trekker\u00b4s breakfast \" is huge and delicious. coffee is not a popular drink in bolivia. if you want a sweet hot drink try api, made of corn. - blue note cafe / wine bar [ closed down, as of april 2012 ], plaza gaston velasco, viluyo esq. linares ( 1 block from sagarnaga and illampu ; at the top of the stairs when you exit oliver ' s ). great vibe ; it ' s a fantastic place to chill with friends, have a drink & a bite to eat. the people behind the bar know their stuff ( from martinis to wine to local beer ), and there ' s excellent chili, lamb chops and tapas on the menu. good prices compared with other bars in the area ; it ' s open from the late afternoon onwards. - oliver ' s travels, call", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39653877290747014, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.481257"}
{"text": "wine to local beer ), and there ' s excellent chili, lamb chops and tapas on the menu. good prices compared with other bars in the area ; it ' s open from the late afternoon onwards. - oliver ' s travels, calle murillo ( opposite sol y luna ). northern english owned backpackers bar serving standard english fare at mid - range prices. under new management. fun party atmosphere, and a warm welcome from eglish speaking staff. also has travel has wifi and tv for most sporting events and a book exchange ( very good, but expensive ). tour agency and great happy hour su - th. wednesday nights are theme orientated with fancy dress. available for large bookings and tour groups. great food, the breakfast is very nice and not too overpriced compared with the other local options. - sol y luna, calle murillo. dutch owned & managed traveller ' s hangout. good atmosphere, different areas, live music, free wifi, large screen tv for important football games. pool table, serve coca leaf mojitos, where coca leaves are substituted for mint leaves. - irish, plaza avoroa. food is overpriced but good, and the cocktails are reasonable, though not as good as some from some of the other bars. mostly frequented by bolivians and is of course a themed bar. - traffic, san jorge. bar with a good atmosphere and fairly good music. there is a large dance floor and a comfortable bar. owner asher has taken 6 steps back from managing the place after a sting operation codenamed ' superhuey '. - antique pub, pichincha 662. recorded rock music, and all sorts of old things including fob watches, photographs, a kid ' s tricycle and a six shooter to keep you amused. they serve food too. - pomp pomp salty man, loayza and comerceo. known for its great clandestine happy sauces. atm on premises. - hard rock cafe, calle santa - cruz # 399 esq. illampu, + 591 2 211 9318. 10pm - 4am. open all week long, great parties, all kind of music. the biggest bar in bolivia serves almost every drink there is. full of backpackers and locals, great music and atmosphere. - \u00a8backstage\u00a8, la florida, calacoto. trendy karaoke lounge with a great ambience and an amazing variety of songs both in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39300928593130857, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.484242"}
{"text": "almost every drink there is. full of backpackers and locals, great music and atmosphere. - \u00a8backstage\u00a8, la florida, calacoto. trendy karaoke lounge with a great ambience and an amazing variety of songs both in spanish and english. a good option if you visit the zona sur. - mongo ' s, hermanos manchego 2444. since 1995 has remained one of the most popular places for travellers with a good mix of locals. it ' s a lively atmosphere every night of the week at this place. open from 6pm - 3 : 30am. serving the best in global cuisine, and well priced. be careful, though, as many tourists ( as of july 2009 ) have reported being duped by being charged much higher prices for drinks than listed on the menu. check your bill carefully! unfortunately because of its popularity with tourists, mongos has attracted pick - pockets as of late. a common trick to for a bolivian to ' drunkenly ' hug you in the bar, while he takes your phone / wallet / valuables from your pockets. - forum, ( near plaza espana ). bolivian hangout and a proper disco venue, the other one is called soundbar. very dressed up bolivians frequent the establishment. worth a look if you ' re missing a big club with big pretensions. - la gitana, zona sur, calle 8 de calacoto, is a bar / club hangout for upper class youth of la paz ' s south zone. dress well. - dry law, zona sur, cota cota, is a pretty hip club in la paz ' s rich south zone that ' s slightly on the right side of pretentious. good alternative to mongo ' s or ramjam if you ' re sick of bumping into gringos all the time. dress well. if you do not want to pay for a bed, you can pass a night in loco along calle sagarnaga or calle illampu. these streets are merged into fairs and museums, so are full of people all day long. be sure to inspect your room before signing the register. - hostel maya calle sagarnaga 339, + 591 2 231 1970. quality, inexpensive hostel in la paz with very friendly, helpful, bilingual staff. the terraces have a fantastic view of the city, and they ' re located in the best neighborhood near all the bars, museums, restaurants, and great events. - loki backpackers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40827558715508877, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.486471"}
{"text": "inexpensive hostel in la paz with very friendly, helpful, bilingual staff. the terraces have a fantastic view of the city, and they ' re located in the best neighborhood near all the bars, museums, restaurants, and great events. - loki backpackers hostel, calle loayza 420. + 591 2 211 9024,. set in a beautifully restored 100 year old hotel, with an amazing bar in the old ball room. also houses the oxygen bar on the 3rd floor with a rooftop terrace and bbq area. amenities include real duvets, comfortable beds, hot showers, breakfast, english speaking staff, tour desk, internet and wifi, international phone service, pool table, tv - room with dvds, cable, and enough partying to keep you up until 3am. dorm beds from bs 40. matrimonials, triples and twin rooms also available. probably the worst internet connection in la paz ( and that ' s saying something ) so take care of any online bookings or arrangements before arriving. - pirwa backpackers hostel la paz ( pirwa backpackers la paz ), av montes # 641 ( central area of the city ), + 51 84 244315, e - mail : email @ example. com. check - out : 11 : 00. 24 hr hot showers, movies, in - house bar, attentive staff, free breakfast, free internet, pick up service, and comfortable beds. from us $ 5. 80 / person ( 44bs / person ). - perla negra hostal ( hostal perla negra ), p. kramer # 775 ( opposite bus station upset of stairs on the left very small sign ). check - out : 12 : 00. 24 hr hot showers, free pool table / ping pong / table football, free breakfast, free internet, wifi in all rooms and comfortable beds. feels more like a hotel than a hostel 120bs for double with shared bathroom. - adventure brew hostel and brew too. avenida montes 533. + 591 2 246 1614,. new, bright and clean. micro - brewery on - site, and a rooftop bar, with bbqs most nights. just down the road is the annex : the adventure brew too. there, dorm beds are bs 48 - 72, single with bath bs 192. includes all - you - can - eat pancake breakfast, slow internet, wifi, a range of dvd - films and a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4045699527514723, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.495110"}
{"text": "the annex : the adventure brew too. there, dorm beds are bs 48 - 72, single with bath bs 192. includes all - you - can - eat pancake breakfast, slow internet, wifi, a range of dvd - films and a small saya beer. although their internet booking engine will state they are full, they might have a bed if you call. the location is good for the bus terminal, but a bit off for other things. us $ 20 per night for a single. - wild rover backpackers hostel, calle comercio 1476, + 591 2 2 211 6903. un - officially the highest irish owned hostel / bar in the world and with a crowd to match, wild rover is a new backpackers just 3 blocks from the famous plaza murillio in a beautiful old ex presidents house. facilities include 24 hr reception, travel agency, backpack lockers, 24 hr gas powered hot showers, extra wide beds with specially made winter / summer duvets, fun bar with daily activities, all day food menu with the food you miss from home, wifi and free internet, pool table and tv room. very popular with british / irish backpackers. some rooms are very noisy due to proximity of the bar, ask for a room in the back. dorms from bs 40. - el solario, calle murillo 776. clean and cheap backpacker joint, located one and a half block from calle sagarnaga along murillo. it is a 10 - 15 min walk from the bus station or a short taxi - ride. warm water, shared bathrooms with electrical showers, cheap laundry service, free internet and wifi as well as free use of a kitchen. nice mix of people - especially popular with japanese and french travellers. occasionally full but back - up options are available in the same block, albeit not quite as good value. no lockers so valuables must be left with the office. singles bs 35, doubles bs 60, triples bs 90, 4 bed dorm bs 25, 6 bed dorm bs 20. - bacoo hostel, 693 alto de la alianza st.. big sized party hostel, guests are mostly very young. dorms around 50 bs ( depending on the size ), 2 pivates ; 140 - 160 bs, but very poor beds and bad shower in the privates ( april 2012 ). - hotel la valle great location, great prices ( double with private bath ( no tv ), 90 bs ) and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4151014908595373, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.497069"}
{"text": ", 2 pivates ; 140 - 160 bs, but very poor beds and bad shower in the privates ( april 2012 ). - hotel la valle great location, great prices ( double with private bath ( no tv ), 90 bs ) and very friendly staff. popular with bolivians. great place. + 591 22456085, firstname. lastname @ example. org - inkaterra backpackers home, across the bus terminal, singles from bs. 30. - arty\u00b4s guesthouse, avenida montes, a few blocks down from the adventure brew. small family run hostel, friendly staff but the midnight curfew can be a bummer. - hostal illimani calle illimani # 1817 in barrio miraflores, a few blocks from the stadium, + 591 2 220 2346. basic and secure accommodations with shared bath and sink in room. ms. filomena is the manager who keeps an eye on the place and is always happy to help. has a courtyard and places to wash and dry clothing. expect to pay 25 b for a single. doubles are available. is not in the normal city central tourist area. if you want to be by the tourist stuff, do not stay here. if you want less gringos around this is a good place. - el carretero, about 5 blocks north of san francisco, dorm for 20 bs. basic. gets a lot of \" artisans \" staying there. - hostal austria, calle yanacocha + 591 2 235 1140. very popular with backpackers. offering warm water, friendly staff and a central location. singles bs35, shared room bs30. - hosteria blanquita, santa cruz 242, is a nice place, with a friendly staff, offering doubles for 80 bs 12 midnight curfew. be wary of confusing billing calculations and over charging. use your own calculator to check the totals. - hotel continental, top end of calle illampu. doubles with shared bath are 80 bs. 10 % discount with hi - card. former members of status quo tend to use this hotel whilst in town. - hostal cactus, calle jimenez. kitchen, laundry service, lousy nestle instant coffee maker, rooftop terrace, nice quiet street. very popular with the pseudo - hippie types. can be very loud outside the rooms near the employees reception area ( friday night fiesta time ). 30 bs for privates ( 10 bs for lent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42944751309460816, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.509872"}
{"text": "instant coffee maker, rooftop terrace, nice quiet street. very popular with the pseudo - hippie types. can be very loud outside the rooms near the employees reception area ( friday night fiesta time ). 30 bs for privates ( 10 bs for lentil soup ). - hotel majestic calle santa cruz. splurge just a little and for 130 bolivianos you get a nice comfy double ( single 100 bs ) with tv ( loads of movie channels ) and private bathroom with hot shower. all in the heart of the backpacker area. breakfast is also included, but isn\u00b4t great. the senora in charge is a lovely lady and will take good care of you. - hostal lobo, c / illampu esq santa cruz, low prices, friendly staff, a home away from home taste of tel aviv. - hotel savoy, calle chuquisaca 675, very friendly staff, free wifi, basic breakfast ( ask for more and you ' ll get more for free ), hot showers, clean, doubles from bs160. quite street, though stinks a bit. recommended! - hotel milton - calle illampu # 1126 - 1130. + 591 22353511, + 591 22368003. email : email @ example. com. a bit worse for wear, but excellent value for the price. friendly and honest staff. singles from 100 bs which includes a real breakfast, cable tv, room with view, bathroom with solar / gas hot water ( not electric ), decent furnishings, and wifi, which is rare to find in this price range. they also run a travel agency and bus company for tours. - tiquina palace hotel - pasaje tiquina 150. good central location, nice rooms and very good hot shower. free wifi. doubles with 2 beds are of better quality than the ones with one bed. rooms on the right side ( if standing in front of it ) have the most windows and are a bit bigger. the higher in the building the less noise from outside. 160 bs for a double, basic breakfast included ( may 2012 ). - apartment collita, calle 6, los pinos,. gorgeous, spacious and tastefully equipped apartment for 4 - 6 people in the zona sur of la paz. prices are between $ us140 - $ 175 ( per week ). - la posada en la paz, calle hermanos manchego 2551, +", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4186067733952933, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.527608"}
{"text": "for 4 - 6 people in the zona sur of la paz. prices are between $ us140 - $ 175 ( per week ). - la posada en la paz, calle hermanos manchego 2551, + 591 2 243 5204,. small, friendly and bilingual staff run this posada in the heart of the restaurant and pub district. between mongo\u00b4s and traffic, and just steps from mamprahon ' s asian food. singles us $ 20, doubles us $ 30. - hotel espana, av. 6 de agosto 2074, 244 - 2643. located in the sopocachi district close to numerous nice restaurants, the espana has a charming garden courtyard as well as a solarium. there ' s a single net - connected pc in the lobby. singles us $ 24, doubles $ 34. - hotel rosario, av. illampu 704, + 591 2 245 1658,. located in the aymara district close to the witches market and many touristic attractions. has a colonial style building with sunny patios. free internet and wifi. has a travel office. beautiful rooms. friendly and helpful staff. complimentary tea and mate de coca. singles us $ 28 \u2013 31, doubles us $ 63 per night. book ahead as it fills up. - hostal naira, calle sagarnaga 161, + 591 2235 5645, fax + 591 2 231 1214,. in business since 1975, with a good restaurant in the basement and a popular cafe ( coffee banais ) on the ground floor. - apart ' hotel a la maison, pasaje munoz cornejo n\u00ba15 ( near from plaza de espana ), + 591 2 241 3704, e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org. bs 280 - 630 for 40 - 120m\u00b2. - ritz apart hotel, plaza isabel la catolica 2478,. 5 stars and all suites in the heart of sopocachi. - radisson plaza hotel la paz, av. arce 2177,. luxury hotel situated in sopocachi in the heart of la paz. in crowded areas be careful for pickpockets and bagslashers. a common trick is that one person spills something on your clothes and, while you or he wipes it off, another person lifts your wallet or slashes your bag. be vigilant when checking into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37021187478896245, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.528969"}
{"text": "##pockets and bagslashers. a common trick is that one person spills something on your clothes and, while you or he wipes it off, another person lifts your wallet or slashes your bag. be vigilant when checking into a hotel or hostel. keep a hand on all your bags and belongings at all times. acting as if they work for the hotel, opportunist thieves will create a diversion and snatch the nearest unattended bag. if you are approached by plain - clothed police officers, don ' t show any valuables or your passport. certainly, don ' t get in a taxi with them as it is a trap. undercover police are strictly ordered not to hassle tourists. there have been several cases of muggings and things going missing from bags or luggage after \" drug searches \". insist on being taken to the police station before giving them access to your things. if you can, call the 110, which is the bolivian number for emergencies. take care : an austrian couple was found murdered in 2006 after following false police into a taxi. a recent twist in the above scam is the involvement of accomplices where they try to befriend you on a bus and when the ' plain clothes ' policeman approaches the accomplice claims that the same thing happened to them and that you should cooperate with them. this is a trap and the same scam as described above. there have been several cases of violent muggings in taxis. take only radio cabs ( they will have the telephone number and their call centre listed above the cab ). the taxis, or gypsy cabs, have no boarding above the taxi and have taxi written on the side and are dangerous to take at night, as many of the drivers are paid to drive tourists to specific locations for muggings. be especially careful if you are at one of the illegal after - hours bars such as fin del mundo or route 36, as most of the muggings happen in taxis from these locations. lock the doors and don ' t allow other people to share the journey with you. there are more reliable taxi firms to use : magnifico taxis, + 591 2 2410410 la paz taxis. + 591 2 2221212 gold taxis, + 591 2 2722722. la paz is a very safe city, and if you keep your wits about, you there shouldn ' t be any problems. computer hard drives can be damaged by operating them at altitude, and so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4709969809404878, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.530059"}
{"text": "taxis, + 591 2 2722722. la paz is a very safe city, and if you keep your wits about, you there shouldn ' t be any problems. computer hard drives can be damaged by operating them at altitude, and so if you use a laptop computer or anything else containing a hard drive ( including ipods and certain other mp3 players ), you are taking a risk. most hard drives sold today safely work up to 3, 000 m / 10, 000 ft. la paz exceeds this altitude by one - third. while you may get by without anything bad happening, the hard drive could be destroyed ( disc crash ) and you will lose your data and installed software ( even after returning to sea level ). at the very least, you should back up your data before arriving. the high elevation won ' t subsequently \" stress \" the hard drive though, assuming nothing else happens during your visit. travelers to la paz often become ill the moment they arrive in the city. why? la paz is 11, 900 feet above sea level, the highest metropolis in the world. people with ailing hearts or bronchial problems are warned to stay away, and even those in perfect health usually cannot avoid some illness resulting from the altitude. the altitude of la paz is well within the zone where altitude sickness could be a problem, especially for those arriving from at or near sea level. ( just spending a day or two at an intermediate elevation may not be enough. ) it ' s is highly recommended that you have adequate travel insurance, familiarize yourself with the symptoms of altitude sickness, and inform your physician to what elevation you will be traveling ( up to 4, 000 m / 13, 000 ft. for la paz, and 6, 000 meters / 20, 000 ft. if you want to climb huayna potosi ). taking ginko biloba supplements for a couple weeks before a climb in altitude has been known to eliminate altitude sickness. on your first night in la paz you are likely to find difficulty in breathing and wake up panting for breath. mate de coca ( coca leaf tea ) is a popular remedy. take it easy when walking around town and if you are young and healthy don ' t be lured into a false sense of security. marathon runners can get altitude sickness while those far less healthy can have few symptoms. you can also request \" soroche - pills \" at any pharmacy, which will help. despite being near the equator, it does occasionally snow a little in la paz during the middle of the year,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4480442931248982, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.531582"}
{"text": "those far less healthy can have few symptoms. you can also request \" soroche - pills \" at any pharmacy, which will help. despite being near the equator, it does occasionally snow a little in la paz during the middle of the year, and packing some warm clothing is a must year - round. internet cafes are on each street corner in la paz. current standard fare is bs 2 - 4 / hour. there are four internet cafes around plaza mendoza at this price, all with good connection. if you have a laptop computer you can find wifi access at several cafes and similar establishments. sol y luna cafe, calle cochabamba. oliver ' s travel bar. cafe el consulado. fast internet in the cafe and patio. - there are many laundrettes situated around the city, charging from bs 6 per kilo wash and dry. - changing money on the street does not give you a better rate, and some tricks will most likely be tried such as false alasitas or banco de la fortuna notes ( toy money ). still, it is convenient on weekends and after hours, - just stay alert. there are also local exchange houses off el prado - for example at almirante grau, offering better rates than the banks. - if you need to extend your bolivian visa this is easily done at the immigration office, located at avenida camacho ( between streets loyaza and bueno ). bring a photocopy of your passport ' s photo page, your entry stamp as well as immigration card ( the green one ). the copy store across the street from the immigration office is well versed with the requirements, cost for copies is less than bs 1. bring your passport and copies to counter # 2 and ask politely for an extension. note that you cannot extend your stay to more than 90 days in total. casilla, + 591 2 243 - 3424, fax : + 591 2 243 - 1073. - united states, avenida arce # 2780, + 591 2 - 216 - 8297, fax : + 591 - 2 - 216 - 8808, e - mail : email @ example. com. another popular daytrip is the bike ride down the world ' s most dangerous road, north yungas road ( a. k. a. death road ). it ' s a 64 km long scenic ride downhill to coroico. there was an average of 100 motor fatalities a year (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42231030070622333, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.576654"}
{"text": "down the world ' s most dangerous road, north yungas road ( a. k. a. death road ). it ' s a 64 km long scenic ride downhill to coroico. there was an average of 100 motor fatalities a year ( though in the ten years that companies have been biking down the road, there have only been 12 biking fatalities ), a world record, mostly due to the bolivian driving style than to the road itself. although it ' s a narrow, winding road with big drops on the side, going down by bike is probably the safest way to get to coroico and there are several tour agents in la paz offering the trip. for a safer and more relaxed trip to yungas, you may want to take the south yungas road that leads to chulumani by bus. around 36 km up the south yungas road you will find a surprise : a european castle, built in the 1930s, emerges in the middle of the coca and flower growing region. it\u00b4s a treat because the people who run the castle / hotel have built many narrow roads for hiking through mountains and mountain cascades. much calmer and relaxing than coroico. the hotel is called the hotel y parque ecologico el castillo del loro. for spectacular mountain views, native cloud forests and exploration hiking, take a 5 hour bus / minivan trip to quime. this is off the la paz to oruro road.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41453606403479504, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fd38e6c-5847-4a7a-88c0-de9af3cfbfb9>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.578288"}
{"text": "graduate aptitude test in engineering the gate examination acts as the \u2018 great career wall \u2019 to any aspiring, dynamic individual! the gate is an all india level examination, which is conducted for the admissions to the post graduate degree programs in engineering / architecture / technology and to the doctoral programs in the relevant branches of science, falling under the ministry of human resource development ( mhrd ). the gate test is administered and conducted jointly by the indian institute of science and the seven indian institutes of technology ( iit ) under the supervision of the national coordination board - gate, department of higher education, ministry of human resource development ( mhrd ), government of india. the exam is also conducted for qualifying the students for other governmental scholarships / assistantships. the question pattern differs according to the paper code, i. e. it varies according to the subjects and specifications. the gate question paper consists of multiple choice questions with an option of four answers, out of which, only one is the right answer. the gate plays a vital role in any student \u2019 s life, if it is chosen by the student. because, if a student gets qualified in the gate, then he / she would be eligible for the governmental scholarships for undergoing the master degrees, and doctoral programs \u2026 these features have dragged many students towards the preparation of the examination. the most important fact is that the gate exam bears more significance, i. e. the gate performance would be given 70 % importance in the admission process and the remaining 30 % would depend on the student \u2019 s academic performance records, interview performance, etc \u2026 thus, the fact that the gate is one of the significant exams in the professional education couldn \u2019 t be denied! the question type is typically based on the logics and concepts of the subjects, hence having an in - depth knowledge about the subjects, would fetch more marks. it analyzes the candidates \u2019, comprehension ability, subject knowledge, capability to solve quantitative questions, problem solving abilities, data interpretation skills and other related skills... thus, it involves the questions based on formulae, basic principles, laws, etc. it also comprises of questions based on fundamental ideas, which in turn demands the students to derive the consequences from the basic theories and logics of the subjects. the logical reasoning section consists of questions involving mathematical computation and application - oriented questions, thereby requiring the students to implement their subject knowledge. the analysis and the interpretation section consists of linked type questions and common data questions. the questions formed would be independent, but the solutions to both the questions could be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48632646276672287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:73ca3398-58d6-49d7-b0b7-bae0eeb174bc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.585869"}
{"text": "iaq tools for schools iaq reference guide appendix c - codes and regulations the federal government has a long history of regulating outdoor air quality and the concentrations of airborne contaminants in industrial settings. in an industrial environment, specific chemicals released by industrial processes can be present in high concentrations. it has been possible to study the health effects of industrial exposures and establish regulations to limit those exposures. some states have established regulations regarding specific pollutants in schools, such as testing for radon and lead. various states have also established anti - idling policies that establish maximum idling times for school buses and other vehicles. indoor air quality ( iaq ) in schools, however, presents a different problem. a large variety of chemicals used in classrooms, offices, grounds maintenance, and kitchen and cleaning applications exist at levels that are almost always lower than the concentrations found in industry. the individual and combined effects of these chemicals are very difficult to study, and the people exposed may include pregnant women, children, and others who are more susceptible to health problems than the adult typically present in regulated industrial settings. there is still much to learn about the effects of both acute ( short - term ) and chronic ( long - term ) exposure to low levels of multiple indoor air contaminants. at this time, there are few federal regulations for airborne contaminants in non - industrial settings. the occupational safety and health administration ( osha ) is the federal agency responsible for workplace safety and health. in the past, osha focused primarily on industrial worksites, but most recently has broadened its efforts to address other worksite hazards. in spring 1994, osha introduced a proposed rule regarding iaq in non - industrial environments, although the proposal was withdrawn in december 2001. school employees may be able to obtain advice ( in the form of training and information ) from their state osha office on how to reduce their exposure to potential air contaminants. in states without osha organizations, the regional osha contact may be able to provide information or assistance ( see appendix l : \" resources \" ). ventilation is the other major influence on iaq that is subject to regulation. the federal government does not regulate ventilation in non - industrial settings. however, many state and local governments do regulate ventilation system capacity through their building codes. building codes have been developed to promote good construction practices and prevent health and safety hazards. professional associations, such as the american society of heating, refrigerating, and air - conditioning engineers ( ashrae ) and the national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5163708193158429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cc9bfcd-d24a-4382-a6ff-df50e08e4316>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.593491"}
{"text": "through their building codes. building codes have been developed to promote good construction practices and prevent health and safety hazards. professional associations, such as the american society of heating, refrigerating, and air - conditioning engineers ( ashrae ) and the national fire protection association ( nfpa ), develop recommendations for appropriate building and equipment design and installation ( e. g., ashrae standard 62 - 2001, \" ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality \" ). those recommendations acquire the force of law when adopted by state or local regulatory bodies. there is generally a time lag between the adoption of new standards by consensus organizations such as ashrae and the incorporation of those new standards as code requirements. contact your local code enforcement official, your state \u2019 s education department, or a consulting engineer to learn about the code requirements that apply to your school. in general, building code requirements are only enforceable during construction and renovation. when code requirements change over time ( as code organizations adapt to new information and technologies ), buildings are usually not required to modify their structure or operation to conform to the new codes. indeed, many buildings do not operate in conformance with current codes, or with the codes they had to meet at the time of construction. for example, the outdoor air flows that ashrae \u2019 s standard 62 recommends for classrooms were reduced from 30 cubic foot per minute ( cfm ) / person to 10 cfm / person in the 1930s, and reduced again to 5 cfm / person in 1973 in response to higher heating fuel costs resulting from the oil embargo. concern about iaq stimulated reconsideration of the standard, so that its most recent version, standard 62 - 2001, calls for a minimum of 15 cfm / person in classrooms. however, many schools that reduced outdoor air flow during the energy crisis continue to operate at ventilation rates of 5 cfm / person or less. this under ventilation is contrary to current engineering recommendations, but, in most jurisdictions, it is not against the law.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5202556340801376, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7cc9bfcd-d24a-4382-a6ff-df50e08e4316>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.594350"}
{"text": "broad generalizations are often made in popular psychology about one side or the other having characteristic labels such as \" logical \" for the left side or \" creative \" for the right. these labels need to be treated carefully ; although a lateral dominance is measurable, these characteristics are in fact existent in both sides, and experimental evidence provides little support for correlating the structural differences between the sides with functional differences. language functions such as grammar, vocabulary and literal meaning are typically lateralized to the left hemisphere, especially in right handed individuals. while language production is left - lateralized in up to 90 % of right - handed subjects, it is more bilateral, or even right lateralized in approximately 50 % of left - handers. in contrast, prosodic language functions, such as intonation and accentuation, often are lateralized to the right hemisphere of the brain. optic chiasm or optic chiasma ( greek \u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \" crossing \", from the greek \u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03c9 ' to mark with an x ', after the greek letter ' \u03c7 ', chi ) is the part of the brain where the optic nerves ( cn ii ) partially cross. the optic chiasm is located at the bottom of the brain immediately below the hypothalamus. one of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland ( hypophysis ). the hypothalamus is located below the thalamus, just above the brain stem. in the terminology of neuroanatomy, it forms the ventral part of the diencephalon. all vertebrate brains contain a hypothalamus. in humans, it is roughly the size of an almond. the hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5721750465529462, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b3fd5c5-d82a-42b2-b2e2-27392c1efdfa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.598968"}
{"text": "induction of the morphology of natural language : unsupervised morpheme segmentation with application to automatic speech recognition in order to develop computer applications that successfully process natural language data ( text and speech ), one needs good models of the vocabulary and grammar of as many languages as possible. according to standard linguistic theory, words consist of morphemes, which are the smallest individually meaningful elements in a language. since an immense number of word forms can be constructed by combining a limited set of morphemes, the capability of understanding and producing new word forms depends on knowing which morphemes are involved ( e. g., ` ` water, water + s, water + y, water + less, water + less + ness, sea + water ' ' ). morpheme boundaries are not normally marked in text unless they coincide with word boundaries. the main objective of this thesis is to devise a method that discovers the likely locations of the morpheme boundaries in words of any language. the method proposed, called morfessor, learns a simple model of concatenative morphology ( word forming ) in an unsupervised manner from plain text. morfessor is formulated as a bayesian, probabilistic model. that is, it does not rely on predefined grammatical rules of the language, but makes use of statistical properties of the input text. morfessor situates itself between two types of existing unsupervised methods : morphology learning vs. word segmentation algorithms. in contrast to existing morphology learning algorithms, morfessor can handle words consisting of a varying and possibly high number of morphemes. this is a requirement for coping with highly - inflecting and compounding languages, such as finnish. in contrast to existing word segmentation methods, morfessor learns a simple grammar that takes into account sequential dependencies, which improves the quality of the proposed segmentations. morfessor is evaluated in two complementary ways in this work : directly by comparing to linguistic reference morpheme segmentations of finnish and english words and indirectly as a component of a large ( or virtually unlimited ) vocabulary finnish speech recognition system. in both cases, morfessor is shown to outperform state - of - the - art solutions. the linguistic reference segmentations were produced as part of the current work, based on existing linguistic resources. this has resulted in a morphological gold standard, called hutmegs, containing analyses of a large number of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5439767463603306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6e7d59e1-2de7-443f-894e-5db32a2245e3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.602071"}
{"text": "eso9608 \u2014 photo release split comet schwassmann - wachmann 3 ( january 31, 1996 ) 9 february 1996 this new image obtained with eso ' s new technology telescope ( ntt ) shows the split nucleus of comet schwassmann - wachmann 3. the photo is a composite of two recent exposures obtained by hermann boehnhardt ( universitaets - sternwarte muenchen - usm, germany ), and hans ulrich kaeufl ( eso - garching ), using the eso 3. 5 - metre new technology telescope at the la silla observatory ( chile ) in remote observing mode from the eso headquarters in garching ( germany ). the observations took place on 31 january 1996, at 01 : 00 ut. they show that the apparent separations between the split nuclei, originally discovered at eso on 12 december 1995, cf. eso9601 have further increased ; they are now approx. 6 and 17 arcsec, respectively. at the distance of the comet at the time of the new observations ( 2. 5 au = 375 million kilometres ), this corresponds to projected distances of 11, 000 km and 31, 000 km. it now appears that the break - up of the nucleus occurred in two steps, in late october and around 1 december 1995. this means that the dramatic brightening happened at least 6 weeks before the first break - up. seen from earth, comet schwassmann - wachmann 3 is now moving behind the sun, and no further observations from eso are possible. in the early ( northern ) summer of 1996, the comet will reappear and since it will then have moved into the northern hemisphere, the astronomers intend to continue their observations by means of the usm telescope at mount wendelstein in southern germany. on the image presented here, each condensation has the appearance of an individual comet with its own tail. it will be interesting to learn whether all three parts will still persist when the comet is re - observed later this summer. the image shown on this press photo constitutes the most recent data in an extensive series of co - ordinated observations of this comet. the success of these observations is largely due to the good co - operation by many astronomers all over the world and by means of modern communication and data exchange techniques, for instance via the internet. about the release | legacy id : | | photo 09 / 96 | | type : | | \u2022 solar system |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5004550010612511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18b1e05f-615d-45e5-8bf8-9d58a6fd31ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.606552"}
{"text": "enterobacter sakazakiithis volume brings together all recent findings and knowledge on this unique pathogen and addresses a wide range of issues, including taxonomy, detection and identification, virulence potential, monitoring and control during infant formula production, and regulatory issues..... more authoritative coverage presented in a format designed to facilitate teaching and learning. the newly updated and expanded third edition includes expert perspectives on parasites, viruses and prions, and non - thermal processes ; and incorporates instructors ' input to further clarify complex topics in the field of food microbiology. food - borne microbes : shaping the host ecosystemwith contributions from experts in environmental, food, oral, medical, and veterinary microbiology, this book takes an innovative and interdisciplinary approach that sheds new light on microbial communities and their interactions within and between different environments, with particular emphasis on food systems..... more asm member price food - borne viruses : progress and challengesfood - borne viruses are recognized as a major health concern, but their distribution, definition, and impact are poorly understood. the volume food - borne viruses goes a long way in correcting that problem. written by leading scientists in the field, it brings together the latest knowledge on these viral strains, their detection and control, and associated challenges..... more member sale price imported foods : microbiological issues and challengesfood safety concerns have become a crucial public health issue. perhaps most alarming of these is the questionable safety of many imported foods. as the market for food becomes increasingly global and our population clamors for more fresh produce and uncooked ready - to - eat foods, the microbiological risks of imported food have dramatically increased. this volume not only describes the problems with imported foods but also suggests specific programs and steps to improve the monitoring and safety of imported foods..... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5302326311367718, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6681b5b-ec7e-4373-959b-070d08ddb35c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.609725"}
{"text": "de ` vi * a \" tion (? ), n. [ ll. deviatio : cf. f. d ' eviation. ] the act of deviating ; a wandering from the way ; variation from the common way, from an established rule, etc. ; departure, as from the right course or the path of duty. the state or result of having deviated ; a transgression ; an act of sin ; an error ; an offense. the voluntary and unnecessary departure of a ship from, or delay in, the regular and usual course of the specific voyage insured, thus releasing the underwriters from their responsibility. deviation of a falling body physics, that deviation from a strictly vertical line of descent which occurs in a body falling freely, in consequence of the rotation of the earth. - - deviation of the compass, the angle which the needle of a ship ' s compass makes with the magnetic meridian by reason of the magnetism of the iron parts of the ship. - - deviation of the line of the vertical, the difference between the actual direction of a plumb line and the direction it would have if the earth were a perfect ellipsoid and homogeneous, - - caused by the attraction of a mountain, or irregularities in the earth ' s density. \u00a9 webster 1913.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5852506285875974, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ebc0107-9e46-4ff7-aa63-336091fc099f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.611024"}
{"text": "in the year ad 1124... - at the battle of bourgtheroulde forces loyal to english king henry i decisively defeat a numerically superior force of norman rebels fighting in the name of william clito, in one of the earliest battles to show the utility of archers versus horsemen. - the crusades continue in the holy land. venetian crusaders conquer tyre and are awarded title to one third of its territory and important trading privileges. meanwhile baldwin ii, the crusader king of jerusalem, is released by the ortoqids after almost a year of captivity, and almost immediately lays siege to the city of allepo, but will be driven off early in 1125 by the arrival on the scene of il - bursuqi, the seljuk atabeg of mosul. - irish warlord tairrdelbach mac ruaidri ua conchobair, king of connacht, erects a small fort called dun bhun na gaillimhe ( \" fort at the mouth of the gaillimh river \" ), which will eventually grow to become the modern - day city of galway, ireland. - japanese aristocrat fujiwara no kiyohira constructs the magnificent golden hall at chusonji temple in hiraizumi, which today is a japanese national treasure and one of only two buildings left in japan which were built in the fabled heian era ( 794 - 1185 ). - the oldest school in scotland, the high school of glasgow, is founded as a school to teach liturgical singing, before eventually being converted to a grammar school. these people were born in 1124 : these people died in 1124 : - pope callixtus ii, suceeded by honorius ii. - scottish king alexander i, succeeded by his brother david i. - persian muslim missionary hassan - i sabbah, who founded a community in the alborz mountains of northern iran which would later come to be known as the hashshashin. - french catholic priest saint stephen of muret, founder of the order of grandmont. - former duke of bohemia borivoj ii, while in self - imposed exile in hungary after a falling out with his brother vladislaus i four years prior. - irish warlord maelsechlainn mac tadhg mor, king of moylurg, slain in a battle with troops from the kingdom of breifne, succeeded by dermot mac tadhg mor. - italian abbot saint constabilis, venerated as the patron saint of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3828910020112747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4896d8d0-80a5-4788-99d5-c757e4ddfbbb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.620613"}
{"text": "\" are they not guided by the many generations we have destroyed before them among whose dwelling places they walk about? there are signs in that for people of sound intellect. \". ( qur ' an 20 : 128 ) the evolution deceit buddhism ' s erroneous beliefs the erroneous beliefs of buddhism vary greatly from country to country, because over the past 2500 years, this religion has mingled with the various local religions, customs, and established cultures of countries into which it has spread. today, the varieties of buddhism practiced in japan, china, tibet, sri lanka, vietnam and america are all quite different from one another. as historical sources show, buddha always chose to speak about his basic tenets and deliver his way of worship orally ; centuries of research has determined that he left behind no written texts. buddhists maintain that his sermons were passed down orally from generation to generation for 400 years, until they were finally compiled in the pali canon. however, most scholars believe that the great majority of these words are not buddha ' s at all, but were added to in the course of centuries until they attained their present form. therefore buddhism, not relying on any written texts, underwent many changes and distortions over the course of time, being considerably reshaped by additions and omissions. in tibet, the dissemination of buddhist texts is one of the most important acts of worship. in particular, priests who have removed themselves from the world completely give themselves solely to this work. with no idea of the true nature of the afterlife, these people live out their worldly lives in vain pursuits. throughout the centuries, libraries in tibet have been destroyed. but handwritten books by tibetan priests are still preserved in neighboring regions. all this buddhist literature leads people to lead a nightmarish life. this perverse and benighted religion claims that after they die, people might come back as a cow or a mouse and condemns them to lives of fear and anxiety. priests who translate texts from ancient languages are important in buddhism. in the photograph on the facing page, buddha watches and encourages priests doing this work. below : a sanskrit text from the 11th century contains sections on the life of buddha. those espousing the perverse beliefs in these texts have serious moral and psychological deficiencies, since they lack any faith in the eternal afterlife. it is quite natural that buddhists have these spiritual problems because they believe that they may reincarnate as a mouse, monkey, cow or some other animal. today, buddhism ' s holy book, written", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5075762099904547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.675714"}
{"text": "they lack any faith in the eternal afterlife. it is quite natural that buddhists have these spiritual problems because they believe that they may reincarnate as a mouse, monkey, cow or some other animal. today, buddhism ' s holy book, written in the pali language, is called the tipitaka, which means \" triple basket. \" it is not known for sure when the tipitaka was written down, but it is thought to have attained its present shape in sri lanka sometime in the first century b. c. its texts are divided into the following chapters : today ' s buddhist priests regard these texts as holy ; they worship and organize their lives according to them. they portray buddha as an actual god ( god is surely beyond that! ), and for this reason, modern buddhists bow before his statues, place before them offerings of food and flowers, and expect help from them. this is a completely illogical practice, however, and anyone who believes that stone or bronze statues can hear or help is greatly deceived. later in this book, we examine these basically pagan practices in more detail, and see how buddhism has become a secret doctrine concentrating on human beings without accounting for questions of how this world ' s flawless systems function, much less how the entire universe came to be. an atheistic religion buddhist philosophy denies the existence of god, but bases itself on a few aspects of human morality and on escaping from sufferings of this world. without any intellectual or scientific support, it rests upon the twin concepts of karma and reincarnation \u2014 the idea that human beings are continually reborn into this world, that their subsequent lives are shaped by their behavior in their previous ones. no buddhist scripture considers the existence of a creator, much less how the universe, the world and living things came to be. no buddhist text describes how the universe was created from nothing ; or how living things came into being ; or how to explain the evidence, to be seen everywhere in this world, of an incomparable creation. according to the buddhist deception, it is not even necessary to think about these things! the only important thing in life, buddhist texts claim, is suppressing desires, revering buddha, and escaping from suffering. as a religion, therefore, buddhism suffers from a very narrow vision that keeps its believers from considering such basic questions as where they came from, or how the universe and all living things came to be. indeed, it deters them from even thinking about these things and presses them into the narrow mold of their present earthly life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.540633545634841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.677115"}
{"text": "keeps its believers from considering such basic questions as where they came from, or how the universe and all living things came to be. indeed, it deters them from even thinking about these things and presses them into the narrow mold of their present earthly life. \" do they have legs they can walk with? do they have hands they can grasp with? do they have eyes they can see with? do they have ears they can hear with? \" ( qur ' an 7 : 195 ) buddhism is a false religion founded on idolatry. buddhist priests who grow up with these beliefs spend their lives worshipping buddha. an oppressive, enslaving religion according to buddhism, hunger, misery and pain guide the way to the truth. buddhism ' s attempt to nullify all human desires is another aspect of its narrow philosophy. god created the blessings of this world for human beings ' benefit and pleasure, and so that they would give him thanks in return. for this reason, islam does not command people to suppress their desires or to endure pain and suffering. on the contrary, it enjoins them to take advantage of the beautiful aspects in the world ( apart from base and unlawful behavior ), not to restrain themselves needlessly, nor to inflict pain upon themselves. for this reason, god revealed ( qur ' an, 7 : 157 ) that the prophet muhammad ( peace be upon him ) had \" relieved his followers of their chains \" : those who follow the messenger, the ummi, whom they find written down with them in the torah and the gospel, commanding them to do right and forbidding them to do wrong, making good things lawful for them and bad things unlawful for them, relieving them of their heavy loads and the chains which were around them. those who believe in him and honor him and help him, and follow the light that has been sent down with him, they are the ones who are successful. in short, islam is a liberating religion that saves people from useless customs and prohibitions, social pressures and worries about what other people may think. it calls them to lead calm, peaceful lives with the purpose of gaining god ' s approval. so it is that our prophet ( may god bless him and grant him peace ), in many of his sayings, advises us to make religion simple and easy. present - day buddhists believe that the more pain they endure, and the more hunger and misery they suffer, the sooner they become enlightened. but this is not enlightenment ; it is an inhuman life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5488103558431531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.678186"}
{"text": "advises us to make religion simple and easy. present - day buddhists believe that the more pain they endure, and the more hunger and misery they suffer, the sooner they become enlightened. but this is not enlightenment ; it is an inhuman life of self - abuse. a verse of the qur ' an ( 40 : 31 ) says, \" god does not want any injustice for his servants. \" this perverse practice of buddhists is totally contrary to islamic morality. \" make things easy for the people, and do not make it difficult for them, and make them calm ( with glad tidings ) and do not repulse ( them ). \" 1 \" you have been sent to make things easy ( for the people ) and you have not been sent to make things difficult for them. \" 2 buddhism enslaves its devotees in misty monasteries and forces them into a life of suffering and poverty. strangely, it discourages good food, cleanliness, comfort \u2014 the blessings that god has created for human beings \u2014 accepts suffering as a virtue and advises its devotees to lead a miserable life. for buddhist monks and nuns, life is full of all kinds of difficulties. they are forbidden to work or own property, obliged to feed themselves by going from door to door and begging among the people, with their bowls in their hands. for this reason, buddhist priests are even called bhikkhus ( beggars ) by the people. buddhist priests are forbidden to marry or have any kind of family life ; they may own only one robe, which must be of poor quality yellow or red cloth. besides this robe, their only other possessions include a hard bed to sleep on, a razor to shave their heads with, a needle case for their own use, a water bottle and a bowl to beg with. they eat only one meal a day, generally consisting of bread and rice flavored with spices, and drink either water or rice milk. they must finish this food before noon and are not allowed to eat anything until the next day. other foods, even medicines, are regarded as forbidden luxuries. a priest may eat meat, fish or vegetables only if he is sick and then, only with the permission of a higher - ranking priest. in short, buddhist strictures are a form of self - torture. this situation is a manifestation of the truth of the verse in the qur ' an ( 10 : 44 ) that reads, \" god does not wrong people in any way ; rather it is people who wrong themselves. \" but to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4613450453298979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.679164"}
{"text": "of self - torture. this situation is a manifestation of the truth of the verse in the qur ' an ( 10 : 44 ) that reads, \" god does not wrong people in any way ; rather it is people who wrong themselves. \" but to those who believe in him and submit themselves to him, god promises a very good life, both in this world and the world to come. to them belong both the blessings of this world and those of the afterlife. according to the qur ' an ( 7 : 32 ) : say : \" who has forbidden the fine clothing god has produced for his servants and the good kinds of provision? \" say : \" on the day of rising, such things will be exclusively for those who believed during their life in this world. \" in this way, we make the signs clear for people who know. this picture shows buddha and his followers, bowls in their hands, accepting offerings. these irrational buddhist traditions continue today. those who fall into buddhist perversity, are obliged to beg, even though they have no need, and be humiliated. instead of working for a living, buddhism leads people into laziness and indolence, condemning them to primitive living conditions. but islam enjoins exactly the opposite \u2014 a vigorous religion that makes its believers dynamic and directs them to do useful work. in contrast to the dark atmosphere of buddhism, islam enjoins cleanliness, courtesy, and fruitful labor and encourages the development of science and technology. those who are not priests nevertheless assist priests in the collection of offerings, believing that they will gain merits for a future life. buddhist priests walk the streets early in the mornings, with bowls in their hands, accepting offerings from the people. butthis superstitious practice, done in the name of worship will do them no good in this world or the next, unless god wills otherwise. buddhists spend their days performing empty, soul - darkening works that will bring no benefit in either this world or the afterlife. but islam offers people wellbeing, beauty and contentment in this life and the next, and forbids any kind of practice that goes a buddhist priest set himself on fire to protest some actions by the government in saigon. this one photograph is enough to show the dark spiritual state and perverse understanding that buddhism leads to. another dark aspect of buddhism is its pessimism. the \" nirvana \" it promises to its believers is nothing less than a schizophrenic breaking of all connections with life by a melancholic mind that takes a dim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.517617632758343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.680192"}
{"text": "to. another dark aspect of buddhism is its pessimism. the \" nirvana \" it promises to its believers is nothing less than a schizophrenic breaking of all connections with life by a melancholic mind that takes a dim view of the world. the catholic encyclopedia describes this aspect of buddhism in these words : another fatal defect of buddhism is its false pessimism. a strong and healthy mind revolts against the morbid view that life is not worth living, that every form of conscious existence is an evil. buddhism stands condemned by the voice of nature the dominant tone of which is hope and joy. it is a protest against nature for possessing the perfection of rational life. the highest ambition of buddhism is to destroy that perfection by bringing all living beings to the unconscious repose of nirvana. buddhism is thus guilty of a capital crime against nature, and in consequence does injustice to the individual. all legitimate desires must be repressed. innocent recreations are condemned. the cultivation of music is forbidden. researches in natural science are discountenanced. the development of the mind is limited to the memorizing of buddhist texts and the study of buddhist metaphysics, only a minimum of which is of any value. the buddhist ideal on earth is a state of passive indifference to everything. 3 islam does not make its adherents indifferent ; on the contrary, it calls them to liveliness, activity, and joy. all those who adopt the teachings of islam are very sensitive to what goes on around them. they do not regard the world as buddhism does, as chaos to avert the eyes from, but as a testing place \u2014 an arena in which they can put the high moral teachings of the qur ' an into practice. for this reason, islamic history is full of just and successful leaders who ensured comfortable and happy lives for their people. in sharp contrast, buddhism produces only wretched adherents who cause themselves suffering, drag themselves and others into passivity and poverty, and whose only solution to the problems they encounter is to immolate themselves. this is one of the biggest games that satan plays with people. a pagan religion buddhism is a pagan religion, inasmuch as it worships idols. it is said that today ' s buddhism has been divided into different schools, and that worship of buddha characterizes only some of them. but even to accept buddhism as an infallible guide \u2014 an error that all schools of buddhism fall into \u2014 is an indication that this religion views buddha as a god. according to historical sources, buddhist priests began", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5483352255957479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.681166"}
{"text": "buddha characterizes only some of them. but even to accept buddhism as an infallible guide \u2014 an error that all schools of buddhism fall into \u2014 is an indication that this religion views buddha as a god. according to historical sources, buddhist priests began to deify buddha shortly after his death. statues of him were erected everywhere, and the perverse belief gained strength that nirvana had actually taken shape in his body and was embodied in these statues. the excessive respect that buddhist priests paid to buddha later turned into outright worship. today, giant statues of him adorn every country where buddhism is the dominant religion. in many countries from asia to america, you can see statues and temples with buddha ' s eyes painted on them \u2014 again, suggesting the message that buddha sees everything and watches people constantly, and that they should be thinking of him every minute of their lives. clearly, it ' s a completely untenable belief that someone who died thousands of years ago can still see those who believe in him, protect them, and listen to their prayers. the basic truth that buddhists are unable to grasp is that god, lord of all the worlds, who encompasses everything and knows the deepest hidden secrets of all things, created buddha, like all human beings. left : the eyes painted on some temples represent buddha ' s eyes, which supposedly see everything. this kind of temple, statues of buddha and painted eyes are frequently seen in countries where buddhism has been widely accepted, clearly showing how buddhism has made buddha into an idol. \" the call of truth is made to him alone. those they call upon apart from him do not respond to them at all. it is like someone stretching out his cupped hands towards water to convey it to his mouth : it will never get there. the call of the unbelievers only goes astray. \" ( qur ' an, 13 : 14 ) \" if you associate others with god, your actions will come to nothing and you will be among the losers. \" ( qur ' an 39 : 65 ) belief in karma the doctrine of karma supposes that everything a person does will have its effect on him sooner or later, and will have a bearing on his so - called next incarnation. according to this belief, people are continually reborn into this world, where they must bear the consequences in that later life of what they did in a former one. buddhism denies the existence of god and believes that karma is the unique power that governs everything. karma is a sanskrit word that means \" act, \" and refers to the law of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5411482647220935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.682240"}
{"text": "consequences in that later life of what they did in a former one. buddhism denies the existence of god and believes that karma is the unique power that governs everything. karma is a sanskrit word that means \" act, \" and refers to the law of cause and effect. according to those who believe in it, a person will experience in the future what he has done in the past, for good or ill. the past is one ' s former life ; the future is supposed to be a new life they will begin after death. according to this belief, anyone who is poor in this life is paying with his poverty the price for evil that he committed in some former life. this superstitious belief also claims that in a later life, an evil person may be \" demoted \" to rebirth as an animal or even a plant. according to the theory of karma, those who are poor, handicapped or ill are paying the price for evil deeds committed in a previous life. therefore, they deserve their present misfortunes. this perverse understanding results in prevalent injustices in societies where belief in karma is widespread. one harmful result of believing in karma is that it teaches that present helplessness, poverty and weakness are punishments for a person ' s moral evils. according to this belief system, if a person is disabled, it ' s because he has inflicted a similar injury on someone else in a former life and therefore deserves it. this superstitious belief is the main reason why the unjust social structure of the caste system dominated india for so many centuries. ( it must be remembered that karma is a hindu idea, and buddhism actually arose from hinduism. ) because the caste system was based on karma, the poor, sick and disabled within india were despised and oppressed. the wealthy high - caste ruling class regarded their own privileges as natural and just. in islam, however, being weak is not a retribution ; it is accepted as a test from god. furthermore, other people have the very important duty of helping those who are in need. for this reason, islam \u2014 like judaism and christianity, other religions based on divine revelation but that were later altered \u2014 has a very strong sense of social justice. but karma - based religions like buddhism and hinduism tolerate inequality and pose a great obstacle to social progress. karma is based on the belief in reincarnation : the idea that people come back into the world with the same spirit but in a different body. this idea of a \" wheel of rebirth \" supposes that every life influences a subsequent one. but this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5897736932603819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.683273"}
{"text": "is based on the belief in reincarnation : the idea that people come back into the world with the same spirit but in a different body. this idea of a \" wheel of rebirth \" supposes that every life influences a subsequent one. but this belief fails with one single question : how does this karma operate? if buddhism doesn ' t accept the existence of god, then who judges a person ' s former life and sends him back into the world in a new body? this question has no answer! buddhists believe that karma is a \" natural law \" that functions by itself, spontaneously, like gravity or thermodynamics. however, it is god who created all natural laws. no natural law observes what people do throughout their lives, keeps an account, and judges them after death on that basis. no natural law determines, as a result of this judgment, what kind of new life a person will have and re - creates him accordingly ; and no natural law imposes this process flawlessly on billions of people, much less animals. clearly no such natural law exists, and so, neither can such a process exist. so many people throughout the world believe in reincarnation, even though it has no logical basis, because they have no religious faith. denying the existence of an infinite afterlife, they fear death and cling to the idea of reincarnation as a way to escape their fear. belief in reincarnation \u2014 like belief in karma \u2014 is based in the false consolation that death is nothing to be feared, and that anyone will be able to attain his goals in a new birth. if reincarnation can ' t occur on its own, as a natural law, then clearly it could exist only through a supernatural act of creation. but a look at the qur ' an tells us that reincarnation is a myth. the book that god sent down as a guide to humanity openly declares that reincarnation is false. reincarnation according to islam \" those who call on anything other than god are not really following their partner - gods. they are only following conjecture. \" ( qur ' an 10 : 66 ) as in every other matter, the muslim point of view regarding to the philosophy of karma must be based on what god says in the qur ' an, which states there is only one birth and resurrection. everyone lives only once on this earth, and then he dies. in verse 62 : 8, our lord gives the following command : death, from which you are fleeing, will certainly catch up with you. then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.553941570580661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.684230"}
{"text": "there is only one birth and resurrection. everyone lives only once on this earth, and then he dies. in verse 62 : 8, our lord gives the following command : death, from which you are fleeing, will certainly catch up with you. then you will be returned to the knower of the unseen and the visible and he will inform you about what you did. a person is resurrected after death and, according to all the things he has done and the works he has performed, is rewarded with either eternal paradise or endless hell. that is to say, that a human being has one life in this world, and then an everlasting afterlife. god says very clearly in the qur ' an ( 21 : 95 ) that after he has died, no one will return to this life : \" it is ordained that no nation we have destroyed shall ever rise again. \" and similarly : when death comes to one of them, he says, \" my lord, send me back again so that perhaps i may act rightly regarding the things i failed to do! \" no indeed! it is just words he utters. behind them is a barrier until the day they are resurrected. ( qur ' an, 23 : 99 - 100 ) as these verses show, one part of humanity will die in the hopes of being reborn, but at the moment of their death, it will be revealed to them that this is absolutely impossible. in another verse in the qur ' an ( 2 : 28 ), god says this about the death and resurrection of human beings : how can you reject god, when you were dead and then he gave you life, then he will make you die and then give you life again, then you will be returned to him? god says that every human being is dead to begin with ; that is, he is created out of the basic inanimate elements of soil, water and mud. then, god \" formed and proportioned \" this lifeless mass ( qur ' an, 82 : 7 ) and brought him to life. at a specific time after the individual has been brought to life, life comes to an end, and he dies. he returns to the earth and decays back into the soil, where he awaits the final resurrection. everyone will be resurrected on the last day when, learning that another return to earth is not possible, he will give an account of all the actions he did in his life. in the qur ' an ( 44 : 56 - 57 ), god says that after a human being has come into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42499164897693187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.685262"}
{"text": "when, learning that another return to earth is not possible, he will give an account of all the actions he did in his life. in the qur ' an ( 44 : 56 - 57 ), god says that after a human being has come into this world, he will experience only one death : \" they will not taste any death there \u2014 except for the first one. he will safeguard them from the punishment of the blazing fire. a favor from your lord. that is the great victory. \" \" how many generations we have destroyed before them! do you see a trace of any one of them or hear even a whisper of them? \" these verses make it clear that death occurs only once. no matter how much people want to overcome their fears of death and an everlasting afterlife and console themselves with false beliefs in karma and reincarnation, the reality is that they won ' t return to this world after they die. everyone will die only once and, as god has willed, will have an endless life in the world to come. according to the good or the evil that individuals have done, they will either be rewarded with paradise, or punished with hell. the remains of petra in jordan eternally just, merciful and compassionate, god gives the perfect reward for what everyone has done. if a person seeks comfort in false beliefs because he fears death or the possibility of going to hell, he will experience certain ruin. anyone who has intelligent awareness, conscience, and fears in this regard must turn to god with a sincere heart if he hopes to escape the pains of hell and attain paradise. he must conform his life to the qur ' an, the true guide for humanity. never yet has being old or young, beautiful or rich been able to prevent anyone from dying ; and so, no one can disregard death ' s reality. whether people disregard that reality or not, it is something they can never avoid. the throes of death come revealing the truth. that is what you were trying to evade! ( qur ' an, 50 : 19 ) the remains of petra in jordan reading these lines, you may be led to consider the closeness of death. perhaps death is closer to you than to others ; and you may die before you finish reading this book. it may come for no apparent reason, with no illness, accident or age - related cause. god will send the angel of death to come at the hour of your departure and take your soul. we must always keep this important fact in mind and never postpone making preparations for death", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49520447440322707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.686358"}
{"text": "reason, with no illness, accident or age - related cause. god will send the angel of death to come at the hour of your departure and take your soul. we must always keep this important fact in mind and never postpone making preparations for death. the qur ' an ( 63 : 11 ) reminds us that \" god will not give anyone more time, once their time has come. \" here, god tells us that death cannot be postponed, and he speaks of the sorrow of an individual who meets it : give from what we have provided for you before death comes to one of you and he says, \" my lord, if only you would give me a little more time so that i would give charity and be among the righteous! \" god will not give anyone more time, once their time has come. god is aware of what you do. ( qur ' an, 63 : 10 - 11 ) buddhism ' s misguided belief about the afterlife according to superstitious buddhist beliefs, the existence of the universe, human beings, death and rebirth are all uncontrolled processes. those who believe in this irrational claim are spiritually unbalanced. they live in tension and discomfort that comes from the frightening idea that everything in the world is arbitrary. but islam teaches that god controls everything that happens in the universe. those who understand this trust god at every moment, living in the joyous comfort of his support and protection. buddhism ' s belief in karma leaves no room for belief in the eternal afterlife, paradise or hell. this false and perverse position \u2014 the idea that an individual returns into the world after each death, continually \u2014 conflicts with what god has revealed in the qur ' an. in the religions of india, edward washburn hopkins, a professor of sanskrit and comparative philology, explains that buddhism does not believe in an afterlife :... the logic of his own system led buddha into a formal and complete pessimism, which denies an after - life to the man that finds no happiness in this... in his talks with his questioners and disciples, he uses all means to evade direct inquiry in regard to the fate of man after death. he believed that nirvana ( extinction of lust ) led to cessation of being ; he did not believe in an immortal soul... what he urged repeatedly was that every one accepting the undisputed doctrine of karma or re - birth in its full extent ( i. e., that for every sin here, punishment followed in the next existence ), should endeavor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5093211133611606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.688563"}
{"text": "soul... what he urged repeatedly was that every one accepting the undisputed doctrine of karma or re - birth in its full extent ( i. e., that for every sin here, punishment followed in the next existence ), should endeavor to escape, if possible, from such an endless course of painful re - births... 4 from some buddhist writings, one can glean the following information on the afterlife : whether one is reborn in heaven or in one of the various levels of hell, the forms of existence in these places are transitory, as they are on earth, and are not eternal. as in hinduism, the period of time during which... individuals remain in these places depends on the amount of good and evil they have done while on earth. when the prescribed time has been completed, they will return to earth again. heaven and hell are no more than temporary states of existence in which the individuals receive their reward for the acts they have committed while on earth. 5 buddhism teaches that there is a kind of paradise and hell, as a reward and punishment for what a person has done. but because this belief does not stem from a revealed religion, it contains many contradictions and illogicalities. above all, and contrary to what god has revealed in the qur ' an, buddhism believes that paradise and hell are only transitory. again, one of this belief ' s most illogical aspects is the idea that all systems in the world operate, in effect, by themselves. according to buddhism, just as the existence of the universe and human beings is uncontrolled, so is the cycle of death and re - birth. there is no room in this belief for a creator who has brought into existence the world and the life upon it, together with paradise and hell, and rewards human beings for what they have done. however, accepting the existence of paradise and hell as places where reward and punishment are given, but not explaining how these realms were created, is an extremely illogical, unacceptable claim. but who deals out the rewards and punishments? moreover, how were these realms created? the philosophy of karma claims no account of how paradise and hell could have come into being without a creator. this superstitious belief has been passed down from generation to generation, without ever being questioned or logically explained. buddhism has no logical explanation for the existence of the universe or how it functions, nor of the origin of the flawless creative art evident in all living things. for this reason, buddhism can never presume to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49353300156469915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.689594"}
{"text": "ever being questioned or logically explained. buddhism has no logical explanation for the existence of the universe or how it functions, nor of the origin of the flawless creative art evident in all living things. for this reason, buddhism can never presume to be more than a mystical movement with no basis in logic, supported only by myths. the reality awaiting us in the hereafter the only source where we can learn the facts about life in this world and belief in the afterlife is the qur ' an, sent down as a guide for human beings and the teachings ( sunnah ) of the prophet ( may god bless him and grant him peace ). god says in the qur ' an that life in this world is a temporary testing period for everyone, and that the afterlife is our eternal homeland. everyone will have a reward in paradise or hell for all the deeds he has done over the lifetime he has spent in this world. god reveals this truth in these words ( qur ' an, 6 : 32 ) : the life of this world is nothing but a game and a diversion. the hereafter is better for those who do their duty. so will you not use your intellect? \" the life of this word is nothing but a game and a diversion. the abode of the hereafter - that is truly life. \" ( qur ' an 29 : 64 ) someone who submits to god, conforming his life to the true guide he has sent down and to the teachings of the prophet ( may god bless him and grant him peace ), believes with all his heart that on the last day, he will account for all for his deeds \u2014 and will receive the reward in eternal paradise or endless hell. god has revealed this to humanity in the books he has sent down and the prophets he has chosen. but buddhism is a man - made doctrine, built through hearsay on the foundation of a philosophy propounded by one single man. using human reasoning to change what has come from god is a serious error. those who get their heads full of half - baked ideas about the buddhist way and, in their desire to imitate their favorite pop musicians or film stars, start to follow buddhism as a fad, should consider this and free themselves from their mistake. in the qur ' an, god reveals the state of those who say there in no afterlife : as for those who denied our signs and the encounter of the hereafter, their actions will come to nothing. will they be repaid except for what they did? ( qur ' an,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5497741463545147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.690587"}
{"text": "the state of those who say there in no afterlife : as for those who denied our signs and the encounter of the hereafter, their actions will come to nothing. will they be repaid except for what they did? ( qur ' an, 7 : 147 ) but as for those who did not believe and denied our signs and meeting in the hereafter, they will be summoned to the punishment. ( qur ' an, 30 : 16 ) the \" repayment \" and \" punishment \" mentioned in these verses will begin at the moment of death. those who realize what an error they had been living during their earthly lives will feel unrepentable sorrow : if only you could see when they are standing before the fire and saying, \" oh! if only we could be sent back again, we would not deny the signs of our lord and we would be among the believers. \" ( qur ' an, 6 : 27 ) if only you could see the evildoers hanging their heads in shame before their lord : \" our lord, we have seen and we have heard, so send us back again and we will act rightly. truly we now have certainty. \" ( qur ' an, 32 : 12 ) \" hell is the promised meeting - place for all of them. it has seven gates, and each gate has its allotted share. \" ( qur ' an 15 : 43 - 44 ) ) \" i will roast him in hell - fire. what will convey to you what hell - fire is? it does not spare and does not ease up, ceaselessly scorching the flesh. \" ( qur an : 26 - 29 ) however much they may beg and ask for forgiveness, they will begin an afterlife full of agony from which there is no escape, much less a return. their repentance will not be accepted, and never will their desire to return to the world be fulfilled. though warned many times, the godless who did not believe \u2014 and bowed themselves before statues of stone and wood that they associated with god ; who espoused vain philosophies only as a show to attract the interest of others ; who did not fear god as they should have \u2014 will enter unending humiliation from the moment they meet the angel of death. their souls will be taken with blows to their back and sides, they will be grabbed by the forelock and be thrown into hell ; this will be the beginning of their afterlife. god will not allow them to speak, and their voices will be no louder than a whisper.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4797986277267836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.691600"}
{"text": "with blows to their back and sides, they will be grabbed by the forelock and be thrown into hell ; this will be the beginning of their afterlife. god will not allow them to speak, and their voices will be no louder than a whisper. ( qur ' an, 20 : 108 ) hell will be the final place for all those godless people who exalted themselves before god, did not believe in the resurrection or the afterlife, were rebellious despite the warnings and did not lead a moral life. the people of hell, \" shackled together in chains \" ( qur ' an, 25 : 13 ), will be jammed into \" a sealed vault of fire \" ( qur ' an, 90 : 20 ) and live in the murk of thick black smoke. they will hear the fire gasping harshly as it seethes and find people moaning in it. their endless pain will never be relieved, despite their entreaties, causing them indescribable anxiety. physically, the denizens of hell will have a terrible appearance. they will be bound with shackles and chains, and their eyes will be downcast, darkened by debasement. a scorching wind will burn their skin, which will be continually replaced to burn yet again, as god describes in verse 4 : 56, \" every time their skins are burned off, we will replace them with new skins. \" they will be beaten with cudgels made of iron and bound in \" a chain which is seventy cubits long \" ( qur ' an, 69 : 32 ). their foreheads, sides and backs will be branded with the fire. boiling water will be poured over their heads, and they will be wearing shirts of tar. the qur ' an also tells about the terrible food and drink reserved for those in hell. god announces in verse 69 : 36 that they will have \" no food except exuding pus \" to eat \u2014 which people in this world can hardly stand. in the hell they have entered for forgetting god and pursuing their own passions in this life, they will be made to drink boiling water mixed with pus. and because nothing will pass through their torn throats, they will not be able to swallow. in hell, god will also make the sinners eat bitter thorny bush and zaqqum ( the infernal tree ) : the tree of az - zaqqum is the food of the wicked, seething in the belly like molten brass, as boiling water bubbles and seethes. ( qur '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4502936497465423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.692587"}
{"text": "bush and zaqqum ( the infernal tree ) : the tree of az - zaqqum is the food of the wicked, seething in the belly like molten brass, as boiling water bubbles and seethes. ( qur ' an, 44 : 43 - 45 ) as for those who believe in god and turn to him, they will not be condemned to this state, but will pass through an easy accounting. because they did not follow vain philosophies and, in order to please god and fearing the torments of hell, lived according to the qur ' an, they will receive their eternal reward and be welcomed in paradise, free from fear, sorrow and sadness. on that day, god says, the faces of believers will be radiant. as god says in the qur ' an ( 39 : 71 - 73 ) : the unbelievers will be driven to hell in companies and when they arrive there and its gates are opened its custodians will say to them, \" did messengers from yourselves not come to you, reciting your lord ' s signs to you and warning you about meeting [ him ] on this day of yours? \" they will say, \" indeed they did! \" but the sentence about torment will [ already ] have fallen due upon the deniers of the truth. they will be told, \" enter the gates of hell and stay there timelessly, for ever. how evil is the abode of the arrogant! \" and those who heeded their lord will be driven to the garden in companies, and when they arrive there, finding its gates open, its custodians will say to them, \" peace be upon you! you have done well so enter it timelessly, for ever. \" everyone should take seriously god ' s constant warnings that the day of reckoning approaches, that \" the hour is coming without any doubt \" ( qur ' an, 22 : 7 ). in another verse, god says : mankind ' s reckoning has drawn very close to them, yet they heedlessly turn away. no fresh reminder comes to them from their lord without their listening to it as if it was a game. ( qur ' an, 21 : 1 - 2 ) on that day, the good will receive a perfect recompense for their deeds, while anyone who committed evil will wish that there were a long span of time between himself and that day. each individual will go alone into god ' s presence, where he will be judged with complete fairness : we will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4734899071952871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.693676"}
{"text": "recompense for their deeds, while anyone who committed evil will wish that there were a long span of time between himself and that day. each individual will go alone into god ' s presence, where he will be judged with complete fairness : we will set up the just balance on the day of rising and no self will be wronged in any way. even if it is no more than the weight of a grain of mustard - seed, we will bring it forth. we are sufficient as a reckoner. ( qur ' an, 21 : 47 ) all man - made philosophies are deceptions that alienate people from a belief in the existence of god and from his service. buddhism ' s superficial understanding of morality is completely contrary to human natural pattern in many aspects. to an extent, it lets people avoid the torments of conscience that comes from having no religion and so, functions as a false source of spirituality. believers in buddhism console themselves with the idea that they have attained spiritual mastery by inflicting pain on themselves and denying the needs of the body. but there ' s one basic truth of which they take no notice : that people must realize that they are servants of god. a good deed is of any value only if it is done to consciously serve god and win his pleasure. bridling the wishes and desires of our hearts carries great value, but only if done to win god ' s pleasure, and to the extent that he desires. of those who exert this kind of effort with no view to winning his pleasure, god says that \" their actions have come to nothing in the world and the hereafter. \" ( qur ' an, 2 : 217 ) buddhism ' s idea of the life of this world \" all who submit themselves completely to god and are good - doers will find their reward with their lord. \" ( qur ' an 2 : 112 ) those who accept the idea of karma believe that their cycle of rebirths will never end \u2014 that they live again after every death, until they attain nirvana. and so, they assume that before them lie countless possibilities. therefore, if someone decides to commit sin, he may think he will be able to atone for it in a later incarnation, even if his very next life is worse than his present one. an understanding founded on such an erroneous foundation cannot restrain a person from committing evil. attachment to this world is most people ' s major weakness. they believe in a perverse idea like reincarnation chiefly because they want never to give", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5292207243229156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.694725"}
{"text": "one. an understanding founded on such an erroneous foundation cannot restrain a person from committing evil. attachment to this world is most people ' s major weakness. they believe in a perverse idea like reincarnation chiefly because they want never to give up earthly temptations. therefore, only if someone has an accurate conception of the real nature of this worldly life can he radically alter his behavior so as to live morally. anyone aware of the real nature of the life of this world knows that he has been created to serve the lord, his protector and helper, who has created both him and the universe. also, he knows that god will hold him responsible for all his thoughts, words and deeds, and that he must give an accounting to god after his death. the lord reveals the reason for the creation of the life of this world in the qur ' an ( 67 : 2 ) : \" he who created death and life to test which of you is best in action. he is the almighty, the ever - forgiving. \" as this verse states, god has created human beings and placed them in this one life temporarily, as a test. here, he tries us with the things that happen to us, and causes our lives to continue in order to separate believers from the unbelievers, to purify them of their sins, and to guide them to the moral values that lead to paradise. in other words, this world is only a place of training, where we can win god ' s pleasure. in the qur ' an, verse 2 : 21, god reveals that he has created human beings to serve him : \" mankind! worship your lord, who created you and those before you, so that you may do your duty. \" \" say : ' can any of your partner - gods guide to the ruth? ' say : ' god guides to the truth. who has more right to be followed - he who guides to the truth, or he who cannot guide unless he is guided? ' \" ( qur ' an 10 : 35 ) god has clearly indicated the limits that human beings may not transgress, and the kinds of behavior that will win his approval and the kinds that will not. on the basis of their behavior in the world, people will receive reward or punishment in the eternal life to come. this means that every moment we live brings us closer to either hell or paradise. god reminds his servants of this reality and warns them against that day in many verses of the qur ' an, including this one (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.522028006823355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.695723"}
{"text": "punishment in the eternal life to come. this means that every moment we live brings us closer to either hell or paradise. god reminds his servants of this reality and warns them against that day in many verses of the qur ' an, including this one ( 59 : 18 ) : you who believe! heed god and let each self look to what it has sent forward for tomorrow. heed god. god is aware of what you do. \" our forefathers associated others with god before our time, and we are merely descendants coming after them. \" ( qur ' an 7 : 173 ) above : buddhist literature proposes meditation as the best way to attain a sense of wellbeing and avoid daily anxieties. but this is a great deception. those who meditate to push concerns out of their minds come face to face with the same worries when their meditation ends. trying to forget worries may afford temporary relief, but does not remove them ; temporary tranquilization of the brain is of no use. the only way to true well - being and happiness is submit to the fate that the one and only and true god has decreed. the believer who knows that no single leaf falls apart from the will of god, knows too that everything that happens to him is a test. throughout his lifetime, a person is tested by everything he experiences and by every deed he does. and in the life to come, he will receive the most just reward for them. believers who fear god ' s punishment, serve only him, obey his commands absolutely, avoid evil and act in ways that will win our lord ' s pleasure. to be attached to god with strong bonds of love, fearing him and heeding his commands and being determined to serve him \u2014 that is the only way to gain moral superiority that a person should commit to. he would never compromise that goal, even if it conflicts with his interests. he may have a few fine moral qualities otherwise, but these will be restricted, short - lived or depend on some condition. buddhism also recommends good deeds, of course, but they may have no value in the sight of god. what value lies in a person ' s doing some good to those around him, if he is ungrateful to god, denying the existence of the one who created him from nothing? in order for his deeds to have any value, they must be done with faith in god \u2014 with a view to gaining his approval, in awe of his glory, obedience, and with awareness of his power. for this reason, believers ' superior", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5103703474815465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.696882"}
{"text": "? in order for his deeds to have any value, they must be done with faith in god \u2014 with a view to gaining his approval, in awe of his glory, obedience, and with awareness of his power. for this reason, believers ' superior moral character does not rest on romanticism. their worship is continual and uninterrupted, as god has commanded in the qur ' an : god augments those who are guided by giving them greater guidance. in your lord ' s sight, right actions that are lasting are better both in reward and end result. ( qur ' an, 19 : 76 ) today, mystical movements such as meditation and yoga are very popular in the west. but the true path to inner peace, happiness and a good conscience is not found in such transient tranquilizations of the brain ; it comes from believing in god, submitting to him with a faithful heart, and leading one ' s life in a way that will please him. everything in the heavens and earth belongs to him, and the religion belongs to him, firmly and for ever. so why do you fear anyone other than god? ( qur ' an, 16 : 52 ) wealth and sons are the embellishment of the life of this world. but, in your lord ' s sight, right actions that are lasting bring a better reward and are a better basis for hope. ( qur ' an, 18 : 46 ) \" the call of truth is made to him alone. those they call upon apart from him do not respond to them at all. \" ( qur ' an 13 : 14 ) \" if my servants ask you abount me, i am near. i answer the call of the caller when he call on me. \" ( qur ' an 2 : 186 ) around buddhist temples, you can see hundreds of prayer flags attached to ropes. according to this superstition, prayers written on these flags are more likely to be fulfilled if carried by the wind. like other buddhist ideas, this too is a myth. denying the existence of god, buddhists are at a loss to explain to whom they are praying or why. in the qur ' an, god reminds us that only prayers addressed to our lord, the one and only god, will be accepted. people must be wary of growing attached to transient and deceptive baubles in this life, because life in this world is very short. wealth, beauty and worldly possessions are worthless in the afterlife. the buried body will decay ; time will destroy material possessions. everyone will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5128133099352811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.697839"}
{"text": "attached to transient and deceptive baubles in this life, because life in this world is very short. wealth, beauty and worldly possessions are worthless in the afterlife. the buried body will decay ; time will destroy material possessions. everyone will be brought into the presence of god to give an account. moreover, if you ask a thirty - year - old what he has experienced up to this point, he ' ll say that his life has passed by very quickly. he may live another thirty or fifty years in the same way, before his life will come to an end. \" some people set up equals to god, loving them as they should love god. \" ( qur ' an 2 : 165 ) \" luqman said, ' my son, do not associate anything with god. associating others with him is a terrible wrong. ' \" ( qur ' an 31 : 13 ) a ) buddhists meticulously practice the traditions inherited from their ancestors ; they spend days saying prayers in the precincts of their temple and spinning prayer wheels. but in seeing these practices as a way of salvation, buddhists are greatly deceived. statues of wood and stone that they bow before, burn incense to and pray to cannot hear their entreaties or answer their prayers. \" the kingdom of the heavens and earth belongs to god and, on the day that the hour arrives, that day the liars will be lost. \" ( qur ' an 45 : 27 ) in several verses, god draws our attention to the fact that the span of life in this world is short ; he informs us that in the afterlife, people will openly confess this : on the day we gather them together \u2014 when it will seem if they had tarried no more than an hour of a single day \u2026 ( qur ' an, 10 : 45 ) on the day the last hour arrives, the evildoers will swear they have not even tarried for an hour. that is the extent to which they are deceived. ( qur ' an, 30 : 55 ) a ) though buddhism has thousands of rules and ceremonies, none is founded on any belief in the everlasting afterlife, thus causing great spiritual damage to those caught up in its perversity. along with superstitions, the unjust practices of buddhists indicate their lack of sincerity. where buddhism is widespread, many suffer from great poverty, but no expense is spared in constructing pagan temples dedicated to buddha. rejection of the truth of the afterlife leads buddhists into moral and spiritual ruin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5225207271503727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.699057"}
{"text": "##just practices of buddhists indicate their lack of sincerity. where buddhism is widespread, many suffer from great poverty, but no expense is spared in constructing pagan temples dedicated to buddha. rejection of the truth of the afterlife leads buddhists into moral and spiritual ruin, cutting them off from the external world, giving them no concern for justice or regard for others. those with such a dark and gloomy outlook cannot find or implement intelligent solutions to society ' s problems. it will be very unwise for a person to be deceived by the transient attractions of this short earthly life and to pay no regard to the afterlife. the day when people will have their account to god is a reality. in the qur ' an ( 10 : 7 - 8 ), god commands : as for those who do not expect to meet us and are content with the life of this world and at rest in it, and those who are heedless of our signs, their shelter will be the fire because of what they earned. \" god is the real, and what you call on apart from him is false. god is the all - high, the most great. \" ( qur ' an 22 : 62 ) \" they said, ' we found fathers worshipping them. ' he [ ibrahim ] said, ' you and your fathers are clearly misguided. ' \" ( qur ' an 21 : 53 - 54 ) but to those who are not fooled by the life of this world and choose the endless life of the world to come, god announces good news : if anyone desires to cultivate the hereafter, we will increase him in his cultivation. if anyone desires to cultivate this world, we will give him some of it but he will have no share in the hereafter. ( qur ' an, 42 : 20 ) do not direct your eyes longingly to what we have given certain of them to enjoy, the flower of the life of this world, so that we can test them by it. your lord ' s provision is better and longer lasting. ( qur ' an, 20 : 131 ) \" they worship, instead of god, what can nelther harm them nor help them, saying, ' these are our intercessors with god. ' \" ( qur ' an 10 : 18 ) \" some people set up equals to god, loving them as they should love god. \" ( qur ' an 2 : 165 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46883710755446695, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e68ed37e-306d-4cec-aeac-fe71e2f6417b>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.699930"}
{"text": "building a baby from the foundation upwards : neurological issues can start from conception if the conditions are right genetics, nutrition, environmental toxins, vaccines, and their combined impact on the immune system, can all play a role in autism spectrum disorders. think of it as a pyramid with the child at the top and all the damaging features underneath starting in utero. some children don \u2019 t need vaccines to tip them over the edge if the child was born at the top or near the top of the pyramid to begin with. other children who are close to the top, all they would need is a major mineral imbalance combined with one or two vaccines to tip them over the edge. think about this quote in the united states senate on may 12, 1999 by dr. bonnie dunbar, a professor of immunobiology : \u201c i would challenge any colleague, clinician or research scientist to claim that we have a basic understanding of the human newborn immune system. it is well established in studies in animal models that the newborn immune system is very distinct from the adolescent or adult. in fact, the immune system of newborns in animal models can easily be perturbed to ensure that it cannot respond properly later in life. \u201d children who have gone into an immediate regressive autism after vaccines are the ones who may have been able to cope, and not tipped over the edge, if they had more time to mature their immature immune systems. others, without vaccines, were just too close to the top of the pyramid at birth or in utero. birth control pill use : anything that affects hormones enough to stop a lining shedding could cause issues. the use of hormones disrupts mineral balance, and further disturbs the normal running of metabolic pathways. if enough are disturbed, then it could contribute to an unstable foundation for a baby. the pill can strip out magnesium, zinc, b6, folic acid and efa \u2019 s from the body. the pill can skew the hormone system long - term and changes vascular circulation permanently, and further trashes the body \u2019 s supply of magnesium, zinc, b vitamins, folic acid and essential fatty acids. all these things lay the foundation for a pregnancy in which fetal nutrient absorption comes from a deficit position right at the outset. dr. ellen grant wrote a book called sexual chemistry which explains it. she was involved in the original large trials on what the pill does to the body. \u2026 \u201d our studies in 1981 and 1989 found significantly higher concentrations of copper and cadmium in hair in dyslexic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4399171665858183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8e83dd2-8a42-401a-afd0-8bc83bb9a646>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.711726"}
{"text": "book called sexual chemistry which explains it. she was involved in the original large trials on what the pill does to the body. \u2026 \u201d our studies in 1981 and 1989 found significantly higher concentrations of copper and cadmium in hair in dyslexic children compared with matched controls. 1, 2 sweat zinc was severely deficient in the dyslexic children, being 66 % lower than that for control children. however, the control children in 1989 had much lower average zinc level than the children tested for laboratory reference range purposes 10 years before in 1979. 2, 3 zinc deficiency allows accumulation of toxic metals which may be important causes of the increase in autism, asthma, dyslexia and hyperactivity in the past few decades. 4, 5 biolab medical unit offers analyses of all toxic metal levels in blood, metal sensitivity tests and the effects of toxic metal substitution on proteins and some binding sites. 6, 7 dr john mclaren - howard presented the results of testing 61 autistic children at a biolab workshop for doctors in june 2004, as he was attempting to find out which nutritional tests should be recommended. among the 42 boys and 19 girls most were deficient in zinc and magnesium. many were also deficient in copper, chromium, manganese, molybdenum and b vitamins. therefore, essential fatty acids were also likely to be deficient. 16 children had dna - adducts in leucocytes to malondialdehyde, 12 to cadmium, 9 to nickel. three of the 61 children had dna - adducts to mercury and one had dna - adducts to lead. 37 children had antigliadin igg antibodies, while 30 children had malabsorption detected by a d - xylose test. malabsorption was most common in those with asperger \u2019 s type syndrome, 16 out of 18 children. the zinc and magnesium lowering effects of maternal use of progesterones and oestrogens, parental smoking and alcohol use and parental dental mercury and other dental metal levels like nickel and tin, need to be looked at in larger studies. mercury is a toxic metal whether it is in dental amalgams or in vaccines. if 5 % of autistic children show evidence of signs of mercury exposures, this still means large numbers of children have been adversely affected. clearly the increasing incidence of childhood diseases needs proper biochemical scientific investigations. \u201d toxic metals for vegetable fruit sprays, like arsenate of copper and arsenate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070973351951205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8e83dd2-8a42-401a-afd0-8bc83bb9a646>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.712833"}
{"text": "mercury exposures, this still means large numbers of children have been adversely affected. clearly the increasing incidence of childhood diseases needs proper biochemical scientific investigations. \u201d toxic metals for vegetable fruit sprays, like arsenate of copper and arsenate of mercury, ddt used to be used. now, sprays are different, but are they really better? our stolen future and chem trails. the vaccine becomes the bullet for many children. they start out seemingly healthy, even with perhaps a shaky foundation. but once the bullet ( vaccine ) is injected, they begin to spiral downwards. symptoms are pathway dysfunction, not illness. diet and nutrition / minerals : copper and zinc are important because if they are out of sync the enzymes that create neurotransmitters, that the brain cells use to transmit their messages from one brain cell to another, won \u2019 t work properly. b6 works with those. proper balance is what is needed because if you get the copper and zinc right, you can modulate the brains regulation of mood and reaction to stress. these enzymes also need b6 ; as b6 often helps in treating depression. in women, low zinc and high copper can be linked to \u2018 rage \u2019 episodes during pms. suphur has a key interaction with selenium. selenium is good for skin, hair, nails, to build certain amino acids in the cells and brain, and make sulfonated compounds for the joints. when there is a deficiency, there is a reduction in the activity of the enzyme gluthathione peroxidase. this results in reduced immune function, which has its greatest effect on the helper t dependent cells, and production of ig. m is impaired. igm is one of the front line th1 antibodies which are made in the early stages of an infection. children suffering from malnutrition fail to grow when given a recuperative diet, if it remains selenium deficient because selenium is necessary for protein synthesis. while it protects against the toxic effects of the pollutant cadmium, and mercury from all sources, it also increases the effectiveness of vitamin e, and it reduces the chances of all types of cancer. in communities where selenium intake is low, the cancer rate is high. maternal selenium nutrition and neonatal immune system development. skeletal muscle disorders associated with selenium deficiency in humans. deficiency in selenium or vitamin e also shows reduced natural killer cell activity. with regard to the enzymes ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.483630388793561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8e83dd2-8a42-401a-afd0-8bc83bb9a646>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.713806"}
{"text": "rate is high. maternal selenium nutrition and neonatal immune system development. skeletal muscle disorders associated with selenium deficiency in humans. deficiency in selenium or vitamin e also shows reduced natural killer cell activity. with regard to the enzymes ; glutathione is essential for : - detoxification and liver function - effective immune response - male fertility ( low sperm counts ) - blood sugar metabolism - blood pressure regulation - inhibition of thrombus formation in diabetes - prevention of neurodegenerative disorders like alzheimer \u2019 s disease, parkinson disease, huntington \u2019 s chorea, stroke and brain trauma. effective glutathione is important for t cell proliferation, development of large cd8 + t cells, cytotoxic t cell activity and production of cd16 + natural killer cells. glutathione protects and repairs liver tissue under severe acute and chronic alcohol exposure. selenium protects against the toxic effects of the pollutants cadmium, and mercury. it helps prevent chromosome breakage in tissue culture. it is the basis of the unique enzyme system glutathione peroxidase, which destroys peroxides before they can attack cellular membranes, while the vitamin e acts within the membrane itself preventing the oxidation of membrane lipids. when discussing epigenetics ; they know demethylation is carried down through the generations and they know it can be reversed. this is the list of tests a dan doctor may perform : * complete blood count w / differential and platelet count * serum metabolic assay ( complete ) * thyroid profile ( t3, t4 and tsh ) * amino acid profile ( plasma ) * organic acid profile ( urine ) * lactic acid level * pyruvic acid level ( pyruvate ) * heavy metal profile ( lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium ), blood * vitamin a level * zinc and copper ( serum ) * measles, mumps and rubella antibody igg titers * igg, a, m, e * t cell function tests * myelin basic protein and neural axon filament antibodies but other minerals should be tested as well such as : immunologist have begun to test for a genetic variant in an enzyme called methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( mthfr ) and glutathione. metallothionine protein dysfunction diseases that can occur because of mt protein dysfunction include : \u00b7 psoriasis and eczema \u00b7 add and adhd \u00b7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49351091190066954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8e83dd2-8a42-401a-afd0-8bc83bb9a646>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.714850"}
{"text": ", combined with one or more of the following : 1 ) shortened or absent breast - feeding preventing the full development of transferred cellular immunity. ( fudenberg ) 2 ) early gluten ( usually wheat ) introduction prior to one year of age. wheat has been genetically manipulated in the last 100 years to increase the gluten content. 3 ) early use of cow \u2019 s milk or casein based formulas. ( allergenic and altered ) 4 ) immunizations with live viruses, especially the mmr after 1978. there is frequent regression after the mmr vaccine that has been observed and published ( wakefield ). other vaccinations and the resulting effects on interleukin or autoimmunity. ( singh ) dpt ( especially if whole cell pertussis is used ) and hepb ( not live viruses ) may also play a role in immune alterations. 5 ) use of antibiotics and resulting yeast and pathogenic bacteria infection or overgrowth, with resulting immune modification and toxic exposure. ( shaw, fudenberg, wuepper ) 6 ) maternal allergy, chronic fatigue syndrome, or leaky gut problems that caused the child to be pre - sensitized in the womb. ( fudenberg ) 7 ) leaky gut from any number of the above or also related to parasites or gi infections in the child that allow gluten and casein to leak into the bloodstream. once in the body, the body alters them into toxic substances. sucrose ( table sugar ) also leaks in and it is an abnormal sugar in the blood stream that causes a host of problems. 8 ) defect in the detoxification pathway of the brain, phenol sulfur - transferase or pst enzyme defect. inadequate intake of sulfur compounds. ( rosemary waring, birmingham university, england ). 9 ) they develop autoantibodies to myelin basic protein ( singh, fudenberg, and gupta ) and other brain components. measles is known to induce mbp antibodies. i \u2019 ll talk about this a lot more later. 10 ) defective cellular immunity, especially in the nk cell activity towards self and pathogens. ( fudenberg, gupta ). and the probable elevation of interleukin - 2 and 12. jeff bradstreet, m. d., faafp the international child development resource center let \u2019 s break each one above down \u2026 1. breast milk creates the right probiotics which absorb minerals the right way, and provide the foundation for cellular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5162499344179429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8e83dd2-8a42-401a-afd0-8bc83bb9a646>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.717143"}
{"text": "bradstreet, m. d., faafp the international child development resource center let \u2019 s break each one above down \u2026 1. breast milk creates the right probiotics which absorb minerals the right way, and provide the foundation for cellular immunity and nutrient absorption. the gut makes up 70 % of the immune system. it also plays a role in e - coli endotoxin production. 2. it has nothing to do with the gluten. salivary fluid has an enzyme in it, to break down grains when the molar teeth cut. celiac for example isn \u2019 t caused by too much gluten. it \u2019 s caused by lack of the enzyme opening the pathway to those with epigenetic susceptibility. before 1900 \u2032 s, celiac was pretty much unheard of. more gluten isn \u2019 t good for some people. 3. unpasteurized animal milk worked well versus pasteurized. 4. true, but you only know what you have looked at. what about the others? 5. antibiotics cause immune modification all on their own, not necessarily as a result of the resulting yeast and pathogenic bacteria infection and overgrowth. what about e. coli? 6. what caused the maternal allergy? if you look at minerals and other, you may be able to eliminate the allergy. 7. leaky gut would not be a problem if the foundation was laid right and a change in nutrition better understood. 8. if you have an inadequate intake of sulfur compounds and / or an inadequate intake of other minerals such as magnesium, zinc, selenium. 9. that is not the cause, but the end result. the cause needs to be worked out. 10. see # 9. fever reducers lower glutathione levels. when glutathione levels are reduced, you increase the level of the hormones. they also suppress the immune system further. filed under : autism news, questioning the vaccine decision | tagged : autism, babies preconception, birth control pills, chem trails, metallothionine protein dysfunction, minerals, neurological issues, nutrition, selenium, toxins, vaccines | leave a comment \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47264704654176404, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8e83dd2-8a42-401a-afd0-8bc83bb9a646>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.718011"}
{"text": "we have a sticky on fat but it ' s a little out of date : viewtopic. php? f = 17 & t = 4137 since then we ' ve learned more about fat. it seems that most of the negatives associated with fats have to do with oxidization, or rancidity. oxidization causes free radicals which cause cancer. different types of fats have an operating range of temperatures that they ' re stable at. the plants and animals that contain the fats need them to be liquid at their operating temperatures but not prone to oxidization. that ' s why animals and tropical plants have fat that ' s hard at room temperature but liquid at body temperature. similarly, cold water fish have fats that are liquid at low temperatures. your body needs mostly the hard fats since these are least prone to oxidization. the types of fats to be most wary of are fats that require heat in order to extract them. oils from seeds, for example, need to heated and treated with chemicals in order to be used. this heat, causes oxidization of the delicate polyunsaturated fats they contain. on the other hand, olive oil is cold extracted. the mono - unsaturated fats they contain are also more stable since olives grow in a warmer climate. most stable are the tropical oils found in coconuts and palms as well as warm blooded animals. these also don ' t require heat for extraction. these are also the most stable. this is why margarine has to be kept in the fridge but butter, olive and coconut oil can be kept out. saturated and mono - unsaturated fats can be consumed in any amount but you want to restrict your poly unsaturated fats to the essential amount required by the body. this is actually a very small amount, about 3 - 4 % of calories in total. about half should be omega 3 and half omega 6. your total fat intake needs to be at least 30 % but can be as high as 80 % of your calories. fats are your body ' s preferred source of energy. artificial fats of any type are unhealthy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5040857124661421, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:119df0e8-326b-4e7a-9553-89920e3a5f3c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.721483"}
{"text": "until the 19th century what is now india ( like europe ) was a patchwork of over 650 princely states, like kingdoms, ranging from the small and relatively unimportant, to the large, immensely wealthy and powerful, ruled over by men ( mostly ) with a wide range of titles in addition to the familiar maharajahs and rajas. under an ancient hindu custom, to avoid a disputed succession to the throne, a ruler with no born - to heir could adopt a male of any age from another branch of the ruling family and appoint him heir apparent. this parallels similar customs in ancient rome and during the chinese qing dynasty. in the rajput kingdoms, a ruler might adopt a number of boys, called bhayats, who would live in the palace and be groomed for the succession together. an heir apparent would eventually be selected from this pool of candidates if no competent born - to son were produced ( an obviously unsuitable or treasonous born - to son could be excluded from the succession ). if the ruler died before adopting a successor, one of his widows could adopt an heir, who would immediately accede to the throne. the adoptee would cut all ties with his birth family. when the british empire came to india in 1757, among the land - grabbing stratagems devised was the doctrine of lapse, which abrogated the ancient custom. under this doctrine the british arrogated to themselves the right to veto the succession of an adopted heir, and instead, to annex the territory concerned, although the adopted successor and his heirs were usually allowed to keep their titles and a substantial annual allowance. states annexed under this doctrine include : indian anger at this transparently corrupt means of extending the raj was a major contributing factor to the sepoy rebellion of 1857, which marks the real beginning of almost 100 years of agitation for independence. the doctrine of lapse was finally abandoned by the raj in 1859, and the tradition of adopting a successor was again recognized. the following sections deal with a few individual princely states and their adopted rulers : the princely state of satara in central india was founded in 1674 by shivaji the great ( 1627 - 1680 ) and ruled by the bhonsle dynasty ( who also provided the rulers of the states of chittor and udaipur ) from then until it was annexed by the british raj in 1848. during this period and up to the present day the dynasty has seen a number of adoptions. these are the adopted rajas of satara : shrimant shahu shivaji raje bhon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4574609823127178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f72a86a2-9c84-4f24-b98e-cbf50791dd4d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.734327"}
{"text": "wife, kusa bai, was pregnant. the succession was left in abeyance, to see whether her child would be a son or daughter, but in the event she gave birth to a daughter. this left the throne vacant, and mankajirao was then adopted by another of sambhaji ii ' s widows, his fourth wife, maharani jiji bai sahib maharaj ( 1716 - 1773 ), who herself was the adopted daughter of the chief of torgal and the birth daughter of his brother ). he was only six years old at the time of his accession and his adoptive mother and her co - widows were his regents until 1779. shrimant raja shivaji iv bhonsle chhatrapati maharaj shahaji dam altaphoo ( 1830 - 1866 ) had three sons, but they all died before him, so three days before he died he adopted his nephew, meherban shrimant nagojirao patankar, born in 1850, to succeed him. he took the name shrimant raja rajaram i bhonsle chhatrapati maharaj bahadur, and reigned from 1866 to 1870. he died childless ( his only child, a daughter, had lived only three months ), and a year after he died his senior widow adopted \u2026 at this point rajaram ii ' s widow, tara bai sahib, adopted the reigning ( and adult ) puar of dewas, vikramsinhrao ( 1910 - 1983 ) as the new raja of kolhapur. he abdicated the throne of dewas in favor of his son and ascended the throne of kolhapur as shrimant maharajah sir shahaji ii bhonsle chhatrapati maharaj bahadur in 1947. he almost immediately joined kolhapur with the newly independent country of india, and in 1949 he merged kolhapur with mumbai. shahaji ii ' s only son was now the puar of dewas and could not succeed him to the throne of kolhapur, so he adopted his daughter ' s son \u2026 the princely state of nawanagar ( now known as jamnagar ) in gujarat, the homeland of mahatma ghandi, has a ruling dynasty which includes several maharajahs, or jam sahibs, adopted under hindu customary law from the 16th century to the 20th century. jam shri rawaliji, sahib jam sahib of nawanagar from 1540 to 1562, had four sons, but instead of declaring one of them to be his heir, he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3973680754320681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f72a86a2-9c84-4f24-b98e-cbf50791dd4d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.739170"}
{"text": "adopted under hindu customary law from the 16th century to the 20th century. jam shri rawaliji, sahib jam sahib of nawanagar from 1540 to 1562, had four sons, but instead of declaring one of them to be his heir, he adopted one of his own grandsons, lakhaji jiyaji sahib ( son of his eldest son ) and appointed him heir. nevertheless, one of lakhaji jiyaji ' s uncles, vibhaji rawaliji sahib, seized the throne in 1562. jam sahib tamachi ii raisinhji sahib, who reigned 1711 - 1743, died without a son to succeed him. his widow then adopted jam shri lakhaji tamachi jadeja sahib ( who was the son of an earlier jam sahib ), who reigned from 1743 to 1767. maharajahdhiraj jam shri ranmalsinhji sataji ( ranmalji ii ) jadeja sahib (? - 1852 ) jam sahib of nawanagar from 1820 to 1852, was adopted by rani achuba sahiba, the widow of jam saheb jasoji, who had died childless. he was a popular reforming maharajah, who built roads and drought relief works. he was succeeded by his son, jam shri sir vibhaji. vihabji had 22 wives but no sons, other than one who was excluded from the succession for plotting his father ' s overthrow. to secure an heir, he adopted twice, each time a distant cousin, but after that he had another birth son. the first adopted son, raisinhji vibhaji was poisoned by one of vibhaji ' s wives. the second adoption was annulled when his son was born and the young birth son succeeded him in 1895, aged 13. but this son died childless in 1906 and was succeeded by the displaced adoptee... - lieutenant - general maharajah jam shri sir digvijaysinhji ranjitsinhji jadeja bahadur ( 1895 - 1966 ), maharajah jam sahib of nawanagar from 1933 to 1966. ranjitsinhji vibhaji also adopted a niece, shree vrajkuvar ( 1917 - 1992 ), who married the maharajah of idar. the princely state of mewar, part of rajasthan, also practiced traditional heir - adoption. ari singh ii ( ruled 1761 - 1773 ) adopted hamir singh ii ( ruled 1773 - 1778 ). the rulers were then afflicted by the curse of mewar, imposed under maharajah jaw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42908090130361304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f72a86a2-9c84-4f24-b98e-cbf50791dd4d>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.740429"}
{"text": "of rajasthan, also practiced traditional heir - adoption. ari singh ii ( ruled 1761 - 1773 ) adopted hamir singh ii ( ruled 1773 - 1778 ). the rulers were then afflicted by the curse of mewar, imposed under maharajah jawan singh ( ruled 1828 - 1838 ). to avoid having to fulfil a promise to a female acrobat that he would give her half his kingdom if she could walk a tightrope across pichola lake, he had the rope cut and she drowned. but just before she died, she cursed his family : no maharana would ever again produce a born - to heir. the curse was effective for generations : maharaj duleep singh ( 1838? - 1893 ) was the son of ranjit singh, the maharajah of punjab. when he was five his father died, leaving him ruler of the sikh kingdom of punjab and fabulously wealthy. but in 1848 the invading british defeated the punjabis, forcibly converted duleep to christianity and separated him from his mother, whom he did not see again until 1860. he was sent to england as a ward of queen victoria. dr. john login, a scott, was appointed governor of the province and he took duleep to scotland, where he embraced british culture and became known as the black prince of perthshire. although the british confiscated most of the wealth of his kingdom, including the koh - i - noor diamond, they left him enough money to maintain a lavish lifestyle for most of his life and he became highly poplar in british society. in 1860 he returned briefly to punjab to be reunited with his mother, but the years of enforced separation had taken their toll and the reunification was not happy, although she did follow him back to scotland where they lived apart. in addition to the doctrine of lapse, the british simply deposed some rulers they didn ' t like or thought were incompetent. among these were peshwa baji rao ii, raja of bithur, an incompetent ruler, already deposed before he died, and his adopted son, nana saheb ( also known as nana dhondo pant peshwa ), 1820? - 1859 (? ). contrary to custom, nana saheb evidently did not lose contact with his birth family because in later years he fought alongside his two brothers, rao saheb and bala saheb. raja baji rao ii was weak and pleasure - loving, and while he was raja the british annexed the maratha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4495631102672297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f72a86a2-9c84-4f24-b98e-cbf50791dd4d>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.741496"}
{"text": "lose contact with his birth family because in later years he fought alongside his two brothers, rao saheb and bala saheb. raja baji rao ii was weak and pleasure - loving, and while he was raja the british annexed the maratha princely states, including bithur, with baji rao retiring on a large pension. when baji rao died his pension and the residual authority of the raja should have passed to nana saheb, but lord dalhousie, governor general of india, 1848 - 56, had instituted his doctrine of lapse. this insult to hindu law made nana saheb ' s cause a major cause of the sepoy rebellion of 1857 - 58, which was a direct outgrowth of increasing anger and dissatisfaction with 100 years of despotic and culturally insensitive british rule under the east india company, and the beginning of the organized independence struggle ( see also section 10 below ). nana saheb became one of the intellectual and military leaders of the rebellion, but in december 1857 his forces were defeated at kanpur and he fled to nepal, where he may have died. another state whose treatment under the doctrine of lapse helped precipitate the sepoy rebellion was jhansi. a member of baji rao ii of bithur ' s council of ministers was moropanth. moropanth ' s only daughter, manubai ( 1834 or 35 - 1858 ), grew up a close companion of nana and rao saheb ( see section 9 above ). she was married in 1842 to the aged maharajah of the small kingdom of jhansi, gangadhar rao. they had a son in 1851, but he died in infancy, and they decided to adopt a successor, a boy named anand rao ( ca. 1847 - 1898 or after ), who was renamed damodar rao ( one source states that the adoption did not take place until after maharajah gangadhar rao ' s death ). when the maharajah died in 1853, the british viceroy, lord dalhousie, refused to recognize the under - age adopted boy ' s right of succession ( he was still only five or six years old ), using the doctrine of lapse to annex the kingdom in 1854. moropanth, now known as rani lakshmi bai, joined forces with others, including nana saheb, enraged at this and other actions of the raj, and became another of the main leaders of the sepoy rebellion. two maharajahs of bijawar in the 20th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44491899805710877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f72a86a2-9c84-4f24-b98e-cbf50791dd4d>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.742484"}
{"text": "known as rani lakshmi bai, joined forces with others, including nana saheb, enraged at this and other actions of the raj, and became another of the main leaders of the sepoy rebellion. two maharajahs of bijawar in the 20th century were adoptees. since the doctrine of lapse had been abandoned in 1859 there was no argument about the succession. maharajah bhon pratap singh adopted the second son of the maharajah of orchha, who reigned as bharat dharmendar sawai sir sawant singh ( born 1877, ruled 1900 - 1940 ). he in turn adopted... the seventh raja of the small princely state of sailana in madhya pradesh was sir jashwant singh bahadur. he was born in 1864, the son of maharaj bhawani singhji, the jagirdar of semila. he was adopted by the heir - less raja duleh singh and ruled sailana from 1895 to his death in 1919. the small princely state of jigni in the state of madhya pradesh was ruled by an unbroken line of four adopted rajas, from 1870 : rao lakshman singh ii was the adopted son of rao bhopal singh, and ruled from 1870 to 1892. he adopted... note : our authors are dedicated to honest, engaged, informed, intelligent, and open conversation about adoption. the opinions expressed here may not reflect the views of adoption. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4150943458067822, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f72a86a2-9c84-4f24-b98e-cbf50791dd4d>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.743051"}
{"text": "kimball lesson 20 : the women of the church posted by douglashunter on may 5, 2007 lesson 20 : the women of the church for mother \u2019 s day i have been asked to teach this lesson, hopefully, others will be doing the same, and jumping forward to lesson 20 won \u2019 t be too disruptive. as usual i \u2019 ll give a brief outline of the lesson and then go into some ideas / thoughts that i hope can serve to generate some discussion. frankly, i am looking forward to discussing this lesson because i find the material so challenging, but more on that later. from the life of spencer w. kimball - kimball recounts a story of his mother \u2019 s great capacity for service, helping another woman with sewing, serving in the relief society, serving continuously without complaint. kimball states that his mother \u201c breathed service into all her actions. \u201d - women play an important part in heavenly fathers plan. women are often instinctively sensitive to things of eternal consequence. teachings of spencer w. kimball having been given different responsibilities, women and men are to work together in a partnership of equality and respect. - god \u201c is no respecter of persons \u201d ( acts 10 : 34 ). we have full equality as recipients of god \u2019 s perfected love for us. women are to walk along side men not in front of or behind. - men \u2019 s and women \u2019 s roles are eternally different ; mother hood and sisterhood vs. fatherhood and priesthood. men and women were given different assignments before we came here. women should be treated well, they have work to do that is as important as men \u2019 s work. - women in the church want to be respected and revered as equals. - relief society is the lord \u2019 s organization for women and is a complement to the priesthood. - men and women are dependent upon and different from each other as complements. we are encouraged to seek what is \u201c beautifully basic \u201d in the differences. god has called women to help enrich, protect, and guard the home and family - being a righteous woman today is especially noble, and the influence of such women is great, \u201c ten fold what it might be \u201d in different times. the home is society \u2019 s basic and most noble institution. righteous women can preserve the home, even as other institutions fail. - the messages of the media concerning women \u2019 s fulfillment and choices to marry or have children are false. - eve was happy to have eaten the forbidden fruit, and began the human race with gladness. - motherhood is a sacred partnership with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4744576473991849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb2b75a3-bd94-4dd2-aaf5-0ac8da353010>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.749882"}
{"text": ". - the messages of the media concerning women \u2019 s fulfillment and choices to marry or have children are false. - eve was happy to have eaten the forbidden fruit, and began the human race with gladness. - motherhood is a sacred partnership with god and husbands. there is the responsibility of giving birth and raising children to serve the lord - a sacred dedication to rearing, fostering, nurturing children. - too many women find distractions from raising children. - it is the greatest honor for women to assist in god \u2019 s plan. being a good woman and raising good children is the way to find greatest joy for a woman. the lord has promised the blessings of eternal family life to all faithful women. - family life does not always work out s it should here on earth, death, divorce and other things may prevent a woman from finding a righteous marriage partner, but in eternity these women will have this opportunity, and be blessed beyond their capacity to express. - marriage and motherhood are not necessary to keep the great commandment to love god and our fellow men. - \u201d those of you who do not now experience the traditional woman \u2019 s role, not by choice, but for reasons beyond control can still do much to help others. \u201d each woman should seek to fulfill her divine potential - women need to appropriately develop their talents, and learn as much as they can with an eye towards marriage, motherhood and domestic responsibilities. kimball encourages education and experience clearly towards the end of better fulfilling the role of wife and mother. - \u201c we want our homes to be blessed with sister scriptorians - \u201d women need a knowledge of the scriptures to keep the commandment to love your neighbor as yourself, and because they do so much nurturing. - the blessings, recognition and status found within the church are the greatest a woman can receive. - \u201c drink in eternal truths \u201d concerning individual identity and the value god places upon you. the church is the only place where women can learn the truth about who they are and their roles. righteous women can be great contributors to the world and to the kingdom of god. - \u201c there has never been a time in the world when the role of woman has been more confused. \u201d women in the church can do a great deal to show what the true role of women in the world is. \u201c the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. \u201d - other women pursue selfish interests women in the church are a force for love, truth and righteousness. - women will plan an important role in growing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4542646940594583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb2b75a3-bd94-4dd2-aaf5-0ac8da353010>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.750988"}
{"text": "of women in the world is. \u201c the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. \u201d - other women pursue selfish interests women in the church are a force for love, truth and righteousness. - women will plan an important role in growing the church in latter days. thoughts / questions about the lesson i think its clear that the main goals of the lesson are : to appreciate the work women do as part of their commitment to the church. to emphasize the different roles of men and women in the church. to encourage women and emphasize their spiritual value. to encourage women to look to the church \u2019 s description of freedom and the feminine ideal rather than to the larger culture. to reassure women that they can and will be in eternal marriage relationships. these goals make it an interesting lesson to present to the eq. certainly it could be used as a lesson of praise, where we all share our appreciation for the women in our lives and the work they do but i \u2019 m not sure what kinds of questions i can use to encourage a good discussion along these lines. when i \u2019 ve been part of these discussion in the past they have been stilted. it \u2019 s a situation in which the \u201c correct \u201d answers are known beforehand and we are all more than glad to give them. so i see the challenge of this direction as being how to have a good discussion about women, the women in the church, the women in our lives, that can be personal and honest without relying on cliches. now, if i \u2019 m being totally honest about the lesson i have to admit that my first response to the material is pretty guarded. not for its appreciation of women but for the way it relies on certain ideas : 1 ) the idea that biology is destiny. 2 ) the lesson celebrates the totalizing of women \u2019 s experience through the roles of wife and mother. 3 ) men are women are stated to be equal but there is still present a structural priority given to the masculine. 4 ) domestic space as feminine space. 5 ) the association of the feminine with nature and intuition. so it \u2019 s difficult for me to see the lesson outside of the challenge posed by this kind of thinking about gender. one possible use of the lesson is as a discussion of gender, the assumptions in the church about the meaning of masculine and feminine, how we feel about these teaching at this point in time. one thing i am certain of is that in broad terms the younger generations of church members do understand the meaning of gender differently than older generations. another point of entry into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5461375704294659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eb2b75a3-bd94-4dd2-aaf5-0ac8da353010>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.752121"}
{"text": "by michelle sutton - kerchner want to improve your health, body weight, mental outlook, career, and relationships? get some sleep! right up there with exercise and proper nutrition, sleep rates as a critical determinant in one \u2019 s health. anyone who is sleep deprived can share many ways this lack affects his / her ability to function. although some sleepless scenarios are unavoidable, such as caring for a newborn, often a better night \u2019 s rest is within your control. daily exercise assures better quality of sleep, which is equally important as quantity. the expenditure of energy through a regular fitness routine allows a deeper sleep, which is more refreshing. it \u2019 s also restorative. whether suffering from a chronic illness or a simple muscle strain, the rest gained through sleep encourages healing. it regulates the production of endorphins, which can act as natural \u201c pain - killers, \u201d and serotonin, which affects mental outlook. this, in part, explains depression in post - partum mothers and caretakers who are on duty around the clock. even the standard eight - hour stint can leave you feeling fatigued if those hours are spent restless. this is especially good news for those unable to grab a long enough stretch. although you may feel sluggish when circumstances dictate little sleep, including light exercise in your day makes the most of the hours you are asleep. physical activity also delivers a jolt of energy to help keep you going the rest of the time. exercise during any time of day benefits sleep. however, a morning workout tends to kick off one \u2019 s circadian rhythms ( internal clock ) to be alert throughout the rest of your waking hours. exercise in the morning, and take advantage of the natural energy boost that follows to fuel your day. research proves moderate exercise for at least half - hour, seven days per week, has the best outcome for a good night \u2019 s rest. those who stretch also have a positive sleep response. for insomnia, some experts advise exercising later in the day. however, adequate time still should be allowed prior to sleeping for the body to become calm. avoid strenuous exercise within two hours of bedtime. exercise in a state - of - confusion exercise is overall more effective when we change our routine approximately every six weeks. your personal trainer or fitness instructor is aware of this plateau possibility and strives to keep workouts fresh. continuously evolving your fitness program helps maintain or achieve a healthy weight, increases muscle mass, and improves cardiovascular function. it also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46293272783021655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b427115b-258e-49a0-bffd-3b8e10474680>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.763463"}
{"text": "approximately every six weeks. your personal trainer or fitness instructor is aware of this plateau possibility and strives to keep workouts fresh. continuously evolving your fitness program helps maintain or achieve a healthy weight, increases muscle mass, and improves cardiovascular function. it also improves sleep patterns. constantly introducing new exercise techniques provides optimum stimulation. physically exerting yourself in a healthy way defines exercise. the body remains challenged as does the mind while it learns new movements. healthy exhaustion ensues, producing an easier ability to fall, and stay, asleep. without challenge, the body and mind quickly grow bored and abandon exercise, perhaps even lazing in a bedtime - jeopardizing nap instead. boring. vicious cycle of insomnia struggling with insomnia or a bout of poor sleeping increases more of the same. you become so tired from lack of sleep, you don \u2019 t have energy for exercise. without exercise, you have further decreased energy and physical activity, making sleep more elusive. despite how you feel during these episodes, it \u2019 s often helpful to force oneself to exercise. stay active for an entire day through the exhaustion. focus on the big picture. with one improved night of sleep accomplished, more can follow. sleep does indeed beget sleep. anxiety can be a natural response to insomnia. being unable to sleep when your body cries for rest is frustrating and frightening. this overwhelming anxiety makes sleep more difficult. emotions feed on themselves, further spiraling the situation. listen for these thoughts. when they enter your mind, greet and release them. jon kabat - zinn, phd, author of wherever you go, there you are, offers a waterfall metaphor : view thinking itself as a waterfall, a cascading of thought. go beyond your thinking much as you would find a vantage point to experience a waterfall. you \u2019 re able to see and hear the water, yet remain out of the torrent. acknowledge when anxiety enters your mind, from insomnia or otherwise \u2013 but, don \u2019 t let it become you. this process invites a transforming calm to replace anxieties about living normally, in this case with adequate sleep. exercise also helps reduce anxiety itself. as a powerful mood booster and stress - reducer, a regular fitness routine helps keep spirits light even when eyes are heavy. exaggerated emotions can be a byproduct of sleep deprivation. use exercise to increase production of feel - good hormones, and lessen anxiety as well as depression and irritability. researchers at the stanford university school of medicine studied the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48761018533710376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b427115b-258e-49a0-bffd-3b8e10474680>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.764448"}
{"text": "are heavy. exaggerated emotions can be a byproduct of sleep deprivation. use exercise to increase production of feel - good hormones, and lessen anxiety as well as depression and irritability. researchers at the stanford university school of medicine studied the effects of exercise on sleep patterns of people ages 55 to75 who were not physically active and had insomnia. the study group introduced moderate exercise on alternating days for 20 to 30 minutes in the afternoon. as a result of this exercise regimen, they fell asleep 50 percent quicker and stayed asleep approximately one hour longer. a promising sleep - aid indeed, with no groggy side - effects! moves for the best snooze aerobic exercises, which increase the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream, are best for combating restless nights. cycle, dance, zumba, swim, hit the treadmill. pump up the cardio. any physical activity that reaches a level of exertion is helpful. warm - up and cool - down sessions are especially critical for tired exercisers to help avoid injury. when tired, technique is easily sacrificed for sloppy, incomplete, or hurried movement. consider teaming with a personal trainer during these sleepy times or if you tend to work out at day \u2019 s end. a professional \u2019 s keen eye can monitor your form for safe, effective results on any given day. the goal of exercising for better sleep is to produce healthy physical stress. the brain responds to this healthy exhaustion by increasing time spent in the deepest stage of sleep. you can \u2019 t always guarantee the optimum hours of rest ; however, enjoyable, replenishing sleep can be possible during the hours you do manage. sleep needs change throughout life. here are general guidelines to follow : - newborns : 12 to18 hours ( may feel like 10 - minute increments ) - infants ( 3 months to 1 year ) : 14 to 15 hours - toddlers ( ages 1 to 3 years ) : 12 to 14 hours - preschoolers ( ages 3 to 5 ) : 11 to 13 hours - children ages 5 to 12 years : 10 to 11 hours - children ages 12 to 18 years : 8. 5 to 10 hours - adults : 7. 5 to 9 hours sleep deprivation hinders reaction time, coordination, productivity, and judgment. click here for a fun sheep - dash game to determine if you could use some extra shuteye : sheep dash test ( bbc ) at http : / / www. bbc. co. uk / science / humanbody / sleep / sheep / poor quality and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48189589567377367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b427115b-258e-49a0-bffd-3b8e10474680>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.765760"}
{"text": "here for a fun sheep - dash game to determine if you could use some extra shuteye : sheep dash test ( bbc ) at http : / / www. bbc. co. uk / science / humanbody / sleep / sheep / poor quality and quantity of sleep can result in health issues beyond daytime drowsiness. endocrine, metabolic, and neurological functions are impaired during a sleep deficit. reducing zzzs may seem a good short - term solution to fitting more into your day. however, chronic sleep issues ( such as shortened sleep - time ) are associated with long - term health conditions, including heart disease, high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes. colds, flu, and infections are also more frequent in the sleep deprived. a consistent exercise routine combats these health threats. a workout compensates by improving cardiovascular health, decreasing blood pressure and blood sugar levels, and helping maintain proper body weight. if you have to set the alarm earlier or burn that midnight oil, reimburse your immune system with an energizing workout. think of the amazing things your body accomplishes every day. reward it with the quality sleep best achieved through a good workout. \u201c how much sleep do you need? \u201d at www. helpguide. org. \u201c learn how to fight fatigue, \u201d by chris iliades at www. everydayhealth. com. \u201c morning exercise improves sleep, \u201d by mark stibich at www. about. com. \u201c want to sleep better? exercise! \u201d at www. sleeplikethedead. com. insomnia sign : http : / / www. flickr. com / photos / jmarty / 227332939 / peaceful sleep : http : / / www. flickr. com / photos / mikecpeck / 2104496895 /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5150410519721738, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b427115b-258e-49a0-bffd-3b8e10474680>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.766483"}
{"text": "one of the most frustrating conditions that afflicts everyone at one point or another is excess gas. it \u2019 s uncomfortable, embarrassing and very unpleasant in general. while a lot of the problems with gas have to do with individual body chemistry, there are a lot of ways you can control your gas. the first step is learning about all of the foods that cause gas so you can avoid them or minimize your intake. in order to fully understand why the foods that cause gas actually cause gas in your body, you first have to understand exactly what \u2019 s going on when you have gas. your body is constantly working to break down the food that you eat in order to deliver the proper nutrients to your body. your stomach is the first organ that your food reaches, and as such it is the first line of defense for your digestive system. here, the food is broken down into tiny pieces that can then be split into individual proteins, minerals, vitamins, fats and carbohydrates. every now and then you eat a food that is particularly hard to digest. this means that the food remains in a more solid form than the rest of the food that is more easily digestible. foods that cause gas are the different foods that you eat that your stomach and intestines have a very hard time breaking down. when food makes it past the stomach undigested, it can just sit there in your intestines for a while until it starts to break down naturally by bacterial action. the bacteria who feed on this food release gas as a waste product, and this is what causes the gassy and bloated feeling that you get after you eat certain types of foods. gassy foods list the list of foods that cause gas is surprisingly large, encompassing a lot of different types of food. the thing to remember is that you don \u2019 t need to completely eliminate all of these foods to relieve your gas problem. you simply need to take stock of how much you \u2019 re eating of any of these food groups and see if there is room to cut back. here \u2019 s a short list of some of these foods : - anything in the legume family ( lentils and beans ) - many different fruits ( prunes, raisins, bananas, apricots, apples, and peaches are among the worst offenders ) - anything that has an artificially sweetener as a main ingredient ( diet sodas, candies and ice creams ) - anything that contains dairy products ( milk, eggs, cheeses and yogurts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43163589222657983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59f15a0e-f81e-4da5-859a-b0d9fee628e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.771681"}
{"text": "peaches are among the worst offenders ) - anything that has an artificially sweetener as a main ingredient ( diet sodas, candies and ice creams ) - anything that contains dairy products ( milk, eggs, cheeses and yogurts ) - starch based foods ( potatoes, yams, pastas ) - certain vegetables ( onions, peppers, mushrooms, broccoli ) now, like we have stated above, this is a large list of foods. it seems like it would be impossible to fully eliminate all of these foods from your diet \u2013 and you \u2019 re right! it would be silly to not eat any of these foods. you simply need to cut back on the ones that you \u2019 re eating a lot of and do some experimentation. after you figure out which foods cause you more gas than others, you need to break down and start to cut these out of your diet. it can be tough at the start, but in the end what is more worth it to you \u2013 sacrificing some of your favorite foods for better health, or suffering the consequences of having gas all time. i personally think that the decision is easy and you should too! one thing to keep in mind is that gas is not your enemy. some gas cannot be avoided, simply because it is a natural part of the digestive process. without just a little bit of gas, you would have a very hard time digesting all of your food properly. the bacteria in your gut actually help you fight digesting this food quickly and efficiently \u2013 so long as you help them by not eating too many of the \u201c problem foods. \u201d it can be a real challenge to cut these out of your diet, but remember the key is moderation. you don \u2019 t need to stop eating all beans and lentils, all vegetables, all fruits, and all dairy products. that would be very silly and it would actually not help you at all. you would find yourself eating chicken noodle soup day after day, and not feeling very good despite the fact that you may or may not have any gas or. one last thing to consider is the fact that some foods may cause gas that isn \u2019 t very unpleasant, and other foods may cause little gas that is very unpleasant. in this case, you will want to avoid the foods that cause you minimal gas that is very unpleasant, and go ahead and keep eating the foods that cause a lot of gas that isn \u2019 t really very unpleasant at all. this is a great way to start testing your diet for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41488671406236943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59f15a0e-f81e-4da5-859a-b0d9fee628e8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.772641"}
{"text": "the force that binds neutrons to an atom ' s nucleus could be used to create clocks that are 100 times more accurate than today ' s best atomic clocks, say physicists at the university of new south wales ( unsw ). the nuclear clock outlined in a paper accepted for publication in physics letters review would neither lose nor gain 1 / \u2026 why is it that historically the clocks have gotten more accurate, but the trains have been getting later and later? by improvements in ( time ) management? ah yes, but we can measure the lateness of said trains with unprecedented accuracy and thus employ ' atomic timing train advisory consultants ' ( attac ' s ), to burn through a few billion advising the clueless as to how they could reduce said lateness by one orbit of a neutron. quantum uncertainty : the product of the error on the clock and the error in the train schedule is constant. because of heisenberg ' s trains : the more accurately you know the time, the less accurately you know where the fragging train is. how on earth did we, way back when, define such a unit as a second if we couldn ' t even measure it accurately? how do we know it ' s 2012 if we ' ve never had an accurate timepiece? how do we know existing clocks are fast or slow? what do we use to measure the inaccuracy? how hard is it to use w * kipedia to answer your questions, unless they were purely rhetorical? here, have this one on me. http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / second we * define * the second by using atomic clocks, ergo, an average reading of many clocks can never be \" slow \" or \" fast \". if you do something odd with a single atomic clock like take it up a mountain, launch it in a satellite, etc, then it will drift, but that ' s relativity for you. why use atomic clock definition? the definition of a second came about because pendulums, the earth ' s rotation rate and the tropical year cannot be measured with anything like the same accuracy. a physical principle that nothing can ever be exactly measured. nb : the measurement of metre is now defined by the speed of light ( a defined constant ) and the definition of a second rather than by using a platinum bar, or measurements of spectral lines, for much the same reasons - we can measure time far more accurately. > how on earth did we, way back when, define such a unit as a second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6311921335237753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf180c42-2615-4c25-bb2e-c1a44b37e0a0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.782170"}
{"text": "definition of a second rather than by using a platinum bar, or measurements of spectral lines, for much the same reasons - we can measure time far more accurately. > how on earth did we, way back when, define such a unit as a second if we couldn ' t even measure it accurately? the same way we defined every unit of measurement we had at the time, as best we could. > how do we know it ' s 2012 if we ' ve never had an accurate timepiece? because 430 years ago pope gregory xiii decided that that year should be called 1582 and everybody agreed with him. since then the earth has orbited the sun 430 times making this year 2012. it doesn ' t matter how accurate your second is, it is easy to count years which is how we know it is 2012. > how do we know existing clocks are fast or slow? what do we use to measure the inaccuracy? up until 1967 a second was defined in terms of the earth revolving around the sun. since then it has been define as : \" the duration of 9, 192, 631, 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom. \" purely rhetorical, but i did wonder who would come it with the most condescending reply. as it turns out, you,. until this reply, of course. you sound exactly like my three year old nephew. do you want to build some lego? > because 430 years ago pope gregory xiii decided that that year should be called 1582 and everybody agreed with him. not quite. that ' s only true if you live in catholic country. the uk in common with most protestant countries didn ' t adopt his idea until 1752. the russians didn ' t adopt it until the early 20th century. i read up on this stuff back at the turn of the millennium. a very interesting book - when it comes down to it it ' s all very arbitrary. roman emperors for instance sometimes removed a month in order to bring tax collections in a bit early. maybe that ' s an idea the condem coalition could look as an alternative to spending cuts : ) something about the old way seems easier. we don ' t need to know the time accurately. what mankind really needs is a good excuse for being late. 1 second = the time it takes to grab the remote and change channel when jedward appear on tv. too slow old man, i have a panic button that cuts the power and self", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6028682985886853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf180c42-2615-4c25-bb2e-c1a44b37e0a0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.783315"}
{"text": ". what mankind really needs is a good excuse for being late. 1 second = the time it takes to grab the remote and change channel when jedward appear on tv. too slow old man, i have a panic button that cuts the power and self destructs the tv... huh, i can do better than one - second - to - off when the archers ' theme music starts... ( and now i bet you all have barwick green going round in your head, teehee ) > i can do better than one - second - to - off when the archers ' theme music starts... i ' m usually driving when i hear it, so i get : > grab the remote and change channel when jedward appear on tv. i see your moronic twins and raise you the fat twat on the insurance adverts... it will still show the wrong time unless we make lots of these clocks and average the results to remove random effects, in 280 billion years the damned thing will be out by 1 second. re : it will still show the wrong time that ' s all right, our local watchmaker will have it fixed by thursday. does that mean that the whole leap second / day / year debate will have to be re - evaulated based on more accurate timings of the earth ' s orbit now? : - \\ re : leap second to the rough approximation of a rubidium reference, the answer is : no + / - 0. 001ppm the cesium standard answer is : no + / - 0. 000005ppm with the proposed neutron standard, the answer is : no + / - 1. 2e - 13ppm just so as you know. \" the nuclear clock outlined in a paper accepted for publication in physics letters review would neither lose nor gain 1 / 20th of a second in 14 billion years, the age of the universe. \" that ' s nothing, my wristwatch also neither loses nor gains 1 / 20th of a second in 14 billion years - it tends to lose or gain considerably more than that. now if they ' d said their new fancy clock neither lost nor gained * more than * 1 / 20th of a second in 14 billion years, that would have been impressive ; - ) what on earth is a jedward? re : what on earth is a jedward? a modern method of quantifying ' waste of space ' fulness, as in : big brother = 8 jedwards celebrity get me out of here = 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5416111262099891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf180c42-2615-4c25-bb2e-c1a44b37e0a0>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.784434"}
{"text": "earth is a jedward? re : what on earth is a jedward? a modern method of quantifying ' waste of space ' fulness, as in : big brother = 8 jedwards celebrity get me out of here = 10 jedwards the catholic church =... well you get the idea. big brother equivalence? ` ` big brother = 8 jedwards ' ' are you confusing this with the usian measure of intrusiveness, the jedgar? have probably already patented it so those boffins will get the asses sued if they build one!! of extreme density. re : a measure this should have been a reply to \" what is a jedward? \" excuse my ignorance, but... how do atomic clocks tie into high - bandwidth data transfer? i seem to remember stephen fry being flamed here for his assertion regarding a ( very ) similar topic. living in sa, \" high bandwidth \" means over 4mbps, so have no experience re \" high bandwidth \". re : excuse my ignorance, but... the trick with high bandwidth stuff isn ' t knowing what the time is, its to do with recognising the pulses on the line. if you are generating a signal on a fibre optic line at n ghz, you need a clock source on the receiving end which has exactly the same frequency to interpret the signals so you know if the bit is on or off. if one or the other drifts you ' ll introduce errors into the signals. even a small drift can be bad as it upsets not only the bit in flow at the time, but also all subsequent bits which will probably overcome the ecc until the receiver figures out something is wrong and finds the next frame / packet boundary. its one reason why, even though its mostly hidden, afaik high speed telco grade optical networks still use framing. ( the other being that they ' re still based on the concept of carrying voice channels ) you can use a 2nd fibre to get around this ( i. e. put the clock pulses down the 2nd fibre to let you interpret the signals on the first ) but ( a ) that gets more difficult the higher the clocks go and ( b ) telco ' s really don ' t like that as it uses up a lot of fibre they could use to sell overpriced bandwidth to people. fry got laughed at for suggesting that packet switching networks need to know what the time is. i ' ve yet to meet a router (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5585893140003453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf180c42-2615-4c25-bb2e-c1a44b37e0a0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.785295"}
{"text": "that as it uses up a lot of fibre they could use to sell overpriced bandwidth to people. fry got laughed at for suggesting that packet switching networks need to know what the time is. i ' ve yet to meet a router ( or other packet processing device, other than some mobile phone standards which use clocks for encryption related things ) that won ' t run if it doesn ' t know what time it is. likewise i ' ve never seen a sonet mux with a time source. but they all have clock sources built in. ( note i haven ' t worked in the telco field for a few years, but while the speeds have increased i don ' t think the fundamentals have changed ) need more accuracy at that rate of accuracy if i dont check and reset for 19600 billion years i could be 5 mins late for work! re : need more accuracy don ' t worry. you pension will kick in in about 19599 billion, 999 million, 999 thousand, 995 years anyway. chimes are one thing now if only those boffins could apply as much effort into getting the bbc pips properly aligned with reality on a digital radio. re : chimes are one thing fundamentally impossible unfortunately, dab simply cannot do real - time transmission or reception. fm only suffers speed - of - light delay, dab adds huge compression and decompression delays, and as each ' block ' is compressed separately it ' s impossible to reduce the delay to less than one block of time, even if the processors at the bbc and in your radio could do it instantly. which it can ' t - and your radio is probably really slow. all i want to know is that more or less accurate than my casio? re : all i want to know ( less facetiously, yes, unless they hook your local transmitter up to it, in which case, it will be as accurate ( so long as you account for light - speed lag from the base station, anyway... ) i want one.... but while a lot of the commentards are ranting and raving about the accuracy... think about the technology required to actually build one, and then build one that would be practical for any of the mentioned uses. ( except trying to keep the trains on time. i don ' t think its possible. ) yeah i ' m one of those guys who wears an automatic watch because i think its cool to have a timepiece made up of hundreds of mechanical moving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.513608982865182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf180c42-2615-4c25-bb2e-c1a44b37e0a0>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.786971"}
{"text": ". ( except trying to keep the trains on time. i don ' t think its possible. ) yeah i ' m one of those guys who wears an automatic watch because i think its cool to have a timepiece made up of hundreds of mechanical moving parts costing $ $ $ and being hand made, when an electric watch costing $ is probably more accurate. sometimes the journey is more important than the destination itself. re : i want one.... \" sometimes the journey is more important than the destination itself. \" very insightful of you sir! i doff my cap! ( well, i would if i had one ). to bad hp isn ' t in the watch business any more they made so nice cesium wrist watches like the 5071a. re : to bad hp isn ' t in the watch business any more while a joke, the smallest atomic clocks are the size of cigarette packs and are used in satellites. note that they may be smaller, but i don ' t think that civilians can either buy them, or afford them. the real problem the real problem is that time itself in a mystery. how do we know that ten seconds measured today ( accurate to 14 decimal places ) is the same amount of whatever time might be, as ten seconds measured yesterday? or last century? or in the age of the dinosaurs? or \" seconds \" after the start of the universe? we don ' t. we know only that multiple clocks involving different vibrating entities that agreed on a number yesterday, also do so today, within their individual limits of accuracy ( whatever that means ). we can ' t take today ' s clock back to double - check yesterday ' s measurement. time goes forwards only. it angle : in a computer or other clocked logic, the exact frequency or regularity of the clock is fairly unimportant. the presence or absence of skew between the clock here and the clock there is critical to the correct operation of the whole thing. a wild speculation : the universe ends when it expands so far that \" clock skew \" prevents it from working. does anybody really know what time it is? does any body really care? > does anybody really know what time it is? i do. i ' ve got it written down ' ere on a piece of paper. a nice man wrote the time down for me this morning. if anyone ever asks me the time, i simply show him the piece of paper. let me hold that piece of paper to my ear would you? ' ere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5358508840016057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bf180c42-2615-4c25-bb2e-c1a44b37e0a0>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.787949"}
{"text": "julius karash writes from kansas city, mo. : \u201c today, a family member called my father and told him that his 94 - year - old brother died this morning. my uncle had been up and about, performing his usual routine, and then suddenly died. \u201c the family member told my father that the manner in which my uncle had passed away was a chutz, or a similarly sounding word. are you familiar with such an expression? could it have something to do with dying quickly at home and with family? \u201d the yiddish word khuts does not in itself refer to a manner of dying. it means \u201c exception \u201d or \u201c exceptional case, \u201d which mr. karash \u2019 s uncle \u2019 s death indeed was. as sometimes happens with yiddish words derived from hebrew, in which hutz means \u201c outside \u201d ( its original biblical meaning was \u201c courtyard \u201d \u2014 that is, the out - of - doors space enclosed by a house ), and the prepositional phrase hutz mi - means \u201c outside of \u201d or \u201c apart from, \u201d yiddish has given the hebrew word a significance that it never had in its original setting. on the other hand, if you \u2019 re looking for a marvelous jewish expression that does refer specifically to an easy death in old age, it \u2019 s in hebrew, not in yiddish, that you \u2019 ll find it. this is mitat neshika, \u201c death by a kiss, \u201d and it comes from an old rabbinic legend about moses that is a gem. in it, the 120 - year - old moses, told by god that the time has come for him to die across the jordan as forewarned without entering the promised land, begs for a reprieve. so mighty are his prayers that god orders the gates of heaven shut against them ; so desperate is he to remain alive that he pleads to be allowed to do so as a beast or even a bird ; so unwilling is he to take no for an answer that he enlists the earth, the mountains, the sea, even the sun and stars to intercede for him \u2014 all to no avail. god is adamant. he has given his word that moses must die, and he intends to keep it. finally, moses gives in and accepts his fate. now, however, god finds that he has a problem, because none of the angels summoned to take moses \u2019 soul is willing to do it. even samael, the angel of death, is so frightened by moses \u2019 awesome presence that he at first trembles with fright", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5063608294210273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fd79e44-22e4-4c4a-9d0c-800c27e3cc0f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.791776"}
{"text": "god finds that he has a problem, because none of the angels summoned to take moses \u2019 soul is willing to do it. even samael, the angel of death, is so frightened by moses \u2019 awesome presence that he at first trembles with fright ; then, plucking up his courage, he draws his sword and advances, only to have moses strike it from his hands and blind him with a radiant look. \u201c i beg you, \u201d moses says, turning to god, \u201c do not hand me over to the angel of death! \u201d god answers, \u201c fear not, moses, i will do it myself. \u201d and in william braude \u2019 s translation from chaim nachman bialik and yehoshua ravnitzky \u2019 s classic \u201c sefer ha - aggadah \u201d or \u201c book of legends \u201d we read : \u201c then, from the highest heaven of heavens, the holy one came down to take the soul of moses, and with him the three ministering angels, michael, gabriel, and zagzagel. michael laid out his bier, gabriel spread a fine linen cloth at his head, while zagzagel spread it at his feet. michael stood at one side and gabriel at the other. then the holy one said to moses, \u2018 moses, close your eyes, \u2019 and he closed his eyes. \u2018 put your arms over your breast, \u2019 and he put his arms over his breast. \u2018 bring your legs together, \u2019 and he brought his legs together. then the holy one summoned moses \u2019 soul, saying, \u2018 i had fixed the time of your sojourn in the body of moses at 120 years. now your time has come to depart. delay not! \u2019 \u201c she replied, \u2018 master of the universe, i know that you are god of all spirits and lord of all souls. you created me and placed me in the body of moses 120 years ago. is there a body in the world more pure than the body of moses? i love him, and i do not wish to depart from him. \u2019 \u201c the holy one exclaimed, \u2018 depart, and i will take you up to the highest heaven of heavens, and will set you under the throne of glory, next to the cherubim and seraphim. \u2019 \u201c in that instant, the holy one kissed moses and took his soul with that kiss. \u201d to this day, if you wish to say in ordinary hebrew that someone has died at a ripe old age without prior disease or suffering, you say that he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43249441896180474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fd79e44-22e4-4c4a-9d0c-800c27e3cc0f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.792753"}
{"text": "whaling has a long history in iceland. whales have been hunted for meat and oil along the country ' s shores for centuries. starting in 1883, the waters were whaled intensely. whale populations fell so sharply that the government had to ban whaling for 10 years, beginning in 1915. icelandic whalers clearly don ' t have a history of moderation ; the law was repealed in 1928, and whaling continued as normal. whaling has been hotly disputed since the mid - 1940 ' s, when it became abundantly obvious that the practices of some countries were not sustainable. at the heart of the debate is concern for whales and the ecosystems in which they live. whale populations have crashed as a result of commercial whaling. the blue whale population, for example, fell 99 percent in the 1870 - 1970 period. while not all populations have suffered so heavily, humpback whale populations have fallen about 90 percent. the popularly hunted minke whale showed similar levels of loss. without a moratorium on whaling, the populations of these whales may never again reach their historical abundance. couple the fallen populations with whales slow reproduction rate and you have the recipe for a population that will recover only incredibly slowly. in some whales, sexual maturity isn ' t reached until seven to 10 years of age. females only give birth to one calf at a time, and then spend a year or more nursing it. while this method of reproduction produces few young, calves are more likely to survive to adulthood. putting aside any concern for the whales themselves, it is important to consider their role in many ecosystems. as predators of a wide variety of plankton, fish and squid, whales are sometimes responsible for helping to keep populations of smaller animals in check. the burden of evidence points to not whaling at all, at least not until the populations have had some time to recover. this is also the position of the international whaling commission ( iwc ). after all, it ' s better for whalers to wait if waiting ensures the survival of the whaling industry. some countries think they know better than the iwc and its scientists. iceland is one of them. these countries have taken advantage of the iwc ' s scientific research program. the program allows a few whales annually to be taken for scientific research purposes. but really, iceland just used this program as a way to circumvent the moratorium, approving the murder of 39 minke whales in 2005 alone. in 2006, iceland decided to restart its commercial hunt. in addition to the 39 minke whales that will be taken for \" research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4458896857077983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:616d334e-0a43-4f33-93b6-b1cfed7e68a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.796112"}
{"text": "a way to circumvent the moratorium, approving the murder of 39 minke whales in 2005 alone. in 2006, iceland decided to restart its commercial hunt. in addition to the 39 minke whales that will be taken for \" research, \" the country will be catching 30 minke and nine fin whales. fin whales are endangered, while minke whales are at slightly lower risk, continuing the moratorium on other, more endangered species. the decision has been met, rightly, with scorn from the european union. icelandic leaders responded to criticism of their actions by saying that whale stocks have recovered. with the levels of depletion sustained by many whale populations and the long generation time of most whales, this \" recovery \" simply could not have occurred in the past 20 years. iceland is setting a dangerous standard. they ' ve essentially decided that they ' re better than the rest of the world and that they no longer have to follow the restrictions of the iwc. iceland isn ' t the only country that has fought the iwc ' s decisions. norway has argued against the ban through appropriate diplomatic channels, and japan has been taking whales for supposed research purposes, like iceland, for years. if iceland doesn ' t suffer serious repercussions for its lapse back into whaling, what is to stop other countries from following suit? variety editor april wright is a sophomore from eagan, minn. she majors in english and in biology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41993786175671355, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:616d334e-0a43-4f33-93b6-b1cfed7e68a5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.796760"}
{"text": "the department of geography at texas a & m university strives for a balanced program of research, undergraduate and graduate teaching, and outreach and service. our activities in these areas have, in recent years, self - organized five themes. physical geography emphasizes the study of surficial processes in the fields of geomorphology, biogeography, and hydrology. human geography includes cultural, historical, economic, urban, and political geography. one prominent theme is interpretation of places, and the cultural, economic, historical, political, and social factors determining the character and development of places. geographical information science is linked to the other themes. research is focused on applications of gis, remote sensing, and related technologies to problems in urban and transportation modeling, landscape ecology, geomorphology, hydrology, and environmental change. geography education investigates how geography is taught and learned. topics include spatial learning, effective use of information technology, assessment, and institutional factors in geography education. over the past three years the department has aligned its research and teaching efforts to emphasize the human - environment interactions. we have worked to emphasize study of spatially variable change in natural systems \u2014 most especially change engendered by human activities such as globalization \u2014 as well as actual or advisable adaptive responses and interactions of human societies to these transformations. click here to read a historical account of the department of geography at texas a & m, printed with permission from the southwestern geographer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5118875857938144, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b738563-9a5e-40c5-bacc-99963b888a05>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.798335"}
{"text": "the final chapters of the geological history of the colorado plateau involve huge changes, and a true scrambling of the landscape by tectonic movements, and by erosional activity. volcanism has been an ever present entity during the cenozoic era. each of these elements can be seen in the photo above, the plateau ' s most famous gorge, the grand canyon. on the horizon is the san francisco peaks volcanic field, which includes what may have recently been the highest mountain in the contiguous united states. the canyon ( seen here from the less visited north rim ) is an obvious monument to erosional forces, and a more subtle monument to the work of tectonics. most discussions of the grand canyon emphasize the ancient nature of the rocks, but the very appearance of the canyon bespeaks geological youth. incredibly steep canyon walls lining the river for more than 200 miles, compared to an exceedingly flat canyon rim. the canyon is more than a mile deep in places which means the colorado river has quarried and carried away a tremendous amount of rocks, gravel, and silt. it becomes even more incredible when one realizes that something like two miles of additional sedimentary layers once mantled the flat surface making up the canyon rim. but the weird part of the whole story is : the grand canyon shouldn ' t be here. like the previous blog entry on the black canyon of the gunnison, the colorado plateau is replete with canyons that make no particular sense. and the grand canyon is the grand apotheosis of a canyon that should have formed somewhere else, in a far less dramatic manner. the colorado river changes character when it flows into the grand canyon region. for several hundred miles upstream, the river gorge winds back and forth in a series of entrenched meanders, which suggests that the original path of the river was over a relatively flat plain. then, in the marble canyon just east of grand canyon, the smaller tributary canyons do something strange : they flow into the canyon oriented upstream, as if the river once flowed in the opposite direction ( think of two tributaries coming together in the shape of a y. normally the two limbs of the y point downstream. in marble canyon, the main canyon is flowing the opposite direction ). then, the river suddenly plunges westward, crossing the kaibab plateau, which is more than 8, 000 feet high, making a number of ninety degree turns, and showing none of the meandering nature of the upper canyon. at the grand wash cliffs, just east of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45946169866963726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff395cb6-2202-40c4-bed0-b39ad51fc8f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.802177"}
{"text": "westward, crossing the kaibab plateau, which is more than 8, 000 feet high, making a number of ninety degree turns, and showing none of the meandering nature of the upper canyon. at the grand wash cliffs, just east of las vegas, the river emerges into the desert environment of the basin and range province, eventually flowing into the ocean at the gulf of california ( at least it used to ; all its water is taken out and utilized long before any if it reaches the sea these days ). how did the river cross the kaibab plateau? it would be logical to assume that the river had already established a flow across the uplift before the region was lifted. then, trapped in a channel, the river carved the canyon as the land rose. a great idea, but the timing is wrong : the kaibab plateau is a laramide structure, which formed around 50 million years ago. but sediments west of the uplift show that the river did not exist there until less than 17 million years ago. and... the gulf of california is less than 5 million years old. so what the heck was going on? in my next post, i will try to unscramble this conundrum, but don ' t look forward to getting a satisfactory answer....", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.448111112444772, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff395cb6-2202-40c4-bed0-b39ad51fc8f2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.802897"}
{"text": "what is sexual violence? according to the world health organization, sexual violence is any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, or other act directed against a person \u2019 s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. it includes rape, defined as the physically forced or otherwise coerced penetration of the vulva or anus with a penis, other body part or object. what is rape? rape is a form of violence in which sex is used as a weapon. rape occurs when a person engages in sexual intercourse by forcible compulsion or with someone who is incapable of consent. legal definition of rape : ( a ) a person commits the offense of rape when he has carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. carnal knowledge in rape occurs when there is any penetration of the female sex organ by the male organ. the fact that the person allegedly raped is the wife of the defendant shall not be a defense to change of rape. ( b ) a person convicted of the offense of rape shall be punished by death, by imprisonment for life, or by imprisonment for not less than ten nor more than 20 years. any person convicted under this code section shall, in addition, be subject to the sentencing and punishment provisions of code sections 17 - 10 - 7 - rape is an act of violence, power, and control. - rape is often planned or carried out by intimate partners, acquaintances, family members, or strangers. - rape is motivated primarily out of anger and / or a need to feel powerful by controlling, dominating, or humiliating the victim. - survivors are not responsible for causing their assaults ; only offenders are to be blamed for sexual assault and rape. - rape is the fastest growing violent crime in the united states. ( center for disease control and prevention, 1994 ) - in the united states, a woman is raped every 6 minutes. ( crime victims research and treatment center of the national victims center, 1992 ) - the rate of sexual assault in the united states is the highest of any industrialized nation in the world. ( reiso and roth, 1993 ) - 1 in 4 women will be a victim of sexual violence at some point in her lifetime. ( warshaw, r. 1988. i never called it rape. harper and row ) - 1 in 6 boys will be sexually assaulted by age 18. ( walker, l. 1988. handbook on sexual abuse of children ) - an estimated 92, 700 men are forcibly raped each year in the united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49536442930072666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7d47b8c-7a84-4976-90d8-b6ed35d88396>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.809550"}
{"text": "auto accidents happen... everywhere, everyday, to even the most careful drivers. the time to plan what you should do is now - before you ' re involved in one. no matter how cautious you may be driving, other drivers on the road still pose a threat to you. taking responsibility is your first step toward preventing an accident. know the rules of the road practice driving. it requires good hand - eye coordination and quick thinking. nascar drivers don ' t get in the car and drive only on race days. they practice daily right up to race time. you should do the same. look for an empty parking lot or open space where you have lots of room with no buildings, poles or other cars nearby. do this in challenging weather situations such as heavy rain, ice, and snow. by practicing in different environments, you can teach yourself how to react automatically when you have to brake and swerve to miss something. keep your car working never drive on a slick tire. also, blinkers, headlights, and taillights need new bulbs from time to time. check them often by turning them on and walking around the car to see if they ' re in good working order. always wear your seatbelt require all passengers to do the same. seatbelts can reduce accident fatalities by 45 %, and serious injury by 50 %. stay within the speed limit stay in the limit. faster isn ' t better when it comes to driving. sometimes people get caught up in the freedom of the open road, only to meet disaster. speeding can cost you hundreds of dollars in fines. it can also cost you your life. speed limits apply to ideal conditions. slow down when it ' s raining, snowing or foggy \u2014 or anytime the road is extra hazardous or your vision is limited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40569197879384034, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a234e5e-dfc0-45ca-bd30-0c6f0b973133>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.811341"}
{"text": "when president obama announced a new program during the recent g8 summit to help bolster food and agriculture in developing nations through corporate \u201c pledges, \u201d i was most struck by his choice of partners in the effort. a reuters report on the announcement read : the initiative includes a new partnership with agribusiness giants such as dupont, monsanto and cargill, along with smaller companies, including almost 20 from africa, which will commit some $ 3 billion for projects to help farmers in the developing world build local markets and improve productivity. those three companies are the good food movement \u2019 s equivalent of the law firm dewey, cheatem & howe \u2014 not the folks it wants to see put in charge of anything, much less \u201c feeding the world. \u201d these companies believe that exporting western - style industrial agriculture to the developing world ( africa in particular ) is key to ensuring enough food for a growing population. and they maintain this position despite the growing evidence that industrial agriculture can \u2019 t solve the problem. as a recent report in the journal nature on the best way forward for agriculture explained, current models suggest that industrial ag just won \u2019 t cut it : \u2026 conventional approaches to intensive agriculture, especially the unbridled use of irrigation and fertilizers, have been major causes of environmental degradation. closing yield gaps without environmental degradation will require new approaches, including reforming conventional agriculture and adopting lessons from organic systems and precision agriculture. unfortunately, this \u201c unbridled use of irrigation and fertilizers \u201d is the form of agriculture that monsanto, dupont, and cargill know best. so i was concerned when i ran across this new study, which found that to date, human - caused groundwater depletion is a greater contributor to sea - level rise than climate change. the u. k. guardianexplains : trillions of tonnes of water have been pumped up from deep underground reservoirs in every part of the world and then channeled into fields and pipes to keep communities fed and watered. the water then flows into the oceans, but far more quickly than the ancient aquifers are replenished by rains. the global tide would be rising even more quickly but for the fact that man - made reservoirs have, until now, held back the flow by storing huge amounts of water on land. \u201c the water being taken from deep wells is geologically old \u2013 there is no replenishment and so it is a one - way transfer into the ocean, \u201d said sea level expert professor robert nicholls, at the university of southampton. \u201c in the long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4442707235825387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:027104b9-cdc1-44b1-a513-add144de72d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.816714"}
{"text": "the water being taken from deep wells is geologically old \u2013 there is no replenishment and so it is a one - way transfer into the ocean, \u201d said sea level expert professor robert nicholls, at the university of southampton. \u201c in the long run, i would still be more concerned about the impact of climate change, but this work shows that even if we stabilize the climate, we might still get sea level rise due to how we use water. \u201d chalk this up alongside dead zones, superweeds, superbugs, antibiotic resistance, and nitrogen pollution as yet another unintended consequence of industrial agriculture. how does this water study relate to the g8 agriculture initiative? well, drilling into deep and ancient aquifers using techniques borrowed from oil production is currently a favored technique for improving agricultural productivity in the developing world. and the new g8 program appears designed to do much more of it. as the institute for agriculture and trade policy noted in a post on its blog, these \u201c tube wells \u201d have already been said to cause \u201c an environmental disaster \u201d in asia. an agence france - presse report from several years back noted that : in the case of india, smallholder farmers have driven 21 million tube wells into their fields and the number is increasing by a million wells per year. \u201c nobody knows where the tube wells are or who owns them. there is no way anyone can control what happens to them, \u201d tushaar shah, head of the international water management institute \u2019 s groundwater station, based in gujarat, said. \u201c when the balloon bursts, untold anarchy will be the lot of rural india. \u201d half of the country \u2019 s traditional hand - dug wells have already run dry, as have millions of shallower tube wells, causing some despairing farmers to commit suicide, he said. in china \u2019 s north plain, that country \u2019 s breadbasket, 30 cubic kilometers ( 1. 059 trillion cubic feet ) more water are being extracted each year by farmers than are being replaced by the rain, new scientist said. groundwater is used to produce 40 percent of the country \u2019 s grain. in june, the state paper china daily admitted that the nation \u201c may be plunged into a water crisis \u201d by 2030 when its population is scheduled to peak at 1. 6 billion. it just seems that regardless of the evidence that practices like these cause destruction, the u. s. insists on continuing a form of ecological arbitrage which offers short - term gains in productivity that won \u2019 t be paid for until long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4437384345898676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:027104b9-cdc1-44b1-a513-add144de72d8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.817619"}
{"text": "tag archives : flexibility training the usa gymnastics tops program has expanded to add a new state level of skill and physical abilities testing, but the program overall has been watered down continue reading while a common phrase, it is incorrect to call very flexible gymnasts double jointed especially if you want to appear knowledgeable. continue reading gymnasts and coaches could learn some things about toe and foot strength and flexibility training from ballerinas who take great care of their toes and feet continue reading shoulder flexibility is a hidden safety problem in gymnastics that usa gymnastics has not done enough to publicize and eradicate. learn what needs to be done to keep gymnasts safe. continue reading flexibility is the key to looking good looking leaps and jumps. learn what scientific studies have discovered are the fastest ways for gymnasts to improve their flexibility. continue reading subject : daughter / flexibility vs strength my daughter is 7 years old and is training level 4 at this time. her coaches are amazed with her flexibility, however, her strength needs a lot of work. she seems to have fallen behind in \u2026 continue reading flexibility is fortunately one of those physical attributes that can be improved simply by spending time working on it. most top level training programs require that you meet minimum gymnastics flexibility ( and strength ) requirements because it speeds the learning process \u2026 continue reading straddle split : a split in which the legs are extended to the left and right, until a 180 degree angle between the legs is reached. static stretching : a type of stretching in which a relaxed position is held without moving for a significant period of time. as opposed to dynamic stretching in which the limb is moved vigorously to stretch.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41185448918277107, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bee24b8b-ef9a-46a7-8605-784a280d505b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.819379"}
{"text": "the idea in brief the idea in brief there has never been as much interest in business models as there is today ; seven out of 10 companies are trying to create innovative business models, and 98 % are modifying existing ones, according to a recent survey. however, most companies still create and evaluate business models in isolation, without considering the implications of how they will interact with rivals \u2019 business models. this narrow view dooms many to failure. moreover, companies often don \u2019 t realize that business models can be designed so that they generate virtuous cycles \u2014 similar to the powerful effects high - tech firms such as facebook, ebay, and microsoft enjoy. these cycles, when aligned with company goals, reinforce competitive advantage. by making the right choices, companies can strengthen their business models \u2019 virtuous cycles, weaken those of rivals, and even use the cycles to turn competitors into complementary players. this is neither strategy nor tactics ; it \u2019 s using business models to gain competitive advantage. indeed, companies fare poorly partly because they don \u2019 t recognize the differences between strategy, tactics, and business models. artwork : damian ortega, controller of the universe, 2007, found tools and wire, 285 x 405 x 455 cm strategy has been the primary building block of competitiveness over the past three decades, but in the future, the quest for sustainable advantage may well begin with the business model. while the convergence of information and communication technologies in the 1990s resulted in a short - lived fascination with business models, forces such as deregulation, technological change, globalization, and sustainability have rekindled interest in the concept today. since 2006, the ibm institute for business value \u2019 s biannual global ceo study has reported that senior executives across industries regard developing innovative business models as a major priority. a 2009 follow - up study reveals that seven out of 10 companies are engaging in business - model innovation, and an incredible 98 % are modifying their business models to some extent. business model innovation is undoubtedly here to stay. that isn \u2019 t surprising. the pressure to crack open markets in developing countries, particularly those at the middle and bottom of the pyramid, is driving a surge in business - model innovation. the economic slowdown in the developed world is forcing companies to modify their business models or create new ones. in addition, the rise of new technology - based and low - cost rivals is threatening incumbents, reshaping industries, and redistributing profits. indeed, the ways by which companies create and capture value through their business models is undergoing a radical transformation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5196222657576848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb4dc8b3-e6d6-479c-bc69-dcec417e5631>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.827973"}
{"text": "the rise of new technology - based and low - cost rivals is threatening incumbents, reshaping industries, and redistributing profits. indeed, the ways by which companies create and capture value through their business models is undergoing a radical transformation worldwide. yet most enterprises haven \u2019 t fully come to grips with how to compete through business models. our studies over the past seven years show that much of the problem lies in companies \u2019 unwavering focus on creating innovative models and evaluating their efficacy in isolation \u2014 just as engineers test new technologies or products. however, the success or failure of a company \u2019 s business model depends largely on how it interacts with models of other players in the industry. ( almost any business model will perform brilliantly if a company is lucky enough to be the only one in a market. ) because companies build them without thinking about the competition, they routinely deploy doomed business models. our research also shows that when enterprises compete using business models that differ from one another, the outcomes are difficult to predict. one business model may appear superior to others when analyzed in isolation but create less value than the others when interactions are considered. or rivals may end up becoming partners in value creation. appraising models in a stand - alone fashion leads to faulty assessments of their strengths and weaknesses and bad decision making. this is a big reason why so many new business models fail. moreover, the propensity to ignore the dynamic elements of business models results in many companies failing to use them to their full potential. few executives realize that they can design business models to generate winner - take - all effects that resemble the network externalities that high - tech companies such as microsoft, ebay, and facebook have created. whereas network effects are an exogenous feature of technologies, winner - take - all effects can be triggered by companies if they make the right choices in developing their business models. good business models create virtuous cycles that, over time, result in competitive advantage. smart companies know how to strengthen their virtuous cycles, weaken those of rivals, and even use their virtuous cycles to turn competitors \u2019 strengths into weaknesses. \u201c isn \u2019 t that strategy? \u201d we \u2019 re often asked. it isn \u2019 t \u2014 and unless managers learn to understand the distinct realms of business models, strategy, and tactics, while taking into account how they interact, they will never find the most effective ways to compete. what is a business model, really? everyone agrees that executives must know how business models work if their organizations are to thrive,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5306071782234987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb4dc8b3-e6d6-479c-bc69-dcec417e5631>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.829068"}
{"text": "as you note, the term, \u201c participatory culture, \u201d can be seen as emerging from the cultural studies tradition, but there is also a strong history of writing about \u201c participatory politics. \u201d are these separate conversations? what might these two strands of research have to say to each other? the participation conversation is a very broad one, and rightly noted, one that has ebbed and flowed across the centuries. rather than the concept of participation, it is the dominant focus of the participation that is unique to the time period \u2013 political participation, economic participation, social action. of course, even when one topic dominated the push for participation, thousands of smaller participatory cultures also thrived around issues such as crafting, gamesmanship, agriculture, and invention. the communication technologies of this century have simply divided and amplified the topics allowing many more participatory cultures to flourish in unison. some have argued that all cultures are by definition participatory. what distinguishes contemporary forms of participatory culture from their predecessors within, say, folk culture? participatory cultures are not new. they are simply the most recent manifestation of human \u2019 s desire to be a part of something. one of the reasons there is so much attention placed on participatory cultures now is that they are starkly contrasted by the postmodern theories that immediately preceded them. postmodern theorists valued resistance, disruption and divergence, while participatory cultures value contribution and collaboration. today \u2019 s participatory cultures are both uniquely new and comfortably traditional venues \u2013 like returning to your family home for thanksgiving to find your bedroom is the new home office. writing about participatory culture poses a different set of questions than writing about audience resistance, a concept that dominated cultural studies a few decades ago. resistance to what? participation in what? what are some of the current models for describing what people \u201c participate \u201d in when they are part of a participatory culture? is participatory culture necessarily a collective phenomenon or does it make sense to talk about participating as an individual? the concept of audience resistance played an important role in cultural studies, but the notion of resistance seems almost quaint when one considers the nature of political, economic, and cultural power in the early 21st century. as individual citizens, each one of us is situated within multiple power networks. in many instances ( e. g. the physical borders of the nation - state, the globally dispersed contours of global capitalism ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5483366036895923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9f98ed5-e72e-4bdf-be33-caa96927a775>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.835696"}
{"text": "power in the early 21st century. as individual citizens, each one of us is situated within multiple power networks. in many instances ( e. g. the physical borders of the nation - state, the globally dispersed contours of global capitalism ), power relationships are imposed upon us at birth. we might be proud to be americans ( or chinese or canadians ), but our national pride is a lucky accident. the physical coordinates of our birthplace and the citizenship status of our parents determine our initial location in the networks of state power. financial power networks are also imposed upon us ; we are born into capitalism. we might choose to remedy the shortcomings of the economic status quo by building alternative exchange networks ( e. g. farmers markets, cooperatives, gift economies, remix culture ), but it is almost impossible to completely subtract ourselves from the domination of global capital. the good news is that we can also situate ourselves in political, economic, and cultural power networks of our own choosing. this is hardly a new phenomenon \u2013 alexis de tocqueville celebrated free associations in democracy in america as far back as 1835 \u2013 but the emergence of the global internet and affiliated communication technologies has accelerated our ability to create alternative networks from the ground up at the same time that we work to transform dominant institutions. is participation necessarily a collective phenomenon? to the extent that we participate in networks with other human beings, there is always a collective dimension. we engage, we share, we mentor, we feel connected, and we care about what other members of the community think. this is necessarily social. however, the decision about which networks we select as meaningful outlets for participation is almost always an individual decision. if we truly value participatory culture, we must recognize the right of individuals to choose to not participate. pedagogical concerns remain central to these discussions, if we are to insure that the widest possible range of people have access to the skills and resources they need to meaningfully participate. what insights might the book offer to educators who want to bring more participatory practices to schools, libraries, and other public institutions? the difficult part about participatory pedagogy is that educators must be willing to relinquish absolute control over the conversation. for a very long time, especially in western educational settings, teachers were situated at the top of hierarchical learning models. in educational participatory cultures, learning does not necessarily happen quickly, it is not delivered in a tidy, self - contained package, and it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5661118835682142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9f98ed5-e72e-4bdf-be33-caa96927a775>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.838912"}
{"text": "long time, especially in western educational settings, teachers were situated at the top of hierarchical learning models. in educational participatory cultures, learning does not necessarily happen quickly, it is not delivered in a tidy, self - contained package, and it certainly does not conform to government standards. learning emerges from the conversational and collaborative journey ; it is not located in \u201c the correct answer to the teacher \u2019 s question. \u201d members of participatory cultures find their own way to solutions, often not by the most direct or conventional paths. your book discusses practices such as participatory budgeting which involve the interface between citizens and governments. what has been the track record so far for such initiatives? what are the biggest challenges in opening existing institutions to greater forms of democratic participation? neither of us are experts in participatory budgeting, but we were encouraged to see related panels at the sxsw interactive conference this year in austin. for example, one panel focused on participatory budgeting and the use of crowdsourcing to determine how government funds should be spent. to date, most of the successful initiatives have taken place in latin america and europe. it was heartening to see similar discussions in the united states. aaron alan delwiche ( ph. d., university of washington ) is an associate professor in the department of communication at trinity university. his research interests include participatory culture, intergenerational gaming, and wearable computing. in 2009, with support from the lennox foundation, he organized the lecture series reality hackers : the next wave of media revolutionaries. in 2010, he delivered a talk titled \u201c we are all programmers now \u201d at tedx san antonio. he is also co - editor of the the participatory cultures handbook ( 2012 ). dr. jennifer jacobs henderson ( ph. d., university of washington ) is an associate professor and chair of the department of communication at trinity university in san antonio, texas. her research addresses the boundaries of speech in media and participatory cultures as well as the ethics of this speech. jennifer is the author of the 2010 book defending the good news : the jehovah \u2019 s witnesses and their plan to expand the first amendment and co - editor of the the participatory cultures handbook ( 2012 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5065677580474856, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9f98ed5-e72e-4bdf-be33-caa96927a775>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.840271"}
{"text": "\" intelligent, provocative, and well researched, with delightful writing throughout. blackford has a grasp on the ways in which global developments manifest themselves in american fisheries on a number of different levels : economic, environmental, cultural, and political. indeed, blackford demonstrates that all of these local manifestations of globalization are connected to each other. \" \u2014 arthur f. mcevoy, southwestern law school in the spring of 2007, national geographic warned, \" the oceans are in deep blue trouble. from the northernmost reaches of the greenland sea to the swirl of the antarctic circle, we are gutting our seas of fish. \" there were legitimate grounds for concern. after increasing more than fourfold between 1950 and 1994, the global wild fish catch reached a plateau and stagnated despite exponential growth in the fishing industry. as numerous scientific reports showed, many fish stocks around the world collapsed, creating a genuine global overfishing crisis. making seafood sustainable analyzes the ramifications of overfishing for the united states by investigating how fishers, seafood processors, retailers, government officials, and others have worked together to respond to the crisis. historian mansel g. blackford examines how these players took steps to make fishing in some american waters, especially in alaskan waters, sustainable. critical to these efforts, blackford argues, has been government and industry collaboration in formulating and enforcing regulations. what can be learned from these successful experiences? are they applicable elsewhere? what are the drawbacks? making seafood sustainable addresses these questions and suggests that sustainable seafood management can be made to work. the economic and social costs incurred in achieving sustainable resource usage are significant, but there are ways to mitigate them. more broadly, this study illustrates ways to manage commonly held natural resources around the world \u2014 land, water, oil, and so on \u2014 in sustainable ways.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4982460254117168, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d7e7d3c7-6479-49f9-b877-e674d21cfd0c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.844740"}
{"text": "in the geography books of the 17th and 18th centuries, kansas was labeled the \u201c great american desert. \u201d coronado may have stepped foot on stafford county soil when he explored northward from mexico in 1541. ( or he may not have \u2026 but we like to think he at least saw us from the top of pawnee rock! ) county was within the area of the louisiana purchase made in 1803 from france by pres. thomas jefferson. the following year, lewis and clark started on their famed expedition going west across the \u201c desert \u201d plains. caravans of covered wagons followed in their footsteps and settlements developed around the way stations, trading posts and mission headquarters. the southwest territory became a part of the united states and in 1854 congress created the territory map of kansas, published by the wichita beacon, indicates kiowa indian chief, satanta, known as the \u201c terror of the santa fe trail, \u201d used the stafford county area as his base of operations. at the close of the civil war, what would later become stafford county was part of marion county, which extended west to colorado. to family heritage album ( family heritage society, 1975 ), stafford county was first established feb. 26, 1867, but was \u201c unstable. \u201d the boundary lines of stafford county were defined by the legislature of 1870, but the county remained unorganized. the legislature of 1875, with the intention of obliterating the county from the map, partitioned the territory off to surrounding counties. however, a strip six miles wide and 12 miles long remained as stafford county. 25, 1879, the supreme court declared the legislature \u2019 s act of dividing the county unconstitutional and the county was restored to its original boundaries. there were just two non - native migrants residing in stafford county. in may, 1874, w. r. hoole resided in a dugout in the extreme northwestern part of stafford county. also in may, 1874, a caravan of 20 covered wagons led by george c. ardrey arrived in the western part of reno county. four families crossed the line into stafford county and took up homesteads. this settlement in eastern stafford county became known as the ardrey settlement. 1874, james neelands arrived from canada and started a settlement in albano township. others who settled in stafford county in 1874 were james o \u2019 connor, r. m. blair, edwin hadlock, w. z. nutting, mr. and mrs. j. d. green as well as the missouri settlement in the eastern part of the county including jim graves, sam clifton", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38095225327292215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:277b4326-e75e-4cc3-8530-0fabb5df7c57>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.851821"}
{"text": "o \u2019 connor, r. m. blair, edwin hadlock, w. z. nutting, mr. and mrs. j. d. green as well as the missouri settlement in the eastern part of the county including jim graves, sam clifton and john groves. 25 ox - drawn wagons brought settlers from west virginia and pennsylvania. they were under the leadership of william bickerton of the church of jesus christ. their settlement was known as zion valley and became the town of st. john. settlers were e. c. johnson, william and a. c. glasscock and m. p. chambers. four homesteads taken by e. b. crawford, jess moreland, jess vickers and s. r. estle became the town of stafford in 1885. the four corners of their homesteads met at what is now main who arrived in 1876 were john shotton, s. e. peacock, j. j. cox, j. t. askew, george w. bousman, harry bunting, edwin r. durham, charles a. brown, joseph waddle, george breckenridge, milo a. yoder, j. g. smiley and s. w. mccomb. d. n. young lived near what would become the town of macksville. a group of danish settlers settled in york township, in the extreme southeast corner of the county. also in 1877, jacob hahn homesteaded in what would become seward in the northeast part of the settlers were james w. harris, h. s. crawford, j. t. mcmillan, ezra p. metz, w. m. mcmillan, charles n. waters, j. l. spickard, jay w. mcfadden and mr. and mrs. andrew hohner and sons will, fred and george ( who settled in cleveland township ). there was also a mr. hitz who settled near what would become hudson. and 1880, about 20, 000 african - americans, mostly ex - slaves, migrated to kansas. these migrants became known as \u201c exodusters \u201d because their migration resembled the israelites \u2019 exodus from egypt in the hebrew bible. a colony of these exodusters settled in ohio township in 1878. election was held august 18, 1879 and the first elected officials were : g. m. detwiler, f. r. baumgartner and j. c. towsley. of the court : geo. w. of deeds : frank gilmore. of schools : n. l. d. the peace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37548284216248673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:277b4326-e75e-4cc3-8530-0fabb5df7c57>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.853086"}
{"text": "we can! parent tips : making healthier food choices keep the beat\u2122 recipes : deliciously healthy family meals was developed jointly with the national institutes of health ( nih ) we can! \u00ae program. we can! ( ways to enhance children ' s activity & nutrition ) is a national education program designed to give parents, caregivers, and entire communities a way to help children stay at a healthy weight. nih and the nhlbi recognize that children ' s adoption of healthy food habits at a young age can help them maintain a healthy throughout life. as a parent, you want to give your family the best food you can. serving healthier foods in the appropriate servings per food group and calorie level is one of the best ways to ensure that your children are getting proper nutrition without eating too many calories. the simple tips provided here can help you plan and prepare meals and snacks to help your family get the most out of the calories they consume. what is a \" healthy \" diet? the u. s. dietary guidelines for americans describes a healthy eating plan as one that : - emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat - free or low - fat milk and milk products - includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts - is low in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, sodium ( salt ), and added sugars - stays within your calorie needs we can! ' s go, slow, and whoa foods focus on food choices go foods are the lowest in fat and added sugar. they also are \" nutrient dense \" ( which means they are a much better source of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients important to health ) and relatively low in calories. enjoy go foods almost any time. examples of go foods are fruits ( fresh, frozen, or canned in juice ), vegetables ( fresh, frozen without added fat, canned without added sodium ), whole grains, fat - free or low - fat milk products, lean meat, poultry, fish, beans, egg whites, or egg substitute. slow foods are higher in fat, added sugar, and / or calories than go foods slow foods include vegetables with added fat, white refined bread flour, low - fat mayonnaise, and 2 percent low - fat milk. have slow foods sometimes or less often. whoa foods are the highest in fat and / or added sugar. they are \" calorie dense \" ( which means a small portion is relatively high in calories ) and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.463764767640022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbf26b21-1aca-4392-a2f7-ff556465efb1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.858657"}
{"text": "one of four species louis leakey saw knm - er 1470 only days before his death, and, believing the skull to be a million years older than it was, classified it as an \u201c indeterminate species of homo. \u201d when scientists later dated the skull to 1. 9 million years old, the same age to when homo habilis lived, the scientific community thought knm - er 1470 must then belong to homo habilis - but the mandible ( jaw ) and teeth just didn \u2019 t seem to fit within acceptable limits of variation or differences for h. habilis. even if knm - er 1470 was considered a large h. habilis male, the size difference would be too great compared to knm - er 1813, an established h. habilis female, for the two to both belong to the same species. over several weeks following its discovery, scientists meave leakey and bernard wood reconstructed knm - er 1470 \u2019 s skull from more than 150 fragments, revealing a large cranium with a long, wide, flat face. while tooth roots show that this early human had large teeth, the skull lacked the massive jaw muscle features characteristic of robust australopithecines. today, most scientists now accept knm - er 1470 as belonging to homo rudolfensis - - as species that co - existed in the turkana basin, northern kenya, with three other species sometime between 2. 0 and 1. 5 million years ago : homo habilis, homo erectus, and paranthropus boisei.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44994772255784105, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd77876d-9100-436f-a2b9-b9b6b9c3eb27>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.862747"}
{"text": "gates of hazor, plan ( based on keel p. 122. ) in the ancient near east city gates were neither merely entrances, nor only used for military protection. as a potentially weak point in the defenses, the gates of israelite walled cities typically had three chambers giving four sets of \" doors \" and defended spaces between. the gates of hazor ( left - plan above ) and gezer from the time of solomon show this triple construction. in the reconstruction ( on the right ) notice that the chambers are roofed and so available for use as public buildings. it is likely that these chambers served as \" offices \" for city administration. among the few hebrew administrative documents archaeologists have unearthed from the old testament period are the lachish letters most of which were found in a room in the gate complex. in the space outside the gate, market stalls would have been erected, as they are today. the \" gate \" was therefore the marketplace where traders and peasants met with city folk to sell and exchange goods. inside the gateway too, a space was left without buildings, this served as a communal area for meetings and public justice. just inside the gate at dan there is a raised dais that had provision for a canopy to be erected. this would have served for the judge ' s throne. ( left, mcmath ) so, when the bible talks of the \" gate \" it may mean : in amos the hebrew word for gates ( sha ' ar ) occurs three times 5 : 10, 12, 15. in verse 15 the gate is explicitly the place of justice. in the other verses this is likely ( and some translators render it by \" courts \" ) though more general public gatherings could possibly be in view. amos ' speeches address each of the three main locations of israelite life : yet, although the word \" gate \" only appears three times, the sorts of business conducted in the gateway is most often the setting his words suggest. this page is part of the hypertext bible commentary - amos, \u00a9 tim bulkeley, 1996 - 2005, tim bulkeley. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.45213590424874023, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc6646a1-6e74-4794-bd73-d41ac91a3888>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.864858"}
{"text": "the impact of the global financial crisis on poverty in the philippines abstractthe recent global financial and economic crisis which started in the united states and expanded to other developed countries has, to some extent, affected developing countries as well. given the vulnerability of most developing countries, it is important to monitor the impact of this global crisis on poverty. this study, therefore, aims to assess the impact of the crisis on poverty in the philippines. the result of this study would serve as inputs to policymakers in prioritizing mitigating measures that would address the impact of the crisis. in this study, monitoring is done primarily through the conduct of cbms surveys in selected sentinel sites. household - and community - level data were collected to capture the different dimensions of poverty. in addition to the cbms core indicators, specific indicators ( including the outcome and impact indicators ) were monitored to determine the impact of the global crisis. these indicators were identified based on the relevant key transmission channels for the philippines including overseas employment and remittances, and local employment. the study also looked at the different coping mechanisms adopted by the households in response to the crisis. the study also attempted to identify who are able to access the programs which were being implemented in the community. ten ( 10 ) barangays all over the philippines were selected to serve as poverty observatories or sentinel sites for monitoring the impact of the global crisis. selection of these sites was also based on the relevant transmission channels for the philippines. results reveal that although the impact of the crisis is generally minimal, the crisis has affected some specific sectors in the economy. the degree of impact also varies among different groups of households. hence, policies should be designed to mitigate the impact of the crisis on these affected sectors and groups of households. download infoif you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. in case of further problems read the ideas help page. note that these files are not on the ideas site. please be patient as the files may be large. bibliographic infopaper provided by east asian bureau of economic research in its series finance working papers with number 22808. date of creation : jan 2010 date of revision : contact details of provider : postal : jg crawford building # 13, asia pacific school of economics and government, australian national university, act 0200 web page : http : / / www. eaber. org more information through edirc global financial and economic crisis ; poverty impact ; community - based monitoring system ( cbms )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4883755651644077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd89ece5-ec42-4b6f-bc8b-169a671991f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.873129"}
{"text": "school of economics and government, australian national university, act 0200 web page : http : / / www. eaber. org more information through edirc global financial and economic crisis ; poverty impact ; community - based monitoring system ( cbms ) ; impact transmission channels ; cbms indicators ; household - coping strategies ; program targeting ; leakages and exclusion ; find related papers by jel classification : - g10 - financial economics - - general financial markets - - - general ( includes measurement and data ) - o10 - economic development, technological change, and growth - - economic development - - - general - g39 - financial economics - - corporate finance and governance - - - other you can help add them by filling out this form. citec project, subscribe to its rss feed for this item. - isabel ortiz & jingqing chai & matthew cummins, 2011. \" escalating food prices : the threat to poor households and policies to safeguard a recovery for all, \" working papers 1101, unicef, division of policy and strategy. for technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact : ( shiro armstrong ). if references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5162326487254826, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd89ece5-ec42-4b6f-bc8b-169a671991f1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.873745"}
{"text": "see the ancient ruins that gave zimbabwe its name, a city of such size and sophistication that europeans tried to deny that that black men had built it. zimbabwe is a country awash in natural beauty and wildlife, but at least one of its greatest historic treasures is man - made. i \u2019 m old enough to remember when this nation cast off the name rhodesia \u2014 the name imposed upon it by gold - hungry british colonists \u2014 and adopted the name zimbabwe. but i never knew where the name had come from. now, i know. it came from this place. an ancient city of nearly 2, 000 acres, with a population that may have been as large of 18, 000, built by the shona people. it was first built some time around 1200. the country whose adventurers would later colonize this land didn \u2019 t even exist yet. five hundred years before there was a great britain, there was great zimbabwe. the name \u201c zimbabwe \u201d is believed to be derived from a shona word meaning \u201c houses of stone. \u201d it was called \u201c great zimbabwe \u201d to disinguish it from the many smaller stone settlements that dotted the region, in modern - day zimbabwe and beyond. this city stood for 300 years, a city of stone walls and high towers, held together without mortar, built with such skill and sophistication that those same colonists were uncomfortable acknowledging that black men had built it. in later years, long after great zimbabwe had been abandoned and fallen into ruin, the racist white government of what was then rhodesia made denial of great zimbabwe \u2019 s black african origins a matter of national policy. ian smith, who led the creation of a white supremacist government in rhodesia, went so far as to commission a fake history of great zimbabwe to make it a creation of whites. that policy is gone now, as are smith and his government. and when the country \u2019 s new rulers looked about for a new name for this ancient land, they didn \u2019 t have far to look. today, great zimbabwe is a un world heritage site. it has survived centuries of weather, neglect and ill - advised attempts at excavation \u2014 not to mention official denial. this historic site gave the country more than its name. the ancient bird found on the national flag is based on soapstone carvings found at great zimbabwe, like the one pictured above. ancient ruins like this are a natural draw for anyone with an interest in history or anthropology in general, or just a curiosity about life in the mother continent before the european colonists got hold of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43493401162252565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3fa5d3d5-4329-47e6-8da5-d9481580a7d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.877779"}
{"text": "##stone carvings found at great zimbabwe, like the one pictured above. ancient ruins like this are a natural draw for anyone with an interest in history or anthropology in general, or just a curiosity about life in the mother continent before the european colonists got hold of it. do you enjoy a good mystery? you \u2019 ll find a good one here. who were the people who built this place? we don \u2019 t have much specific information about them. what caused them eventually to abandon it, long before the europeans came? we don \u2019 t really know that, either. when i look at a place like great zimbabwe, i see neither ruins nor mystery. i see what black men are capable of when we focus our creative energy on a positive purpose. when i look at great zimbabwe, i don \u2019 t see a lost past. i see a shining future, waiting for us to reach for it. what will you see when you visit great zimbabwe? if you go great zimbabwe is located outside the town of masvingo, 182 miles south of zimbabwe \u2019 s capital city, harare. it \u2019 s about a four - hour drive down highway a4. there is lodging nearby, including the great zimbabwe hotel, and several tour companies conduct tours or safaris that include a visit to the ruins. next : the urban side of zimbabwe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4065831127722034, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3fa5d3d5-4329-47e6-8da5-d9481580a7d5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.878543"}
{"text": "the framers of the united states constitution so highly valued free speech that they enshrined it in the document \u2019 s very first amendment. india, the world \u2019 s other mammoth democracy, has a first amendment too, but its intent and meaning are quite the opposite. lawrence liang, a legal expert and co - founder of the alternative law forum, a legal collective based in india focused on social justice, has written a sharp legal analysis of the ways in which the fundamental right to free speech in india is limited. he remarks on the irony of the phrase \u201c the first amendment : \u201d in the united states, he notes, the first amendment refers to the right to free speech, a right that has been held almost absolute, while in india, the first amendment refers to the attempt to \u201c strengthen state regulation over free speech. \u201d that distinction is worth remembering when considering the dustup over communications minister kapil sibal \u2019 s call for \u201c pre - screening \u201d of the internet, in response to what he sees as a problem of offensive and abusive speech online. while he faced accusations of censorship, his controversial and probably impractical proposal is in keeping with india \u2019 s ambiguous relationship with the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression. india certainly allows more freedom of expression than countries like iraq, malaysia, afghanistan, china and north korea. but the two organizations that rank press freedom, an important indicator of free expression in any society, have consistently ranked india lower than you might expect. india doesn \u2019 t even make the top 50 in freedom house \u2019 s freedom of the press 2011 ranking : it comes in at number 77, along with bulgaria and east timor, behind south africa, south korea and lithuania. reporters sans frontieres ranks india even lower on its press freedom index for 2010. the country is at number 122, below congo, indonesia and nepal. the intention behind article 19 ( 1 ) a, which guarantees citizens the right to freedom of speech and of expression in india \u2019 s constitution, was inspired in some measure by the u. s. constitution, which made a profound and lasting commitment to free speech. in its original form, the fundamental right to free speech and expression in india lasted for two years. by 1951, the first serious curbs and limitations had been placed on free speech, reflecting not just political expediency, but perhaps a larger and very indian discomfort with the idea of untrammeled freedom of expression. in 1951, the section of the constitution that dealt with restrictions on free speech was expanded to include threats to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4605774226494511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4ec213c-f5ae-43f0-9123-8c80aa508509>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.884450"}
{"text": "reflecting not just political expediency, but perhaps a larger and very indian discomfort with the idea of untrammeled freedom of expression. in 1951, the section of the constitution that dealt with restrictions on free speech was expanded to include threats to public order as a possible restriction. the state \u2019 s control was extended to \u201c reasonable restrictions, \u201d a vague provision that would be debated for decades to come. this was also the decade when the state set a certain direction for book bans. the 1940s carry the stamp of british prudery and paranoia. among the books banned by the raj government in its final years were \u201c the perfumed garden, \u201d an erotic manual ; incendiary pamphlets on kashmir ; and a potentially inflammatory article that dealt with the life of \u201c codijah, first and devoted wife of mahomet. \u201d the blanket protection that the u. s. constitution allotted to free speech \u2014 \u201c congress shall make no law \u2026 abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press \u201d \u2014 had little counterpart in india. by the mid - 1950s, prime minister jawaharlal nehru \u2019 s government had shifted direction. the political book ban was the most common : a play from pakistan ( agha babar \u2019 s \u201c cease - fire \u201d ) and the newspaper hamara kashmir were barred from entering india. the decade saw two book bans that would greatly narrow the definition of what was acceptable in terms of free expression. the 1955 ban on aubrey menen \u2019 s \u201c rama retold \u201d revealed a discomfort with religious parody and inquiries into faith. a ban in 1959 on alexander campbell \u2019 s \u201c heart of india \u201d was an early indicator of a very indian prickliness about \u201c outsider \u201d histories that show the country in a bad light. it is one of the ironies of the history of free speech that the leaders of free india who, often reluctantly, endorsed the growing encroachment of the state on this particular right were those, like mr. nehru and congress party leader sardar patel, who had spent decades fighting for the indian right to free expression before 1947. \u201c the first amendment, \u201d mr. liang writes, \u201c signaled the kinds of battles that would take place between the project of nation building and the sphere of the media. it marked the rather premature end of the vision of a \u2018 seamless web \u2019 with the promotion of national security and sovereignty being prioritized over the promotion of democratic institutions. \u201d perhaps no one, not even mr. nehru, realized how much of a turning point the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4476979026932393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4ec213c-f5ae-43f0-9123-8c80aa508509>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.885437"}
{"text": "premature end of the vision of a \u2018 seamless web \u2019 with the promotion of national security and sovereignty being prioritized over the promotion of democratic institutions. \u201d perhaps no one, not even mr. nehru, realized how much of a turning point the first amendment would be to the fundamental right of free speech. his government had a choice, in independent india, to walk away from the fear - driven bans of the british raj, where officers scanned books, plays, pamphlets, popular songs and periodicals for any sign of sedition or offensiveness. but they chose a path that privileged the idea that we are a nation of delicate sensibilities that must not be offended over the idea that a democracy is better built on a robust foundation of free expression. mr. sibal \u2019 s proposal to pre - screen the internet is in practical terms impossible, born of a lack of understanding of the nature of the internet. the only way to filter it of all undesirable and objectionable material is to go down the labor - intensive route that china has followed, where censorship is a thriving economic industry, employing thousands. but mr. sibal \u2019 s demands to be shielded from abuse, and his belief that the state has the right to impose controls, is no knee - jerk response to a new problem. it goes back to the time when mr. nehru \u2019 s government made a deliberate decision to pick up the imperial burden of censorship, and it has its roots in a deep unease with the implications of a society based on the belief that free expression is a valuable, non - negotiable commodity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47678922107752325, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4ec213c-f5ae-43f0-9123-8c80aa508509>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.886210"}
{"text": "mother earth takes bite out of strawberry moon in partial lunar eclipse it \u2019 s no transit of venus, but the so - called strawberry moon will be an eye - catching sight as mother earth ' s shadow falls across it in a partial lunar eclipse just before sunrise on june 4. the strawberry moon is supposedly so named in algonquin lore because it signals the start of the short harvest season of the oxidant - rich fruit, according to the farmers ' almanac. this eclipse will be visible in north and south america, australia, eastern parts of asia and across the entire pacific ocean, nasa said in a media release. atlantic viewers in the united states will see the eclipse just as the moon is setting, which will give it that uber - plump, bigger - than - life look against the horizon. this will occur at about 3 : 00 a. m. pacific daylight time, nasa said, meaning about 6 a. m. on the east coast of turtle island, with the maximum effect occurring about 7 : 04 a. m. edt, when 37 percent of the moon ' s surface will be darkened by mother earth ' s shadow. that aside, everyone ' s waiting with bated breath for the transit of venus that ' s taking place on june 5 \u2013 6, which will be visible all over turtle island. so stay tuned. meanwhile, whet your moon appetite with this video explaining the phenomenon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4687789165324313, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e1eea7b-a75d-45e3-82bf-01407e359fb7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.888718"}
{"text": "a simple moving average is an average price for a security over a specified period of time. the chart tracks the change in the average over time. you can select up to three time periods on this chart, based on the intervals show in the chart. the average smooths out the data to help investors more easily identify trends. traders tend to sell when a stock trades above an average and buy when it falls below an average. line 1 period line 2 period line 3 period an exponential moving average is similar to a simple moving average of a security \u2019 s prices over a defined period of time, but it gives greater weight to more recent data. you can select as many as three time periods. an ema chart allows investors to spot and respond more quickly to recent trends that might take more time to appear in an sma. standard deviations offset bollinger bands are used to compare volatility and relative price levels over a period of time. the chart shows two lines that define the upper and lower boundaries of a stock \u2019 s normal price range as determined by recent volatility, measured by standard deviation, and a moving average of the security \u2019 s price. bollinger bands are often used to identify a period of low volatility and to prepare for a move above or below a trading range. moving average convergence - divergence charts show how two moving averages move together and apart over time. they are used in similar fashion to other momentum indicators to help identify overbought and oversold conditions. the macd is calculated by taking the difference of the two averages and plotting it as a line, known as the macd line. a moving average of that difference is also plotted to serve as a buy / sell signal and is called the signal line. in a rally, rally will cause the difference between the two lines will increase until some extreme value is reached, signaling an overbought condition. conversely, in a down market, the difference will become large but in the negative direction until an extreme is reached, signaling an oversold condition. max step period the parabolic sar, also referred to as the stop - and - reversal indicator, is most often used to set trailing price stops for long or short positions. the sar is calculated in steps marking each change in trend ; you can vary steps in this chart. generally, when the stock price falls below the indicator, you should sell or sell short ; when it is above, you would buy or stay long. money flow index is a momentum indicator based on price and value that measures the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.509283943931701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:770989ef-43d6-4ae0-ac28-8e4e2cd866bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.894490"}
{"text": "steps in this chart. generally, when the stock price falls below the indicator, you should sell or sell short ; when it is above, you would buy or stay long. money flow index is a momentum indicator based on price and value that measures the strength of money flowing in and out of a security. this creates an indicator that can be used to identify the strength or weakness of a price trend. the mfi is measured on a 0 - 100 scale and is often calculated based on a 14 - day period ; a security is considered overbought if the reading is 80 or above and oversold at 20 or below. the fast stochastic measures the price of a security relative to its high / low range over a set period of time. the indicator moves between 0 and 100, with readings below 20 considered oversold and readings above 80 considered overbought. a 14 - period stochastic oscillator reading of 30 would indicate that the current price was 30 % above the lowest low of the last 14 days and 70 % below the highest high. this can be used like any other oscillator by looking for overbought / oversold readings, positive / negative divergences and centerline crossovers. the slow stochastic measures the price of a security relative to its high / low range over a set period of time, applying a 3 - day moving average to one of the parameters to smooth the results. the indicator moves between 0 and 100, with readings below 20 considered oversold and readings above 80 considered overbought. the stochastic oscillator can be used like any other oscillator to look for overbought / oversold readings, positive / negative divergences and centerline crossovers. the relative - strength index ( rsi ) is a widely used momentum indicator that measures the price of a security against past performance. typically, stock traders use a 14 - day rsi, which focuses on how fast prices have been moving over a 14 - day period. the rsi value ranges from 0 to 100 ; values above 75 indicate a possible overbought situation and values below 25 indicates a possible oversold condition. many traders use it to determine if a stock is overbought or oversold. roc ( rate of change ) shows the difference between the closing price of that day and the close n days ago. a momentum indicator that is often used to spot overbought and oversold signals, much like stochastic. readings of 0 to - 20 are considered over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5176988983743094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:770989ef-43d6-4ae0-ac28-8e4e2cd866bd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.895511"}
{"text": ") shows the difference between the closing price of that day and the close n days ago. a momentum indicator that is often used to spot overbought and oversold signals, much like stochastic. readings of 0 to - 20 are considered overbought, while - 80 to - 100 are considered oversold. volume by price is an indicator that shows the amount of volume for a particular price range. volume by price bars are shown horizontal on the left side of the chart to match up with price points. these color - coded bars divide volume based on up periods ( green ) and volume on down periods ( red ). volume by price can be used to identify high volume price points that may provide support or resistance. volume accumulation indicator combines volume and a price - weighting that shows the strength of conviction behind a trend ; the volume accumulation indicator is a helpful tool in uncovering divergences. moving average period volume is number of trades in a security over a period of time, represented as a histogram ( vertical bars ) below the price chart. the optional moving average line shows the change in average volume over the time period selected. the average directional index ( adx ), minus directional indicator ( - di ) and plus directional indicator ( + di ) represent a group of directional movement indicators that form a trading system. adx was designed with commodities and daily prices in mind, but these indicators can also be applied to stocks. the average directional index ( adx ) measures trend strength without regard to trend direction. the other two indicators, plus directional indicator ( + di ) and minus directional indicator ( - di ), complement adx by defining trend direction. used together, can be used to determine both the direction and strength of the trend. keltner channels are volatility - based envelopes set above and below an exponential moving average. this indicator is similar to bollinger bands, which use the standard deviation to set the bands. instead of using the standard deviation, keltner channels use the average true range ( atr ) to set channel distance. the channels are typically set two average true range values above and below the 20 - day ema. the exponential moving average dictates direction and the average true range sets channel width. keltner channels are a trend following indicator used to identify reversals with channel breakouts and channel direction. channels can also be used to identify overbought and oversold levels when the trend is flat. to share this chart, copy the link below or send it in e -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039147029306783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:770989ef-43d6-4ae0-ac28-8e4e2cd866bd>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.896616"}
{"text": "great american authors : since 1650 program 8 : 1958 - present ( # 108 ) this generation of writer witnessed and participated in wwii... korea... the cold war... the civil rights movement... and vietnam. these experiences shaped the intellectually, spiritually and emotionally in ways that were translated into their writing. [ 28 minutes ] information for teachers - grade levels - curricular areas - literacy & languages - series length - 8 episodes - average episode length - 28 minutes - record rights - recording / duplication allowed as long as iptv broadcasts the series. if you miss the broadcast, contact your aea for copies. - visit the website for teacher resources visit the iptv education website to access timely, relevant resources for your classroom. series description : this new series presents the lives and literary output of over 60 of america ' s most read authors. designed for literary enthusiasts and history buffs alike, great american authors is a must for every 21st century library and classroom. authors are presented chronologically in concise, stand - alone clips. all upcoming episodes there are no broadcasts currently planned. please check back for future broadcast dates. these episodes of great american authors : since 1650 aired in the last few months on iowa public television. - program 8 : 1958 - present ( # 108 ) - program 7 : 1950 - 1957 ( # 107 ) - program 6 : 1940 - 1949 ( # 106 ) - program 5 : 1926 - 1939 ( # 105 ) - program 4 : 1907 - 1925 ( # 104 ) - program 3 : 1856 - 1906 ( # 103 ) - program 2 : 1846 - 1855 ( # 102 ) - program 1 : 1650 - 1845 ( # 101 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4275139395124864, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb41af8e-69a1-40ba-8cff-1c4fa7d7bfb2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.898416"}
{"text": "carmine, a red dye extracted from cochineal insects, is an example of a chemical product created in nature \u2019 s laboratory. used as a vibrant red dye by the mayan and aztec civilizations, cochineal became a prized and protected export after the spanish conquest of the aztecs during the colonial period. frenchman theirry de menonville became determined to discover the secret source of this dye and in 1777, he voyaged to cuba and mexico, posing as a physician and botanist, to advance his scheme. after four years of plotting and adventure, de menonville obtained specimens of the white insect that when crushed, revealed the coveted cochineal. ironically, his smuggled mexican cochineal samples failed to thrive in his cultivation attempts, but one afternoon on a walk around his house on santo domingo, he discovered healthy white insects of indigenous cochineal. cochineal extract may be made by heating the cochineal insects in an oven, immersing them in hot water, or exposing them to steam or sunlight. each process results in a different shade of scarlet or orange. the more pure carmine is produced by boiling the dried insects in either ammonia or sodium carbonate followed by the addition of alum to induce precipitation. a purple material can be produced if lime is added along with the alum. cochineal \u2019 s popularity as a dye increased rapidly when sheep were introduced to latin america since the red dye binds more tightly to animal - based fibers such as wool or silk than to plant - based fibers such as cotton. although water - soluble cochineal dye could be adhered to an insoluble support to produce red lake pigment, these colorants were notoriously susceptible to the bleaching effects of light and did not maintain their integrity either in paintings or on the artist \u2019 s palette. more recently, cochineal and carmine experienced a resurgence of use as a natural food coloring when health questions were raised about the safety of a few synthetic red dyes used in food products. in food applications it is one of the most stable reds for light fastness, heat resistance and stability to oxidation and reduction. carmine is also used in a number of cosmetics such as lipstick, blush, and face powder. more information about cochineal may be found at http : / / www. npr. org / templates / story / story. php? storyid = 1302796", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5086399839763682, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f0584ca2-b6bd-4fea-8d92-5dc2673e532b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.901055"}
{"text": "it was good to hear from fed duay, a two - year veteran of my ap summer institute at manhattan college * * which, for the uninitiated, is in the bronx. no, i don ' t get it, either. i have two questions. we are doing the \" b field of a straight wire lab \", where we can use a compass aligned to the earth ' s magnetic field and trigonometry to find b ' s value ; then we graph \" b vs. 1 / r \" and use the slope to find the \" vacuum permeability \" value [ or should we find the current as compare to the ammeter reading? ]. however i have come across two values for the earth ' s field : 2x10 ^ - 5 t and 5x10 ^ - 5 t ( or 20 microt and 50 microt respectively ). what do you use for the earth ' s field value? i actually do the experiment the other way - - i use the ammeter reading and mu naught to find the magnetic field. i like either of the two ways you suggested. that ' s one of the beautiful aspects of the graphical approach to laboratory... depending on what you measure or what you look up, a single experiment can be done in a wide variety of ways. as for the value of bearth : you ' re only finding the horizontal component of the earth ' s magnetic field. along the east coast, the magnetic field points more down than north, at a \" dip angle \" that can be close to 70 degrees off of horiontal. the site http : / / www. ngdc. noaa. gov / geomag / magfield. shtml will tell you the local magnetic field, including all components. i find at woodberry forest the northward magnetic field component is 2. 0 x 10 ^ - 5 t. ( fed continues with his second question : ) also, i see that last year you covered part of waves before finishing magnetism ; i am guessing that you needed to do the \" standing wave lab on a string \" before finishing em. is this the reason or is there something else i should be aware of? nothing other than personal preference is in play here. the intricacies of electromagnetic waves aren ' t included on the ap physics b exam. certainly students are expected to know the em spectrum, the visible wavelengths, which colors of light have higher frequencies, and so on ; but the fact that electric and magnetic fields oscillate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5523964202432352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:22b4e8f5-47bd-4302-b161-36fc729adaa3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.905077"}
{"text": "sure, we have the x - games and x - treme cheese nachosplosion doritos now in our modern age, but the extreme skateboarders and snowboarders and parkourists and whomever aren ' t fit to boil parrafin for the extreme sportsmen of a century ago. take these fellows here, who, as a 1912 copy of popular mechanics tells us, rode railroad tracks down a freaking mountain at 120 miles per hour. oh, but don ' t be too impressed. if you look at the protective gear they had, you can see they were wearing hats, and their rail - sleds were made of advanced materials like wood, or as they called it \" tree pork. \" as the article says, the formula to make a sport attractive is \" two parts novelty and one part danger. \" i suspect the exchange rate of danger must have changed dramatically over the past century, since sliding on a cogged railroad track down pike ' s peak ( now pikes peak ) is a hell of a lot more than one part danger. the toboggans used appear to be composed of a sitting board with a steel cleat to engage the center, cogged rail, and a long perpendicular bar for hand grips and to rest on the rails on either side. oh, and what looks to be a foot rest. no belts, seats, padding or any kind of protection at all, and these are used on nine miles of track, which drops nearly a mile. it ' s not surprising top speeds of around 120 mph, two miles a minute, were recorded on the steepest sections of the track. rail tobogganing was started by railroad employees looking for a more exciting, lazier way to get down the mountain rapidly, and as their balls transformed into spheres of tempered steel, became a sport of sorts. another article from the september 9, 1911 telegraph shows that \" shooting the peak \" had been popular for a while, but railroad officials wanted to stop it because \" the fool killer got on the job too often. \" so the next time you ' re impressed by some bonkers skateboarding jump or see a moron train sledding, remember : barely - literate badasses were doing crazier shit a century ago. and in dress shoes. ( hat tip to our old friend ben wojdyla! )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4592130873584557, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5910649b-54e8-42c3-bd67-57d5166db4d4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.907529"}
{"text": "hypophosphatemia is common in hospitalized patients and occurs under a variety of circumstances other than parathyroid hormone excess. charts of 100 inpatients with hypophosphatemia were reviewed and the patients divided into five groups on the basis of serum phosphate level : 18, 2. 1 to 2. 4 mg / dl ; 49, 1. 6 to 2. 0 mg / dl ; 20, 1. 1 to 1. 5 mg / dl ; 12, 0. 6 to 1. 0 mg / dl ; 1, 0. 1 to 0. 5 mg / dl. the effect of glucose ingestion on serum phosphate level was shown in one normal patient. whenever carbohydrate was administered intravenously ( 45 cases ), this was considered the primary cause of the hypophosphatemia. other causes were as follows : diuretics, hyperalimentation, alcoholism, respiratory alkalosis, dialysis, insulin, corticosteroids, diabetic ketoacidosis, vomiting, phosphate - binding antacid, gram - negative sepsis, primary hyperparathyroidism, saline, epinephrine, gastrointestinal malabsorption, and unknown. hypophosphatemia in hospitalized patients may have multiple causes. ( jama 242 : 163 - 164, 1979 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4263127094986857, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:daa4ac2c-7777-42f5-a6af-b304e859b322>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.908940"}
{"text": "using static and non static synchronized method for protecting shared resource is another java mistake we are going to discuss in this part of our series \u201c learning from mistakes in java \u201d. in last article we have seen why double and float should not be used for monetary calculation, in this tutorial we will find out why using static and non static synchronized method together for protecting same shared resource is not advisable. i have seen some times java programmer mix static synchronized method and instance synchronized method to protect same shared resource. they either don ' t know or failed to realize that static synchronized and non static synchronized method lock on two different object which breaks purpose of synchronizing shared resource as two thread can concurrently execute these two method breaking mutual exclusive access, which can corrupt status of mutable object or even cause subtle race condition in java or even more horrible deadlock in java. static and non static synchronized method java for those who are not familiar static synchronized method locked on class object e. g. for string class its string. class while instance synchronized method locks on current instance of object denoted by \u201c this \u201d keyword in java. since both of these object are different they have different lock so while one thread is executing static synchronized method, other thread in java doesn \u2019 t need to wait for that thread to return instead it will acquire separate lock denoted byte. class literal and enter into static synchronized method. this is even a popular multi - threading interview questions where interviewer asked on which lock a particular method gets locked, some time also appear in java test papers. bottom line is that never mix static and non static synchronized method for protecting same resource. example of mixing instance and static synchronized methods here is an example of multithreading code which is using static and non static synchronized method to protect same shared resource : here shared count is not accessed in mutual exclusive fashion which may result in passing incorrect count to caller of getcount ( ) while another thread is incrementing count using static increment ( ) method. that \u2019 s all on this part of learning from mistakes in java. now we know that static and non static synchronized method are locked on different locks and should not be used to protect same shared object. other java thread tutorials you may like :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4759946436545239, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23db3bb2-76f3-4261-89ab-37b4430f0042>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.912354"}
{"text": "it may not surprise you to learn that the old formula of cutting 500 calories a day to lose a pound a week does not work for every person. now scientists have come up with a new formula \u2014 all you have to do is convert your bmi into furlongs per fortnight, divide it by the circumference of the earth in centimeters, and then add the total number of hairs on your scalp. easy! okay, not quite. according to livescience, the new formula, unveiled at this year ' s american association for the advancement of science meeting, goes like this : for every 10 calories you cut per day, expect to lose one pound over the course of three years. so if you eat 100 calories less every day, you should weigh 10 pounds less three years later. weight loss researcher kevin hall says this new formula takes into account the fact that weight loss tends to slow down over time. if you want to lose more weight after three years, he says, you ' d need to cut more calories. also, he acknowledges that weight loss isn ' t the same for everyone \u2014 he has a more complicated model for doctors and researchers that also takes into account factors like age, height, and start weight. perhaps this will put to rest the idea that losing weight is a simple subtraction problem. also challenging this notion : doctors aren ' t especially good at predicting whether their patients will lose weight. livescience reports on another study, in which 40 doctors predicted that 55 % of their patients would follow their weight - related recommendations. but after three months, just 16 % of the patients they thought would lose weight did so. only 19 % improved their diets, and 6 % added an hour or more of walking to their weekly schedule. given that there are tons of incentives for people to lose weight, not least the ever - present stigma against fat people, i ' d bet that most of these patients wanted to follow their doctors ' recommendations. what these dismal numbers speak to is that losing weight is hard, and it takes more than a doctor ' s say - so to change eating and exercise habits. and of course, even changing those habits might not actually result in weight loss. the study didn ' t seem to include doctors who followed a health at every size approach, so we don ' t know if this would ' ve been more effective. what we do know is that just telling people to lose weight doesn ' t make them do it \u2014 especially since even the supposedly simple science of calori", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4636452016054392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:99dfee34-dff6-488e-b833-d9f8996f082f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.914928"}
{"text": "why is road safety in the u. s. not on par with sweden, the u. k., and the netherlands? lessons to be learned source : university of michigan transportation research institute this study compared road safety and related factors in the u. s. with those in sweden, the united kingdom, and the netherlands, in order to identify actions most likely to produce casualty reductions in the u. s. the reviewed topics were basic country statistics, road fatalities and various fatality rates, national road - safety strategies, and selected road - safety issues. the main differences concerned structural and cultural factors ( such as vehicle distance driven ), and procedural factors ( such as road - safety strategies and targets, alcohol - impaired driving, exceeding speed limits, and use of seat belts ). the main recommendations for improving road safety in the u. s. are as follows : ( 1 ) lower states \u2019 bac limits to 0. 5 g / l and introduce effective random breath testing, ( 2 ) reexamine the current speed - limit policies and improve speed enforcement, ( 3 ) implement primary seat - belt - wearing laws in each state that would cover both front and rear occupants, and reward vehicle manufacturers for installation of advanced seat - belt reminders, ( 4 ) reconsider road - safety target setting so that the focus is on reducing fatalities and not on reducing fatality rate per distance driven, and ( 5 ) consider new strategies to reduce vehicle distance driven. - improving road safety : lessons from europe ( ns. umich. edu ) - 4 reasons the u. s. trails the world in road safety ( theatlanticcities. com ) - us road safety : deaths lowest in more than 60 years. how we got there \u2013 yahoo! news ( coralvillecourier. typepad. com ) - aaa study : drivers who use cell phones probably have other bad habits ( thecarconnection. com ) - road safety snafus ( ask. metafilter. com )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44386123312486236, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5663c8ec-148e-4c68-ba04-74f475740974>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.917013"}
{"text": "the australian state of south australia occupies an arid part of the country. it has borders with the state of western australia to the west ; the northern territory to the north ; the states of queensland, new south wales, and victoria to the east ; and the great australian bight of the indian ocean to the south. its land area is 379, 725 square miles ( 983, 482 square kilometers ) roughly four times the size of the u. s. state of michigan or the united kingdom. adelaide is the state capital and chief port, and about three fourths of the state ' s people live in its metropolitan area. the state ' s land is generally low and flat, lying mostly less than 1, 000 feet ( 300 meters ) above sea level. the flinders and mount lofty ranges, with forests of eucalyptus and pine, are in the south. the great victoria desert covers the northwestern part of the state. scrub vegetation, grasses, and cacti dot much of the outback ( inland area ), where rainfall is too limited to support forests or large settlements. yet underlying the northeast is a portion of the great artesian basin, the world ' s largest region of accessible groundwater. kangaroos and wallabies are common animals. south australia ' s mixed economy has especially large service and manufacturing sectors. agriculture, fishing, and mining are secondarily important. among the major products are motor vehicles, processed foods and drinks, paper, chemicals, and metal products. irrigation has been extensively developed in the southeast, along the fertile plains of the murray river. south australia produces much of the country ' s wine ( from vineyards ) and brandy. wheat, barley, oats, figs, olives, and vegetables are grown, and sheep are raised for wool and meat. the state is australia ' s leading producer of opals. uranium, copper, zinc, and iron ore are also mined. the moomba fields in the northeast produce natural gas, ethane, crude oil, and liquefied petroleum. whyalla, just northwest of adelaide, has iron and steel smelters and once was famous for its shipyards. institutions of higher education include the university of adelaide, the university of south australia, and flinders university. the art gallery of south australia and the adelaide festival centre, both in adelaide, are among the state ' s cultural institutions. the state ' s parliament has two houses. the political party or coalition that wins the most seats in the lower house chooses a premier, who runs the state government.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4582024911546345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c9962e6-6d58-4c71-accb-08a0abdc5cbc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.924188"}
{"text": "toxic shock syndrome ( tss ) is a serious but uncommon infection caused by either staphylococcus aureus bacteria or by streptococcus bacteria. originally linked to the use of tampons, especially high - absorbency ones and those that are not changed frequently, it ' s now also known to be associated with the contraceptive sponge and diaphragm birth control methods. tss also can arise from wounds secondary to minor trauma or surgery incisions where bacteria have been able to enter the body and cause the infection. tss also can affect anyone who has any type of staph infection, including pneumonia, abscess, skin or wound infection, the blood infection septicemia, or the bone infection osteomyelitis. most often, streptococcal tss appears after bacteria have invaded areas of injured skin, such as cuts and scrapes, surgical wounds, and even chickenpox blisters. symptoms of tss can include sudden high fever, a faint feeling, diarrhea, headache, a rash, and muscle aches. if your child has these symptoms, call your doctor right away. toxic shock syndrome starts suddenly, often with high fever ( temperature at least 102\u00b0 f [ 38. 8\u00b0 c ] ), a rapid drop in blood pressure ( with lightheadedness or fainting ), vomiting, diarrhea, headache, sore throat, or muscle aches. a sunburn - like rash may appear anywhere on the body, including the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. a person also might have bloodshot eyes and an unusual redness under the eyelids or inside the mouth ( and vagina in females ). the area around an infected wound can become swollen, red, and tender, or may not even appear infected. other symptoms may include confusion or other mental changes, decreased urination, fatigue and weakness, and thirst. if tss is untreated, organs such as the liver and kidneys may begin to fail, and problems such as seizures, bleeding, and heart failure can develop. the bacteria that cause toxic shock syndrome can be carried on unwashed hands and prompt an infection anywhere on the body. so good hand washing is extremely important. girls can reduce their risk of tss by either avoiding tampons or alternating them with sanitary napkins. girls who use only tampons should choose ones with the lowest absorbency that will handle menstrual flow, and change the tampons frequently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49195044854579534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddbf67ff-3abc-428e-994a-3c16fe08cd33>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.928273"}
{"text": "their risk of tss by either avoiding tampons or alternating them with sanitary napkins. girls who use only tampons should choose ones with the lowest absorbency that will handle menstrual flow, and change the tampons frequently. on low - flow days, girls should use pads instead of tampons. between menstrual periods, store tampons away from heat and moisture ( where bacteria can grow ) \u2014 for example, in a bedroom rather than in a bathroom closet. because staphylococcus bacteria are often carried on hands, it ' s important for girls to wash their hands thoroughly before and after inserting a tampon. if your daughter has her menstrual period, talk to her about taking these precautions. any female who has recovered from tss should not use tampons. clean and bandage all skin wounds as quickly as possible. call your doctor immediately whenever a wound becomes red, swollen, or tender, or if a fever begins. tss is a medical emergency. if you think your child has tss, call a doctor right away. depending on the symptoms, a doctor may see you in the office or refer you to a hospital emergency department for immediate evaluation and testing. if doctors suspect tss, they will probably start intravenous ( iv ) fluids and antibiotics as soon as possible. they may take a sample from the suspected site of the infection, such as the skin, nose, or vagina, to check it for tss. they may also take a blood sample. other blood tests can help monitor how various organs like the kidneys are working and check for other diseases that may be causing the symptoms. medical staff will remove tampons, contraceptive devices, or wound packing ; clean any wounds ; and, if there is a pocket of infection ( an abscess ), a doctor may need to drain pus from the infected area. people with tss typically need to stay in the hospital, often in the intensive care unit ( icu ), for several days to closely monitor blood pressure, respiratory status, and to look for signs of other problems, such as organ damage. tss is a very rare illness. although it can be fatal, if recognized and treated promptly it is usually curable. when to call the doctor call your doctor immediately if your child has any signs or symptoms of toxic shock syndrome. once you realize that something is wrong, it ' s important to get medical attention right away. the sooner your child gets treatment,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4089323365838061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ddbf67ff-3abc-428e-994a-3c16fe08cd33>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.929200"}
{"text": "as much as parents may not like to think about it, the truth is that many kids and teens try alcohol during their high school and college years, long before it ' s legal for them to drink it. research has shown that nearly 80 % of high school kids have tried alcohol. although experimentation with alcohol can be common among kids, it ' s not safe or legal. so it ' s important to start discussing alcohol use and abuse with your kids at an early age and keep talking about it as they grow up. the effects of alcohol abuse alcohol interferes with a person ' s perception of reality and ability to make good decisions. this can be particularly hazardous for kids and teens who have less problem - solving and decision - making experience. short - term effects of drinking include : distorted vision, hearing, and coordination altered perceptions and emotions impaired judgment, which can lead to accidents, drowning, and other risky behaviors like unsafe sex and drug use long - term effects include : cirrhosis and cancer of the liver loss of appetite serious vitamin deficiencies heart and central nervous system damage an increased risk of impotence high risk for overdosing long before your kids are presented with a chance to drink alcohol, you can increase the chances that they ' ll just say \" no. \" childhood is a time of learning and discovery, so it ' s important to encourage kids to ask questions, even ones that might be hard to answer. open, honest, age - appropriate communication now sets the stage for your kids to come to you later with other difficult topics or problems. although 3 - and 4 - year - olds aren ' t ready to learn the facts about alcohol or other drugs, they start to develop the decision - making and problem - solving skills they will need later on. you can help them develop those skills in some simple ways. for instance, let toddlers choose their own clothing and don ' t worry if the choices don ' t match. this lets them know you think they ' re capable of making good decisions. assign simple tasks and let kids know what a big help they are. and set a good example of the behavior that you want your kids to demonstrate. this is especially true in the preschool years when kids tend to imitate adults ' actions as a way of learning. so, by being active, eating healthy, and drinking responsibly, parents teach their kids important lessons early on. ages 4 to 7 kids this age still think and learn mostly by experience and don ' t have a good understanding of things that will happen in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4381858970382728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec8c23b6-9a25-4a75-944e-0ca426eb7a45>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.935685"}
{"text": "active, eating healthy, and drinking responsibly, parents teach their kids important lessons early on. ages 4 to 7 kids this age still think and learn mostly by experience and don ' t have a good understanding of things that will happen in the future. so keep discussions about alcohol in the present tense and relate them to things that kids know and understand. for example, watching tv with your child can provide a chance to talk about advertising messages. ask about the ads you see and encourage kids to ask questions too. kids are interested in how their bodies work, so this is a good time to talk about maintaining good health and avoiding substances that might harm the body. talk about how alcohol hurts a person ' s ability to see, hear, and walk without tripping ; it alters the way people feel ; and it makes it hard to judge things like whether the water is too deep or if there ' s a car coming too close. and it gives people bad breath and a headache! ages 8 to 11 the later elementary school years are a crucial time in which you can influence your child ' s decisions about alcohol use. kids at this age tend to love to learn facts, especially strange ones, and are eager to learn how things work and what sources of information are available to them. so it ' s a good time to openly discuss facts about alcohol : its long - and short - term effects and consequences, its physical effects, and why it ' s especially dangerous for growing bodies. kids also can be heavily influenced by friends now. their interests may be determined by what their peers think. so teach your child to say \" no \" to peer pressure, and discuss the importance of thinking and acting as an individual. casual discussions about alcohol and friends can take place at the dinner table as part of your normal conversation : \" i ' ve been reading about young kids using alcohol. do you ever hear about kids using alcohol or other drugs in your school? \" ages 12 to 17 by the teen years, your kids should know the facts about alcohol and your attitudes and beliefs about substance abuse. so use this time to reinforce what you ' ve already taught them and focus on keeping the lines of communication open. teens are more likely to engage in risky behaviors, and their increasing need for independence may make them want to defy their parents ' wishes or instructions. but if you make your teen feel accepted and respected as an individual, you increase the chances that your child will try to be open with you. kids want to be liked and accepted by their peers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43225827794503147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec8c23b6-9a25-4a75-944e-0ca426eb7a45>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.938077"}
{"text": "to defy their parents ' wishes or instructions. but if you make your teen feel accepted and respected as an individual, you increase the chances that your child will try to be open with you. kids want to be liked and accepted by their peers, and they need a certain degree of privacy and trust. avoid excessive preaching and threats, and instead, emphasize your love and concern. even when they ' re annoyed by parental interest and questions, teens still recognize that it comes with the territory. teach kids a variety of approaches to deal with offers of alcohol : encourage them to ask questions. if a drink of any kind is offered, they should ask, \" what is it? \" and \" where did you get it? \" teach them to say \" no, thanks \" when the drink offered is an alcoholic one. remind them to leave any uncomfortable situation. make sure they have money for transportation or a phone number where you or another responsible adult can be reached. teach kids never to accept a ride from someone who has been drinking. some parents find that offering to pick up their kids from an uncomfortable situation \u2014 no questions asked \u2014 helps encourage kids to be honest and call when they need help. times of transition, such as the onset of puberty or a parents ' divorce, can lead kids to alcohol use. so teach your kids that even when life is upsetting or stressful, drinking alcohol as an escape can make a bad situation much worse. kids who have problems with self - control or low self - esteem are more likely to abuse alcohol. they may not believe that they can handle their problems and frustrations without using something to make them feel better. kids without a sense of connectedness with their families or who feel different in some way ( appearance, economic circumstances, etc. ) may also be at risk. those who find it hard to believe in themselves desperately need the love and support of parents or other family members. in fact, not wanting to harm the relationships between themselves and the adults who care about them is the most common reason that young people give for not using alcohol and other drugs. fortunately, parents can do much to protect their kids from using and abusing alcohol : be a good role model. consider how your use of alcohol or medications may influence your kids. consider offering only nonalcoholic beverages at parties and other social events to show your kids that you don ' t need to drink to have fun. educate yourself about alcohol so you can be a better teacher. read and collect information that you can share with kids and other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48074390776624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec8c23b6-9a25-4a75-944e-0ca426eb7a45>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.939162"}
{"text": "we ' ve all heard a lot about bullying. but did you know that in high school ( and middle school ), some bullies use sexual messages or actions to make a person feel intimidated, small, or uncomfortable? this sexualized type of bullying is called sexual harassment or sexual bullying. here ' s what you need to know and what you can do if you or someone you care about is being sexually harassed or bullied. what are sexual bullying and harassment? just like other kinds of bullying, sexual bullying involves comments, gestures, actions, or attention that is intended to hurt, offend, or intimidate another person. with sexual bullying, the focus is on things like a person ' s appearance, body parts, or sexual orientation. sexual bullying includes spreading gossip or rumors of a sexual nature. sexual bullying or harassment may be verbal ( like making rude comments to or about someone ), but it doesn ' t have to be spoken. bullies may use technology to harass someone sexually ( like sending inappropriate text messages or videos ). sometimes harassment and bullying can even get physical. sexual bullying doesn ' t just happen to girls. boys can harass girls, but girls also can harass guys, guys may harass other guys, and girls may harass other girls. sexual harassment isn ' t limited to people of the same age, either. adults sometimes sexually harass young people ( and, occasionally, teens may harass adults, though that ' s pretty rare ). most of the time, when sexual harassment happens to teens, it ' s being done by people in the same age group. sexual harassment and sexual bullying are very similar \u2014 they both involve unwelcome or unwanted sexual comments, attention, or physical contact. so why call one thing by two different names? sometimes schools and other places use one term or the other for legal reasons. for instance, a school document may use the term \" bullying \" to describe what ' s against school policy, while a law might use the term \" harassment \" to define what ' s against the law. some behaviors might be against school policy and also against the law. for the person who is being targeted, though, it doesn ' t make much difference if something is called bullying or harassment. this kind of behavior is upsetting no matter what it ' s called. like anyone who ' s being bullied, people who are sexually bullied or harassed can feel a great deal of emotional stress if the situation continues without relief. some images, jokes, language, and contact are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4655366870290376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72d63bba-8cc2-452a-88d9-c14ce08a9c93>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.948420"}
{"text": "no matter what it ' s called. like anyone who ' s being bullied, people who are sexually bullied or harassed can feel a great deal of emotional stress if the situation continues without relief. some images, jokes, language, and contact are called \" inappropriate \" for a reason. if a behavior or interaction makes you uncomfortable or upset, talk to a trusted adult. it may fall into the sexual harassment or bullying category. sexual harassment or bullying can include : making sexual jokes, comments, or gestures to or about someone spreading sexual rumors ( in person, by text, or online ) writing sexual messages about people on bathroom stalls or in other public places showing someone inappropriate sexual videos or pictures posting sexual comments, pictures, or videos on social networks like facebook, or sending explicit text messages making sexual comments or offers while pretending to be someone else online touching, grabbing, or pinching someone in a deliberately sexual way pulling at someone ' s clothing and brushing up against them in a purposefully sexual way this is one reason why \" sexting \" isn ' t a great idea, even if you ' re in a loving relationship. in some cases these messages can be considered harassment or bullying, and can bring very serious consequences. also, messages or images you intend to be private can get into the wrong hands and be used to embarrass, intimidate, or humiliate. forcing another person into doing things he or she doesn ' t want to do, such as kissing, oral sex, or intercourse, goes beyond sexual harassment or bullying. forcing someone to do sexual things is sexual assault or rape, and it ' s a crime. sometimes people who make sexual jokes, comments, or innuendos laugh off their behavior as flirting, and you might be tempted to do the same. so what ' s the difference between flirting and sexual harassment? here are three examples of flirting versus harassment : you and your crush have been flirting and you both start making jokes about people who sext. your crush asks if you ' d ever do that. you say, \" no way! \" with normal flirting, that ' s the end of it. but if your crush starts pressuring you to send sexual pictures, then it ' s getting into harassment territory. a guy in class says your new jeans look great. that ' s a compliment. but if he says your new jeans make your butt look great, that ' s crossing the line. someone you ' re not attracted to asks you to go to a dance. it seems harsh to say you '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4957426838785698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72d63bba-8cc2-452a-88d9-c14ce08a9c93>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.949670"}
{"text": "great. that ' s a compliment. but if he says your new jeans make your butt look great, that ' s crossing the line. someone you ' re not attracted to asks you to go to a dance. it seems harsh to say you ' re not interested, so you make up an excuse. the person asks a couple more times, but eventually gets the hint. this is a normal social interaction. but if the person hits on you in a creepy way \u2014 like making references to sex or your body, sending stalkerly messages, or touching you inappropriately \u2014 that ' s harassment. some things may be awkward, but they don ' t count as harassment. a guy who blurts out a sex - related swearword because he spills his lunch tray isn ' t harassing or bullying anyone. but if someone is deliberately doing or saying sexual things that make you uncomfortable, it ' s probably sexual harassment. not sure? ask yourself, \" is this something i wanted to happen or i want to continue happening? how does it make me feel? \" if it doesn ' t feel right, talk to a parent, teacher, guidance counselor, or someone else you trust. if you think you ' re being harassed, don ' t blame yourself. harassers can be very manipulative. they are often good at blaming the victim \u2014 and even at making victims blame themselves. but no one has the right to sexually harass or bully anyone else, no matter what. there is no such thing as \" asking for it. \" there ' s no single \" right \" way to respond to sexual harassment. each situation is unique. it often can be helpful to start by telling the person doing the harassing to stop. let him or her know that this behavior is not ok with you. sometimes that will be enough, but not always. the harasser may not stop. he or she might even laugh off your request, tease you, or bother you more. that ' s why it ' s important to share what ' s happening with an adult you trust. is there a parent, relative, coach, or teacher you can talk to? more and more schools have a designated person who ' s there to talk about bullying issues, so find out if there ' s someone at your school. most schools have a sexual harassment policy or a bullying policy to protect you. ask a guidance counselor or principal about your school ' s policy. if you find the adult you talk to doesn ' t take your complaints seriously at first, you may have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4571822504462659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72d63bba-8cc2-452a-88d9-c14ce08a9c93>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.950612"}
{"text": ". most schools have a sexual harassment policy or a bullying policy to protect you. ask a guidance counselor or principal about your school ' s policy. if you find the adult you talk to doesn ' t take your complaints seriously at first, you may have to repeat yourself or find someone else who will listen. there ' s no doubt it can feel embarrassing to talk about sexual harassment at first. but that uncomfortable feeling quickly wears off after a minute or so of conversation. in most cases, telling someone sooner leads to faster results and fewer problems down the line, so it ' s worth it. it can help to keep a record of the events that have happened. write down dates and short descriptions in a journal. save any offensive pictures, videos, texts, or ims as evidence. that way you ' ll have them if your school or family has to take legal action. to avoid going through feeling upset all over again, save this evidence someplace where you don ' t have to see it every day. bystanders play an important role in stopping bullying \u2014 even sexual bullying. if you see someone who is being harassed, take action. if it feels safe and natural to speak up, say, \" come on, let ' s get out of here \" to the person you see getting bullied or bothered. there ' s no need to speak to the harasser. he or she isn ' t worth the energy, and sometimes it ' s better not to engage the person. if you don ' t feel you can say something at the time you see the incident, report the event to a teacher or principal. this isn ' t snitching. it ' s standing up for what ' s right. no one deserves to be harassed. you could also talk to the victim afterward and offer support. say that you think what happened is not ok and offer some ideas for dealing with harassment. if you suspect something you won ' t always see sexual harassment or bullying happening. a friend who is going through it might not talk about it. sometimes people show signs that something ' s wrong even if they don ' t talk about it. maybe a normally upbeat friend seems sad, worried, or distracted. perhaps a friend has lost interest in hanging out or doing stuff. maybe someone you know avoids school or has falling grades. changes like these are signs that something ' s going on. it may not be sexual harassment or bullying ( things like mood swings or changes in eating habits can be signs of many different things ). but it is a chance for you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4263893720009372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72d63bba-8cc2-452a-88d9-c14ce08a9c93>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.951516"}
{"text": "perhaps it \u2019 s the overwhelmingly enthusiastic response to the mosaic skull on view in children of the plumed serpent or maybe it \u2019 s the museum \u2019 s proximity to the page museum \u2019 s treasure trove of fossils \u2014 whatever the reason, i \u2019 ve got skulls on the brain ( pun unfortunately intended ). once upon a time, a post about skulls would have seemed better suited for autumn. that is, after all, when halloween haunts us with deliciously spooky skeletons and dia de los muertos wields memento mori to commemorate both our own mortality and those we have lost. however, the skull \u2019 s iconographic popularity now seems to be a year - round phenomenon. having the privilege of perusing lacma \u2019 s galleries each day, i \u2019 m reminded that skulls have had a longstanding role in art history, long before damien hirst \u2019 s for the love of god triggered a cranium craze in the art world and residually throughout pop culture. allow me to guide you through a mere sampling of skulls in lacma \u2019 s collection : on view : resnick pavilion the aforementioned mixteca - puebla mosaic skull in children of the plumed serpent is specked with turquoise, jadeite, and shell and is thought to have been produced between 1400 - 1521 in mexico in veneration of mixtec ancestors. such ornate tributes trumpet the wealth of the commissioner, as they highlight the exchange of luxury goods between mexico and the puebloan region of new mexico, from where the turquoise originated. children of the plumed serpent closes on july 1, so be sure see this spectacular artifact if you haven \u2019 t already. horse \u2019 s skull with pink rose, georgia o \u2019 keeffe on view : art of the americas building, level 3 o \u2019 keeffe \u2019 s \u201c bonescape \u201d compositions from the 1930s were a result of inquisitive scavenging during her time in new mexico. intrigued by fragments of sun - bleached animal skeletons found in the desert and fabric flowers left on graves in hispanic cemeteries, the artist collected these objects and traveled with them to her studio in new york. there, she began her foray into still life paintings of bones with a particular affinity toward skulls. for o \u2019 keeffe, the durability of skeletons and fabric flowers represented the eternal, parched beauty of the american southwest. head - skull, alberto giacometti on view : ahmanson building, level 3 in the early 1930s, alberto giacometti made significant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4307555406030708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b84f4e63-0e50-4f70-a43e-f950a401a03f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.956753"}
{"text": "the durability of skeletons and fabric flowers represented the eternal, parched beauty of the american southwest. head - skull, alberto giacometti on view : ahmanson building, level 3 in the early 1930s, alberto giacometti made significant contributions to surrealist sculpture. in head - skull, he flattened the planes of his approximately life - sized subject, thus eradicating the standard curvature associated with the human skull. instead, his rendition appears cubist \u2014 almost architectural \u2014 in its smooth geometry and examines the beautifully complex semiotic implications of a skull in both life and death. skull rack, papua new guinea on view : art of the pacific, ahmanson building, level 1 despite its smiling face, this one is a bit grim. the sacred agiba \u2014 a flat, carved, painted, wooden figure \u2014 comes from the kerewa people of papua new guinea and exists to showcase skulls procured by a given clan. headhunting was a central part of religious practice in historical kerewa tribes, and raids were carried out, as i read in island ancestors : oceanic art from the masco collection, \u201c in preparation for initiations and for such rituals as the inauguration of a new ceremonial house or the completion of a canoe. \u201d yikes. the magdalen with the smoking flame, georges de la tour the skull is an accessory in this french baroque masterpiece by georges de la tour, helping to set the tone for mary magdalen \u2019 s contemplation of penance and the afterlife. de la tour \u2019 s iconic painting is not currently on view at lacma, as it is currently vacationing in europe as part of the bodies and shadows : caravaggio and his legacy tour. luckily, we don \u2019 t have to wait long to celebrate its return as the same exhibition opens at lacma on november 11. stephanie sykes, communications manager", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4724534277897993, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b84f4e63-0e50-4f70-a43e-f950a401a03f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.957516"}
{"text": "| january | | garnet | | the garnet group is largest and most colourful group of gems ; they can be found in every colour except blue. some varieties display the phenomenon of asterism ( the appearance of a \" star \" on a cabochon cut stone ) or change their colour from daylight to artificial light. the most remarkable varieties are tsavorite, hessonite, demantoid, almandine, pyrope, rhodolite, and mandarin. | | \" the stone of love and devotion \" - the stone of passion and courage | | february | | amethyst | | amethysts are the best known variety of quartz. they are transparent and range in colour from bluish purple to purple to reddish purple. | | \" the stone of the spirit \" - protects against anger, hate, envy and fear. | \" aquamarines are part of the beryl family and are generally very pure and crystalline. they are commonly blue with shades of green. aquamarines are said to restore harmony for couples who are having problems. they are also claimed to strengthen the intellect. \" | \" the stone of courage & serenity \u201d - accelerates the intellectual reasoning process. \" diamonds are the crystaline form of pure carbon ( 99. 95 % pure ) and is the hardest naturally occuring substance on earth. colourless diamonds are the most commonly known. however, there are also coloured diamonds, in deep yellow, blue, pink or green, for example. these are called fancy diamonds and are very rare ( red being the rarest ). the tradition of presenting a diamond ring as an attestment of marriage began in 1477, when archduke maximilian of austria gave mary of burgundy a ring adorned with a diamond to seal their marriage vows. | \" the stone of love, excellence and purification \" - symbolizes power, strength, brilliance and unparalleled beauty. | | may | | emerald | | emeralds are generally green with hues of blue and yellow. gem - quality emeralds are transparent but often have \" gardens \" of inclusions. they have often been considered powerful talismans in ancient civilizations. | | \" the healer \u2019 s stone \u201d - a symbol of hope. | \" pearls are formed entirely of organic material and are cultured in both freshwater and saltwater. pearls are formed of concentric layers of nacre. nacre consists of aragonite ( approximately 85 % ), conchiolin ( approximately 12 % ) and water ( approximately 3 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5398560077549605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:54cc3d44-7a82-409d-a8ca-9a12f861104e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.961408"}
{"text": "organic material and are cultured in both freshwater and saltwater. pearls are formed of concentric layers of nacre. nacre consists of aragonite ( approximately 85 % ), conchiolin ( approximately 12 % ) and water ( approximately 3 % ). they come in a variety of colours. the different colours of pearls had different meanings : | \" symbol of purity & spiritual transformation \" - it was said that pearls were the solidified tears of venus. some claim that pearls are a symbol of faith and purity. | | july | | ruby | | the most beautiful rubies are called \" pigeon \u2019 s blood \u201d, and are saturated red ; they are not tinged with orange or purple. this magnificent red gives a satiny look due to the \" silk \u201d \u2014 fine needles of a mineral called rutile \u2014 contained in these rubies. | | \" the stone of fire and passion \u201d - symbolizes passion, courage and love. | | august | | peridot | | peridot is transparent and only green in colour, generally with a hint of yellow. the most sought - after colour is known as \" spring green. \u201d the kashmire peridot is said to be the finest quality peridot in the world. it is only found in pakistan. | | \" the stone of emotional healing \u201d - brings emotional balance, and helps heal emotional imbalances. | | september | | sapphire | | sapphires are blue but exist in other colours ; these are called fancy sapphires. the most beautiful sapphires are pure, saturated blue. they sometimes have slightly violet shades. people often talk about \" kashmir sapphires \u201d as being the most beautiful. they have a smooth blue colour with a slight hint of turquoise. | | \" the stone of loyalty and fidelity \" - symbolizes truth, sincerity and faithfulness. | | october | | opal | | precious opals are those that exhibit the beautiful play of colour seen in the specimens mounted in jewellery. they come in a variety of body colours from white, to red, to black. in many countries, opals have been considered to be good luck charms which are mood - sensitive. | | \" the stone happiness and truth \" symbolizes purity and intensity. | november | | yellow topaz | | topaz is a transparent gemstone. it exists in many colours : colourless, yellow, orange, brown, pink to red to purple - red, light to dark blue and light green. the yellow variety of topaz is also known as \" sherry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.523596499861904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:54cc3d44-7a82-409d-a8ca-9a12f861104e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.962387"}
{"text": "questions about issues in the news for students 13 and older. do you make decisions quickly based on incomplete information? do you lose your temper quickly? are you easily bored? do you thrive in conditions that seem chaotic to others, or do you like everything well organized? read what a science times article says about new research showing how novelty - seeking, a personality trait long associated with trouble, can now be a predictor of well - being. in \u201c what \u2019 s new? exuberance for novelty has benefits, \u201d john tierney writes : as researchers analyzed its genetic roots and relations to the brain \u2019 s dopamine system, they linked this [ novelty - seeking ] with problems like attention deficit disorder, compulsive spending and gambling, alcoholism, drug abuse and criminal behavior. now, though, after extensively tracking novelty - seekers, researchers are seeing the upside. in the right combination with other traits, it \u2019 s a crucial predictor of well - being. \u201c novelty - seeking is one of the traits that keeps you healthy and happy and fosters personality growth as you age, \u201d says c. robert cloninger, the psychiatrist who developed personality tests for measuring this trait. the problems with novelty - seeking showed up in his early research in the 1990s ; the advantages have become apparent after he and his colleagues tested and tracked thousands of people in the united states, israel and finland. \u201c it can lead to antisocial behavior, \u201d he says, \u201c but if you combine this adventurousness and curiosity with persistence and a sense that it \u2019 s not all about you, then you get the kind of creativity that benefits society as a whole. \u201d fans of this trait are calling it \u201c neophilia \u201d and pointing to genetic evidence of its importance as humans migrated throughout the world. in her survey of the recent research, \u201c new : understanding our need for novelty and change, \u201d the journalist winifred gallagher argues that neophilia has always been the quintessential human survival skill, whether adapting to climate change on the ancestral african savanna or coping with the latest digital toy from silicon valley. students : tell us where you rank on the novelty - seeking, or \u201c neophilia, \u201d scale. do you thrive in chaos, and embrace change? do these traits get you into trouble sometimes? do you agree with those scientists who consider novelty - seeking to be an essential survival skill in a world where new information comes at us faster all the time? do you also have persistence and \u201c self - transcendence, \u201d or the capacity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5305700870544539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:87dd15a7-60c8-44d4-907e-af8c883e3af6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.966745"}
{"text": "links to related repositories in the united states at the beginning of the year 2000, there were more than 650 repositories and private holdings of archival and manuscript materials in the united states, relating to the russian empire, the former soviet union and other east european countries. the materials represented in these collections are extremely diverse and cover the broadest possible range of subjects : political, historical, social, diplomatic, artistic, literary, religious, military, musical and other matters. description and links to the most significant repositories in the united states can be found on this page. the hoover institution library and archives, in stanford, ca, founded in 1919, is the oldest american repository of archival materials related to russia and eastern europe. the library ' s founder, herbert hoover, saw the need to collect documents relating to world war i which were in danger of perishing in its aftermath. hoover and his american relief administration staff, while engaged in famine relief in soviet russia in 1921 - 1923, took the opportunity to collect published and unpublished materials, including ephemera, particularly that which related to the contemporary situation. in the years that followed, exiles from tsarist russia and emigres belonging to groups which lost out to the bolsheviks in the civil war continued to donate materials to the archives. as a result, the depth of the collections permits research on many topics in russian and east european history. the european reading room of the library of congress, in washington, d. c., currently holds more than 700, 000 physical volumes ( books, sets, continuations, and bound periodicals ) in russian and approximately the same number of volumes in other languages of the former ussr and volumes in western languages about russia and the former soviet union. there are also significant collections of other non - book print materials ( music scores, newspapers, microforms and cartographic materials ) and non - print materials ( sound recordings, motions pictures, manuscripts, photographs, and posters ), although statistics on these categories of holdings are less readily available. the slavic and baltic division of the new york public library was established as the russian division in 1898 - 99, after the board of trustees was petitioned by members of new york ' s large emigre community. for more than a century, the nypl has been concerned with the acquisition, processing, care, and public service of many hundreds of thousands of volumes relating to slavic and east european peoples, cultures, and languages produced in both the homelands, and in the diaspora. the yale university library, in new haven,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45892101125384366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c605301f-4e89-4197-8c03-f8e13a32c40b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.976919"}
{"text": "the acquisition, processing, care, and public service of many hundreds of thousands of volumes relating to slavic and east european peoples, cultures, and languages produced in both the homelands, and in the diaspora. the yale university library, in new haven, ct, was among the first in america to collect slavic materials systematically. joel sumner smith, its associate librarian in the late 19th century, was one of the very few in his profession who read russian. the books and serials he acquired today form the core of one of the major holdings in the west. with currently over 100, 000 volumes concerning central and southeast europe, as well as some 500, 000 volumes relating to russia and the states of the former soviet union, yale has one of the five largest collections in the united states. the manuscript and archives division of sterling memorial library holds important archival collections related to russia and eastern europe, primarily concerned with diplomatic and political history of the 19th and 20th centuries. in addition, the beinecke library holds an impressive collection with a particular emphasis on emigration. among its holdings are the papers of czeslaw milosz, nina berberova, konstantin balmont and others. the houghton library of harvard university, in cambridge, ma, holds a very important collection of first editions of russian literature. harvard alumnus bayard l. kilgour, jr., gathered this collection, which is renowned not only in the united states but all over the world. the kilgour collections represents the works of russian poets and novelists from lomonosov to blok and is specially strong in the great writers of the 19th century. the harry ransom humanities research center at the university of texas at austin holds an important collection of russian avant - garde theater design. the ransom center has its major emphasis at the study of the literature and culture of the united states, great britain, and france. the center ' s collections contain some 30 million leaves of manuscripts, over one million rare books, five million photographs, three thousand pieces of historical photographic equipment, and 100, 000 works of art, in addition to major holdings in theater arts and film. the museum of russian culture in san francisco was established in 1948 as a cultural non - profit corporation. from its inception, it has been a repository for emigre archives and cultural and historical artifacts. the museum contains about fifteen thousand books, mostly written in russian, published in russia and abroad, in addition to a collection of pre - revolutionary serials and emigre newspapers and journals, with many titles available on microfilm ; it also holds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4961186466549478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c605301f-4e89-4197-8c03-f8e13a32c40b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.978051"}
{"text": "the first kentucky, a confederate transport, was captured by the union navy in june, 1862 ; the name kentucky was retained. she was assigned to the mississippi squadron in support of union forces performing various transport duties on the mississippi river and its tributaries. kentucky sank in june, 1865, by accident with great loss of life, while operating on the red river. among those who died were some thirty paroled confederate soldiers. the career of the second kentucky ( bb - 6 ), a turn - of - the - century battleship, lasted for twenty years. about the size of a world war ii destroyer, she was one of the most advanced warships of her day and the first american battleship to make extensive use of electricity and to provide ventilation below decks. launched in march, 1898 and commissioned in may, 1900, the battleship sailed to hong kong in 1901 and became the flagship of the asiatic fleet, watching over american interests in the far east. upon her return to the united states in 1904, kentucky was involved in tactics and maneuvers off the atlantic coast with the north atlantic fleet. in the fall of 1906, she transported marines to havana and offered support to forces ashore during the cuban insurrection. in 1907 she returned to hampton roads, virginia, to join the \" great white fleet \" of sixteen battleships on a fourteen - month cruise around the globe. the voyage was widely acclaimed for the honor it brought to the united states navy and for its demonstration to the world of america ' s strength. following the successful cruise, she was decommissioned, though she was recommissioned in june, 1915 as a training vessel. later that year she sailed to the coast of mexico to protect american interests during the period following the mexican revolution. during world war i, kentucky served as a training ship for thousands of recruits along the atlantic coast. she was finally decommissioned in may, 1920. construction was begun on a third kentucky ( bb - 66 ), an lowa - class battleship, but was never completed. her keel was laid in december, 1944, but construction was suspended in 1947 when the vessel was 70 percent complete. technology has dramatically changed the size and capabilities of naval warships since the battleship kentucky was commissioned in 1900, but the mission of the united states navy has not significantly changed. that mission is to protect the vital interests of the united states of america. kentucky ( ssbn 737 ) is uniquely suited to this task. the submarine uss kentucky ( ssbn 737 ) is the third u. s. naval vessel to be named in honor of the bluegrass state, and the twelfth trident", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4088282290458677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3e1256d-2db9-4124-bfcf-d3bb667fd1ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.982203"}
{"text": "behavior makeover : whining start by thinking about whining kids. why do you think they use this behavior? whining is learned, so where do you think kids learn it? how do other parents you know respond to whining? how did your parents respond? which parenting responses do you think are most successful in stopping whining behavior? why? now it ' s time to take action to begin making over your kid ' s behavior. use your makeover journal to write down your thoughts and develop your plan. - think about how you typically respond to your kid ' s whining. if possible, discuss this with your partner or another parent who knows you and your child well. why hasn ' t your response succeeded in stopping the behavior? does your child use this behavior with other adults? if so, who? who doesn ' t he use this behavior around? why not? - reread steps one, two, and three, and commit to no longer tolerating your kid ' s whining. think through what you will say to explain your new behavior expectation. most important is to plan how you will respond the next time your kid whines. recognize that in most cases, steps one and two are mandatory for behavior makeovers. - usually there ' s a predictable pattern to kids ' behavior in which certain situations are more likely to provoke bad conduct. think about your kid, and identify the kinds of circumstances that might incite her to whine. for instance, is there a time of the day she is more likely to sulk : when she ' s hungry or tired? when you ' re on the phone and she wants your attention? when you ' re tired? once you ' re aware of the pattern, you can anticipate when your child is more likely to resort to using the behavior and head it off before it starts. for example, you might distract her attention before she starts whining : \" look, there ' s a gorgeous butterfly! \" kids often whine to get attention, so responding promptly to your child can fend it off. \" i ' ll be off the phone in two minutes. as soon as i ' m done, let ' s read a book. \" - if it ' s not nipped in the bud, whining rarely stops by itself. if the whining continues, try step four and set consequences that are appropriate for your child. remember that the best consequences fit the situation and are administered immediately. make a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40075163718183476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41a7ad9a-5af1-466b-b8c3-7cb4bf92e965>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.986339"}
{"text": "not nipped in the bud, whining rarely stops by itself. if the whining continues, try step four and set consequences that are appropriate for your child. remember that the best consequences fit the situation and are administered immediately. make a list of what you could do when your kid whines in a public setting and at home. at the first whimper, you ' ll be ready. here are a few consequence ideas suitable for whining : for a young whiner, create a \" whining chair \" at home, and use it when necessary : \" that ' s whining. go sit in the whiner ' s chair for two minutes so you remember to use your nice voice when you want something. \" when driving, pull to the side of the road ( when safe ), and wait until your kid talks correctly. feel free to listen to the radio or even read as you wait. he ' ll get the point. in a public setting, such as a restaurant, a mall, a movie theater, or a park, immediately leave the scene with your kid. you and your spouse may have to resort to driving in two cars, with your whiner leaving the scene of the crime with one of you. how will you use the four steps and the behavior makeover plan to help your kid achieve long - term change and stop whining? on the lines below, write exactly what you agree to do within the next twenty - four hours to begin your kid ' s behavior makeover. more on : behavior and discipline from no more misbehavin ' by michele borba, ed. d. copyright \u00a9 2003 by michele borba. all rights reserved. used by arrangement with john wiley & sons, inc. buy the book at www. amazon. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3971071763307282, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:41a7ad9a-5af1-466b-b8c3-7cb4bf92e965>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.988390"}
{"text": "manual section... ( 3 ) - page : _ _ freadable name _ _ fbufsize, _ _ flbf, _ _ fpending, _ _ fpurge, _ _ freadable, _ _ freading, _ _ fsetlocking, _ _ fwritable, _ _ fwriting, _ flushlbf - interfaces to stdio file structure size _ t _ _ fbufsize ( file * stream ) ; size _ t _ _ fpending ( file * stream ) ; int _ _ flbf ( file * stream ) ; int _ _ freadable ( file * stream ) ; int _ _ fwritable ( file * stream ) ; int _ _ freading ( file * stream ) ; int _ _ fwriting ( file * stream ) ; int _ _ fsetlocking ( file * stream, int type ) ; void _ _ fpurge ( file * stream ) ; descriptionsolaris introduced routines to allow portable access to the internals of the file structure, and glibc also implemented these. the _ _ fbufsize ( ) function returns the size of the buffer currently used by the given stream. the _ _ fpending ( ) function returns the number of bytes in the output buffer. for wide - oriented streams the unit is wide characters. this function is undefined on buffers in reading mode, or opened read - only. the _ _ flbf ( ) function returns a nonzero value if the stream is line - buffered, and zero otherwise. the _ _ freadable ( ) function returns a nonzero value if the stream allows reading, and zero otherwise. the _ _ fwritable ( ) function returns a nonzero value if the stream allows writing, and zero otherwise. the _ _ freading ( ) function returns a nonzero value if the stream is read - only, or if the last operation on the stream was a read operation, and zero otherwise. the _ _ fwriting ( ) function returns a nonzero value if the stream is write - only ( or append - only ), or if the last operation on the stream was a write operation, and zero otherwise. the _ _ fsetlocking ( ) function can be used to select the desired type of locking on the stream. it returns the current type. the type argument can take the following three values : - perform implicit locking around every operation on the given stream (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.509180480217652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e77222d6-a18c-4015-8e61-20614c40f79d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.991499"}
{"text": "_ fsetlocking ( ) function can be used to select the desired type of locking on the stream. it returns the current type. the type argument can take the following three values : - perform implicit locking around every operation on the given stream ( except for the * _ unlocked ones ). this is the default. - the caller will take care of the locking ( possibly using flockfile ( 3 ) in case there is more than one thread ), and the stdio routines will not do locking until the state is reset to fsetlocking _ internal. - don ' t change the type of locking. ( only return it. ) the _ flushlbf ( ) function flushes all line - buffered streams. ( presumably so that output to a terminal is forced out, say before reading keyboard input. ) see alsoflockfile ( 3 ), fpurge ( 3 ) colophonthis page is part of release 3. 24 of the linux man - pages project. a description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http : / / www. kernel. org / doc / man - pages /. this document was created by man2html, using the manual pages. time : 15 : 26 : 43 gmt, june 11, 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5067529033431915, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e77222d6-a18c-4015-8e61-20614c40f79d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.992250"}
{"text": "forget smart cars, smart appliances and smartphones. mit researchers are taking intelligent inanimate objects to a more granular level : smart sand. the effect they ' re aiming for, as described on mit ' s news site, is this : you would bury an object in smart sand. seconds later, you ' d be able to pull from that sand a full - sized sand replica of the object. smart sand isn ' t, however, at sand scale yet. so far the researches have conducted experiments on dice - sized cubes in a two - dimensional grid. the cubes are configured with special magnets that allow each one to communicate with and attach to its neighboring cubes. when there ' s an object inserted into a grid of cubes, those that touch it notice they ' re no longer touching another cube. they inform the others that they are one of the cubes outlining the object \u2014 together defining exactly how the object is shaped. with the perimeter of the original object thus defined, other cubes have the information they need to attach themselves in the same shape. all cubes not participating in this shape drop away. and wha - la, a duplicate shape is created ( those interested in the less - simplified details should read this ). this two - dimensional, cube - sized simulation doesn ' t quite match the vision of self - sculpting sand, but the project ' s creators have performed computer simulations that show the same system would work in a three - dimensional environment as well. as for shrinking the experiment? \u201c they have the ability to latch onto their neighbors ; they have the ability to talk to their neighbors ; they have the ability to do some computation, \" an associate professor of electrical engineering at harvard university named robert wood told the mit news site. \" those are all things that are certainly feasible to think about doing in smaller packages. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5596721049404114, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4a2b087a-b9f8-46e9-811f-0de90ccff0d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:51.995252"}
{"text": "the mid - michigan children \u2019 s museum is committed to building the future through nurturing learning experiences, encouraging family relationships, and serving as a resource for both the communities and educational systems throughout the region. each of the mmcm exhibit galleries has been tied directly to the michigan department of education curriculum and national early learning standards. for details on the correlations of exhibits and michigan curriculum framework, please click on the pdf links below. check out our pre - visit lesson plan and worksheet to help explain the concept of a museum to your classroom, or you can utilize the lesson plan as a warm - up activity during your visit to the mid - michigan children \u2019 s museum. schedule a visit to see how the mid - michigan children \u2019 s museum can enhance your classroom learning. mmcm is an environment dedicated to supporting your teachings with hands - on experiences. we offer a special rate for a group or classroom visit. our typical time experience for group reservations is two hours. to schedule a group or classroom visit to the mmcm, or for any questions, please email email @ example. com or call ashley mckibbin at ( 989 ) 399 - 6626. mmcm special school group programs for k - 4th grades \u2014 subject to availability in addition to a scheduled visit to the children \u2019 s museum, special programs are available to heighten students \u2019 ; visit. these 15 - 30 minute programs are designed to enhance the galleries through direct ties to school curricula and michigan glces. to schedule one of these programs during your visit to the mid - michigan children \u2019 s museum or for any questions please contact : firstname. lastname @ example. org. meet the artists @ the mmcm \u2013 this great opportunity is only offered through august 31, 2013. please click here for full details! \u201c get up and grow \u201d \u2014 in this hands - on activity, children will examine the needs of a plant as they piece together a flower and complete the activity by planting a flower to take home. \u201c magnificent magnets \u201d \u2014 children will discover the properties of magnets in relation to other objects, and the basics of magnetic poles. children will participate in a magnetic scavenger hunt in the museum. \u201c it \u2019 s shocking! \u201d \u2014 magnets and basic static electricity experiments will be utilized to explain positive and negative charges. students will extend their knowledge of positive and negative charges with demonstrations on a van de graff generator ( static electricity generator ). \u201c matching mammals \u201d \u2014 children will utilize the maze to review heredity by locating and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5157533518702772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f77fc00-8aa4-4aa9-8667-eed6ca81b04f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.000358"}
{"text": "utilized to explain positive and negative charges. students will extend their knowledge of positive and negative charges with demonstrations on a van de graff generator ( static electricity generator ). \u201c matching mammals \u201d \u2014 children will utilize the maze to review heredity by locating and matching pictures of adult animals to their offspring. \u201c force and free fall \u201d \u2014 ( available for smaller class sizes on slower days due to having to conduct part of the lesson in the galleries. ) children will examine the force of gravity on a variety of objects, create a parachute pal or helicopter, and discover exceptions to free fall with our air machine. \u201c build - a - biome \u201d \u2014 create a miniature environment in a baggie. learn about the water cycle as you watch the water evaporate and condense in your very own miniature world. \u201c sink or float \u201d \u2014 explore the properties of objects as you test buoyancy in our water table. children will test objects and make predictions as we drop various objects into the water table. \u201c buoyant boat \u201d \u2014 students will work in teams to create their own boat design using a variety of materials or learn to fold a paper boat. if the boat floats, students can then test how much weight their boat can hold. \u201c playful polymer \u201d \u2014 polymers can be fun, as children will find out when they make their own ( in the form of silly slime ) to play with. students will learn what makes a polymer, the properties of polymers, and how polymers move. \u201c dem bones \u201d \u2014 ( available for smaller class sizes on slower days due to having to conduct part of the lesson in the galleries. ) children will explore our life - sized skeleton with a story, learn about the major bones of the body, and match real x - rays to the skeleton. \u201c dig it \u201d \u2014 ( available for smaller class sizes on slower days due to having to conduct part of the lesson in the galleries. ) children will uncover bones just like a paleontologist in this simulated dig. then, children will need to use the information they have to reconstruct the bones they have and determine to which animal the bones belong. \u201c dig it : archeology edition \u201d \u2014 just like in the original \u201c dig it, \u201d children will participate in a simulated dig to uncover items. this time children will find items left behind by a person. they will record the items found and collaborate to try to determine to whom the items belong and what kind of activities you would expect from that person.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5448586616804929, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8f77fc00-8aa4-4aa9-8667-eed6ca81b04f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.001376"}
{"text": "we have a lot of twins in our family tree, 54 pairs to be precise, must be in the genes. this page is dedicated to janet and ellen. siblings baptized the same day might appear to us, hundreds of years later, to be twins, but but i tried to weed these out. for the most part, our puritan ancestors were pretty strict about baptizing their children on a timely basis. 7 pairs of twins \u2013 direct ancestor \u2013 two adults 3 pairs of twins \u2013 direct ancestor \u2013 one adult 18 pairs of twins \u2013 two adults 14 pairs of twins \u2013 one adult 12 pairs of twins \u2013 died young i \u2019 m not going to count all the children in our family tree, but assuming each of 700 families had about 5 children each, we have about 3500 births. with those assumptions we have had 14 twins per 1, 000 births which is about average. the twin birth rate in the united states rose 76 percent from 1980 through 2009, from 18. 9 to 33. 3 per 1, 000 births. the yoruba people of central africa have the highest rate of twinning in the world, at 45 - 50 twin sets ( or 90 - 100 twins ) per 1, 000 live births, possibly because of high consumption of a specific type of yam containing a natural phytoestrogen which may stimulate the ovaries to release an egg from each side. in latin - america and south asia and south - east asia the lowest rates are found ; only 6 - 9 twin sets per 1, 000 live births. north america and europe have intermediate rates of 9 \u2013 16 twin sets per 1, 000 live births. i noticed that many of the twins that died young came when their mothers had already had six or seven children. the incidence of twins is highest among women between 35 and 39. this increase is attributed to higher levels of gonadotropin, the hormone that stimulates the ovaries to develop and to release eggs. as a woman gets older, the level of gonadotropin increases, and she is more likely to produce two eggs during one menstrual cycle. i was surprised that many of our twins were boy / girl pairs. it turns out that fraternal ( dizygotic ) are actually more common than identical ( monozygotic ) twins. twins from one egg occur about once in every 250 births around the world ( 0. 4 % ). twins from two eggs occur in 1 out of every 100 births ( 1. 0 % ) in white women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43756655356166907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.034256"}
{"text": "( monozygotic ) twins. twins from one egg occur about once in every 250 births around the world ( 0. 4 % ). twins from two eggs occur in 1 out of every 100 births ( 1. 0 % ) in white women and in 1 out of 79 births in black women. in certain areas in africa, twins occur once in every 20 births! triplets are much less common ; they occur only once in every 8, 000 deliveries. most doctors never deliver a set of triplets in their entire careers. we have one possible set of triplets \u2014 mercy, sarah and mary lawrence, daughters of george lawrence and elizabeth crispe all show a birth date of 4 dec 1671 watertown, mass. all three grew up and married. i haven \u2019 t found any evidence to refute the birth dates, but you would think someone would comment on triplet girls. fertility drugs and the growing number of women who are having babies at an older age are two major reasons for the increased incidence of twins. fertility drugs can stimulate the ovaries to release more than one egg, increasing the chance of a multiple pregnancy. in - vitro fertilization techniques are more likely to create dizygotic twins. my favorite twin story here is cornelius brink \u2018 twin sons adam and jan who enlisted in the continental army together. they were members of the regiment of the levies under the command of colonel albert pawling and served in the fifth regiment of the line ( the continentals ) under colonel lewis dubois. at a dinner given fifty years after the close of the revolution in kingston, ny, on sep 10, 1832, both of these brothers were present, having come to celebrate together. remember that thomas jefferson and john adams both died on the 50th anniversary of the declaration of independence 4 jul 1826. direct twin ancestor \u2013 two adult twins 13 may 1625 england \u2013 john & james reynolds, sons of william reynolds and esther ruth. james reynolds first married susannah sheldon about 1645. he next married deborah jordan ( or sweete ) between 1647 \u2013 1650 in rhode island. james died aug 1700 kingstown, washington, rhode island. john reynolds married anne holbrook about 1652 in weymouth, mass. john died before 4 jan 1691 in stonington, ct. 22 sep 1665 ipswich, mass \u2014 elizabeth and richard, daughter and son of john kimball and mary bradstreet. elizabeth married jeremiah jewett 4 jan 1687 / 88 15 and died feb 1731 / 32 ipswich. corporal richard kimball first married lydia wells 13 feb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47157044852059116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.035222"}
{"text": "ipswich, mass \u2014 elizabeth and richard, daughter and son of john kimball and mary bradstreet. elizabeth married jeremiah jewett 4 jan 1687 / 88 15 and died feb 1731 / 32 ipswich. corporal richard kimball first married lydia wells 13 feb 1688 \u2013 ipswich, essex, mass and second married sarah waite 30 aug 1705 richard died 26 may 1716 \u2013 ipswich, essex, mass 4 dec 1671 watertown, mass \u2014 mercy, sarah & mary, daughters of george lawrence and elizabeth crispe all show this date for their birth. i don \u2019 t really think they were triplets, maybe they were all baptized together. mercy married willliam baker about 1691 as his second wife. mercy died 25 nov 1753 harwich, mass. sarah lawrence married thomas rider 5 apr 1689 in roxbury, mass. sarah died 1714 in roxbury. mary lawrence first married john earl ( erle ) 5 apr 1687 in watertown. she second married michael flagg on 27 dec 1704 in watertown. mary died 1744 groton, mass. 17 feb 1694 / 95 rowley, mass \u2014 benjamin and hepibah, son and daughter of edward hazen jr. and jane pickard. benjamin first married elizabeth blanchard 25 jul 1717 in rowley. benjamin married second to betty nutting 2 apr 1740 in groton, mass. benjamin died 18 sep 1755 groton, mass. hepzibah married nathaniel perkins 15 nov 1716 boxford, mass hepzibah died before 1768. 20 aug 1709 dorchester, mass. \u2014 ebenezer & robert, sons of maj. john foster and margaret ware. ebenezer foster married desire cushman on 17 sep 1730 attleboro, mass. ebenezer died from consumption 18 jun 1749 in cumberland, providence, ri. robert foster married mary [ _ _? _ _ ]. robert died in 1760. 17 aug 1738 in haverhill, mass \u2014 john & susannah, son and daughter of john bradley sr. and susannah staples. john bradley jr. married mary heath 21 mar 1760 in haverhill, mass. john died before 1830. susannah bradley married philbrook colby 13 jul 1758 haverhill, mass. susannah died 2 aug 1778 in pembroke or weare, nh. a haverhill, mass marriage was recorded between john bradley and mary heath so the following is presented merely as legend and \u2014 although it is a wonderful tale \u2014 totally unverifiable. a man named john bradley who was born in 1753 in vermont became the first permanent white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.385545543697395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.037280"}
{"text": "mass marriage was recorded between john bradley and mary heath so the following is presented merely as legend and \u2014 although it is a wonderful tale \u2014 totally unverifiable. a man named john bradley who was born in 1753 in vermont became the first permanent white settler in this area ( washburn ). a tall strong man with a fiery temper, he joined ethan allen and the green mountain boys in vermont. when the revolutionary war began, bradley was with ethan allen at the capture of ft ticonderoga. when benedict arnold started his march through maine, bradley was chosen as a scout and hunter. arnold expected to find enough wild game to feed his men, but game was scarce. after hunting all day, bradley returned with only one partridge. arnold sent for him and called him a worthless loafer. bradley talked back to the commander who then drew his sword, which bradley knocked from his hand. the fighting continued and aaron burr came with a file of soldiers and had bradley arrested and bound to a tree. a man had been shot that morning and bradley had no doubt that he would also be shot. he finally managed to twist the straps free from his wrists and attempted to escape. a guard tried to stop him and he killed the guard. bradley had no weapons and his enemies were behind him as he ran into the woods. he had not traveled far when he found himself surrounded by the st francois ( abenaki ) indians, members of a scouting party watching the white men. as two of the indians understood english, bradley told the story and was untied and given food. the next day, two of the indians took him and started toward the village of washburn. when they arrived he was taken to see chief crooked knife, who liked him. the chief promised him his life if he could prove himself of greater strength than any man in the village. after he had outjumped and bested all the strongest of the braves, chief war knife adopted him and gave him his only daughter for a wife. the old chief was a hunchback and, also, a very intelligent temperance crank who drilled temperance in the daughters of his tribe. \u201d ( note : from boston library resource ) bradley could not return to the country he had left for he had killed a man and would surely be hanged for his crime, and he didn \u2019 t want the indians to kill him so he was happy to become a member of the tribe. some years later bradley went with some indians up river on a bear hunt and never returned. the indians said he was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3796760172826759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.038364"}
{"text": "for his crime, and he didn \u2019 t want the indians to kill him so he was happy to become a member of the tribe. some years later bradley went with some indians up river on a bear hunt and never returned. the indians said he was killed by a bear in a trap. he left a large family of children and many of his ancestors live in aroostook today. 14 dec 1742, topsfield, mass \u2014 john & zebulon, sons of richard estey and ruth fiske. john married mary hartt 14 nov 1769 in sheffield, maugerville, new brunswick. john died 12 oct 1824 in kingsclear, york co. new brunswick. zebulon was one of jacob \u2019 s sons in the bible. zebulon estey married mary ( molly ) brown aug 1765 newburyport, ma. zebulon died 10 oct 1825 in new brunswick canada. the esteys resided in rowley, mass until 1764 when they relocated to a settlement on the st john \u2019 s river in new brunswick canada called maugerville. zebulon made the trip the next year with his new bride and was one of the signers of the original covenant of the congressional church. zebulon \u2019 s daughter molly estey married her first cousin amos estey so many of our direct ancestors made the trip. - grandfather richard estey \u2013 age 58, - son richard estey ii age 36, wife hannah hazen age 37 and his son amos estey age 5 - son zebulon estey age 22 and his new bride molly brown - zeb \u2019 s twin brother john and sister sarah who married thomas barker also made the trip. the river st. john \u201d by rev. wm. raymond published in 1910, pages 334 - 5 : \u201c on 15 january 1765 on captain francis peabody \u2019 s schooner, came zebulon estey to maugerville. he paid 12 shillings passage money from newburyport to st. john and 13s 6d for ` his club of cyder \u2019 on the voyage. richard estey and thomas barker built a saw - mill on a small creek near middle island. ( after 1765. ) they sold it in 1779 \u2013 near maugerville. richard estey signed a church covenant for a distinct church society. many moved from maugerville due to the annoyance of the spring freshets. [ a sudden overflow of a stream resulting from a heavy rain or a thaw ] zebulon estey moved to gagetown. some went across", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36935369248287636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.039336"}
{"text": "society. many moved from maugerville due to the annoyance of the spring freshets. [ a sudden overflow of a stream resulting from a heavy rain or a thaw ] zebulon estey moved to gagetown. some went across the river to the township of burton. these included israel estey, moses estey and amos estey. \u201d excerpt from \u201c the studholme report \u2013 1783 \u2033 \u201c zebulon esty has a wife and 8 children. has been on about 5 years ; built a house and grist milland has about 3 acres of cleared land. went on in consequence of an agreement with mr. john crabtree acting as attorney for capt jades, and was promised a lease for ever on paymeny of a small acknowlegement yearly. said esty is a good man, his character very loyal and we beg leave to recommend him to be confirmed in his possessions \u201d 3 aug 1835 vassalboro, maine \u2014 ellen celeste and emma a., daughters of oliver webber and abigail hawes. ellen celeste webber married guilford dudley coleman 9 oct 1855 in vassalboro, maine. ellen died 31 oct 1881 in anoka, mn. emma married jacob melvin prescott bef. 1863 emma died between 1895 - 1900 in tama, iowa. ellen was educated in a new england \u201c female seminary \u201d and wrote beautifully and expressed herself elegantly. since her family disapproved of her marrying oliver webber, they eloped and emigrated to minnesota. he was young and poor. in minnesota he was a farmer and a blacksmith. see his page for details, i don \u2019 t think she liked frontier life very much. emma \u2019 s husband jacob melvin prescott was born 13 jul 1839 in maine. his parents were jacob prescott and mary chadbourne. jacob died 22 feb 1924 in jackson, oregon. emma was a student at maine state seminary students ( now bates college, a liberal arts college located in lewiston, maine. emma appears in this 1858 list of students from the bates college ( maine state seminary ) catalogue. emma married jacob melvin prescott before 1863. emma was six years older than her husband. in the 1880 census jacob was a laborer in montour, tama, iowa and their two oldest sons were working in a machine shop. emma died between 1895 when she was recorded in an iowa census and 1900 when jacob was living alone in montour and working as a jeweller. by 1910, jacob had moved in with his son herbert in grant \u2019 s pass, oregon. montour grew", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.393192361199658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.040274"}
{"text": "died between 1895 when she was recorded in an iowa census and 1900 when jacob was living alone in montour and working as a jeweller. by 1910, jacob had moved in with his son herbert in grant \u2019 s pass, oregon. montour grew to be a thriving community with churches, a high school, hotels, general stores, gas stations and even at one point a car dealership. in the past 30 years, most of these have faded away. the high school was incorporated into the tama county school system in the 1950s, became an elementary school in the 1980s and, with dwindling attendance, closed its doors completely in 2003. children of emma and jacob melvin prescott i. llewellyn prescott ( 1863, china, maine \u2013 1 jan 1938, jackson, oregon ) in the 1900 census, llewellyn ( 37 ), clarence ( 36 ) and alfred ( 24 ) were boarding together in omaha, nebraska. llewellyn was working as an electrician, clarence as a mechanical engineer and alfred as a journalist. in 1910, llewellyn was living with his sister mabel and her husband putnam in oakland, california and working as a machinist in a planing mill where putnam was the foreman. in the 1930 census, llewellyn had a plumbing shop in ashland, jackson, oregon and was living next to his brother \u2019 s widow anne prescott. ii. clarence prescott ( feb 1864 in china, kennebec, maine \u2013 23 dec 1919 in jackson, oregon ) ; m. anna t austin ( abt 1874 in iowa \u2013 4 sep 1958 in ashland, jackson, oregon ) anna \u2019 s parents were from norway. in the 1910 census, clarence had a carpentry shop in east ashland, oregon, in the 1930 census, anna was living with her daughter marie, a 24 year old school teacher and her son glen, a 19 year old newspaper typsetter. iii. herbert s prescott ( jun 1867 in china, maine \u2013 13 nov 1928 in salem, oregon ) ; m. 1897 alice m. peck ( mar 1864 in cedar falls, iowa \u2013 9 dec 1940 in salem, marion, oregon ) in the 1900 census, herbert was working as a mechanic in waterloo, iowa. in the 1910 census, herbert was a newspaper editor in grants pass, oregon. strangely, herbert is listed twice in the 1920 census, as a newspaper reporter living with alice in salem, oregon and as a laborer living with his sister mabel smith in atascadero, california. iv.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3826408771241865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.041125"}
{"text": "editor in grants pass, oregon. strangely, herbert is listed twice in the 1920 census, as a newspaper reporter living with alice in salem, oregon and as a laborer living with his sister mabel smith in atascadero, california. iv. justine prescott ( 1869 in china, kennebec, maine \u2013 after 1895 iowa census ) v. mabel prescott ( 1 mar 1872 in montour, tama, iowa \u2013 5 jan 1956 in los angeles, california ) ; m. putnam david smith ( 11 aug 1857 grant county, wisconsin \u2013 27 nov 1933, monfort, grant, wisconsin ) putnam was 15 years older than mabel. in the 1910 census, mabel was an artist ( picture painter ) in brooklyn township, oakland, calfornia. in the 1920 census, putnam was now the artist living in atascadero, california. by the 1930 census, putnam and mabel were retired in los angeles. after putnam died, mabel married a man named liddle. putnam david smith was born in grant county, wi on aug. 11, 1856. smith settled in los angeles in 1910. he died there on nov. 27, 1933. he was known for portrait painting source : edan hughes, \u201c artists in california, 1786 - 1940 \u2033 not much is known of the american beauty doll company, who began making composition dolls during world war i ( 1914 - 1918 ), when german dolls became scarce, due to the war. it was a family run business of hand made artist dolls by mr. putnam david smith, his wife mabel smith and their young daughter margaret. dolls were sold on the west coast of california, each composition doll was hand made and unique. most of the dolls have cloth stuffed bodies, but others used a ball jointed, german style all composition body. very few of these artist dolls have survived, as it proved to be unprofitable to make the dolls and due to the short duration of the company. below is a rare composition dolls, all courtesy of doll collector, m perkins. [ see oliver webber ' s page for all four ] 1963 san diego californa \u2014 ellen genevieve & janet eleanor, daughters of everett miner and nancy blair. this history of twins is dedicated to them! direct ancestor \u2013 one adult twin 11 sep 1644, roxbury, mass \u2014 peter & andrew, sons of john lewis and elizabeth [ _ _? _ _ ]. peter lewis married grace diamond about 1667. when he was 24, peter bought a house and fishing stages on smuttinose island from matthew", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41073888809893966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.041979"}
{"text": "essay that traces the ancestry of thomas back to a henry bullman who lived in the 1300s. the essay is written on a colorful, six foot long scroll and was originally published in nehgs register of april 1859 ( volume xiii, pages 161 - 5 ). it is stored in the library of the connecticut historical society located in hartford, connecticut. warning : a study titled \u201c the curious pedigree of lt. thomas minor \u201d by john a. miner and robert f. miner and published in the nehgs register of july 1984 ( volume 138 pages 182 - 5 ) indicates that much of the contents of this document and the coat of arms it presents are false. lodovick married anna dyer daughter of thomas dyer of staughton in the countie of huntington and had issue thomas born 1436 and after that twins born twenty two years after the birth of the said thomas and the twins george and arthur who both served the house of austria the younger married ( as philipe comines relates ) one henreta d \u2019 la villa odorosa. 1578 regis, dorset, england \u2014 cicely & joan, daughters of william phippen and jane jordaine. cicely married thomas reynolds, son of christopher reynolds and clarissa huntington. thomas and cicely died before 1611 when their daughter cecily traveled to virginia with her her mother \u2019 s twin sister and joan phippen and uncle capt. william pierce. the younger cecily reynolds ( wiki ) first married thomas bailey ( b. 1580 in england d. 20 sep 1620 in jamestown, charles city, virginia. next she married samuel jordan ( wiki ) ( b. 1578 in england d. 1623 in virginia. she married third to william farrar. she married our peter montague fourth around 1645. after peter died, she married thomas parker ( b. 1600 in burnham, buckinghamshire, england d. 1663 in isle wight, virginia. cicely died 12 sep 1660 in charles city, virginia. legend says that cecily was spoken of as a \u201c a notorious flirt \u201d and \u201c the glamour girl \u201d in the colony. see peter montague \u2019 s page for an account of her amorous adventures. her husbands had interesting tales too, for example samuel jordan was a passenger on the 1609 sea venture which wrecked in bermuda and inspired shakespeare \u2019 s play the tempest our step - mom twin, joan phippen died 1650. in a durable fire, the following comments were made about joan : \u201c joan pierce, brisk blackhaired young woman,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37112275142585516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.043863"}
{"text": "thomas drowned before 5 may 1689. thomas was a constable 1661 and 1664 ; had a grant of land in 1665. there was an inquest into the untimely deaths of samuel lord, robert houston, and thomas littlefield of wells maine who all drowned the same day at berwick. the inquest, held prior to 5 mar 1689, consisted of three constables and three coroners. hannah married peter cloyes about 1663. hannah died in 1699 in wells, maine, 3 feb 1639, sudbury, mass. \u2014 joseph & nathaniel, sons of solomon johnson sr and elinor craft. joseph married susannah joslin 19 nov 1667 hoseph died apr 1668. nathaniel married mary plimpton in marlborough, mass. nathaniel died 24 jul 1718 in marlborough, mass 31 may 1640 salem, mass. \u2014 zacharaih & sarah son and daughter of robert goodale and catherine [ kilham? ]. zachariah married elizabeth beauchamp 30 apr 1666 in salem, mass. samuel died in 1715. elizabeth ( beacham ) goodale, wife of zachariah goodale, accused her brother - in - law john smith of sexual assault ; this case brought forth many illuminating depositions from family members and neighbors. ( see robert goodale \u2019 s page for details. ) sarah goodale married john batchelder ( son of our ancestor joseph batcheller ) 4 may 1666. sarah died 22 mar 1729 / 30 in wenham, mass. 4 feb 1647 rehoboth, mass. \u2014 elizabeth and mary, daughters of sgt. thomas wilmarth and elizabeth bliss. elizabeth married jonathan fuller 14 dec 1664 in rehoboth, mass. elizabeth died 4 oct 1690 rehoboth, mass. mary married first joseph rocket 5 jan 1680 in rehoboth, mass. she married second giles gilbert on 28 oct 1686 in taunton, mass and third to jeremiah wheaton 12 jun 1723. 15 oct 1651 eastham, barnstable, mass, ( tip of cape cod ) \u2014 apphia & mercy bangs, daughters of capt. edward bangs and rebecca hobart. apphia and mercy were first married on the same day. apphia married john knowles 28 dec 1670 in eastham, mass. next she married stephen atwood jun 1676 in eastham, mass. apphia died 12 jun 1722. mercy married stephen merrick 28 dec 1670 eastham, mass. she died after 1684 when her last child was born. the earliest appearance of apphia \u2019 s husband john knowles may have been while he was still", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3941740810984202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.045758"}
{"text": "1676 / 77, for the murder of john knowles, john tisdell, sr., and samuel atkins. the jury found grounds of suspicion against two and acquitted one, but all three were sold into slavery as \u2018 prisoners of war. \u2019 the sum of \u00a310 was presented by the colony to \u2018 apthya widow of john knowles lately slain in the service. \u2019 in 1676 lieut. jonathan sparrow and jonathan bangs were delegated by the court to asssist the yound widow in settleing her husband \u2019 s affairs. \u201c 17 mar 1665, rehoboth, mass. \u2014 joseph & mercy, son and daughter of john titus and abigail carpenter. joseph married martha palmer, daughter of jonah palmer, 19 jan. 1687 / 88 in rehoboth. joseph was living rehoboth 16 jun 1741, aged 76. mercy married dr. richard bowen 9 jan 1683 in rehoboth, mass. mercy died 27 jan 1747 in rehoboth. 2 may 1666, watertown, mass \u2014 benjamin & daniel, sons of george lawrence and elizabeth crispe. these twins married seven times, a record for our family. benjamin first married mary clough 4 jul 1689, charlestown, mass. he married 2nd to anna phillips 3 feb 1695, third to anna coolidge 18 nov 1716 and fourth to elizabeth bennett 9 jul 1719. benjamin died 7 sep 1733. daniel lawrence first married sarah counce 19 jun 1689. he married 2nd to hannah mason nov 1695 and third to maud russell 23 aug 1722. daniel died 20 oct 1743 in watertown, mass. 13 jun 1671, bradford mass. \u2014 john & hannah, son and daughter of john griffin and lydia shatswell. john first married mary green 1694 haverhill, essex, mass. he next married mary ( capen ) baker. john died 23 june 1739. hannah married daniel morrison 1690 in newbury, mass. hannah died 9 oct 1700 newbury, mass. jan 1677 / 78, malden mass. \u2014 hannah & joseph, daughter and son of deacon thomas skinner and mary pratt. hannah married john grover. hannah died 21 aug 1728 in colchester, ct. joseph died 18 jan 1725 in malden, mass. 1685, yarmouth, barnstable, mass \u2014 samuel & william, sons of nathaniel basset and dorcas joyce, sammuel married elizabeth jones 1699 in yarmouth, mass and died feb 1760 east greenwich, kent, rhode island. william first marrried martha godfrey 23 feb 1710 yarmouth, barnstable, mass. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3742753773737468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.047581"}
{"text": "waldo, maine. he next married mrs. harriet m baker joshua died in 1876 in corinth, maine. joseph married mrs. ellen maria ( boody ) pride on 7 oct 1845 joseph died 12 jun 1885 in deering, maine. tamzin is a short form of thomasina ( aramaic ) \u201c twin \u201d. this family had four sets of twins : - isaac and tamzin had twins : joshua and joseph - isaac \u2019 s son joseph had twins ; henry and mary - isaac \u2019 s son john had twins, hadley and henry. - isaac \u2019 s daughter abigail had twins ellen and emma. ellen is our ancestor. - isaac \u2019 s grand daughter annie shaw ( almira \u2019 s daughter ) had twins, sumner and attic. joshua \u2019 s son granville was a judge in new york city. joshua lived in corinth, penobscot county, maine, his house was famous through the countryside for its ample proportions and generous hospitality ; he held for many years the offices of justice of the peace, and deacon. granville graduated from bowdoin college in 1860. subsequently he became professor of rhetoric and english literature in the state college of maryland. he was also a graduate of the columbia college law school, and started in the practice of the law shortly after leaving the institution. he was for four years in the military service, going all through our civil war, being on the stafif of major - gen. william h. emory, commanding the nineteenth army corps. his success at the bar led to his nomination, in 1879. for the old marine court judgeship. after a very exciting election he was elected judge of that court, being the only republican elected on the entire city and county ticket. one adult twin 13 sep 1614, beccles, suffolk, england \u2014 samuel & nathaniel, sons of rev. robert peck and anne lawrence. samuel died young. nathaniel married deliverance [ _ _? _ _ ], nathaniel was an original purchaser in hingham mass in the 1635 land grants. nathaniel \u2019 s wife deliverance died 30 apr 1675 in sawnsea, bristol, mass. nathaniel died 1658 in mass 1 jan 1641 salisbury, mass \u2014 gregorie & thomas, sons of john hoyt and frances tewksbury. gregorie died the day he was born. thomas married mary brown 17 dec 1667 in salisbury. thomas died 3 jan 1690 19 oct 1642, drc new amsterdam \u2013 grietjen hendrickje & margarieet westercamp daughters of femmetje albertse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41211053374020584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.050903"}
{"text": "and goods burnt, and voe malum, a daughter of about 10 years of age, who directed her brother so that he got out, was herself consumed to ashes. \u2019 josiah first married margaret hopkins 23 dec 1686 rowley and next married mary felt. josiah died 10 dec 1728 enfield, hartford, ct 26 jul 1665, baptized dutch reformed church, kingston \u2014 jan & jacob, sons of francois lesueur and jannatie hildebrand pietersen. jan married rachel smedes 1 oct 1686 in the dutch reformed church, new york city, jan died in kingston, ny. 30 oct 1674 harwich mass, edmund, henry & mercy freeman, sons and daughter of deacon thomas freeman and rebecca sparrow. edmund and henry died young. mercy married paul sears 1693 harwich, mass. mercy died 30 aug 1747 in w brewster mass. 6 jan 1689, baptized in french church in narragansett, rhode island \u2014 pierre and marie magdelene, son and daughter of marie arnaud and pierre traverrier. pierre marriedn mary rezeau ( anne rezeau \u2018 s sister and daughter of rene rezeau ) pierre died in 1749. marie arnaud \u2019 s first husband, jean perlier was a pilotte de navire, a title that literally translated means a naval pilot. back then that meant not only a navigator but the person who actually created the charts. he worked for ship owner andre arnaud and married his daughter 27 nov 1667 in temple of la tremblade, perche, france. during this time there was a great turmoil in france and the huguenots ( french protestants ) were under tremendous pressure. children were taken from their parents and put into catholic homes, parents were persecuted and frequently put to death. when the slaughter and persecution began, the perlier family was ripped apart. possibly jean was at sea, for he managed to flee north to holland. he never saw his family again and for many years believed then dead. andre arnaud smuggled daughter marie, marie \u2019 s children, sister jael and cousin andre out of the country hidden in wine casks aboard one of his ships. it has been told that they hid in hogsheads which had holes bored in them and were stored with the freight in the bottom of the ship until they were out of reach of the inspectors. the first known record of marie arnaud in the united states is in 1687 when she appears as a widow on a list of the french church at narragan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4031579113115923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.052980"}
{"text": "freight in the bottom of the ship until they were out of reach of the inspectors. the first known record of marie arnaud in the united states is in 1687 when she appears as a widow on a list of the french church at narragansett, rhode island. on the ship marie met the captain, pierre traverrier. marie and pierre were married 4 jan 1688 in the church at frenchtown, narragansett, rhode island. their marriage was recorded on 20 apr 1688, in the registers of the old french church in new york city. 27 nov 1692, albany, ny \u2014 alida & catrina, daughters of jacobus turck and cathryntje van benthuysen. alida married willem van beeck 14 aug 1714 in new york, ny. alida died 26 dec 1756 in new york or kingston, ny 3 jun 1694, saugerties, ulster county, ny \u2014 jacob & rachel, son and daughter of cornelis lambertsen brink and marijken egbertse meynderse. rachel married arend ploeg 30 jun 1720 in kingston, ny. rachel died in 1737 in ulster, new york. 4 jun 1819 upper kent, new brunswick \u2014 george f & john, sons of jonathan parks and sarah hannah bradley. george married rebecca bubar on 20 mar 1840 eaton grant, aroostook, maine. he enlisted as a private on 26 jan 1864 at the age of 42 in company g, 15th infantry regiment maine. george was still enlisted in company g, 15th infantry regiment maine when he died of disease on 7 aug 1864 in washington, dc. george participated in the red river campaign, a series of battles fought along the red river in louisiana from march 10 to may 22, 1864. the campaign was a diversion from lt. gen. ulysses s. grant \u2019 s plan to surround the main confederate armies by using banks \u2019 s army of the gulf to capture mobile, alabama. it was a dismal union failure, characterized by poor planning and mismanagement, in which not a single objective was fully accomplished. while at matagorda peninsula in texas, from jan. 17 to feb. 28, 1864, three - fourths of the original members of the maine 15th regiment reenlisted for another term of three years. returning to new orleans in march, the regiment formed a part of gen. banks \u2019 red river expedition, during which it marched more than 700 miles in two months, and participated in the battles of sabine cross -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38986168899225626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.055047"}
{"text": "you pick for your baby name? 5 sep 1664 dover, nh \u2014 ebenezer and john varney, sons of humphrey varney and sarah starbuck. john died 14 aug 1666 dover, nh. 20 apr 1669 newbury, mass \u2014 francis and thomas, sons of francis thurlow and ann morse. both died young. 22 sep 1674 scituate, mass. \u2014 margaret & sarah, daughters of edward wanton and elizabeth [ _ _? _ _ ]. margaret died 19 apr 1676 in scituate, mass. sarah died 9 dec 1675 in scituate, mass. 6 dec 1677 gloucester, essex, mass \u2014 mary & john, daughter and son of thomas prince jr. and elizabeth harraden. mary died before 11 jan 1705. capt. john prince first married abigail ellery 1705 in gloucester, mass. he next married mary wharff 7 aug 1746 gloucester john died 19 apr 1767 in gloucester, mass. 1682 taunton, bristol, mass. \u2014 mary & sarah, daughters of john harvey and elizabeth willey. the girls died a few days apart in lyme ct when they were 23. mary on 10 jan 1705 and sarah on 13 jan 1705. 23 aug 1713 lyme, ct \u2014 emphraim & dorothy willey, son and daughter of isaac willey ii and rose bennett. one source states that both ephraim and dorothy died in 1770. since it is unique and provides no further details, i \u2019 m assuming they died young. 25 jul 1737 rumford, merrimack, new hampshire \u2014 john & sarah, son and daughter of thomas jewell iii and judith lancaster. both john and sarah died in 1738. 15 feb 1769 / 70 east haddam, ct \u2014 molly & sarah miner, daughters of sgt. elihu miner and mrs mary dean. both molly and sarah died before 1790.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3729635480618545, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a277b01b-e9b5-4064-82c4-d46e1db752d5>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.056781"}
{"text": "japanese art and the andon : there is a light that never goes out the outstanding feature of the andon is its portability. noted for their elegance and restrained design, they were developed in the early edo where interiors were sparsely furnished and the few objects that there were all conformed to a certain design aesthetic. the paper shades were very probably a development of the shoji : paper lined sliding doors that allowed diffused sunlight to enter rooms during the day. the type illustrated here is a kaku - andon, the commonest, portable version. maru - andon, popular in osaka were cylindrical versions and there were smaller versions, like bedside lights that were called ariake - andon or daybreak lanterns. yoshitoshi borrowed the device of the lantern and much else in his own version of the story of jirozaemon illustrated above. lanterns \u2013 light, shadow, silhouette \u2013 these had superstitious meaning to the edo japanese. ghosts and demons were commonly thought to be revealed by a cast light, a shadow or a shape seen through a shade or a shoji. the illustration above left of a print by kunichika of the cat demon of okazaki illustrates how the hand of the demon is revealed as a paw by the paper shade of a kaku - andon and the print of the geisha otoyo ( above right ), possessed by the spirit of a vampire cat shows the same relationship, this time drawn in the shadow of a sliding shoji, thrown by a hanging andon. the andon is used to great effect in the print of the 24 paragons of filial piety by chikanobu. in this case a beautiful example of a high quality lantern is shown being held by a faithless wife in the act of profaning the statue of her mother - in - law. the supernatural subject matter and eerie setting is heightened by the storm outside and the light cast by the portable andon. of course there were no real demons exposed by the ghostly light of these shadow makers, but there were countless tragedies caused by the careless use of andon. the structures were tall, top heavy and fragile. the construction of thin, dry wood and lacquered paper, tinder dry, were highly flammable as were the traditional timber houses of old edo. devastating fire was commonplace throughout the city, even despite the highly organised guilds of firemen, watch towers and alarm bells. there were 1798 recorded major fires in 267 years, 49 of which levelled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48675886203920005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77d8a1f6-1dd8-4a48-8a17-628b833d1a9d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.060709"}
{"text": "assembly : system. xml ( in system. xml. dll ) xmlresolver is used to resolve external xml resources, such as entities, document type definitions ( dtds ), or schemas. it is also used to process include and import elements found in extensible stylesheet language ( xsl ) style sheets or xml schema definition language ( xsd ) schemas. xmlurlresolver is a concrete implementation of xmlresolver and is the default resolver for all classes in the system. xml namespace. you can also create your own resolver. you should consider the following items when working with the xmlresolver class. xmlresolver objects can contain sensitive information such as user credentials. you should be careful when caching xmlresolver objects and should not pass the xmlresolver object to an untrusted component. if you are designing a class property that uses the xmlresolver class, the property should be defined as a write - only property. the property can be used to specify the xmlresolver to use, but it cannot be used to return an xmlresolver object. if your application accepts xmlresolver objects from untrusted code, you cannot assume that the uri passed into the getentity method will be the same as that returned by the resolveuri method. classes derived from the xmlresolver class can override the getentity method and return data that is different than what was contained in the original uri. your application can mitigate memory denial of service threats to the getentity method by implementing a wrapping implemented istream that limits the number of bytes read. this helps to guard against situations where malicious code attempts to pass an infinite stream of bytes to the getentity method. the following example creates an xmlreader that uses an xmlurlresolver with default credentials. / / create an xmlurlresolver with default credentials. xmlurlresolver resolver = new xmlurlresolver ( ) ; resolver. credentials = credentialcache. defaultcredentials ; / / create the reader. xmlreadersettings settings = new xmlreadersettings ( ) ; settings. xmlresolver = resolver ; xmlreader reader = xmlreader. create ( \" http : / / servername / data / books. xml \" ) ; windows 98, windows 2000 sp4, windows ce,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.506085807477146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e62b0074-7250-4434-8314-3fccf4f71da8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.064046"}
{"text": "the arabs carrying islam westwards to the atlantic ocean first set foot on spanish soil during july 710 the leader of the raid, which was to prove the forerunner of long moslem occupation of the iberian peninsula, was named tarif, and the promontory on which he landed commemorates his exploit by being called to this day tarifa. the main invasion followed a year later ; tariq ibn ziyad, a berber by birth, brought over from the african side of the narrows a comparatively small army which sufficed to overthrow roderick the visigoth and to supplant the cross by the crescent ; he gave his name to that famous rock of gibraltar ( jabal tariq, the mountain of tariq ), which has been disputed by so many conquerors down the ages, and over which the british flag has fluttered since the early years of the eighteenth century. when ibn hazm, the author of the book here translated, was born on 7 november 994, islam had been established in andalusia for nearly three hundred years. since 756 cordova, his birthplace, had been the capital of the umaiyad rulers of this now independent kingdom ; ' for it was in the far west of the moslem empire that the remnant of the first dynasty of caliphs found shelter and renewed greatness after being supplanted in baghdad by their conquerors the abbasids. the two centuries which followed the inauguration of the western caliphate witnessed the rise of a brilliant civilization and culture which have left an ineradicable impress on the peninsula, embodied in so many fine moorish buildings ; the cathedral mosque of cordova, founded in 786, mentioned several times in the pages of this book, was converted into a christian cathedral by ferdinand iii in 1236, but its familiar name \" la mesquita \" still recalls the purpose for which it was originally erected. it was during ibn hazm ' s own lifetime that the umaiyad caliphate was finally extinguished. abu muhammad ` ali ibn muhammad ibn sa ' id ibn ' hazm, to give our author his full name - for the arabs call a man first after his son, secondly by his own name, and thirdly after his father and his ancestors - belonged to a notable family converted from christianity several generations before. his father was a high official in the service of al - mansur, regent of hisham ii, and of his son al - muzaffar ; al - mansur and al - muzaffar were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42699716589459863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:090e6b29-9f48-4b98-acda-6a82cd6ddc1a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.080486"}
{"text": "from christianity several generations before. his father was a high official in the service of al - mansur, regent of hisham ii, and of his son al - muzaffar ; al - mansur and al - muzaffar were members of the banu ' amir who had succeeded in arrogating to themselves all the power and privileges of the caliphate but its name. being the son of such a man, to whom he always refers as \" the late vizier \", ibn hazm enjoyed a happy though secluded childhood, and the advantages of an excellent education ; he tells us that most of his early teachers were women. the fall of the banu ' amir led soon after to the dismissal and house - arrest of their faithful minister, who died four years later on 22 june 1012. the umaiyads were now near their end ; andalusia was in a state of anarchy ; in 1013 the berber insurgents seized and sacked cordova, and on 13 july of that year ibn hazm fled from the city of his birth and set out upon extensive wanderings, of which he gives us fascinating glimpses in the pages of this book. in 1 o 16 ` ali ibn hammud proclaimed himself caliph, but did not long survive his usurpation of power. the next fourteen years were chaotic in the extreme, as umaiyad and hammudid pretenders struggled for possession of the precarious throne. in 1030 the citizens of cordova, weary of so much disorder, declared the caliphate to be at an end and set up in its place a sort of republic ; but the authority of cordova had meanwhile dwindled away, and andalusia was split between numerous independent principalities. the way was being prepared for the reconquista. the fall of granada in 1492 drove the moslems from their last foothold in the iberian peninsula. ibn hazm ' s first refuge after his flight from cordova was almeria, where he lived quietly and in comparative security for a time. but in 1016 khairan, the governor of that city, having made common cause with ` ali ibn hammud against the umaiyad sulaiman, accused ibn hazm of harbouring umaiyad sympathies, and after imprisoning him for some months banished him from his province. our author made a brief stay at aznalcazar, and then betook himself to valencia, where ` abd al - rahman iv al", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4357595092478994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:090e6b29-9f48-4b98-acda-6a82cd6ddc1a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.081396"}
{"text": "for the copyist of the manuscript was not very careful ; but many improved readings were proposed by a succession of learned reviewers, prominent among them being i. goldziher, c. brockelmann, w. marcais and a. r. nykl. in 1931 an english translation was published by nykl at paris ; ten years later m. weisweiler produced an amiable german rendering, which has had a very considerable success. in 194. 9 f. gabrieli offered an italian version ; and in the same year l. bercher issued at algiers a revised edition of the text, accompanied by an interleaved french translation. finally in 1952 an elegant spanish translation was published by e. garcia gdmez. the present writer is profoundly indebted to the labors of these his distinguished predecessors, which have illuminated most of the obscurities that disfigured petrof ' s text. he has been eclectic, he hopes judiciously, in his interpretations of those not infrequent passages where scholars have been in conflict ; and he has taken into his translation a few emendations of his own. he feels reasonably confident, though by no means complacent, that all but a very small number of cruxes have now been resolved. the extremely interesting and learned introduction with which nykl prefaced his meritorious but inelegant and somewhat unsatisfactory rendering disposes of the necessity of covering the same ground again ; in brief, that most widely - read and humane scholar has discussed the relationship between the ring of the dove and the writings of the troubadours, a subject which he has studied further in his excellent hispano - arabic poetry ( baltimore, 194, 6 ). my own intentions are in any case more modest ; i have aimed at making an accurate and, i trust, tolerably readable translation for the perusal of the general public, and not so much for the consideration of experts. i do not propose therefore to adventure into the perilous arena of comparative literature, and shall confine the remainder of these brief comments to a discursive appreciation of the contents of ibn hazm ' s book. arabic literature, which is exceedingly extensive in bulk, does not abound in books of the sort that modern taste finds readable. the explanation of this paradox is fairly obvious. before the advent of islam the arabs appear to have had no tradition of writing and reading, and their literary instinct was satisfied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46214158923112836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:090e6b29-9f48-4b98-acda-6a82cd6ddc1a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.083584"}
{"text": ", does not abound in books of the sort that modern taste finds readable. the explanation of this paradox is fairly obvious. before the advent of islam the arabs appear to have had no tradition of writing and reading, and their literary instinct was satisfied by the composition of poetry and proverbial sayings, all transmitted by word of mouth. the fast book to be compiled in arabia was the koran ; and that, according to native report, was put together by an editor after the death of mohammed. though poetry was regarded as a suspect pursuit by the narrowly orthodox, even they could not deny its value as an instrument of religious propaganda ; and since religion in islam soon became entangled with politics, the age - old forms of panegyric and satire continued to flourish in the brave new age of faith in action. meanwhile the requirements of dogma, ritual and law encouraged the growth of a kind of literature which soon found acceptance as a respectable and indeed a meritorious occupation ; wandering scholars made it their care to collect the traditional sayings of mohammed, carried into remote provinces of the far - flung moslem empire by the victorious expeditionaries of the cause. these traditions were in time organized into digests following a set pattern, the arrangement being by topics of ritual and law. in this way the arabs came to regard the book as a collection of anecdotes written down in accordance with a premeditated scheme ; though some still considered the memory to be a superior medium of transmission to the written word. contact with other peoples presently made the arabs aware of the existence of other literatures. the persians introduced them to the idea of adab, a term most difficult to translate ; broadly speaking, adab is a form of prose composition whose primary purpose is not religious but secular, and which is intended not merely for instruction but also for enjoyment. it was the persians who taught the arabs to appreciate and to write elegant prose ; they also initiated their rude conquerors into the pleasures of amusing fiction, and encouraged them to amorous adventures. from the greeks the arabs learned science and philosophy, the art and the delight of discussion and dialectic. persians and greeks together persuaded the austere and somewhat joyless arabs that concubinage could be an tsthetic and ' intellectual as well as a physical pleasure. they taught them many other things besides, but these are not relevant to the present subject. many of these lessons were naturally rejected with horror by the strictly religious, but they left their impress on arabic literature. the arabs had certainly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49929807943911675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:090e6b29-9f48-4b98-acda-6a82cd6ddc1a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.084682"}
{"text": "as a physical pleasure. they taught them many other things besides, but these are not relevant to the present subject. many of these lessons were naturally rejected with horror by the strictly religious, but they left their impress on arabic literature. the arabs had certainly known and appreciated the joys of the flesh, long before islam persuaded them that these were inferior to the delights of the spirit. so the poets inform us ; and it is significant that poets were the heroes of the numerous desert romances, which now passed into wide circulation. islam made it increasingly difficult for the situation to develop in which boy meets girl. love became a complicated and dangerous exploit ; though marriage was of course never difficult ; the romantic drama acquired its stock characters and conventional scenes. moreover the puritanical spirit of islam, making a virtue out of social necessity, discovered as much satisfaction in the quest as in the conquest. the idealization of a sort of. platonic love, in which the lover never achieved union with the beloved, inspired much of the finest poetry of the arabs ; it supplied the mystics with a favourite theme of meditation, when they substituted the divine for the human object of the most powerful of man ' s natural passions. in the ring of the dove we find these various tendencies and influences meeting together, to form a perfect blend of sacred learning and profane delectation. ibn hazm never lets us forget that he is a moslem, with a reverence for and an expert knowledge of the traditional - moslem values and sciences. he freely illustrates his discourse with quotations from the koran, and the traditions of the prophet, these latter supported by all the paraphernalia of what the arabs called ` ilm al - hadith, those chains of transmission \" which are considered to guarantee the authenticity of the sayings put into mohammed ' s mouth. he contrives to keep the discussion on a high moral level, though he occasionally takes a plunge into more dangerous depths ; he rounds off his book with a pair of erudite and ethically irreproachable chapters ( though even these contain a shocking anecdote or two ) which he hoped would conciliate even the most austere spirit. at the same time he tells his stories, many of them autobiographical, in polished prose, embellished with extracts from his i own poetry ; which would have been considerably s more extensive, had they not been drastically pruned by the copyist. in order that he may escape the charge of amusing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45850011804173874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:090e6b29-9f48-4b98-acda-6a82cd6ddc1a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.085711"}
{"text": "them autobiographical, in polished prose, embellished with extracts from his i own poetry ; which would have been considerably s more extensive, had they not been drastically pruned by the copyist. in order that he may escape the charge of amusing without instructing, he binds his scattered narratives together with connecting links of theoretical discussion, in which he betrays his acquaintance with greek philosophy - and we have yet to appreciate the full extent of plato ' s influence on the arabs - and organizes the whole material into a systematic pattern. he has written not a collection of tales, but a book. ibn hazm ' s prose, judged by the canons of adab accepted in his day, is of a very high quality ; it is learned without becoming frigid, rhetorical without being bombastic, fluent without degenerating into flatulence. his poetry, of which he appears to have had a considerable conceit, is in truth very mediocre, and we need shed few tears over its cavalier treatment at the hands of the scribe ; nevertheless it is not wholly lacking in merit, and if in translation it comes out somewhat pedestrian and humdrum - and the fault is not entirely the translator ' s - yet for all that it succeeds to some extent in fulfilling the author ' s purpose of varying the pitch and pattern of his composition. the book as a whole is a book in our understanding of the word, and as such belongs to the very rare category of arabic book which merits translation exactly as it stands. for the sad but plain truth is that extremely few arabic books translate well. apart from that passion for the display of traditional religious learning which animated most arab writers and recommended them to their fellows but inevitably set up a barrier between them and the outside world, grammar and philology were also held to be indispensable weapons in the armory of the ambitious author. the arabs were fiercely proud of the complexities of \" their syntax and the opulence of their vocabulary where learning conflicted with taste, learning generally won the day. ibn hazm is therefore surprisingly free of pedantry ; it is doubtful whether any other arab writer so well qualified as he would have resisted, as he does in one striking passage, the temptation to enumerate all that earlier scholars had said on the derivation of the arabic word for \" passion \". yet ibn hazm was after all only human, and therefore indulges occasionally in poetic images drawn from the technicalities of grammar and syntax or from the obscurities of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4809295209600501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:090e6b29-9f48-4b98-acda-6a82cd6ddc1a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.088899"}
{"text": "said on the derivation of the arabic word for \" passion \". yet ibn hazm was after all only human, and therefore indulges occasionally in poetic images drawn from the technicalities of grammar and syntax or from the obscurities of scholasticism. as a mirror to the society in which he was brought up he is almost uniquely valuable. i have tried to translate as faithfully as possible, given the difficulties posed by the task of rendering a semitic into an aryan idiom. i do not think that the prose parts of this version need too much apology ; but something ought certainly to be said on behalf of the pieces in metre and rhyme. the first thing to repeat and this is quite honestly not a case of an indifferent workman blaming his tools - is that ibn hazm was not a great poet ; and as every translator is aware, there is no more baffling labour than to endeavor to do justice to the mediocre ; the result is bound to be mediocre at best, and at worst it may be intolerable. if the translator possesses a sufficient degree of technical dexterity in versifying, he usually finds that indifferent verse is easier to stomach - when put into metre and rhyme than when dissected into strips of prose. and since his original for his part said what he had to say in rhyme and metre, it seems, at least to my way of thinking, that the interpreter should take the same trouble, for there is always the off - chance that he may occasionally produce something memorable. those modern critics who decry the tradition, established in our own literature over several centuries, of rendering classical poetry into the traditional forms of english verse, have yet to prove, so far at least as arabic is concerned, that their alternative solution of the problem is either theoretically more sound, or in practice, more successful. page last modified on 2008 - 01 - 04. page url is : www. muslimphilosophy. com / hazm / dove / template. htm site \u00a9 copyright 2004 by islamic philosophy online, inc. a not - for - profit organization dedicated to the study of islamic philosophy. individual content may have its own individual copyrights. see copyright information. click here for an internet citation guide. page created on : 2004 - 03 - 03", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5047149507370994, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:090e6b29-9f48-4b98-acda-6a82cd6ddc1a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.090659"}
{"text": "as we age, the macula ( the small part of the retina at the back of the eye that provides sharpness of vision ) begins to break down and produces small white particles called drusen, which are seen in a fundus photograph and in a cross - sectional diagram above. these can be an early sign of age - related macular degeneration, but they do not usually cause vision loss by themselves and not all patients who develop drusen go on to require macular surgery. the dry or atrophic form of age - related macular degeneration, seen above in fundus photography and in a cross - sectional diagram, is the most common form of macular degeneration, accounting for about 90 percent of cases. although this form of age - related macular degeneration does not usually cause severe vision loss, it can progress to the wet form, so patients who have it should see their ophthalmologist regularly. the wet or exudative form of age - related macular degeneration, seen here in fundus photography and in a cross - sectional diagram, affects about 10 percent of amd patients. it is caused by the growth of abnormal blood vessels at the back of the eye that can leak fluid and blood. the wet form of amd typically causes significant vision problems in the affected eye and can progress very rapidly and cause permanent vision loss. what is age - related macular degeneration? age - related macular degeneration ( amd ) is the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 50 in the united states. this eye disease affects the macula, the central part of the light - sensing nerve tissue in the eye known as the retina. the macula provides the sharp, straight - ahead vision that allows you to see small detail, read fine print, recognize faces and see street signs. what causes amd? there are two types of amd - the dry ( atrophic ) form and the wet ( exudative ) form. the dry form of amd affects about 90 percent of amd patients and usually begins with the formation of tiny yellow deposits called drusen in the macula. drusen usually do not cause serious loss of vision, but can cause distortion of vision. however, for reasons that are not yet understood, sometimes drusen will cause the macula to thin and break down, slowly leading to vision loss. the wet form of age - related macular degeneration occurs in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5006612139370944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb55f2cf-2697-4a7c-a87a-5f3168e46f9b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.097220"}
{"text": "cause distortion of vision. however, for reasons that are not yet understood, sometimes drusen will cause the macula to thin and break down, slowly leading to vision loss. the wet form of age - related macular degeneration occurs in about 10 percent of patients. it is caused by the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the macula that can leak fluid and blood. wet amd typically causes significant vision loss. age - related macular degeneration is the leading cause of vision problems in the affected eye and can progress very rapidly, causing permanent central vision loss. the exact cause of amd is not known. amd may be hereditary. if someone in your family has or had amd, you may be at higher risk for developing the disease. what are the symptoms of amd? a primary symptom of amd is a distortion in vision that makes straight lines appear wavy or irregular. patients also may notice blurriness and dimming of vision, a dark or blank spot in the center of their vision, or that the size or color of something looks different when viewed through different eyes. how is amd diagnosed? your ophthalmologist will perform a complete clinical examination to diagnose amd. he or she may order a fluorescein or indocyanine green angiogram to look for the abnormal blood vessels within or under the retina. during each of these procedures, dye is injected in the arm, and photographs ( not x - rays ) are taken from a special camera to track the movement of the dye as it reaches the eye and to show any changes in the retina. these photographs will serve as a guide for treatment. what treatments are available for amd? many national eye centers, including the cleveland clinic cole eye institute, are investigating new medications and other ways to treat amd. although there currently is no medical or surgical treatment for the dry form of amd, eyesight may be helped with low - vision aids that use special lenses or electronic systems to produce enlarged images of nearby objects. patients also can be trained to use their peripheral ( side ) vision to help them see more clearly. one recent study found that taking high levels of antioxidants can reduce some patients ' chances of developing amd. ask your eye doctor if this type of therapy is right for you. because the dry form of amd can change into the wet form, it is very important for patients to monitor their eyesight carefully and see their ophthalmologist on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5043326186658534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb55f2cf-2697-4a7c-a87a-5f3168e46f9b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.098139"}
{"text": "ask your eye doctor if this type of therapy is right for you. because the dry form of amd can change into the wet form, it is very important for patients to monitor their eyesight carefully and see their ophthalmologist on a regular basis. for patients with the wet form of amd, early diagnosis and treatment are critical to save as much vision as possible. early diagnosis can help expand treatment options and increase the likelihood of preserving eyesight. several options are available to treat the wet form of amd, but not all are appropriate or successful for all patients. these treatments include : - photodynamic therapy - combining the use of a cold laser with a light - sensitive drug to destroy abnormal blood vessels. the drug is injected into the arm and travels to the unwanted vessels in the eye. this helps avoid damage to healthy retinal tissue. - laser therapy - the use of high - energy lights to destroy actively growing abnormal blood vessels. the cole eye institute is also testing several experimental treatments for amd for patients who qualify for these studies : - anti - angiogenesis medications - there are several drugs that prevent the growth of abnormal blood vessels currently being tested. - surgery to remove abnormal blood vessels and blood - the surgeon may use a genetically engineered enzyme called tissue plasminogen activator ( t - pa ) to dissolve any blood clots under the macula. - macular translocation - this new procedure may be performed if there are abnormal blood vessels directly under the center of the macula, where a laser beam cannot be placed safely. here, the surgeon rotates the retina away from the abnormal blood vessels to an area that is healthy, thus preventing the formation of scar tissue and further damage to the retina. then, laser therapy is used to treat the abnormal blood vessels. what can i expect after macular surgery? after the surgeon removes the abnormal blood vessels or moves the retina, an air bubble is placed in the eye so the retina can heal properly. the patient must remain in certain positions ( e. g. upright, laying down or sitting to one side ) for several days following macular surgery, until the body has absorbed the air bubble. once the doctor can examine the eye after macular surgery, they may order another angiogram to make sure there are no additional areas of blood leakage. if any problem areas are observed, the doctor may perform additional laser treatment. as the eye continues to heal over the next three to six weeks following macular surgery,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46264644199010874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb55f2cf-2697-4a7c-a87a-5f3168e46f9b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.099073"}
{"text": "another angiogram to make sure there are no additional areas of blood leakage. if any problem areas are observed, the doctor may perform additional laser treatment. as the eye continues to heal over the next three to six weeks following macular surgery, you are treated with eye drops to reduce inflammation, keep the eye comfortable and prevent infection. once the eye has healed, you are fitted for glasses and any necessary low - vision aids. can surgery help if i ' m legally blind? depending upon the cause of legal blindness, it is possible that surgery may help. if recent bleeding or leakage under the retina has resulted in legal blindness, surgery can be considered. can i have surgery if lasers were used as a prior treatment? because bleeding or leakage may occur beneath the retina even following the laser treatment, it is possible that surgery can help. are there any side effects? rare complications may include infection, elevation of pressure in the eye ( glaucoma ) or damage to structures in the eye including the acceleration of clouding of the lens ( cataract ). in very rare instances, retinal detachment or severe loss of vision may occur. i have other medical conditions. can i still have surgery? as long as you can maintain a face - down position for several days following the surgery and you are not prone to excessive bleeding during surgery, other medical conditions or age should not be a factor if you are considered an appropriate candidate for surgery. your cole eye institute vitreoretinal specialist will work closely with your other doctors to be certain that your other medical conditions are treated and controlled as best as possible before, during and after surgery. you can also call 216. 444. 2020 or 1. 800. 223. 2273 ext. 4 - 2020 to schedule an appointment with a cole eye institute ophthalmologist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4248990819165548, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fb55f2cf-2697-4a7c-a87a-5f3168e46f9b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.099781"}
{"text": "house mouse : mus musculus the house mouse ( mus musculus ) is a brownish mouse with a long scaly tail and large, naked leaf - like ears the house mouse is not native to florida, but now occurs throughout the state, often in habitats associated with humans. in addition to houses, they may live in groceries, factories, or agricultural buildings where grain is stored. they may also live outdoors in old fields, pastures, or road sides. they may be a pest as they get into food, and gnaw in walls or clothing. as the weather grows colder, mice may become more active and seek indoor shelter. control of mice may be done by an exterminator or by the property owner. mice may be trapped with glue boards or snap traps. the poison quintox is also an effective control, and is not dangerous to other animals or neighborhood pets if they eat a poisoned mouse. quintox should not be eaten directly by people or pets. perhaps most effective is cleaning up debris, and mowing nearby overgrown areas. messy areas give mice food and shelter, and allow the mice to breed and spread. additionally encouraging predators, such as barn owls in the area, may decrease mice densities. you can receive technical assistance for mouse problems by contacting your nearest fwc regional office.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41558007537007025, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ee7c94f1-9bdc-41e7-a9b8-14b24145b61e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.101138"}
{"text": "for immediate release : may 21, 2012 for more information, contact : ethics and the early childhood educator informs and guides teachers through tough decisions new edition will help early childhood educators use the naeyc code of ethical conduct washington \u2014 the national association for the education of young children ( naeyc ), the nation \u2019 s leading professional organization for those working with and on behalf of young children from birth through age 8, is pleased to announce the publication of ethics and the early childhood educator : using the naeyc code, 2nd edition by stephanie feeney and nancy k. freeman, with peter j. pizzolongo. based on the updated naeyc code of ethical conduct, the new edition of ethics and the early childhood educator informs and guides those who work with children and families through difficult professional decisions. readers will learn about professional ethics and the code and its use through real - world examples and thought - provoking questions that clarify key points about ethical conduct. the book includes - the text of the naeyc code of ethical conduct and statement of commitment, - an introduction to the study of morality and ethics, - the history and rationale for the development of the naeyc code and its two supplements, - strategies for identifying and addressing ethical dilemmas, - specific chapters addressing each of the four sections of the code, and - approaches for promoting awareness and use of the code. the second edition also includes new cases that reflect current thinking on the value of addressing ethical issues in early childhood education on topics including family engagement, assessment, and accountability. \u201c our many years of experience in the field and studying ethics as it applies to early childhood education has convinced us of the importance of early childhood practitioners \u2019 commitment to ethical behavior, \u201d said stephanie feeney and nancy k. freeman, authors of ethics and the early childhood educator. \u201c we hope that reading this book will help early childhood educators to recognize the moral dimensions of their work, support their efforts to shoulder their professional responsibilities, and guide their efforts to do what is right for young children and their families. \u201d the authors ' experiences in the field have included teaching early childhood educators about ethical responsibilities and how to address ethical dilemmas in the workplace. dr. feeney is professor emerita of education at the university of hawaii at manoa, where she directed undergraduate and graduate early childhood education programs for many years. dr. freeman is an associate professor of early childhood education and director of the yvonne and schuler moore child development research center at the university of south carolina in columbia. peter pizzo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.438288826258323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:81388bd0-b81f-4abb-b8a6-aea417462acc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.105479"}
{"text": "crying is a perfectly natural, healthy response to strong emotions. as adults when we experience sadness, despair or even anger, we can well up and use our tears as a way to release our emotions. it \u2019 s well recognised that to suppress these emotions is unhealthy and can lead to a plethora of psychological issues. as parents it can be distressing to hear our children cry. the sound of my daughter \u2019 s crying breaks my heart and makes me feel almost panic - stricken. but we need to bear in mind that, as with adults, crying is a healthy way to express and release strong emotions. and we need to be careful how we react to the cries of our children, based on their developmental level. a baby cries primarily as a way to express needs. if a baby is hungry, thirsty, cold, wet or lonely they will cry to let their caregivers know. it \u2019 s the only way they have to communicate. and as such it is important that we acknowledge this expression of need and respond appropriately. we ignore a baby \u2019 s cries at our peril, with the danger of missing something seriously wrong, or damaging the relationship between caregiver and child. but as a child grows and learns more appropriate and mature ways to express themselves, crying becomes less of a communicative tool and more of an emotive one. a toddler or child may cry through frustration, anger, pain, tiredness \u2026 any number of emotions. now parenting becomes less about responding to a need, and more about recognising the feeling behind the crying. of course we should always try to find out why our child is crying, and whether we need to do something about it. but often it will be the case that there is nothing we can do, or they \u2019 re crying because of something we \u2019 ve denied them. and in these cases it \u2019 s important we don \u2019 t try to stifle our child \u2019 s cries. we need to recognise that our child is experiencing an emotion and that \u2019 s it our job to be there with them while they experience this, without trying to tell them to stop crying, however distressing it may sound. here \u2019 s my tip : if your child cries and it \u2019 s obviously through experiencing an overwhelming emotion, be there with them. they need to know it \u2019 s ok to express themselves, and that you accept their feelings. strong emotions are scary for children ; the worst thing you can do is tell them to stop or send them somewhere to deal with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4255817103632454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc3525da-3cae-482b-bcc4-0bfdd2cc7903>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.108479"}
{"text": "4. 3 physical basis so far, the motivation for the gclf as a standard candle is almost totally empirical rather than theoretical. the astrophysical basis for its similarity from one galaxy to another is a challenging problem, and is probably less well understood than for any other standard candle currently in use. because globular clusters are old - halo objects that probably predate the formation of most of the other stellar populations in galaxies ( e. g. harris 1986, 1988b, 1991 ; fall and rees 1988 ), to first order it is not surprising that they look far more similar from place to place than their parent galaxies do. methods for allowing clusters to form with average masses that are nearly independent of galaxy size or type have been put forward by fall and rees ( 1985, 1988 ), larson ( 1988, 1990 ), rosenblatt et al. ( 1988 ), and ashman and zepf ( 1992 ) under various initial assumptions. other constraints arising from cluster metallicity distributions and the early chemical evolution of the galaxies are discussed by lin and murray ( 1991 ) brown et al. ( 1991 ). none of these yet serve as more than general guidelines for understanding why the early cluster formation process should be so nearly invariant in the early universe. after the initial formation epoch, dynamical effects on the clusters including tidal shocking and dynamical friction, and evaporation of stars driven by internal relaxation and the surrounding tidal field, must also affect the gclf within a galaxy over many gyr, and these mechanisms might well behave rather similarly in large galaxies of many different types. recent models incorporating these effects ( e. g. aguilar et al. 1988 ; lee and ostriker 1987 ; chernoff and shapiro 1987 ; allen and richstone 1988 ) show that their importance decreases dramatically for distances 2 - 3 kpc from the galaxy nucleus, and for the more massive, compact clusters like present - day globulars. in addition, recent photometry ( grillmair et al. 1986 ; lauer and kormendy 1986 ; harris et al. 1991 ) extending in close to the centers of the virgo ellipticals has shown no detectable gclf differences with radius. the implication is therefore that today ' s gclf resembles the original mass formation spectrum of at least the brighter clusters, perhaps only slightly modified by dynamical processes. many qualitative arguments can be constructed as to why the gclfs should, or should not, resemble each other in different galaxies, but at the present time these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5806230392071501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3af92f83-cf0f-481c-b4c8-c107f2a3f871>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.111031"}
{"text": "a new research center, led by engineers and scientists at the johns hopkins university, plans to address these fears by creating new tools to gauge risks associated with hazardous waste sites and by developing new ways to clean up harmful pollutants. the u. s. environmental protection agency recently approved a five - year $ 5. 2 million grant to launch this new center for hazardous substances in urban environments, based at johns hopkins. the funds will support research and allow center participants to provide technical help to community groups, state, municipal and local environmental regulators and industry representatives in the northeast. researchers from four other institutions the university of maryland, morgan state university, the university of connecticut and the new jersey institute of technology will participate in the new center and share in the epa grant. \" before we applied for this grant, we asked regional epa officials about the most serious challenges they faced, \" said ed bouwer, a johns hopkins professor of geography and environmental engineering who serves as the center ' s director. \" one of the top issues they mentioned was urban livability making sure that people in cities have air, water and soil that will not expose them to toxic substances. the other big issue was brownfields abandoned lots and buildings that may contain hazardous materials. if you can redevelop these properties, you can create jobs and improve the tax base. so the cities and states have an economic incentive to promote new construction on the brownfields if the environmental concerns can be addressed. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46414317268084426, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19f3522c-fe47-47d2-80d6-b0ef72522800>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.112727"}
{"text": "story url : http : / / news. medill. northwestern. edu / chicago / news. aspx? id = 208820 story retrieval date : 6 / 19 / 2013 8 : 52 : 09 pm cst sports drinks saw annual sales of $ 3. 9 billion, a year - over - year 14. 9 % increase since spring 2011, but some experts question their health benefits and many agree that sports drinks are only beneficial to training athletes. some believe they may even harm consumers who drink them unnecessarily. the british medical journal \u2019 s head of investigations, deborah cohen, published an article on sports drinks and marketing hydration. after examining over 170 articles from gsk, a uk company that produces sports drink lucozade, and the marketing behind physical training and sports drinks, she concluded that sports drinks are mostly a combination of water, sugar and salt. even though a yale rudd center for food policy & obesity study found that 27 % of parents think sports drinks are healthy for their children, the same study also reported the nutritional value of the beverages. common sports drinks contain sugar and sodium amounts similar to those in some junk foods. the rudd center looked at 38 sports drinks and found the average sodium content to be 120 milligrams per 8 ounces. that ' s not much less than a small movie - theater popcorn, which starts at 210 milligrams per serving. the median sugar amount was 14 grams in 8 ounces of liquid, similar to the sugar in one serving of red vines ' cherry vines candy, which has 16 grams of sugar per serving. cohen \u2019 s study examined the promotion of sports beverages. \u201c some of the risks of sports drinks come in the guidance that has been given out by sports organizations who are sponsored by drinks manufacturers, \u201d said cohen. \u201c people have been told to drink far more than they need and this has resulted in them drinking too much. \u201d she found that many of the marketing campaigns behind these drinks play on preventing dehydration. sports drink companies push their audience to replace lost electrolytes such as potassium and sodium. but too much hydration results in the blood \u2019 s sodium level rapidly decreasing and fluid shifting into the body \u2019 s cells, a condition known as exercise - associated hyponatremia ( eah ), according to a report in the national center for biotechnology information. there have been 16 recorded deaths and 1, 600 people who have taken critically ill during competitive marathon running due to a drop in their serum sodium, cohen said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47502572938359044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ae5edc4-2ee2-446b-98f9-c1f09a0121fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.116449"}
{"text": "##tremia ( eah ), according to a report in the national center for biotechnology information. there have been 16 recorded deaths and 1, 600 people who have taken critically ill during competitive marathon running due to a drop in their serum sodium, cohen said. despite eah - related illness and deaths, sports drink companies continue to push thirst - related marketing campaigns. this year, gatorade and the national athletic trainers \u2019 association declared the first annual national recovery day for high school athletes. \u201c children were told to \u201c drink 16 - 24 ounces of fluid with sodium for each pound of body weight lost during exercise following a workout or game, \u201d said cohen. \u201c but where is the evidence to support this? \u201d some case studies have found that consuming sodium, which is present in many sports drinks such as gatorade and powerade, is necessary for athletes in training. a case study from the human performance laboratory \u2019 s department of kinesiology and health education at the university of texas at austin suggests that sodium should be consumed after two hours of exercise. but another report, published in the journal of athletic training by the national athletic trainers \u2019 association, inc., suggests that drinks containing sodium are needed only if the athlete has missed meals, is active for more than four hours or performs in extremely warm temperatures. the paper recommends adding 0. 3 to 0. 7 grams of salt per liter to avoid symptoms such as muscle cramps or hyponatremia. cohen \u2019 s investigation found that sports drinks containing these added sodium levels are unnecessary for the average person. \u201c i think sports drinks are fine, as long as you see them for what they are : drinks made of sugar, water and salt, \u201d said cohen. \u201c for the ordinary person going out for a run, they ' re not going to help you knock an hour off your marathon time or make you perform better in the gym, \u201d she said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42210853461413655, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ae5edc4-2ee2-446b-98f9-c1f09a0121fb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.117434"}
{"text": "depaul professors help bring the civil war to life may 15, 2012 depaul faculty experts in history and art history have joined forces to curate a website exhibiting civil war - era art drawn from chicago museum collections. the website, the civil war in art, was established to mark the civil war \u2019 s 150th anniversary and provide a resource for teachers. the terra foundation, one of the most generous sponsors of american artwork, enlisted associate professor margaret storey from the history department and associate professor mark pohlad from the history of art and architecture department to create cohesion among the many collections the website features. \u201c the idea behind the site was that lots of people or institutions from around chicago would donate art, including the art institute, the newberry library, the dusable museum, the chicago public library, the park district and the chicago history museum, \u201d pohlad says. \u201c our job was to organize and editorialize these works of art. \u201c we were also there to make it all feel like one coherent collection, \u201d storey adds. \u201c each of these contributors would send text about their items. some were only interested in the pieces as art and some were more interested in history. we had to bring the two worlds together. \u201d the site contains a stunning array of works from the pre - war era, the civil war era and post - war pieces dating into the mid - 20th century. the art provides new insights into the impact the war had on the national psyche. each piece has been scanned in detail, allowing up - close looks at rare works. \u201c the site allows teachers and their classes to see things that are not usually available because many of these items are not in a holding library or museum, \u201d pohlad says. \u201c it \u2019 s a virtual world where students can make a more intimate connection with the art. \u201d in addition, the site provides lesson plans secondary teachers can use to teach social studies through the arts. though chicago rose to its greatest heights after the civil war, the city has many connections to it, storey says. \u201c the people who built chicago after the fire lived through this war, \u201d she says. \u201c they collected the art and built the monuments throughout the city for a reason \u2014 because the war was so cataclysmic for the union and because it was so meaningful to the country that came out of it. chicago played an enormous role in that war, and people who lived here talked and thought about it a lot. it impacted their culture in ways we really don \u2019 t understand when we drive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40948721111923325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b04af2d6-e287-4614-b8c8-415bdbb6517e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.122216"}
{"text": "it was so meaningful to the country that came out of it. chicago played an enormous role in that war, and people who lived here talked and thought about it a lot. it impacted their culture in ways we really don \u2019 t understand when we drive by grant \u2019 s monument on lake shore drive. \u201d artwork of note storey and pohlad singled out several pieces of note in the collections, including an image of an african - american soldier carved into a whale \u2019 s tooth, a children \u2019 s game where players act out scenes of secession and illustrations of war images by famed artist winslow homer. \u201c winslow homer \u2019 s \u2018 a sharpshooter on picket duty \u2019 is my favorite, \u201d storey says. \u201c homer was known for candidly portraying the front at home. sharpshooters were morally ambiguous figures. they were prized as experts who were valuable for both armies, but because they picked people off, they collapsed the fiction that war wasn \u2019 t murder. people felt uncomfortable with that. homer \u2019 s drawing is so active and conveys the predatory nature and the fine skill of this person. \u201d \u201c my favorite is a tiny statue of abraham lincoln by daniel chester french, whose best - known work is the sculpture of a seated lincoln at the lincoln memorial in washington, d. c., \u201d pohlad says. \u201c it \u2019 s a very quiet piece, but it \u2019 s also quite powerful. \u201d as important as the website was, the project served as an important opportunity for two depaul departments to come together. \u201c it \u2019 s wonderful to break down these silos, \u201d pohlad says. \u201c it \u2019 s natural for art and history to be together. \u201d \u201c it \u2019 s an interesting and unique site in that it tries to present both artwork and historical work, \u201d storey adds. \u201c that \u2019 s what made it very challenging to do, but also what made it special. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42118608303077654, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b04af2d6-e287-4614-b8c8-415bdbb6517e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.123162"}
{"text": "mobile network technology for smarter cars february 22, 2011 as you are about to drive into an intersection, a piercing alarm and a flashing red warning light cause you to hit the brakes hard. you narrowly avoid a serious collision with a car running a red light. today, a relatively few cars equipped with expensive radar - and camera - based collision - avoidance systems could give you this warning. but if a coalition of automakers backed by the u. s. department of transportation has its way, much cheaper warning systems would be installed in all new cars before the end of the decade. the key is replacing expensive sensors with cheap and ubiquitous global positioning system ( gps ) and wi - fi wireless technology. cars are full of electronic sensors and computers that monitor all phases of vehicle operation. gps, already present in cars with built - in navigation systems and inexpensive to add to others, can provide data on precise location, acceleration, speed, and direction. wi - fi provides an easy way to broadcast the data so other cars in the vicinity can use the information. a car equipped with the system broadcasts data 10 times per second using a wifi variant known as dedicated short - range communications. other cars in the vicinity pick up the broadcasts and feed the data to onboard computers, which use the information to calculate the relative position of other cars and figure out which pose potential hazards. \" we use low - cost automotive gps, \" says joseph stinnett, a research engineer with ford motor active safety, who demonstrated the system in a mostly empty parking lot at washington ' s robert f. kennedy stadium. \" since we are just locating two vehicles relative to each other, the gps positioning is quite good. if we wanted to position the vehicle on a map of the earth, we would have three to five meters of error. but positioning relative to another vehicle, it ' s actually sub - one meter. \" that ' s good enough for the critical task of resolving which car is in what lane. in the real world, it will take some sophisticated software to make the system work effectively. on a crowded highway, a car might be receiving signals from dozens of vehicles within wi - fi range at any time. the software has to filter out information from irrelevant carsfor example, those heading in the other direction on a divided highwayto focus on those that pose a potential threat. with 1, 000 or more signals arriving every second, that takes a fair amount of processing power. fortunately, processing, like gps and wi - fi, has gotten very cheap. meanwhile, high prices continue to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5047707653891463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:806cc16b-793d-4a7f-b5de-c393eb742fdf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.126560"}
{"text": "on those that pose a potential threat. with 1, 000 or more signals arriving every second, that takes a fair amount of processing power. fortunately, processing, like gps and wi - fi, has gotten very cheap. meanwhile, high prices continue to pose a major barrier to adoption of existing systems, effectively limiting their use to high - end cars. for example, a relatively limited radar - based blind - spot monitoring system is part of a package that adds more than $ 3, 000 to the price of a ford taurus. of course, existing systems have one huge advantage : their radar and computer vision sensors don ' t depend on other vehicles being similarly equipped to do their job. but the gps plus wi - fi approach only works if all nearby vehicles are broadcasting data. a car in your blind spot that isn ' t sending out position information is as invisible to your computer as it is in your mirrors. that ' s why the members of the third - generation vehicle safety communications consortium - - ford, general motors, daimler, volkswagen audi. kia hyundai, toyota, nissan, and hondaare working with dot and thenational highway traffic safety administration toward requiring installation of the systems once they become cheap and reliable enough. widespread use of the system could provide additional benefits. existing systems for monitoring traffic flow mostly rely on loop sensors embedded in the pavement. they are expensive to install and maintain, generally limiting their useand the availability of real - time traffic reports - - to a few major roads. monitoring the wi - fi broadcasts of passing cars, though it would raise some privacy issues that must be addressed, could provide much more extensive data at much lower cost.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4981560717413326, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:806cc16b-793d-4a7f-b5de-c393eb742fdf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.127337"}
{"text": "once every two years mars \u2019 orbit brings it close to earth allowing it to shine its biggest and brightest to the naked eye and telescope \u2013 and on the evening of march 5 the red planet will reach its closest approach to earth for 2012. only 62. 6 million miles will separate our two worlds as it just passes official opposition \u2013 when mars is directly opposite the sun from us only two days before on march 3. step outside on any clear night - about a half hour after local sunset and look towards the east. mars is easy to spot as yellowish - orange light, shining brighter than anything else in that part of the night sky, except for the moon. by the way, if you are having problems positively identifying mars, then you will find the full moon conveniently sitting next to it on march 7 \u2013 both rising in the east around sunset. by local midnight you will find mars shining high in the south. the entire month of march, until end of april is your best bet in terms of observing the red planet through a telescope as the planetary disk will be big enough under high magnification to catch surface details on it. \u2013 after which you will have to wait until 2014 to get a better, bigger view. while this opposition wont be the most favorable because of the smaller apparent size of mars due to its farther distance, through a small telescope, the dark surface markings and north polar ice cap should be visible. larger telescopes ( at least 6 inches ) using high powers of 200x magnification might help reveal the occasional white equatorial cloud bands and moving dust storms. while the best way to explore mars in your backyard is through a telescope, the unaided eye can reveal its true colors. its entire surface today is covered in a fine dust that is rich in iron oxide, meaning mars is red and rusting. even from 62. 6 million miles away we can see the color of the planet, which is half earth \u2019 s size, as the light from the sun reflects off the martian deserts. now how cool is that? andrew fazekas, aka the night sky guy, is a science writer, broadcaster, and lecturer who loves to share his passion for the wonders of the universe through all media. he is a regular contributor to national geographic news and is the national cosmic correspondent for canada \u2019 s weather network tv channel, space columnist for cbc radio network, and a consultant for the canadian space agency. as a member of the royal astronomical society of canada, andrew has been observing the heavens from montreal for over a quarter century and has never", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4192829022664072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dba5ebef-3920-495c-85e1-97e965f837cc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.129934"}
{"text": "national milk producers federation statement on usda bse announcement from jerry kozak, president and ceo of nmpf america \u2019 s dairy farmers are encouraged that the on - going surveillance and inspections performed by federal authorities continue to ensure that bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( bse ), or mad cow disease, does not enter the u. s. food supply. the u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) announced tuesday that a bse - infected animal was detected in california, in a dairy cow that was presented at a rendering plant. three previous cases of bse have been discovered in the u. s. in the past nine years. although details about the age and origins of the animal are being withheld pending further investigation, nmpf offered the following points about the issue : - milk and dairy products do not contain or transmit bse, and animals do not transmit the disease through cattle - to - human contact. the infectious prions that transmit bse are found in neurological tissues, such as brains and spinal cords. - the united states put regulations in place in 1997 to prohibit ruminant protein from being used in animal feed. this applies to all cattle, dairy and beef alike. - non - ambulatory animals \u2013 those that cannot walk \u2013 are not allowed to be processed at facilities where meat animals are handled. this regulation helps ensure that animals that are unwell are not entered into the food supply. the national milk producers federation, based in arlington, va, develops and carries out policies that advance the well being of dairy producers and the cooperatives they own. the members of nmpf \u2019 s 31 cooperatives produce the majority of the u. s. milk supply, making nmpf the voice of more than 32, 000 dairy producers on capitol hill and with government agencies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4603939834392461, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cadcb016-50b6-4927-b074-68afe97bfdf6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.131721"}
{"text": "you are currently browsing the category archive for the \u2018 combinatorics \u2019 category. sometimes sequences of numbers are defined recursively, so that given the previous terms of the sequence we can find the next term. a classic example of this is the sequence of fibonacci numbers, where every two consecutive terms determine the next term, and so if we are given the first two terms, we can calculate the whole sequence. however, if we wanted to, say, calculated the 1000th fibonacci number, we \u2019 d have to start out with the first two, add them to compute the 3rd, add the second and third to compute the 4th, and so on, to slowly build up every single fibonacci number before the 1000th in order to get there. it \u2019 d be much nicer if we had a formula for the fibonacci sequence. that way, if we wanted the 1000th fibonacci number, all we \u2019 d have to do is plug 1000 into the formula to compute it. of course, the formula is only useful if it takes less time to crunch it out than it does to do it the brute - force way. a method of finding closed formulas for sequences defined by recurrences is the use of generating functions. generating functions are functions which \u201c encapsulate \u201d all the information about a sequence, except you can define it without knowing the actual terms of the sequence. the power of generating functions comes from the fact that you can do things like add and multiply them together to create generating functions of other sequences, or write them in terms of themselves to find an explicit formula. once you have an explicit form for a generating function, you can use some algebra to \u201c extract \u201d the information from the function, which usually means you can find a formula for the sequence in question.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.580574738535052, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6cd7ff11-4326-4fa1-9a67-4b6c632dcf70>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.134605"}
{"text": "| 1. | | the rearing of children. | | 2. | | the methods, techniques, etc., used or required in the rearing of children. | | 3. | | the state of being a parent ; parenthood. | | 4. | | of or concerned with the rearing of children : good parenting skills. | this summer as our friends came and went on visits to our rhode island home i was continually amazed at how different we all parent and use our parenting skills and i start to look at how me and my husband are as parents as well, and then i laugh... because i think that we all look around and listen to each other and think \" is that how you do it? \" or \" that ' s not how you do it! \"... and hanging out in the summertime is when you really see it all playing out before our very eyes! no nannies, just mom and dad and the kids, and usually at whit ' s end ( we really need a vacation at the end of summertime! ). between my husband and myself i was the one that wanted children, and i give them a terrific amount of love, but my husband... he is a really good ' parent ', although anyone we know would tell you differently, he knows how to act like a grown - up with the kids, and i think that is something of a gift to them. there is a new book out ( and i haven ' t read it yet, but i will! ) by richard bromfield called ' how to unspoil your child fast ' and what i have read about it so far he has some good things to say like \" a child who perpetually pesters her parent is searching for a limit she needs to grow straight \"... somehow i can really relate to that, he goes on to say that many parents today are afraid to pick up the reigns of parenting - - in a recent review of the book i read in cookie magazine, nell casey adds that, \" many of us are tempted to fulfill our children ' s needs almost before they occur to them \" i read that and i thought to myself i saw that a lot this summer with my friends and myself. i have a friend that is a young single mom and she said to me today of her 6 month old daughter who she is trying to understand... \" i ' ve been calling the shots now for 24 hours and it ' s working so far \" i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46373047729027655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:90fc7176-ee29-4cfd-8424-dfd108c07225>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.138032"}
{"text": "| burns pinon ridge reserve set in the morongo basin of the western mojave desert, the burns pinon ridge reserve is a dry, boulder - strewn landscape of shallow canyons and ridges of sculptured granite. three floristic regions meet at the site : transverse range, sonoran desert, and mojave desert, creating a diverse mixture of flora and fauna characteristic of both deserts and mountains. habitats intermingling at the reserve include pinon - juniper woodland with elements of joshua tree woodland and montane chaparral, desert wash, and freshwater seep. at least 153 vertebrate species cross paths here, including desert and coast horned lizards, desert and dusky - footed woodrats, mountain and gambel ' s quail, and three rare species : townsend ' s western big - eared bat, california mastiff bat, and the federally and state - threatened desert tortoise. research opportunities are enriched by other natural lands throughout the desert, such as the joshua tree national park a few miles away. two other nrs reserves for desert research are the philip l. boyd deep canyon desert research center, less than an hour ' s drive to the south, and the jack and marilyn sweeney granite mountains desert research center, two and one - half hours to the east. reserve restoration includes removal of exotic plant species. a preliminary vegetation study has been conducted to establish a possible longterm monitoring site for assessing the impact of global climate change on plant distributions. the site is used by university field courses in desert ecology, field zoology methods, natural history, biology of deserts, field ecology, botany, environmental ethics, freshwater biology, and others. special research of national significance - census of small mammals. - inventory of insects. - census of avifauna. - monitoring and inventory of bat species. - north american carbon program : http : / / nacarbon. org / nacp determining california ' s carbon budget - physiological, demographic, competitive and biogeochemical controls on the response of california ' s ecosystems to environmental change", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.396939829998102, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:54cbb6c2-5150-468a-a153-2282fa350ca6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.140847"}
{"text": "people of northwest public radio tue february 21, 2012 bailout reminds greek village of wwii europe is still a continent that looks over its shoulder at a long and sometimes dark past. that extends even to the protracted greek bailout negotiations, where germany ' s dominant role has scratched at some historical wounds. germany occupied greece during world war ii, committing atrocities that some older greeks can ' t forget. this history defines the pretty village of distomo in central greece, where nazi soldiers killed 218 men, women and children in june 1944. panagiotis sfountouris, 74, says he ' ll never forget that day. he was just 6 years old when he and his younger sister escaped death by hiding in a relative ' s basement. when they returned home, they found their parents shot dead and their 2 - year - old brother gutted by a bayonet. \" i ran to the balcony and screamed, ' they ' ve killed my father and my mother and our little niko! ' \" sfountouris recalls. \" nothing moved in distomo, nothing at all. we saw dead people everywhere. when it started getting dark, we got scared all over again. my uncle came to get us, and we spent the night hiding in the mountains. \" sfountouris still cries when he talks about the family he lost. he now runs a gas station in distomo and says he has to buy nearly all of his products from germany. many goods sold in greece are imported from germany, a fellow european union country. sfountouris says he will never trust the germans. \" they ' re not going to change, \" he says. \" i mean, can someone put on different clothes and pretend to be someone else? i just hope these people don ' t end up being worse. \" until the debt crisis, greece and germany actually had a happy relationship. greeks studied and worked in germany, and germans spent summer holidays in greece. but as austerity crippled the greek economy and germans wanted more belt - tightening, greeks felt besieged. many residents of distomo are open to europe and even to germany. but the town is mainly known for the nazi massacre \u2014 it even took germany to court over war reparations, though it lost. there ' s a monument for the dead atop its highest hill, and residents recently remodeled an old elementary school to house a new museum. nikos bouras, who works at the town hall, often unlocks the museum for visitors. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40262190908499595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:198150d2-2254-4688-bf0d-531b1387ec63>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.145035"}
{"text": ". there ' s a monument for the dead atop its highest hill, and residents recently remodeled an old elementary school to house a new museum. nikos bouras, who works at the town hall, often unlocks the museum for visitors. it ' s chilly inside because distomo doesn ' t have money for heat, and voices echo. near the entrance, there ' s a portrait of a distraught young woman whose family was murdered. \" it ' s a characteristic image of the time, \" bouras says. \" this picture was called the distomo mother. her name was maria pandiska. this picture has gone all over the world and is part of our activism here. \" bouras, who is 37, is aware that this history molds his opinions of germans today. he says he ' s concerned that the european union, led by germany, is robbing greeks of their sovereignty in exchange for billions in bailout loans. this has caused him to lose faith in the euro, the eu ' s common currency. \" i personally don ' t think it would be such a disaster to go back to the drachma, \" he says. \" i ' m sure it ' s better than abdicating our national dignity. \" austerity measures in exchange for bailout loans have hit distomo residents \u2014 like all greeks \u2014 hard. bouras ' salary has been cut, and so has sfountouris ' pension. with youth unemployment at almost 50 percent in greece, the town ' s youngest residents are concerned, too. vassilis pandiskas and andreas kallermenos, both 17, say they worry about their future in greece because of the debt crisis and the harsh austerity measures that have stalled the economy. \" we won ' t have jobs, i ' m sure of it, \" kallermenos says. they think europeans look down on greeks but that greece nevertheless belongs in the european union. \" the europeans are difficult, but i don ' t accept that we don ' t belong with them, \" says pandiskas, whose great aunt maria is the woman pictured in the distomo mother. he says he grew up hearing gruesome stories of the distomo massacre but that he doesn ' t hate germans. ioanna gamvrilli, who is also 17, wants to be a civil engineer though she fears she ' ll never get a job. but she doesn ' t blame germany for greece ' s debt crisis. she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35207968049749044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:198150d2-2254-4688-bf0d-531b1387ec63>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.147460"}
{"text": "- roadmap to resouces - tutorial pdf - subject review - podcast - estuaries - what is an estuary? - economy and environment - ecosystem services - water circulation - estuarine habitats - adaptations to life in the estuary - monitoring estuaries - the future why are estuaries important? disturbances to estuaries why are estuaries important? the economy and environment healthy estuaries are critical for the continued survival of many species of fish and other aquatic life, birds, mammals, and reptiles. all of the animals pictured above live in the rookery bay national estuarine research reserve. located on the gulf coast of florida, rookery bay represents one of the few remaining undisturbed mangrove estuaries in north america. ( images : rookery bay nerrs site ) estuaries are important natural places. they provide goods and services that are economically and ecologically indispensable. often called nurseries of the sea ( usepa, 1993 ), estuaries provide vital nesting and feeding habitats for many aquatic plants and animals. most fish and shellfish eaten in the united states, including salmon, herring, and oysters, complete at least part of their life cycles in estuaries. estuaries also help to maintain healthy ocean environments. they filter out sediments and pollutants from rivers and streams before they flow into the oceans, providing cleaner waters for marine life. estuaries provide critical habitat for species that are valued commercially, recreationally, and culturally. birds, fish, amphibians, insects, and other wildlife depend on estuaries to live, feed, nest, and reproduce. some organisms, like oysters, make estuaries their permanent home ; others, like horseshoe crabs, use them to complete only part of their life cycle ( sumich, 1996 ). estuaries provide stopovers for migratory bird species such as mallard and canvasback ducks. many fish, including american shad, atlantic menhaden and striped bass, spend most of their lives in the ocean, but return to the brackish waters of estuaries to spawn. estuaries are often the economic centers of coastal communities. estuaries provide habitat for more than 75 percent of the u. s. commercial fish catch, and an even greater percentage of the recreational fish catch ( national safety council \u2019 s environmental center, 1998 ). the total fish catch in estuaries contributes $ 4. 3 billion a year to the u. s. economy ( anep, 1998 ). estuaries are also important recreational areas. millions of people visit estuaries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4369024260899639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c414cf60-d27b-47ec-86d9-5a1413060655>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.150225"}
{"text": "like people, garden beds benefit from snuggling under a warm blanket when the weather turns frosty. but in this instance, the blanket isn ' t stamped \" woolrich. \" organic matter is a garden ' s cold - weather cover of choice, and the easiest and most effective way to provide it is to sow a cover crop. cover crops are plants grown not to be eaten or admired, but to be cut down and dug back into the soil to enrich it. there are different crops for different climates, but all pay off big : beds over - wintered with cover crops start spring leaps and bounds ahead of uncovered beds. winter cover crops are an ideal way to add organic matter because they replenish soil nutrients depleted over the growing season, suppress weeds and disrupt their growing cycles, and build organic matter and soil integrity. they protect the life in the soil once harsh weather sets in, and at the same time regulate soil temperature and moisture. grass crops such as oats and rye have an additional benefit, explains vern grubinger, vegetable and berry specialist with university of vermont extension. \" late in the growing season, they take up available nitrogen in the soil that would otherwise be lost to leaching since the garden crops are no longer growing and taking up nutrients. and they help prevent soil erosion caused by winter winds and water from rain and snow melt. \" what ' s more, \" cover crops add variety to your rotation, \" says tom kaspar of the usda agricultural research service ' s national soil tilth lab in ames, iowa. a grass cover crop is good for breaking up pest and disease cycles. and grasses germinate easily and consistently. oats : soil saver and mulch in one fall - planted oats don ' t survive the winter in colder locations, but they ' ll absorb and store nutrients into the fall and then protect bare ground with the dead mulch they leave behind. \" for northern gardeners, in zones 6 and below, oats are the easiest winter cover crop to use, since they reliably die back, leaving a residue the next spring that does not require a lot of tillage to incorporate, \" advises grubinger. \" in fact, in a ' no - till ' or ' low - till ' garden, oats are ideal, because the residue can just be raked aside or spaded in before planting crops. \" for the gardener who hopes to avoid spring tillage or who doesn ' t want to wait for a just - killed cover to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4525910423480843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72a9cb6b-68bd-48d8-8db6-7d154feafa40>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.158311"}
{"text": "' garden, oats are ideal, because the residue can just be raked aside or spaded in before planting crops. \" for the gardener who hopes to avoid spring tillage or who doesn ' t want to wait for a just - killed cover to decompose before planting the next crop, oats are the answer. sow them early enough - - 6 to 8 weeks before hard frost is expected - - so plants can put on ample biomass before the mercury drops. sow seed at a rate of about 1 1 / 2 pounds per 1, 000 square feet. winter rye : hardy weed warrior \" rye and buckwheat provide weed control by outcompeting weeds for resources such as sunlight and water, \" says molly hamilton, extension assistant at north carolina state university. \" and they produce toxic chemicals that inhibit germinating weed seeds and seedlings. \" winter rye is the answer for gardeners who want a hardy cover crop to start late in fall and grow over winter, even when temperatures are barely above freezing. don ' t sow it too late in the season, since extreme cold may prevent seeds from germinating or kill young seedlings before they ' ve had time to toughen up. broadcast rye seed at about 2 pounds per 1, 000 square feet 2 to 4 weeks before the first frost. rye ' s thick tangle of roots and tough stalks adds fibrous organic matter to soil, too. work it in and let the bed sit for about 3 weeks before planting a spring crop. annual ryegrass : nitrogen booster a less hardy cousin of rye, annual ryegrass forms a dense mat of nitrogen - scavenging roots that can reach 3 to 5 feet underground, helping to break up compacted soil. seed annual ryegrass at least 40 days before the first killing frost. if ryegrass sets seed, it can become a problem ; turn it under in late spring before it goes to seed. legumes : plant food aplenty winter legumes give your garden the nutrient recharge it craves in the off - season, providing an essential dose of nitrogen. for southern gardens, crimson clover and winter peas are favorites. vetch - - particularly hairy vetch - - is often bred for winter hardiness, so it ' s a common choice in the north. what ' s more, a 2008 study by cornell university found hairy vetch to be a prolific nitrogen producer, with some studies finding a \" nitrogen fertilizer replacement value \" of around 80 pounds of nitrogen per acre. using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41071751180029864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72a9cb6b-68bd-48d8-8db6-7d154feafa40>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.159332"}
{"text": "choice in the north. what ' s more, a 2008 study by cornell university found hairy vetch to be a prolific nitrogen producer, with some studies finding a \" nitrogen fertilizer replacement value \" of around 80 pounds of nitrogen per acre. using hairy vetch means you ' ll need less fertilizer, which saves money. winter legumes can be mowed or incorporated after flowering. sow about 50 days before the first killing frost. seed hairy vetch at a rate of about 1 / 2 pound per 1, 000 square feet ; smaller - seeded crimson clover should be seeded at 1 / 4 pound per 1, 000 square feet. mix ' n ' match many gardeners like to mix grass and legumes for biodiversity and biomass. grains grow more quickly and protect slower - growing legumes. oats, which die back over the winter and yield a sheltering mulch, work well combined with peas. rye and hairy vetch team well together, but sow the two early enough to allow the vetch to establish. beds nourished by cover crops give spring plantings a strong start. fall - planted oats pull nutrients from the soil for crops to use in spring. if your last fall crop isn ' t ready to be harvested in time to plant cover crops so that they ' re safe from frost, simply sprinkle clover seed in between the rows of the growing vegetables. the clover will fill out and nourish the ground after harvest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4186195788417546, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:72a9cb6b-68bd-48d8-8db6-7d154feafa40>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.159961"}
{"text": "fractures of the heel bone, or calcaneus, can be disabling injuries. they most often occur during high - energy collisions \u2014 such as a fall from height or a motor vehicle crash. because of this, calcaneus fractures are often severe and may result in long - term problems. the calcaneus is the most frequently fractured tarsal bone. tarsal bone fractures account for about 2 % of all adult fractures. of these, 60 % are calcaneus fractures. the heel bone is often injured in a high - energy collision where other parts of the skeleton are also injured. in up to 10 % of cases, the patient can also sustain a fracture of the spine, hip, or the other calcaneus. injuries to the calcaneus often damage the subtalar joint and cause the joint to become stiff. this makes it difficult to walk on uneven ground or slanted surfaces. the severity of a fracture usually depends on the amount of force that caused the break. there are many types of calcaneus fractures, including : stable fracture. this type of fracture is nondisplaced. the broken ends of the bones meet up correctly and are aligned. in a stable fracture, the bones usually stay in place during healing. displaced fracture. when a bone breaks and is displaced, the broken ends are separated and do not line up. this type of fracture often requires surgery to put the pieces back together. open fracture. broken bones that break through the skin are called open, or compound. these types of injuries often involve much more damage to the surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments. open fractures have a higher risk for complications and take a longer time to heal. closed fracture. with this injury, the broken bones do not break the skin. although the skin is not broken, internal soft tissues can still be badly damaged. comminuted fracture. this type of break is very unstable. the bone shatters into three or more pieces. the calcaneus can be injured in a fall, twisting injury, or motor vehicle collision. a simple twisting injury may result in the calcaneus being cracked. the force of a head - on car collision may result in the bone being shattered ( comminuted fracture ). different causes can result in similar fracture patterns. for example, when landing on your feet from a fall, your body ' s weight is directed downward. it drives the talus bone down into the calcaneus. in a motor vehicle crash, the calcaneus is driven up against the talus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4251184890929494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1238a44-8ce1-4203-adbb-be96a2f0f678>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.168727"}
{"text": "example, when landing on your feet from a fall, your body ' s weight is directed downward. it drives the talus bone down into the calcaneus. in a motor vehicle crash, the calcaneus is driven up against the talus. in both cases, the resulting fracture patterns are similar. the greater the impact, the more the calcaneus is damaged. the most common symptoms of a calcaneus fracture are : - heel deformity - inability to put weight on the heel or walk in some minor calcaneus fractures, the pain is not enough to stop you from walking, but you may limp. this is because when you walk, the achilles tendon acts through the calcaneus to support your body weight. if the calcaneus is deformed following an injury, the muscle and tendon cannot generate enough power to support your weight. your foot and ankle will feel unstable, and you will walk differently. it is important that your doctor knows the circumstances of your injury. for example, if you fell from a tree, how far did you fall? it is just as important for your doctor to know if you have any other injuries or medical problems, such as diabetes. your doctor also needs to know if you take any medications. after discussing your symptoms and medical history, your doctor will do a careful examination. he or she will look for other injuries and for areas where the skin is damaged or punctured. your doctor will check to see if there is a good blood supply to your foot and if the nerves to your foot are working properly. to determine whether you have injured any other areas of your body, your doctor will examine the rest of your injured leg, your other leg, your pelvis, and your spine. other tests that may help your doctor confirm your diagnosis include : x - rays. this test is the most common and widely available diagnostic imaging technique. x - rays create images of dense structures, like bone, so they are particularly useful in showing fractures. computed tomography ( ct ) scan. after reviewing your x - rays, your doctor may recommend a ct scan of your foot. this imaging tool combines x - rays with computer technology to produce a more detailed, cross - sectional image of your body. it can provide your doctor with valuable information about the severity of the fracture. studying ct scans helps your doctor plan your treatment. he or she will often show you the images to help you understand the nature and severity of your injury. in planning your treatment, your doctor will consider several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4214917290181426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1238a44-8ce1-4203-adbb-be96a2f0f678>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.169687"}
{"text": "valuable information about the severity of the fracture. studying ct scans helps your doctor plan your treatment. he or she will often show you the images to help you understand the nature and severity of your injury. in planning your treatment, your doctor will consider several things, including : - the cause of your injury - your overall health - the severity of your injury - the extent of soft tissue damage because most calcaneus fractures cause the bone to widen, the goal of treatment is to restore the normal anatomy of the heel. in general, patients whose normal heel anatomy is restored have better overall outcomes. recreating normal anatomy, however, most often involves surgery. surgery is associated with a higher risk of complications. your doctor will discuss the treatment options with you. if the pieces of broken bone have not been displaced by the force of the injury, you may not need surgery. casting or some other form of immobilization may be an option. this will keep the broken ends in proper position while they heal. you will not be able to put any weight on your foot until the bone is completely healed. this may take 6 to 8 weeks, and perhaps longer. if the bones have shifted out of place ( displaced ), you may need surgery. timing of surgery. if the skin around your fracture has not been broken, your doctor may recommend waiting until swelling has gone down before having surgery. keeping your leg immobilized and elevated for several days will decrease swelling. it also gives skin that has been stretched a chance to recover. this waiting period before the operation often improves your overall recovery from surgery and decreases your risk of infection. open fractures, however, expose the fracture site to the environment. they urgently need to be cleansed and require immediate surgery. early surgery is also often recommended for an avulsion fracture. although uncommon, a piece of the calcaneus can be pulled off when the achilles tendon tears away from the bone ( avulsion ). for this type of fracture, early surgery can decrease the risk of injury to the skin around the achilles tendon. surgical procedure. the following procedures are used for various types of calcaneus fractures. - open reduction and internal fixation. during this operation, the bone fragments are first repositioned ( reduced ) into their normal alignment. they are held together with special screws or metal plates and screws. - percutaneous screw fixation. sometimes, if the bone pieces are large, they can be moved back into place by either pushing or pulling on them without making a large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3880009360719913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1238a44-8ce1-4203-adbb-be96a2f0f678>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.170974"}
{"text": "they are held together with special screws or metal plates and screws. - percutaneous screw fixation. sometimes, if the bone pieces are large, they can be moved back into place by either pushing or pulling on them without making a large incision. special screws can be placed through small incisions to hold your bone pieces together. bones have a remarkable capacity to heal. the more severe your injury, however, the longer your recovery may be. patients with more severe fractures are also more likely to suffer some degree of permanent loss of function, regardless of treatment. whether you have surgery or not, your rehabilitation will be very similar. how long it takes to return to daily activities varies with different types of fractures. it depends on the severity of the injury. some patients can begin weight - bearing activities a few weeks after injury or surgery ; some patients may need to wait 3 or more months before putting any kind of weight on the heel. - early motion. many doctors encourage motion of the foot and ankle early in the recovery period. for example, some patients are instructed to begin moving the affected area as soon as their pain allows. patients who have had surgery are instructed to begin moving the affected area as soon as the wound heals to the doctor ' s satisfaction. - physical therapy. specific exercises can improve the range of motion in your foot and ankle, and strengthen supporting muscles. although they are often painful at the beginning and progress may be difficult, exercises are required in order for you to resume normal activities. - weight - bearing. when you begin walking, you may need to use a cane and wear a special boot. it is very important to follow your doctor ' s instructions for walking on your foot. if you place weight on your foot too soon, the bone pieces may move out of place and you might require surgery. if you have had surgery, the screws might loosen or break and the bone may collapse. this may not occur the first time you walk on it, but if the bone is not healed and you continue to walk on your foot, the metal will eventually break. there is a range of complications with calcaneus fractures. minor complications include : - small or temporary areas of delayed wound healing - nerve irritation around the incision - tendon irritation caused by the screws - joint stiffness - chronic pain major complications include : - blood clots - failure of the wound to heal - collapse of bone - arthritis ( with or without surgery ) smoking affects both bone and skin healing, so it is important to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4176375119984805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1238a44-8ce1-4203-adbb-be96a2f0f678>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.173649"}
{"text": "the screws - joint stiffness - chronic pain major complications include : - blood clots - failure of the wound to heal - collapse of bone - arthritis ( with or without surgery ) smoking affects both bone and skin healing, so it is important to tell your doctor if you smoke. some surgeons will not perform surgery on a patient who smokes because of the increased risk of serious complications. even without surgery, your bone may take longer to heal if you smoke. additional surgery is usually required in cases of infection or difficult wound healing. if all methods of solving the problem have failed, amputation may be considered. if your injury is minor, such as a crack in the bone with little muscle damage, you may be able to resume normal activities 3 to 4 months after surgery. if the fracture is severe, however, it may take 1 to 2 years before recovery is complete. despite the best efforts of the doctor and patient, normal foot and ankle motion is rarely regained after a severe fracture. a patient who is not very active might tolerate a foot that is not normal. on the other hand, a patient whose job or recreational activities require a lot of walking or climbing will notice limitations much more. common problems that may persist after recovery include : - skin irritation. footwear can irritate the skin or tendons in the affected area. - altered gait. in some cases, the arch of the foot has not been restored, or the achilles tendon has not been attached at its normal distance from the ankle. full subtalar joint motion is rarely regained in these cases, and this changes the way the patient walks. patients may have problems walking on uneven ground, such as grassy surfaces or hills. - pain. if the calcaneus remains deformed, the patient may experience continued ankle pain and limited motion. even if the heel anatomy is perfectly restored, the patient may still have discomfort. this can happen because of the injured soft tissues or limited range of ankle and subtalar motion. although relatively uncommon, pain can be caused by irritation from the plates or screws. a simple shoe modification may help chronic problems. you may need to wear a heel pad, lift, or shoe cup, as well as special shoes with extra depth in the toe compartment. sometimes, another major operation is required. if the bone has healed in a deformed position, or if the subtalar joint becomes arthritic, the joint may need to be fused. the goal of this procedure is to help the talus and the calcan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42170817688090645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1238a44-8ce1-4203-adbb-be96a2f0f678>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.175218"}
{"text": "is required. if the bone has healed in a deformed position, or if the subtalar joint becomes arthritic, the joint may need to be fused. the goal of this procedure is to help the talus and the calcaneus grow together and form one bone. fusion also means that no more motion can occur between the two bones. if the bone is badly deformed, the surgeon may attempt to correct some or all of the deformity along with fusion of the bones. these surgeries usually require several months for recovery. experts are still debating over the best treatment method for calcaneus fractures. as is usually the case, no single method works the same for everyone. patients whose x - rays show completely normal heel anatomy often still have fracture symptoms after surgery. on the other hand, the calcaneus can look quite deformed on an x - ray, but the patient may have few, if any, symptoms. there have also been studies that compared results in patients whose fractures were treated with and without surgery. some studies show a significant benefit of surgery, while other studies show less benefit for certain patients. as a result, experts continue to work to improve the outcomes of these injuries. some new developments include : - using smaller incisions for reducing and fixing the fracture - defining which treatment method works best for which type of fracture - defining which treatment method works best for different types of patients ; for example, smokers or people with diabetes - inventing better plates and screws the american academy of orthopaedic surgeons 6300 n. river road rosemont, il 60018", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4265401220175151, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1238a44-8ce1-4203-adbb-be96a2f0f678>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.175835"}
{"text": "the legislative assembly, the unicameral legislative body for mexico city, just passed a marriage equality bill 39 - 20. the mayor is expected to sign it. mexico city has been a regional leader in lgbt rights, passing a civil unions law and other lgbt - positive legislation in recent years. the los angeles times says : the bill calls for changing the definition of marriage in the city \u2019 s civil code. marriage is currently defined as the union of a man and a woman. the new definition will be \u201c the free uniting of two people. \u201d the change would allow same - sex couples to adopt children, apply for bank loans together, inherit wealth and be included in the insurance policies of their spouse, rights they were denied under civil unions allowed in the city. \u2026 argentina \u2019 s capital became the first latin american city to legalize same - sex civil unions in 2002 for gay and lesbian couples. four other argentine cities later did the same, and as did mexico city in 2007 and some mexican and brazilian states. uruguay alone has legalized civil unions nationwide. buenos aires lawmakers introduced a bill for legalizing gay marriage in the national congress in october but it has stalled without a vote, and officials in the south american city have blocked same - sex wedding because of conflicting judicial rulings. \u2026 city lawmaker victor romo, a member of the mayor \u2019 s leftist party, called it a historic day. \u201c for centuries unjust laws banned marriage between blacks and whites or indians and europeans, \u201d he said. \u201c today all barriers have disappeared. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4284864444195981, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c10beb4-aacc-4c29-bdf0-ae526e5d7511>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.178173"}
{"text": "\u00a9 2008 pandora \u2019 s aquarium by jackie and kristy being a victim of sexual violence leaves you vulnerable on many levels. in addition to the emotional ramifications a person faces after experiencing trauma, there are possible physical consequences that stem from unwanted sexual contact. often in the aftermath of sexual abuse or rape, many survivors are left with an incredibly frightening question \u2026 did i contract a sexually transmitted infection? what is an sti? a sexually transmitted infection is defined as : an infection that can be transferred from one person to another through sexual contact. sexually transmitted infections are most often spread by oral, vaginal or anal contact ; however they can also be contracted after skin to skin contact. there are a wide variety of sexually transmitted infections that can occur during the course of unprotected sexual contact. while it is not possible to go through an entire list, we have compiled a few helpful resources for anyone dealing with stis. american social health association ( std / sti fact sheets, in pdf format ) your total health ( facts and health guide for common stis ) std. co. uk ( information, resources and articles ) the stigma of having an sti seeking medical attention can be difficult for many survivors. the trauma and shock of sexual violence often leaves us unable to acknowledge that there is a need to seek medical attention. other times, fear or feelings of shame or embarrassment may prevent us from reaching out for medical assistance. while some people choose not to have an evidentiary examination following a sexual assault, it is important to ensure that your physical well - being is taken care of. there is a cultural element of shame and secrecy surrounding sexually transmitted infections and diseases. as a result, many people fear getting tested. it can be particularly intimidating for survivors of sexual violence, who may already be struggling with stigma or intense feelings of shame over what they have endured. survivors who are scared of being reproached by their doctor for contracting an sti might avoid visiting the doctor and wait for the symptoms to go away. even if you do not have any physical symptoms of an sti, it is really crucial to be tested after experiencing a sexual assault. some stis do not display symptoms for a long time so it is impossible to know for sure if you are infected unless you are tested. all stis are treatable and many are curable, but if left untreated, some can result in more serious or long - term medical problems. what happened was not your fault ; please don \u2019 t let embarrassment be a health risk for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5000614556087131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7d1a8b6-63e4-4e99-8a21-9b00b750659c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.185179"}
{"text": "all stis are treatable and many are curable, but if left untreated, some can result in more serious or long - term medical problems. what happened was not your fault ; please don \u2019 t let embarrassment be a health risk for you. being tested can give you peace of mind, or enable you to take the necessary steps to ensure that you ' re as healthy as possible. as upsetting as it is to find out that you have contracted an sti following sexual assault, that knowledge allows you to take some control in taking care of your own health. you may have some very real fears regarding sti testing. while it \u2019 s an understandable reaction to feel embarrassed and intimidated by the situation, it is important to try and remind yourself that you have done nothing wrong. you deserve to have your health taken care of. - ask questions ahead of time. call a health care provider to find out some information on sti testing procedures. sometimes it can be reassuring when you know what to expect. - find a doctor whom you feel as comfortable as possible with. - if you can, let the nurse or doctor know that you are a survivor. this can help them to be more supportive and sensitive to your needs. - take a trusted and supportive friend along. if you ' re not comfortable with them being in the room, it can still be comforting to have someone waiting outside. finding out you have an sti discovering that you have a sexually transmitted infection can be devastating because it brings a social overhead other viruses don ' t. the stigma associated with a diagnosis of an sti can have emotional effects, regardless of whether any symptoms are present. finding out that you have an sti may raise strong emotional issues, especially in the first few weeks or months after a diagnosis. some people initially feel embarrassment, shame, anger, or depression. struggling to accept in addition to dealing with the emotional ramifications of the actual sti, we are left to cope with the knowledge of how we got it. it can be overwhelming to learn that you have contracted an sti from sexual assault. it \u2019 s absolutely not your fault that you have contracted an sti. when speaking with medical professionals, they are often quick to site safe sex practices. there can be an element of shame in knowing that this was not an option for you. it can also be too overwhelming to tell your doctor how you contracted the sti so you may sit there in silence and feeling humiliated. many of us have felt shame for having \u201c something wrong \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4205100531671515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7d1a8b6-63e4-4e99-8a21-9b00b750659c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.188084"}
{"text": "in knowing that this was not an option for you. it can also be too overwhelming to tell your doctor how you contracted the sti so you may sit there in silence and feeling humiliated. many of us have felt shame for having \u201c something wrong \u201d with us. it \u2019 s very difficult to live with the knowledge that there \u2019 s something wrong with you because of something that someone else did. if the sti you contract is not curable, it can take some time to come to terms with the idea that it ' s not only something that you have to live with forever, but a permanent reminder of what you \u2019 ve been through. sexually transmitted illnesses are often connected to the genital area, which can compound feelings of stigma or shame, particularly after the trauma that survivors have already experienced to their bodies. in addition, the knowledge that you have contracted an sti can prompt anxiety or fear that other people will be able to tell that \u201c something is wrong \u201d with you. please know that you don ' t need to carry a stigma or suffer for life. as overwhelming as it is right now, stis are manageable and it won ' t always be a prominent issue in your life. living with an sti living with an sti can be traumatising in itself - on top of having to deal with outbreaks, and not feeling well, it can bring up reminders of your assault, as well as the fear of discrimination and rejection. often times the shame may feel so great that it hinders our desire to be honest with our sexual partners. it takes a lot of courage to be able to tell others about your sti, especially a new partner. while fear or anger may make it challenging for you to tell a partner, you might discover that stis don ' t affect your intimate relationships as much as you originally feared. this issue is very personal for the both of us. a personal perspective by jackie : when i first began to get outbreaks on my mouth i was in complete denial. i just couldn ' t accept that i had an sti. because they are visible they tend to be a very painful and shameful reminder of my rape. the outbreaks are more likely to occur during stressful periods, which is one reason they occurred so frequently after my rape. having people make jokes about the sores on my mouth only made it worse. topical medicines were never strong enough to prevent an outbreak and taking medication for the rest of my life wasn ' t anything i was comfortable accepting. i was resistant to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42618750255507937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7d1a8b6-63e4-4e99-8a21-9b00b750659c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.189149"}
{"text": "rape. having people make jokes about the sores on my mouth only made it worse. topical medicines were never strong enough to prevent an outbreak and taking medication for the rest of my life wasn ' t anything i was comfortable accepting. i was resistant to lose control over yet another aspect of my body. eventually it became evident that it was necessary to take medication. it did a great deal to prevent outbreaks, allowing me the healing time i needed to find acceptance over the situation. after about three years i stopped taking medication on a daily basis and now combat the infection with a very strong ( and expensive! ) topical medication. it isn ' t easy when i have an outbreak, but i now can see that it isn ' t happening because i did something wrong. i know to be gentle with myself and reach out for the support that i need. a personal perspective by kristy : when i found out that i had contracted an sti from my rape i was completely mortified. i heard the words \u2018 no cure \u2019 and thought my life was never going to be the same. it made me feel a little bit sick to think that i had something in ' common ' with a rapist, and i felt dirty and ashamed. i was also very angry \u2013 as if being raped hadn ' t been intrusive enough, i now had to deal with permanent consequences that were no fault of my own. one of the most difficult things for me was telling my boyfriend at the time. it was an uncomfortable conversation and i was sure that he would be disgusted with me. it would have been easy to keep my shame to myself, but i was never given the opportunity to decide if i wanted to put my body at risk, and i felt better knowing that i had done the right thing. making a conscious decision to practise safe sex helped me to separate myself from the person who gave me this illness. it ' s very difficult to come to terms with having an sti from rape, and i held all of those feelings inside for a long time. sometimes it still feels like i ' ve been permanently tainted, but there are steps that i was able to take to minimise the effects it has on my day - to - day life. it ' s not something i share with people i meet on the street, but i no longer feel quite as ashamed about it. the people who care about us are going to be understanding and supportive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4419749236596935, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7d1a8b6-63e4-4e99-8a21-9b00b750659c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.190098"}
{"text": "look at this painting. it tells a powerful story. where is your attention focused? now look away and see if you can describe the landscape that surrounds the frightened horse and hungry lion. nine out of ten of you will not be able to recall the rock outcropping, evergreen shrub, or dramatic sky that frames this scene of pure terror. like the startled horse focused on the crouching lion, you were probably focused on this pair of animals compressed into the painting \u2019 s lower right corner, which barely makes up 1 / 5th of the the painting. this is but one example of the human mind \u2019 s typical bottom - up reaction to attention found in the book, \u201c rapt \u2013 attention and the focused life \u201d by winifred gallagher. she explores the basic premise : what we think about we bring about. do we approach life from a restrictive, negative viewpoint, or a more worldly and open positive mindset? rapt offers many interesting insights on how green marketers tell their sustainability stories, and how those stories are received by the public. \u201c when you feel frightened, angry, or sad reality contracts until whatever is upsetting you takes up the whole world \u2013 at least the one between your ears. life seems like a vale of tears, the future looks bleak, and the only memories that come to mind are unpleasant. the best explanation for why bad feelings shrink your focus is that in a potentially ominous situation, homing in on and reacting to any trouble quickly is more important than taking your time to get the big picture. \u201d when you think about it, the bottom - up grip the reptilian, fight - or - flight, brain has on your attention is confounding. it \u2019 s surprising but true that \u2026 - you \u2019 ll work harder to avoid losing money than you will to gain the same amount. - you \u2019 re likelier to notice threats than opportunities. - you \u2019 ll spot an angry face in a crowd of cheery people much faster than a cheery one in an angry crowd. - you \u2019 ll process and remember negative material better than the positive sort. - you \u2019 ll spend more time looking at photographs depicting nasty rather than nice behaviors. - you \u2019 ll react to critical words more slowly and with more cogitation than to flattering ones. - you \u2019 ll listen longer to complaints about yourself than to compliments. - even when you sleep, most of your dreams are the bad kind. - on your birthday, you \u2019 re up to 20 percent likelier to have a heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5211233573639767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37daf73c-64e1-4495-a526-86964872d38f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.193180"}
{"text": "ones. - you \u2019 ll listen longer to complaints about yourself than to compliments. - even when you sleep, most of your dreams are the bad kind. - on your birthday, you \u2019 re up to 20 percent likelier to have a heart attack, perhaps prompted by stress caused by fears of aging or disappointed hopes. rapt explores the phenomena that the main reason why we \u2019 re wired to pay attention to unhappy and frightful emotions is that they attune us to potential threat or lose, which makes us solve the problem to survive. rapt is also about the positive, top - down approach to attention. the book points out that if fear and sadness warn us of danger and loss, joy, curiosity, and contentment invite us to reach out and explore the world. for green marketers, which do you think is the best approach to creating a sustainable movement? \u201c horse frightened by lion \u201d is a famous painting by 18th century artist, george stubbs. according to winifred in her book, rapt, \u201c stubbs knew that a \u2018 high - value \u2019 idea or emotion is as compelling as a flash of lightening or volley of thunder, and it biases the competition for your attention so thoroughly that everything else fades into the background. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5017238865326943, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37daf73c-64e1-4495-a526-86964872d38f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.193822"}
{"text": "one of america \u2019 s largest labor uprisings, and the biggest armed civil insurrection since the civil war, started ninety years ago \u2014 and there \u2019 s an excellent chance you \u2019 ve never heard of it. thousands of west virginia miners, thoroughly sick of horrid working conditions and the coal companies \u2019 efforts to prevent them from organizing, squared off against forces led by sheriff don chafin at a ridge called blair mountain. the ensuing \u201c battle of blair mountain \u201d deserved its moniker, for it was a battle in every sense of the word \u2014 a five - day armed struggle along a fifteen - mile front, in which dozens died and hundreds were injured, complete with the deployment of air power. ( pilots hired by the sheriff dropped bombs on the miners \u2019 positions, and the army air force flew surveillance. ) the miners nearly broke through the coal companies \u2019 enforcers, but finally disbanded and headed to their homes when the presence of the u. s. army tipped the balance against them. some of them faced indictments for murder, conspiracy, and treason afterward. appalachian history has a more detailed post on the affair, which is well worth reading ; the battle of blair mountain is also the subject of a recent book by robert shogan. what i find most striking about the story is the fact that it \u2019 s largely unknown. i \u2019 m ashamed to admit that until a few years ago i \u2019 d never heard of it myself, despite the fact that i \u2019 m a history aficionado who \u2019 s lived most of his life in appalachia. how in the world has one of the largest and most important civil uprisings in the nation \u2019 s history \u2014 planes took to the air against american citizens on our own soil, for crying out loud \u2014 been such a neglected historical subject? is it because it happened in a region that most americans either ignore entirely or ( if they think about it all ) treat with contempt and disdain? i hope the answer is not so simple as that, but i \u2019 m not optimistic. these days blair mountain is a battlefield again, but the modern - day battle of blair mountain is over preservation. a few years ago blair mountain was placed on the national register of historic places, but it was subsequently removed. it needs to be reinstated. the site is threatened by surface mining, which would destroy this historic landscape and the archaeological resources it contains. let me pause here to state that i \u2019 m not opposed to the coal industry \u2019 s very existence, as some people are. at the same time, though, i don \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43632103341986483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa0df5c3-25c9-4189-946a-9f57cdd12164>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.197260"}
{"text": ", which would destroy this historic landscape and the archaeological resources it contains. let me pause here to state that i \u2019 m not opposed to the coal industry \u2019 s very existence, as some people are. at the same time, though, i don \u2019 t think it should be immune from criticism. discussion about coal shouldn \u2019 t be a zero - sum game in which any critique of the industry automatically means that you \u2019 re against fossil fuels or gainful employment. i stress this because i don \u2019 t want readers to take my endorsement of efforts to preserve blair mountain as a denunciation of coal or coal miners. my attitude toward the coal industry is mixed ; i \u2019 m glad that it provides jobs to people of this area, and as an energy source it \u2019 s indispensable. ( a popular bumper sticker in my neck of the woods reads, don \u2019 t like coal? don \u2019 t use electricity. ) at the same time, though, i \u2019 m also aware that it \u2019 s a problematic industry that has created and continues to create a great many problems. appalachia \u2019 s relationship to coal reminds me of what jefferson said about america \u2019 s relationship to slavery : \u201c but, as it is, we have the wolf by the ear, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. \u201d at the end of the day, this is about a specific place that \u2019 s very special. blair mountain is an important historic site, and should be designated as such and protected. check out the friends of blair mountain website and see what all the fuss is about.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4379407471124912, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aa0df5c3-25c9-4189-946a-9f57cdd12164>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.197846"}
{"text": "a new study indicates the wetlands that support the kenai river system are drying up - - but at a much slower rate than other developed areas of the state and the lower 48. the study, which was commissioned by the u. s. environmental protection agency and conducted by the u. s. fish and wildlife service, analyzed total wetland acreage in the lower kenai river area between 1950 and 1996. it was done in order to determine what effects development in the kenai, soldotna and sterling areas has had on the wetlands that support the kenai river watershed. fish and wildlife researchers jonathan hall and sheila kratzner looked at aerial photographs and maps from 1950, 1977 and 1996. using advanced measuring equipment, they were able to map and compare the data to determine how much wetland acreage was lost. the results are both an indication that the river is in good shape and a warning that wetland loss in the watershed is real, according to phil north, the epa ' s kenai watershed coordinator. \" we have lost a significant portion ( of wetlands ) so far. it ' s not major yet, but we ' re moving in that direction, \" he said thursday. the study was confined to an area encompassing 149, 459 acres between skilak lake and the mouth of the kenai. of that area, roughly 32. 1 percent is classified as wetlands or deepwater habitats ( lakes and streams ). this compares to just 5. 5 percent of land in the lower 48. the report concludes that between 1950 and 1996, a total of 707 acres, or 1. 7 percent, of wetlands within the study area was lost. north said that ' s not nearly as high as other areas, like anchorage, but it does represent a threat to the stability of the river system and the community in general. \" this is our warning that we ' re not immune from affecting the river, \" he said. north added that anchorage has lost more than 50 percent of its wetlands during the past 50 years. \" and the salmon are struggling in their streams, \" he pointed out. according to the study, most of the wetlands lost have been filled for either residential developments, roads or industrial uses. the study shows how the sources of wetlands loss have changed as the peninsula has developed. between 1950 and 1977, 54. 9 percent of wetlands loss was the result of road construction and industrial development. during that same time, residential wetlands loss accounted for just 18. 9 percent of the total. however, as development trends began to shift from infrastructure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37190448424768674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e3a2fdb4-36f4-4bbc-8df5-02a7e52d6582>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.200572"}
{"text": "once again, if you are only planning on building a ` ` small ' ' beowulf ( less than or equal to 16 nodes ) you don ' t have to worry too much about power as most homes and businesses have circuits that can provide 1500 - 2000 watts ( 15 - 20 amps at 120 volts ) without blowing a fuse or breaker. obviously you should check ( thinking about other things, like a monitor and room lights, that might also be on the circuit ) but you are likely ok. with any more nodes than this, you are likely to need multiple circuits. you will also very likely need to have the room wired to obtain them, as ( unless it is already a computer equipment room or a ex - machine shop or something ) most rooms don ' t have multiple circuits already installed - they can actually be a bit dangerous in a home where somebody might mistakenly assume that because the lamp went off when they switched off a breaker it means that the next receptacle over is actually dead. anticipating that some of the folks who read this are expectant hobbyists or amateurs when it comes to electrical engineering, it seems like a good idea to learn a bit about electricity at this point. after all, electricity is one of those areas where what you don ' t know can kill you. fairly easily, actually. be scared. let ' s discuss how electricity gets around11. 6. electricity is typically delivered to your home or office as a 60 cycle per second ( hertz or hz ) alternating voltage from a step - down transformer ( from a much higher voltage ) outside the building. in general, it will come in as either two - phase ( home ) or three - phase ( y, office ) with each phase at 120 ( rms ) ac volts above ground. by the time this 120 vac gets to where it is going to be used, it often has dropped to only 110 vac because of the resistance of the distribution wires, hence its generic name of 110 vac. to get a 110 - 120 vac circuit, one connects a line with one of the phases through a fuse or circuit breaker to the black wire of a standard cable. the white wire is connected to a grounded stake or sometimes the plumbing. the bare copper ( ground ) wire is also connected to the grounded stake, but should never be used to deliberately carry current according to most electrical codes. to get a 240 vac circuit, one runs one 120 vac phase on the red wire, and the opposite phase ( of a two phase supply", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5148261410743574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1780d033-96ac-4c60-8091-4b8bd16a4adc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.215492"}
{"text": "to the grounded stake, but should never be used to deliberately carry current according to most electrical codes. to get a 240 vac circuit, one runs one 120 vac phase on the red wire, and the opposite phase ( of a two phase supply ) on the black wire of appropriate cabling. both are colored to indicate that either wire will provide 120 vac with respect to white ( current carrying ground ) or copper ( safe ground ) or with respect to your delicate and easily damaged human body in contact with just about anything connected to the ground. so don ' t touch them if there is the faintest chance that they are ` ` hot ' '. don ' t touch the white current carrying wire either - under certain circumstances it can carry enough voltage to kill you. kill you? did i just say that? i did. electricity is very dangerous and will kill you in a heartbeat11. 7. electricity can also start fires very easily, and fires can also kill you dead. the best way to get your beowulf ' s space wired is by a certified professional who knows your local codes and is a lot less likely to come up with something that produces a blast of sparks when the breaker is thrown. if you have three phase ( y or wye, which is fairly commonly provided to businesses or industries but not common in homes ) electricity, you can get a ` ` sort of ' ' 240 volt circuit out of it by running between any two of the three phases. the phase difference is only 120 instead of 180 so one ends up with only 208 vac or so between the wires. this is enough to run most 240 vac devices simply because the manufacturers aren ' t fools and know that y / wye supplies are fairly common. this is also true for a lot of computer equipment that requires 240 vac ( like some racks or uninterruptible power supplies ( ups ) or some big - iron computers ). the thickness of the wires used to distribute the electricity and the length of the run from the primary distribution panel dictate how much current you can safely pull through a circuit. as a general rule ( according to most local codes ), 14 ( for up to 15 amps ) or 12 gauge wire ( for up to 20 amps ) is used in household dwellings to move electricity up to 100 feet. 10 gauge carries up to 30 amps ( for e. g. air conditioners or the like ). 8 gauge up to 40 amps. the smaller the gauge, the thicker the wire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5035948348566617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1780d033-96ac-4c60-8091-4b8bd16a4adc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.216514"}
{"text": "in household dwellings to move electricity up to 100 feet. 10 gauge carries up to 30 amps ( for e. g. air conditioners or the like ). 8 gauge up to 40 amps. the smaller the gauge, the thicker the wire, the more it can carry without getting too hot. to go farther than 100 feet, one typically goes up a size ( or more ) of wire. from this you can see that if you have a ` ` large ' ' beowulf, you will almost certainly need multiple circuits in the room ( typically 20 amps each ) and in many cases these circuits will have different phases. this means that if you are foolish enough to connect a black wire from one circuit to the black wire of another circuit, you could be basically shorting out 208 - 240 vac. amazingly enough, this happens ( sometimes inside racks or computers that have more than one plug that manufacturers somehow assumed would always be plugged into the same circuit ) with predictably spectacular results. this is just one of many reasons to have reliable fuses or circuit breakers in each and every line. once the electricity has made it to the room, there is no real difference between installing a bunch of receptacles in the wall for each circuit or just one or two and plugging power strips ( with appropriately heavy gauge supply wires ) into them, and the latter is likely more scalable and convenient. just don ' t overload the circuits themselves and avoid thin extension cords and the like. electricity ` ` likes ' ' to run over nice, fat wires and really hates it when it ' s squeezed down into a thin, scrawny wire. it responds by making those thin wires hot, which wastes energy, drops the voltage at the appliance, and can be dangerous. you may want to think about uninterruptible power supplies ( ups ) and power conditioning. in my area, the power goes off fairly frequently for tiny little times like ten seconds. this is just enough to cause all of your kitchen clocks and coffee makers to reset, and is plenty long enough to hard - crash your computer ( s ) as well, which is most annoying if you ' ve been running a calculation for a day or two ( or longer! ) and have to start over. almost any kind of ups can keep a computer up through these short outages. more expensive ups can provide a degree of power conditioning and surge protection, which is also useful when you have many nodes and want maximal hardware reliability. some of them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4973867138556898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1780d033-96ac-4c60-8091-4b8bd16a4adc>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.217558"}
{"text": "over. almost any kind of ups can keep a computer up through these short outages. more expensive ups can provide a degree of power conditioning and surge protection, which is also useful when you have many nodes and want maximal hardware reliability. some of them also have other clever or desirable features, like the ability to control them and cycle the power remotely via a serial port connection or the like. this can sometimes save one a trip into the cluster in the middle of the night or can allow you to reboot while on your ski vacation in europe, if that sort of thing is worth it to you ( the bells and whistles aren ' t cheap ). so fine, you ' ve got your space, it has room, the floor will hold all your systems ( and you and your desk and your stereo ), you ' ve got electricians running one 20 amp circuit in for each 16 nodes ( or thereabouts ). there ' s just one last major problem to worry about. you ' re delivering a lot of power to the room to run all those machines. when they ' re done with all that energy, they give it up as heat. every watt that goes in to your computer room has to come out in a steady state. believe me here, i ' m a physicist. think of your 16 node beowulf as a 1600 watt space heater or 16 100 watt light bulbs, and you won ' t go far wrong. 1600 watts is the rate at which energy is being delivered into the room11. 8. if you don ' t remove all that energy at the same rate, it will build up. as it builds up, the room will get hotter and hotter until the temperature difference between the inside of the room and the outside of the room is big enough to drive all the heat out through the walls. this may or may not happen before all your computers melt or catch on fire and turn into an expensive little puddle of metal and epoxy. or just break, which is actually more likely but not as impressive. the former can happen, though - as you may discover the hard way if you are foolish enough to put 128 nodes ( or approximately 13, 000 watts ) into a small, closed room with no kind of thermal kill switch and the air conditioning fails. once again, most rooms in most houses or office buildings can probably handle as many as eight nodes with their existing air conditioning arrangements. in my house, for example, my office gets a bit warm during the summer with five nodes ( two with monitors )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5014800577824903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1780d033-96ac-4c60-8091-4b8bd16a4adc>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.218531"}
{"text": "once again, most rooms in most houses or office buildings can probably handle as many as eight nodes with their existing air conditioning arrangements. in my house, for example, my office gets a bit warm during the summer with five nodes ( two with monitors ) for around 700 watts, plus a couple of lights ( 150 watts more ) plus a couple of warm bodies ( 200 watts more ). 1000 watts in a 10 foot square room with a door and the house air conditioning set in the low seventies keeps the office temperature in the high seventies, but i can live with that and so can my nodes. sixteen nodes, of course, would be intolerable unless i added a window air conditioning unit ( or unless i spread them out throughout the house ). once again, you ' ll have to work this out for however many nodes you plan to have, but if you have more than a very few nodes you must work it out. a useful true fact is that air conditioning is usually bought in ` ` tons ' ', but any sane measurement of power being delivered to a room will be in watts ( or maybe kilowatts ). so, marylou, what ' s ton? a ton of air conditioning removes enough heat to melt a ton of ice at the melting point ( 0 c ) in 24 hours. to calculate the power this represents is a pain in the butt, however straightforward11. 9 and the result is that one tone of air conditioning can remove almost exactly 3500 watts continuously from a room. so, in an ideal universe we could run perhaps 32 nodes per ton of available air conditioning ( to stay a bit on the safe side ). a 128 node beowulf might need four tons of air conditioning ( depending on the actual power required by the nodes, which may well vary ). however, reality might well be less than ideal - if your machine room is considerably cooler than its ambient surroundings, or has a large sunny window, or has a lot of electric lights, you may not be far enough on the safe side. heat can flow in to the room from any of these sources and 1 square meter of sunny window can let a lot of heat into a room on a hot and sunny day. i ' m tempted to expound on the additional power needed by all that air conditioning, but that depends on the efficiency of your air conditioning unit and the temperature of the outside air and all that. a reasonable estimate is that you ' ll have to buy a watt of air conditioning power for every three to five watts of power consumed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5767799651840002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1780d033-96ac-4c60-8091-4b8bd16a4adc>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.220508"}
{"text": "conditioning, but that depends on the efficiency of your air conditioning unit and the temperature of the outside air and all that. a reasonable estimate is that you ' ll have to buy a watt of air conditioning power for every three to five watts of power consumed in your beowulf. ahhh, physics. a wonderful thing. let me remind you one last time that if there is any chance at all that your air conditioning can shut down while your computers are still operating and they are not in a large room with plenty of circulation, you should think seriously about some sort of thermal kill switch. computer hardware breaks or even catches on fire if it gets hot enough, and i can tell you from bitter experience that the temperature in a smallish closed room ( in an otherwise cool building ) will go up to well over 100 farenheit in a remarkably short time if there is more than a kilowatt being released inside with no ventilation or air conditioning. the temperature inside the cases will be considerably higher, and the temperature of the cpu and memory chips and hard drives higher still. we ' re now done with the serious stuff. i ' ll wrap up this section by reminding you to think about other kinds of infrastructure that you might want to provide for your beowulf room if it is in some sort of organization ; fiber or copper lines to your organization lan switch or router, for example, or connections to printing facilities. a phone ( or two ) is often nice, possibly equipped with a modem and terminal or network server if you plan on managing remotely ( as in from someplace network - inaccessible ). finally, you may want to think about physically securing the location. you ' ve just built a pile of pc ' s that ( however cheap the nodes ) is worth thousands, possibly hundreds of thousands of dollars. it would be a shame if you came in after a weekend to discover that an entrepreneur with a pickup truck had disassembled and made off with a large chunk of them. i wish that i could say that this is very unlikely, but we ' ve had computers stolen ( including one high end beowulf node ) from just outside our beowulf room, which is itself located on a low - traffic hall inside a generally locked building with a carded lot. we ' re likely going to move our beowulf room to new digs on a no traffic corridor that you have to have a building map to find. so think about locks, traffic patterns, access both day and night, and don ' t make it too", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5755908508985972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1780d033-96ac-4c60-8091-4b8bd16a4adc>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.221921"}
{"text": "likely going to move our beowulf room to new digs on a no traffic corridor that you have to have a building map to find. so think about locks, traffic patterns, access both day and night, and don ' t make it too easy for an ` ` entrepreneur ' ' to make off with your hard - earned nodes and support hardware. the answer, fortunately, is that it is not difficult at all to build, and once built and configured, it is extremely easy ( and cheap! ) to maintain. linux ( or at least some sort of unix ) expertise is obviously very useful, but most linux distributions fully support generic cluster computing ` ` out of the box ' '. the most difficult single things to master are how to implement a scalable installation mechanism for your cluster ( or lan ), and how to largely automate software maintenance for your cluster ( or lan ) so that you do work once, and it is automatically applied to all the nodes ( or workstations ) you manage. why do i keep putting down nodes ( or workstations )? hmmm, good question! i suppose the answer is that from one point of view a generic compute cluster can be thought of as a lan consisting of specialized workstations. in particular, workstations with no x or gui installed, that indeed might not even have video and a keyboard installed at all, that are missing sound and games and office tools and a whole lot of user applications, but that do have compilers and other development tools, a wide range of application and development libraries, specialized libraries and toolsets for supporting e. g. pvm or mpi computations, and perhaps some specialized node monitoring daemons or batch job management tools installed. nearly all of this could equally be installed on a workstation, and if you run cluster nodes in your workstation lan, you are very likely ( and wise ) to go ahead and install all the cluster tools but perhaps the batch schedulers on your workstations as well, so that the only difference between a workstation and a cluster node is that most ` ` desktop user ' ' interactive / user interface components are missing on the latter. note that this is not the strategy adopted by the ` ` true beowulf ' ' package builders11. 10, who install custom kernels and tools to make cluster nodes look like ` ` cpus ' ' in a big multiprocessor system with a unified pid space and transparent job distribution and management. in this latter approach, nodes are not works", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4630018852838452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1780d033-96ac-4c60-8091-4b8bd16a4adc>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.222843"}
{"text": ", who install custom kernels and tools to make cluster nodes look like ` ` cpus ' ' in a big multiprocessor system with a unified pid space and transparent job distribution and management. in this latter approach, nodes are not workstations, and you can ' t ` ` log into a node ' ' any more than one can ` ` log into a cpu ' ' on a mp system. this suggests that it is time for a pretty fundamental split in the discussion. all those who want to build a beowulfish cluster on top of their existing lan, integrated with and possibly even transparently including their desktop workstations, creating nodes that are basically specialized, particularly simple workstations ( that one can log into to run jobs or do whatever you like, just as one could a workstation ) please move one full pace to the left. unless, of course, you happen to be sitting down, or moving to the left would cause you to fall off of a tall building and die, can ' t have that. all the rest of you, who want none of this ` ` workstation cluster ' ' crap and want to build a beowulf, pure and simple, similarly step to the right, if only metaphorically. wishy washy ones can stay where they are and read both of the following sections to figure out which one they might be, or might become, and how.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5183435632594772, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1780d033-96ac-4c60-8091-4b8bd16a4adc>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.223358"}
{"text": "download cbse physics solved board question papers 2008, 2009, 2010 & 2011 \u2013 all versions ( delhi, outside delhi & foreign ) the question papers are in pdf format, all question papers with solution in a single file. so, it may take some time for the download to finish. categories : cbse physics, downloads, model question papers, physics links, question bank, sample papers, solved problems tags : central board of secondary education, delhi, education, equations of motion, kendriya vidyalaya, ohm ' s law, physics, tests is all physics which we had studied in class 11 and 12 are correct or \u2026? i would like to quote just one thing, \u201c science tells the first word of everything and the last word of nothing \u201d what we learnt yesterday might have changed today and may change in future. we have to adapt ourselves to the new findings, discoveries and inventions. further, what we learn in class xi and xii is up to that level and we when we go to higher levels, we learn things more deeply and many things will be dealt differently. a rock is thrown vertically upward from the ground with an initial speed 15m / s. a. how high does it go b. how much time is required for the rock to reach its maximum height? c. what is the rock \u2019 s height at t = 2. 00s? ( posted by merhawi ) v = 0 m / s ( at the max height ) ( b ) from the above case ( c ) use s = ut + 1 / 2 at2 put t = 2s, u = 15m / s, a = - 10m / s2 s = 30 \u2013 20 = 10 m ( if you use g = 9. 8 m / s2 the answers will be slightly different ) q. a weather balloon is floating at a constant height above earth when it releases a pack of instruments. a. if the pack hits the ground with a velocity of - 73. 5 m / s, how far did the pack fall? b. how long did it take for the pack to fall? v = - 73. 5 m / s ( - since downwards ) a = - g = - 9. 8 m / s 2 from the equation of motion v = u + at - 73. 5 = - 9. 8 x t from the equation of motion s = ut + 1 / 2 a t2 u = 0 m / s s = 0. 5 x ( - 9. 8 ) x 7. 5 x 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5424089384703232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b0d968e-1103-4785-8bf4-9380a83b6ca3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.225654"}
{"text": "diamond anvil cells can apply millions of atmospheres of pressure to a solid or liquid, while allowing it to be observed through the diamond \u201c windows. \u201d for the first time, researchers have introduced optical tweezers into one of these cells in order to trap sample particles. the experiment, described in physical review letters, directly measured the viscosity of the water surrounding the particles. further development of this technique could permit investigations of the mechanical changes in biological cells and other soft materials placed under high pressure. a diamond anvil cell ( dac ) is a sealed volume sandwiched between the flat, millimeter - wide tips of two diamonds. when squeezed, the pressure in the cell can reach levels found in the core of the earth. diamonds are not only strong enough to handle these pressures, but they are also transparent to optical and x - ray probes. however, studying certain mechanical properties requires the controlled application of localized forces, which has been difficult to realize in a dac. for their force \u201c handle, \u201d richard bowman of the university of glasgow, in the uk, and his colleagues chose optical tweezers, which are highly focused lasers that trap particles. to overcome the spatial constraints of a dac, the team used part of their laser to create a second beam that reflected back on the cell. the combined beams trapped micron - sized silica beads suspended in a water sample. because the optical forces were known, the random vibrations of trapped beads provided a direct measure of the water viscosity. the team recorded a threefold increase in viscosity for a pressure rise of atmospheres \u2014 a result that agrees well with previous measurements and builds confidence in the new technique. \u2013 michael schirber", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6066507140074535, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8238d2d8-6334-43a0-a3d0-3e6f29acb91c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.227612"}
{"text": "quantum system can emit only photons with energy equal ( within the uncertainty ) to the difference between two energy states. even if the atom is in a superposition of energy states \\ left | \\ psi \\ right > = c _ 0 \\ left | 0 \\ right > + c _ 1 \\ left | 1 \\ right > + c _ 2 \\ left | 2 \\ right > + \\ ldots \\ qquad ( 1 ) with average energy somewhere between the levels, it can emit only certain set of photons : $ e _ 1 - e _ 0 $, $ e _ 2 - e _ 0 $, $ e _ 2 - e _ 1 $ etc. emission of a photon is an act of measurement since the energy of the emitted particle contains information about the atom. if the energy of the photon is $ e _ 2 - e _ 1 $ then the energy of the electron in the atom is $ e _ 1 $ - the energy of the final state of the transition. the next photon emitted by this atom will have energy equal to $ e _ 1 - e _ 0 $ for sure. if one observe photons emitted by an ensemble of atoms in state ( 1 ) he will see $ e _ 1 - e _ 0 $ photons with probability $ \\ left | c _ 1 \\ right | ^ 2 $, any of $ e _ 2 - e _ 0 $ and $ e _ 2 - e _ 1 $ with probability $ \\ left | c _ 2 \\ right | ^ 2 $ and so on. the total energy emitted by the system while it is coming to ground state is equal to average energy of state ( 1 ) multiplied by the number of atoms in the ensemble. energy conservation is not violated. the same is true for mixed states for which the probability of certain photon is determined by the density matrix of the system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6767045001458988, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b33feb16-7bb6-42d7-8b99-6b9496ca2c1b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.229175"}
{"text": "what is a story walk? it \u2019 s an exciting initiative that combines a children \u2019 s story with a walking route while connecting families with their library and community. a way to inspire parents, teachers, and caregivers to take young children on a short stroll that is fun for all. we have these story walks that you can borrow : ayres, katherine \u2013 up down and around brown, margaret wise \u2013 big red barn bruchac, joseph \u2013 many nations cauley, lorinda bryan \u2013 clap your hands buehner, caralyn \u2013 snowmen at night crews, donald \u2013 ten black dots dodd, emma \u2013 what pet to get dorros, arthur \u2013 animal tracks ehlert, lois \u2013 growing vegetable soup ( english / espanol ) katz, karen \u2013 the colors of us martin, bill \u2013 chicka chicka boom boom marzollo, jean \u2013 how kids grow mcgrath, barbara barbieri \u2014 the baseball counting book moore, clement c. \u2013 the night before christmas penn, audrey \u2013 the kissing hand raschka, chris \u2013 charlie parker played be bop sendak, maurice \u2013 where the wild things are senisi, ellen b. \u2013 kindergarten kids shannon, david \u2013 duck on a bike silverstein, shel \u2014 the giving tree tillman, nancy \u2013 wherever you are my love will find you winthrop, elizabeth \u2013 shoes ( 2 copies ) behrens, janice \u2013 let \u2019 s vote on it! brett, jan \u2013 the mitten each story walk portfolio contains : - laminated posters ( number varies with length of book ) and \u201c story walk start \u201d + \u201c the end \u201d - inventory page - what is a story walk\u2122 - about wee read - samples of flyers for times we have used this - guidelines for making / using this story walk\u2122 - guide sheet for the story to be used / given as you see fit - survey for families - sample of child sign in sheet \u2014 we made them to match each story. these were given to children at the start of the walk and collected at the end where children could choose a free book. we use them to know how many children and what ages read the story. please feel free to add your own flyers, survey results, summary of the event, etc. while pages of the book may not be altered in any way ; flyers, surveys, guides, and vism sheet may be reproduced. the first story walk\u2122 project was created by anne ferguson of montpelier, vermont and developed in collaboration with the vermont bicycle & pedestrian coalition and the kellogg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43963020517198864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab9a7ba9-0e57-4ab4-9c9d-20abc1a30811>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.231736"}
{"text": "please update your flash player to view content. since the late 1800s, artificial methods to increase the fish population in california have been employed in order to fill a void between nature \u2019 s ability to produce fish and anglers \u2019 demands for them. to keep up with the demand, the california state legislature passed \u201c an act to provide for the restoration and preservation of fish in the waters of this state \u201d april 2, 1870. under this act, the three newly appointed commissioners of fisheries were given the duty to establish \u201c fish breederies \u201d and stock streams, lakes and bays with both foreign and domestic fish. for areas such as lake almanor, having a healthy fish population is key to a thriving community. the beautiful 28, 257 - acre reservoir is home to a variety of fish, which help attract anglers from all over. this manmade lake has reaped the benefits of the restoration act through the almanor fishing association \u2019 s cage - rearing project. for the last 25 years, fish have been artificially planted and reared in the waters, making up more than half of lake almanor \u2019 s fish population. \u201c the whole community relies on the quality of fishing here. lake almanor is the key and we want to keep it as healthy as possible, \u201d said rich dangler, afa board president. cage rearing history community members rhonda dakota, ruben chavez and jim pleau started the lake almanor fish pen project in 1979 with the assistance of the california department of fish and game. in the beginning, only two netted squares framed in 2 - by - 4 - inch lumber were used to rear the fish. after a couple successful years, dfg donated four aluminum cages to the program. not long after, lake oroville \u2019 s cage rearing program ended and their cages were sent to lake almanor. by 1982, the program had 10 cages, which helped expand the fish rearing efforts. today, it is the largest and most successful cage program in california. eventually, the dfg ran out of money to feed the fish and instead of canceling the project, afa took over. every year, for more than 18 years, dfg has supported the cage - rearing project by donating 50, 000 rainbow trout fingerlings for planting. when the fish arrive on the dfg truck, they are hosed into a large cage in groups of 5, 000. the cage is then secured to a pontoon boat that has a special crank built just for use in this project.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38755720749044714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc1e8783-a75e-428b-8de9-a7fafb7c1b1b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.237852"}
{"text": ". when the fish arrive on the dfg truck, they are hosed into a large cage in groups of 5, 000. the cage is then secured to a pontoon boat that has a special crank built just for use in this project. volunteers navigate the loaded pontoon to the hamilton branch side of lake almanor and then manually net the fish into 10 separate cages, with 5, 000 in each cage. the fingerlings are planted when they are about 4 to 6 inches in size and by the time they are released, they have grown to 10 to 14 inches. throughout the winter, normally between november and april, volunteers feed the fish on a day - to - day basis, counting and removing any that didn \u2019 t survive through the night. over the years, native bird life and previously reared and released fish have adapted to the feeding schedule and will often be seen hanging around the cages, waiting for their next meal. kokanee power donates 15, 000 pounds of fish food to last through the winter. according to dangler, if they run out of food, the fish are released early. if any food is left over, it is donated to the chester high school hatchery. usually, the fish remain in the cages until late april or early may. throughout the years, more than 1 million fish have been reared in the hamilton branch cages. aside from afa \u2019 s fish - rearing program, dfg plants fish throughout plumas county at different times throughout the year. a monthly fish - planting schedule can be found by visiting nrm. dfg. ca. gov / fishplants. the dfg currently stocks approximately 1, 000 bodies of water within california and operates 21 public hatcheries. continuing its successful cage - rearing project for another year, afa members and volunteers worked together to transfer 50, 000 fingerlings to the hamilton branch cages nov. 6 and 7. \u201c this year \u2019 s fingerlings were rather large and should be 10 \u2013 12 inches by the time they are released in late may, \u201d reported afa \u2019 s website. starting this year, dfg is requiring a mixture of both diploids ( fertile fish ) and triploids ( sterile fish ) be planted in the lake. up until now, all fish delivered have been eagle lake diploids ; however, with the new requirement in place, both types of fish were planted. eagle lake diploids dominated the mixture with 30, 000 delivered, while only 20, 000 shasta triploids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41848252964263266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc1e8783-a75e-428b-8de9-a7fafb7c1b1b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.238809"}
{"text": "fish delivered have been eagle lake diploids ; however, with the new requirement in place, both types of fish were planted. eagle lake diploids dominated the mixture with 30, 000 delivered, while only 20, 000 shasta triploids were delivered. \u201c we are researching how well the triploids will survive in the cages, \u201d said dangler. \u201c they are more susceptible to stress, which means we will have to work a lot harder to rear them. \u201d this year is also the first year the newly restored cages will be used. for the last three years, the 10 cages have been undergoing restoration after being in the water for nearly 25 years. the restoration cost $ 37, 000, which was donated by california inland fisheries foundation inc., kokanee power, plumas county fish and game commission and afa. the future of afa as the economy plummets, fewer and fewer people are able to contribute to memberships in groups such as almanor fishing association. over the last year, membership has declined by almost one - quarter. although much of the cost associated with the cage - rearing project is covered by generous donations, if membership continues to fall, the association may have to close its doors. according to dangler, if this were to happen, it is likely the cage program would also be forced to shut down. with the majority of lake almanor \u2019 s fish being reared through afa \u2019 s project, the fish population could be faced with a decline in numbers, and anglers would be diverted out of the area. volunteers to help feed the fish have also seen a decline ; there are several feeding slots available for this year \u2019 s batch of fingerlings. to volunteer for a feeding slot call 259 - 5899. afa membership is not limited to the almanor area, and many of its members live throughout plumas county. membership levels start as low as $ 25. to become a member visit almanorfishingassociation. com. 15th annual century rides scheduled for june 22 little league nears regional tourneys greenville \u2019 s catcher, brent washoe, is a second too late as chester \u2019 s jason schlueter slides into home plate for a run during a chester home game in late may.... read more... fishing report for the week of 6 / 13 / 2013 hunter hedman displays a beautiful brown trout he caught at bucks lake. it took him only five minutes of fishing to hook the biggest fish of his life, he said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3772742233295685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc1e8783-a75e-428b-8de9-a7fafb7c1b1b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.240021"}
{"text": "the story of the minotaur mazes are very ancient and appear many times in history. according to ancient legend, daedalus constructed the so called \" cretan labyrinth \" in knossos, to house the legendary minotaur. the minotaur was a fearsome creature, half man and half bull killed by theseus in the famous legend in which he escapes using a ball of string provided by ariadne. although we don ' t have direct evidence in the form of buried walls for the shape of the cretan labyrinth, there is a traditional idea about its shape, and a very nice geometrical construction for drawing one. this gives us our first link between mathematics and mazes. you can draw this on paper, or if you are on a beach it looks very good drawn into the sand with the help of a stick. to draw a traditional cretan labyrinth, start with the cross and dots on the right. the picture below shows you how to complete the cretan labyrinth. notice that the when you connect the lines you alternate left and right round the square. now you can complete the picture. building the cretan labyrinth here is a java applet showing how to complete the cretan labyrinth. notice how you connect the lines. try following the route from the entrance to the centre. this path is surprisingly long and in a full size labyrinth it would have taken some time to get to the centre. however, there is a further surprise in store. although the path to the centre is very long there is only one way in and one way out! theseus had to make no difficult decisions at all on his way to kill the minotaur. indeed, it was easy with this design to get to the centre and just as easy to get out again. in short there was no need for threads, ariadne, broken hearts, suicide or any of the other features of the story. exactly the same geometric pattern as the cretan labyrinth appears in many different cultures and it is quite a common artistic image. examples of similar mazes have been found scratched into caves in cornwall ( possibly by visiting phonecian sea farers or by visiting mathematicians in a moment of boredom ), on roman coins and in pictures drawn by native american indians. the pattern is of interest to mathematicians because it packs a very long path into a small space. using other seeds an alternative seed using different seeds ( or starting shapes ) when drawing the maze leads to different labyrinths. an important feature of the creta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4624069592627411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05c0c1fe-24ae-4ddf-8924-8b37af8dcb6a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.253056"}
{"text": "the pattern is of interest to mathematicians because it packs a very long path into a small space. using other seeds an alternative seed using different seeds ( or starting shapes ) when drawing the maze leads to different labyrinths. an important feature of the cretan labyrinth is that there is only one entrance and only one route toward the centre. we can ask the ( mathematical ) question of whether all seeds lead to labyrinths with one entrance and route. although the cretan maze is the most common, and probably the oldest, there are lots of others that we can draw. let ' s try a different seed such as the one above on the right. the alternative labyrinth to draw the complete picture remember to alternate drawing the lines from left to right. the resulting maze in this case is shown on the left. the rise of the maze the term \" labyrinth \" is now generally means a construction that leads you from a starting point to a goal by taking you on a tortuous path, but requires no actual decisions. your whole path is predetermined by the builder of the labyrinth. sacred sites were sometimes constructed as labyrinths by people who believed in the action of fate giving you an ultimate destiny which was entirely beyond control. however, following the christianisation of the roman empire, and the belief in the action of free will, a different form of construction came into being. this was the maze. in a maze intrepid travellers had to make a series of decisions, and their ultimate fates ( in particular whether they reached the centre ) relied upon the results of those decisions. mazes were often built into the floors of churches and you were supposed to pray as you found your way towards the centre. the idea of the puzzle maze was developed during the middle ages and later into the celebrated hedge maze, often found in the grounds of stately homes. the modern use of the hedge maze is now purely recreational. the puzzle is usually to find your way to the centre ( and out again ) starting from the entrance. many mazes around the world are open to the public and make a great day out. examples include the jubilee maze centre at symonds yat ( which has a fine museum of mazes at its centre ), and the maze at longleat, which has bridges and changes its pathways during the day. if you get lost in this maze then clues are available. perhaps the most famous public maze in england is the hedge maze at hampton court near london, which was constructed in 1690 ad and is still open to the public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5593711432022246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05c0c1fe-24ae-4ddf-8924-8b37af8dcb6a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.254632"}
{"text": "changes its pathways during the day. if you get lost in this maze then clues are available. perhaps the most famous public maze in england is the hedge maze at hampton court near london, which was constructed in 1690 ad and is still open to the public. if you get the chance, visit the maze at hampton court and indeed hampton court itself. we hope that you are convinced that mazes are both fun and important. now let ' s think how, as mathematicians, we could try to solve the puzzle of how to get to the centre of a maze ( and out again ) quickly and reliably. mazes and networks next we will explain the link between mazes and networks. in fact we will transform a maze into a network. the result will look very different but the transformation will help us solve the problem of getting to the centre of a maze and then back out again. by doing this we will employ a very useful technique in mathematics : transform a hard problem into a simpler one which we can solve more easily. how to walk round mazes and networks the point we are trying to reach in a maze is called the centre of the maze. some mazes can be solved by putting one hand on the hedge and following it round. unfortunately this doesn ' t always work. in this section we will show how to transform a maze into a network and give a method for walking round networks which is guaranteed to find the centre. if we ' ve transformed a maze into a network this then solves our problem of finding the way to the centre of the maze. we have chosen the point \" m \" in our maze. this is where network topology comes in and we will use these ideas to simplify the maze to its essential components. a sample maze when you go round a maze it doesn ' t matter how much you twist and turn, all that does matter are points where you have to make decisions. in a cretan labyrinth you don ' t have to decide anything at all, as once you enter the labyrinth you simply keep walking until you reach the centre. the centre point, the place we are trying to get to, is labeled m. we ' ve put a decision point at the start as you can always decide not to enter the maze. to simplify the maze we draw a network. in this network we write down all of the decision points as points on a piece of paper. we now draw paths from each of these points to the others, but only if you can go from one to another in the maze without having", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5722986633261653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05c0c1fe-24ae-4ddf-8924-8b37af8dcb6a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.255623"}
{"text": "a network. in this network we write down all of the decision points as points on a piece of paper. we now draw paths from each of these points to the others, but only if you can go from one to another in the maze without having to make a decision in between. this gives you a network. here is the maze with all the decision points marked. a sample maze - with decision points here is the completed network for the maze : a sample maze - as a network in contrast, here is the network of the cretan labyrinth. the only decision points are at the beginning and the end : the cretan labyrinth - as a network using the network it is much easier to see how to solve the maze. indeed, we can label the solution just in terms of the decision points that you go through. for the cretan labyrinth this gives a - > b. for the more complicated maze one route to the centre is a - > b - > d - > k - > i - > m. you should be able to find many more routes to the centre using this diagram. how many do you think there are? the trick of reducing the maze to its bare essentials by finding a diagram which contains all of the information in the maze, is widely used in mathematics. a good example of this is the map of an underground railway system or metro. often these maps only show the railway lines, stations and interconnections. distances between stations on the ground do not always correspond to distances on a map. but do travellers on the train care? perhaps not, as they often only need to know how to get between stations. in fact, stripping away the unnecessary information might actually help then navigate successfully. when we think in terms of networks, the problem of solving a maze becomes the following : can you find a route in the network which takes you from the beginning to the centre and then back again? it is worth saying that there are really two different problems here. one is to find the route when you don ' t have a map of the maze to hand. this is the case in most recreational mazes. the second is to find the route when you do have a map. this case would arise if you were ( for example ) trying to find your way around a road network or a telephone exchange ( or indeed the underground ). we will consider the case when we don ' t have a map available. in a network the decision points are called nodes and the lines connecting nodes are called edges or paths.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5688428692904038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05c0c1fe-24ae-4ddf-8924-8b37af8dcb6a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.256549"}
{"text": "around a road network or a telephone exchange ( or indeed the underground ). we will consider the case when we don ' t have a map available. in a network the decision points are called nodes and the lines connecting nodes are called edges or paths. given a map of a network, the spaces left between the edges and the space outside are called the faces. if an odd number of paths meet at a node then it is called an odd node and if an even number of paths meet then it is called an even node. a dead end ( such as the decision point at c ) is an odd node as only one path leads into it. the parts of a network networks were first studied by the great swiss mathematician leonard euler. euler was one of the most productive mathematicians who ever lived and he created a lot of modern mathematics. in 1736 euler became interested in networks through trying to solve the problem of the bridges of konigsberg. konigsberg, now called kaliningrad, is a town in russia on the baltic sea which has the river pregel running through it with the island of kneiphof in the middle of the river. the mainland and the island were connected by bridges in the arrangement shown below : the bridges of konigsberg the citizens of konigsberg had noticed that there seemed to be no way of going for a walk in which each bridge was crossed once and once only, but wondered whether they were being stupid and that there might be a route if only they looked hard enough. euler took up this challenge and started by reducing the problem to a network. in this network, the nodes were the four land masses a, b, c, d and the edges were the bridges. here is the resulting network : the network of the bridges of konigsberg the problem of the bridges of konigsberg can now be stated as follows : can you start from any node and construct a route around the network which will bring you back to the node and go down each path once and only once? it is possible to ask this question for any network, not just for the one above and euler came up with a brilliant solution to the general problem. here it is : - if you have any network which has only even nodes then you can start at any node and find a route which returns you to that node which goes down each path once and once only. - if the network has exactly two odd nodes then you can construct a route which starts at one odd node and ends up at the other and goes through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5499477204066505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05c0c1fe-24ae-4ddf-8924-8b37af8dcb6a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.257434"}
{"text": "and find a route which returns you to that node which goes down each path once and once only. - if the network has exactly two odd nodes then you can construct a route which starts at one odd node and ends up at the other and goes through every path once and once only. - if the network has more than two odd nodes then there is no route that goes through every path once and once only. it is worth pointing out that no network can have only one ( or indeed any odd number ) of odd nodes. the network for the bridges of konigsberg has four odd nodes so no route is possible which crosses over every bridge once and once only. to make this possible the simplest solution is to demolish the bridge between a and c, then at least you can walk from b to d going over each bridge once and only once ( although you can ' t do this if you want to start and finish in the same place ). this is a neat solution mathematically, not a great idea if you happen to live in konigsberg. we seem to have come a long way from solving a maze, but in fact we have nearly finished. the proof of euler ' s theorem actually gives us a way of solving the maze. what we do is use the methods described in the proof to construct a route into the centre of the maze and back out again which goes down each path at most twice. to start we first take the network for the maze. now, these networks have a collection of odd and even nodes and this makes it awkward to use any of the results of the above theorem. our first step is to convert the maze into one with only even nodes. this we do by the simple process of drawing each path between two nodes twice. what this means on the ground is that in following our way around the maze we are allowed to take each path twice but no more. think about this - this is very necessary. if we could only go down each path once then there would be no way out of a dead end! for our example maze this gives the following network : the network of our maze doubling up the number of paths in the network corresponding to our maze has converted it into a network with only even nodes. euler ' s first result states that in such a network we can construct a path from any node which will return us to that node and which goes down each path once and once only. now, suppose that we start at the entrance to the maze at point a and find this route. as it goes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5564327650914105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05c0c1fe-24ae-4ddf-8924-8b37af8dcb6a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.258376"}
{"text": "network we can construct a path from any node which will return us to that node and which goes down each path once and once only. now, suppose that we start at the entrance to the maze at point a and find this route. as it goes down every path, sooner or later it will go down a path which leads to the centre of the maze. this is a splendid start. now continuing along our route we will eventually get back to the start of the maze again. it looks as though we have found a foolproof way of cracking the maze. what is the catch? well there isn ' t one really, except that the route we construct may not be optimal ( ie. it may be much longer than the shortest route into the centre and back ). this makes the method inefficient for solving problems concerned with traffic flow ( for which there are much better methods around ) but it doesn ' t matter too much for the networks corresponding to mazes. as we have not given the proof of euler ' s theorem, we can ' t immediately jump to the solution. fortunately this has already been done for us and we will describe the method of m. tremaux, which is described in the book ` ` mathematical recreations and essays ' ' by rouse ball. what is nice about the method we are going to describe is that you don ' t need to use a map of the maze, but you do need to use a packet of peanuts and a bag of crisps. how to solve a maze using a packet of peanuts and a bag of crisps you enter the maze, which we will assume has high hedges which you can ' t see over, and that all paths and nodes ( where you make decisions ) look very much the same. the peanuts and crisps are used as markers in the maze. trail the peanuts ( here and there ) as you go and leave a peanut at all decision points. this will tell you whether you have been to a decision point before or whether you have gone down a path before ( without being too ecologically unfriendly ). if you go down a path a second time, then trail a path of crisps. if you have a rule that you never go down a path with crisps this will stop you going down that path again. if you reach a decision point which does not have a peanut there we call this a new node. leave a peanut there, it now becomes an old node. similarly, a path without peanuts or a path in which you are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6024790608919095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05c0c1fe-24ae-4ddf-8924-8b37af8dcb6a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.259349"}
{"text": "down that path again. if you reach a decision point which does not have a peanut there we call this a new node. leave a peanut there, it now becomes an old node. similarly, a path without peanuts or a path in which you are currently on and dropping peanuts for the first time is a new path. a path with peanuts already on it and on which you are now dropping crisps is called an old path. here is now how to solve any maze. - start at the entrance and take any path. - if at any point you come to a new node then take any new path. - if you come to an old node, or the end of a blind alley, and you are on a new path then turn back along this path. - if you come to an old node and you are on an old path then take a new path ( if such exists ) or an old path otherwise. - never go down a path more than twice. if you follow this procedure then you will eventually reach the centre and then get back out again. this of course only happens if no one eats the peanuts, and here we have to hope for the best! try it out on the examples in the exercises, for which a pencil mark will substitute for the peanuts. for an example, on the network of our maze the method gives as one possible route, the route : interestingly enough, if you read the account of harris ' adventures in the hampton court maze from the book three men in a boat, you will find that he also used a marker. instead of a peanut, they used a baby ' s bun which showed them when they had come back to the same point. unfortunately as there was only one bun available it didn ' t help much with solving the maze itself and left the baby hungry. try this method out and see if you can discover why and how it works. we have seen how to transform a maze into a network. as we mentioned before, you can think of an underground rail system as a network of connected stations. the internet is a network of computers. in fact, there are many other examples of real systems that we can think of as networks. the amazing thing about mathematics is its power to connect them all! more information on mazes, networks and many other areas of mathematics can be found in our forthcoming book, mathematics galore!, masterclasses, discovery workshops, and team projects in mathematics and its applications by c j budd and c j sangwin, to be published soon by oup.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5747421713415901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05c0c1fe-24ae-4ddf-8924-8b37af8dcb6a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.260281"}
{"text": "areas of mathematics can be found in our forthcoming book, mathematics galore!, masterclasses, discovery workshops, and team projects in mathematics and its applications by c j budd and c j sangwin, to be published soon by oup. this article is adapted from one originally published on the website of the newton institute, as part of the posters in the london underground series. - radio controlled? by robert leese ( plus, issue 8 ). - robert leese explains how the mathematics of colouring graphs ( networks ) can help avoid interference on your mobile phone. - call routing in telephone networks by richard gibbens and stephen turner ( plus, issue 2 ). - find out how modern telephone networks use mathematics to make it possible for a person to dial a friend in another country just as easily as if they were in the same street, or to read web pages that are on a computer in another continent. - theseus and the minotaur - try your hand at these fantastic web - based maze puzzles. about the authors chris sangwin is a research fellow at the school of mathematics and statistics, university of birmingham. chris budd is professor of applied mathematics at the university of bath, and professor of mathematics for the royal institution. he is particularly interested in applying mathematics to the real world and promoting the public understanding of mathematics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5592363131638806, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:05c0c1fe-24ae-4ddf-8924-8b37af8dcb6a>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.260899"}
{"text": "what is cope? it is a call to universities and research funding agencies to \" recognise the crucial value of the services provided by scholarly publishers, the desirability of open access [ oa ] to the scholarly literature, and the need for a stable source of funding for publishers who choose to provide open access to their journals ' contents. \" signatories to cope are asked to commit to, \" the timely establishment of durable mechanisms for underwriting reasonable publication charges for articles written by its faculty and published in fee - based open - access journals and for which other institutions would not be expected to provide funds. \" specifically, signatories are invited to create gold oa funds to assist researchers to pay to publish their papers in oa journals \u2014 which instead of charging readers to read ( via a subscription ), impose an author - side article processing fee ( apc ). the deal is that by paying a fee an author can ensure that the publisher will make his or her paper freely available on the web for anyone to read, and thereby increase its impact. cope is the brain child of harvard ' s stuart shieber, a professor of computer science, and director of the university ' s office for scholarly communication. shieber outlined the thinking behind cope in an article published in august in plos biology. cope is necessary, he explained, because oa journal publishing is currently \" at a systematic disadvantage relative to the traditional [ subscription, or toll access ( ta ) ] model \". the implication is that authors would be willing to publish their papers in an oa journal, if someone else was prepared to pay the associated publishing fee. universities need to support oa publishing, concluded shieber, in order for it to become \" a sustainable, efficient system \". only then, he added, can the two journal publishing systems ( oa and ta ) \" compete on a more level playing field. \" what ' s the bigger picture here? for the past several decades scholarly journal publishing has been in the grips of the so - called serials crisis. this has made it increasingly difficult for research institutions to fund subscriptions to all the journals that their researchers need to do their work properly. this is both an affordability problem ( since it means that each year universities have to reduce the number of journals they subscribe to due to a shortage of funds ) and an access problem ( since researchers cannot read papers published in journals for which their institution has no subscription ). open access publishing ( gold oa ) was devised as a way of overcoming these problems \u2014 by shifting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42683395351377396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d71657c-1f2a-4ad0-914d-03f3dc5ac851>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.276217"}
{"text": "to due to a shortage of funds ) and an access problem ( since researchers cannot read papers published in journals for which their institution has no subscription ). open access publishing ( gold oa ) was devised as a way of overcoming these problems \u2014 by shifting costs from the reader side of the publication process to the author side by charging a one - off publication fee. although the access and affordability problems are part and parcel of the larger serials crisis if we want to understand the current situation more clearly, and assess the likelihood of cope resolving matters, it may help to view them as two separate problems. there are two reasons for doing this. first, as a result of pressure brought to bear on publishers by oa advocates the majority of ta journals now permit authors to self - archive copies of their papers in their institutional repository. known as green oa, this practice ensures that copies of papers published in ta journals can nevertheless be made freely available on the web. however, since universities still need to pay subscriptions to access all the papers that have not been self - archived, green oa is unlikely to have any substantial impact on the affordability problem, at least in the short term. it does, however, hold out the promise of solving the access problem. indeed, so far as access is concerned green oa has a significant advantage over gold oa, because if all researchers began self - archiving their papers it would be possible to make 100 % of the global research output freely available on the web practically overnight. by contrast, it would take a considerable amount of time and effort to convert all journals to gold oa \u2014 even assuming that publishers agreed to the conversion. however, in practice today only around 15 % of research is being self - archived by authors. and while research institutions can require self - archiving, very few have yet introduced self - archiving mandates, and it is not at all clear yet whether the growth in mandates will accelerate in the near future. what are the origins of the serials crisis? it is partly a consequence of a continuous growth in the number of journals, but mainly a result of price inflation, which appears to be endemic to the scholarly journal market. hyperinflation, argues shieber is the result of \" systemic dysfunctionalities \" inherent to a subscription business model when applied to scholarly journals. as in insurance - based health markets, he says, it leads to moral hazard \u2014 \" the phenomenon of overconsumption of a good by a consumer who is insulated from the good ' s cost \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4665441779110322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d71657c-1f2a-4ad0-914d-03f3dc5ac851>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.277239"}
{"text": "model when applied to scholarly journals. as in insurance - based health markets, he says, it leads to moral hazard \u2014 \" the phenomenon of overconsumption of a good by a consumer who is insulated from the good ' s cost \". in other words, he explains in plos biology, \" the ' consumers ' of scholarly articles ( the readers, typically faculty, students, and researchers at universities and other research institutions ) are insulated from the cost of reading, that is, from the subscription fees paid by the institutions ' research libraries. \" this is a problem that anti - trust economist mark mccabe outlined to me seven years ago. as he put in 2002, \" one distinctive aspect of this market is that end users do not pay for the material they use since the actual purchases are mediated by the libraries. this means that the principals ( the professors, the scientists, the researchers of a particular institution ) ask their agent ( the library ) to buy whatever they need, and the agent has no way of enforcing price discipline on the users. so there is a disconnect. \" the second reason for treating access separately from affordability is that while gold oa could in theory eventually produce 100 % oa ( and so solve the access problem ) it is not at all clear that it can solve the affordability problem. since cope proposes gold oa as a solution to the predicament that the research community finds itself in, a key question, therefore, is whether gold oa can avoid the systemic dysfunctionalities characteristic of ta publishing. currently the signs are not good. when pioneer oa publisher biomed central ( bmc ) launched, for instance, it charged $ 525 to publish an article. today its standard apc is nearly three times higher, at $ 1, 535 ; and authors can pay anything up to $ 2, 365 to publish an article in a bmc journal like the journal of biology. similar increases have been evident with other oa publishers. when public library of science ( plos ) launched its first journal, for instance, it charged an apc of $ 1, 500 ; today it charges nearly twice as much, with costs ranging from $ 2, 250 to $ 2, 900. ( plos one charges $ 1, 350, but is not a traditional journal ). moreover with most researchers unable to fund the cost of paying apcs themselves a number of alternative payment options have been devised. this has led to the creation of gold oa funds like those envisaged by cope", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4886726835853298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d71657c-1f2a-4ad0-914d-03f3dc5ac851>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.278189"}
{"text": "but is not a traditional journal ). moreover with most researchers unable to fund the cost of paying apcs themselves a number of alternative payment options have been devised. this has led to the creation of gold oa funds like those envisaged by cope ( there are currently 21 gold oa funds, plus an ambitious project called scoap3 that hopes to convert the entire particle physics literature from a subscription model to gold oa ), and to the so - called \" institutional membership scheme \". inevitably such schemes involve paying apcs from centralised funds. institutional membership, for instance, involves a research institution bulk - buying the right for all its researchers to publish their papers in any of a specific gold oa publisher ' s portfolio of journals \u2014 with the costs generally charged to the library budget. essentially, it is a quasi - subscription. as a quasi - subscription institutional membership creates a similar \" disconnect \" between user and purchaser as occurs with ta publishing. gold oa funds will inevitably have the same effect. as shieber points out, the danger is that \" since authors would not now have to pay the processing fee, they would over - consume in a price - blind fashion, and processing fees would hyperinflate just as the subscription fees. \" it seems that this is not just a theoretical danger. in august 2007 unrest erupted over the institutional membership scheme operated by bmc, leading to the science and medical libraries at yale university publicly announcing that they were discontinuing membership. explaining their decision yale librarians pointed out that the university had been asked to pay biomed central less than $ 4, 700 to publish articles in bmc journals in 2005, but that the figure had grown to $ 31, 625 in 2006. \" this experiment in open - access publishing has proved unsustainable, \" the librarians concluded. a further fifteen universities also cancelled their bmc membership scheme. bmc responded by saying that the price hike was a consequence of a rapid rise in the number of papers published in its journals. this is no doubt fair comment, but appears to confirm that oa publishing suffers from the same disconnect between principal and agent as is evident with ta publishing, and that this results in the same inflationary spiral. in discussing this issue earlier this year i concluded that oa publishing funded with gold oa funds, or institutional memberships, is likely to produce the same hyperinflationary effect that shieber worries about. in other words, while gold oa funds could eventually solve the access", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5113113679562985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d71657c-1f2a-4ad0-914d-03f3dc5ac851>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.279159"}
{"text": "i concluded that oa publishing funded with gold oa funds, or institutional memberships, is likely to produce the same hyperinflationary effect that shieber worries about. in other words, while gold oa funds could eventually solve the access problem, it is far from clear that they can resolve the affordability problem. oa advocate peter suber challenged my conclusion. \" as soon as we shift costs from the reader side to the author side, then, we create market pressure to keep them low enough to attract rather than deter authors... [ and ]... precisely because high prices in an oa world would exclude authors, and not merely readers, there is a natural, market - based check on excessive prices. \" besides, he added, the majority of oa journals do not currently charge an apc. as he put it : \" it ' s relevant to point out here that most oa journals charge no publication fees or institutional memberships at all. i ' ve argued that even fee - based gold oa is not the threat that richard seems to think. but even if i ' m entirely wrong about that : fee - based gold oa is a minority of gold oa, and no - fee gold oa doesn ' t pose any of the threats that richard describes. \" shieber likewise cites evidence showing that the number of oa journals currently charging apcs is low. writing in plos biology he reported that fewer than 25 % of the open - access journals in the directory of open access journals ( doaj ) are listed as charging a publication fee, \" the remainder relying on other sources of direct or in - kind support. \" can we assume that this will continue to be the case? shieber thinks not. for this reason he reaches a slightly different conclusion to suber : \" [ p ] rocessing fees are likely to be an important revenue model for open - access journals, as they scale beyond the tiny fraction of overall journals that they currently constitute ; processing fees are the only revenue source that inherently scales directly with the publishing services provided by a journal. the importance of the processing - fee model can be seen in the fact that of the open - access journals of sufficient standing to have an institute for scientific information ( isi ) impact factor, the proportion charging processing fees rises above 50 %. \" putting a cap on it shieber nonetheless suggests that gold oa can avoid the hyperinflation that has plagued ta publishing \u2014 if research institutions impose a cap on the money made available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42321351632757775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d71657c-1f2a-4ad0-914d-03f3dc5ac851>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.280165"}
{"text": "factor, the proportion charging processing fees rises above 50 %. \" putting a cap on it shieber nonetheless suggests that gold oa can avoid the hyperinflation that has plagued ta publishing \u2014 if research institutions impose a cap on the money made available to authors when reimbursing their publishing fees. with a cap, he explains, authors \" would have to trade off whether using a certain amount of their limited allocation of funds for a given journal was appropriate in relation to the services and imprimatur that the journal provides, thereby reintroducing exactly the economic trade off that is missing from the current system. \" he concludes, \" in essence, the caps would act as inverse deductibles still allowing the economic signal to pass through to authors. in this approach, decisions about what is a reasonable fee are delegated to authors who choose on the basis of a market mechanism ; the institution needn ' t stipulate reasonableness a priori. \" this invites us to wonder what constitutes a reasonable fee, and whether a researcher would know a reasonable fee when presented with the bill. but would a cap work? \" on the plus side, \" says suber, \" a cap will give authors a reason to husband their resources, or their allocation, introducing a note of price competition into their decision about where to submit a new work. \" on the other side, he adds, \" [ a ] fter an author spends her allocation, she might just submit subsequent work from the same fiscal year to a no - fee journal ( oa or ta ). that ' s compatible with price competition for the first article ; but it ' s also compatible with disregarding price competition even for the first article. it ' s compatible with oa for the subsequent articles ; but it ' s also compatible with ta for the subsequent articles. \" however, the more important point, perhaps, is that universities will inevitably struggle to provide sufficient money to allow a gold oa fund to ameliorate the predicament the research community currently finds itself in. this point was graphically demonstrated by cornell doctoral student phil davis in may, when reporting on the plan of cope signatory cornell to make $ 50, 000 available for a gold fund. \" considering that the cornell university library spends nearly $ 18 million dollars on collections, $ 50k seems like pocket change, \" he said. \" from an management standpoint, it may take much more than $ 50k in staff and faculty time to administrate and process author charges", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44447105027515027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d71657c-1f2a-4ad0-914d-03f3dc5ac851>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.281140"}
{"text": "nearly $ 18 million dollars on collections, $ 50k seems like pocket change, \" he said. \" from an management standpoint, it may take much more than $ 50k in staff and faculty time to administrate and process author charges one article at a time. \" with apcs costing up to $ 3, 000 per article ( and some, like cell press, charging as much as $ 5, 000 ), pocket change like this can hardly be expected to make much impression on the serials crisis. and since most of a library ' s budget will inevitably remain locked up in traditional journal subscriptions \u2014 which can be expected to continue to increase in price each year \u2014 it is hard to see how cope - like initiatives will have much impact on either the affordability or the access problem. \" the notion of a cope cap on the amount that funders and / or universities commit to subsidising authors for gold oa fees is predicated on the enthymeme ( i. e. the unstated or unrealised premise ) that publishers abandon subscriptions and convert to gold oa publishing, \" says harnad. in a post on liblicense harnad adds : \" there are 25, 000 journals, most of them not gold oa, let alone equitably priced gold oa, publishing 2. 5 million articles a year from 10, 000 universities worldwide. the tacit hope of cope is to persuade all journals to abandon subscriptions and convert to equitably priced gold oa by offering to pay for equitably priced publication today. \" in short, cope could only prove efficacious if universities cancelled all or most of their journal subscriptions and reallocated the money to pay for gold oa ( which they cannot risk doing ), or of publishers voluntarily converting their journals to gold oa. but as harnad points out, \" publishers have no reason to stop charging successful subscriptions just because some universities and / or funders commit to offering authors a capped gold - oa subsidy. \" in response to a claim on the liblicense mailing list that cope is a key oa initiative, and will allow \" a smooth and successful transition to open access, harnad responded : \" it is just a very expensive way of generating some oa for a small fraction of a university ' s research output. \" like harnad, executive editor for social sciences at penn university press sandy thatcher is doubtful that gold oa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4103391061091223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d71657c-1f2a-4ad0-914d-03f3dc5ac851>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.282108"}
{"text": "responded : \" it is just a very expensive way of generating some oa for a small fraction of a university ' s research output. \" like harnad, executive editor for social sciences at penn university press sandy thatcher is doubtful that gold oa funds will achieve very much. commenting on a press release that the scholarly publishing and academic resources coalition ( sparc ) posted on liblicense extolling the creation of gold oa funds at the university of calgary and the university of california at berkeley, thatcher said : \" i wonder how such initiatives really will change the economics of the system overall, especially in the short term. universities will still be paying for subscriptions for many journals and [ are ] now adding fees in addition. \" in short, for so long as universities have to continue paying constantly increasing subscription fees to traditional publishers they cannot hope to buy oa for more than a handful of their researcher ' s ' papers. this, of course, is the crux of the systemic disadvantage that shieber bemoans : research institutions cannot force a transition to gold oa if their library budgets are already committed to traditional journal subscriptions. but it is far from clear that cope can do anything to resolve it. once again, we have to conclude that not only will cope fail to resolve the affordability problem, but it will have little impact on the access problem. indeed, not only are budgets already seriously over - stretched, they face further cuts as a result of the current financial crisis. at least two of the cope signatories \u2014 cornell and mit \u2014 are in the process of reducing their library budgets. there must therefore be doubts as to how long gold oa funds can be supported. one of the first gold oa funds to be created was introduced at the university of amsterdam in 2007. earlier this year, however, it was closed \u2014 \" due to a precarious financial situation. \" asks harnad : \" would it not be more timely and useful ( for oa ) to encourage every university to provide oa for its own research output, by mandating green oa self - archiving, rather than making formal or financial commitments before or instead of doing so? green oa, after all, is easy to implement, incurs no additional costs, and offers a much quicker route to oa. as it is, he says, only two of the five signatories to cope ( harvard and mit ) have introduced mandates, suggesting that cope signatories may have lost sight of the primary objective \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.476007582094817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d71657c-1f2a-4ad0-914d-03f3dc5ac851>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.283093"}
{"text": "offers a much quicker route to oa. as it is, he says, only two of the five signatories to cope ( harvard and mit ) have introduced mandates, suggesting that cope signatories may have lost sight of the primary objective \u2014 to make as much research oa, as quickly as possible. cope, says harnad, is, \" in effect simply encouraging universities to put up the cash today and then just sit and wait to see whether offering the capped subsidy will take the bait. meanwhile, access continues to be lost, year after year. \" let a thousand flowers bloom? one can of course argue that cope does have the virtue of drawing attention to oa and the way in which the research community is being held hostage by scholarly publishers. is that not a valuable thing to do? in any case, what ' s wrong with experimentation? should we not let a thousand flowers bloom? sure, says harnad, people are free to experiment, and they are free to speculate ; but the first step of any institution serious about oa should be to do the most obvious and rational thing : introduce a self - archiving mandate. \" with green oa mandates safely seeing to access, we have nothing to lose in getting into speculative economics. but without green oa mandates we lose our very raison d ' etre, oa, in favour of speculative economics. \" besides, he adds, taking a scattergun approach simply disperses the energies of the research community, and distracts them from the goal \u2014 to achieve oa as quickly as possible. and that, he says, is precisely what green oa can do. \" this is definitely not a case for ' let a thousand flowers bloom, ' in parallel. it is much too late in the day for that, especially with the green oa mandate option fully within every university ' s reach. \" for harnad, therefore, achieving oa should be treated as a serial process, with green oa taking priority over gold oa. suber disagrees, arguing that there is no reason why gold and green oa initiatives should not be pursued simultaneously. \" i do think the two can and should run in parallel. \" suber adds however : \" [ a ] ny university willing to launch a fund to support gold oa should also be willing to adopt a green oa mandate. more : one of the primary arguments for a gold oa fund ( namely, to provide oa to a larger fraction of the university ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5041814596130311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d71657c-1f2a-4ad0-914d-03f3dc5ac851>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.284068"}
{"text": "to launch a fund to support gold oa should also be willing to adopt a green oa mandate. more : one of the primary arguments for a gold oa fund ( namely, to provide oa to a larger fraction of the university ' s research output ) applies even more strongly to a green oa mandate. \" consequently, he concludes, \" i ' d like to see universities support both green and gold oa with strong, effective policies. if they do, i don ' t care whether they adopt the green policy first and then the gold, or vice versa. but i do worry [ that ] when a university adopts a gold oa policy without seeing that its reasons for doing so are even stronger reasons to adopt a green policy as well. \" all in all there are good reasons to be highly sceptical about the likely efficacy of cope. for as long as library budgets are tied up with subscriptions it is hard to see how gold oa funds can break the logjam, unless they are accompanied by green self - archiving mandates. the cope signatories have perhaps mistaken intent for action. the good news is that it would take very little to turn cope from a well - meaning but probably ineffectual initiative into one with real teeth. all that is needed is to require that, in addition to creating a gold oa fund, cope signatories commit to introduce a green oa mandate. not only would this have the merit of pleasing both harnad and suber, but it would be far more likely to help the research community achieve oa ( as in access ). as it is, cope gives the impression of being a step back from the historic moment last year when harvard ' s faculty of arts and sciences became the first university department in the us to adopt a green mandate \u2014 an initiative that was also masterminded by shieber. that said, although adding teeth to cope could help solve the access problem it is not certain that it would do much to address the affordability problem \u2014 since there is no evidence that either green or gold oa are capable of reducing the costs of scholarly communication ( as currently conceived ). consequently affordability will doubtless remain a continuing concern for the research community, and for taxpayers \u2014 the people who ultimately fund scholarly communication. it may be that if green mandates multiplied they would eventually generate enough oa to induce subscription cancellations, releasing the subscription funds to pay for \u2014 and hence encouraging publishers to convert to \u2014 gold oa. but that is speculation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46394375148015127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d71657c-1f2a-4ad0-914d-03f3dc5ac851>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.285096"}
{"text": "chicago \u2013 a system that allows surgeons to perform laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery from a remote console, controlling up to three robotic arms and a binocular camera, was successfully tested in 10 patients, according to a study in the august issue of archives of surgery, one of the jama / archives journals. the laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery ( a roux - en - y procedure ) is often considered the most challenging minimally invasive procedure in general surgery, requiring a learning curve of 75 to100 cases for even experienced surgeons to achieve the highest level of proficiency, according to background information in the article. although robotic surgical techniques have been developed to assist laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery, the complex geometry of the surgery has required repositioning of the robot, complicating its use. catherine j. mohr, m. s. m. e., of the stanford school of medicine, calif., and colleagues report the first 10 patients to undergo a totally robotic laparoscopic roux - en - y gastric bypass surgery ( during march and april 2004 ) using a technique developed to minimize robot repositioning. the results were compared with a sample of 10 patients who had undergone standard laparoscopic roux - en - y gastric bypass surgery during july to september 2002. there were no significant differences in the general health, age or body mass index ( bmi, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters ) of the two sets of patients. all patients were women. the researchers compared surgical times as well as the ratio of the procedure time to the patient ' s bmi. the number and severity of complication were comparable, the researchers found. \" the median length of time to complete the procedure was significantly shorter with the robot ( 169 vs. 208 minutes ), \" the authors report. \" in addition, the ratio of procedure time to bmi was considerably lower with the robot ( median, 3. 8 vs. 5. 0 minutes per bmi for the laparoscopic cases ). moreover, the rate at which the operative times improved indicate that the learning curve for the robotic procedure is considerably shorter. we found that the mean minutes per bmi of our second five robotic procedures was 3. 45 minutes, whereas the laparoscopic data for our senior attending surgeon did not attain a comparable five - case mean of the metric until case 42. in addition, when the data from a bariatric fellow from the same institution [ stanford medical school ] were compared, that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47623250627741986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3bf0819-3e1d-486b-a6a8-ae33a906d0f3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.288068"}
{"text": "dartmouth medical school investigators are learning more about how low doses of arsenic, such as the levels found in drinking water in many areas of the united states, affect human physiology. in a paper published online on dec. 2 in the journal chemical research in toxicology, the researchers report that three different steroid hormones all show similar responses to arsenic, suggesting a broader effect and a common mechanism of arsenic on how these hormones function. \" since most of the health consequences of exposure to arsenic - various cancers, diabetes, heart and vascular disease, reproductive and developmental effects, etc. - involve these same steroid receptors, we think that disruption of their normal function could explain, in large part, how arsenic can influence so many disease risks, \" says joshua hamilton, one of the authors on this study and the director of the center for environmental health sciences at dartmouth and dartmouth ' s superfund basic research program on toxic metals. hamilton ' s laboratory had earlier found that arsenic disrupts the activity of the glucocorticoid receptor, and this follow up study considered the progesterone and mineralocorticoid receptors, which regulate a wide range of biological processes. this current work was done in collaboration with jack bodwell, the lead author on this paper and a research associate professor of physiology at dartmouth medical school. hamilton, bodwell, and their team found that arsenic appears to suppress the ability of all three of these critical receptors to respond to their normal hormone signals. chemicals that disrupt steroid hormone receptor signaling are called endocrine disruptors, and this study provides further evidence that arsenic, a metal, does not behave like other endocrine disruptors such as pesticides. \" arsenic does not activate these receptors, as some endocrine disruptors do, by mimicking the natural hormone, nor does it block the ability of the normal hormones to activate their specific receptor, as most other endocrine disruptors do, \" says hamilton, who is also a professor of pharmacology and toxicology at dartmouth medical school. \" nor does it affect the ability of the hormone - activated receptor to move to the nucleus of the cell or to bind to dna to initiate gene expression. yet, somehow arsenic still strongly affects the ability of these hormone - activated receptors to regulate gene expression. there ' s still a lot more to learn. \" the study also looked into the effects of different levels of arsenic on these receptors. at very low doses ( comparable to what is found in drinking water at the current and previous u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.523741195079513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4fc45803-57f3-4cc1-a689-e57a37d2dc9c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.291835"}
{"text": ". there ' s still a lot more to learn. \" the study also looked into the effects of different levels of arsenic on these receptors. at very low doses ( comparable to what is found in drinking water at the current and previous u. s. regulatory limits, in the range of 5 - 50 ppb ) arsenic enhances hormone - stimulated gene expression, by two - to three - fold. at slightly higher doses ( in the range of 50 - 200 ppb, commonly found in drinking water from contaminated wells in new hampshire and elsewhere in the u. s. ) arsenic has the exact opposite effect, strongly and almost completely inhibiting hormone - stimulated gene expression by these receptors. this non - conventional dose - response suggests that arsenic might have very different biological effects at the lower and higher doses. \" elucidating these complex biological effects of arsenic on hormone signaling at different doses will be critical to our overall understanding of how arsenic influences human health, and should be considered as an important component of determining the overall disease risk of people who are exposed to arsenic in their drinking water, \" says hamilton. the work is funded by grants to dartmouth collaborators hamilton and bodwell from the national institute of environmental health sciences, a component of the national institutes of health. both researchers are members of the niehs - funded superfund basic research program at dartmouth and dartmouth ' s center for environmental health sciences. co - authors on the study include julie a. gosse, and athena p. nomikos, both of dartmouth and both recipients of training fellowships from dartmouth ' s superfund basic research program. last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5377764060160426, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4fc45803-57f3-4cc1-a689-e57a37d2dc9c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.292544"}
{"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | | formosan subterranean termite soldiers ( red colored heads ) and workers ( pale colored heads ). | formosan subterranean termite soldiers ( red colored heads ) and workers ( pale colored heads ). termites are a group of eusocial insects that, until recently, were classified at the taxonomic rank of order isoptera ( see taxonomy below ), but are now accepted as the epifamily termitoidae, of the cockroach order blattodea. while termites are commonly known, especially in australia, as \" white ants, \" they are only distantly related to the ants. as eusocial insects, termites live in colonies that, at maturity, number from several hundred to several million individuals. colonies use decentralised, self - organised systems of activity guided by swarm intelligence which exploit food sources and environments unavailable to any single insect acting alone. a typical colony contains nymphs ( semi - mature young ), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes containing several egg - laying queens. a female that has flown, mated, and is producing eggs is called a \" queen. \" similarly, a male that has flown, mated, and is in proximity to a queen is termed a \" king. \" research using genetic techniques to determine relatedness of colony members has shown that the original idea that colonies are only ever headed by a monogamous royal pair is wrong. multiple pairs of reproductives within a colony are commonly encountered. in the families rhinotermitidae and termitidae, and possibly others, sperm competition does not seem to occur ( male genitalia are very simple and the sperm are anucleate ), suggesting that only one male ( king ) generally mates within the colony. at maturity, a primary queen has a great capacity to lay eggs. in physogastric species, the queen adds an extra set of ovaries with each molt, resulting in a greatly distended abdomen and increased fecundity, often reported to reach a production of more than 2, 000 eggs a day. the distended abdomen increases the queen ' s body length to several times more than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely, though attendant workers provide assistance. the queen is widely believed to be a primary source of pheromones useful in colony integration, and these are thought to be spread through shared feeding ( trop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48034597359856623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e187f2-c5f9-4e6f-b118-bd322e379eda>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.308741"}
{"text": "than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely, though attendant workers provide assistance. the queen is widely believed to be a primary source of pheromones useful in colony integration, and these are thought to be spread through shared feeding ( trophallaxis ). the king grows only slightly larger after initial mating and continues to mate with the queen for life ( a termite queen can live for forty - five years ). this is very different from ant colonies, in which a queen mates once with the male ( s ) and stores the gametes for life, as the male ants die shortly after mating. the winged ( or \" alate ' \" ) caste, also referred to as the reproductive caste, are generally the only termites with well - developed eyes, although workers of some harvesting species do have well - developed compound eyes, and, in other species, soldiers with eyes occasionally appear. termites on the path to becoming alates ( going through incomplete metamorphosis ) form a subcaste in certain species of termites, functioning as workers ( \" pseudergates \" ) and also as potential supplementary reproductives. supplementaries have the ability to replace a dead primary reproductive and, at least in some species, several are recruited once a primary queen is lost. in areas with a distinct dry season, the alates leave the nest in large swarms after the first good soaking rain of the rainy season. in other regions, flights may occur throughout the year, or more commonly, in the spring and autumn. termites are relatively poor fliers and are readily blown downwind in wind speeds of less than 2 km / h, shedding their wings soon after landing at an acceptable site, where they mate and attempt to form a nest in damp timber or earth. worker termites undertake the labors of foraging, food storage, brood and nest maintenance, and some defense duties in certain species. workers are the main caste in the colony for the digestion of cellulose in food and are the most likely to be found in infested wood. this is achieved in one of two ways. in all termite families except the termitidae, there are flagellate protists in the gut that assist in cellulose digestion. however, in the termitidae, which account for approximately 60 percent of all termite species, the flagellates have been lost and this digestive role is taken up, in part, by a consortium of prokaryotic organisms. this simple story", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4855055515572556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e187f2-c5f9-4e6f-b118-bd322e379eda>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.309804"}
{"text": "in the termitidae, which account for approximately 60 percent of all termite species, the flagellates have been lost and this digestive role is taken up, in part, by a consortium of prokaryotic organisms. this simple story, which has been in entomology textbooks for decades, is complicated by the finding that all studied termites can produce their own cellulase enzymes, and therefore might digest wood in the absence of their symbiotic microbes although there is now evidence suggesting that these gut microbes make use of termite - produced cellulase enzymes. our knowledge of the relationships between the microbial and termite parts of their digestion is still rudimentary. what is true in all termite species, however, is that the workers feed the other members of the colony with substances derived from the digestion of plant material, either from the mouth or anus. this process of feeding of one colony member by another is known as trophallaxis and is one of the keys to the success of the group. it frees the parents from feeding all but the first generation of offspring, allowing for the group to grow much larger and ensuring that the necessary gut symbionts are transferred from one generation to another. some termite species do not have a true worker caste, instead relying on nymphs that perform the same work without differentiating as a separate caste. the soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specializations, providing strength and armour which are primarily useful against ant attack. the proportion of soldiers within a colony varies both within and among species. many soldiers have jaws so enlarged that they cannot feed themselves, but instead, like juveniles, are fed by workers. the pantropical subfamily nasutitermitinae have soldiers with the ability to exude noxious liquids through either a horn - like nozzle ( nasus ). simple holes in the forehead called \" fontanelles \" and which exude defensive secretions are a feature of the family rhinotermitidae. many species are readily identified using the characteristics of the soldiers ' heads, mandibles, or nasus. among the drywood termites, a soldier ' s globular ( \" phragmotic \" ) head can be used to block their narrow tunnels. termite soldiers are usually blind, but in some families, particularly among the dampwood termites, soldiers developing from the reproductive line may have at least partly functional eyes. the specialization of the soldier caste is principally a defence against predation by ants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45316354662911473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e187f2-c5f9-4e6f-b118-bd322e379eda>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.310819"}
{"text": ". termite soldiers are usually blind, but in some families, particularly among the dampwood termites, soldiers developing from the reproductive line may have at least partly functional eyes. the specialization of the soldier caste is principally a defence against predation by ants. the wide range of jaw types and phragmotic heads provides methods that effectively block narrow termite tunnels against ant entry. a tunnel - blocking soldier can rebuff attacks from many ants. usually more soldiers stand by behind the initial soldier so once the first one falls another soldier will take the place. in cases where the intrusion is coming from a breach that is larger than the soldier ' s head, defense requires special formations where soldiers form a phalanx - like formation around the breach and bite at intruders or exude toxins from the nasus or fontanelle. this formation involves self - sacrifice because once the workers have repaired the breach during fighting, no return is provided, thus leading to the death of all defenders. another form of self - sacrifice is performed by southeast asian tar - baby termites ( globitermes sulphureus ). the soldiers of this species commit suicide by autothysis \u2014 rupturing a large gland just beneath the surface of their cuticle. the thick yellow fluid in the gland becomes very sticky on contact with the air, entangling ants or other insects who are trying to invade the nest. termites undergo incomplete metamorphosis. freshly hatched young appear as tiny termites that grow without significant morphological changes ( other than wings and soldier specializations ). some species of termite have dimorphic soldiers ( up to three times the size of smaller soldiers ). though their value is unknown, speculation is that they may function as an elite class that defends only the inner tunnels of the mound. evidence for this is that, even when provoked, these large soldiers do not defend themselves but retreat deeper into the mound. on the other hand, dimorphic soldiers are common in some australian species of schedorhinotermes that neither build mounds nor appear to maintain complex nest structures. some termite taxa are without soldiers ; perhaps the best known of these are in the apicotermitinae. termites are generally grouped according to their feeding behaviour. thus, the commonly used general groupings are subterranean, soil - feeding, drywood, dampwood, and grass - eating. of these, subterraneans and drywoods are primarily responsible for damage to human - made structures. all termites eat cellulo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4379964880378442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e187f2-c5f9-4e6f-b118-bd322e379eda>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.311935"}
{"text": ", the commonly used general groupings are subterranean, soil - feeding, drywood, dampwood, and grass - eating. of these, subterraneans and drywoods are primarily responsible for damage to human - made structures. all termites eat cellulose in its various forms as plant fibre. cellulose is a rich energy source ( as demonstrated by the amount of energy released when wood is burned ), but remains difficult to digest. termites rely primarily upon symbiotic protozoa ( metamonads ) such as trichonympha, and other microbes in their gut to digest the cellulose for them and absorb the end products for their own use. gut protozoa, such as trichonympha, in turn rely on symbiotic bacteria embedded on their surfaces to produce some of the necessary digestive enzymes. this relationship is one of the finest examples of mutualism among animals. most so - called higher termites, especially in the family termitidae, can produce their own cellulase enzymes. however, they still retain a rich gut fauna and primarily rely upon the bacteria. owing to closely related bacterial species, it is strongly presumed that the termites ' gut flora are descended from the gut flora of the ancestral wood - eating cockroaches, like those of the genus cryptocercus. some species of termite practice fungiculture. they maintain a \u201c garden \u201d of specialized fungi of genus termitomyces, which are nourished by the excrement of the insects. when the fungi are eaten, their spores pass undamaged through the intestines of the termites to complete the cycle by germinating in the fresh faecal pellets. they are also well known for eating smaller insects in a last resort environment. in captivity edit few zoos hold termites, due to the difficulty in keeping them captive and the reluctance of authorities to permit potential pests. one of them is zoo basel in switzerland. at zoo basel, two african termite ( macrotermes bellicosus ) populations exist and thrive - resulting in very rare ( in captivity ) mass migrations of young flying termites. this happened last in september 2008, when thousands of male termites left their mound each night, died, and covered the floors and water pits of the house their exhibit is in. ecologically, termites are important in nutrient recycling, habitat creation, soil formation and quality and, particularly the winged reproductives, as food for countless predators. the role of term", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4383901148011635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e187f2-c5f9-4e6f-b118-bd322e379eda>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.312953"}
{"text": "covered the floors and water pits of the house their exhibit is in. ecologically, termites are important in nutrient recycling, habitat creation, soil formation and quality and, particularly the winged reproductives, as food for countless predators. the role of termites in hollowing timbers and thus providing shelter and increased wood surface areas for other creatures is critical for the survival of a large number of timber - inhabiting species. larger termite mounds play a role in providing a habitat for plants and animals, especially on plains in africa that are seasonally inundated by a rainy season, providing a retreat above the water for smaller animals and birds, and a growing medium for woody shrubs with root systems that cannot withstand inundation for several weeks. in addition, scorpions, lizards, snakes, small mammals, and birds live in abandoned or weathered mounds, and aardvarks dig substantial caves and burrows in them, which then become homes for larger animals such as hyenas and mongooses. as detrivores, termites clear away leaf and woody litter and so reduce the severity of the annual bush fires in african savannas, which are not as destructive as those in australia and the u. s. a. their role in bioturbation on the khorat plateau is under investigation. globally, termites are found roughly between 50 degrees north & south, with the greatest biomass in the tropics and the greatest diversity in tropical forests and mediterranean shrublands. termites are also considered to be a major source of atmospheric methane, one of the prime greenhouse gases. termites have been common since at least the cretaceous period. termites also eat bone and other parts of carcasses, and their traces have been found on dinosaur bones from the middle jurassic in china. termites divide labour among castes, produce overlapping generations and take care of young collectively. - main article : termites - nestbuilding - main article : termites - animal human interaction other behavior of note edit taxonomy, evolution and systematicsedit recent dna evidence has supported the hypothesis, originally based on morphology, that termites are most closely related to the wood - eating cockroaches ( genus cryptocercus ), to which the singular and very primitive mastotermes darwiniensis shows some telltale similarities. most recently, this has led some authors to propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, termitidae, within the order blattodea, which contains cockroaches. however, most researchers advocate the less drastic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.417136378695835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e187f2-c5f9-4e6f-b118-bd322e379eda>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.313975"}
{"text": ". most recently, this has led some authors to propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, termitidae, within the order blattodea, which contains cockroaches. however, most researchers advocate the less drastic measure of retaining the termites as termitoidae, an epifamily of the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below. evolutionary history edit the oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early cretaceous, although structures from the late triassic have been interpreted as fossilized termite nests. given the diversity of cretaceous termites, it is likely that they had their origin at least sometime in the jurassic. weesner believes that mastotermitidae termites may go back to the permian and fossil wings have been discovered in the permian of kansas which have a close resemblance to wings of mastotermes of the mastotermitidae, which is the most primitive living termite. it is thought to be the descendant of cryptocercus genus, the wood roach. this fossil is called pycnoblattina. it folded its wings in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a. mastotermes is the only living insect that does the same, it has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in the same superorder ( dictyoptera ), but new research has shed light on the details of termite evolution. there is now strong evidence suggesting that termites are really highly modified, social, wood - eating cockroaches. a study conducted by scientists has found that endosymbiotic bacteria from termites and a genus of cockroaches, cryptocercus, share the strongest phylogenetical similarities out of all other cockroaches. both termites and cryptocercus also share similar morphological and social features \u2014 most cockroaches do not show social characteristics, but cryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour. as mentioned above, the primitive giant northern termite ( mastotermes darwiniensis ) exhibits numerous cockroach - like characteristics, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings that are not shared with other termites. - kalotermitidae ( 22 genera, 419 species ) - rhinotermitidae ( 14 genera, 343 species ) - termitidae ( 236 genera, 1958 species ) the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4170517803640095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e187f2-c5f9-4e6f-b118-bd322e379eda>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.314970"}
{"text": "the wings that are not shared with other termites. - kalotermitidae ( 22 genera, 419 species ) - rhinotermitidae ( 14 genera, 343 species ) - termitidae ( 236 genera, 1958 species ) the most current classification of termites is summarized by engel & krishna ( 2004 ). - \u2191 ( 22 june 2007 ) hidden cellulases in termites : revision of an old hypothesis. biology letters 3 ( 3 ) : 336 \u2013 339. - \u2191 piper, ross ( 2007 ), extraordinary animals : an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals, greenwood press. - \u2191 c. bordereau, a. robert, v. van tuyen & a. peppuy ( 1997 ). suicidal defensive behavior by frontal gland dehiscence in globitermes sulphureus haviland soldiers ( isoptera ). insectes sociaux 44 ( 3 ) : 289 \u2013 297. - \u2191 the evolution of fungus - growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts by duur k. aanen, paul eggleton, corinne rouland - lefevre, tobias guldberg - fr\u00f8slev, s\u00f8ren rosendahl & jacobus j. boomsma - \u2191 fungus - farming insects : multiple origins and diverse evolutionary histories by ulrich g. mueller & nicole gerardo - \u2191 [ http : / / www. nzz. ch / nachrichten / panorama / im _ zoo _ basel _ fliegen _ die _ termiten _ aus _ _ 1. 848530. html ( german ) im zoo basel fliegen die termiten aus ]. neue zurcher zeitung, retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 - \u2191 lofjle & kubiniok, landform development and bioturbation on the khorat plateau, northeast thailand, nat. hist. bull. siam soc. ( 56 ), 1996 - \u2191 403 forbidden - \u2191 lo, n. et al. evidence for cocladogenesis between diverse dictyopteran lineages and their intracellular endosymbionts. molecular biology and evolution, 20, 907 \u2013 913 ( 2003 ) - \u2191 ware, j. l. et al. relationships among the major lineages of dictyoptera : the effect of outgroup selection on dictyopteran tree topology. systematic entomology, 33, 429 \u2013 450 ( 2008 ) - \u2191 inward, d., g. beccaloni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42088413889728415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e187f2-c5f9-4e6f-b118-bd322e379eda>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.315866"}
{"text": "lineages of dictyoptera : the effect of outgroup selection on dictyopteran tree topology. systematic entomology, 33, 429 \u2013 450 ( 2008 ) - \u2191 inward, d., g. beccaloni, and p. eggleton. 2007. death of an order : a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study confirms that termites are eusocial cockroaches. biology letters 3 : 331 - 335. - \u2191 includeonly > \" termites are ' social cockroaches ' \", bbc news, 13 april 2007. - \u2191 eggleton, p. & al. ( 2007 ), biological letters, june 7, cited in science news vol. 171, p. 318 - \u2191 lo, n. & al. ( 2007 ), biology letters, 14 august 2007, doi 10. 1098 / rsbl. 2007. 0264 - \u2191 gay and calaby 1970 termites of the australian region. in ; krishna k weesner fm eds. biology of termites, vol. ii academic press ny p401 - \u2191 weesner fm ( 1960 ) evolution biology of termites. annual review of entomology. 5 ; 153 - 170. - \u2191 tilyard rj ( 1937 ) kansas permian insects.. part xx the cockroaches, or order blattariai, ii am. journal of science 34 ; 169 - 202, 249 - 276. - \u2191 evidence for cocladogenesis between diverse dictyopteran lineages and their intracellular endosymbionts - \u2191 engel, m. s. and k. krishna ( 2004 ). family - group names for termites ( isoptera ). american museum novitates 3432 ( 1 ) : 1 \u2013 9. - grimaldi, d. and engel, m. s. ( 2005 ). evolution of the insects, cambridge university press. - termite terms - cretaceous termites david attenborough, life in the undergrowth, episode 5 supersocieties, 37 mins and 15 secs ff. abe t., bignell d. e., higashi m. ( eds. ) ( 2000 ). termites : evolution, sociality, symbioses, ecology, ecolab, kluwer academic publishers. - university of nebraska page on termites - termite hub from national pest management association - includes faqs, types of termites, etc. - a summary of termite control methods - university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4906747451368544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e187f2-c5f9-4e6f-b118-bd322e379eda>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.316798"}
{"text": ", ecolab, kluwer academic publishers. - university of nebraska page on termites - termite hub from national pest management association - includes faqs, types of termites, etc. - a summary of termite control methods - university of california advice on drywood termites - termite pest control information - usa national pesticide information center - catalogue of the termites of the world - pictures of termites - transitional species in insect evolution - cretaceous termites and soil phosphorus - beneficial uses of termites - texas a & m university department of entomology - center for urban & structural entomology - the soul of the white ant - eugene n. marais - termite terminology - a glossary of terms - urban entomology program university of toronto - list of termite types - isoptera : termites ( csiro australia entomology ). - ' termite guts can save the planet ', says nobel laureate - amitermes floridensis, florida darkwinged subterranean termite - coptotermes formosanus, formosan subterranean termite - coptotermes gestroi, asian subterranean termite - cryptotermes brevis, west indian drywood termite - heterotermes sp., west indian subterranean termite - cryptotermes cavifrons, a drywood termite - incisitermes minor, western drywood termite - neotermes spp., florida dampwood termites - prorhinotermes simplex, cuban subterranean termite - reticulitermes spp., native u. s. a. subterranean termites | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4280551191766439, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38e187f2-c5f9-4e6f-b118-bd322e379eda>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.317419"}
{"text": "50 simple tools used to rebuild haiti parts of this article were adapted from an article at popular mechanics rebuilding is an inevitable part of putting our lives back together after a disaster. when an emergency occurs, we need tools to build, repair and maintain our homes\u00ac \u2020 to make them livable once more. those who survived the\u00ac \u2020 haitian earthquake\u00ac \u2020 know this all too well. we are all\u00ac \u2020 familiar with the devastation that occurred with the haitian earthquake, the lives lost and the reconstruction still taking place. according to an article in popular mechanics, relief workers who responded to the disaster were asked to bring their own tools in order to rebuild parts of haiti and they did so using 50 tools. \u00ac \u2020 it is ironic that these tools played such a large role in the reconstruction of\u00ac \u2020 this broken island. the tools used for reconstruction\u00ac \u2020 not only created shelters for families, and areas for sanitation, but they gave the haitians hope that one day their island would be restored. in the backbreaking early stages of rubble removal, simple hand tools played a vital role in transporting and removing debris. acquiring basic hand tools \u201a aeshovels, axes and hammers \u201a aemeet immediate demolition needs and then take on a long - term role once construction resumes. the tools used in the first phase of reconstruction were : 1. round point and square nose shovels, preferably heavy - duty variety with extra long blade socket. 2. pick axe 3. pulaski axe 4. rig builder \u2019 s hatchet 6. bow saw 7. 24 - oz. framing hammer 8. sledge hammer 9. digging bars, preferably both pointed and chisel tip varieties ; crow bars. 10. leather or synthetic work gloves 11. protective eye wear 12. hard hats 13. dust masks 14. contractor - grade wheel barrows 15. bolt cutters 16. large - diameter heavy - duty weatherproof rope ; small - diameter light - duty line 17. rope hoist / pulley, minimum 250 - lb. capacity 18. folding knife shelter construction was the next step in rebuilding haiti. simple sheds made of little more than lumber and nails can provide families secure shelter, a measure of sanitation and the stability to endure harsh weather. in the absence of fuel or electricity, fairly sophistication construction can begin with such basic hand tools as saws, braces and squares. the tools and materials used in the second phase of reconstruction were : 1. 8 - point crosscut saw 2. carpenter \u2019 s pencil 3. carpenter \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3777263222742503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85ecdd2b-fdd9-4992-b02c-9fd48f1b041c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.322835"}
{"text": "##owels, plumb bob, brick set, mason \u2019 s level, jointer, stone tracer, stone chisel. 9. simple optical level, such as a builder \u2019 s level or transit. 10. basic electrician \u2019 s tool kit ( haiti uses 110 - volt power, the same as north america ) : side - cutting pliers, diagonal pliers, needle - nose pliers, electrician \u2019 s multi - tool wire stripper / screw cutter, solenoid voltage tester, fork meter and spare aa batteries. 11. metric / sae tap and die set 12. kerosene and kerosene lanterns, waterproof matches 13. charcoal and charcoal grills 14. chlorine bleach for water disinfection, lifestraws or similar filtration tools, and refillable water bottles 15. anti - bacterial soap, shop towels, and toilet paper. quite simply, \u00ac \u2020 having these\u00ac \u2020 tools and\u00ac \u2020 equipment on hand\u00ac \u2020 will help you operate in a non - technological environment. investing in\u00ac \u2020 quality tools could assist in rebuilding your home and lives more quickly and efficiently. \u00ac \u2020 a special thanks to all the relief workers who participated in rebuilding this island\u00ac \u2020 and\u00ac \u2020 giving\u00ac \u2020 hope back to the haitians. your volunteerism\u00ac \u2020 is a true act of kindness and a great example of the human spirit. this information has been made available by ready nutrition author : tess pennington author ' s web site : made available by : ready nutrition date : september 29th, 2011 related categories : preparedness, reserve supplies, world news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4439849594821218, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:85ecdd2b-fdd9-4992-b02c-9fd48f1b041c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.324305"}
{"text": "week 28 of 52 : pandemic preparedness according to the center for disease control ( cdc ), serious, contagious disease outbreaks can and do happen. cdc investigates new contagious diseasesa\u20ac \u201d averaging one new contagion per year. given our vast array of transportation systems, these diseases can end up at our doorstep far more rapidly compared to any other time in recorded history. since pandemics are fast moving, vaccinations would be useless. when an outbreak occurs, those living in cities, and those living in close proximity of others will be more at risk. statistics from previous pandemics indicate that 30a\u20ac \u201c 60 percent of the population will contract an illness. any pregnant women, infants, elderly people, or those with chronic medical conditions are also at risk and could be the first of the population to contract the contagious illness. when the pandemic begins, many will remain in a state of denial about any approaching epidemics and not want to think of the long lasting repercussions of such a disaster. being prepared before the mass come out of their daze will ensure that you are better prepared before the hoards run to the store to stock up. having first hand knowledge of the government \u2019 s protocols before this type of emergency arises can help put you ahead of the game. understanding that our lives will change drastically if the population is faced with a pandemic and being prepared for this can help you make better choices toward the well being of your family. some changes could be : - challenges or shut downs of business commerce - breakdown of our basic infrastructure : communications, mass transportation, supply chains - payroll service interruptions - staffing shortages in hospitals and medical clinics - interruptions in public facilities \u2013 schools, workplaces may close, and public gatherings such as sporting events or worship services may close temporarily. - government mandated voluntary or involuntary home quarantine. with any type of disaster or emergency, the responsibility falls more heavily upon our shoulders to ensure that we are able meet our needs. however, this is not anything new to a prepper. we believe in being self reliant, and if you have followed the 52 - weeks to preparedness series, you should well be on your way to handle such a disaster. so how do we prepare properly for this type of emergency? similar to other emergencies we simply prepare as much as we can because any steps taken toward preparedness are better than none at all. here are a few ideas to consider on how to better prepare for family", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4391017708463596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d73d4422-b8ca-4fc1-b721-c22b0cfaf382>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.328348"}
{"text": "do we prepare properly for this type of emergency? similar to other emergencies we simply prepare as much as we can because any steps taken toward preparedness are better than none at all. here are a few ideas to consider on how to better prepare for family for this type of emergency : - taking proper illness precautions \u2013 avoid touching your mouth, nose and eyes during any pandemic. - create a sick room for the home. - keep your immune systems up by getting lots of sleep, having a good diet and taking vitamins and antioxidants to protect your health. - stay inside and avoid contact with others. some of the following suggestions to purchase have been repeated in previous newsletters. ensure that you have these items on hand in order to prepare for this type of emergency. to read more about pandemic preparedness, click here. preps to buy : - have a two - week supply of emergency foods that require no refrigeration. - store 1 gallon of water per person per day, in clean plastic containers. avoid using containers that will decompose or break, such as milk cartons or glass bottles. - supply of nonprescription drugs - pain relievers - cold medicines - stomach remedies - anti - diarrheal medication - vitamins that have immune boosting enhancers. - fluids with electrolytes ( such as sports drinks ). - bleach or disinfectant - garbage bags to collect soiled clothing and bedding before they are washed. - a thermometer - latex cleaning gloves - disposable gloves ( in quantity ) - hand wipes - alcohol - based hand sanitizers or homemade hand sanitizer supplies - an extra supply of your regular prescription drugs and medical supplies. - n95 respirator masks ( in quantity ) - understand your communities role in pandemic preparedness. find out ahead of time what your communitya\u20ac\u2122s protocols are in the case of a sudden onset pandemic. - for those with special needs, ensure that you have supplies ready for them ( infants, elderly, handicapped, etc. ). - plan accordingly for pets as well. - talk with family members and loved ones about how they would be cared for if they became ill. - finding out your employera\u20ac\u2122s plans and ask your childa\u20ac\u2122s school or day care what their protocol is during epidemic outbreaks. - have some supplies prepared in your workplace. - identify how you can get information, whether through local", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4242503789291371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d73d4422-b8ca-4fc1-b721-c22b0cfaf382>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.329310"}
{"text": "horticulture, a pillar of the dutch economy, has already achieved remarkable productivity increases through the use of natural gas for heating, lighting and co2. further innovative technologies that could aid the transition toward sustainable energy use, including heat / cold storage and deepgeothermal heat sources, are currently in development and spreading. however, there is a need to better understand the processes of technology diffusion in this industrial cluster to help stakeholders retain their competitive advantage and establish the best way to influence the energy future in the region and in the sector. this presentation discusses the experimental results of a series of agent based models of the greenhouse horticulture sector in the netherlands, simulating the technological innovation decisions of greenhouse growers. surveys of greenhouse growers suggest that innovation decisions are made on the basis of personal experience and information shared from other growers. in the model, each greenhouse grower must learn how to operate a greenhouse by evaluating their repertoire of technologies, exchanging information with other growers about their technological evaluations and purchasing new technologies to augment, expand or replace the existing selection. the interactions of greenhouse growers and the flow of information between them lead to emergent patterns, including diversity, adaption and complexity, in the diffusion of technologies throughout the community. these emergent patterns of diffusion indicate that technological innovations develop and spread according to evolutionary mechanisms, suggesting that influencing, supporting or advocating the diffusion of sustainable technologies in this sector must also follow evolutionary mechanisms. as an evolving system, the reality of technology, innovation and transitions may require new approaches to management that work with, rather than against, the properties of evolving systems. survey results, horticulture cluster background, model design and simulation results will be presented and implications for regional industrial management are discussed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5635654508567822, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11ab8b63-e076-41be-b35c-8d8950cfa3d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.332844"}
{"text": "tougher legislation needed on hate crimes may 21, 2010.... here in canada, the gravity of hate crimes was officially recognized in 1970, when the government amended the criminal code to include hate propaganda as a punishable offence. in 1996, the government also introduced enhanced sentencing provisions for offences motivated by hate, and in 2001 included mischief to religious property as a specific hate - motivated offence. despite this evolution, we argue that these legislative responses to hate have not gone far enough. the problem most concerning to many diverse communities and law enforcement officials involves the fact that there are still no direct provisions in the criminal code to identify hate crime as a violent offence ( such as assault ) or as a crime against a person or individual property ( such as vandalism )..... in canada, the supreme court has ruled that individuals have the right to hold discriminatory beliefs ; however, they do not have the right to act upon them in public space. this is the difference between belief ( freedom of conscience and speech ) and conduct ( freedom to act in discriminatory ways )..... hate is a learned behaviour, which divides families and communities. rather than let hate divide us, we call for communities to stand united against hate and announce that it is not a value that will be tolerated in the province of alberta. after all, hate imprisons everyone : the victim, perpetrator, and community. to help achieve this vision of a hate - free alberta, we call on the province to develop a strategy against hate. it should include : - directed advocacy to include specific provisions within the criminal code of canada for hate crime offences ; - development of a standardized definition and response to hate crime ; - mandatory reporting of hate crime statistics by all law enforcement agencies ; - support for restorative justice and innovative educational programs ( punish the problem, not the people ) ; - creation of a provincial hate crimes office to help with investigation, training, public education, and support for victimized communities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4864307172186329, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:96db9c3d-7286-4cf0-a7ec-4c6df207d25e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.335071"}
{"text": "h. changes in level of the land. the following is a table showing the probable changes in level in the locality : higher land when valleys on the peninsula were eroded. depression, accompanied by invasion of valley floors by the sea. practical still - stand, no major movement when spit was constructed. depression till the spit was awash and barrier beach constructed on the lake margin, and the boring of the stumps now exposed on the seaward margin. at this time shore platforms were cut on the ends of the spurs along the tai tapu - little river road. elevation of from 12 to 15 feet, the present level. it will now be advisable to compare this sequence of events with any chronology of movements of the land indicated in the adjacent districts. to the south there is definite evidence of a downward movement of the land in the neighbourhood of timaru, the drowned river stream valleys incised in the edge of the timaru downs, as well as the presence of submerged forests at pareora and to the north of timaru indicating such a movement clearly. further north the dominant feature of the sea coast, that is, the sea cliff north and south of the mouth of the ashburton river, and specially between it and the rakaia, postulates long continued erosion, with little change in level of the land. there may be a slight downward movement, but an upward movement is not ruled out, since the attack on a somewhat easily eroded shore line might rapidly obliterate any shore platform or marine terrace that might have been formed. between taumutu and the rakaia mouth there are lagoons ponded back behind a barrier beach, but these can be explained without any demand for a sinking sea - coast, although some slight movement in that direction may have occurred. these lagoons and other pieces of swampy land may quite well represent shallow salt - water areas that have formed behind a barrier beach, and have been partly filled with detrital matter so that they are slightly above sea - level and are now fresh, if containing water, or have been turned into swampy land. on the northern side of banks peninsula there is evidence of recent uplift of from 12 to 15 feet as suggested by haast, speight and jobberns. this will naturally correlate with the uplift inferred in connection with the spit. there is also evidence for a higher level of the land from the records of the artesian wells of christchurch in that peat beds occur at various horizons down to 600 feet beneath the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47489546631304097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab97dae4-421c-4ead-bc49-93a6e2e4be83>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.345345"}
{"text": "the land, so the alternation of land and sea over the area, evidenced by the inter - stratification of land and marine beds, was repeated several times. some of the shells brought up from the artesian wells are very stout in substance, and this is a feature shown by shells living on open beaches. so it is probable that the water where they lived was not very well sheltered, and therefore there was no effective protection against the seas sweeping up from the south round the western side of the peninsula. the closing of the southern entrance to this strait by the ellesmere spit no doubt took place during a period of relative still - stand of the coast, when the depth of water to the south of the peninsula was such that the transport of material could take place across the strait, and the drift did not follow the line of its western margin. this depth might have been due to change in level of the land or to the progradation of the shore line. it is unlikely that the depth of water at this time exceeded 30 feet, that is, the approximate thickness of the gravel forming the spit. the fact that the land was much higher than at present within fairly recent times is evidenced by the coastal features of banks peninsula. the drowned valleys which mark the whole seaward fringe, and the alluvium - filled valleys facing the plains all demand a lowering of the land to account for them. no precise determination of the amount of lowering that has taken place can be made from considerations affecting them, except that the minimum amount must be measured by the depths of the seaward end of the valleys. now the depth of water at the entrance to akaroa harbour is 18 fathoms, so there must have been a minimum subsidence of the land amounting to just over 100 feet, but this estimate does not allow for the fact that the harbour may be partly filled with sediment washed from the neighbouring hills, or that the land may have extended some distance further seaward. the only occurrence that i know of where the depth of alluvium has been determined is in the case of the valley behind the town of sumner where, on boring for water, solid rock was struck at a depth of about 200 feet, so that there is thus indicated a further amount of subsidence. this submergence must have taken place before the spit was constructed. i cannot see any evidence for the additional submergence of 800 feet postulated by jobberns ( 1928, pp. 556 - 7 ). the presence of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49319416211010325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab97dae4-421c-4ead-bc49-93a6e2e4be83>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.347720"}
{"text": "be in existence, especially as the last phase of the glaciation was posterior to the formation of the plains, for moraine lies on top of the gravels at the rakaia gorge and in the ashburton valley. i must also express my present disagreement with a suggestion of my own advanced many years ago ( 1908, p. 32 ), that the ends of the spurs reaching down on the southern side of banks peninsula owed their flat extremities to marine erosion when the land stood at a lower level. i am sorry that i must apply the same test as given above and conclude that there has been no definite submergence and subsequent uplift of the coast to the extent demanded by the height of the ends of the spurs. i submitted my original contention to professor w. m. davis when he was on a visit here, and he said that he saw no evidence of this submergence, and the subsequent uplift, nor does he mention the point in his recent work on coral islands, although he takes banks peninsula as one of his types of depressed and eroded islands ( 1928, pp. 151 - 4 ). it seems more satisfactory to attribute the flat terminations of the spurs to the existence of a flat or flatter capping of hard rock, such as does occur on the outskirts of the volcanic mass, especially where the lavas are fluid as basalts usually are. there are no beaches on these flat spurs to support the contention that the land form is due to marine erosion. the covering of loess would naturally be deposited when the land was at a higher level and there has been no depression to wash this off since it was blown from the front of the glaciers and from the streams issuing from them in pleistocene times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4921644981645503, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ab97dae4-421c-4ead-bc49-93a6e2e4be83>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.349536"}
{"text": "sacred - texts legends & sagas index previous next the miracle of st. nicholas dear god, great marvel is it unseen wonders to behold! in st. paul \u2019 s white monastery were tables of the gold, and all the saints in order were seated. at the head was the thunderer elijah ; where the midst of the board was spread, were mariya and sava ; at the bottom of the board were holy friday and sunday. to the glory of christ the lord to drink, and begin the festival, st. nicholas stood up, but he fell asleep in a little and in slumber dropped the cup. it fell on the golden table, but broke not, nor spilled the wine. we have not slumbered, brother, though we drank cool wine ere now, | elijah then rebuked him : | | \u201c nicholas, brother mine, | nor dropped cups from our fingers. why dost thou slumber so? \u201d i closed my eyes for a little and a strange dream came to me. | said st. nicholas : | | \u201c elijah the thunderer, let be! | there were three hundred caloyers1 set sail on the blue sea, and they bore sacrificial gifts to the famous holy height of athos ; yellow wax they bore and also incense white. the wind arose among the clouds ; the waves of the sea it smote, to drown three hundred caloyers. but they cried as from one throat : \u2018 aid us, god and st. nicholas! come, wherever thou mayst be! \u2019 and i aided them and the caloyers came home again from sea ; safe home came the three hundred, and o their hearts were light! they bore the sacrificial gifts unto the holy height of athos ; yellow wax they bore and white incense as well. at that time did i slumber, and the cup from my fingers fell. \u201d 1 monks of the greek church.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42219582260913696, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:677447a2-3424-4697-8840-e64d6fca5367>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.351546"}
{"text": "naloxone hydrochloride being used to save lives to view our videos, you need to install adobe flash 9 or above. install now. then come back here and refresh the page. troy, n. y. - - when a person overdoses on drugs, time is of the essence for emergency responders. but before emts arrive, police need to secure the scene. in the past, officers couldn ' t treat the person for an overdose. now, in rensselaer county, they can. county deputies can now counteract the high and allow the patient to breath with a drug called naloxone hydrochloride, more commonly known as narcan. the program is the first of its kind in the state. deputies have been trained and are now carrying narcan. \" this is particularly important in the rural portions of rensselaer county where, is served by many volunteers, who, as dedicated as they are, we are few and far between and the deputies oftentimes get to the scene before we do, \" rensselaer county sheriff \u2019 s office ems instructor lynn kane. authorities say this new tactic can help intercede with opiate based drugs, like heroine. they say overdosing on prescription drugs is becoming a larger problem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4272326533808238, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d26ec641-8891-4571-a41b-45c6d2ebdaf0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.355439"}
{"text": "validity evidence for the test of silent reading efficiency and comprehension ( tosrec ) an essential component of a response to intervention ( rti ) framework is a screening process that is both accurate and efficient. the purpose of this study was to analyze the validity evidence for the test of silent reading efficiency and comprehension ( tosrec ) to determine its potential for use within a screening process. participants included 226 students in grades 1 to 5. validity evidence was analyzed through ( a ) correlation with performance on concurrent, individually administered oral reading fluency ( orf ) measures, ( b ) correlation with performance on concurrently administered reading comprehension measures, ( c ) correlation of fall and winter tosrec performance with a state reading outcome measure administered in spring, ( d ) a binary classification analysis to predict whether students met grade - level performance benchmarks on a state reading assessment, and ( e ) a stepwise regression analysis examining the variance in performance on a state assessment accounted for by tosrec and orf. the concurrent correlations of tosrec with orf were high, with the exception of the fall fourth grade administration. correlations of tosrec and outcome measures were consistent with those of orf. the binary classification analysis examining the tosrec \u2019 s ability to accurately predict those students who did not meet grade - level performance benchmarks on the state \u2019 s reading assessment demonstrated high classification accuracy ( 90 % ) as well as high sensitivity ( 78 % ) and specificity ( 86 % ). finally, a regression analysis indicated that the tosrec accounted for additional unique variance in state assessment performance above and beyond orf. implications for practice are discussed. johnson, evelyn s. ; pool, juli l. ; and carter, deborah r.. ( 2011 ). \" validity evidence for the test of silent reading efficiency and comprehension ( tosrec ) \". assessment for effective intervention, 37 ( 1 ), 50 - 57. http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1177 / 1534508410395556", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4972197185577452, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:de9d2e03-a16c-4691-89ca-762e9f2b8eea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.357600"}
{"text": "doomsday is still a long way away, but this is what might happen. have you ever wondered where we and our planet originally came from or what might happen to our galaxy billions of years from now? these aren \u2019 t just philosophical questions \u2014 scientists have been looking for clues to our origins and our fate for the last few decades. however, five chinese scientists say that we need to understand the nature of dark energy to truly foresee the destiny of the universe. scientists believe that dark energy makes up 70 per cent of the universe \u2019 s current content, thanks to calculations about how it affected expansion after the big bang. but its properties, which have not been completely defined, may decide the fate of the universe. one scenario is that everything will end in a big rip, when dark energy density grows to infinity in finite time, and its gravitational repulsion will tear apart all the objects in the universe. scientists from the university of science and technology of china, northeastern university, and peking university have examined the possibility of this cosmic doomsday in a study published in sci china - phys mech astron. \u201c we want to infer from the current data what the worst fate would be for the universe, \u201d the authors said in the study. to explore this scenario, they needed to find a parametrisation that would cover the overall expansion history of the universe. they eventually settled on a divergence - free parametrisation for dark energy, called the ma - zhang parameterisation, to predict the evolution of the universe and how far away we are from doomsday. using the current cosmological observations, the authors found that in the worst - case scenario, our universe can still exist at least 16. 7 billion years before it ends in a big rip. however, this is the worst - case scenario \u2014 the best - fit result suggested that the universe would last another 103. 5 billion years. but the researchers wanted to see what would happen in the worst case scenario. \u201d the question of \u2018 where are we going \u2019 is an eternal theme for human beings, so we should have courage to explore this theme. \u201d they then focused on this scenario and considered the fate of stars and galaxies. in the event that dark energy increases until it can overcome the forces holding objects together, the milky way will be torn apart 32. 9 million years before the big rip. the earth will be ripped from the sun and the moon from the earth two months and five days before doomsday respectively. the sun will be destroyed 28 minutes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5389352404820091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:83c61231-5ead-4d97-81e9-099628de7813>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.361403"}
{"text": "the dumpster behind homer babbidge library is always filled to the brim. but not with discarded candy wrappers, old coffee cups and used tissues. it is brimming with books. \u201c it was like a treasure trove, \u201d said one student who crept across campus in the middle of a winter \u2019 s night to rescue stacks of books from the giant metal bin two years ago. uconn \u2019 s main library has ushered in the digital age, in part by tossing away countless books, regardless of their condition. \u201c as far as i understand it, the director of the library is taking low circulation books and seeing if there are digital copies of them elsewhere, \u201d a library student employee said. \u201c and if there are, they throw [ the books ] away. \u201d a variety of titles among these books are volumes of environmental records, public service announcements and other itemse used less frequently than other research materials. but many of the books that take the trip to the dumpster have recently passed through the library \u2019 s conservation lab, meaning they have been widely circulated and are in close - to - new condition. the conservation lab, part of the university \u2019 s preservation department until it was recently disbanded, repairs library books that are worse for wear so they can be returned to babbidge \u2019 s shelves. the move to digitization has also sent books to the dumpster. as a research library, babbidge sees an influx of new materials on a yearly basis. digitizing books removes the need to pay for increased storage as the library \u2019 s collection grows. the process itself is far cheaper than traditional book repairs, which require expensive material and hours of manual labor. \u201c at only a dime per page, [ digitization ] is among the lowest of any other ethical efforts in the industry, \u201d said david lowe, leader of the digital program team. the digital age uconn is not alone in the move to digitization. other major universities, including new york university and northwestern university, have also expanded their preservation departments to include digitization. but at uconn, these two departments are separate. and while the leader of the digitization department says the two speak to each other on a daily basis, their efforts still seem counterproductive. \u201c we fix things so they can be kept longer, \u201d the student employee said. \u201c [ the other department is ] responsible for digitizing things so they can be thrown away. \u201d but while the two departments work in conflict with one another, some enterprizing and adventurous students are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4153448394397602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e8f64bf-fcb5-46c4-90ed-635ba0797b71>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.364484"}
{"text": "when precipitation patterns change part a : what is drought? in lab 3, you learned to interpret climographs to understand a location ' s normal climate. another way that climographs can be used is to plot current conditions over a background of the average conditionsthis provides a graphic way to see how the current year compares to the long term average. these dynamic graphs indicate if current conditions are abnormally hot, cold, wet, or dry. - click the thumbnail image at right to see a larger view of a climograph for san antonio, texas. the graph shows conditions for january through mid - july of 2008. - examine the graph to interpret the conditions in san antonio. the background colors ( pale red for temperatures and light green for accumulated precipitation ) show the average conditions compiled from many years of data. the brighter red and green lines show daily temperatures and accumulated rainfall through july of 2008. - what does the graph indicate about san antonio ' s temperature? the temperature was above average during january but has been in the normal range since then. - what does the cumulative rainfall graph indicate? rainfall has been below normal all year. the cumulative total for 2008 is roughly one third of the normal total for the end of july. - what does the graph indicate about san antonio ' s temperature? - explore current dynamic weather and climate conditions for stations in the united states via data located at noaa ' s southern regional climate center ( srcc ). once on this page, choose ' station a station ' from the link under the auto - generated graphic. - to generate temperature and accumulated precipitation maps for any region of the country, start at the select a station link above, and type in the name of your station. on the map that appears, click the map icon and then click ' more. ' you can switch between the tabs to see the station information, annual summaries, and climate normals. use the pull down menu to change to another year of interest. - the national weather service ( nws ) provides local climate records and summaries. use the following instructions to locate a climograph for your area of interest. note : instructions will vary by climate office ; not all climate offices offer these types of graphs. a few that do include : cleveland, ohio, and burlington, vt. - go to the nws home page weather. gov, enter your city and state and click go. - on the page that opens, click the forecast office title on the upper - left of the page. this will take", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49234811285806623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0c307c8-239d-46b9-a835-41bb2a32f766>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.369600"}
{"text": "and burlington, vt. - go to the nws home page weather. gov, enter your city and state and click go. - on the page that opens, click the forecast office title on the upper - left of the page. this will take you to the local climate office page. - scroll down the menu list on the left - hand side of the page and click the link for ' local ' under the ' climate ' header. - on the page that opens choose the local data / records tab. look at the list of choices and locate the climate graphs. stop and think1. list 5 cities or locations for which you examined dynamic climographs or accumulated precipitation maps. include the date range that you observed. tell whether each location is wetter than normal, about normal, or drier than normal. explain your reasoning. the word \" drought \" means different things to different people. what visions does the term bring to your mind? parched land, dried crops, dust storms, and starving livestock are some of the scenes that people associate with the term drought. unlike most hazardous weather conditions, drought is not always obvious. drought can be years in the making, as moisture in the soil evaporates and surface water sources disappear due to the lack of rain. - read the information at what is drought? to come up with your own meaningful definition of drought. discuss your definition with a lab partner to see if it can be improved. stop and think2. write a definition for drought, in your own words. - learn all about drought at the unl drought for kids page. - find out what the how drought is studied by reading the links on the, how do people study drought? page. - learn about the physical processes that cause or contribute to drought in earth observatory ' s north american drought article. read the information about each contributing factor and view the animations about soil moisture ( on the second page of the article ). the animations will help you to visualize the feedback loop that exists among rainfall, soil moisture, and temperature. - what are some of the indicators that drought is present? indicators of drought include soil moisture that is below normal, lower - than - normal rainfall or snowpack, and decreased water levels in streams and reservoirs. - the 3 main contributors to drought are high temperatures, low soil moisture content, and atmospheric circulation patterns that keep rain away from an area. tell how each of these factors promotes drought. higher surface temperatures result in an increase in evaporation of water. this leads to less", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5319871025221999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0c307c8-239d-46b9-a835-41bb2a32f766>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.372298"}
{"text": "in order to answer this question, we have to know what money is, and then we will know why some people like it and hold it so important. money can be defined as any good or token that functions as a medium of exchange. it is socially and legally accepted in payment of goods and services and in settlement of debts. money also serves as a standard of value for measuring the relative worth of different goods and services. in english dictionary, money defined, amongst other definitions, is wealth reckoned in terms of money. in my mother tongue money is \u201c maa - lee \u201d, meaning which is mine, what i own, be it coins, a piece of land, a house, etc. money as a medium of exchange is intermediately used in trade to avoid barter system. we, the human beings tend to like to have, not to have - not ; a feature that was taken, in a way or another, against communism. naturally, the more items you have represent by the medium of exchange ; money, the more you will be able to get what you want ; easiness, comfort and convenience of living. therefore, money is very important ; it is, in a way, the blood running in the veins of life. in my mind, money is very important in general, but in particular ; on a personal level, it is relative. money can not buy real happiness, real love, but may help in attaining to both. money is transitional, we are born without it. we visit our grave naked and empty - handed. we hoard money in between birth and death. we should not concentrate on hoarding it as if it is our only duty in life. some people are rich, but are also fools and unhappy. others are poor, but are happy and content. money is the purest form of representation of materialism. therefore, the issue depend on what and who you are.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5177830623892922, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e1c80f9-7dc0-4d0b-9779-b5599d0456b7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.374660"}
{"text": "holi is a festival which is celebrated on the full moon day of march, marking the arrival of spring. mythologically there are different stories to the origin of the festival. the colors that spread on that day not only makes the cloths and walls dirty but also affect the skin and even the scalp, believes the experts. most of thecolors available in the markets have harsh chemicals and contains chemicals like mica and even lead. the synthetic colours often include lead oxide, engine oil, diesel, chromium iodine and copper sulphate which can cause skin irritation and even blindness if the exposure is very high. most people prefer the use of herbal colors but are not available everywhere. experts also say that the people should use natural colours and herbal dyes. experts have said that one should wear a cap and well covered clothing to protect as much body as can be protected. it is usually the opposite as people look to wear lesser cloths for holi, experts say that the people should cover themselves properly. famous beauty expert shahnaz hussain said that holi is mostly played outside and hence people should sun creams. she said, \u201c sun exposure can also have a detrimental effect on the skin. apart from harmful ultraviolet radiation, sun exposure makes the skin dry by causing depletion of moisture and also tans the skin. \u201d the use of castor or olive oil can help remove the colors easily and one should not rub the skin for removing the chemicals, she added. the experts also suggest against using hot water as it leaves color lines. people with a history of eczema or atopic dermatitis are at a high risk of developing allergic contact dermatitis to holi colours and dyes. in other suggestions she said that the people can use lemon juice with water to condition hair and two tablespoons of honey with half a cup of yogurt and a pinch of turmeric to remove the tan. the use of soyabean flour or besan with milk is also advised to remove colour and replenish and rejuvenate the skin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4596985103871139, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d5311af-3495-4642-9ebc-fe4b73813631>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.376989"}
{"text": "san juan de la maguana | \u2014 municipality \u2014 | | san juan de la maguana | | \u2022 total | | 1, 726. 74 km2 ( 666. 70 sq mi ) | | elevation | | 415 m ( 1, 362 ft ) | | \u2022 density | | 76. 5 / km2 ( 198 / sq mi ) | | including populations of its municipal districts | | time zone | | ast ( utc - 4 ) | | \u2022 summer ( dst ) | | ast ( utc - 4 ) | | distance | | 85 km ( 53 mi ) to azua 120 km ( 75 mi ) to santo domingo the municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 132, 177 : 69, 329 men and 62, 848 women. the urban population was 66. 33 % of the total population. in this numbers are included the population of the municipal districts that are part the municipality. the population of the city of san juan without those municipal districts was 78, 313. the valley area of san juan was the seat of maguana whose leader was caonabo. caonabo in aboriginal language means \" gran senor de la tierra or great lord of the earth \". caonabo was the cacique or chief of the taino, upon the death of his uncle and became the most important and powerful ruler in hispaniola at the time. he led the taino revolt against the spanish invaders and was captured and died in a shipwreck while being taken to spain as a prisoner. a brother of caonabo and other allied taino caciques led the revolt against the spanish and finally lost the battle in 1495. in 1606, those that were living in san juan de la maguana were ordered by the spanish king to move to a place to the northwest of the city of santo domingo and the region was left without people for several years. after the dominican independence in 1844, there were some battles in this region between the haitian and dominican armies. the most important battle was the santome battle on 22 december 1855 in a savanna to the west of the city where the dominican army won the fight. san juan de la maguana is in the centre of the san juan valley, the old taino maguana, with the cordillera central ( \" central mountain chain \" ) to the north and east, and the sierra de neiba to the south. to the west there is a chain of low hills. the river san", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41168184902702437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55d3957a-5db9-49ce-a3e3-81fa41fdbbae>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.381237"}
{"text": "old taino maguana, with the cordillera central ( \" central mountain chain \" ) to the north and east, and the sierra de neiba to the south. to the west there is a chain of low hills. the river san juan is the main river of the region and the city was founded on the left ( eastern ) side of this river. - el rosario - hato del padre - la jagua - las maguanas - hato nuevo - las charcas de maria nova - pedro corto - sabana alta - superficies a nivel de municipios, oficina nacional de estadistica - de la fuente, santiago ( 1976 ) ( in spanish ). geografia dominicana. santo domingo, dominican republic : editora colegial quisqueyana. - oficina nacional de estadistica. \" ix censo nacional de poblacion y vivienda. informe basico \" ( in spanish ) ( pdf ). http : / / censo2010. one. gob. do / resultados / resumen _ resultados _ generales _ censo _ 2010. pdf. retrieved 2013 - 1 - 29. - garrido, victor ( 1972 ). \" el valle de la maguana \" ( in spanish ). espigas historicas. santo domingo, dominican republic : academia dominicana de la historia, vol. xxxi. pp. pp. 329 - 339. - oficina nacional de estadistica. \" division territorial 2008 \" ( in spanish ) ( pdf ). http : / / www. one. gob. do / index. php? module = uploads & func = download & fileid = 1098. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 01. | provincial capitals of the dominican republic | | azua \u2022 bani \u2022 barahona \u2022 bonao \u2022 comendador \u2022 cotui \u2022 dajabon \u2022 el seibo \u2022 hato mayor \u2022 higuey \u2022 jimani \u2022 la romana \u2022 la vega \u2022 mao \u2022 moca \u2022 monte cristi \u2022 monte plata \u2022 nagua \u2022 neiba \u2022 pedernales \u2022 puerto plata \u2022 sabaneta \u2022 salcedo \u2022 samana \u2022 san cristobal \u2022 san francisco de macoris \u2022 san jose de ocoa \u2022 san juan de la maguana \u2022 san pedro de macoris \u2022 santiago de los caballeros \u2022 santo domingo \u2022 santo domingo este |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37710661578859705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:55d3957a-5db9-49ce-a3e3-81fa41fdbbae>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.382216"}
{"text": "psoriasis ( sore - eye - ah - sis ) is a medical state that occurs when skin cells grow too quickly. faulty signals in the immune system cause new skin cells to form in days rather than weeks. the body does not shed these surplus skin cells, so the cells pile up on the surface of the skin and lesions form. in plaque psoriasis, skin rapidly accumulates at these sites, which gives it a silvery - white appearance. for more information please visit himalayahomeremedies. com plaques frequently occur on the skin of the elbows and knees, but can affect any area, counting the scalp, palms of hands and soles of feet, and genitals. in contrast to eczema, psoriasis is more likely to be found on the outer side of the joint. the disorder is a chronic returning situation that varies in strictness from minor localized patches to complete body reporting. fingernails and toenails are frequently affected ( psoriatic nail dystrophy ) and can be seen as an inaccessible symptom. are you a psoriasis patient? are you searching for a good psoriasis treatment? oh!!! then there is good news for you. now you will not face any further complication related to psoriasis. you have already suffered a lot in the cage of this dreadful illness psoriasis. not only you but also your entire family has also suffered a great mental, corporeal and social trauma. wherever you are, but now you are at the right place, where you will get the perfect treatment to get rid off this frightful disease. 1. the use of curd in the form of buttermilk has proved useful in psoriasis and the patient should drink it in liberal quantities. 2. do not control natural urges like sickness, urination, bowel emptying etc. 3. avoid taking spicy food and consume only easily digestible food. 4. do not eat too much of salt, sour or acidic foods 5. avoid consuming reverse foods 6. include more fruits, vegetable, fruit juices in your diet. bitter gourd, curd, boiled vegetables, pumpkin etc... are good psoriasis diet. 7. avoid animal fats, eggs, process canned foods from your diet. home remedies for psoriasis 1. in a small cup of olive oil, put 2 drops of calendula oil and 1 drop of oregano oil. rub it on the affected area. 2. in 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46366518973866633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d46648b8-fc7e-4350-b1dd-fbbcad79ec30>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.385452"}
{"text": "foods from your diet. home remedies for psoriasis 1. in a small cup of olive oil, put 2 drops of calendula oil and 1 drop of oregano oil. rub it on the affected area. 2. in 4 cups of water, boil 4 marigold heads, for about 2 minutes. once cooled, massage the lotion into your scalp. then, wash the hair with a mild shampoo. add lemon juice or cider vinegar to the rinsing water to ensure a thorough rinse. 3. mix a cup of freshly organized bitter gourd juice with a tsp of limejuice. drink this mixture every day, on an empty stomach, for 4 to 5 days. 4. mud packs are effective in treat psoriasis. take powdered fuller ' s earth and add enough water to form a paste. apply this paste on the affected area, let it dry and rinse off. it will help take away toxins from your skin. 5. mix aloe vera gel and garlic oil in equal proportions. apply on the affected area. this is a high - quality natural remedy for psoriasis. 6. seawater is beneficial in curing psoriasis. regular seawater baths as well as application of salt water over the affected parts is one of the best ways of treating psoriasis. 7. wash the exaggerated area to ensure that it is clean. next, apply cashew nut oil on it and keep it all night. wash off in the morning.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37569432511226275, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d46648b8-fc7e-4350-b1dd-fbbcad79ec30>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.386215"}
{"text": "by zeina makhoul tuesday morning, i met with the nurses and the child development workers to learn about the clinical care at bssk. children are measured regularly ( weight, height and head circumference ). growth charts, similar to the ones used at vct, are used to track growth. hemoglobin is measured every 3 months. all children at bssk, whether anemic or not, receive iron supplements and a calcium / vitamin d / b12 supplement. when needed, the child development workers conduct an evaluation of the motor and mental development of infants and young children and an iq test for older children. child development worker demonstrating iq test the staff kindly translated their menus from marathi ( language spoken in pune ) to english. they had a menu for each of season, winter ( october - february ), summer ( march - june ) and rainy ( june - september ), because of the seasonality and therefore market availability of the fruits and vegetables. for example, summer is the season for mangos and sugar cane so the menu included fresh mango, mango juice and sugar cane juice for snacks. during the summer, children are also given buttermilk ( yogurt drink ) instead of curd ( yogurt ) in an attempt to replenish fluid lost in the very hot summer months. winter is the best season for most vegetables. as for fruits, oranges, grapes, papayas and strawberries are in season. during the rainy season, the staff avoids serving leafy greens as they hard to digest and tend to harbor bacteria because of the rain. all seasons and every single day, children are served dhal and rice, chapatti ( or a variation ) and most times a vegetable ( such as cabbage, green peas, okra, carrots, spinach ) for lunch and dinner. the diet is for the most part vegetarian, except for certain sundays when chicken or egg curry is served. the menus need to be further analyzed to determine if children are receiving nutrients in amounts that are adequate for their growth. it \u2019 s important to keep in mind that certain factors may increase the risk for undernutrition even if dietary intake is adequate. infants waiting patiently to be fed i headed to the infants \u2019 room and found many of them lying on a mattress on the floor waiting patiently for their turn to be fed. caregivers sat on the floor with crossed legs and a pillow under one side of their body to get in feeding position. they picked up the children one by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4625334636638564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44dfbd72-c343-41e9-b98d-97ab0e048bec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.391937"}
{"text": "of them lying on a mattress on the floor waiting patiently for their turn to be fed. caregivers sat on the floor with crossed legs and a pillow under one side of their body to get in feeding position. they picked up the children one by one, fed them, burped them and put them in their cribs. with some help from a couple of the nurses, at least 8 infants were fed and burped in less than an hour. the children with cleft lip / palate were fed with a spoon. i asked whether they had ever used cleft bottles, the nurses said that they used to have them but not anymore. the caregivers seemed to be comfortable using the spoon. sister ashaa helping caregivers with feeding caregiver feeding a child with a cleft lip after an extensive discussion with the nurses around the medical charts, growth charts, and the use of supplements, the staff gathered in the conference room for a presentation on the nutrition screening tools that we plan to pilot test at bssk among other sites. the staff had very helpful and important feedback. explaining the nutrition screening form to nurses as jennifer and i were wrapping up for the day, roxana and the staff surprised us with a cake celebration and beautiful hand - made gifts by women in their community center program. the celebration was really in honor of jennifer. as part of her new job, as holt \u2019 s initiative director, she will not be involved with bssk and vct in the same capacity and so will be not be traveling as frequently, or not at all l, to india. the staff wanted to say thank you and not goodbye but \u201c see you later \u201d! i will definitely miss her the next time i \u2019 m in india. i set the timer on my camera and we all gathered for what might be a last photo with jennifer at bssk. roxana presenting jennifer with a gift the next morning, we joined the children and staff for morning prayers, 3 oms and a number of spiritual songs. i couldn \u2019 t help but smile when i heard the children \u2019 s sweet voices. i joined the cooks in preparing lunch. i observed as they pressure - cooked the dhal, chopped the tomatoes and cilantro using a traditional, dangerous looking, chopping knife. when i asked if i can help, they brought me a regular knife and a cutting board! chapattis were freshly made right before lunch. right next to the kitchen, in the storage room, there were canisters of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4316199229732409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44dfbd72-c343-41e9-b98d-97ab0e048bec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.394258"}
{"text": "##ping knife. when i asked if i can help, they brought me a regular knife and a cutting board! chapattis were freshly made right before lunch. right next to the kitchen, in the storage room, there were canisters of whole wheat, homemade infant cereal, cracked wheat, several types of lentils, ghee, and a 4 - foot pile of sugar bags. traditional chopping knife cook making cabbage dish that \u2019 s a lot of sugar! every wednesday afternoon, a group of foster moms bring their children to bssk to be examined by dr. sarda, another pediatrician at bssk. the foster moms reported whether or not they had concerns about the child \u2019 s health or feeding. i asked again about feeding practices in india and dr. sarda confirmed that the introduction of rice cereal and cow or buffalo milk at 2 - 3 months is a common practice. cow milk is usually recommended because it resembles breast milk, he said, but when it \u2019 s not accessible, buffalo milk is used instead. dr. sarda and i exchanged business cards and he promised to send me a book on nutrition that he has written. foster moms waiting to talk to dr. sarda it was time to say goodbye to the children, the staff and roxana and take the 3 - hour drive to mumbai and then a 27 - hour trip back to seattle. sigh! in the next few months, i will be processing all the information that i learned at the village in haiti and vct and bssk in india and using it to customize a nutrition screening system that works for all sites. i \u2019 m hoping to return to haiti and india around may to launch the pilot phase. when i return, i will not see many of the children i met, a bitter but sweet feeling as i know they will have joined a loving family.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43041431895832805, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44dfbd72-c343-41e9-b98d-97ab0e048bec>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.395544"}
{"text": "dow chemical explains the science of transmitting the olympic games with more than four billion people expected to watch the london 2012 opening and closing ceremonies in june, you may wonder how the olympic games make it to your living room from a camera halfway around the world. dow chemical has the answers for you. as the official chemistry company of the london 2012 olympic games, dow chemical will provide wire and cable materials to enable reliable transmission and distribution of signals, while protecting the cables from damage during the olympic games. between your tv and the olympic games in june, signals will be transmitted through copper conductors inside the cables provided by dow. global telecommunications platform leader for dow electrical & telecommunications, damien polansky, explained to tmcnet how it is possible for viewers to watch the olympic games so clearly all over the world. \u201c these transmission media require durable, efficient and long - lasting insulation and jacketing materials to ensure uninterrupted signals over the life of these systems \u2013 whether in the olympic broadcast center or the infrastructure carrying the signals across continents to our homes, \u201d said polansky. the electrical performance of dow \u2019 s insulating materials results in more efficient communications, ultimately helping reduce power consumption. the damage resistant technology provided allows the wire and cables to be easily re - used and recycled. dow \u2019 s solutions inside wire and cables will also have a lasting impact on london \u2019 s technology infrastructure and will be re - used in other projects after the games. \u201c our materials are designed to handle everyday abuse allowing for recycle and reuse of the finished cables. and the electrical performance of our insulating materials allow for more efficient communications, increasing the span between expensive electronics and / or reducing the power consumption for telecom networks, \u201d said polansky. additionally, for highly flexible applications for indoor use, dow ecolibrium bio - based plasticizers from dow electrical & telecommunications are a family of phthalate - free and lead - free plasticizers produced for use in wire insulation and jacketing. made from nearly 100 percent renewable feedstocks, dow ecolibrium bio - based plasticizers help cable - makers and original equipment manufacturers ( oems ) reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 40 percent if used instead of traditional pvc plasticizers. dow ecolibrium bio - based plasticizers are the first bio - based plasticizers on the market with the ability to meet all requirements for flame resistance and exhibit the same performance and feel as incumbent pvc plasticizers. so, how long do these dow features last? \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4912665847979665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5547bd79-c8bb-4e04-961e-154dc46886d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.398889"}
{"text": "august 24th, 2011 by hasham pregnancy symptoms early : the early symptoms of pregnancy vary from woman to woman and even from pregnancy to pregnancy. so not every woman has the same symptoms or even the same symptoms from one pregnancy to the next. also, because the early symptoms of pregnancy often resemble what happens right before and during menstruation, you may have some of the symptoms and not recognize them. what follows is a description of some of the most common early symptoms of pregnancy. it \u2019 s important to keep in mind that the symptoms may be caused by other things besides being pregnant. so the fact that you notice some of these symptoms does not necessarily mean you are pregnant. the only way to tell for sure is with a test. early symptom of pregnancy : spotting and cramping a few days after conception, the fertilized egg attaches itself to the uterine wall. this can cause one of the earliest signs of pregnancy \u2014 spotting and, sometimes, cramping. known as implantation bleeding, this early symptom occurs anywhere from six to 12 days after the egg is fertilized. the cramps resemble menstrual cramps, and some women mistake them and the bleeding for the start of their period. the bleeding and cramps, however, are slight. other things that can cause this symptom include the actual start of menstruation, altered menstruation, using a different birth control pill, infection, or abrasion from intercourse. in addition to bleeding, you may notice a white, milky discharge from your vagina. this is related to the fact that, almost immediately after conception, the vaginal walls begin to thicken. it is the increased growth of cells lining the vagina that causes the discharge. this discharge can continue throughout your pregnancy, but typically it \u2019 s harmless and doesn \u2019 t require treatment. however, if you notice a foul odor to the discharge or a burning and itching sensation, you should contact your doctor. these could be signs of a yeast or bacterial infection. pregnancy symptoms before missed period : question : did you have pregnancy symptoms before missed period? answer : there are a number of reasons one might experience pregnancy symptoms before a missed period. this is largely due to hormonal shifts in the body before your missed period is noted. as you have heard early pregnancy tests are testing even before a missed period, and this means that the pregnancy hormones are swirling, particularly hcg, even though in very low concentrations. women who are very in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43118369951175894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d80f146b-f2b9-4b8c-b65a-95ffb53f30ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.404088"}
{"text": "the body before your missed period is noted. as you have heard early pregnancy tests are testing even before a missed period, and this means that the pregnancy hormones are swirling, particularly hcg, even though in very low concentrations. women who are very in tune with their bodies or who are very sensitive may be able to notice these slight differences. you may feel pregnancy fatigue or even morning sickness. you may also find that if someone has an irregular periods that it may be harder to figure out when they are pregnant without the regular cycle signs. or you may see that someone has break through bleeding in pregnancy and her pregnancy is not as quickly diagnosed either due to irregular bleeding. this may mean she has pregnancy symptoms but misses them for awhile, assuming they are from another cause like illness or stress. once she figures out that these symptoms may be caused by pregnancy, she may be confused because she has not had a missed period. pregnancy 10 days after conception : what is a pregnancy blood test? a pregnancy blood test or a pregnancy serum test is a test that measures the exact amount of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ) in the bloodstream of a woman. if there is a sufficient amount of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ), then the test is returned positive. this means that you are pregnant. if however, there is an inadequate amount of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ) in your blood, the test results are negative. and this means that conception has not occurred. is 10 days after conception too early for a reliable blood test? human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ) is a hormone that is produced by the placenta of women who are pregnant. it is detectable in the blood and urine only within 10 days of fertilization. all blood tests can give you reliable results only after these first 10 days. after the fertilized egg implants, or attaches, to the inside of the uterus or other structure inside the mother, the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ) rise rapidly. the levels continue to increase throughout the first trimester of pregnancy and reach a peak 60 to 80 days after the fertilized egg implants. what signs should i look out for to help me with early pregnancy detection? if you are trying to get pregnant, your anxiety about finding out whether or not you are pregnant is only natural. though blood pregnancy tests have their limitation, there are many ways of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4950392705966692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d80f146b-f2b9-4b8c-b65a-95ffb53f30ec>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.405044"}
{"text": "a study in canada cited by alan johnson when education secretary found that the introduction of tighter provincial restrictions on leaving school between 1920 and 1990 had helped in raising both average attainment and average incomes. the study found that students compelled to attend an extra year of school experienced an average increase in annual income of about 12 %. it also found that compulsory schooling is closely associated with significant benefits. mike doesn ' t link to the study, but i suspect he means this pdf. and if he does, there ' s a problem, because it shows the exact opposite of what mike and alan johnson would like. here ' s page 17 : average grade attainment is 0. 24 points higher with a school - leaving age of 14 compared to a lower or no school leaving age... raising the dropout age to 15 versus 14 exhibits an even larger increase in average grade attainment ( 0. 63 points ). however, the effect from increasing the limit age again to age 16 is negative. ( emphasis added ). this is exactly what the law of diminishing returns predicts. if someone has little education, there ' s a decent gain from giving them more. but the more schooling they have, the smaller are the marginal gains from more of it. worse still, the paper suggests there might be negative spillovers from higher school leaving ages. it finds ( table 2 ) that raising the leaving age to 16 has a small but significant negative effect upon students ' chances of getting degrees. this is consistent with the possibility that forcing people to stay at school disrupts the learning experience for those who want to learn. there might be a case for raising the education leaving age to 18. but it ' s not to be found in the paper cited by mike or alan johnson. i hope this isn ' t supposed to pass for evidence - based policy - making.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46762440252295195, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a6fa47d3-32fe-41ac-bafd-50e4d2675f59>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.406897"}
{"text": "washington - - the food and drug administration here participated in an emergency meeting last week convened by the world health organization in geneva, switzerland, to discuss reports that acrylamide, a known carcinogen in animals, is present in high levels in some starchy foods cooked at high temperatures. twenty - seven food - safety experts from around the world were to examine existing evidence and consider possible recommendations. the first study, by swedish scientists announced april 23, implicated carbohydrate foods such as french fries, potato chips and cereal as potentially cancer - causing, due to the presence of acrylamide in high amounts. the who said last week that national food agencies in england and norway have published similar findings. \" we are currently recommending sticking to a balanced diet, \" a spokesman for the fda told sn last week as the consultation was under way ; the consultation includes three representatives of that agency. since the unsettling findings were announced two months ago, the fda has developed a method to measure acrylamide levels in food, and the agency is now measuring the acrylamide levels in a limited set of foods, the spokesman said. results will be available in a couple months. preliminary results will be useful to compare with findings of other countries for future research, the spokesman said. \" over the long term, the fda intends to measure acrylamide in a larger set of foods and to carry out research on how and why acrylamide is formed in certain foods, \" he said, adding that the best advice is to \" follow the dietary guidelines, and don ' t panic. \" the u. s. news media picked up the initial story immediately, alerting, if not alarming, consumers nationwide by broadcasting images of french fries and potato chips. the center for science in the public interest here released a statement in april from cspi executive director michael f. jacobson that called the swedish discovery \" extremely worrisome \" and said this discovery gives consumers another reason to \" slash their consumption of french fries and potato chips. \" \" [ however ], we have not seen a decline in the sales of our french fries, potato chips or bread since the swedish findings were announced, \" jamie miller, spokesman for giant food, landover, md., told sn. the grocery manufacturers of america, based here, agreed with the fda in saying last week that consumers need not make changes in their dietary habits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4750851413848909, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c32bd7a-4f48-4090-b8ee-9d8acf792eef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.409298"}
{"text": "december is a time for friendship, and what better way to demonstrate friendship to children, than through a picture book? here are a few of sylvan dell \u2019 s favorite books about friendship with fun and easy activities that you can do this holiday season. newton and me \u2013 while at play with his dog, newton, a young boy discovers the laws of force and motion in his everyday activities. told in rhyme, lynne mayer \u2019 s newton and me follows these best friends on an adventure as they apply physics to throwing a ball, pulling a wagon, riding a bike, and much more. with the help of sherry rogers \u2019 playful illustrations, children will learn that physics is a part of their world. they will realize that newton \u2019 s laws of motion describe experiences they have every day, and they will recognize how forces affect the objects around them. activity : help you child get to know their friends. start a conversation and learn about their family pet or favorite toy. encourage your child to ask questions. moose and magpie \u2013 it isn \u2019 t easy being a moose. you \u2019 re a full - grown adult at the age of one, and it itches like crazy when your antlers come in! in bettina restrepo \u2019 s moose and magpie, young moose is lucky to find a friend and guide in the wisecracking magpie. \u201c what do the liberty bell and moose have in common? \u201d the magpie asks as the seasons begin to change. then, when fall comes : \u201c why did the moose cross the road? \u201d vivid illustrations by sherry rogers bring these characters to life. laugh along with moose and magpie, and maybe - just maybe - moose will make a joke of his own! activity : comedy hour \u2013 give your child and friends a \u201c microphone \u201d and encourage them to tell jokes. make sure they know not to tell jokes at their friend \u2019 s expense. home in the cave \u2013 baby bat loves his cave home and never wants to leave it. while practicing flapping his wings one night, he falls, and pluribus packrat rescues him. they then explore the deepest, darkest corners of the cave where they meet amazing animals \u2014 animals that don \u2019 t need eyes to see or colors to hide from enemies. baby bat learns how important bats are to the cave habitat and how other cave - living critters rely on them for their food. will baby bat finally venture out of the cave to help the other animals? activity : prepare a winter scavenger hunt for your child and friends.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5027761701711156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e279d3af-b8ab-4591-a2b5-7b2dad32d0ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.413834"}
{"text": "to the cave habitat and how other cave - living critters rely on them for their food. will baby bat finally venture out of the cave to help the other animals? activity : prepare a winter scavenger hunt for your child and friends. they can go on an adventure together and the reward can be a cup of hot coco and talking about their fun adventures of the day. habitat spy \u2013 let \u2019 s spy on plants, insects, birds, and mammals in 13 different habitats. told in rhyming narrative, habitat spy invites children to search for and find plants, invertebrates, birds, and mammals and more that live in 13 different habitats : backyard, beach, bog, cave, desert, forest, meadow, mountain, ocean, plains, pond, river, and cypress swamp. children will spend hours looking for and counting all the different plants and animals while learning about what living things need to survive. activity : while running those busy errands this season turn off the radio and play \u201c i spy \u201d in the car while driving around town. the giraffe who was afraid of heights \u2013 imagine if the one thing that keeps you safe is what you fear the most. this enchanting story tells of a giraffe who suffers from the fear of heights. his parents worry about his safety and send him to the village doctor for treatment. along the way, he befriends a monkey who is afraid of climbing trees and a hippo that is afraid of water. a life - threatening event causes the three friends to face and overcome each of their fears. the \u201c for creative minds \u201d section includes fun facts and animal adaptation information, a match - the - feet game and a mix - n - match activity. activity : sending out holiday cards? help your child make a holiday card thanking their friends for their help and friendship throughout the year. champ \u2019 s story : dogs get cancer too! \u2013 children facing cancer \u2014 whether their own, a family member \u2019 s, a friend \u2019 s, or even a pet \u2019 s \u2014 will find help in understanding the disease through this book. a young boy discovers his dog \u2019 s lump, which is then diagnosed with those dreaded words : \u201c it \u2019 s cancer. \u201d the boy becomes a loving caretaker to his dog, who undergoes the same types of treatments and many of the same reactions as a human under similar circumstances ( transference ). medical writer and award - winning children \u2019 s author, sherry north artfully weaves the serious subject into an empathetic story that even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46225170046059094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e279d3af-b8ab-4591-a2b5-7b2dad32d0ef>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.414898"}
{"text": "on this date in history : according to h. l. mencken, the first bathtub was installed in the white house in 1851 by president millard fillmore. mencken wrote in a new york newspaper that the first bathtub in the united states was an \u201c elegant mahogany contraption \u201d installed in the home of a cincinnati businessman in 1842. he said after that point, that the practice of bathing became popular with the wealthy. he said when word reached the masses a public outcry against the \u201c epicurean and obnoxious toy from england \u201d was \u201c designed to corrupt the democratic simplicity of the republic. \u201d mencken added that it was fillmore was responsible for the public \u2019 s acceptance for the habit of regular bathing. on this day in 1917, mencken was basking in the glow created by his article in the new york evening mail titled \u201d a neglected anniversary. \u201d he was probably still chuckling the day after his work was published because it was an elaborate hoax. december 1917 was a time of great sadness around the world due to world war i. he decided that a spoof on bathtub history would be a good way to raise the spirits fo his readers. and who better to include in the hoax but the historically hapless millard fillmore. mencken \u2019 s joy turned to shock when he learned that his words were taken as gospel. in 1926, he was so uneasy with the fact that his fiction was considered to be real history that he wrote a public confession of his hoax. but, no one listened and the result of his little tale have continued to this day with some sources claiming that fillmore did indeed install the first bathtub in the white house. the real truth is that copper bathtubs and a shower were installed in the executive mansion on the first floor in 1833 or 1834. a permanent bathtub was put in the second floor of the white house in 1853. mencken would have been better off publishing a true story about the white house bathtub. president william howard taft was 6 \u2019 2 \u2033 and weighed a rotund 300 pounds. he had once become stuck in the normal presidential tub. so, he installed a tub that was 41 inches across and 7 feet long. it is said that it could hold four regular size men. the truth was stranger than fiction and this little story may be a good example of how if a lie is told enough times by enough people, then the lie becomes the truth. it also may be a good example of how we should not necessarily believe everything", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41361055642222344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae0b15af-e2ae-4618-b7b0-61a4b7424252>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.418052"}
{"text": "high temperatures over several days or more for a crop such as corn ( maize ) can reduce the crop yield substantially. but new crop research reveals that it is not so much the heat and heat stress that impacts the plants, but water stress caused by increased evapo - transpiration through vapour pressure deficit ( vpd ) - the plants version of human sweating to cool down. the new understanding comes from research and modelling by one of australia ' s leading crop scientists, professor graeme hammer, from the university of queensland. graeme has spent much of the last decade as professor in crop science at uq ' s queensland alliance for agriculture and food innovation ( qaafi ) developing increasingly sophisticated computer models to predict the growth and yield of agricultural crops. lead author for the study was david lobell, an assistant professor in environmental earth system science and associate director of the center on food security and the environment at stanford university. i reported back in 2009 that climate change likely to severely damage u. s. crop yields based upon increasing summer temperatures ( schlenker et al 2009 ). and indeed crop yields do decrease as temperature rises and the number of days above optimum temperature increases. on a global basis a correlation has been observed between reduced yield and higher average seasonal temperatures. lead author david lobell examined global trends in crop production in a 2011 paper - climate trends and global crop production since 1980 ( abstract ) detailing that : \"... in the cropping regions and growing seasons of most countries, with the important exception of the united states, temperature trends from 1980 to 2008 exceeded one standard deviation of historic year - to - year variability. models that link yields of the four largest commodity crops to weather indicate that global maize and wheat production declined by 3. 8 and 5. 5 %, respectively, relative to a counterfactual without climate trends. for soybeans and rice, winners and losers largely balanced out. climate trends were large enough in some countries to offset a significant portion of the increases in average yields that arose from technology, carbon dioxide fertilization, and other factors. \" for example, maize has been found to be sensitive to extreme heat with multiple days above 30 degrees c. but the actual mechanism for how temperature affected crop yield was unknown. high temperatures an indirect driver of plant water stress and crop yield what professor hammer and his co - researchers have shown is that heat is an indirect driver of reduced crop yield through increased plant evapo - transpiration. the evaporative demand for water - causing increased plant water use - that will ultimately", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5191575635298253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e13bfb5c-9a72-41eb-bfa8-a04c91aeb9f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.425168"}
{"text": "and crop yield what professor hammer and his co - researchers have shown is that heat is an indirect driver of reduced crop yield through increased plant evapo - transpiration. the evaporative demand for water - causing increased plant water use - that will ultimately cause the decline in crop yield, is much more important, with direct heat stress on reproductive organs a much more minor role. \" these two factors are often related, but until now we were simply attributing projected yield declines to increases in temperature and heat stress - and it ' s more complex than that, \" professor hammer said. here is how the research paper describes what is going on inside the plants : \".... hotter days tend to have higher vapour pressure deficit ( vpd ) between the saturated leaf interior and the ambient air, and high vpd drives faster transpiration rates. plants typically respond to higher vpd by reducing stomatal conductance, which effectively saves soil moisture for periods with less evaporative demand, at the cost of reduced carbon assimilation during high - vpd portions of the day. \" so what happens when it gets really hot is that the plants increase their transpiration ( sweating ) to try and keep cool, while closing down their photosynthesis activities. this happens even when soil moisture is maintained through irrigation. the researchers documented this in field research in the us state of iowa. \" our computer models are able to separate the mechanisms and explain what is actually going on. increasing temperatures mean increasing demand for water and so greater plant water use and ultimately more water stress during the crop life cycle. \" explained professor hammer. the researchers also imply that increased atmospheric co2 may reduce crop sensitivity to extreme heat by increasing transpiration efficiency. but the sensitivity gains are likely to be no more than 25 per cent. the researchers stress more research is needed in this area. the crop sensitivity to extreme heat days \" will remain a severe constraint to crop production for the foreseeable future. further increases in t ( temperature ) will contribute to greater vpd and water stress, and will probably also cause direct heat damage to be increasingly common. designing appropriate crop development and management strategies for dealing with extreme heat should be an emphasis of future work. \" the research paper concludes. to make the point clearer graeme hammer used an analogy of the effects upon a person standing in a hot desert : \" you would start to sweat more as the temperature increased and more rapidly use up your reserves of water. it ' s a relatively simple concept, but one that has been overlooked until now.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5043780560502651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e13bfb5c-9a72-41eb-bfa8-a04c91aeb9f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.426339"}
{"text": "of the effects upon a person standing in a hot desert : \" you would start to sweat more as the temperature increased and more rapidly use up your reserves of water. it ' s a relatively simple concept, but one that has been overlooked until now. \" he said. the abstract for the paper - the critical role of extreme heat for maize production in the united states ( abstract ) is reproduced below : statistical studies of rainfed maize yields in the united states and elsewhere have indicated two clear features : a strong negative yield response to accumulation of temperatures above 30 \u00b0c ( or extreme degree days ( edd ) ), and a relatively weak response to seasonal rainfall. here we show that the process - based agricultural production systems simulator ( apsim ) is able to reproduce both of these relationships in the midwestern united states and provide insight into underlying mechanisms. the predominant effects of edd in apsim are associated with increased vapour pressure deficit, which contributes to water stress in two ways : by increasing demand for soil water to sustain a given rate of carbon assimilation, and by reducing future supply of soil water by raising transpiration rates. apsim computes daily water stress as the ratio of water supply to demand, and during the critical month of july this ratio is three times more responsive to 2 \u00b0c warming than to a 20 % precipitation reduction. the results suggest a relatively minor role for direct heat stress on reproductive organs at present temperatures in this region. effects of elevated co2 on transpiration efficiency should reduce yield sensitivity to edd in the coming decades, but at most by 25 %. - adapted from university of queensland media release, 4 march 2013 - global warming affects crop yields - but it ' s the water not the heat - david b. lobell, graeme l. hammer, greg mclean, carlos messina, michael j. roberts & wolfram schlenker. 3 march 2013, nature climate change ( 2013 ) doi : 10. 1038 / nclimate1832 the critical role of extreme heat for maize production in the united states ( abstract ) - lead image - drought corn in west kentucky august 2012, by cranestation / flickr, creative commons 2. 0 attributuion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.503711712816761, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e13bfb5c-9a72-41eb-bfa8-a04c91aeb9f8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.427318"}
{"text": "a few notes on nomenclature : if you hail from britain or a place formerly under british rule, you \u2019 re likely to refer to all winter squash as \u201c pumpkin. \u201d the same idea applies to spanish - speaking cultures here, in central america and in parts of the caribbean, where it \u2019 s generically referred to as calabaza. on this side of the pond, anglos tend to make the distinction between jack - o - lantern pumpkins and the many other varieties of winter squash. share don \u2019 t let the word \u201c winter \u201d fool you : winter squash is actually harvested in autumn before a hard frost and stored for later. when most people had root cellars, they would harvest the squash in the fall and store it through the cold season, hence the name. and the botanical difference between winter squash and summer squash? very little. they \u2019 re both from the same plant family, cucurbita, and both ripen on a vine, but look and act like they \u2019 re from different tribes. zucchini and the summer varieties have tender skin and almost nonexistent seeds and can be eaten raw. winter varieties boast tougher skins, larger seeds and a flesh that needs to be cooked. squash is most likely native to guatemala and mexico and surrounding areas dating to 10, 000 years ago. according to cookbook author and mexican cooking authority diana kennedy, calabaza is one of the earliest known foods to be domesticated in pre - columbian mexico. however, it may have been the seeds that were sought after, not the flesh, which would make sense, given the central role pumpkin seeds ( pepitas ) play in moles and other sauces throughout mexico, particularly in the yucatan. it is believed that christopher columbus brought squash to europe. ( read entire post. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4244941005412278, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd3f5d41-be46-4c0e-a579-f7c2cc4d0f99>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.429361"}
{"text": "mystic \u2014 yellow pink has always been an inconsistent molter. but last summer, when the 14 - year - old male african penguin shed his waterproof feathers, they never grew back. that ' s when penguin trainers at mystic aquarium began to worry that yellow pink would get cold in the 65 - degree water of the exhibit where he and the other penguins swim. so they fashioned him a 3 mm wet suit out of a piece of an old diving wet suit, with openings for his flippers and a velcro closure. the suit now allows yellow pink to go in the water without getting chilled. \" he ' s done really well with it. it hasn ' t affected his swimming or movement, \" said assistant trainer josh davis friday afternoon, as yellow pink stood still while davis put his wings through the two holes and secured the velcro closure. he then began to waddle around. yellow pink \u2014 aquarium penguins are named after the identifying beads they wear \u2014 did not go swimming friday, as all the aquarium ' s penguins are kept inside when the air temperature drops below 26 degrees. the penguins are native to the more temperate climate of south africa, not antarctica. yellow pink is the first penguin at the aquarium to experiencee \" premature feather loss, \" a rare condition that davis said few other aquariums have experienced. in 2007, a children ' s book called \" pierre the penguin \" was published about an african penguin at the california academy of sciences in san francisco who had the same problem. he would not swim because of the cold and was shunned by his fellow penguins. when he began wearing a wet suit, he was accepted back into the group. davis said yellow pink will continue to wear his wet suit until he grows new feathers, though it is not clear when that will happen. according to the aquarium, the penguins ' dense coat of 70 feathers per square inch are coated with an oil they produce from a gland near the base of their tail. davis said that underneath the feathers, the penguins have a layer of gray downy feathers that keep them warm. in yellow pink ' s case, the gray feathers are now exposed and get wet. \" it ' s sort of like wearing a wet fleece, \" he said. the wet suit, though, traps a thin layer of water against the penguin ' s body, which is then heated by the bird ' s body temperature. davis said the trainers know the wet suit is working because when they remove it from yellow pink, warm water runs off it. he said that even though the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45045420908427924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3dad5c45-e11c-40a9-9369-3472b32bee57>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.432062"}
{"text": "i am just \u2026 stunned. vaccines being made to protect people from swine flu may not be so healthy for threatened species of sharks. that \u2019 s because millions of doses of the pandemic h1n1 / 09 vaccine contain a substance called squalene, which is extracted from shark livers. ( get more swine flu facts. ) olive oil, wheat germ oil, and rice bran oil also naturally contain squalene, albeit in smaller amounts. but for now squalene is primarily harvested from sharks caught by commercial fishers, especially deepwater species. ( related : \u201c tomato, tobacco plants produce sars vaccine. \u201d ) \u201c there are several very disturbing issues associated with use of shark - liver - oil squalene, \u201d said mary o \u2019 malley, co - founder of the volunteer - run advocacy group shark safe network. \u201c the deepwater sharks targeted have extremely low reproductive rates, and many are threatened species. \u201d that \u2019 s it, friends. the world is mad. as ted koren says on his blog, think about it : we are risking the total decimation of a species for a psychological pandemic flamed by organizations seeking wealth, rather than health. most disturbing is when one thinks that many of these vaccines, in fact millions of these vaccines, are being recalled almost weekly because of poor production. so not only are these sharks being slaughtered at an alarming rate, but they are being harvested for a largely ineffective product that needs to be regularly be trashed because of potency issues ( see here and here ). i \u2019 m gonna go cry now.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4294047344053462, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29984ac4-53d0-420f-a2f4-5c7ae220650a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.433817"}
{"text": "pass legislation and usurp the courts, because the political authority had the supposed superiority over the population of villeins. shortly after the statutes of merchants was passed, the jews were forced to leave england. the presumption is, there were others who desired to take their place and run the law merchant business themselves. 8. merchants create money from debt this will be a very short explanation of a very complex issue. money of intrinsic value, as gold or silver, which is mined, coined or weighed, and used in the exchange of goods or service increases as more gold and silver is put into circulation. if there is no money of intrinsic value, how does paper \" money \" come into circulation? how does it increase? a promise to pay is the substitute for real lawful dollars. you may be creating \" money \", when you believe you are agreeing to be a debtor. at the time the government of the united states was taking gold out of circulation, congress was discussing the issue of money. below is a congressional discussion on the banking emergency relief act of 1933. if the republican party had released itself from the clutches of wall street and expanded the currency immediately after the stock - market crash in 1929 or within a year after the crash, our people would have been saved from this awful money panic. our president will doubtless ask amendments to this new law when conditions are more normal and when it is better understood. under the new law the money is issued to the banks in return for government obligations, bills of exchange, drafts, notes, trade acceptances, and banker ' s acceptances. the money will be worth 100 cents on the dollar, because it is backed by the credit of the nation. it will represent a mortgage on all the homes and other property of all the people in the nation. congressional record, house, mr. patman, march 9, 1933, p. 83 we see above that when banks give the federal reserve regional banks ( i believe, not the u. s. treasury ) government obligations, bills of exchange, drafts, notes, trade acceptances, and banker ' s acceptances, they receive \" money \". this is new \" money \", meaning paper or computer digits. when the bank receives a promissory note from you and passes it on to the federal reserve, the bank receives the value, dollar for dollar, in paper federal reserve notes or digits into its account. if you give the bank, or if a middle man delivers it, a $ 100, 000 note, there will then be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48044560046497203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e515597a-4720-488e-95b5-737537bb06d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.443881"}
{"text": "the federal reserve, the bank receives the value, dollar for dollar, in paper federal reserve notes or digits into its account. if you give the bank, or if a middle man delivers it, a $ 100, 000 note, there will then be $ 100, 000 more \" money \" in the total banking system. you just created money. the following are two examples of trade acceptances, which i believe includes the paper you sign when you use a credit card. a trade acceptance is a draft or bill of exchange, drawn by the seller on the purchaser of goods sold, and accepted by such purchaser, and its purpose is to make the book account liquid and permit the seller to raise money on it before it is due under the terms of sale. legal discount corporation v. martin hardware co., 91 p. 2d 1010, 1012 ( wash ). a trade acceptance is a draft drawn by the seller of goods upon the buyer for the purchase price of such goods, which draft has been accepted by the buyer. a trade acceptance properly drawn is negotiable paper and its use results in advantages to both buyer and seller. it is however properly used to represent current merchandise transactions only, and is in this respect distinguished from a promissory note which may be given for a past - due account, borrowed money or for any other consideration. trade acceptances are bills of exchange \" arising out of actual commercial transactions \" which federal reserve banks may discount under section 2 of article 13 of the federal reserve act, 12 u. s. c. a. 343, and which they may purchase in the open market under section 1 of article 14, 12 u. s. c. a. 353. state trading corporation v. jordan, 22 a. 2d 30, 34 ( penn ). many think they are debtors when they sign a paper evidencing a debt, but actually they just provided the other party with an asset that can be sold or delivered benefiting the holder. 9. statute merchant, statute staple it was the concept of a security interest in another ' s possessions that was innovative and devastating in its results. under the common law, possession was everything, or, as they say, nine - tenths of the law. the law merchant is saying possession means very little if someone has a piece of paper presenting a claim in the nature of a security interest. some of the english statutes referenced in the quotes above became known as statute merchant and statute staple. concerning imprisonment, the following is footnote 46 from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5409146153755221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e515597a-4720-488e-95b5-737537bb06d5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.444881"}
{"text": "means very little if someone has a piece of paper presenting a claim in the nature of a security interest. some of the english statutes referenced in the quotes above became known as statute merchant and statute staple. concerning imprisonment, the following is footnote 46 from the shetar ' s effect on english law. 46. m. elon, restraints of the person as a means in the collection of debts in jewish law ( 1961 ) ( precis of doctoral dissertation ) ( jewish tradition had no personal imprisonment for debt, reasoning that if a debtor ' s home could not be entered, even less could the debtor be taken ; in the 13th century, jewish scholars began to debate and approve imprisonment for evasive debtors, but only in carefully prescribed conditions ). unlike jewish law, english law specifically envisioned such imprisonment. see, statute of merchants, 1285, 13 edw., smt. 3 ( establishing imprisonment of the body of a defaulting debtor ) ; statute of avon burnell, 1283, 11 edw. ( if debtor ' s goods insufficient to satisfy debt, debtor imprisoned pending repayment, but creditor responsible for assuring bread and water sufficient to sustain life of imprisoned debtor, who must further reimburse creditor upon release ). the difficulty in rationalizing how debtors could be put in prison stems from deuteronomy 24, which suggests that giving a pledge does not allow for diminishing the life of the debtor or interfering with his body, since only an object is pledged. 6no man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge : for he taketh a man ' s life to pledge. 71f a man be found stealing any of his brethren of the children of israel, and maketh merchandise of him, or selleth him ; then that thief shall die ; and thou shalt put evil away from among you. 10when thou dost lend thy brother any thing, thou shalt not go into his house to fetch his pledge. 11thou shalt stand abroad, and the man to whom thou dost lend shall bring out the pledge abroad unto thee. 12and if the man be poor, thou shalt not sleep with his pledge : 131n any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee : and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the lord thy god. deuteronomy 24 173. see statute of merchants, 128", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5235473913167927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e515597a-4720-488e-95b5-737537bb06d5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.445940"}
{"text": "pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee : and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the lord thy god. deuteronomy 24 173. see statute of merchants, 1285, 13 edw., stat. 3 ( upon creditors presentation of debt instrument to mayor, debtor arrested and imprisoned ; if he has not paid within three months, he is enabled to sell his lands or chattels to satisfy the debt ; if he still has not paid in another three months, a reasonable portion of his lands and chattels are delivered to the creditor to hold as security against ultimate repayment or until the debt is satisfied out of their proceeds ). see also a. w. b. simpson, supra note 119, at 127 - 28 ( same ). the statute - merchant and statute - staple were, in themselves, securities. if you acknowledge a debt is due, this can be converted into \" money \" in an accounting system like the exchequer of england or federal reserve in the united states. \" statute \" also sometimes means a kind of bond or obligation of record, being an abbreviation for \" statute merchant \" or \" statute staple. \" black ' s 4th ed \" statute \" statute - merchant. in english law. a security for a debt acknowledged to be due, entered into before the chief magistrate of some trading town, pursuant to the statute 13 edw. i. de mercatori - bus, by which not only the body of the debtor might be imprisoned, and his goods seized in satisfaction of the debt, but also his lands might be delivered to the creditor till out of the rents and profits of them the debt be satisfied. black ' s 4th ed. statute merchant. hist. 1. one of two ~ century statutes establishing procedures to better secure and recover debts by, among other things, providing for a commercial bond that, if not timely paid, resulted in swift execution on the land, goods, and body of the debtor. 13 edw., ch. 6 ( 1283 ) ; 15 edw., ch. 6 ( 1285 ). these statutes were repealed in 1863. 2. the commercial bond so established. cf. statute staple. \" it is not a little remarkable that our common law knew no process whereby a man could pledge his body or liberty for payment of a debt under edward i, the tide turned. in the interest of commerce a new form of security, the so - called", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4989900301061922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e515597a-4720-488e-95b5-737537bb06d5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.447030"}
{"text": "it is not a little remarkable that our common law knew no process whereby a man could pledge his body or liberty for payment of a debt under edward i, the tide turned. in the interest of commerce a new form of security, the so - called ' statute merchant ', was invented, which gave the creditor power to demand the seizure and imprisonment of his debtor ' s body. \" 2 frederick pollack & frederic w. maitland, the history of english law before the time of edward 1 ( 2nd ed. 1899 ) black ' s law dictionary, 7th ed. ( 1999 ) statute staple. list. 1. a 1353 statute establishing procedures for settling disputes among merchants who traded in staple towns. the statute helped merchants receive swift judgments for debt. 2. a bond for commercial debt. a statute staple gave the lender a possessory right in the land of a debtor who failed to repay a loan. \" a popular form of security after 1285 was the ' statute staple ' - whereby the borrower could by means of a registered contract charge his land and goods without giving up possession ; if he failed to pay, the lender became a tenant of the land until satisfied. it later became a common practice under the common - law forms of mortgage likewise to allow the mortgagor to remain in possession as a tenant at will or at sufferance of the mortgagee. \" j. h. baker, an introduction to english legal history 354 ( 3 ed. 1990 ) black s law dictionary, 7th ed. ( 1999 ) commercial bonds are being created by the commercial statutes. bonds, like all other evidences of debt and promises to pay, are valuable in the current international marketplace. it rather comes down to the fact that, when dealing with the institutions of the great merchants, you really cannot be a debtor because there is no money, and they are not loaning anything they had when you walked in the front door. what they loan is what you create with your signature. 10. medieval european fairs of the merchants earlier we saw : \" the lex mercatoria would seem to be in part based on roman law, in part maritime custom, in part the law of the medieval european fairs, and to a great extent upon the last. \" the following are some observations concerning medieval european fairs, and how those \" courts \" operated with respect to the \" great merchants \". the following quotes are found in the ' law merchant ' and the fair court of st. ives, 1270 - 1324, by stephen edward sachs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4417970071663451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e515597a-4720-488e-95b5-737537bb06d5>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.448631"}
{"text": "medieval european fairs, and how those \" courts \" operated with respect to the \" great merchants \". the following quotes are found in the ' law merchant ' and the fair court of st. ives, 1270 - 1324, by stephen edward sachs, 2002. notice that the political officials will receive benefits from the merchant ' s fair and the courts of the merchants. it is also interesting to observe that the accused could bring his law by oath, or ask for an inquest like a jury, which could go out to gather evidence to aid the accused. the abbot is the head or superior of a monastery and possibly the top official of the vill. the fines and amercements paid in the fair court went to the abbot ' s treasury, and the watchmen and constables as well as the jurors of presentment were unfree men who owed services to the abbot as their lord. the abbot ' s men were responsible for collecting payments to the court, for distraining absent defendants by seizing their goods, and for conducting unlucky defendants to jail.... furthermore, st. ives was not a free town, but a vill whose residents were largely of villein status and who owed tenurial obligations. the abbot therefore had direct, persona. jurisdiction over the many residents of st. ives who appear in the court rolls, and they came before the fair court as before the court of their lord. the merchants ' decision - making role is emphasized by the parties themselves in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4201636429654491, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e515597a-4720-488e-95b5-737537bb06d5>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.449337"}
{"text": "artist : pascal, blaise ( 1623 - 1662 ) | confronting bodies : king louis xiv date of action : 1657 specific location : france description of artwork : \" lettres a un provincial \", 1656 - 1657 : written in defense of antoine arnauld an opponent of the jesuits and defender of jansenism who was on trial before the faculty of theology in paris. pascal ' s 18 letters dealt with divine grace and the ethical code of the jesuit. they included a blow against the relaxed morality that the jesuits were said to teach and that was the weak point in their controversy with port - royals. \" pensees, \" 1670 : work of christian apologetics as a consequence of his meditations on miracles and other proofs of christianity. the work remained unfinished at his death. description of incident : 1657 france : \" lettres a un provincial \" burned for being too free with the dignity of all secular authorities. 1660 : pascal converted to jansenist teaching and his \" lettres a un provincial \" aroused a storm of controversy because of their anti - jesuit flavor. results of incident : 1660, france : louis xiv ordered that the book \" lettres a un provincial \" \" be torn up and burned at the \" croix du tiroir \" at the hands of the high executioner, fulfillment of which is to be certified to his majesty within the week ; and that meanwhile all printers, booksellers, vendors and others, of whatever rank or station, are explicitly prohibited from printing, selling, and distributing, and even from having in their possession the said book... under pain of public ( exemplary ) punishment. \" 1789 rome, italy : \" pensee \" placed on the index \" avec les notes de m. voltaire. \" source : banned books 387 b. c. to 1978 a. d., by anne lyon haight, and chandler b. grannis, r. r. bowker co, 1978. | fileroom search | table of contents | category homepage | ncac |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43121220475220956, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89ca8387-8ad5-449b-b10a-892adf63a69f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.451430"}
{"text": "employee of madame walker \u2019 s empire, majorie joyner, invented a permanent wave machine. this device, patented in 1928, curled or \" permed \" women \u2019 s hair for a relatively lengthy period of time. the wave machine was popular among women white and black allowing for longer - lasting wavy hair styles. marjorie joyner went on to become a prominent figure in walker \u2019 s industry, though majorie joyner never profited directly from her invention, for it was the assigned property of the walker company. marjorie joyner was born in 1896 in the rural blue ridge mountains of virginia and moved to chicago to study cosmetology. madam walker was a chicago business women who had come to fame as the beauty product supplier to hollywood star josephine baker. marjorie stewart joyner invented her wave machine as a solution to the hair problems of african american women, however, she never profited form her invention. madame walker owned the rights. marjorie joyner became thee director of madame walker ' s beauty schools. together with mary bethune mcleod, majorie joyner founded the united beauty school owners and teachers association marjorie joyner also volunteered for several charities that helped house, educate, and find work for african americans during the great depression. related innovations madame walker madame walker was a st. louis washerwoman turned entrepreneur, who in 1905 invented a method to soften and smooth black women ' s hair. joyner worked for walker ' s company.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4912697724557451, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c10e33e-2b89-4494-87fb-47b2dc557101>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.454085"}
{"text": "last time we looked at aperture priority mode and how depth of field can help you be more creative with your photography. with aperture priority mode the camera chooses the shutter speed for the shot. ( image : fireworks at disney by express monorail ) so this time we \u2019 re going to look at what happens when you flip it around and use shutter priority mode ( tv ), and have full control over the shutter and let the camera choose the aperture. what \u2019 s a shutter? the shutter in this case is the opening in the camera body that lets light through to the image sensor. but more importantly you can control how long the light gets to go through to the image sensor, or how long the image sensor is \u2018 exposed \u2019 to the light. that \u2019 s why it \u2019 s called exposure! as opposed to the aperture opening we talked about last time, where the aperture controls the amount of light coming into the camera through different sized holes or \u2018 apertures \u2019 in the lens. the shutter controls how long that light then gets to pass through onto the image sensor. shutter speed is measured in seconds and fractions of a second eg : 1 / 1000 1 / 500 1 / 250 1 / 125 1 / 60 1 / 30 1 / 15 1 the greater the denominator the faster the shutter speed. my camera goes from 1 / 4000 of a second all the way up to 30 seconds ( in tv mode ). but this on its own doesn \u2019 t explain what these shutter speeds do or how they work. take a look below : how do i use it? changing the shutter speed can make your images very creative, here are some examples of what you can do with it. 1. long exposures one thing you can do using a long exposure is night photography. you need a long exposure in the seconds range to capture the scene nicely. but i think you can create some very nice effects with this type of photography, like a cityscape with roads, and you get the motion blur of a cars lights that leaves trails across the image. another essential bit of kit for night photography is a tripod, it \u2019 s impossible to use those kind of slow shutter speeds without one. in fact anything from around 1 / 30 of a second or slower you \u2019 ll need a ( sturdy ) tripod to eliminate any blur from hand shake ( unless you have a very steady hand! ). and you can create some stunning images as you can see from the examples above. this image of the london eye had an exposure of 45 seconds. and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5254895289332532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4fe33fd-7830-44ea-99a6-2333fb88c7a2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.457875"}
{"text": "##od to eliminate any blur from hand shake ( unless you have a very steady hand! ). and you can create some stunning images as you can see from the examples above. this image of the london eye had an exposure of 45 seconds. and the firework image at the top of this post had an exposure of 11 seconds. 2. short exposures. sport photography is the other end of the shutter range, where you need to use a short exposure or fast shutter speed to freeze the action. wildlife photography is another example of this where you need to freeze the animal ( well not literally! ) to get the shot. in the image above the surfers and the water are \u2018 frozen \u2019 but still give a very real sense of movement and speed. in the same way say you were shooting a race car, you may want to use the \u2018 panning \u2019 technique. where you pan with the car as you take the shot keeping the car in focus but the background will blur, giving a different sense of movement and speed. so you can use shutter priority to either freeze the action or capture motion or give the feeling of motion. these are only a few examples of what you can do with shutter priority mode. and i think when you start to learn how to use shutter speed, then you get a whole new dimension of creativity for your photography. using shutter and aperture together you can control the amount of light the image sensor sees and how long it sees it for. do you start to see how shutter and aperture work together to form an image on the sensor? and can you see how learning to adjust them can really take you and your photography to the next level? next time we \u2019 re going to pull this all together and look at manual mode \u2026. p. s. image credit : london eye \u2013 zhensem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5449532679177417, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4fe33fd-7830-44ea-99a6-2333fb88c7a2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.458687"}
{"text": "the electricity market is in the doldrums, but the market for new generating stations that use natural gas is going strong, industry experts say. why? because gas is beginning to replace coal, according to randy h. zwirn, president of the siemens power generation group. on monday, siemens is announcing that it has won contracts to supply five new high - efficiency gas plants to progress energy at two sites in north carolina that have old coal - fired generators. it is also replacing old gas - fired plants in florida. the h. f. lee energy complex, near goldsboro, has three coal - fired generators that began operating in 1951, 1952 and 1962. the three coal - fired generators at the sutton plant, near wilmington, went into service in 1954, 1955 and 1972. the six plants are among 11 that progress owns in north carolina that do not have sulfur scrubbers. the company has said it will eventually close all 11. on the southern horizon is a new breed of solar plant, one that could be a game changer for the industry. just across the california border, nipton has unveiled a sun - powered generator that is expected to provide about 85 percent of the town \u2019 s electricity over the course of a year. the solar plant uses a new technology, concentrating solar photovoltaic, known as cpv, which could be a boon in places like nevada where the sun is strong, but water for power plants is scarce. concentrating solar power plants are expected to use far less water than their solar thermal cousins because they lack the cooling requirements and don \u2019 t need water to heat for steam. and because they have fewer photovoltaic panels to be cleaned than a traditional photovoltaic plant, they could use less water than traditional photovoltaic arrays. making ground - source heat a cost - effective alternative to fossil fuels has long been a dream for countries that depend on energy imports and need to cut their carbon dioxide emissions. a team of businesses and researchers in slovenia and serbia set out to develop the heat pump technology that would make this dream a reality. the chaos caused by a volcanic eruption in iceland april 2010 and the dispersal of its ash cloud across european airspace was a reminder of the tremendous forces of nature that exist below the ground. not all subterranean heat sources have such sinister power, however. across europe, there are plentiful sources of geothermal energy : heat stored in the ground which can be tapped to provide a renewable and inexhaustible energy supply. using the right technology to access this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5004683432599867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01bfafca-6eaa-43c3-af34-d3df7e74573a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.463425"}
{"text": "have such sinister power, however. across europe, there are plentiful sources of geothermal energy : heat stored in the ground which can be tapped to provide a renewable and inexhaustible energy supply. using the right technology to access this power at varying depths and temperatures, we can use this heat to reduce our dependence on imported and climate - damaging fossil fuels. until recently, the technology to exploit geothermal energy in a cost - effective way has remained under - developed. however, in response to the growing economic and policy pressures to cut co2 emissions and improve energy security, one company set out to change this state of affairs, with remarkable results. europe \u2019 s economic woes have led tom werner, chief executive of solar - panel manufacturer sunpower corp., to change the way he does business. companies in many industries have been affected by europe \u2019 s problems, but alternative energy companies are especially exposed. government subsidies have made europe a dominant market for alternative energy, and it \u2019 s the world \u2019 s biggest solar - power market. indeed, sunpower gets about half its sales there. to respond to the problems, ceos of companies that make solar panels and wind turbines are hedging against currency fluctuations more aggressively, boosting sales in other parts of the world and raising prices. they \u2019 re also trying to take advantage of lower prices in europe by purchasing more components and doing more manufacturing there. a weak euro means that when sales are translated back into dollars or other stronger currencies, companies get less revenue. the euro has fallen 16 % against the dollar this year. california \u2019 s aggressive campaign to curb global warming will probably not come to a screeching halt even if voters eventually apply the brakes. an initiative that appears all but certain to qualify for the november ballot would suspend the state \u2019 s landmark law to gradually reduce greenhouse gas emissions linked to global warming until there \u2019 s a sustained economic recovery. the initiative narrowly targets the law passed as assembly bill 32 in 2006 and its subsequent regulations and likely would leave other ambitious global warming policies untouched, people on both sides of the ballot measure agree. automakers will still have to fill showrooms with models that emit fewer greenhouse gases, utilities must find renewable sources of electricity, and cleaner diesel truck engine regulations will remain in effect. it was described by prime minister stephen harper as a \u201c sideshow, \u201d but international leaders are mounting pressure on the canadian government to include climate change as a major issue on the agenda at upcoming g8 and g20 economic summits in huntsville,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5217718042959497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01bfafca-6eaa-43c3-af34-d3df7e74573a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.464513"}
{"text": "by mindy lubber, via ceres the fallout from hurricane sandy will be with us for years, and it will extend far beyond the devastation in new york city, new jersey and other parts of the east coast. the immediate cleanup costs and economic losses are alarming. current estimates are $ 33 billion in new york alone. but a far bigger challenge lies ahead : preparing for a future in which storms like sandy and irene are likely to occur more frequently. it is gargantuan task with no parallels, and there are millions of people and trillions of dollars worth of property sitting in harm \u2019 s way. as a result of rising sea levels from warming global temperatures, coastal communities will require vastly expensive upgrades to key infrastructure such as subways, power grids and hospitals to boost their resiliency to stronger storms. it will require tough decisions on whether building and rebuilding should be encouraged in flood - prone areas. above all, there \u2019 s the daunting task of curbing the pollution that creates these risks in the first place. to adapt, we need bold action from governments, policymakers and the business community alike. their efforts to date have proven to be grossly insufficient. let \u2019 s start with the business community \u2013 specifically, the insurance industry, the sector most vulnerable to skyrocketing storm losses. extreme weather losses are hitting insurers with a vengeance, yet u. s. insurers barely acknowledge it. they need to recognize that climate change is fueling larger drought, wildfire and flooding losses and build this into their business models and underwriting policies. this will certainly result in some higher premiums. they need to offer stronger financial incentives for storm - proofing buildings and be a louder voice in influencing land - use planning and building codes so that coastal properties are better protected or not built at all. and, lastly, insurers should be pushing for policies that reduce carbon pollution. some re - insurers already are. \u201c the insurance industry should have an interest in mitigating global warming because if we don \u2019 t do that, then we may run into hardly manageable conditions in the second half of the century, \u201d the head of munich re \u2018 s geo risks research unit, peter hoppe, told the huffington post last week. but there are limits to what insurance companies can do \u2013 and that \u2019 s where governments, regulators and politicians must be more accountable. government - subsidized insurance programs have been far too lenient in allowing homes to be built and rebuilt in risky areas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38848214355004007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:002ac184-70dd-4231-a227-7d4c799b8572>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.468667"}
{"text": "there are limits to what insurance companies can do \u2013 and that \u2019 s where governments, regulators and politicians must be more accountable. government - subsidized insurance programs have been far too lenient in allowing homes to be built and rebuilt in risky areas, resulting in enormous exposure for taxpayers. we \u2019 ve seen this in florida, where private insurers bolted from the state after regulators capped their premiums following a string of hurricanes. a state - run insurance program is now providing homeowners insurance, and it is on financially shaky ground. with a wide gap between premiums it collects and over $ 500 billion in overall exposure, it is one bad hurricane away from going bankrupt. we \u2019 ve seen this in the national flood insurance program, where artificially low premiums are grossly out of whack with the odds of losses. the new york times cited one example in biloxi, miss., where a property valued at $ 183, 000 flooded 15 times in a decade, costing the program $ 1. 47 million. overall, the program is $ 18 billion in debt and that \u2019 s before factoring in hurricane sandy flood losses. one encouraging sign is nfip recently won approval to raise premiums 25 percent a year over the next five years, but rising costs for consumers are certainly cold comfort, and critics say far more still needs to be done. governments have also moved too slowly to make key infrastructure more resilient to stronger coastal storms. while europeans coastal cities have invested billions to build storm locks and barriers, eastern u. s. cities have done relatively little, making them more vulnerable to higher sea levels and storm surges. storm - proofing subways, hospitals, electrical grids and other key infrastructure will cost tens of billions of dollars. congress will be under enormous pressure to help with such costs, but given the deficit reduction talks also in play, the conversations won \u2019 t be easy. more than ever, we need strong leadership from the business community and policymakers to boost our preparedness in a post - sandy world. with increasing threats from ever - more - extreme weather, both groups must play a key role in keeping the u. s. economy out of harm \u2019 s way. mindy s. lubber is the president of ceres and a founding board member of the organization. she also directs ceres \u2019 investor network on climate risk ( incr ), a group of 100 institutional investors managing nearly $ 10 trillion in assets focused on the business risks and opportunities of climate change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4054123455371088, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:002ac184-70dd-4231-a227-7d4c799b8572>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.471233"}
{"text": "in the previous part we considered why the uk is seemingly able to exert continued influence on the global stage. continuing on this theme, this article will now look at some other less quantifiable factors which means that the uk continues to be seen as a nation able to exert influence on the global stage. a global legacy, and a global presence although the vast majority of the british imperial population has now passed on, there is still a legacy footprint of both those who settled in nations when they were still imperial possessions, and also those who were born imperial subjects, but who became independent leaders. although very difficult to quantify, the uk is still in a position where in many nations around the world, diplomatic relations are held with people who remember the uk as a former colonial power, and who may have benefited from access to education or training in the uk. in practical terms this means little, but in terms of opening doors, or enabling a newly arrived high commissioner to talk to senior statesmen and officials who perhaps benefited from the uks former presence, this can be most helpful. we as a nation perhaps overplay the \u2018 imperial guilt \u2019 card, while forgetting that the imperial legacy is perhaps seen in a more positive way in these nations. these individuals occupy places of power, send their children to british schools and are able to exert influence in their own nations. the ability of the uk to build relationships with people who have a positive memory of our shared past is tremendously helpful at times \u2013 it enables doors to be opened, and quiet words to be had. it does not shape policy, but it does help secure an audience with some who may be able to help us. there are still many uk nationals working overseas, both from imperial days and more recently as advisers. this also helps us deliver influence in some nations. one only has to look at the middle east to see that many of the nations there discretely rely on well placed uk individuals to provide advice on a range of matters, from military to security to political issues. similarly, there are many well place businessmen, helping bring about success in national industries and developing an indigenous ability. this matters because although these advisers do not work for the uk government, there is doubtless back channels and conversations which go on, that can help shape policy. one of our national advantages when it comes to trying to get support for a particular action, or lobby in favour of a contract or other matter is that we have people already well placed within these national systems to offer advice. again, this is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47211706603538994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c209ecf1-5747-4a15-86c9-2fe7483a4c39>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.478422"}
{"text": ". one of our national advantages when it comes to trying to get support for a particular action, or lobby in favour of a contract or other matter is that we have people already well placed within these national systems to offer advice. again, this is not something which by itself enables the uk to stride the world stage, but it does mean that we as a nation can sometimes have the ability to open doors where other nations fail \u2013 allowing us the opportunity to lobby, cajole or quietly whisper in the ear of someone who may otherwise be unavailable. a global location this may sound daft, but more good often comes from a discrete meeting over coffee or a meal than days of international negotiations. it allows uk principals to build up genuine relationships of trust with people as they are able to see them often enough to really get to know them. one only has to look at the way that many senior arabs decant to london each summer to realise that the uk has a uniquely placed ability to influence people. it is a location people want ( or need ) to visit, an international crossroads that allows us to deal with people in a manner many nations cannot. there are many countries \u2013 say france or italy, which have relatively few connecting flights, meaning there is less need for foreign figures to transit \u2013 this in turn makes visits more business related, less likely to occur regularly and reduces the ability to build up an international relationship. never underestimate the importance of personal relationships when it comes to conducting international diplomacy. similarly, the uk is very well placed to act as a hub nation for diplomatic networks. london is home to one of the largest diplomatic communities in the world, with many nations basing their diplomatic staff here, and using a so - called \u2018 hub and spoke \u2019 network to send them elsewhere in europe. this means that the fco is able to easily call on almost every nation on earths representative within hours. by contrast, many nations have very small diplomatic communities, and the ability to actually get hold of someone, or talk to them and do business is far more difficult. this works both ways \u2013 a strong diplomatic presence here means we can lobby for business, make nations aware of our views on matters of concern, and send messages directly to foreign capitals. the uk is able to bring together nations in london \u2013 in an international crisis, where london is seeking to build consensus, it is easy to bring in the diplomatic community to work together in a manner simply not possible in other nations. we find it easy to make our views known on the world stage. finally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47306909518107715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c209ecf1-5747-4a15-86c9-2fe7483a4c39>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.479399"}
{"text": "in an international crisis, where london is seeking to build consensus, it is easy to bring in the diplomatic community to work together in a manner simply not possible in other nations. we find it easy to make our views known on the world stage. finally we are the beneficiary of a very helpful time zone \u2013 do not underestimate how valuable it is for london to be at the centre of the worlds timezones. the uk is geographically placed in a perfect position to do business all day long across the globe. when our officials and businessmen go to work in the morning, they are able to talk to australia and the pacific on the same day. they can then work in near parity with europe, enabling decisions to be made during the working day, and after lunch, they can then attend conference calls with their partners across the atlantic who are coming into work. the fact is that the gmt time zone means that the uk is able to do business during the same working day with all the nations of the world that matter to us, in a way that others can \u2019 t. unlike australia, where having a conference call with the us means one coming in very early, the other going home very late, we are able to usually work at a mutually agreeable time. this may sound a silly thing, but as the author knows from all to personal experience, if you are deployed in an operational theatre and need to sort out matters of state, knowing london is working, and can get an answer to you, makes a big difference compared to us colleagues, who know they are 5 - 6 hours away from guidance. a global brand finally, it is worth remembering that the royal family themselves allows the uk to exert a level of influence and access that most nations can only dream of. the news that the duchess of cambridge is pregnant was front page or very prominent news across much of the globe. it is exceptionally unlikely that similar news from any other nations \u2018 first family \u2019 would achieve the same effect. the royal family are a truly international brand, and a globally known. the hosting of a state visit by hm the queen is a highlight in many nations, and has often seen enormous publicity. the royal family get access and opportunity to meet and discuss matters with some of the most influential people in the world, and as such are uniquely well placed to make discrete points on behalf of the government. never underestimate how much value the uk gets from its royal family \u2013 they provide a level of interest and genuine affection which no politician could hope to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45002240353188694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c209ecf1-5747-4a15-86c9-2fe7483a4c39>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.480602"}
{"text": "the world, and as such are uniquely well placed to make discrete points on behalf of the government. never underestimate how much value the uk gets from its royal family \u2013 they provide a level of interest and genuine affection which no politician could hope to achieve. as a symbol of british values and views, the hosting ( or cancelling ) of a royal visit can have major diplomatic implications. it is fair to say that when hm the queen has conducted state visits, then there is often a significant improvement in national relationships. just look at ireland, where her visit helped tangibly demonstrate how much progress has been made in the relationship between the two countries. this is a point worth remembering \u2013 any nation can send a diplomatic visitor, but few of these visits attract much interest or value. the royal family can conduct visits which occupy a much higher profile, and allow the uk significant influence on a range of matters. as a symbol they embody much of what people think the uk is about. finally they are a link to the past, and much as noted above about advisers in former colonial possessions, they are able to be a bridge between the past and the future, and remind people of where they have gone, while stimulating relationships for the future. this article has focused on many things which one cannot quantify, but which do add incalculable value to the ability of the uk to exert influence on the world stage. the key point that should be remembered is that this needs to be seen as being part of a wider piece, linking to the diplomatic efforts cited in part one. the next part of the article will try and focus in more depth about what we think we mean by \u2018 influence \u2019 and try to consider what soft power, and influence in general does for the uk as a whole.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5187926251905226, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c209ecf1-5747-4a15-86c9-2fe7483a4c39>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.481374"}
{"text": "so now, let \u2019 s take this lesson offline to help you teach your little ones the importance of making good food choices. here \u2019 s a fun ( and tasty activity ) for you to explore : - various items of food, both healthy and unhealthy - include cake, sweets, fruit, vegetables, soda, milk, fish, beans and chocolate - various magazines containing examples of different foods - have all the foods on display for the child ( ren ) to look at - let them touch and smell the various foods - go through each one and ask them to describe it and tell you if they think it is a healthy or unhealthy food - make two sets with the food \u2014 one healthy and one unhealthy - encourage the child ( ren ) to place the foods into the sets they think the foods belong - give the child ( ren ) a piece of paper divided into two. - ask them to draw a happy face on one side for healthy food and a sad face on the other side for unhealthy food - give the child ( ren ) the magazines and ask them to cut out different foods and glue them onto which side they think the food belongs health and safety - ensure that you have no child with a food allergy when handling the food items.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4547330774818263, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e868d404-92fd-47a3-8243-6f168c41b502>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.483462"}
{"text": "every saturday at noon, historicist looks back at the events, places, and characters \u2014 good and bad \u2014 that have shaped toronto into the city we know today. how we imagine a tourist magazine might have looked in 1867. assembled by jamie bradburn. in june 1867, toronto was weeks away from becoming the capital city of the province of ontario in the newly formed dominion of canada. then, as now, the summer tourist season was underway, though the preferred methods of arrival were train or steamship. we recently thumbed through a travel guide published that year, the canadian handbook and tourist \u2019 s guide, which provides both brief highlights for visitors to our fair city and criticizes the lack of natural wonders. which got us thinking \u2026 what would tourist literature akin to modern publications like where toronto have looked like 144 years ago? here \u2019 s our attempt. normal school building, gould street, north - side east of yonge, 1856. city of toronto archives, fonds 1498, item 8. summer is upon us and there are few better times to take a day \u2019 s visit or a week \u2019 s excursion to toronto. pay no heed to the authors of a recent travel guide who contend that our city has too many brick buildings ( due to the absence of local stone quarries ) and utterly lacks beautiful scenery and scenic drives. a city like ours has many aspects to appeal to any traveller, with which we hope to enlighten you. st. james cathedral, between 1885 and 1895. city of toronto archives, fonds 1478, item 23. toronto treats piety with the utmost seriousness. if your visit coincides with the lord \u2019 s day, there are many handsome churches that will satisfy your spiritual needs. if you are of the anglican persuasion, attend a service at st. james cathedral at the corner of king and church streets. if you are a devotee of the papacy ( which we generally do not advise visitors to openly display on toronto \u2019 s streets, especially those of irish extraction, unless brawling is on your itinerary ), then slip into a mass at the roman catholic cathedral of st. michael. though both of these buildings of high worship have yet to be completed, we are assured that once their spires are finished they will provide much to the city \u2019 s appearance from a distance. university of toronto, 1859. painted by sir edmund walker. wikimedia commons. the city \u2019 s institutes of higher learning provide more than space to train the nation \u2019 s future leaders \u2014 these are sites for tourists who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3960936464916406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6d66a52-8ad1-40a5-bb10-8561eb48c286>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.490317"}
{"text": "appearance from a distance. university of toronto, 1859. painted by sir edmund walker. wikimedia commons. the city \u2019 s institutes of higher learning provide more than space to train the nation \u2019 s future leaders \u2014 these are sites for tourists who wish a sense of toronto \u2019 s philosophy, the city \u2019 s aesthetics. deep thought has gone into their architecture and aesthetic surroundings which make them ideal locations to spend an afternoon. the university of toronto offers a beautiful botanical garden on its grounds, along with a main norman - styled building made of the finest white stone from ohio. on queen street, trinity college offers 20 acres of lush parkland that we are certain future generations will enjoy on days resplendent with sun. the normal school at st. james square is said to the largest building in america designed to train future educators. right wing of the provincial lunatic asylum, 1868. photo by william notman. mccord museum, item i - 34480. 1. a recently published guidebook, the canadian handbook and tourist \u2019 s guide, highlights one of the most enlightening experiences in which any visitor to toronto can partake, one that reinforces the frailty of human existence : the provincial lunatic asylum, at the western extremity of the city, is well worthy of a visit by the curious in such matters. it is kept in admirable order ; and though it is a painful sight at all times to be brought in contact with \u201c humanity so fallen, \u201d it is pleasing to see the degree of comfort many of the patients seem to enjoy. there is no difficulty in obtaining permission to view it. advertisement, the globe, june 12, 1867. were a carnival of \u201c fallen humanity \u201d not diversion enough, visitors in july will have the opportunity to enjoy one of america \u2019 s finest travelling circuses, operated by veteran showman l. b. lent. travellers arriving from the north have a new train station to disembark from in the vicinity of city hall and st. lawrence market. operated by the northern railway, this wonderful new facility on the esplanade west of jarvis street was recently described in one of the city \u2019 s finest newspapers, the globe, as being \u201c a much more ornamental and commodious structure than is generally imagined \u2026 it is in the italian style, with heavy bracketed cornice, circular - headed windows and doors, glazed with ornamental ground glass. \u201d no less a figure than john a. macdonald ( who we suspect will become leader of the new dominion next month ) was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47349039852372626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6d66a52-8ad1-40a5-bb10-8561eb48c286>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.491383"}
{"text": "is in the italian style, with heavy bracketed cornice, circular - headed windows and doors, glazed with ornamental ground glass. \u201d no less a figure than john a. macdonald ( who we suspect will become leader of the new dominion next month ) was on hand for the opening ceremony to praise the future possibilities of extending the line beyond barrie into grey county and other points north. king street east, south side looking west, 1856. city of toronto archives, fonds 1498, item 1. for the finest in dry goods and seasonal fashions, king street east of yonge offers high class shopping to rival that found in older cities. it is a district for the chattering class, as one writer has noted : the buildings on king street are greater and grander than their neighbours on yonge ; the shops are larger and dearer ; and last but not least king street is honoured by the daily presence of the aristocracy while yonge street is given over to the business man, the middle - class and the beggar. amid the upper classes there is a performance that goes on daily that is known among the habitues as \u2018 doing king. \u2019 it consists principally of marching up and down a certain part of the street at a certain hour, performing, as it were, ko - tou [ sic ] to the goddess of fashion, and sacrificing to her sister divinity of society. at three o \u2019 clock in the afternoon the first stragglers appear on the scene, which extends perhaps a quarter of a mile. these consist primarily of young ladies, whose proper place should be at school, and young men attired in the height of fashion. by the time these ardent devotees have paraded a few times, the regular habitues make their appearance, and till six o \u2019 clock in the evening one side \u2014 for one side only is patronized \u2014 is crowded to excess. advertisement spotlighting the golden lion, 1872. city of toronto archives, fonds 1662, item 14. among the finest of king street \u2019 s merchants is the establishment of robert walker and sons, colloquially known as the \u201c golden lion \u201d due to the jungle lord that gazes down upon patrons entering the store. founded around 1836, the business has been in its present location for the past two decades. current renovations to the handsome cast - iron building will make it the largest retailer in canada west / ontario. when finished, the store will consist of a four - storey frontage along king street and a two - storey section stretching back to colborne street that will include", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37081446857196876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e6d66a52-8ad1-40a5-bb10-8561eb48c286>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.492553"}
{"text": "photograph by beverly bishop, submitted to my shot established december 2, 1980 \" think of all the splendors that bespeak alaska, \" conservationist john kauffmann has written. \" glaciers, volcanoes, alpine spires, wild rivers, lakes with grayling on the rise. picture coasts feathered with countless seabirds. imagine dense forests and far - sweeping tundra, herds of caribou, great roving bears. now concentrate all these and more into less than one percent of the state \u2014 and behold the lake clark region, alaska ' s epitome. \" diversity is lake clark ' s hallmark. the turquoise - telaquana plateau has tundra similar to alaska ' s north slope, while the coast has forests similar to the southeast panhandle. black bears and dall ' s sheep reach their southern limits here, and sitka spruce, alaska ' s state tree, reaches its northern limit. three rivers \u2014 the mulchatna, chilikadrotna, and tlikakila \u2014 have been officially designated part of the wild and scenic system. the chigmit mountains, spine of the park, are as rugged as mountains get. they lie on the edge of the north american plate where the oceanic plate slides under it, and their jumbled contours reflect centuries of geological violence. two volcanoes here, iliamna and redoubt, are still active and vent gases regularly. redoubt erupted in 1966, spewing clouds of ash 40, 000 feet into the air \u2014 and it erupted dramatically again in late 1989 and march 2009. the area averages one to two earthquakes per year that register at least a 5 on the richter scale. archaeological finds show that humans, most recently dena ' ina indians, have lived in the area for centuries. the abundant salmon and game made their settled existence possible. how to get there take a plane into the heart of the park, or travel by boat or plane to the coast. bush pilots in anchorage say, \" lake clark is just out the back door \" \u2014 a one - hour flight. from anchorage you can charter a plane to port alsworth, a small community on the southeast shore of lake clark. the flight through lake clark pass takes you over immense blue glaciers, winding rivers, and snowcapped mountains. planes also land on the coast for salmon fishing. another alternative is to take a scheduled flight from anchorage to iliamna, 30 miles outside the park, and an air taxi from there into the park. air", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4329114892154079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a574049-ea0e-4cb5-9caa-3208de256808>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.496264"}
{"text": "rivers, and snowcapped mountains. planes also land on the coast for salmon fishing. another alternative is to take a scheduled flight from anchorage to iliamna, 30 miles outside the park, and an air taxi from there into the park. air taxis fly in from homer and kenai, too. to reach the park by boat, you must travel down cook inlet from anchorage or across the inlet from the kenai peninsula. when to go summer. wildflowers are best in late june. autumn colors peak in early september at upper elevations, in mid - september lower down. june through august, daytime temperatures usually hover in the 50s and low 60s in the eastern part of the park and are somewhat higher in the western part and the interior. how to visit most visitors fly into the interior lake region of the park. air taxis can make drop - offs and pickups at prearranged places \u2014 depending on weather conditions. the smaller lakes offer excellent kayaking, and several rivers give kayakers and rafters great white - water experiences. hiking is good around the lakes and from lake to lake. fishing is usually first class. contact park headquarters in anchorage for information on approved guide services and lodges. remember to make your reservations early. if you don ' t plan to be completely selfsufficient, be sure to make thorough arrangements before going and plan for the possibility of delays due to weather changes. national parks photos denali \u2019 s paths all lead visitors through its majestic valleys toward the towering mount mckinley, the crown jewel of the park. on clear days, mckinley can be seen 70 miles to the southwest. shop national geographic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3871042260405355, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a574049-ea0e-4cb5-9caa-3208de256808>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.496933"}
{"text": "the platform was written for the new york socialist party in consultation with two other activist women. one, gretchen van dyck, is 23 years old and another is in her 70s. it began as a feminist platform and changed into a platform on the shared, dire needs of all americans. the conditions for the pursuit of happiness promised in our declaration of independence are fast disappearing for all of us. one condition for saving our dream is a movement to create the pursuit of happiness for all. changing personal life is the one place where americans seem hopeful. an achievable program for the pursuit of happiness follows. 1. universal, single - payer health care : we agree with the majority of humanity and most governments, that health care is a human right, not a privilege of the affluent. the us spends more than any other nation on inadequate, profit - driven health care. it ' s urgent that we convert to a practical, public model providing high - quality care for all. the advent of universal quality health care would remove a huge burden of anxiety and economic insecurity from american shoulders. 2. maternity and paternity leave : in the developed world, paid maternity and paternity leave is leave granted by both public sector and private workplaces for the birth of a child. in norway, for example, paternity leave is mandatory, to prevent employers from offering fathers a salary bonus as an incentive for them to forego their leave, the point being to encourage both mother - and father - child bonding. it is time for the united states to create the conditions for joy and ease in caring for children. 3. paid leave for family care : we favor the provision of paid leave for workers to care for a sick child or other relative. european paid family leave ranges from 18 months to three years. paid family leave relieves the terrible anxiety of having to choose between attending to emergency family needs or losing your job. 4. paid vacation time and paid personal time : by law in france, both public and private employers must grant their workers five weeks of paid vacation leave. paid personal time permits people to pursue the happiness of time together. 5. single - mother subsidies : forty percent of us children are born outside of marriage, and single mothers and their children are the poorest of all americans. basic human needs - food, housing, health and education - should be available for single - parent families. poverty impedes the pursuit of happiness. 6. recognition of emotional labor with appropriate compensation : the time is overdue for our society to acknowledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4546690007850191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e575e82-3a7b-4297-a44f-656bc6502f7c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.502251"}
{"text": ". basic human needs - food, housing, health and education - should be available for single - parent families. poverty impedes the pursuit of happiness. 6. recognition of emotional labor with appropriate compensation : the time is overdue for our society to acknowledge the value and indispensability of emotional labor, which is the active expression of caring for another person ' s needs. traditionally, emotional labor has been \" women ' s work. \" as a result, it is hardly noticed, even less valued. in the 21st century, emotional labor professionals deserve recognition, respect and higher pay for the essential services they provide. 7. gender equality in workplaces and households : in the united states, mothers are disproportionately the targets of discrimination against women. our mothers currently earn 73 percent of what american males earn, whether or not the males are fathers. having a child in the united states is a predictor of poverty. in order to give parents and children energy and hope, public programs supportive of mothers are crucial. 8. democracy in the workplace : democratic principles should not disappear at the door to our jobs. adult workers are qualified and competent to participate in decisions on salary scales ; on the volume of production ; and on the percentage of profits to be paid out in wages, allocated to consultants, reinvested in the business etc. such workplace arrangements exist not only in foreign locations such as mondragon, spain, but also in the united states. dynamic work environments empower all workers. they engender self - respect, pride and agency as well as mutual respect among workers of different education levels and skill sets. 9. subsidized cleaning and laundry services for one parent or two - working - parent families : many new york condo buildings offer their affluent residents the option of housecleaning and laundry services. providing those subsidized services would lighten american women ' s load, free time for bonding with family members and provide employment for thousands. 10. free high - quality public education from day care through college : highly trained day care personnel for children from birth to four years should be subsidized for all families above the poverty line. for poor families, programs should be free, as they are in other nations. subsidized / free after - school and summer programs can be provided for families with children aged four and up. this would spare parents worry for their children ' s safety. all children could enjoy the care that only rich american children now enjoy. 11. reproductive education : in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4716244207551804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e575e82-3a7b-4297-a44f-656bc6502f7c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.505162"}
{"text": "- school and summer programs can be provided for families with children aged four and up. this would spare parents worry for their children ' s safety. all children could enjoy the care that only rich american children now enjoy. 11. reproductive education : in the early grades, children could study plant reproduction ( as in sweden ) as the first components of a comprehensive reproduction curriculum that continues in an age - appropriate way up through the grades. pre - teens would learn about human anatomy, human reproduction and gender and sexual orientation differences. teens could learn about personal relationships, sexual responsibility and family planning / birth control. a comprehensive reproduction curriculum empowers young people to exercise control over their lives and also enjoy the future, unencumbered by unwanted pregnancy. 12. relationship education : free courses should be available, beginning in the teen years and throughout life, for people wishing to develop skills for relating constructively, responsibly and empathically to partners, children, friends, coworkers, and others. such courses help facilitate people ' s healthy connectivity to one another. in addition, relationship education should be extended into the community through quality counseling centers available free of charge to the poor and at low cost to others. family members could visit these centers to address problems, seek solutions, develop self - awareness and improve social skills. certainly, this would facilitate the pursuit of happiness. 13. addiction counseling : some addiction counseling programs already exist in our society ( although long waiting lists indicate many more are needed ). twelve - step programs are free and widely available. we suggest that all twelve - step programs join aca / dysfunctional families and allow attention to the covert role authoritarian - type families and profit - driven industries - like the highly advertised liquor and drug industries - play in encouraging addiction. these programs are available in nations poorer than ours. they are all achievable if we end outrageous military spending and tax the rich. this abbreviated version of a platform on the pursuit of happiness may reach americans where they still feel they can make a difference, and claim the unalienable american right to the pursuit of happiness. this platform is part of a much elaborated piece edited expertly by alana price. the full version is available at tikkun magazine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4628940386342122, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e575e82-3a7b-4297-a44f-656bc6502f7c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.506209"}
{"text": "every major american city has at least one holocaust museum or memorial. worldwide there are more than 250 holocaust museums and memorials, most of them in the us and europe. the largest is the us holocaust memorial museum in washington, dc, which is run by a taxpayer - funded federal government agency, and draws some two million visitors yearly. what \u2019 s behind the holocaust remembrance campaign? whose interests does it serve? the holocaust remembrance campaign encourages sympathy and support for jews and israel. it helps to justify america ' s massive and on - going support for israel, and to excuse otherwise inexcusable policies of the zionist state. norman finkelstein, a jewish scholar who teaches at depaul university in chicago, writes in his bestselling book, the holocaust industry, that \u201c invoking the holocaust \u201d is \u201c a ploy to delegitimize all criticism of jews. \u201d he adds : \u201c by conferring total blamelessness on jews, the holocaust dogma immunizes israel and american jewry from legitimate censure... organized american jewry has exploited the nazi holocaust to deflect criticism of israel ' s and its own morally indefensible policies. \u201d paula hyman, a professor of modern jewish history at yale university, has observed : \u201c with regard to israel, the holocaust may be used to forestall political criticism and suppress debate ; it reinforces the sense of jews as an eternally beleaguered people who can rely for their defense only upon themselves. the invocation of the suffering endured by the jews under the nazis often takes the place of rational argument, and is expected to convince doubters of the legitimacy of current israeli government policy. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39587129221996376, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b6fee21-931f-4dd3-9ad9-889c20f79746>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.508171"}
{"text": "| university of california, berkeley | | directory news site map home | | jepson eflora : taxon page key to families | table of families and genera indexes to all accepted names and synonyms : | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | annual, perennial herb, shrub ; often glandular ; root - parasites, roots modified into absorptive structures. stem : generally round in \u00d7 - section. leaf : generally simple, generally alternate, reduced to \u00b1 fleshy scales in non - green plants lacking chlorophyll ; stipules generally 0. inflorescence : spike to panicle, generally bracted, or flowers 1 \u2013 2 in axils. flower : bisexual ; calyx lobes 0 \u2013 5 ; corolla generally strongly bilateral, generally 2 - lipped ( upper lip generally 2 - lobed, lower lip generally 3 - lobed ), abaxial lobes outside other lobes in bud ; stamens epipetalous, 4 in 2 pairs ( sometimes 1 pair sterile ), additional staminode 0 ( 1 ), anther sacs unequal ; ovary superior, chambers 1 \u2013 2, placentas 2 \u2013 4, parietal, style 1, stigma lobes 0 or 2. fruit : capsule, generally \u00b1 ovoid, loculicidal, valves 2 \u2013 4. seed : many, small, angled ; surface smooth or netted. 99 genera, 2060 species : worldwide, especially n temperate and africa. [ bennett & matthews 2006 amer j bot 93 : 1039 \u2013 1051 ] high yield losses in many crops caused by orobanche species in africa, medit, middle east, and e europe. \u2014 scientific editors : robert patterson, bruce g. baldwin. key to orobanchaceae annual, gray - or yellow - green, often becoming red - purple, generally much - branched ; roots \u00b1 yellow. key to cordylanthus leaf : sessile, entire, thread - like to lanceolate or palmately 3 \u2013 7 - lobed, segments narrow. inflorescence : short dense spike ( subtended by bracts ), < 2 ( 5 ) cm or flowers 1 ( each subtended by outer bract ) ; outer bracts \u00b1 leaf - like ; inner bract", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5077493631842391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1df00aeb-3e29-43ef-90bd-0ac29940bf29>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.513117"}
{"text": "segments narrow. inflorescence : short dense spike ( subtended by bracts ), < 2 ( 5 ) cm or flowers 1 ( each subtended by outer bract ) ; outer bracts \u00b1 leaf - like ; inner bract calyx - like ( formerly confused with calyx ), 0 \u2013 7 - lobed. flower : calyx sheath - like, generally divided to base abaxially, partially surrounding corolla tube laterally, tip entire or shallowly notched ; corolla club - shaped, tubular proximally, expanded laterally ; upper corolla lip folded lengthwise, tip rounded, closed, opening directed downwards forming a hood enclosing anthers, style ; lower corolla lip < = upper lip, obscurely 3 - lobed, middle lobe tightly rolled under, tip distinctly folded inside - out ; fertile stamens ( 2 ) 4, anther sacs generally 2 per stamen, densely hairy at both ends and ciliate along line of dehiscence, unequal in size and placement ; style bent near tip, stigma barely exserted. seed : attached at side ; seed coat tight - fitting, netted or irregularly striate. 13 species : w north america. ( greek : club - shaped flower ) [ tank et al. 2009 syst bot 34 : 182 \u2013 197 ] close to orthocarpus, distinguished by inflorescence, calyx, stamens ; generally flowers jul \u2013 sep. other taxa in tjm ( 1993 ) moved to chloropyron, dicranostegia. unabridged references : [ chuang & heckard 1986 syst bot monogr 10 : 1 \u2013 105 ; tank & olmstead 2008 amer j bot 95 : 608 \u2013 625 ] plant 20 \u2013 120 cm, ( gray - ) green, generally tinged purple, densely puberulent ( partly glandular ) and long - soft - hairy. leaf : 10 \u2013 40 mm, linear to lanceolate. inflorescence : flowers 1 \u2013 3 in loose clusters ; outer bracts 1 \u2013 4, 15 \u2013 20 mm, linear, entire or 3 - lobed in distal 2 / 3, tips > 1. 5 mm wide, angled to slightly 3 - lobed, often ivory - thickened ; inner bract 15 \u2013 22 mm, tip abruptly pointed to notched. flower : calyx 15 \u2013 20 mm ; corolla 15 \u2013 20 mm, \u00b1 white, yellow - green", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4557665636352312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1df00aeb-3e29-43ef-90bd-0ac29940bf29>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.514126"}
{"text": "slightly 3 - lobed, often ivory - thickened ; inner bract 15 \u2013 22 mm, tip abruptly pointed to notched. flower : calyx 15 \u2013 20 mm ; corolla 15 \u2013 20 mm, \u00b1 white, yellow - green - tipped, pouch 5 \u2013 8 mm wide, \u00b1 lightly marked maroon. seed : 1. 5 \u2013 2. 5 mm, \u00b1 ovoid, finely wavy - striate, dark brown. 2n = 28. variable ; close to cordylanthus tenuis. [ online interchange ] inflorescence : outer bracts \u00b1 linear, 3 - lobed in distal 1 / 3, lobes < 3 mm, tips \u00b1 truncate. flower : corolla > = calyx and inner bract. open foothill woodland ; < 1000 m. s klamath ranges, s cascade range, n & c sierra nevada foothills. previous taxon : cordylanthus pilosus next taxon : cordylanthus pilosus subsp. pilosus citation for the whole project : jepson flora project ( eds. ) [ year ] jepson eflora, http : / / ucjeps. berkeley. edu / ijm. html [ accessed on month, day, year ] citation for an individual treatment : [ author of taxon treatment ] [ year ]. [ taxon name ] in jepson flora project ( eds. ) jepson eflora, [ url for treatment ]. accessed on [ month, day, year ]. copyright \u00a9 2012 regents of the university of california we encourage links to these pages, but the content may not be downloaded for reposting, repackaging, redistributing, or sale in any form, without written permission from the jepson herbarium. | bioregions in which taxon occurs | | markers link to cch specimen records. if the markers are obscured, reload the page [ or change window size and reload ]. yellow markers indicate records that may provide evidence for eflora range revision or may have georeferencing or identification issues. | chart based on elevation range in manual and elevations and coordinates of cch records. data provided by the participants of the consortium of california herbaria. note : about half of the cch records include both elevation and coordinates. | data provided by the participants of the consortium of california herbaria. view all cch records cch collections by month", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4222367010140157, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1df00aeb-3e29-43ef-90bd-0ac29940bf29>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.515031"}
{"text": "the human heart : vulnerable when hit or physically shocked by dorothy b. reitman, uechi - ryu karate the lay public and newcomers to the martial arts tend to consider the most serious injuries that a person may inflict upon another to be percussive injuries such as the breaking of bones or head injuries. however, strikes that may not even cause bruising could possibly lead to serious injury or even death. [ stephen drehobl ] the karate style, \u201c uechi ryu karate - do \u201d contains such a movement that contemporary practitioners still struggle to understand. the strike is called boshuken morote zuki in japanese, which simply means, \u201c thumb - knuckle strike with both hands \u201d. the description of the boshuken morote zuki strike modern arnis philippine martial art \u201c stick fighting \u201d remy amador presas the black circles in the above drawing are the strike zones. we will refer to the person performing the strike as \u201c a \u201d and the person struck as \u201c b \u201d. \u201c a \u201d drives both hands straightforward in nearly simultaneous bilateral palm heel / thumb knuckle strikes. in kata, the movements are as follows : \u201c a \u201d \u2018 s right hand, starting at the ilium, strikes \u201c b \u201d on the left ilium ; \u201c a \u201d \u2018 s left hand, starting at the pectoralis muscle strikes the right pectoralis muscle of \u201c b \u201d. in other words, \u201c a \u201d strikes targets on \u201c b \u201d correspond to his / her own kata starting points. it is important to note that the strike when delivered in a real fight would probably not begin from the origin points in kata. the hands would simply srike from where ever they happened to be at the moment. the kata provides the key to unlocking the mystery of one possible application of this movement by cryptically informing the practitioner where the strike is to be placed on the opponent. the power for this strike is not confined to movement of the arms. it comes initially from the ground / feet, progressing to the knees, hips, waist, and subsequently up the spine and out to the arms to the thumbs.. can the shock of the boshuken morote zuki directly affect the heart \u2019 s rhythm? in order to understand the implications of the boshuken morote zuki, we will examine the anatomy and physiology of the heart beat cycle. the sa node ( sinoatrial node ) lies in the right atrium beneath the opening of the superior vena cava. see figure 18 - 2a.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48058801610856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6dec85f6-72a6-41a0-ad0a-ee67c21016cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.520274"}
{"text": "sports nutrition is a \u201c hot \u201d topic these days and one that deserves a lot of attention from athletes, coaches and parents. food provides the body with the fuel it needs to perform at its best, so what and when an athlete eats is an important consideration. unfortunately, athletes of all ages have their own individual preferences and it can be difficult to find food items that will appeal to a mass audience. however, there are several suggestions that can help with pre - game and halftime meals. the number one rule is eat! i know it sounds simple, but the body needs fuel in order to perform. your players should eat a good meal the night before a contest. depending on game time the following day, they may also need to eat several small meals spaced out over 3 - 4 hour intervals to ensure their bodies have adequate energy. what to eat largely depends on a person \u2019 s likes and dislikes. in general, carbohydrate - rich foods like pasta, breads, rice, potatoes, fruits and vegetables should constitute the bulk of the pre - game meal. protein - rich foods like meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs and dairy should also be featured, but to a lesser extent that the carbohydrate - rich items. choosing foods low in fat is always a good idea. staying hydrated is also essential before practices or competitions. maintaining optimal hydration is an around - the - clock job and should be a priority for every athlete. encourage your players to drink often throughout the day, even if they don \u2019 t feel thirsty or aren \u2019 t playing football. water and sports drinks are good choices. please encourage your players to avoid sodas and juices due to the high sugar content. maintaining hydration is also important during the game and your players should be encouraged to drink whenever they get the chance. ask parents to provide a sports drink during halftime. these beverages taste good which may lead your players to drink more and they contain electrolytes which can help prevent cramping. snacks like bagels, fruit, granola or cereal bars are all good halftime choices. you may also find that some players are very picky about their snack or drink choices. encourage parents to bring a couple of options if possible. the evaluation of any athlete, whether as a part of health evaluations prior to activity or as a diagnosis of an injury as the consequence of sports activities, is specific to that individual and the history and current state of the individual presented. advice, diagnosis and treatment is individualized according to numerous factors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4174937819963226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:716c9105-1884-41e7-8f67-024613f45e16>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.529630"}
{"text": "feline heartworm disease is more common than previously believed, often fatal and completely preventable. it is now estimated that 26 % of cats may be infected with heartworm disease. this is very significant especially when compared to 5 % who are felv positive and 6 % who have fiv. cats get heartworm ( hw ) disease at a rate of about 15 % of that of dogs wherever hw is prevalent. currently 59 % of american households regularly administer hw preventative to dogs but only 5 % to cats. mechanism of feline hw disease the feline hw life cycle begins when a microfilaria infected mosquito bites the host injecting stage 3 ( l3 ) larvae into the skin. within a few days the larvae develop into l4 which set up housekeeping over the next 2 - 3 months in the sq connective tissue of the abdomen or thorax. the 5th stage, l5 larvae migrate to the pulmonary circulation where damage begins. initially the larvae are attacked by pulmonary intravascular macrophages ( pims ) in a phagocytic process that results in significant bronchopulmonary inflammation. some larvae will be killed in this process inducing further inflammatory response. acute lung pathology and even death can occur at this stage. cats with acute heartworm associated pulmonary signs are often misdiagnosed as asthmatic or allergic. parasiticides like selemectin ( revolution\u00ae, pfizer animal health ) prevent the development of larvae to stage 5. after this initial phase some cats will appear to \" self cure \". that is, their symptoms abate and immune response is suppressed allowing cats to tolerate their hw infection. however in the second phase which can occur up to 2 years later when the heartworms begin to die devastating pulmonary injury can occur. at the second phase pulmonary thromboembolism and sudden death are not uncommon. cats that die suddenly may appear clinically normal up to 1 hour before death. postmortem examination has revealed as few as two worms in cats that have died suddenly. why we have missed it there are a number of reasons cat heartworm disease has eluded the veterinary community and the public. we know that hw disease in dogs is caused by adult heartworms. cats are resistant but susceptible hosts for adult heartworms. feline immune systems are frequently able to kill and remove heartworm larvae before they reach adulthood therefore it seemed unlikely that cats would develop symptoms of disease. only recently has it been unquestionably", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44458808743581024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc42a541-c8a8-4199-ab6f-626376040046>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.535716"}
{"text": "are resistant but susceptible hosts for adult heartworms. feline immune systems are frequently able to kill and remove heartworm larvae before they reach adulthood therefore it seemed unlikely that cats would develop symptoms of disease. only recently has it been unquestionably proven that the major cause of hw disease in cats occurs from the larval stage. furthermore feline hw disease significantly affects the pulmonary rather than the cardiac heartworm disease has been considered regional ; thought to occur only in limited areas in the united states. recently and especially after the redistribution of hw positive dogs following hurricane katrina, hw disease has been seen in 49 states with alaska as the only exception. five myths persist that continue to inhibit our ability to convince veterinarians, technicians and pet owners that feline heartworm exists at all or that it is as prevalent as we now realize. myth # 1 heartworm is a disease of dogs only heartworm disease is transmitted by a mosquito that has bitten a hw positive dog. while cats are not direct hosts for hw disease, they need only to be bitten to contract hw disease. many types of mosquitoes feed happily on both dogs and cats. in any area where hw preventative is thought appropriate for dogs it is equally if not more appropriate for cats as hw disease in cats is potentially more serious than in dogs. myth # 2 heartworm can not affect indoor only cats heartworm is carried by mosquitoes. culex pipiens, or northern house mosquito is the most common species of mosquito found in urban areas. culex mosquitoes are painful and persistent biters which prefer to attack at dusk and after dark, and readily enter dwellings for blood meals. they prefer to feed on domestic animals over man. the culex is considered a weak flyer but still easily covers 2 miles ( some mosquitoes can fly 20 miles ). since mosquitoes do get indoors quite frequently indoor cats are at risk as well as outdoor cats. a recent study in north carolina showed that 28 % of cats diagnosed with hw were described by owners as indoor only.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4474343242743595, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc42a541-c8a8-4199-ab6f-626376040046>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.537468"}
{"text": "vintage commercial \u2013 oldsmobile. see their hot new cars & airplanes back then. very nostalgic. this clip is in the public domain \u2026 click play to watch. mid 1960 \u2032 s commercial, from palona pizza. very cool video. you can truly see the difference between, the pizzas now, and the way they where made then. please click play to watch this film documents the youth for service project in san francisco during the 50s ; a project that recruited youth gangs to do various community service projects, usually involving construction, maintenance, or environmental work. the project itself looks quite successful in channeling the gangs into constructive activity ; one wonders if it is still going on today and if not, why not. but beyond that, this film is a wonderful document of 50s gang life and teen culture. gang members narrate certain parts of the film themselves, using almost unintelligible gang lingo. history of the black panthers. in 1966, two young black men, huey newton and bobby seale, met at the campus of merritt college in oakland, california. finding that they shared each other \u2019 s frustration with the police brutality, poverty, and repression that blacks suffered in the oakland community, they founded an organization in an effort to fight back. they called their new organization the black panther party for self defense. it differed from other black rights groups of the time, which were almost all non - violent, in that it advocated armed defense and self - reliance for the liberation of american blacks. newton and seale believed that the non - violent traditions of leaders such as martin luther king jr. concentrated wrongly on the integration of whites and blacks. this integration, they believed, hinged on proving to whites that blacks were good enough, intelligent enough, even human enough to \u201c deserve \u201d equality. rejecting this notion, seale and newton countered that blacks should instead focus on correcting the discrepancy in power, political and financial, that existed between whites and blacks. to that end, bobby seale, along with a small group of fully - armed followers, marched on the california state legislature in may of 1967 in order to protest a gun control bill that would have limited blacks \u2019 ability to arm themselves against police and government brutality. this audacious act, along with the arrest in october of huey newton for the alleged murder of a policeman, propelled the party to the national stage. the party renamed itself the black panther party and new branches began forming all across the country. soon, the panthers had their own newspaper,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4733771675585227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:798bad53-9021-4530-94aa-184a4964d722>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.554651"}
{"text": "the arrest in october of huey newton for the alleged murder of a policeman, propelled the party to the national stage. the party renamed itself the black panther party and new branches began forming all across the country. soon, the panthers had their own newspaper, edited by eldridge cleaver, the party \u2019 s minister of information. in it, and in other forms of the establishment media apparatus including television, the panthers perfected what would become a very powerful propaganda machine. this machine spread the party \u2019 s socialist and nationalist messages to very great effect, so much so, that despite the party \u2019 s demise nearly three decades ago, the clenched fist continues on as a powerful symbol today. the socialist tendencies of the party were very important to the creation of its ten - point program, a list of what were basically demands from the government. the program calls for, among other things, an end to the vietnam war, free health care, housing, full employment, and the payment of reparations promised after the civil war. this extremely ambitious list of demands represented all the things that the party believed black people deserved from the government, but seemed almost to call more for the dissolution of the government, since the demands are probably more than what any government, short of a socialist one, could achieve. since the u. s. government wasn \u2019 t interested in providing for any of the panther \u2019 s demands, they, in the spirit of self - reliance, decided to provide the black community with some of the programs themselves. the so - called \u201c survival programs \u201d of the black panthers were grassroots efforts to effect the real life problems of poor blacks and included ground breaking programs such as free breakfast for inner - city children, free clothing drives, healthcare clinics, tenants \u2019 rent strikes, and campaigns for community control of schools, police, and gun and drug violence. they also formed the liberation school for grade - schoolers and the first ever hospital program to address sickle cell anemia, a disease that affects black children disproportionately. / p > the socialism of the party, along with its agenda of armed self - defense, caused j. edgar hoover to dub it \u201c the greatest threat to the internal security of america. \u201d he launched a counter intelligence program, called cointel pro, in order to destroy the panthers using many different means. these included sowing internal dissent within the party through covert operatives, forging documents, murdering members in raids on party offices and residences, and imprisoning the leadership of the party, including huey and seal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4936453087617826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:798bad53-9021-4530-94aa-184a4964d722>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.556200"}
{"text": "to destroy the panthers using many different means. these included sowing internal dissent within the party through covert operatives, forging documents, murdering members in raids on party offices and residences, and imprisoning the leadership of the party, including huey and seale. the fbi even pitted the black panthers, through spies and forged letters, against other black nationalist groups, such as us ( united slaves ) and a black gang called the blackstone rangers. these groups, though they had similar problems and goals, would end up killing each other in violent confrontations, in effect killing two birds with one stone for cointel pro. this internal and external fighting during the late 1960s and early 1970s, along with the later focus on installing members of the party in oakland political office, led to the gradual decline and death of the party by 1980. the legacy of the party lives on mostly in the effect it has had on social programs. shamed by the success of the free breakfast programs, the u. s. government took over control of these programs and expanded programs that work for the benefit of poor urban children. the government even began funding research on sickle cell anemia. though the ten - point program \u2019 s demands were never met, the black panthers helped spur the government on to a more comprehensive treatment of the ill effects of poverty and showed just how powerful small revolutionary groups could be in the u. s. those interested in watching footage about the history of the black panthers can visit online educational videos publishers. beth schelle is an educational video consultant for the historical film company quality information publishers, who maintain a library of historic film and video collections at http : / / www. qualityinformationpublishers. com. she \u2019 s cuurently sifting through their civil rights movement collection of film footage. oscar winners denzel washington and russell crowe co - star in a crime drama directed by ridley scott and based on the true story of the man who ran the illegal drug trade in new york \u2019 s harlem 40 years ago. alan silverman has a look at american gangster. frank lucas was \u2018 somebody \u2019 in the shady underworld of new york in the 1960 \u2032 s. a protege of \u2018 bumpy \u2019 johnson, the local crime boss who ran the streets of harlem for decades, lucas took over when his mentor died. lucas smuggled heroin in the coffins of dead american soldiers returning to the united states from vietnam. uneducated \u2013 except for what he learned on the streets \u2013 lucas used his innate business sense to build a criminal empire that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42954412181465396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:798bad53-9021-4530-94aa-184a4964d722>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.557286"}
{"text": "when his mentor died. lucas smuggled heroin in the coffins of dead american soldiers returning to the united states from vietnam. uneducated \u2013 except for what he learned on the streets \u2013 lucas used his innate business sense to build a criminal empire that was rivaled only by the italian mafia. he was brought down by dogged investigator richie roberts, a new jersey police detective - turned - prosecutor who headed a special narcotics task force. when he was finally arrested and convicted, the crime boss formed a remarkable alliance with the prosecutor ; and in return for a shortened sentence, lucas helped bring down the network of bribed officials and high level drug dealers. american gangster stars denzel washington in the title role and he spent time with the real frank lucas to understand the character and his world. washington describes lucas as \u2018 charming ; \u2019 but says he tried to give an accurate portrayal of the man who, by his own admission, is a murderer. \u201c if you hang around long enough you \u2019 ll get the real story, \u201d washington says. \u201c i worked with ( journalist ) bob woodward doing research for the pelican brief and he used to say \u2018 let the silence bring out the truth. \u2019 so you hang around and listen to frank, let him brag \u2026 \u2019 i was this, i was that \u2019 \u2026 but you just keep hanging around and some days, after 11 hours, somebody is tired and another side comes out. you see how a person treats his nephew or somebody who works for him and you go \u2018 oh, okay. \u2019 you see a look in his eyes and you go \u2018 oh, all right. quite a few people who aren \u2019 t here any longer saw that look. \u2019 so you get below the surface. \u201d russell crowe plays richie roberts and, like the real investigator and prosecutor, crowe admits to a grudging respect for the convicted drug baron. \u201c you educate frank lucas in a different way and you probably end up in a situation where you \u2019 d name universities after this guy. he was smart. he was a good businessman. he took the attitude of a regular product into the dark, murky depths of the heroin business ; but he operated it like it was a macdonald \u2019 s, \u201d explains crowe. \u201c he sold a higher quality product cheaper. he put it out on the streets at the right time, timed for when welfare payments were made and all that sort of stuff \u2026 he was a clever businessman. \u201d but does making his story into a major motion picture celebrate that death - dealing lifestyle? screenwriter steven za", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3639798389931064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:798bad53-9021-4530-94aa-184a4964d722>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.558442"}
{"text": "out on the streets at the right time, timed for when welfare payments were made and all that sort of stuff \u2026 he was a clever businessman. \u201d but does making his story into a major motion picture celebrate that death - dealing lifestyle? screenwriter steven zaillian insists that his script was not meant to lionize lucas or makes his world look attractive. \u201c i didn \u2019 t worry about that, \u201d he says. \u201c i think that when i write a script i approach it from dealing with the events and the behaviors of the characters and what they did, tell the story in as straight a fashion as i can and let people come to their own conclusions. i certainly didn \u2019 t go out of my way to make him sympathetic. you see him kill three or four guys in cold blood. you see people dead from his product, so that was never a problem for me. \u201d director ridley scott says the real frank lucas spent considerable time on the film set as a \u2018 technical advisor ; \u2019 and the filmmaker says he recognized something familiar in the now - retired gangster. \u201c these guys are all performers and my life is with performers, so in a funny kind of way, with frank it is like talking with an actor, \u201d says scott. \u201c it \u2019 s as if he didn \u2019 t do it. that makes him a true sociopath. there is lots of memory, but there is no association with anything emotional. \u201d american gangster features british actor chewitel ejiofor as lucas \u2019 s younger brother and right - hand henchman. screen and stage legend ruby dee plays their aged, but strong - willed mother. josh brolin plays a corrupt police detective ; and the cast also includes contemporary music stars rza and common. by alan silverman one of the founding fathers of rock and roll, ike turner, died wednesday december 12 at his home near san diego, california. he was 76. the cause of death was unknown. while an architect of the modern rock sound, he was also notorious for his abusive relationship with his wife, tina. mention ike \u2019 s name, and most music fans will likely peg him as the drug - addicted, abusive husband of superstar singer tina turner. laurence fishburne earned a best actor academy award nomination for his portrayal of ike in the hit 1994 film, what \u2019 s love got to do with it. while ike disputed those claims, they have overshadowed his real contributions to the birth and development of rock and roll. born in clarksdale, mississippi, ike turner was eight years old when he began doing odd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.35264816068976323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:798bad53-9021-4530-94aa-184a4964d722>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.559563"}
{"text": "what \u2019 s love got to do with it. while ike disputed those claims, they have overshadowed his real contributions to the birth and development of rock and roll. born in clarksdale, mississippi, ike turner was eight years old when he began doing odd jobs at a local radio station. he carried amplifiers for blues guitarist robert nighthawk while learning boogie - woogie piano from his idol, pinetop perkins. in the late 1940s, ike formed his own group, the kings of rhythm. in 1951, he recorded \u201c rocket 88, \u201d which some critics call the first true rock and roll record. while working with the kings of rhythm in the st. louis area, ike turner also became a session musician and talent scout for sun records. he helped such later stars as howlin \u2019 wolf, sonny boy williamson and otis rush sign contracts. in the late - 1950s, ike hired a young singer from tennessee named anna mae bullock. changing her name to tina, after the popular action heroine \u201c sheena, queen of the jungle, \u201d ike featured her in his popular soul review. after enjoying a hit single in 1960 with \u201c a fool in love, \u201d the pair wed in mexico, and embarked upon a stormy 16 - year union. throughout the 1960s and early - 70s, ike and tina were one of the most exciting and influential acts in rock. they toured with the rolling stones, and in 1971 performed in africa. shadowing their success, however, was ike \u2019 s treatment of tina. acting as the group \u2019 s manager and musical director, he allegedly treated his wife in a ruthless manner. in her 1986 autobiography i, tina, she wrote that he regularly isolated and abused her, often in the form of vicious beatings. by the mid - 1970s, ike turner was in the grip of a cocaine habit. in july, 1976, tina fled ike, reportedly carrying only 36 cents. she declined to comment on his death. in 1989, ike went to prison on drug charges, and was still behind bars when he and tina were inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame in 1991. he reportedly maintained sobriety after leaving prison in 1993, and in 2001 published an autobiography, takin \u2019 back my name. in it, he admitted to physically abusing tina, but denied beating her. he also continued to perform with the kings of rhythm, and in 2007 won a grammy award for best traditional blues album. you can buy some of, both ike & tuna \u2019 s songs ; by clicking here for my 99c music store. select ike & tina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3859340096484039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:798bad53-9021-4530-94aa-184a4964d722>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.560508"}
{"text": "continued to perform with the kings of rhythm, and in 2007 won a grammy award for best traditional blues album. you can buy some of, both ike & tuna \u2019 s songs ; by clicking here for my 99c music store. select ike & tina. by : ray mcdonald vintagenewscast has obtained permission, to republish this article. in my day, barry white was called a maestro of love. with just a mere sound of his voice, he drove almost every woman around the world nuts. according to bbc news, from his first international hit, love \u2019 s theme, in 1973, white expounded on only one topic. songs, such as his theme tune, you \u2019 re the first, my last, my everything, typically dealt with what he termed \u201c the only subject on planet earth \u2013 lurve between fellow human beings \u201d. white had not always conducted himself in such a loving way, and the theme of his songs was a long way from his own background los angeles \u2019 south park neighbuorhood, although he was born in galveston, texas, on 12 september 1944. his brother darryl was murdered in a clash with a rival gang, and white himself was jailed \u2013 at the age of 17 \u2013 for stealing $ 30, 000 worth of cadillac tyres. read more on this story, from bbc news. if you would like to purchase some of barry \u2019 s 0. 99c oldies, click here, to be taken to my 99c music store. albinia jones, was a wonderful and, talented female blues singer, of the 1940 \u2032 s era. i had a very difficult time trying to find research material on this artist. very little is written about her ; she is almost forgotten about. this woman had a voice like no other. when she sings, she means what she sings. it \u2019 s almost as the she is talking to you directly, when you hear her music. she has performed a few songs with the great dizzy gillespie. she was a featured performer on an album called \u201c evil gal blues \u201d. which i can \u2019 t seem to find either. i guess it is out of print most likely. you can download her song called, \u201c give it up daddy \u201d, free click here \u2013 albinia jones \u2013 mp3 may tammy \u2019 s soul finally rest in peace. i remember all of the horrible comments, that people used to say about tammy. whether or not you loved tammy faye, hated her, or just thought she was 12 cans short of a 3 pack. one thing ms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3631581925052824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:798bad53-9021-4530-94aa-184a4964d722>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.561547"}
{"text": "s soul finally rest in peace. i remember all of the horrible comments, that people used to say about tammy. whether or not you loved tammy faye, hated her, or just thought she was 12 cans short of a 3 pack. one thing ms. tammy faye baker has shown consistently, was unconditional love for all. be it black, green, blue, gay, straight, or confused ; tammy demonstrated tirelessly, what true respect & compassion is all about. despite all of the scandals, embarrassments and heartbreak with her x - marriages ; her huge heart and spirit would not break. i think there was so much about ms baker that we did not understand, but i really think that, when it comes to love and respect, many so called \u201c christians \u201d could have really learned from her. yes, i do think she is a role model in many ways. if you truly listen to a lot of the things she \u2019 s said in the past, you \u2019 ll find there was a huge amount of wisdom she shared. we were just too busy commenting about her make - up, hair, and everything else. but although a woman, she had enough balls, to do the only thing she could do, and that was to be herself. brando, was born april 3, 1924, and died july 1 2004. movies include, \u201c a streetcar named desire \u201d, and \u201c on the water front \u201d. however, i think the world today, best known him, in his outstanding role as vito corleone, in the movie \u201c the godfather ( widescreen edition ) \u201c. even today, i don \u2019 t think that anybody can come close, to the brilliant acting he \u2019 s displayed in that role. in his personal life, mr. brando was a huge activist for civil rights. he was also named, \u201c the greatest male star of all time \u201d by the american film institute. dorothy dandridge, is practically forgotten about today. she was one of the most talented, black actresses / singer of her time. halley berry, has done an outstanding job, in portraying her life story. she looked so much like her, it was really scary. dandridge began singing in her church \u2019 s choir. with the prodding of her mother, a stage and screen actress, she and her sister began to perform as \u201c the wonder children \u201d when dandridge was only age four. the \u201c wonder children \u201d toured in the south for five years. after the depression, ruby jean butler dandridge, vivian dandridge, dorothy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4102316137386274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:798bad53-9021-4530-94aa-184a4964d722>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.562670"}
{"text": "archive for pinaglabanan author \u2019 s note : this article uses virtual reality technology to provide an immersive experience. click the images to view the 360 - degree vrs. adobe flash 10 or higher is required. average vr size is 2. 2mb each. june 19, 2011 marks the 150th birth anniversary of our national hero dr. jose rizal. as the nation joined hands in the celebration of rizal \u2019 s works, achievements, and sacrifice ; and in tribute to other heroes who laid down their lives for the country, we take you in a virtual journey to re - discover the places and sites that are of importance to them \u2013 the national shrines. these were shot and produced with the assistance of national historical commission of the philippines ( nhcp ), formerly national historical institute ( nhi ) in a span of about 6 months \u2013 from the ancestral home of juan luna in badoc, ilocos in the north, to rizal \u2019 s place of exile in dapitan city, zamboanga in the south. it is the hope of the commission as well as the producers, that these sites be made accessible virtually to everyone, especially so to the youth and students of far flung provinces and those that just cannot physically visit the shrines and learn about its historical significance. furthermore, by capturing the shrines in 360 - degrees virtual reality, it also served as a means of documentation and conservation for future generations. enjoy the virtual tour! vrs taken on january \u2013 june 2009. the author can be reached at : email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4098839043785928, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d64d504c-4c92-4992-896d-329e5d848caa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.564213"}
{"text": "december 1st is military abolition day i ' ve been fond of december 1st ever since i was born on it. i later found out that it had been on a december 1st that rosa parks had sat down and refused to stand up or move to the back of that racist bus in montgomery. later still i found out about a december 1st that had happened still earlier. it was on december 1, 1948, that president jose figueres ferrer of costa rica abolished the military of costa rica. he didn ' t \" cut \" its projected dream budget by a teeny fraction that sounded bigger if multiplied by 10 and announced as a reduction \" over 10 years. \" he didn ' t cut it in the ordinary sense of actually cutting it. he abolished it. costa rica put its military in a museum and a museum in its military headquarters. it turned its military bases into schools. it turned its military budget into a fund for useful projects. in 1986, president oscar arias sanchez declared december 1st the dia de la abolicion del ejercito ( military abolition day ). without a military, costa rica has not been a perfect paradise on earth, but it has avoided invading or being invaded by other countries. it has avoided military coups and civil wars and cia interventions ( although a coup in honduras in 2009 involved flying the president to costa rica ). costa rica is not rich, but its people have a higher life expectancy than we do in the united states. costa rica provides a social safety net and of course provides everyone healthcare, spending less per capita than we do but providing superior healthcare than is provided by the wealthy united states. costa rica is ranked by the happy planet index as the # 1 best place to live for happiness. the united states comes in at # 150 out of 178. u. s. elections have 50 % turnout and somewhere around 98 % disgust. costa rican elections have 90 % turnout and enthusiastic participation. and costa rica ' s way of life is far more sustainable than ours, one of the most sustainable in the world. it ' s not a coincidence that our super wealthy country spends as much as all other nations combined on war preparations and ranks pitifully low in measures of health, education, environmentalism, happiness, and well - being. we imagine that without a big military other nations would attack ours. but why would they? simply because ours frequently attacks others? that ' s a projection, not an observation. we imagine that without the largest military ever seen, we couldn ' t attack other nations for their own good and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3898589027032941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f796dd31-cd1a-4e00-b580-9a2fe095060e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.568351"}
{"text": "other nations would attack ours. but why would they? simply because ours frequently attacks others? that ' s a projection, not an observation. we imagine that without the largest military ever seen, we couldn ' t attack other nations for their own good and the good of the world. but the tradeoff we ' ve chosen is not one of sacrificing for the world ' s safety. if the united states didn ' t spend $ 1 trillion every year on war preparation and war, it could spend that money on its own people and the world ' s. we could have turned afghanistan into costa rica over the past decade. we could have built schools and hospitals and green infrastructure. does anyone seriously imagine that the people of afghanistan or pakistan or yemen would hate the u. s. government more if it bought them a better life rather than raining its hated missiles from the sky? libertarians in the united states may not want to help the world, or even our own country, but they at least want to stop investing in killing. liberals, on the other hand, want to keep the war preparations money flowing while taxing millionaires to help pay for it. every \" progressive \" group in the united states right now is demanding that we protect what ' s left of our safety net, tax millionaires and billionaires, and ( through careful silence ) leave military spending right where it is or where it ' s headed. costa rica has made progress beyond the imagining of our progressives, and it hasn ' t done so through progressive taxation. costa rica has chosen not to make large - scale murder its primary public purpose, or any purpose at all. in the united states, peace groups sometimes mark the international day of peace. but virtually everyone ignores military abolition day. it ' s time we changed that. david swanson ' s books include \" war is a lie. \" he blogs at http : / / davidswanson. org and http : / / warisacrime. org and works as campaign coordinator for the online activist organization http : / / rootsaction. org. he hosts talk nation radio. follow him on twitter : @ davidcnswanson and facebook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4056730455886126, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f796dd31-cd1a-4e00-b580-9a2fe095060e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.569265"}
{"text": "opportunities to improve the usgs nawqa program - a summary in 1999, the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ) / national water quality assessment ( nawqa ) program asked the national academy of science - national research council ' s ( nrc ) water science and technology board to convene a committee of experts to provide guidance on the continued development of nawqa. this was the fifth time the nrc has provided such assistance since the conception of nawqa in 1985. the committee ' s task was \" to provide guidance to the u. s. geological survey on opportunities to improve the nawqa program. \" the statement of task also requested an assessment of general accomplishments and identified four specific technical areas for review. this review came as nawqa was completing cycle i, its first decade of nationwide monitoring, and refining plans for its second decade - cycle ii. the nrc committee assessed the past accomplishments as background for a focused review of the evolving cycle ii plans, to provide recommendations on \" opportunities to improve nawqa. \" the findings are presented in the 2001 nrc report, opportunities to improve the u. s. geological survey national water quality assessment program. most of the report focuses on technical analysis and recommendations, but also discusses various programmatic issues as needed. some recommendations go beyond nawqa ' s responsibilities and / or capabilities, and these should be addressed to the broader programs of the usgs. the following information summarizes a few major conclusions and recommendations from the report. from its earliest concept, to the current plans for the future, three goals drive nawqa ' s design and development - status, trends, and understanding. cycle i focused on determining the status of water quality in the united states. cycle ii must now move beyond status to the assessment of water - quality trends and further our understanding of the \" why \" and \" how \" behind water quality. all three goals are central to the charge that congress and policy makers have placed on nawqa since its pilot - scale origins in the 1980s. however, trends and understanding are the crux of the questions originally posed by congress - \" is the quality of water across the nation getting better or worse? and why? \" in the last decade, nawqa has evolved from a sound concept to a mature program of exemplary quality and importance. nawqa has led the way, to begin the critical, sound scientific assessment of the quality of the nation ' s waters. with its initial success, nawqa now carries with it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5059875445133644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca5a2ec2-1619-44b9-868b-a3e3d97e83d0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.580532"}
{"text": "sound concept to a mature program of exemplary quality and importance. nawqa has led the way, to begin the critical, sound scientific assessment of the quality of the nation ' s waters. with its initial success, nawqa now carries with it high expectations from many other federal, state, and local agencies, as well as policy makers and legislators. in the committee ' s view the design and management of nawqa and its past, present, and future success, is intertwined with resolving an ongoing struggle for program balance. some examples. nawqa must continue to work to find the appropriate balance of resources among its three primary goals of status, trends, and understanding as it enters cycle ii. the committee fully expects that nawqa will continue to exhibit foresight, taking a lead in studying emerging water - quality issues, yet avoid expending unwarranted resources on a \" contaminant of the day \" approach. as discussed below, while nawqa must strive to be responsive to water - quality policy and regulatory needs, it cannot be driven by, nor controlled by these needs - epitomizing the struggle of doing \" good science \" in the public policy arena. nawqa is providing important information to the non - scientific community, for resource management, as well as policy development and assessment, yet it must first and foremost stay true to its scientific design if it is to meet its goals. the committee hopes it has reflected this need for balance in its findings national scope - representativeness of nawqa national coverage and representativeness are issues fundamental to the success of nawqa. the committee was very concerned with how representative of the nation ' s waters nawqa would be with the ongoing reduction in study units ( sus ). will this reduction prohibit nawqa ' s ability to make inferences about \" national \" water quality? cycle i was planned for 59 sus, but 8 were not initiated because of budget constraints. continuing budget constraints have dictated that the number of sus in cycle ii be reduced to 42 ( plus the high plains ground water study ). despite the significant reduction in cycle ii, the committee concluded that nawqa will still maintain good coverage of the nation ' s stream and ground water resources, largely because of the commendable, rigorous planning effort it employed. however, representativeness issues should continue to be explored and documented in cycle ii. while the committee concluded that nawqa has done an exemplary job of downsizing to 42 planned sus for cycle ii,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5647116919020903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca5a2ec2-1619-44b9-868b-a3e3d97e83d0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.581655"}
{"text": ", state, and local agencies that seek to participate in the program or utilize its data and information. thus, nawqa must maintain its careful balancing act to uphold its design principles that draw other agencies to nawqa, while finding ways to collaborate that improve nawqa. perhaps more such collaboration should strive to improve and strengthen other water - related programs to enhance the total knowledge of the nation ' s water resources. other agencies that want to utilize nawqa or coordinate programs with nawqa also have a responsibility to fully collaborate with the program ( i. e., to \" give, \" not just \" take \" ). as large as nawqa is, its program resources are too constrained to fully meet its national goals or to provide the information that congress and other agencies desire the total maximum daily loads ( tmdls ) assessment is an area where some users, such as state cooperators, have suggested that nawqa should alter designs and do more. this would, in many areas, compromise nawqa ' s design. usgs scientists ( i. e., other than nawqa ) should support opportunities to use nawqa analyses, sampling protocols, the sparrow model, and other tools with their state cooperators for the development of tmdls. tmdls, however, are the states ' responsibility. nawqa cannot and should not prepare tmdls for states. nawqa resources and scientists should not be diverted to working on tmdls beyond the data and technical assistance that they can provide to the states. national synthesis priority issues the committee strongly supports the established national synthesis topics - pesticides, nutrients, volatile organic compounds, and trace elements - and commends nawqa for its groundbreaking work in these areas. the committee also strongly supports the added priority of ecological synthesis that began late in cycle i. this represents another important area where nawqa can make significant contributions. usgs / nawqa is in an excellent position to make a meaningful contribution to the debate on which biological indices provide the most meaningful assessments of water - quality conditions. this should be a top priority of the ecological synthesis team. in addition, it is critical to explore quantitative relationships, and potential threshold responses among biotic indices and other measures of water quality. the committee also strongly recommends that nawqa should make sediment in surface waters a future national synthesis topic. while nawqa may not currently have the sediment data it might desire, nor the resources to fully address this issue, it should do the most it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5035540760688973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca5a2ec2-1619-44b9-868b-a3e3d97e83d0>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.583892"}
{"text": "committee also strongly recommends that nawqa should make sediment in surface waters a future national synthesis topic. while nawqa may not currently have the sediment data it might desire, nor the resources to fully address this issue, it should do the most it can with the data it has already collected, and plans to collect in cycle ii. further, usgs should provide a leadership role with other agencies to find collaborative ways to address this important national water - quality issue. new contaminants and approaches for cycle ii the committee reviewed proposed additions and changes for cycle ii and deliberated many recommendations. a few are summarized below. all three groups of pesticides proposed for cycle ii monitoring ( important organophosphate insecticides and degradates, several sulfonyl urea herbicides, glyphosate ) are appropriate and warranted and should be added. nawqa should not add pharmaceuticals or additional high - production volume industrial chemicals to the contaminants list until more reliable protocols and methods are validated. these would be better handled by the usgs toxics program during the validation pathogens, risk assessment - toxicology the committee strongly supports the addition of waterborne pathogens and indicator microorganisms to the monitoring list for cycle ii. however, nawqa should reconsider their previous, more detailed design, because waterborne pathogens are of such importance to human health. more detailed efforts might be targeted to a subset of sites to contain costs. the committee strongly recommends, however, that usgs not get into the problematic area of human health risk assessment or expend resources on ecotoxicology programs. despite the continuing importance that this committee ( and past nrc committees ) places on the appropriate use of models in nawqa, a major recommendation is that nawqa ( and usgs water programs in general ) redirect its modeling efforts. many current modeling efforts are rapidly becoming too ambitious, complex, and over - parameterized. nawqa / usgs should focus on simple, parsimonious process models ; i. e., models that are not over - parameterized, and where parameters and mechanistic expressions can relate to available data. at this important juncture, beginning cycle ii, the committee concludes that the usgs has several major opportunities to advance scientific understanding of factors that affect water - quality conditions - the understanding goal of nawqa. however, the committee is concerned whether or not sufficient staff, resources, and expertise are available to ensure that modeling efforts and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47437494550125825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca5a2ec2-1619-44b9-868b-a3e3d97e83d0>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.584817"}
{"text": "##gs has several major opportunities to advance scientific understanding of factors that affect water - quality conditions - the understanding goal of nawqa. however, the committee is concerned whether or not sufficient staff, resources, and expertise are available to ensure that modeling efforts and targeted studies can be adequately developed and implemented. fewer well - designed cause - and - effect studies within study units may be better than more studies. the cycle ii \" understanding \" studies represent a prime area that nawqa may benefit from cooperative work with other federal agencies, and particularly with state, local, and academic collaborators. nawqa has evolved into an exceptional program. it has significantly contributed to the understanding of the quality of the nation ' s waters, providing new knowledge to better manage our vital water resources. this committee, and nearly all nawqa users it has interacted with, want to recommend that nawqa do more, not less - yet nawqa has already exceeded its resources, exemplified in its redesign for cycle ii. as discussed here and throughout the report, the future success of nawqa in the water policy environment is entwined with the struggle for balance between its resources and scientific endeavors. current and future demands for water - quality information already exceed nawqa ' s capacity, but hopefully policy makers, congress, and program managers can strike the necessary balance that will allow nawqa to continue to provide important water - quality data and information for the nation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5264193043017324, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ca5a2ec2-1619-44b9-868b-a3e3d97e83d0>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.585387"}
{"text": "pesticide regulations and farm worker safety : the need to improve pesticide regulations in viet nam dung tri phung a, des connell b, greg miller a, shannon rutherford a & cordia chu a a. centre for environment and population health, griffith school of environment, griffith university, 170 kessel road, nathan, qld, 4111, australia. b. griffith school of environment, griffith university, nathan, australia. correspondence to dung tri phung ( e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ). ( submitted : 22 september 2011 \u2013 revised version received : 27 december 2011 \u2013 accepted : 09 january 2012 \u2013 published online : 11 april 2012. ) bulletin of the world health organization 2012 ; 90 : 468 - 473. doi : 10. 2471 / blt. 11. 096578 pesticide poisoning is a global public health problem. an estimated three million acute poisonings occur worldwide each year. 1 pesticide - related poisonings are more frequent and serious in developing countries despite the fact that pesticides are sold in greater quantities in developed countries. 2 one reason for this is the lack of rigorous pesticide control laws and of training programmes for pesticide inspectors and users in the developing world. 2, 3 farah has indicated that about 25 % of developing countries lack laws regulating pesticide distribution and use, and about 80 % have insufficient resources to enforce existing pesticide - related legislation. 4 in viet nam, a developing country, pesticide consumption increased from 14 000 tons under 837 trade names in 1990 to 50 000 tons under more than 3000 trade names in 2008. 5, 6 however, pesticide control laws have not been developed and implemented in concert with these increases for several reasons, including a lack of administrative and enforcement resources ; insufficient knowledge of the law on the part of regulators ; a lack of incentives for making regulators enforce the law ; limited environmental standards ; and poor cooperation, coordination and consistency in implementing regulations on the part of the relevant authorities. 7 nevertheless, the need to address these gaps and limitations has not been properly evaluated. a market survey conducted by the plant protection department in 2000 reported problems with improper storage and use of pesticides and a lack of knowledge about pesticide safety and regulations in viet nam. 8 the survey found 2800 pesticide retailers operating without a business licence ; over 5000 retailers selling pesticides without having a store or stores failing to meet safety regulations ; and the sale of 2500 kg of banned pesticides and of 10 000 kg of illegally imported or counterfeit pesticides", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4389275254592594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c06575-7125-4e65-8a99-eb7b800ac2b3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.610574"}
{"text": "pesticide retailers operating without a business licence ; over 5000 retailers selling pesticides without having a store or stores failing to meet safety regulations ; and the sale of 2500 kg of banned pesticides and of 10 000 kg of illegally imported or counterfeit pesticides. in terms of occupational safety, a high percentage of farmers are unfamiliar with pesticide safety practices such as compliance with instruction on the label, proper spraying techniques, proper use of protective equipment and safe pesticide disposal. 9, 10 consequently, farmers are at high risk of being harmed by pesticide exposure. in a 2002 study by murphy, 31 % of surveyed farmers in northern viet nam were found to have at least one symptom of pesticide poisoning. 9 in another study published in 2007, dasgupta found that 35 % of farmers in southern viet nam showed blood cholinesterase levels indicative of acute pesticide poisoning and that 21 % of the farmers had chronic signs of poisoning. 10 the objective of this study was to compare pesticide regulations in viet nam and the united states of america to identify ways in which pesticide regulation in viet nam can be improved. the study focused exclusively on pesticide regulation aimed at reducing occupational exposure among farmers. the united states was chosen as the reference country because it has established the benchmark for developing pesticide regulations. for this reason, the united states has a much lower rate of acute poisoning among agricultural workers than viet nam ( 53. 6 versus 35 000 per 100 000 population ). 1, 10, 11 moreover, the united states environmental protection agency ( epa ) model is well - established and posts information on its web site in english on pesticide regulations. data collection and analysis information on pesticide regulations was obtained from the relevant web sites, directly from management agencies and from published research papers. the pesticide regulatory information of the united states was found on the epa \u2019 s web site and in research papers. the pesticide regulatory documents for viet nam were obtained from the relevant official web sites, including those of the ministry of agricultural and rural development, and from research papers. the keywords used to search the web sites were pesticide regulation ( for english ) and hoa chat bao ve thuc vat ( for vietnamese ). united states and vietnamese regulations pertaining to pesticide registration, suspension and cancellation, labelling, transport, storage and disposal, as well as import and export policy, were compared. any regulation applied in the united states that might not be applicable to management systems in viet nam were excluded from the comparison. areas in need of improvement in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49634702514719986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c06575-7125-4e65-8a99-eb7b800ac2b3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.611952"}
{"text": "labelling, transport, storage and disposal, as well as import and export policy, were compared. any regulation applied in the united states that might not be applicable to management systems in viet nam were excluded from the comparison. areas in need of improvement in vietnamese pesticide regulations were identified through this comparative analysis. legislative basis for pesticide regulation in the united states, the epa regulates pesticide registration, manufacture and distribution under the authority of the federal insecticide, fungicide and rodenticide act ( fifra ). in addition, the federal food, drug and cosmetic act has authorized the epa to establish tolerable levels for pesticide residues in foods. 12 the fifra requires that all pesticides distributed and sold in the united states be registered by the epa after pesticide approval, which is granted upon determination that the substance \u201c will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment \u201d. the fifra defines \u201c unreasonable adverse effects on the environment \u201d as \u201c ( i ) any unreasonable risk to man or the environment, taking into account the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of the use of any pesticide, or ( ii ) a human dietary risk from residues that result from a use of a pesticide in or on any food inconsistent with the standard under section 408 of the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act \u201d. 13 in viet nam, the ministry of agricultural and rural development ( mard ) regulates pesticides under the authority of the ordinance on plant protection and quarantine ( oppq ), recommended by the national assembly standing committee in 1993. 14 however, this legislation has not been enacted as law yet. pesticide regulation is one chapter comprising six articles in the oppq, whose definition of \u201c pesticide \u201d is the same as the fifra \u2019 s : \u201c pesticides are products made from chemical, botanical, or biological materials in order to prevent and eliminate pests that are harmful to botanical resources \u201d. 14 the oppq requires demonstration that a pesticide is \u201c safe to human and ecological systems \u201d before it can be considered for registration. the oppq assigned the ministry of industry, the ministry of science, technology and environment, the ministry of health and the ministry of trade the task of collaborating with the mard in the management of pesticide manufacture, import and export, distribution, storage, labelling, packaging and advertisement. 14 however, the roles of each ministry are poorly defined. in the united states, a registrant must submit data on a given pesticide to the epa for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4936048833492741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c06575-7125-4e65-8a99-eb7b800ac2b3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.613080"}
{"text": "manufacture, import and export, distribution, storage, labelling, packaging and advertisement. 14 however, the roles of each ministry are poorly defined. in the united states, a registrant must submit data on a given pesticide to the epa for registration, as required by the fifra. 13 the epa decides whether to register the pesticide based on the results of a risk \u2013 benefit evaluation, which weighs the pesticide \u2019 s potential adverse effects against the benefits of its use. 15 registration of the pesticide is not approved unless the pesticide meets : ( i ) the efficiency and labelling requirements of the fifra ; and ( ii ) has been shown to not generally cause \u201c unreasonable adverse effects on the environment \u201d. 16 under the fifra, the epa administrators also take into account the economic, social and environmental costs and benefits of the pesticide. 13 the epa dictates what procedures and data are required to evaluate the risk \u2013 benefit ratio of a pesticide and provides guidance in determining whether a pesticide causes unreasonable adverse effects. 13, 17 the results of these risk \u2013 benefit analyses are then published together with the epa \u2019 s proposed regulatory decision, followed by the comments of stakeholders. if the pesticide is classified as destined for cancellation or restricted use, the us department of agriculture and the epa \u2019 s scientific advisory panel are requested to review the risk \u2013 benefit analyses before the final regulatory decision. 18 after registration of a pesticide, the registrant is still required to inform the epa of any \u201c additional factual information regarding unreasonable adverse effects on the environment \u201d. the information that a registrant must submit consists of : toxicological and epidemiological studies, data on pesticide residues in foods and / or the environment, reports of adverse effects and other information of interest in assessing the desirability of continued registration. the registrants will be convicted of a violation if they do not report the required information. 13, 19 in 2002 under the oppq, the mard issued decision 145 / 2002 / qd - bnn in viet nam concerning regulations on pesticide registration procedures, manufacturing, processing, bottling, packaging, export and import, sale, storage, transport, use, labelling, advertisement and organization of workshops or conferences. 20 a pesticide is considered for registration provided it has not been listed as unauthorized and has been shown to have reasonable bio - effectiveness in crop protection. the decision stipulates that a pesticide is unauthorized for registration if : ( i ) it is in the mard \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46756871995193494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c06575-7125-4e65-8a99-eb7b800ac2b3>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.614267"}
{"text": "considered for registration provided it has not been listed as unauthorized and has been shown to have reasonable bio - effectiveness in crop protection. the decision stipulates that a pesticide is unauthorized for registration if : ( i ) it is in the mard \u2019 s list of pesticides for restricted use in viet nam ; ( ii ) it has never been used in other countries ; ( iii ) its trade name and the name of its active ingredient are identical ; ( iv ) the pesticide or its active ingredient has a toxicity level of i as classified by the world health organization ( who ) unless it is used exclusively in construction or to disinfect stores or stations. to assess benefits, a registrant is required to conduct a bio - effectiveness evaluation through small - and large - scale testing of the pesticide with proposed crops. 20 nevertheless, these regulations have not been rigorous enough to properly conduct risk \u2013 benefit analyses, since risk assessment cannot be based entirely on toxicity data, even though the results of bio - effectiveness trials can yield information of use in evaluating the economic benefits of a pesticide. moreover, the regulations make no provision for continuing reports of data on a pesticide \u2019 s adverse effects on man and the environment during its registration period. suspension and cancellation the epa may reconsider the registration of a particular pesticide if new evidence of potential adverse effects emerges. the epa has authority to restrict, suspend or cancel a pesticide \u2019 s registration. 13 a decision to cancel or suspend a pesticide also depends on the results of cost \u2013 benefit analyses focusing particularly on the impact of the cancellation on the production and price of agricultural commodities, retail food prices and other economic factors. before deciding to cancel or suspend a pesticide \u2019 s registration, an administrator must consider restricting its use. if restriction is deemed unfeasible, the epa will cancel the pesticide and provide a full justification for its action. 13 in viet nam, the oppq contains no specific clause on the suspension or cancellation of a registered pesticide. instead, the mard decides to restrict or prohibit the use of a pesticide in response to an alert from international organizations ( such as who, the food and agriculture organization and the united nations environment programme ) that evidence of toxicity or of the potential for dangerous side - effects has emerged in connection with the use of the pesticide. 21 such decisions, however, are usually made when a new pesticide is first registered, rather than after a pesticide is already registered. in the united states, the labelling and use of pesticides", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4889156300960479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c06575-7125-4e65-8a99-eb7b800ac2b3>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.615363"}
{"text": "connection with the use of the pesticide. 21 such decisions, however, are usually made when a new pesticide is first registered, rather than after a pesticide is already registered. in the united states, the labelling and use of pesticides are also subject to epa regulation under the fifra. accordingly, the sale and distribution of any mislabelled pesticide is an illegal action. 13 in addition to directions for use, a pesticide \u2019 s label must contain a statement to the effect that it is safe for human health and the environment. altering a label or using a pesticide that fails to comply with labelling requirements is prohibited. 13 similarly, under the oppq, the mard requires that the label of any pesticide distributed in viet nam be in vietnamese and that the label contain information on toxicity ; trade name ; ingredients ; directions for use ; safety during or after use ; first aid in case of poisoning ; mixing with other pesticides ; manufacturer ; expiry date ; storage, mixing and using ; re - entry time following pesticide application, and colour strip coding for toxicity level. 20 the worker protection standard ( wps ), which is the united states federal regulation issued to protect people from occupational exposure to agricultural pesticides, contains regulations on pesticide safety training, notification of pesticide application, use of personal protective equipment, field re - entry time restrictions following pesticide application and emergency medical assistance. 22 the epa is authorized to work closely with state - level pesticide regulatory agencies in conducting inspections to ensure that the regulation is implemented and enforced in agricultural communities. in the united states, a pesticide is considered suitable for general use if it has no unreasonable adverse effects on the environment when used as indicated on the label. a pesticide is for restricted use if it \u201c may generally cause, without additional regulatory restriction, unreasonable adverse effects on the environment \u201d. 13 under the wps, only a certified applicator or someone supervised by a certified applicator can apply pesticides whose use is restricted, whereas anyone can use non - restricted pesticides. the epa is authorized to issue certification standards for pesticide applicators to ensure that they are competent in the safe and effective use of pesticides. 13 in viet nam, no equivalent wps has been designed, and despite the fact that mard regularly issues a list of pesticides for restricted use, viet nam has established no similar requirements for the training or certification of pesticide applicators. pesticide storage and disposal in the united states the epa regulates pest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5081080589052195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c06575-7125-4e65-8a99-eb7b800ac2b3>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.616544"}
{"text": "and despite the fact that mard regularly issues a list of pesticides for restricted use, viet nam has established no similar requirements for the training or certification of pesticide applicators. pesticide storage and disposal in the united states the epa regulates pesticide storage and disposal for four categories of pesticide users : household consumers, farmers, retailers and commercial applicators. for each of these groups it provides detailed instructions, 23 but the corresponding state and local laws are often stricter than the federal regulations. for example, most states have developed programmes whereby farmers can \u201c collect and dispose of pesticides in a safe and simple way at little or no cost \u201d. 24 in viet nam, regulations on pesticide storage and preservation apply to everyone in general, rather than to different types of users. 20 they focus on storage and preservation requirements for industrial manufacturers and distribution companies rather than individual retailers and household applicators. pesticide disposal is regulated by a national chemicals law on hazardous waste management, as it is in the united states. 25, 26 however, no specific regulatory programme for the safe storage and disposal of agricultural pesticides has been developed by provincial agencies. pesticide import and export policy in the united states the epa regulates both the import and export of pesticides under the fifra ( section 17 ). however, the fifra has been criticized for authorizing the epa to comprehensively regulate the domestic use of pesticides while neglecting regulation on pesticide exportation. 17 although the epa issued the new export policy for pesticides \u201c to protect public health and the environment from unreasonable adverse effects of pesticides, both domestically and internationally \u201d, the agency still allows companies to export pesticides not registered for use in the united states as long as they fulfil certain labelling and warning requirements. moreover, despite a domestic requirement that product package labels be multilingual, exporters are only required to print multilingual labels for shipping containers but not for attachment to the product packages. 17 therefore, applicators in foreign countries may not have an opportunity to review warning information. in viet nam, any organization that imports or exports pesticides is required to obtain permission for both from the mard. the regulations issued by the mard on the importation of pesticides are relatively comprehensive. information must be furnished on the trade licence, the contract with exporters, the product manufacturer, the results of experimental studies and the listing of the pesticide among those registered for use in viet nam. 20 however, no regulation is in place for the importation of pest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43655941432360224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c06575-7125-4e65-8a99-eb7b800ac2b3>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.617719"}
{"text": "on the trade licence, the contract with exporters, the product manufacturer, the results of experimental studies and the listing of the pesticide among those registered for use in viet nam. 20 however, no regulation is in place for the importation of pesticides that are not registered for use in the exporting country. with respect to pesticide export there is only a general statement to the effect that individuals and organizations belonging to a class of commercial enterprise that is allowed to operate under the law and is a registered trader of pesticides and agricultural equipment are allowed to import and export pesticides. 20 improving pesticide regulation in viet nam table 1 summarizes the areas needing improvement in viet nam \u2019 s pesticide regulation. they include identifying the specific roles of related sectors and facilitating their active involvement in pesticide management and regulation to ensure that a registered pesticide will not cause unreasonable harm to human beings and the environment ; upgrading the oppq to the category of an official law that embraces, among other things, pesticide regulation, or developing a separate act and regulation ; enhancing the role played by the multisectoral pesticide technical advisory committee by developing an appropriate mechanism for the coordination of these multiple sectors. moreover, guidelines on conducting risk \u2013 benefit evaluations before pesticide registration should be developed for government officials, scientists and administrators. an additional clause on the restriction, cancellation and suspension of an existing pesticide registration should be developed and should include a requirement that registrants periodically submit data on a registered pesticide \u2019 s effects. specific regulations on the transport, storage and disposal of pesticides should be developed for various types of individual pesticide applicators such as farmers, household consumers and small retailers. restricted regulations on the importation of pesticides that are not registered or whose use is prohibited in exporting countries should be developed, and information on countries exporting pesticides should be made accessible through reliable channels. in addition, more specific requirements are needed for pesticide labelling by exporters, especially with respect to content warnings. finally, regulations governing worker protection standards, including pesticide safety training, notification of pesticide application, use of protective equipment, emergency medical assistance, and certification of training programmes for those who apply pesticides, especially restricted ones, should be developed. pesticide regulations in viet nam use a framework similar to the one that exists in the united states, in which pesticide registration is the crucial element in regulating pesticide distribution and use. however, some aspects need to be reformed to improve pesticide regulations and reduce the risk of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45952646135798214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c06575-7125-4e65-8a99-eb7b800ac2b3>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.618858"}
{"text": "nam use a framework similar to the one that exists in the united states, in which pesticide registration is the crucial element in regulating pesticide distribution and use. however, some aspects need to be reformed to improve pesticide regulations and reduce the risk of harmful effects on humans and the environment from the use of pesticides. through our analysis we have identified various areas of pesticide legislation that need improvement in viet nam. the legislative basis for pesticide regulation in viet nam, namely the oppq, should be reviewed and revised to reflect the international code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides, since the oppq was adopted 10 years before the code was issued by who and the food and agriculture organization. 27 moreover, regulations alone may not be sufficient to reduce the risk posed by pesticides. to protect agricultural workers, more comprehensive needs assessments involving the farming community should be performed. this work was supported by the australian endeavour post graduate award ( scholarship for doctoral study, grant : abn 83054575567 ). - pesticides and health in the americas [ environment series no. 12 ]. washington : world health organization ; 1993. - yanez l, ortiz d, calderon j, batres l, carrizales l, mejia j, et al., et al. overview of human health and chemical mixtures : problems facing developing countries. environ health perspect 2002 ; 110 : 901 - 9 doi : 10. 1289 / ehp. 02110s6901 pmid : 12634117. - ecobichon dj. pesticide use in developing countries. toxicology 2001 ; 160 : 27 - 33 doi : 10. 1016 / s0300 - 483x ( 00 ) 00452 - 2 pmid : 11246121. - farah j. pesticide policies in developing countries : do they encourage excessive pesticide use? washington : world bank ; 1961. - statistic yearbook of vietnam 2007. hanoi : general statistics office of vietnam ; 2008. - agroinfo, department of customs [ internet ]. in : the report of vietnam fumigation joint stock company ( vgf ). ho chi minh city : bao viet securities company ; 2010. - van hoi p. governing pesticide use in vegetable production in vietnam [ dissertation ]. wageningen : wageningen university ; 2010. available from : http : / / library. wur. nl / webquery / wda / lang / 1928507 [ accessed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45726619936404794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c06575-7125-4e65-8a99-eb7b800ac2b3>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.620982"}
{"text": "pesticide registration. washington : epa ; 2012. in : http : / / www. epa. gov / pesticides / regulating / data _ requirements. htm [ accessed 28 march 2012 ]. - united states environmental protection agency [ internet ]. 45 c. f. r \u00a7 158 ( a ) - ( b ). washington : epa ; 1994. available from : http : / / www. epa. gov / pesticides / regulating / laws. htm [ accessed 28 march 2012 ]. - tucker jc, brown ma. comparative analysis of pesticide regulatory programs in the united states and brazil. loy la int comp law j 1995 ; 18 : 81 - 108. - united states environmental protection agency [ internet ]. 40 c. f. r. \u00a7 152. 170. washington : epa ; 2007. available from : http : / / www. epa. gov / pesticides / regulating / laws. htm [ accessed 28 march 2012 ]. - united states environmental protection agency [ internet ]. 40 c. f. r. \u00a7 153. 67 ( a ). washington : epa ; 1994. available from : http : / / www. epa. gov / pesticides / regulating / laws. htm [ accessed 28 march 2012 ]. - viet nam, ministry of agriculture and rural development. on pesticide production, registration, import, store, dispose, labelling, packaging and advertisement. decision : no. 145 / 2002 / qd - bnn issued 18 december 2002. available from : http : / / www. spsvietnam. gov. vn / englishsps / pages / legal % 20context. aspx [ accessed 28 march 2012 ]. - viet nam, ministry of agriculture and rural development. circular 38 / 2010 / tt - bnnptnt issued on 28 june 2010. available from : http : / / www. spsvietnam. gov. vn / englishsps / pages / legal % 20context. aspx [ accessed 28 march 2012 ] - united states environmental protection agency [ internet ]. 40 cfr part 170, worker protection standard. washington : epa ; 2007. available from : http : / / www. epa. gov / pesticides / regulating / laws. htm [ accessed 28 march 2012 ]. - united states environmental protection agency [ internet ]. pesticides : regulating pesticides. storage and disposal. washington : epa ; 2010. available from : http : / / www. epa. gov / pesticides", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4279184023488617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:46c06575-7125-4e65-8a99-eb7b800ac2b3>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.623526"}
{"text": "tue january 15, 2013 in war - torn aleppo, old doors that reflect a grand tradition originally published on tue january 15, 2013 11 : 37 am aleppo ' s storied old city, which dates to the 12th century, has suffered much in the fighting between syrian government forces and rebels over the past few months. but parts of the city remain intact, as i saw on a recent walk through the winding, stone alleys on the way to the front line. centuries ago, it took muslims from this area months in a caravan to make the pilgrimage, or hajj, to mecca, the holiest site in islam, which is now part of saudi arabia. the trip was so difficult that pilgrims took burial clothes with them in case they didn ' t survive. if they did return home, families would organize a grand welcoming party. they would slaughter a sheep and invite relatives and neighbors. the house would be open for three days and nights. the house would also be decorated, and a stencil would be painted over the door, a mark of honor showing a drawing of the holy stone in mecca \u2014 the kaaba \u2014 and the archways of the sacred mosque that surrounds it. this way, all would know that a pilgrim, or haji, lived in the house. it ' s a practice that continues today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4134013170126124, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4e239201-d336-4eb8-b063-6d9e5ecc6950>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.626612"}
{"text": "another example of the ' new south ' feb. 3, 2001 kalamazoo - - for some a symbol of southern pride and heritage, the confederate battle flag became a political symbol against the civil rights movement in the 1950s and ' 60s. that political image is no longer in step with a rapidly changing south and explains why georgia lawmakers voted tuesday to sharply reduce its presence on the state flag and south carolina legislators removed it last year from the capitol dome, says dr. john clark, a wmu associate professor of political science and an expert on southern politics. \" there have been dramatic changes in the south in a whole number of areas, \" clark says. \" the flag is in some ways a symbol of that because it ' s a symbol that was put into place to try and fight against some of those changes and now it ' s being changed because it ' s a symbol that represents what ' s really the past for the south. \" it doesn ' t really represent the ' new south, ' which seems to me is a much more progressive, much more forward moving region and that ' s the kind of image that state legislators in south carolina last year and georgia this year want to convey to the rest of the country. \" though rapid change in the south over the past three decades is unmistakable, not everyone is happy about it, clark adds. \" the south is changing and change comes in a lot of ways, \" clark says. \" it includes things like economic development and in - migration. we ' ve seen the population in southern states increase again very dramatically in the most recent census, which gives them more political influence relative to the rest of the country. \" at the same time, having people move there from other parts of the country and other parts of the world changes the closed nature of that society and that system in a way that some people aren ' t very comfortable with. change tends to frighten people, especially if they don ' t know directly how it ' s going to affect them and especially if they see themselves and people like them as somehow being displaced in society. \" clark says economic boycotts or the threat of them, as well as lobbying by the business community and the possible loss of high - profile sporting events influenced decisions on the confederate battle flag in both states. media contact : mark schwerin, 616 387 - 8400, email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48188695414744676, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b073f637-2065-4277-a993-adafdb693b64>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.631967"}
{"text": "| the h2 double - slit experiment : where quantum and classical physics meet | for the first time, an international research team carried out a double - slit experiment in h2, the smallest and simplest molecule. thomas young ' s original experiment in 1803 passed light through two slits cut in a solid thin plate. in the groundbreaking experiment performed at als beamlines 4. 0 and 11. 0. 1, the researchers used electrons instead of light and the nuclei of the hydrogen molecule as the slits. the experiment revealed that only one \" observing \" electron suffices to induce the emergence of classical properties such as loss of coherence. present - day single photoionization experiments demonstrate double - slit self - interference for a single particle fully isolated from the classical environment. but if quantum particles were put in contact with the classical world in a controlled manner, at what scale would quantum interference begin to diminish and particles start to behave classically? the team decided to study the double photoionization ( complete fragmentation ) of h2, creating two repelling protons acting as a double slit, a fast interfering electron, and a second electron behaving as an active or inactive observer. experiments were performed at two different photon energies : = 240 and 160 ev, leaving about 190 and 110 ev to be shared between the two electrons, respectively. at these high photon energies, double photoionization of h2 led in most cases to one fast and one slow electron. the fast electron ' s energies were 185 to 190 ev ; the slow electron \u2019 s were 5 ev or less ( corresponding to an inactive observer ). the interference pattern of the fast electron was conditioned by the presence and velocity of the other : the greater the difference in their speeds, the less their interaction and the more visible the interference patterns. both electrons were isolated from their surroundings, and quantum coherence prevailed, revealed by the fast electron ' s wavelike interference pattern at the two protons. however, at high photon - energy levels, the fast electron absorbed almost all the energy of the incident single photon, leaving the system too rapidly for interaction with the slow electron. yet the slow electron was also ejected from the molecule through the mysterious process of electron \u2013 electron correlation. this \" secret entanglement \" allows two electrons to remain connected even though far apart. the researchers now had what they needed to build their classical / quantum interface. they choose ionization events where the slow electron had a bit more energy ( 5 \u2013 25 ev ) allowing it act as the classical environment ( an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6661909524113431, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5a97766-4890-4e47-b8ad-668a033e2f72>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.639215"}
{"text": "connected even though far apart. the researchers now had what they needed to build their classical / quantum interface. they choose ionization events where the slow electron had a bit more energy ( 5 \u2013 25 ev ) allowing it act as the classical environment ( an active observer ). the quantum system of the fast electron now interacted with the slow electron and began to decohere, its interference pattern disappearing. however, the overall coherence was still hidden in the two electrons ' entanglement. the dielectron ' s wavelength was short enough to still interfere ( the sum energy of the two electrons was high enough ), and there was no environment to disturb the interference as the two electrons were now combined into one quasiparticle. thus, interference between the entangled electrons could be reconstructed by graphing their correlated momenta from the angles at which they were ejected. two waveforms appeared in the graph, either of which could be projected to show an interference pattern. because the two waveforms were out of phase with each other, when viewed simultaneously, the interference vanished. if the two - electron system is split into its subsystems and one is thought of as the environment of the other, it becomes evident that classical properties such as loss of coherence can emerge even when only four particles are involved. yet because the two electrons ' subsystems are entangled in a tractable way, their quantum coherence can be reconstructed. in solid - state \u2013 based quantum computing devices, such electron \u2013 electron interaction represents a key challenge as decoherence and loss of information occur on the tiny scale of a single hydrogen molecule. the good news, however, is that, in theory, the information is not completely lost. research conducted by d. akoury, th. weber ( university frankfurt, germany, and berkeley lab, u. s. ) ; k. kreidi, t. jahnke, a. staudte, m. schoffler, n. neumann, j. titze, l. ph. h. schmidt, a. czasch, o. jagutzki, r. a. costa fraga, r. e. grisenti, h. schmidt - bocking, r. dorner ( university frankfurt, germany ) ; t. osipov, h. adaniya, m. h. prior, a. belkacem, ( berkeley lab, ca, u. s. ) ; r. diez muino ( centro de fisica de", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.7008581750028955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d5a97766-4890-4e47-b8ad-668a033e2f72>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.640387"}
{"text": "december 06, 2010 sex, frogs, and rock & roll acoustic signals are not the only way we humans communicate, we also rely on visual signals. the way we dress and how we carry ourselves play a big part in the mating game. likewise diurnal frogs draw attention to themselves with an array of visual signals ; from toe - trembling, arm waving, limp - shaking, to name a few. think about elvis. however, most frogs prefer to be out at night, in the cover of darkness, as do juvenile homo sapiens out on the hunt. for frogs at night visual cues may not do the trick. for nocturnal frogs, acoustic communication is therefore fundamental for mate - recognition and the reproduction process. notwithstanding the occasional madonna or lady gaga, as talented as so many of them are, and as hard as they try, human musicians who happen to be female have a harder time attracting an audience than male musicians do. beautiful, classically trained women with angelic voices, who can crank out tunes that rival songs by john & paul, usually cannot compete with demonic looking males who may only know two or three guitar cords, cannot sing in tune if their life depended on it, whose songs are rather uninspiring, and louder than they ought to be ; such is the reality of the music industry. this may not be just a socially instituted bias against female musicians, it might be a biological convention dating back eons. the best way for males ( frog or human ) to get the attention of females is by standing out in a crowd. for frogs the more effort a male puts into calling, and the louder he calls, the more effective the calls will be. consequently the volume of noise put out by these little guys is amazing. a successful rock star has a following of groupies ; some of them may be lucky enough to get backstage passes. other fans just come to the concert without getting close to the star at all. an entire hierarchy surrounds the concert scene. back at the frog pond, status is equally important. during the breeding season, many different frogs from many different species may be calling at the same time, and when large groups assemble competition is tough. each species has its own unique mating call, but when many species chorus at the same time, it sounds as if several orchestras are playing different symphonies at once. females single out the calls of their own species from the cacophony and then choose a suitor. for frogs at the pond, male calls may be interfered with by competing members of the same species or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49441781865882506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44f4316b-673d-40ea-9cc3-b3722b0b3344>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.647666"}
{"text": "orchestras are playing different symphonies at once. females single out the calls of their own species from the cacophony and then choose a suitor. for frogs at the pond, male calls may be interfered with by competing members of the same species or by the calls of different species ; the larger the chorus the greater the acoustic interference. this poses a problem for females. they can ' t possibly check out all the males in a large chorus, and females that move around investigating different suitors are more likely to run into predators. most females therefore prefer to choose a mate from a relatively small sample group. a female frog usually tracks the call that is the most noticeable \u2014 whether it is the loudest, the longest, or the most complex \u2014 so males need to make their calls as district as possible. often, the call of a male is fairly distinct until a rival comes along and ruins everything. when interrupted by the call of a competitor, a male may change his own call by changing or adding notes, or by increasing the intervals between notes. a tree frog becomes attentive when a competitor arrives on the scene, and may ignore all interruptions except those of the nearest male. since it is not feasible for one frog to outdo the entire chorus, a male simply distinguishes himself from his nearest or loudest competitor. occasionally a male strikes out on his own, stagging a solo performance, but this can be a chancy business. unless he is prudent, this could take too much energy and allow predators to zero in. therefore, compared to males in a chorus, an isolated male is often more conservative with his energy. the calls of an isolated male are shorter, which makes him less attractive to females. males that call more loudly and more frequently than their competitors should be able to attract more females, but life is not always so simple. dense vegetation may prevent the sound of a frog ' s calls from traveling very far, so the quality of his perching site is significant. breeding success for the north american gray tree frog ( hyla versicolor ) seems to depend more on good perching sties more than any other variable. ideal perches are horizontal and relatively free of vegetation, so that sound can travel far and undisturbed. when the call is made on a horizontal perch it spreads uniformly and is less likely to be reflected \u2014 a primitive but effective sound stage. male frogs claim their territory by sound \u2014 the farther the call can travel, the larger the territory. a male with a good perch will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4899865653493487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44f4316b-673d-40ea-9cc3-b3722b0b3344>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.648860"}
{"text": "made on a horizontal perch it spreads uniformly and is less likely to be reflected \u2014 a primitive but effective sound stage. male frogs claim their territory by sound \u2014 the farther the call can travel, the larger the territory. a male with a good perch will have fewer male rivals, and when a female approaches she will be less likely to lose auditory contact. a male must compete for good calling locations either by vocalization or by fighting. tree frogs presumably defend their territories with aggressive calls, but in some species these calls are not appealing to females. thus if a male bickers too long or too often with other males he may forfeit his chance to mate for the night. sound familiar? male golden palm tree frogs ( hyla ebraccata ) of central america manage not to alienate females by finishing their aggressive calls early in the evening, establishing their territories before the females arrive. the later evening is reserved for courting calls. eleutherodactylus coqui have solved this problem in a different way. they devised a combination call, which has the duel function of attracting females and deterring males. since the call has notes for both purposes, the females don ' t seem repelled. a common strategy of subordinate males is to lie low near the perch of a dominant rock star, rather than relocating. when the dominate male is busy mating, his perching spot is temporarily unguarded, and a subordinate male may snatch the post. if the subordinate is lucky he may attract a female before the dominate male is finished mating. another tactic is to intercept a female on her way to the dominate male. this may or may not work, females have been known to reject such overtures. my favorite rock stars among the anurans are the north american bull frogs ( rana catesbeiana ). bullfrogs are loners, but during the spring, these anurans can congregate in large numbers. males arrive first before the females. the mating season is quite long because not all females are receptive at the same time. some will be ready to mate in may others not until july. in addition, females may be gravid for only a day ; thus in the pond males outnumber females. the absolute best location for a male is at the center of the chorus ; usually the largest and oldest males are found there. young males are pushed out to the edges of the chorus or chased away altogether, but if they assume a subordinate posture, they are allowed to remain in the area. a chorus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4143242737580532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44f4316b-673d-40ea-9cc3-b3722b0b3344>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.649925"}
{"text": "center of the chorus ; usually the largest and oldest males are found there. young males are pushed out to the edges of the chorus or chased away altogether, but if they assume a subordinate posture, they are allowed to remain in the area. a chorus usually stays at the same location for several nights but eventually dissolves, only to reform again at another location. choruses form when dominate males call and are joined by other males. during the first few nights activity intensifies and peaks. after several successful males have departed and the chorus has lost it lead vocalists, it tends to dissipate. males don ' t know where or when a female will be receptive so by frequently changing location they are more likely to encounter one. when a dominate male leaves for a different location other bull frogs waste no time and quickly follow him. females remain inconspicuous as they move from one male to another and from one chorus to another. they submerge under the water until only their eyes show. hardly causing a ripple, they make their rounds swimming through the crowd. females enter into the males territory, briefly emerge to check out the crowd, and then submerge again to continue the search. females may actively move around the pond for several days and the males pay little attention to them. when a female has her mind made up she touches the male of her choice. as soon as she gives this clue, the male follows her. the pair leaves the chorus to mate, and once this task is complete the female departs. as a young man i often spent as much time observing the behavior of the people who attended concerts and parties as i did listening to the music, and when i got older and obsessed with nature, in particular the nature one finds around wetlands, i couldn ' t help but notice the similarities. so the next time you venture past a crowd of teenagers at a concert or party, observe their posturing and consider how old the game is. the biological imperative is as ancient as life itself, and some aspects of its expression haven ' t changed much. posted by wayne ferrier at 12 : 08 am | permalink", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48740991319673865, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44f4316b-673d-40ea-9cc3-b3722b0b3344>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.650864"}
{"text": "erdberg ( at ) - in today ' s enthusiasm for sustainable development, the hype surrounding many projects often involves their near - zero energy consumption or diminutive carbon footprint. but in the case of coop himmelb ( l ) au ' s award - winning office tower, the so - called ' energy - active ' design is in fact projected to produce more energy than it uses. town town erdberg, located on the outskirts of vienna adjacent to a subway line and nearby the airport and a major highway, intends to be the distinctive centrepiece for sustainable design in this emerging urban zone. like an echinoderm escaped from the sea, the building ' s eccentric architectural form derives from a spiny skin that envelopes both slab and tower elements, and was developed to exploit local climatic conditions. in - depth analyses of wind flows and sun trajectories at the site led the architects to two key energy harnessing elements : the external facade ' s optimum geometry, consisting of folded sheet metal facets and special panels coated with a photovoltaic laminate to capture solar energy, and the integration of a large turbine on the tower ' s top that will produce wind energy. in addition, the entire structure can be naturally ventilated through operable windows or by adjusting the climatic skin. together with low energy consumption and environmental control systems, the sun - and wind - energy harvesting strategies offered by this example of environmentally intelligent building design claim to produce more energy than the building actually consumes. further, the structure is quite efficient in terms of internal space ; the ratio of net usable floor area to gross floor area is 86 %, as opposed to 82 % in a conventional building. no wonder, then, that functionally and climatically optimal town town erdberg is slated to receive the sustainability award of the 2010 mipim architectural review future project awards. ( dutton r. hauhart )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5445117967661639, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3884bf3b-ce55-4a25-8450-c4a07e2231ce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.653141"}
{"text": "two things i \u2019 ve learned over the years that i \u2019 ve worked with lgbt students at the american civil liberties union are that many school administrators and teachers don \u2019 t have the slightest clue about what their students \u2019 legal rights are, and that a lot of the ones who do know go right ahead and violate students \u2019 rights anyway because they think they can get away with it. the only way to be sure that your school will respect and uphold your legal rights is for you to educate yourself about what your rights are and hold your school to its responsibility to protect and enforce them. that \u2019 s never more true than during day of silence, an annual event designed to bring attention to the bullying, harassment, and name - calling lgbt students often experience in school. here are four things you need to know about your rights as you mark day of silence this year on friday, april 16. - you do have a right to participate in day of silence and other expressions of your opinion at a public school during non - instructional time : the breaks between classes, before and after the school day, lunchtime, and any other free times during your day. if your principal or a teacher tells you otherwise, you should contact our office or the gay, lesbian and straight education network. - you do not have a right to remain silent during class time if a teacher asks you to speak. if you want to stay quiet during class on day of silence, we recommend that you talk with your teachers ahead of time, tell them that you plan to participate in day of silence and why it \u2019 s important to you, and ask them if it would be okay for you to communicate in class on that day in writing. most teachers will probably say yes. - your school is not required to \u201c sponsor \u201d day of silence. but day of silence is rarely a school - sponsored activity to begin with \u2014 it \u2019 s almost always an activity led by students. so don ' t be confused - just because your school isn \u2019 t officially sponsoring or participating in day of silence doesn \u2019 t mean that you can \u2019 t participate. - students who oppose day of silence do have the right to express their views, too. like you, they must do so in a civil, peaceful way and they only have a right to do so during noninstructional time. for example, they don \u2019 t have a right to skip school on day of silence without any consequences, just as you don ' t have a right to skip school just because you don \u2019 t like what they think or say.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4123344774802603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:843a4f56-7e46-43e1-bcd3-dbb48d85bb76>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.659261"}
{"text": "the occidentalis linux distribution for raspberry pi ( and raspbian as of dec 2012 ) includes support for the ds18b20 1 - wire temperature sensor. these sensors come in a small three pin package like a transistor and are accurate digital devices. in this lesson, you will learn how to use a ds18b20 with the raspberry pi to take temperature readings. since the raspberry pi has no adc ( analog to digital converter ), it cannot directly use an analog temperature sensor like the tmp36, making the ds18b20 a good choice for temperature sensing. this incredibly small stereo amplifier is surprisingly powerful \u2013 able to deliver 2 x 3. 7w channels into 3 ohm impedance speakers. inside the miniature chip is a class d controller, able to run from 2. 7v - 5. 5vdc. since the amp is a class d, its incredibly efficient ( over 90 % efficient when driving an 8\u03c9 speaker at over a watt ). this amplifier is perfect for portable and battery - powered projects. it has built in thermal and over - current protection, but you really have to drive it hard before it even gets warm! this board is a welcome upgrade to basic \u201c lm386 \u2033 amps! stepper motors fall somewhere in between a regular dc motor ( lesson 9 ) and a servo motor ( lesson 8 ] ). they have the advantage that they can be positioned accurately, moved forward or backwards one \u2018 step \u2019 at a time, but they can also rotate continuously. in this lesson you will learn how to control a stepper motor using your raspberry pi and the same l293d motor control chip that you used with the dc motor in lesson 9. the lesson will also show you how to use an alternative driver chip, the uln2803. for this project, it does not really matter if you use a l293d or a uln2803. the lower cost of the uln2803 and the four spare outputs, that you could use for something else, probably make it the best choice if you don \u2019 t have either chip. the motor is quite low power and suffers less from the surges in current than dc motors and servos ( which use dc motors ). this project will therefore work okay powered from the 5v line of the raspberry pi, as long as the pi is powered from a good supply of at least 1a. we have a new alpha release of the rap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4673483233240936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:116eebb3-441a-4dab-b3ec-cc1350af72da>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.673402"}
{"text": "which use dc motors ). this project will therefore work okay powered from the 5v line of the raspberry pi, as long as the pi is powered from a good supply of at least 1a. we have a new alpha release of the rapsberry pi webide ready to go. this latest version is primarily bug fixes, but it does have one new feature! we \u2019 ve added the ability to create folders at all levels of your project to help with organization of those more complex projects. the new changes for the 0. 3. 2 version of the webide are as follows : navigator : add ability to create folders at all levels. debugger : fix display of local vs global variables. terminal : set terminal width based on containing parent, use entire width and height. the raspberry pi webide includes an advanced, yet easy to use tool, to help you work through code that you \u2019 ve downloaded or written in python. if you haven \u2019 t used a debugger, either on the command line or in an integrated development environment ( ide ), hopefully this guide will help you understand why you \u2019 d want to do so, and how to effectively debug your code. this is my first video in a new series that will cover every aspect of the adafruit learning system raspberry pi webide. the webide is still in the early development phase, but we are rapidly packing in great new features, and squashing bugs. even though it is still in alpha, this first video shows you how incredibly easy it is to install the webide onto your raspberry pi. the goal is to release a new video each friday to cover a new feature of the webide. this lesson describes how to control both the speed and direction of a dc motor using python and a l293d chip. in lesson 8, we used the pi to generate pulses to control the position of a servo motor. in this lesson we use pulses to control the speed of a regular dc motor and the l293d motor control chip to reverse the direction of the current through the motor and hence the direction in which it turns. i2c is a two - wire serial bus interface historically used to communicate between different components of an electronics device on the same circuit board. amidst the rise in hobbyist / open electronics and the \u201c internet of things \u201d, i2c has also become popular as a well - defined communication technology between off - the - shelf electronic project components of the type commonly sold at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47715477607834045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:116eebb3-441a-4dab-b3ec-cc1350af72da>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.675675"}
{"text": "same circuit board. amidst the rise in hobbyist / open electronics and the \u201c internet of things \u201d, i2c has also become popular as a well - defined communication technology between off - the - shelf electronic project components of the type commonly sold at adafruit, sparkfun, and newark. accelerometers, nfc chips, led displays, and many other types of devices are available using this interface, allowing hackers to easily communicate bidirectionally with special - purpose components from their micro - controller or full - fledged computer projects. one example of such a component that is fun to play with is the adafruit 8\u00d78 led matrix w / i2c backpack. this device is pretty much exactly what it sounds like, 64 leds arranged 8\u00d78 that can be individually controlled over an i2c interface via an ht16k33 integrated circuit. starting with a few of these devices and a raspberry pi, i decided to delve into what it would take to drive the leds from my favorite language, go. i started by soldering the led matrix devices to their backpacks as described here : adafruit provides great support for controlling these devices and others that they carry from within python code ( available via github ( https : / / github. com / adafruit / adafruit - raspberry - pi - python - code ) and this code works well for spot - checking that the device has been successfully connected and is in working order. all of my soldering went okay and the device worked ( though i did have to modify the python code slightly because at the time it assumed it would be driving a led matrix on i2c bus 0, but it should have been using bus 1 because the i2c bus number designations flipped around the time the newer 512mb raspberry pi devices became available and my pi is a 512mb model ). what \u2019 s better than a single led? lots of leds! a fun way to make a small display is to use an 8\u00d78 matrix or a 4 - digit 7 - segment display. matrices like these are \u2018 multiplexed \u2019 \u2013 so to control 64 leds you need 16 pins. that \u2019 s a lot of pins, and there are driver chips like the max7219 that can control a matrix for you but there \u2019 s a lot of wiring to set up and they take up a ton of space. here at adafruit we feel your pain! after all, wouldn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5018424820929129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:116eebb3-441a-4dab-b3ec-cc1350af72da>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.677565"}
{"text": "are driver chips like the max7219 that can control a matrix for you but there \u2019 s a lot of wiring to set up and they take up a ton of space. here at adafruit we feel your pain! after all, wouldn \u2019 t it be awesome if you could control a matrix without tons of wiring? that \u2019 s where these adorable led matrix backpacks come in. we have them in two flavors - a mini 8\u00d78 and a 4 - digit 0. 56 \u2033 7 - segment. they work perfectly with the matrices we stock in the adafruit shop and make adding a bright little display trivial. the watch kit already ships with style to spare, but that \u2019 s no reason to limit yourself to the included watch band when you can make one. here are the steps i took to create the \u201c circling the square \u201d timesquare watch body. as i guide you through the steps i followed, i will share plenty of tips and tricks for how you can design your own! we have a new alpha release of the rapsberry pi webide ready to go. this version includes a major new feature that allows you to debug your python programs. this is a real - time step debugger, with breakpoints, output, etc. the new changes for the 0. 3. 0 version of the webide are as follows : python step debugger node. js update to 0. 8 from 0. 6 for faster navigation, and page loads. package node binaries with the webide for faster, and easier installs note : to take advantage of the updated node binaries, and increased speed of the webide, you \u2019 ll want to do an uninstall / installation, as the binaries are configured during the installation process, so updating within the editor won \u2019 t pick those changes up. here \u2019 s a screenshot of the debugger in action : upgrading from 0. 2. 0 and higher you can upgrade from 0. 2. 0 and higher from within the editor. if you \u2019 d like the increased speed using the new node binaries, you \u2019 ll want to uninstall / install again. ensure that your code is safely saved in your repository at bitbucket. org. login to the editor. click update in the upper right. update should take about a minute. upgrading from 0. 1. 9 and lower to install this new editor, you \u2019 ll want to completely remove your old editor, and run the installation script", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47002929238307056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:116eebb3-441a-4dab-b3ec-cc1350af72da>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.679935"}
{"text": "perhaps one of the most interesting and colorful words in the english language today is the word \" fuck \". it is the one magical word which, just by its sound, can describe pain, pleasure, love, and hate. in language, \" fuck \" falls into many grammatical categories. it can be used as a verb, both transitive ( john fucked mary ) and intransitive ( mary was fucked by john ). it can be an action verb ( john really gives a fuck ), a passive verb ( mary really doesn ' t give a fuck ), an adverb ( mary is fucking interested in john ), or as a noun ( mary is a terrific fuck ). it can also be used as an adjective ( mary is fucking beautiful ) or an interjection ( fuck! i ' m late for my date with mary ). it can even be used as a conjunction ( mary is easy, fuck she ' s also stupid ). as you can see, there are very few words with the overall versatility of the word \" fuck \".. aside from its sexual connotations, this incredible word can be used to describe many situations : 1. greetings \" how the fuck are ya? \" 2. fraud \" i got fucked by the car dealer. \" 3. resignation \" oh, fuck it! \" 4. trouble \" i guess i ' m fucked now. \" 5. aggression \" fuck you! \" 6. disgust \" fuck me. \" 7. confusion \" what the fuck.......? \" 8. difficulty \" i don ' t understand this fucking shit! \" 9. despair \" fucked again... \" 10. pleasure \" i couldn ' t be fucking happier. \" 11. displeasure \" what the fuck is going on here? \" 12. lost \" where the fuck are we. \" 13. disbelief \" un - fucking - lievable! \" 14. retaliation \" up your fucking ass! \" 15. denial \" i didn ' t fucking do it. \" 16. perplexity \" i know fuck all about it. \" 17. apathy \" who really gives a fuck, anyhow? \" 18. suspicion \" who the fuck are you? \" 19. panic \" let ' s get the fuck out of here. \" 20. disbelief \" how the fuck did you do that? \" 21. directions \" fuck off. \" it can be used in an anatomical description - \" he ' s a fucking asshole. \" it can be used to tell time -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5097607968356346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:257ddbfe-5fee-4d52-86a4-e3caf0d3d4f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.692763"}
{"text": "here. \" 20. disbelief \" how the fuck did you do that? \" 21. directions \" fuck off. \" it can be used in an anatomical description - \" he ' s a fucking asshole. \" it can be used to tell time - \" it ' s five fucking thirty. \" it can be used in business - \" how did i wind up with this fucking job? \" it can be maternal - \" motherfucker. \" it can be political - \" fuck democrats! \" it has also been used by many notable people throughout history : mayor of hiroshima \" what the fuck was that? \" general custer \" where did all these fucking indians come from? \" captain of the titanic \" where the fuck is all this water coming from? \" john lennon \" that ' s not a real fucking gun. \" richard nixon \" who ' s gonna fucking find out? \" anne boleyn \" heads are going to fucking roll. \" commander of challenger \" let the fucking woman drive. \" albert einstein \" any fucking idiot knows that. \" picasso \" it does so fucking look like her! \" pythagoras \" how the fuck did you work that out? \" michaelangelo \" you want what on the fucking ceiling? \" walt disney \" fuck a duck. \" edmund hilary \" why? - because its fucking there! \" joan of arc \" i don ' t suppose its gonna fucking rain? \" noah \" scattered fucking showers my ass. \" john f. kennedy \" i need a parade like i need a fucking hole in my head. \" copy & paste to friend : ( click inside box ; ctrl + c to copy ; ctrl + v to paste ) read more blogs! blogs by mrbluefox : | the proper grammar usage of the word fuck", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4752122301195416, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:257ddbfe-5fee-4d52-86a4-e3caf0d3d4f6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.700930"}
{"text": "the following excerpts are from witness to history, edited by ruth lichtenstein these are the stories, passed down as a sacred oral tradition, from survivors to their children. these true stories portray the human side of holocaust statistics ; they commemorate six million souls who would otherwise be anonymous victims ; they give a voice to their silenced stories. these are the anecdotes recorded on scraps of paper and in hidden diaries, the stories preserved in the memories of friends and witnesses who cheated death. culled from documents and interviews, here are the words that tell us why the jewish spirit remained alive long after so many jews were murdered. the piaseczner rebbe life had become a macabre nightmare. hunger and terror ruled ; people had been reduced to little more than physical existence, groveling for survival before a monstrous beast. few people could imagine freedom ; fewer still could focus on anything more than their next crust of bread. discovered buried in warsaw, esh kodesh ( holy fire ) is a collection of torah insights revealing a spiritual awareness that transcended the circumstances in which it was composed. this remarkable work was authored by the piaseczner rebbe, rabbi kalonymus kalmish shapira. leader of a chassidic court he had established in piaseczno, poland, at the age of twenty, rabbi shapira commanded a loyal following. his sharp intellect and personality established him as one of the great chassidic leaders of his time, and he founded and taught in the da \u2019 as moshe yeshivah. rabbi shapira authored several books, among them chovos ha - talmidim, a text of religious inspiration and ethics for yeshivah youth. his notebooks of writings, later published as esh kodesh, were found with a letter from rabbi shapira, begging the finder to arrange for their publication. the book has since become a classic of inspirational religious thought. world war ii broke out shortly before the high holy days of 1939. rabbi shapira immediately left piaseczno for warsaw, along with some of his followers. the early months of the war shattered rabbi shapira \u2019 s familiar world. his writings during those months, however, reflect a single line of thought : suffering must be used as a medium to perfect a relationship with god. the prayers that year proceeded despite constant shelling, and rabbi shapira maintained his rigorous schedule, giving lectures every sabbath and holiday to all who sought comfort and inspiration in those trying times. during", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4415737940139758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7f27925-ba38-4455-925c-48c28651dfad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.767053"}
{"text": "used as a medium to perfect a relationship with god. the prayers that year proceeded despite constant shelling, and rabbi shapira maintained his rigorous schedule, giving lectures every sabbath and holiday to all who sought comfort and inspiration in those trying times. during the two days before sukkos, incessant bombing ravaged warsaw, killing thousands and injuring the rebbe \u2019 s only son, rabbi elimelech benzion shapira. he was transferred to the local hospital, and when his wife heard the news, she and her aunt ( rabbi kalonymus \u2019 sister - in - law ) rushed there. as they arrived, a shell burst near the hospital, killing the two women only a few days before rabbi elimelech, too, died of his wounds, shortly before the sabbath. \" there are no words to express our pain, there is no one to mourn, and there is no heart to awaken to worship of god and torah \u2026 \" that entire sabbath, the piaseczner rebbe \u2019 s serenity belied his inner anguish. only at the end of the sabbath did the rebbe allow his pain to flicker forth. \u201c ich hob shoin di milchomo farshpilt ( i have already been defeated in this war ), \u201d he said to his followers. \u201c may god help the jewish people emerge victorious. \u201d his mother passed away only two weeks later. shortly thereafter, he wrote : we cannot go in the ways of god only when things are good for us.... when a person is steeped in good, it \u2019 s easy for him to serve god with joy, love, and excitement. when, god forbid, he experiences suffering, he should make use of that situation and serve god with a broken heart and an outpouring of his soul. as the hunger and aktionen intensified in the ghetto and fear dominated the lives of its inhabitants, the piaseczner rebbe still urged his fellow jews to study, to grow, and to love god despite \u2014 and even because of \u2014 all the horrors. \u201c if we have more free time, we must establish more torah lectures, \u201d he instructed. among his many inspiring thoughts was one lecture he presented during the summer of 1941 : when a jew contemplates the physical and spiritual holocaust, the destruction of torah and religion... he is deeply saddened, but, because of his deep desire for torah and for worship of god and his pain over its destruction, he can sweeten these terrible decrees", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5104525468037859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7f27925-ba38-4455-925c-48c28651dfad>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.768720"}
{"text": "yet rabbi shapira qualified this opinion in late 1942. with the horrors of the summer \u2019 s mass deportations still fresh, and barely a remnant of what was the largest jewish community in poland still alive, rabbi shapira wrote that his former statement applied... only for the tribulation until the end of 5702 [ summer of 1942 ], but after the unprecedented suffering and terrible deaths that the murderous evildoers invented for the jews, according to my knowledge of [ the words of ] chazal [ the sages ] and the history of the jews, there has never been anything like this. and may god have mercy on us. in his later writings in 1942, when the end seemed near, rabbi shapira expressed his increasing pain at the horrors occurring around him : everything that a jew says or does, the essence of his soul actually directs toward god, so it seems to a person that he is requesting a favor from a man, but his inner soul is really appealing to god... and when we hear the cries of pain of young and old, crying out, \u201c save us, save us, \u201d we know that this is the cry of their soul, and of the soul of all of us, to god, our merciful father \u2014 \u201c save us, save us \u201d \u2014 so long as there is a breath of life within us. and indeed, it is amazing that the world can still stand after so many such cries. in the [ midrash of ] the ten martyrs of israel [ ten sages whom the romans tortured and murdered in the second century ce ] it says [ that ] a heavenly voice declared, \u201c if i hear one more cry, i will turn the world to water. \u201d and now innocent children... and the holy great ones of israel are killed and butchered just because they are jewish... and the whole world fills with their screams. and the world is not turned to water, but stands as if nothing has happened. \" the whole world fills with their screams. and the world is not turned to water, but stands as if nothing has happened. \" the closing lines of rabbi shapira \u2019 s esh kodesh convey both his sensitivity to jewish suffering and his faith in god \u2019 s salvation : on shabbos chazon, we read of the vision of isaiah... because in heaven they see the afflictions of the jews.... and through this pain, they bring the salvation. the reading begins with the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43061154562363213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7f27925-ba38-4455-925c-48c28651dfad>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.771955"}
{"text": ": on shabbos chazon, we read of the vision of isaiah... because in heaven they see the afflictions of the jews.... and through this pain, they bring the salvation. the reading begins with the most difficult of all visions and concludes with the salvation, \u201c zion [ israel ] shall be redeemed with justice, and her captives with charity. \u201d shortly before the germans liquidated the ghetto, the piaseczner rebbe was assigned to work in the \u201c schultz shop, \u201d the shoe factory managed by avraham hendel. during the warsaw uprising, rabbi shapira was deported to the poniatow labor camp near lublin. he was murdered there on november 2, 1943. he stayed with his people until his death, offering comfort, inspiration, and a vision of a higher purpose amid the most unimaginable evil. a life \u2019 s work rabbi moshe chaim lau, [ father of rabbi yisrael meir lau, ashkenazic chief rabbi of israel from 1993 \u2013 2003 ] rabbi of piotrkow, poland, had spent years researching the jewish laws of kiddush hashem in preparation for a book on the subject. few understood his passion for a seemingly impractical topic. he told them, \u201c i foresee that hard times are coming, when every jew will need to know these laws. we must study how to die, just as we now study how to live. \u201d when the nazis invaded in 1940, his prediction came true. rabbi lau was appointed to the judenrat, the jewish city council, and his home became a haven for the needy of piotrkow and the refugees passing through the town. on october 14, the nazis ordered the jews of piotrkow to report to the deportation area. a serene rabbi lau appeared in the square, dressed in his traditional clothing, his full beard intact. more concerned for his followers than for himself, he was afraid that if he hid, his absence would prompt the nazis to launch an intensive search for him, which would ferret out other jews from their hiding places. rabbi lau remained in the deportation square throughout the aktion, a small torah scroll in his arms, as the nazis dragged the townspeople onto the trains. on the fourth day, the head nazi roared at him, \u201c the jews need you there, too! \u201d and so he joined the last transport to treblinka. in treblinka, with the end imminent, he stood at the head of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4914478395148684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7f27925-ba38-4455-925c-48c28651dfad>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.773013"}
{"text": "fourth day, the head nazi roared at him, \u201c the jews need you there, too! \u201d and so he joined the last transport to treblinka. in treblinka, with the end imminent, he stood at the head of the crowd and cried out the final viduy, the confession before death, his words echoed by the voices of the jews repeating it after him. his vision of a need for a work on kiddush hashem had tragically become a reality. warsaw ghetto, 1942 : the aktion was raging. a group of jews huddled in an attic, among them rabbi aharon perlow. rabbi perlow was known as a scholar, a violinist, and the sensitive, self - effacing son of the stoliner rebbe, head of one of lithuania \u2019 s chassidic groups. the cramped, dark attic in which the jews were hiding had been arranged by berele \u201c ganif \u201d ( thief in yiddish ), a local jew known for his pilfering tendencies. \u201c jews, \u201d he screamed, \u201c how can we sit by while a jewish woman is in danger? \u201d a crack in the wall of the attic afforded them a view of both the lower level of the house in which they hid and the entrance area to the building. a few days into the aktion, reb aharon and the others noticed a terrified pregnant woman running into the building looking for a place to hide, with a nazi just behind her. they watched as she fell, her body thudding to the ground. the nazi cocked his rifle, aiming it directly at her. rabbi perlow leaped up and reached for the door. the others tried to stop him from leaving, pleading with him that he could do no good ; the nazi would simply kill them both, and possibly discover their hideout. \u201c jews, \u201d he screamed, \u201c how can we sit by while a jewish woman is in danger? \u201d the soft - spoken rabbi ran out of the attic, roaring at the nazi : \u201c murderer, is your heart made of stone? do you not have a mother of your own? \u201d the nazi, shocked by the sight of the man in full chassidic garb shouting at him, initially turned to run from the building. but then he twisted back and began to fire his gun furiously, repeatedly, mechanically, mortally wounding both the woman and rabbi perlow. shuddering in agony from his wounds, rabbi perlow raised a clenched fist and whispered : \u201c... say vidu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4417604393675901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7f27925-ba38-4455-925c-48c28651dfad>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.774148"}
{"text": "then he twisted back and began to fire his gun furiously, repeatedly, mechanically, mortally wounding both the woman and rabbi perlow. shuddering in agony from his wounds, rabbi perlow raised a clenched fist and whispered : \u201c... say viduy. bring my violin and play the niggun [ melody ].... \u201d berele ganif raced to get the violin as rabbi perlow lay in a growing pool of his own blood. berele ganif played the melody. he cried and played, the music mingling with the screams of rabbi perlow \u2019 s wife... he played until the rabbi \u2019 s eyes finally closed, and then berele fell to the ground, clutching the holy man \u2019 s body : \u201c rebbe! i was a thief, but i have a jewish heart. i swear, i swear on your body, on your holy soul, rebbe, that i will continue this niggun! \u201d a torah court case in auschwitz rabbi yehoshua moshe aronson recalls : june 1944. i was one of the old - timers in the buna - auschwitz death camp when we were told of the arrival of the \u201c magyars. \u201d... much to my astonishment i found that the meaning [ of this term ] was the jews of hungary \u2014 our brothers, our flesh, pious jews, jews who trembled for the word of god ( and among them many prolific torah sages ). the most exceptional thing about the hungarian jews was their simplicity.... after five years in the seven levels of hell, their simplicity was strange to behold. upon the arrival of one prisoner at auschwitz i could see that he was a great sage. this jew had been sent to auschwitz together with his two young sons... he was the rabbi of veititzka and his family name was roth.... soon i spoke with the rabbi about jewish law and torah. i was very taken with his great knowledge and his attachment to learning. still, i could not convince him of one thing : that auschwitz was a death camp. the simple rabbi of veititzka believed like many of the hungarian jews that he was in some kind of \u201c health camp \u201d.... i tried to convince the rabbi that these were falsehoods, german schemes and nothing more. i went to tell him the bitter truth.... the rabbi did not put credence in my words.... one night the rabbi of veititzka", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45104131834321126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7f27925-ba38-4455-925c-48c28651dfad>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.775009"}
{"text": "rabbi that these were falsehoods, german schemes and nothing more. i went to tell him the bitter truth.... the rabbi did not put credence in my words.... one night the rabbi of veititzka came to me, swollen, his entire body beaten and sore. he whispered to me that his strength was waning and that he would not survive much longer.... as we spoke, the kapo of the engineering squad entered our barrack. he was a young former chassid and yeshivah student... a thought bolted into my mind, as if it had been heaven - sent. the engineering squad was one of auschwitz \u2019 s \u201c good \u201d assignments. eighteen men worked there, doing specialized work for the ss. only intelligent men, knowledgeable in engineering, could work there. the members received additional food.... i told the kapo of the terrible plight of rabbi roth, who was working in one of the hardest squads, breaking stones, and that he wouldn \u2019 t survive long at this \u2014 a day or two more at best. i asked the kapo, \u201c isn \u2019 t it possible that you only merited to be appointed to this position in order to help this jew? and it is not just one soul you will save but three, since you will be saving his two sons. \u201d the kapo hesitated. a long moment passed before he said \u201c good, i can take the risk. tomorrow the rabbi will join my engineering squad. \u201d within a few days, the rabbi of veititzka began to recover. i took pleasure in seeing him as he became healthier with each passing day.... and not just this, his sons, sustained by the extra rations... recuperated as well.... but then, one evening as i returned from a day of grueling labor i was told that the kapo wanted to see me.... in brief, he wanted a din torah [ a torah court case ] against rabbi roth! \" if he does not eat treyf he will soon die. so why did i take this great risk?! \" \u201c for what purpose, \u201d asked the kapo in great anger \u201c did i assume on myself an enormous risk to move rabbi roth from the rock squad to my commando? why did i put myself in such great danger? so that in the world to come... i could come and say \u201c i saved a soul in israel! i saved a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48919543297630563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7f27925-ba38-4455-925c-48c28651dfad>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.776103"}
{"text": "enormous risk to move rabbi roth from the rock squad to my commando? why did i put myself in such great danger? so that in the world to come... i could come and say \u201c i saved a soul in israel! i saved a rabbi and a torah giant!... and what did our rabbi do? from the time he joined the engineering squad, he avoided eating the ss soup because it was not kosher. he subsisted only on dry bread. he did not want to eat treyf. yet if he does not eat treyf he will soon die. so why did i take this great risk?! i took a simple prisoner and masqueraded him as an engineer! i didn \u2019 t do this so that he might die of starvation!... i have come to a final decision. if the rabbi does not meet me at a din torah then tomorrow morning i will return him to the stone quarry. \u201d i tried to convince the kapo to let the issue ride. a din torah in the death factory of auschwitz was absurd. but the kapo would not back down : a din torah \u2014 or the quarry squad! so early the next morning, i conducted a din torah. the kapo presented his case : he risked his life to save a torah giant, a living jew \u2014 one with the ability to stay alive and disseminate torah in israel... the words of the rabbi were short and to the point. he was no longer in danger and his health was good. the kosher food could suffice for him. he had a little bread ( half a kilo a day ) and so he had no need to eat treyf. the debate raged, but i finally succeeded in convincing them to accept a compromise : the rabbi would eat the non - kosher soup at the first sign that his health was once again failing. the kapo wasn \u2019 t particularly happy, but he finally acquiesced. rabbi roth survived auschwitz, but he collapsed and died on the second day of the death march. his two sons survived. mala zimetbaum was young, deeply religious, and fluent in ten languages, a rising star in the jewish community of antwerp, belgium. when the germans entered belgium, armed with guns, swastikas, and ominous new laws, mala \u2019 s father knew that his only daughter, then in her twenties, must be hidden far away from this new danger. posing as a non - jewish private music tutor, mala moved in with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45786342426548854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7f27925-ba38-4455-925c-48c28651dfad>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.781589"}
{"text": ", swastikas, and ominous new laws, mala \u2019 s father knew that his only daughter, then in her twenties, must be hidden far away from this new danger. posing as a non - jewish private music tutor, mala moved in with a kind non - jewish family. one day, in a moment of seeming solitude, she softly sang the kol nidrei, that most haunting yom kippur song, to herself. abruptly, she grew aware of her hostess in the doorway, mouth agape. in the adjacent room was a visitor to her host family, a teacher in the gymnasium. now he entered the room, smiling genially as the melody \u2019 s echo hung in the tense air. \u201c ah, my daughter, don \u2019 t worry. i \u2019 m a good christian, friend to all the downtrodden. that song, so terribly sad, so jewish in its sadness.... \u201d he paused. \u201c i know your secret, my dear jewish friend, but don \u2019 t fear, it is safe with me. \u201d the gestapo arrived. they beat her violently until she bled, and then they sent her to auschwitz. that night, the gestapo arrived. they beat her violently until she bled, and then they sent her to auschwitz. in the camp, mala \u2019 s language skills convinced the nazis that her life was worth preserving. appointed as a translator for the germans at auschwitz, she relayed their messages to kapos hailing from many different countries. it was a privileged job, but mala shared her extra food and favors with those worse off than her. she smuggled food to prisoners who were wasting away, arranged for better working conditions for some, spirited medicine to those who were too weak to survive, and warned of upcoming selections in the sick ward. there was another side to mala : she was secretly working with the resistance, passing them arms and information. february 25, ( rosh chodesh adar ) 1944. appel, as usual. but one person was missing from the women \u2019 s camp : mala. a search was organized and a note was found on mala \u2019 s bed : \u201c i cannot live among murderers. i must go out and tell the world what you are doing to my people. \u201d the germans went wild. a massive hunt was launched. two weeks later, the entire camp was summoned to an emergency appel. mala had been found! surrounded by armed nazis, she was brought before the rows of jews and accused of \u201c crimes against the reich.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43639982329945254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7f27925-ba38-4455-925c-48c28651dfad>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.783679"}
{"text": "wild. a massive hunt was launched. two weeks later, the entire camp was summoned to an emergency appel. mala had been found! surrounded by armed nazis, she was brought before the rows of jews and accused of \u201c crimes against the reich. \u201d an officer, his well - fed form dwarfing the frail woman, said to her : \u201c if you beg forgiveness, you will be forgiven. \u201d \u201c never, \u201d said mala. \u201c i will never give up. i will never stop trying to escape, never stop trying to tell the world what you are doing. \u201d and then she turned, and cried out, her voice rising : \u201c it is upon you to rebel... and not to be content with this situation. i know well the schemes of these evildoers.... [ yet ] my father taught me : if one comes to kill you, strike first and kill him. \u201d as the hangman set up his noose, the nazis tried to beat her into silence. the crowd erupted with pleadings for mercy, begging for mala \u2019 s life. mala looked out at her people. \u201c now i am going to die, but i will live on forever in the hearts of the women of israel! \u201d and then, from nowhere, she pulled out a razorblade and cut her own wrists. the germans were furious. \u201c she must be kept alive! she must be hung! \" \u201c god will forgive me, \u201d she cried, and she lifted her arms, blood spilling from the gaping slits. \u201c and you, too, my friends, my people... you, too, must forgive me! \u201d she fell, bleeding but still alive. the germans were furious. \u201c she must be kept alive, \u201d the chief officer yelled wildly. \u201c she must be hung ; she must be kept alive to be hung, alive. \u201d they raced her to the hospital, her life draining from her. what happened next is unclear. some witnesses say she died immediately and was sent to the crematorium. some say she was sent to the crematorium while still alive. the sonderkommando, who staffed the crematorium, refused to burn her and only the harshest of german threats compelled them to that terrible task. but before she had died, mala had begged for one last favor. that night, they dug a hole, and buried her ashes. mala received a jewish burial in auschwitz \u2019 s soil, one of the very few who did. even when dead, she broke the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42844734049760663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7f27925-ba38-4455-925c-48c28651dfad>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.785134"}
{"text": "animal rights articles moo - ving people toward compassionate living visit the all - creatures. org home page. write us with your comments : email @ example. com by humane farming association ( hfa ) despite overwhelming scientific evidence presented during the past two decades demonstrating a relationship between meat consumption and disease, the amount of animal flesh consumed in the u. s. has not dropped. in fact, it has increased slightly. the per capita consumption of mammal and bird flesh rose from 196 pounds in 1980 to 213 pounds. americans continue to eat large amounts of animal flesh \u2013 far more than what could be considered necessary for nutritional purposes \u2013 because it is aggressively marketed to seem desirable and essential, it is readily accessible and convenient, and because it is relatively cheap. the take - over of agriculture in the u. s. by large corporations has allowed a larger number of animals to be produced more quickly and for less money. agribusiness has reaped great profits while keeping consumer prices low. but the real costs of factory farming \u2013 in terms of the loss of family farms, food - borne illness, damage to the environment, and animal suffering \u2013 have been tremendous. loss of family farms family farms are being squeezed out of business by their inability to raise the capital to compete with huge factory farms. traditional farming is labor intensive, but factory farming is capital intensive. farmers who do manage to raise the money for animal confinement systems quickly discover that the small savings in labor costs are not enough to cover the increasing costs of facilities, energy, caging, and drugs. the increase in factory farms has led to a decrease in the price independent farmers get for their animals, forcing thousands out of business. the number of u. s. farmers dropped by 300, 000 between 1979 and 1998. during a recent 15 - year period, hog farms in the u. s. decreased from 600, 000 to 157, 000, while the number of hogs sold increased. consolidation has resulted in just 3 percent of u. s. hog farms producing more than 50 percent of the hogs. similarly, 2 percent of cattle feed operations account for more than 40 percent of the nation \u2019 s cattle. in the poultry industry, the number of \u201c broiler \u201d chicken farms declined by 35 percent between 1969 and 1992, while the number of birds raised and slaughtered increased nearly three - fold. the demise of small farms in the u. s. has been helped along by actions of the federal government. congress, influenced by strong lobbying groups, has consistently passed federal farm programs benefiting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45357547393855924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c7cf586-d5a9-48ee-9f01-fe8468a5b1f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.804788"}
{"text": "number of birds raised and slaughtered increased nearly three - fold. the demise of small farms in the u. s. has been helped along by actions of the federal government. congress, influenced by strong lobbying groups, has consistently passed federal farm programs benefiting the large agricultural corporations. according to the center for public integrity, between 1987 and 1996, the food industry made campaign contributions of more than $ 41 million to federal lawmakers. the bias against small farms continues despite the appointment of a special commission in the late 1990s by then - secretary of agriculture dan glickman to study how small farms have been displaced by factory farms and how the trend might be reversed. the report from that commission, titled \u201c a time to act, \u201d described the enormous social costs of the destruction of the american family farm, as the economic basis of rural communities in the u. s. diminishes and rural towns are \u201c lost. \u201d according to the u. s. department of agriculture \u2019 s ( usda ) national agricultural statistics service, each year about 10 percent, or 900 million, of the animals raised for food never reach the slaughterhouse. they die on the farm due to stress, injury, and disease. the on - farm death rate ranges from a low of 4 percent for cows and calves to 12 percent for turkeys, 14 percent for hogs, and 28 percent for some types of chickens. agribusiness corporations claim that animals in factory farms are \u201c as well cared for as their own pet dog or cat. \u201d nothing could be further from the truth. the life of an animal in a factory farm is characterized by acute deprivation, stress, and disease. industrialized agriculture has made the determination that it is more \u201c cost effective \u201d to accept some loss in inventory than to spend money on treating animals humanely. farm animals, by the millions, are forced to live in cages or crates just barely larger than their own bodies. while some species, like hogs and veal calves, may be caged alone without any social contact, others, like egg - laying hens and chickens, may be crowded so tightly together that they fall prey to stress - induced cannibalism. unable to groom, stretch their legs, or even turn around, the victims of factory farms exist in a constant state of distress. if a private citizen confined a dog or cat in a manner common in factory farms, or subjected an animal to surgical procedures without anesthesia, the individual could be charged with cruelty to animals. farming is an area, however, that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4338802616342953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c7cf586-d5a9-48ee-9f01-fe8468a5b1f4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.805797"}
{"text": "state of distress. if a private citizen confined a dog or cat in a manner common in factory farms, or subjected an animal to surgical procedures without anesthesia, the individual could be charged with cruelty to animals. farming is an area, however, that federal and state laws protecting animals barely touch. the powerful agribusiness and pharmaceutical lobbies have seen to it that farm animals are specifically excluded from welfare laws. there are virtually no federal laws that protect farm animals from even the most harsh and brutal treatment as long as it takes place in the name of production and profit. the federal animal welfare act, which regulates the treatment of animals for commercial purposes, does not apply to farm animals unless they are being used in research or for exhibition. moreover, a majority of states have specifically exempted some aspect of the treatment of animals in agriculture from their cruelty laws. ( states that exempt some aspect of agriculture from animal anti - cruelty statute : alaska, colorado, connecticut, delaware, georgia, idaho, illinois, iowa, kansas, kentucky, louisiana, maryland, michigan, missouri, montana, nebraska, nevada, new jersey, new mexico, north carolina, ohio, oklahoma, oregon, pennsylvania, rhode island, south carolina, south dakota, tennessee, texas, vermont, virginia, washington, west virginia, and wyoming. ) it is left entirely to the preference of the individual company how many egg - laying hens are stuffed into each little wire cage, or whether an artificially inseminated sow must spend her entire pregnancy chained to the floor of a cement - bottomed cage. making people sick factory farm conditions result in severe physiological as well as behavioral afflictions in animals. anemia, influenza, intestinal diseases, mastitis, metritis, orthostasis, pneumonia, and scours are only the beginning of a long list of ailments plaguing animals in factory farms. by ignoring basic needs such as exercise, fresh air, wholesome food, and proper veterinary care, factory farms are a breeding ground for stress and infectious disease. it is all done in the name of increasing profits. animals in factory farms are confined in cages and crates to save on space and limit the number of workers required. the animals are given antibiotics, hormones, and highly concentrated feed to accelerate growth and weight gain. factory farms attempt to counter the ill effects of this intensive confinement by administering continuous doses of antibiotics and other drugs to the animals. this \u201c cost effective \u201d practice has a significant negative impact on both the animals and the people who consume", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48863450463523483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c7cf586-d5a9-48ee-9f01-fe8468a5b1f4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.806752"}
{"text": "growth and weight gain. factory farms attempt to counter the ill effects of this intensive confinement by administering continuous doses of antibiotics and other drugs to the animals. this \u201c cost effective \u201d practice has a significant negative impact on both the animals and the people who consume them. veterinarians and animal protection advocates have long expressed concern over the conditions on factory farms, and now medical doctors are warning that the tragedy of factory farming reaches well beyond the farm animals themselves. in 1954, american farmers used about half a million pounds of antibiotics a year in raising food animals. today, about half of the 50 million pounds of antibiotics produced in the u. s. each year is used for animals, 80 percent of which is poured directly into feed to make animals grow faster. among the most commonly used antibiotics are penicillin and tetracycline. the squandering of these important drugs to increase the profits of factory farms is wreaking havoc for physicians in the treatment of human illness. widespread overuse of antibiotics is resulting in the evolution of new strains of virulent bacteria whose resistance to antibiotics poses a great threat to human health. doctors are now reporting that, due to their uncontrolled use on factory farms, these formerly life - saving drugs are often rendered useless in combating human disease. conditions on factory farms and in slaughterhouses are also responsible for a large proportion of food - borne illnesses reported in the u. s. each year. officials at the usda and the centers for disease control and prevention have referred to the current situation with food - related disease as an \u201c epidemic. \u201d most food - related diseases are caused by the contamination of food, milk, or water with animal fecal material. animals in factory farms are commonly infected with a number of pathogens capable of causing food - related illness and death that are transmitted to consumers in the flesh itself or through carcass contamination at the slaughterhouse. studies have found that nearly 80 percent of ground beef sampled \u2013 and about the same percentage of poultry \u2013 contain microbes spread by animal feces. according to the general accounting office ( gao ), 81 million americans become sick, and 9, 000 die, from food - borne illness every year. the gao sets the price tag for these illnesses and deaths at about $ 22 billion a year. the full extent of the health ramifications of factory farming is unknown, however, as nobody counts deaths from drug - resistant infections and a majority of food - borne illnesses go unreported. poisoning the land, air & water in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43748334029277786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c7cf586-d5a9-48ee-9f01-fe8468a5b1f4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.807943"}
{"text": "year. the full extent of the health ramifications of factory farming is unknown, however, as nobody counts deaths from drug - resistant infections and a majority of food - borne illnesses go unreported. poisoning the land, air & water in 1996, the u. s. cattle, pork, and poultry industries produced 1. 4 billion tons of animal waste, or 130 times more than produced by the entire human population \u2013 about 5 tons of waste for every man, woman, and child in america. that calculation was included in a 1998 report on factory farming pollution prepared at the request of senator tom harkin ( d - ia ). the harkin study attributed 1. 2 billion tons of the waste to cattle manure, 116 million to hog manure, and 14 million to poultry manure. while some of the manure is used to fertilize crops, harkin \u2019 s report noted that most is stored in large pits or \u201c lagoons \u201d where it poses a serious threat to the land, air, and especially the water. a study released in 1998 by the natural resources defense council ( nrdc ) claimed that water quality in at least 30 states was threatened by manure from large dairies, feedlots, chicken farms, and hog farms. the study cited the situation in california \u2019 s central valley as being particularly acute. \u201c you have 900, 000 dairy cows in the valley producing waste equivalent to 21 million people, \u201d said an nrdc official. \u201c that \u2019 s having a terrible effect on drinking water quality, fisheries and wildlife. \u201d in fact, the federal environmental protection agency ( epa ) has identified 60 percent of u. s. rivers and streams as \u201c impaired, \u201d and agriculture runoff is cited as the biggest culprit. after years of inaction, the epa and some states are finally taking steps to clamp down on agricultural pollution. in 1998 the epa began implementation of a plan to impose new pollution controls on cattle, hog, and poultry farms. revised regulations governing concentrated animal feeding operations ( cafos ) were finally approved in late 2002. the new rules require that farms develop a plan to manage animal manure and expand the number of facilities covered from 4, 500 to 15, 000. unfortunately, the cafo rules don \u2019 t apply to the majority of poultry farms and do not extend to the big processing companies that contract with farmers to raise animals. moreover, the rules do not allow for public review of waste management plans for individual farms. oversight by the federal government is essential as three -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4157118370743131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c7cf586-d5a9-48ee-9f01-fe8468a5b1f4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.808964"}
{"text": "the majority of poultry farms and do not extend to the big processing companies that contract with farmers to raise animals. moreover, the rules do not allow for public review of waste management plans for individual farms. oversight by the federal government is essential as three - quarters of u. s. factory farms are subjected to no state pollution controls. california, for example, specifically exempted farm machines from smog restrictions more than 30 years ago, and provided farms with 20 - year waivers on water pollution controls. fortunately, the rules have changed \u2013 primarily as a result of environmental lawsuits \u2013 and california \u2019 s $ 30 billion agricultural industry is now starting to be held accountable for its waste. you can help share information about what you \u2019 ve learned with your family, friends, and members of your community. hfa will be happy to provide materials. join local activist groups to oppose the construction of any factory farms in your area. notify hfa for assistance. support local, organic farms. eliminate or significantly reduce the amount of animal flesh in your diet. for information about adopting a vegetarian diet, see the vegetarian resource group website at http : / / www. vrg. org. support hfa in its campaigns to protect farm animals from cruelty, to protect the public from food - borne disease and the chemicals used on factory farms, and to protect the environment from the impacts of animal factories. for more information, visit humane farming association http : / / www. hfa. org. return to animal rights articles the calf photo on these pages is from farm sanctuary with our thanks. we welcome your comments : fair use notice : this document may contain copyrighted material whose use has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owners. we believe that this not - for - profit, educational use on the web constitutes a fair use of the copyrighted material ( as provided for in section 107 of the us copyright law ). if you wish to use this copyrighted material for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. all creatures animal rights article : justice, peace, love, compassion, ethics, organizations, bible, god, lord, jesus, christ, holy spirit, grass roots, animals, cruelty free, lifestyle, hunting, fishing, traping, farm, farming, factory, fur, meat, slaughter, cattle, beef, pork, chicken, poultry, hens, battery, debeaking. thee is also a similarity to the human aspects of prolife, pro life, pro - life, abortion, capital punishment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4384440847256866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c7cf586-d5a9-48ee-9f01-fe8468a5b1f4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.809906"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia this page explains commonly used terms in chess in alphabetical order. some of these have their own pages, like fork and pin. for a list of unorthodox chess pieces, see fairy chess piece ; for a list of terms specific to chess problems, see chess problem terminology. see also : sample chess game - adjournment : suspension of a long chess game with the intention to continue later, usually another day. - algebraic notation : a way of recording a chess game using alphanumeric codes for the squares. - annotation : commentary on a game using a combination of written comments, chess symbols or notation. - arbiter : a tournament official who arbitrates disputes and performs other duties such as keeping the score when players are under time pressure. - armageddon : a game which white must win to win the match, but which black only needs to draw to win the match. white has more time than black : the discrepency can vary, but in fide world championships, white has six minutes, black five. typically used in playoff tie - breakers where shorter blitz games have not resolved the tie. - back rank : a player ' s first rank ( the one on which the pieces stand in the initial array ) ; white ' s back rank is black ' s eighth rank and vice versa. - back rank mate : a checkmate delivered by a rook or queen along a back rank in which the mated king is unable to move up the board because the king is blocked by friendly pieces ( usually pawns ) on the second rank. - bad bishop : a bishop which is hemmed in by pawns of its own color. - battery : two or more pieces of the same color supporting each other on the same file, rank or diagonal. only queens, rooks and bishops can be part of a battery. - bishop : see bishop - bishops on opposite colors : a situation in which one side has only its white - squared bishop remaining while the other has only its black - squared bishop remaining. in endgames, this often results in a draw if there are no other pieces ( only pawns ), even if one side has one or two pawns extra, since the bishops control different squares ; in the middlegame, however, the presence of opposite colored bishops can give an attack an extra edge, since one bishop can attack squares which cannot be covered by the other. - bishop pair : in open positions, two bishops are considered to have an advantage over two knights or a knight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5997434440001618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c64fd6d-d073-454e-9e83-892f742d231f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.823444"}
{"text": "the presence of opposite colored bishops can give an attack an extra edge, since one bishop can attack squares which cannot be covered by the other. - bishop pair : in open positions, two bishops are considered to have an advantage over two knights or a knight and a bishop. ( in closed positions knights may be more valuable than bishops. ) the player with two bishops is said to have the bishop pair. - blindfold chess : a form of chess in which one or both players is not allowed to see the board. - blitz chess : a form of chess with a very small time limit, usually 3 or 5 minutes per player for the entire game. with the advent of electronic chess clocks, it is often the case that the time remaining is incremented by 1 or 2 seconds per move. - blunder : a very bad move, an oversight ( indicated by \"?? \" in notation ). - book move : an opening move found in the standard reference books on opening theory. a game is said to be \" in book \" when both players are playing moves found in the opening references. a game is said to be \" out of book \" when the players have reached the end of the variations analyzed in the opening books or if one of the players deviates with a novelty. - bullet chess : a form of chess in which each side has less than 3 minutes for the entire game. - castling : a special move involving the king and one rook. - centre / center : the 4 squares in the middle of the board. - checkmate : a position in which a player ' s king is in check and the player has no legal move ( i. e cannot move out of check ). a player whose king is checkmated loses the game. - closed game : any chess opening that begins with the moves 1. d4 d5. see also open game and semi - open game. - combination : a clever sequence of moves, often involving a sacrifice, to gain the advantage. the moves of the other player are usually forced, i. e. a combination does not rely on the opponent to make a mistake. - diagonal : a line of squares along which a bishop moves. - discovered attack : an attack made by a queen, rook or bishop when another piece or pawn moves out of its way. - discovered check : a check delivered by a piece when another piece or pawn has moved out of its way. - domination : a situation whereby capture of a piece is unavoidable despite it having wide freedom of movement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6065660254074686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c64fd6d-d073-454e-9e83-892f742d231f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.824568"}
{"text": "moves out of its way. - discovered check : a check delivered by a piece when another piece or pawn has moved out of its way. - domination : a situation whereby capture of a piece is unavoidable despite it having wide freedom of movement. - double attack : two attacks made with one move : these attacks may be made by the same piece ( in which case it is a fork ) ; or by different pieces ( a situation which may arise via a discovered attack in which the moved piece also makes a threat ). the attacks may directly threaten opposing pieces, or may be threats of another kind : for instance, to capture the queen and deliver checkmate. - double check : a check delivered by two pieces at the same time. - doubled pawns : a pair of pawns of the same color on the same file. - doubled rooks : two of a player ' s rooks placed on the same ( open ) file or rank. this is a battery of rooks. - draw : a game that ends without victory for either player. most drawn games are draws by agreement. the other ways that a game can end in a draw are stalemate, three - fold repetition, the fifty - move rule, and insufficient material. - en passant ( \" in the act of passing \" ; derived from french ) : the rule that allows a pawn that has just advanced two squares to be captured by a pawn on the same rank and adjacent file. - en prise ( from french ) : a piece that can be captured. usually used of a piece that is undefended and can be captured. - endgame : the stage of the game when there are few pieces left on the board. the endgame follows the middlegame. - the capture of a pair of pieces, one white and the other black, usually of the same type ( i. e rook for rook, knight for knight etc ). - the advantage of a rook over a minor piece. the player who captures a rook while losing a minor piece is said to have won the exchange, and the opponent is said to have lost the exchange. - exchange sacrifice : giving up a rook for a minor piece ( knight or bishop ). - expanded centre : the central sixteen squares on the board. - family fork, family check : a knight fork that attacks more than two opposing pieces concomitantly. - fianchetto : the development of the bishop to the second square on the file of the adjacent knight ( that is, b2 or g2 for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6353772681004706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c64fd6d-d073-454e-9e83-892f742d231f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.825702"}
{"text": ", family check : a knight fork that attacks more than two opposing pieces concomitantly. - fianchetto : the development of the bishop to the second square on the file of the adjacent knight ( that is, b2 or g2 for white, b7 or g7 for black ). - file : a column of the chessboard. a specific file can be named either using its position in algebraic notation, a \u2013 h, or by using its position in descriptive notation. for example, the f - file or the king bishop file comprises the squares f1 \u2013 f8 or kb1 \u2013 kb8. - fifty move rule : a rule stating that the game is drawn after fifty moves without a pawn move or capture. - fool ' s mate : the shortest possible chess game ending in mate : 1. f3 e5 2. g4 qh4 # ( or minor variations on this ). - forced move : a move which is clearly the only one which does not result in immediate catastrophe for the moving player. - fork : when one piece, generally a knight or pawn, simultaneously attacks two ( or more ) of the opponent ' s pieces, often specifically called a knight fork when the attacker is a knight. some sources state that only a knight can give a fork and that the term double attack is correct when another piece is involved, but this is by no means a universal usage. - good bishop : a bishop which has high mobility, typically because the player ' s pawns are on squares of color opposite to that of the bishop. - hanging : unprotected and exposed to capture. slang for en prise. to \" hang a piece \" is to lose it by failing to move or protect it. - hanging pawns : two friendly pawns abreast without friendly pawns on adjacent files. hanging pawns can be either a strength ( usually because they can advance ) or a weakness ( because they can ' t be defended by pawns ) depending on circumstances. - hole : a square that a player does not, and cannot in future, control with a friendly pawn. - initiative : the advantage that a player who is making threats has over the player who must respond to them. the attacking player is said to \" have the initiative \". - indian bishop : a fianchettoed bishop, characteristic of the indian defenses ( king ' s indian defense and queen ' s indian defense ). - insufficient material : an endgame scenario in which all pawns have been captured, and one side has only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5911486807809638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c64fd6d-d073-454e-9e83-892f742d231f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.826729"}
{"text": "bishop : a fianchettoed bishop, characteristic of the indian defenses ( king ' s indian defense and queen ' s indian defense ). - insufficient material : an endgame scenario in which all pawns have been captured, and one side has only its king remaining while the other is down to a king plus one knight or a king plus one bishop. the position is a draw because it is impossible for the dominant side to force checkmate ( in the event of a king plus two knights versus a lone king, checkmate is possible only if the player with the lone king blunders by moving the king to one of the four corner squares when an alternate move would always be available ). - isolated pawn : a pawn with no pawn of the same color on an adjacent file. - italian bishop : a white bishop developed to the c4 square or a black bishop developed to c5. this development is characteristic of the giuoco piano opening, also called the italian game. - j ' adoube ( from french ) : \" i adjust \". a player says \" j ' adoube \" as the international signal that he intends to adjust the position of a piece on the board without being subject to the touched piece rule. - king : see king - king - side : the side of the board where the kings are at the start of the game, as opposed to the queen - side. - knight : see knight - lightning chess : a form of chess with an extremely small time limit, usually 1 or 2 minutes per player for the entire game. - long diagonal : one of the two diagonals with eight squares ( a1 - h8 or h1 - a8 ). - luft ( from the german for air ) : space made for a castled king to give it a flight square to prevent a back rank mate. usually luft is made by moving a pawn on the second rank in front of the king. - major piece : a queen or rook. - majority : a larger numbers of pawns on one flank opposed by a smaller number of the opponent ' s ; often a player with a majority on one flank has a minority on the other. - mate : short for checkmate. - material : all of a player ' s pieces and pawns on the board. the player with pieces and pawns of greater value is said to have a \" material advantage \". - middlegame : the part of a chess game that follows the opening and comes before the endgame, beginning after the pieces are developed in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5804374896362141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c64fd6d-d073-454e-9e83-892f742d231f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.827713"}
{"text": "board. the player with pieces and pawns of greater value is said to have a \" material advantage \". - middlegame : the part of a chess game that follows the opening and comes before the endgame, beginning after the pieces are developed in the opening. this is usually roughly moves 20 through 40. - minor piece : a bishop or knight. - minority attack : an advance of pawns on the side of the board where one has fewer pawns than the opponent, usually carried out to provoke a weakness. - novelty : a new move in the opening. - open file : a file on which there are no pawns. a file on which only one player has no pawns is said to be half - open. - open game : any chess opening that begins with the moves 1. e4 e5. also called a double king pawn opening. see also closed game and semi - open game. - opening : the beginning moves of the game, usually roughly the first 20 moves. in the opening players set up their pawn structures and develop their pieces. the opening precedes the middle game. see chess opening. - opposite color bishops : the situation in which each player has only one bishop remaining and these bishops travel on opposite color squares ( white and black both have king ' s bishops remaining or both have queen ' s bishops ). although there are many exceptions, opposite color bishops can provide opportunities for attack in the middle game but are usually drawish in the endgame. - opposition : a situation in which two kings stand on the same rank or file with one empty square between them. the player on move may be forced to move the king to a less advantageous square. a particularly important concept in endgames. - outside passed pawn : a passed pawn that is near the edge of the board and far away from other pawns. in the endgame, usually a strong advantage for the side possessing such a pawn. - passed pawn : a pawn that has no pawn of the opposite color on its file or on any adjacent files on its way to queening. - pawn : see pawn - pawn structure : pawns being the least mobile of the pieces and the only pieces unable to move backwards, the position of the pawns influences the character of the game. the placement of the pawns is known as the pawn structure. - perpetual check : a draw forced by one player putting the opponent ' s king in a potentially endless series of checks. - piece : this term can mean either any chess piece including pawns ( as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6037714513307078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c64fd6d-d073-454e-9e83-892f742d231f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.828762"}
{"text": "the pawns is known as the pawn structure. - perpetual check : a draw forced by one player putting the opponent ' s king in a potentially endless series of checks. - piece : this term can mean either any chess piece including pawns ( as in the touched piece rule ), or a major or minor piece excluding pawns ( as in \" i hung a piece \" ), depending on context. - pin : when a piece can not move because doing so would expose a valuable piece, usually the king, to attack. pins against the king are called absolute because it is then illegal to move the pinned piece. - promotion : advancing a pawn to the eighth rank, converting it to a queen, rook, bishop or knight. promotion to a piece other than a queen is called underpromotion. - protected passed pawn : a passed pawn that is supported by another pawn. - queen : see queen - queen - side : the side of the board where the queens are at the start of the game, as opposed to the king - side. - queening : promotion to a queen. also called promotion. sometimes used to indicate promotion to a knight, rook, or bishop as well ( underpromotion ). - rank : a row of the chessboard. specific ranks are referred to by number, first rank, second rank, \u2026, eighth rank. unlike the case with files, rank names are always given from the point of view of each individual player. white ' s first rank is black ' s eighth rank and white ' s eighth is blacks first, white ' s second rank is black ' s seventh rank and white ' s seventh is black ' s second, and so on. - rook : see rook - rapid chess : a form of chess with reduced time limit, usually 30 minutes per player. - sacrifice : when one player voluntaily gives up material in return for an advantage such as space, development, or an attack. a sacrifice in the opening is called a gambit. - scholar ' s mate : a four - move checkmate ( common among novices ) in which white plays 1. e4, follows with qh5 ( or qf3 ) and bc4, and finishes with 4. qxf7 #. - score : a record that each player must keep of the moves of the game, usually in algebraic notation. - semi - open game : any chess opening that begins with white playing 1. e4 and black playing a move other than 1... e5.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5970655080890402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c64fd6d-d073-454e-9e83-892f742d231f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.829780"}
{"text": "record that each player must keep of the moves of the game, usually in algebraic notation. - semi - open game : any chess opening that begins with white playing 1. e4 and black playing a move other than 1... e5. also called half - open or asymmetrical king pawn openings. see also open game and closed game. - simultaneous chess : a form of chess in which one ( usually expert ) player plays against several ( usually novice ) players simultaneously. is often an exhibition. - skewer : an attack to a valuable piece, compelling it to move to avoid capture and thus exposing a less valuable piece which can then be taken. sometimes called a thrust. - smothered mate : a checkmate delivered by a knight in which the mated king is unable to move owing to it being surrounded ( or smothered ) by its own pieces. - spanish bishop : a white king ' s bishop developed to the b5 square. this is characteristic of the ruy lopez, also known as the spanish opening. - stalemate : a position in which a player ' s king is not in check and the player has no legal move. a game is drawn if one of the kings is stalemated. - tempo : an extra move, an initiative at development. a player gains a tempo ( usually in the opening ) by making the opponent move the same piece twice or defend an enemy piece. pl : tempi. - threefold repetition : the game is drawn if the same position occurs three times with the same player to move, and with each player having the same set of legal moves each time ( the latter includes the right to take en passant and the right to castle ). - thrust : see skewer above. - time pressure, time trouble : a player having very little time on their clock ( especially less than five minutes ) to complete their remaining moves. see time control. - touched piece rule / touch move rule : the rule stating that a player who touches a piece with at least one legal move is obliged to move that piece. if an oponent ' s piece is touched it must be captured if possible. a player wishing to touch a piece to adjust its position on a square without being required to move it signals this intent by saying \" j ' adoube \" or \" i adjust \". - triangulation : a technique used in king and pawn endgames ( less commonly seen with other pieces ) to lose a tempo and gain the opposition. - variation : a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5810681582598594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c64fd6d-d073-454e-9e83-892f742d231f>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.830844"}
{"text": "science fair project encyclopedia supreme court of canada the supreme court of canada is canada ' s highest court and is located in the capital city of ottawa. it is now the final court of appeal, the last judicial resort for all litigants, whether individual or governmental. its jurisdiction embraces both the civil law of the province of quebec and the common law of the other provinces and territories. when handling quebec civil law cases the court is careful to have them reviewed by the three civil law judges that are always on the court. the court is composed of nine justices, formally appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the cabinet. the creation of the court was authorized by the constitution act 1867 ( formerly called the british north america act 1867 ). the first bills for its creation, introduced in the parliament of canada in 1869 and in 1870, were withdrawn. on april 8, 1875, however, a new bill was finally passed. the statesmen most prominent in establishing the supreme court were sir john a. macdonald, telesphore fournier, alexander mackenzie, and edward blake. in the early days the supreme court was not the court of last resort for cases : all cases could be appealed to the judicial committee of the privy council in london. as well, cases could bypass the court and go directly to london from the provincial courts of appeal. as time went on, the privy council became increasingly unpopular. the british judges tended to side with the provinces at the expense of the federal government. during the great depression the british judges ruled that a number of the liberal government ' s welfare reform proposals were unconstitutional, despite public support for them in canada. most provincial governments began to demand the federal government press the uk for judicial independence. under canadian law the governor general appoints all justices of the court on recommendation from cabinet. the supreme court act limits eligibility for appointment to persons who have been judges of a superior court, or members of the bar for ten or more years. members of the bar or superior judiciary of quebec, by law, must hold three of the nine positions on the supreme court of canada. by convention, the remaining six positions are divided in the following manner : three from ontario, two from the western provinces and one from the atlantic provinces. the cabinet ' s choices for puisne justices and the chief justice do not require the approval of any other governmental body or official. however, there is usually some consulation with the canadian legal establishment prior to the nomination. starting in 2004, a parliamentary committee screens new nominees and reports to parliament, though this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44594163630188266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45694e94-f52c-4b95-9148-71e0c1e382c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.861072"}
{"text": "chief justice do not require the approval of any other governmental body or official. however, there is usually some consulation with the canadian legal establishment prior to the nomination. starting in 2004, a parliamentary committee screens new nominees and reports to parliament, though this committee does not have the power to block appointments. the term for a justice of the supreme court is until he or she retires or, at latest, attains the age of 75 years. the role of the supreme court in the canadian court system the canadian court system may be seen as a pyramid, with a broad base formed by the various provincial and territorial courts whose judges are appointed by the provincial or territorial governments. at the next level are the provinces ' and territories ' superior courts whose judges are appointed by the federal government. judgments from the superior courts may be appealed to the next level, the provincial or territorial courts of appeal. there are also federal courts : the tax court of canada, the federal court, the federal court of appeal and the court martial appeal court of canada. unlike the provincial superior courts, which exercise inherent or general jurisdiction, the federal courts ' jurisdiction is limited by statute. the supreme court of canada hears appeals from the provincial courts of last resort, usually the provincial or territorial courts of appeal, and the federal court of appeal. in most cases, permission to appeal must first be obtained from a panel of three judges of the court. by convention, this panel never explains why it gives leave to appeal or not. cases for which leave to appeal is not required are primarily criminal cases and appeals from provincial references. a final source of cases is the referral power of the federal government. in such cases, the supreme court is required to give an opinion on questions referred to it by the governor - in - council ( cabinet ). the supreme court thus performs a unique function. it can be asked by the governor - in - council to hear references considering important questions of law. such referals may concern the constitutionality or interpretation of federal or provincial legislation, or the division of powers between federal and provincial levels of government. any point of law may be referred in this manner. however, the court is not often called upon to hear references. when it is, the opinion on the question referred is often of national importance ; one current example concerns same - sex marriage. constitutional questions may, of course, also be raised in the normal case of appeals involving individual litigants, governments, government agencies or crown corporations. in such cases the federal and provincial governments must be notified of any constitutional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44731411599956367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45694e94-f52c-4b95-9148-71e0c1e382c2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.863755"}
{"text": "concerns same - sex marriage. constitutional questions may, of course, also be raised in the normal case of appeals involving individual litigants, governments, government agencies or crown corporations. in such cases the federal and provincial governments must be notified of any constitutional questions and may intervene to submit a brief and attend oral argument at the court. sessions of the court the court sits only in ottawa, although litigants can present oral arguments from remote locations by means of a videoconference system. the court ' s hearings are open to the public. most hearings are taped for delayed telecast in both of canada ' s official languages. when in session, the court sits monday to friday, hearing two appeals a day. a quorum consists of five members for appeals. a panel of seven or nine justices hears most cases. on the bench, the chief justice of canada, or, in her absence, the senior puisne justice, presides from the centre chair with the other justices seated to her right and left by order of seniority of appointment. at sittings of the court, the justices usually appear in black silk robes but they wear their ceremonial robes of bright scarlet trimmed with canadian white mink in court on special occasions and in the senate at the opening of each new session of parliament. the decision of the court is sometimes rendered at the conclusion of the hearing. more often, judgement is reserved to enable the justices to write considered reasons. decisions of the court need not be unanimous ; a majority may decide, with dissenting reasons given by the minority. each justice may write reasons in any case if he or she chooses to do so. the supreme court has the ultimate power of judicial review over canadian federal and provincial laws ' constitutional validity. however, the federal parliament or the provincial legislatures may make a particular law temporarily immune from review against certain sections of the canadian charter of rights and freedoms. this is done by including a reference in the law to the notwithstanding clause, also known as the \" override power. \" in one case, the quebec national assembly invoked this power to override a supreme court decision ( ford v. quebec ( a. g. ) ) that held that one of quebec ' s language laws banning the display of english commercial signs was inconsistent with the charter. a puisne justice of the supreme court of canada is referred to as \" the honourable mr / madam justice \" and the chief justice as \" right honourable. \" the nine current justices - the right honourable madam justice beverley mclachlin, p. c., b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4399794035296679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45694e94-f52c-4b95-9148-71e0c1e382c2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.865701"}
{"text": "of the supreme court of canada is referred to as \" the honourable mr / madam justice \" and the chief justice as \" right honourable. \" the nine current justices - the right honourable madam justice beverley mclachlin, p. c., b. a., m. a., ll. b. - chief justice of canada - - appointed 1989 to the court, appointed chief justice on january 7, 2000 - the honourable mr. justice john c. major - - appointed 1992 - the honourable mr. justice michel bastarache - - appointed 1995 - the honourable mr. justice william ian corneil binnie - - appointed 1998 - the honourable mr. justice louis lebel - - appointed 2000 - the honourable madam justice marie deschamps - - appointed 2002 - the honourable mr. justice morris fish - - appointed 2003 - the honourable madam justice rosalie abella - - appointed 2004 - the honourable madam justice louise charron - - appointed 2004 on august 24, 2004, minister of justice irwin cotler nominated charron and abella to replace frank iacobucci who retired in the spring of 2004 and louise arbour who stepped down in early 2004 to accept an appointment as un high commissioner for human rights. cotler also announced a new process which will allow a parliamentary committee to review supreme court nominations, although the committee would not have veto power over the nominations. on august 30, after a week of committee hearings, prime minister of canada paul martin officially recommended abella and charron for appointment to the court. two conservative members of the committee, peter mackay and vic toews, refused to sign the committee ' s endorsement of the nominees, stating that the new process did not provide the committee with sufficient information about the nominees. however, martin and cotler advised that they felt the process had been sufficiently transparent. with the new appointments four out of the nine justices are women making the canadian supreme court the world ' s most gender - balanced national high court. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41466034642869976, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45694e94-f52c-4b95-9148-71e0c1e382c2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.867031"}
{"text": "a partnership between scotts and the national wildlife federation was recently announced to the dismay of people everywhere that love the mission of nwf : inspiring americans to protect wildlife for our children \u2019 s future. what do they have to gain? one \u2013 greenwashing. the other \u2013 funds. to begin this sad greenwashing story we need to start with monsanto. monsanto began in 1901 as a chemical company and has recently gained notoriety in environmental circles for its hand in gmo crops. monsanto is also behind : - agent orange. monsanto knew about the human health effects before agent orange was even used in vietnam, yet continues to block any compensation for veterans that were exposed to the herbicides toxicity. the dioxin in agent orange may well be one of the most toxic chemicals on the planet. - bovine growth hormone ( rbgh ). this is the synthetic ge hormone that has been banned in every other industrialized nation for health reasons, except for the u. s. it causes cows to become sick, requiring even more antibiotics that have their own negative health effects. it causes harm to people. instead of addressing the problem, monsanto sued a dairy farm that labeled their milk rbgh - free. due to consumer concern, monsanto dumped their division responsible for rbgh, but have never owned up to the harm it causes. - untested and unlabeled gmos. a monsanto official declared that the job of proving safety was up to the fda. that is almost funny given the number of government officials have serious ties to monsanto. in fact : in order for the fda to determine if monsanto \u2019 s growth hormones were safe or not, monsanto was required to submit a scientific report on that topic. margaret miller, one of monsanto \u2019 s researchers put the report together. shortly before the report submission, miller left monsanto and was hired by the fda. her first job for the fda was to determine whether or not to approve the report she wrote for monsanto. in short, monsanto approved its own report. - inflated success of gmo crops. the monsanto scientists pushed through de - regulation of their gmo patents due to the promise that farms would use fewer pesticides and have greater yields, when in fact neither have come to pass. instead, reports show, taxpayers have subsidized billions of dollars on monsanto and received lower crop prices, loss of major export orders product recalls, and \u201c superweeds \u201d that are resistant to roundup in return. - persecution of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42334698758246925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c57e046-a6a4-40cd-aadf-1f9dda77913d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.902573"}
{"text": ". instead, reports show, taxpayers have subsidized billions of dollars on monsanto and received lower crop prices, loss of major export orders product recalls, and \u201c superweeds \u201d that are resistant to roundup in return. - persecution of small family farmers. they not only take out ads and encourage anonymous tips regarding seed saving from year to year, they actively pursue farmers whose crops were contaminated by the wind. the explanation is that these farmers must now pay monsanto their technology fee for use of the seeds \u2013 even though they all told us there was no need to worry about cross - contamination. this is not only scary for those farmers, but terrifying for those that make their living on organic farms and those that rely on organic corn, canola, soybeans, dairy, and milk to feed their families. - roundup and its harmful effects. the use of roundup comes with a whole host of problems to humans and to birds, fish, beneficial insects and even the soil it is used on. roundup \u2019 s heavy use is even hindering the yields from crops that were gmo for it to be used on. - and more, including pcbs, aspartame, ddt, and farmer suicides. scotts and monsanto so you may be asking yourself why i just spent so much time talking about monsanto when scotts is the company partnering with the national wildlife federation. scotts is monsanto \u2019 s exclusive agent for the international marketing and distribution of consumer roundup. they are intrinsically linked, as is their mission. scotts miracle - gro is a corporation that makes billions of dollars a year as the maker of pesticides, weed killers, and genetically - modified grass seed that ravage our natural world and uphold monsanto \u2019 s values, or lack thereof, of profits first and safety later. this is what is called \u201c taking money from the enemy. \u201d scotts, monsanto, and the national wildlife federation the nwf has spent decades working to safeguard america \u2019 s wildlife and wildlife habitat. they actively engage in improving federal and state policies that will improve wildlife conservation. scotts and monsanto actively work against it, including doing their best to get exerting their influence within the federal government through the \u201c revolving door \u201d of key people moving from monsanto to government and back again. the nwf has an important mission to get kids outside, to connect with nature, to be healthier. scotts \u2019 products ensure that our outdoors are less safe due to the increase in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42114835243941123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c57e046-a6a4-40cd-aadf-1f9dda77913d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.911273"}
{"text": "key people moving from monsanto to government and back again. the nwf has an important mission to get kids outside, to connect with nature, to be healthier. scotts \u2019 products ensure that our outdoors are less safe due to the increase in pesticides used on lawns, city parks, and farms. pesticide exposure from products like roundup is linked to many health problems beginning prenatally and extending well beyond. the nwf is working to solutions to the climate change crisis. scotts, benefiting from the lobbying of monsanto, is putting our food security at risk during this time of rapidly changing climate patterns. the u. s. is being set up to be a country of monoculture that can \u2019 t be sustainable with the impending problems of global warming. sign this petition : stop nwf from partnering with scotts / monsanto then, let the national wildlife federation know what you think. - call nwf at 1 - 800 - 822 - 9919, m - f 8 a. m. to 8 p. m. est - comment on nwf \u2019 s facebook page - contact nwf on their website - tweet a message to @ nwf lastly, share the message! if your friends and family aren \u2019 t informed they can \u2019 t take this important action. will you tell nwf that a partnership with scotts / monsanto is not what will help them get kids outside and connect with nature? update : yesterday ( and several days after this post was written ), nwf announced that they will be ending their partnership with scotts! now use your time to tell them how much you appreciate it!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46064413528805737, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c57e046-a6a4-40cd-aadf-1f9dda77913d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.913940"}
{"text": "printer friendly version life on mars? mars rover opportunity finds some of the necessary conditions once existed 04 may 2012 tubingen geoscientist dr. christian schroder is part of a team which today revealed exciting new information garnered from information sent back from mars. late last year, the nasa mars rover opportunity found what appeared to be veins of gypsum when examining the edge of the crater dubbed \u201c endeavour. \u201d gypsum is formed in water at a temperature lower than 60\u00b0c. its presence on mars indicates that conditions conducive to life have existed there at least temporarily. the rock of the crater edge is similar to suevite, a rock consisting partly of melted material which is typically found at meteor impact sites. the results of the study, led by steve squyres at cornell university in ithaca, new york have just been published in science. christian schroder \u2019 s research at tubingen \u2019 s center for applied geoscience focuses on the biochemistry of iron minerals. since the start of the nasa mars exploration rover in 2003, he has been a member of the scientific team responsible for ( among other things ) the deployment of the rover \u2019 s alpha - particle x - ray spectrometer ( apxs ), which was developed at the max planck institute for chemistry in mainz and is being further developed under the direction of ralf gellert at the university of guelph in canada. the apxs analyses elements \u2013 making it possible to identify the gypsum vein and the nature of the surrounding rock. opportunity has been trundling along the martian soil for eight years now, and has covered more than 33 km. one of its goals has been the crater endeavour, which is 22 km across and makes geological layers accessible which are older than the sulfur - rich sandstone surrounding opportuni - ty \u2019 s landing site. along the way, schroder helped to examine loose rocks on the surface. some of them turned out to be meteorites, while others were flung there out of impact craters \u2013 although not out of \u201c endeavour, \u201d according to the apxs analyses. gypsum, with the chemical formula, only forms in water below 60\u00b0c. at a higher tem - perature, other minerals, such as anhydrite, caso4, would also be present. that means that condi - tions conducive to life once existed on the edge of the crater. water circulated through cracks in the rock after the crater was made. had it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4827673427353631, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ae474d3-229c-48b7-bbf3-bac404e74bf8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.924744"}
{"text": "##drite, caso4, would also be present. that means that condi - tions conducive to life once existed on the edge of the crater. water circulated through cracks in the rock after the crater was made. had it been high in sulfur, it would probably have led to the formation of the sulfur - rich sandstone found around the landing site. the crater is of a similar size and makeup to the edges of the nordlinger ries crater in southern germany, a famous example of a crater made by the impact of a large meteor nearly 15 million years ago. suevite, one of the impactite category of rocks, is composed of ground and broken rock, silicates made molten by the impact as well as minerals only created at high pressures and temper - atures. suevite was first identified at the nordlinger ries and the name comes from the latin word for swabia, the region where it is located in southern germany. the mars crater \u201c endeavour \u201d was formed more than 3. 7 billion years ago. this color view of a mineral vein comes from the panoramic camera on nasa ' s mars exploration rover opportunity. the vein is about 1. 5 cm wide and about 45 cm long. opportunity examined it in november 2011 and found it to be rich in calcium and sulfur, possibly the calcium - sulfate mineral gypsum. ( source : nasa / jpl - caltech / cornell / asu ) this map shows the 33. 5 km route driven by nasa ' s mars exploration rover opportunity from the site of its landing inside eagle crater at the upper left, to its location more than 91 months later, on the cape york section of the rim of endeavour crater. the base image for the map is a mosaic of images taken by the context camera on nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter. ( source : nasa / jpl - caltech / msss ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44386984361212845, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ae474d3-229c-48b7-bbf3-bac404e74bf8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:52.925611"}
{"text": "the four main approaches types of research quantitative research is generally associated with the positivist / postpositivist paradigm. it usually involves collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions drawn. researchers will have one or more hypotheses. these are the questions that they want to address which include predictions about possible relationships between the things they want to investigate ( variables ). in order to find answers to these questions, the researchers will also have various instruments and materials ( e. g. paper or computer tests, observation check lists etc. ) and a clearly defined plan of action. data is collected by various means following a strict procedure and prepared for statistical analysis. nowadays, this is carried out with the aid of sophisticated statistical computer packages. the analysis enables the researchers to determine to what extent there is a relationship between two or more variables. this could be a simple association ( e. g. people who exercise on a daily basis have lower blood pressure ) or a causal relationship ( e. g. daily exercise actually leads to lower blood pressure ). statistical analysis permits researchers to discover complex causal relationships and to determine to what extent one variable influences another. the results of statistical analyses are presented in journals in a standard way, the end result being a p value. for people who are not familiar with scientific research jargon, the discussion sections at the end of articles in peer reviewed journals usually describe the results of the study and explain the implications of the findings in straightforward terms objectivity is very important in quantitative research. consequently, researchers take great care to avoid their own presence, behaviour or attitude affecting the results ( e. g. by changing the situation being studied or causing participants to behave differently ). they also critically examine their methods and conclusions for any possible bias. researchers go to great lengths to ensure that they are really measuring what they claim to be measuring. for example, if the study is about whether background music has a positive impact on restlessness in residents in a nursing home, the researchers must be clear about what kind of music to include, the volume of the music, what they mean by restlessness, how to measure restlessness and what is considered a positive impact. this must all be considered, prepared and controlled in advance. external factors, which might affect the results, must also be controlled for. in the above example, it would be important to make sure that the introduction of the music was not accompanied by other changes ( e. g. the person who brings the cd player chatting with the residents after the music", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5283581612345838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94d60efc-a3a5-4d31-851b-0e4acb07a418>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.038595"}
{"text": ", must also be controlled for. in the above example, it would be important to make sure that the introduction of the music was not accompanied by other changes ( e. g. the person who brings the cd player chatting with the residents after the music session ) as it might be the other factor which produces the results ( i. e. the social contact and not the music ). some possible contributing factors cannot always be ruled out but should be acknowledged by the researchers. the main emphasis of quantitative research is on deductive reasoning which tends to move from the general to the specific. this is sometimes referred to as a top down approach. the validity of conclusions is shown to be dependent on one or more premises ( prior statements, findings or conditions ) being valid. aristotle \u2019 s famous example of deductive reasoning was : all men are mortal asocrates is a man a socrates is mortal. if the premises of an argument are inaccurate, then the argument is inaccurate. this type of reasoning is often also associated with the fictitious character sherlock holmes. however, most studies also include an element of inductive reasoning at some stage of the research ( see section on qualitative research for more details ). researchers rarely have access to all the members of a particular group ( e. g. all people with dementia, carers or healthcare professionals ). however, they are usually interested in being able to make inferences from their study about these larger groups. for this reason, it is important that the people involved in the study are a representative sample of the wider population / group. however, the extent to which generalizations are possible depends to a certain extent on the number of people involved in the study, how they were selected and whether they are representative of the wider group. for example, generalizations about psychiatrists should be based on a study involving psychiatrists and not one based on psychology students. in most cases, random samples are preferred ( so that each potential participant has an equal chance of participating ) but sometimes researchers might want to ensure that they include a certain number of people with specific characteristics and this would not be possible using random sampling methods. generalizability of the results is not limited to groups of people but also to situations. it is presumed that the results of a laboratory experiment reflect the real life situation which the study seeks to clarify. when looking at results, the p value is important. p stands for probability. it measures the likelihood that a particular finding or observed difference is due to chance. the p value is between 0 and 1. the closer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5750534392634719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94d60efc-a3a5-4d31-851b-0e4acb07a418>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.040480"}
{"text": "which the study seeks to clarify. when looking at results, the p value is important. p stands for probability. it measures the likelihood that a particular finding or observed difference is due to chance. the p value is between 0 and 1. the closer the result is to 0, the less likely it is that the observed difference is due to chance. the closer the result is to 1, the greater the likelihood that the finding is due to chance ( random variation ) and that there is no difference between the groups / variables. qualitative research is the approach usually associated with the social constructivist paradigm which emphasises the socially constructed nature of reality. it is about recording, analysing and attempting to uncover the deeper meaning and significance of human behaviour and experience, including contradictory beliefs, behaviours and emotions. researchers are interested in gaining a rich and complex understanding of people \u2019 s experience and not in obtaining information which can be generalized to other larger groups. the approach adopted by qualitative researchers tends to be inductive which means that they develop a theory or look for a pattern of meaning on the basis of the data that they have collected. this involves a move from the specific to the general and is sometimes called a bottom - up approach. however, most research projects also involve a certain degree of deductive reasoning ( see section on quantitative research for more details ). qualitative researchers do not base their research on pre - determined hypotheses. nevertheless, they clearly identify a problem or topic that they want to explore and may be guided by a theoretical lens - a kind of overarching theory which provides a framework for their investigation. the approach to data collection and analysis is methodical but allows for greater flexibility than in quantitative research. data is collected in textual form on the basis of observation and interaction with the participants e. g. through participant observation, in - depth interviews and focus groups. it is not converted into numerical form and is not statistically analysed. data collection may be carried out in several stages rather than once and for all. the researchers may even adapt the process mid - way, deciding to address additional issues or dropping questions which are not appropriate on the basis of what they learn during the process. in some cases, the researchers will interview or observe a set number of people. in other cases, the process of data collection and analysis may continue until the researchers find that no new issues are emerging. researchers will tend to use methods which give participants a certain degree of freedom and permit spontaneity rather than forcing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.60844594134254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94d60efc-a3a5-4d31-851b-0e4acb07a418>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.042269"}
{"text": "of people. in other cases, the process of data collection and analysis may continue until the researchers find that no new issues are emerging. researchers will tend to use methods which give participants a certain degree of freedom and permit spontaneity rather than forcing them to select from a set of pre - determined responses ( of which none might be appropriate or accurately describe the participant \u2019 s thoughts, feelings, attitudes or behaviour ) and to try to create the right atmosphere to enable people to express themselves. this may mean adopting a less formal and less rigid approach than that used in quantitative research. it is believed that people are constantly trying to attribute meaning to their experience. therefore, it would make no sense to limit the study to the researcher \u2019 s view or understanding of the situation and expect to learn something new about the experience of the participants. consequently, the methods used may be more open - ended, less narrow and more exploratory ( particularly when very little is known about a particular subject ). the researchers are free to go beyond the initial response that the participant gives and to ask why, how, in what way etc. in this way, subsequent questions can be tailored to the responses just given. qualitative research often involves a smaller number of participants. this may be because the methods used such as in - depth interviews are time and labour intensive but also because a large number of people are not needed for the purposes of statistical analysis or to make generalizations from the results. the smaller number of people typically involved in qualitative research studies and the greater degree of flexibility does not make the study in any way \u201c less scientific \u201d than a typical quantitative study involving more subjects and carried out in a much more rigid manner. the objectives of the two types of research and their underlying philosophical assumptions are simply different. however, as discussed in the section on \u201c philosophies guiding research \u201d, this does not mean that the two approaches cannot be used in the same study. pragmatic approach to research ( mixed methods ) the pragmatic approach to science involves using the method which appears best suited to the research problem and not getting caught up in philosophical debates about which is the best approach. pragmatic researchers therefore grant themselves the freedom to use any of the methods, techniques and procedures typically associated with quantitative or qualitative research. they recognise that every method has its limitations and that the different approaches can be complementary. they may also use different techniques at the same time or one after the other. for example, they might start with face - to -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5174706321931593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94d60efc-a3a5-4d31-851b-0e4acb07a418>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.043938"}
{"text": "or qualitative research. they recognise that every method has its limitations and that the different approaches can be complementary. they may also use different techniques at the same time or one after the other. for example, they might start with face - to - face interviews with several people or have a focus group and then use the findings to construct a questionnaire to measure attitudes in a large scale sample with the aim of carrying out statistical analysis. depending on which measures have been used, the data collected is analysed in the appropriate manner. however, it is sometimes possible to transform qualitative data into quantitative data and vice versa although transforming quantitative data into qualitative data is not very common. being able to mix different approaches has the advantages of enabling triangulation. triangulation is a common feature of mixed methods studies. it involves, for example : - the use of a variety of data sources ( data triangulation ) - the use of several different researchers ( investigator triangulation ) - the use of multiple perspectives to interpret the results ( theory triangulation ) - the use of multiple methods to study a research problem ( methodological triangulation ) in some studies, qualitative and quantitative methods are used simultaneously. in others, first one approach is used and then the next, with the second part of the study perhaps expanding on the results of the first. for example, a qualitative study involving in - depth interviews or focus group discussions might serve to obtain information which will then be used to contribute towards the development of an experimental measure or attitude scale, the results of which will be analysed statistically. advocacy / participatory approach to research ( emancipatory ) to some degree, researchers adopting an advocacy / participatory approach feel that the approaches to research described so far do not respond to the needs or situation of people from marginalised or vulnerable groups. as they aim to bring about positive change in the lives of the research subjects, their approach is sometimes described as emancipatory. it is not a neutral stance. the researchers are likely to have a political agenda and to try to give the groups they are studying a voice. as they want their research to directly or indirectly result in some kind of reform, it is important that they involve the group being studied in the research, preferably at all stages, so as to avoid further marginalising them. the researchers may adopt a less neutral position than that which is usually required in scientific research. this might involve interacting informally or even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5152682870421919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:94d60efc-a3a5-4d31-851b-0e4acb07a418>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.045656"}
{"text": "healthcare and decision - making in dementia consent to medical treatment in the professional rules for german doctors, the following two paragraphs are relevant to the issue of consent : in all medical treatment, human dignity must be ensured and the personality, will and rights of the patients, in particular the right of self - determination must be respected. in order to provide treatment a doctor requires the consent of the patient. in principle consent must be preceded by the necessary explanation in personal discussion. the issue of consent is dealt with by numerous high level court decisions which have consequently set precedents. a basic principle is that any treatment carried out on a person against his / her will constitutes bodily injury. for this reason consent is necessary in all cases. if the person undergoing treatment is unable to consent, in certain cases the decision can be taken by a legal representative. according to \u00a7 1904 of the civil code, the guardian can consent to health examinations, medical treatment or surgery, but must obtain authorisation from the guardianship court if there is a reasonable risk that the ward could die as a result of the measure or might suffer from serious and more prolonged damage to health. nevertheless, if not carrying out the measure immediately would endanger the health of the patient, it can be carried out without prior authorisation. whether a person is capable of consent is not based on legal criteria but rather on whether a person can understand the consequences of an intervention or treatment for his / her body, profession and private life ( laufs, 1993 ). it is not always possible to determine whether a person has this capacity. appointment of a health care proxy a person who has capacity can appoint a health care proxy in an advance directive. consent in case of emergency in an emergency situation, a doctor must decide on the basis of the presumed will of the patient. in order to determine what this might be, he / she should ask relatives and then respect this will. even if the presumed will of the patient seems unreasonable ( e. g. declining a blood transfusion on religious grounds ), it must still be respected ( winterstein 6 ). if it is not an emergency but the patient is unable to consent, the doctor should contact the guardianship court in order to appoint a guardian, rather than rely on relatives to make the decision. consent to research and clinical trials the issue of protecting research subjects involved in pharmaceutical trials is addressed in a special paragraph in the medicines act. the following restrictions apply according to this law ( leenen et al., 1993 ) : - anybody participating in such research must have given", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47126824966112174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f112975c-90f8-484f-868c-47b31d5948f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.058002"}
{"text": "clinical trials the issue of protecting research subjects involved in pharmaceutical trials is addressed in a special paragraph in the medicines act. the following restrictions apply according to this law ( leenen et al., 1993 ) : - anybody participating in such research must have given informed consent - anybody who has been involuntarily committed cannot participate - only therapeutic research is possible in the case of incompetent people. the restriction regarding therapeutic research is important for practically all areas of research in germany. in fact, the main reason why germany did not sign the convention on human rights and biomedicine ( council of europe, 1997 ) was that it contains a clause which allows in certain circumstances for non - therapeutic research to be carried out on people lacking the capacity to consent, i. e. research which does not have the potential to produce results of direct benefit to the health of the person concerned. advance directives / living wills the legal status of advance directives in germany since 1. 9. 2009 advance directives have been legally recognised. the new law is integrated into book 4 of the civil code, \u00a7 \u00a7 1901 a + b ( family law, section 3, heading 2, legal guardianship ). the new law recognises that advance directives reflect a citizen \u2019 s right to self - determination and are linked to the issue of consent to treatment. therefore, it is possible for people to refuse or limit specific treatments in advance of their incapacity by means of advance directives. an advance directive may in certain circumstances be considered as binding e. g. if there is no indication of a change of will related to the specific situation and if the instruction is based on sufficient medical information for the medical treatment proposed. in such cases, a decision that is clearly in favour of withdrawing treatment and is clearly the manifest desire of the patient must be complied with ( council of europe, 2003 ). conditions surrounding the writing, validity and registering of an advance directive an advance directive can only be written by an adult who has capacity and is not subject to external pressure. for example, writing an advance directive cannot be made a condition for concluding a contract. the advance directive must be in written form. it is assumed that a person has capacity but confirmation of this by a notary may be helpful. the advance directive should refer to specific treatment or situations and cannot include a request for something that is illegal e. g. assisted suicide. advice from a doctor is advisable but not necessary. there is no set procedure for registering advance directives and they are not limited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4576275526006798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f112975c-90f8-484f-868c-47b31d5948f2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.059086"}
{"text": "refer to specific treatment or situations and cannot include a request for something that is illegal e. g. assisted suicide. advice from a doctor is advisable but not necessary. there is no set procedure for registering advance directives and they are not limited to a set period of time. what an advance directive can cover an advance directive can cover medical investigations, treatment and / or medical interventions. obligation to comply with instructions contained in an advance directive if a person has a guardian, the guardian has to check that the previously expressed wishes relate to the current situation and if so, to ensure that those wishes are respected. the doctor and the guardian have to discuss the wishes contained in the advance directive in order to come to a decision about treatment. people who are close to the patient and other trusted persons should be heard provided that this would not result in considerable delay. it is often difficult for doctors to determine whether instructions / wishes expressed in an advance directive correspond to the current situation. for some, it is also unclear whether failure to initiate or end life - supporting treatment / measures is permitted or, on the contrary, fulfils the criteria for the criminal offence of \u201c murder at the request of the victim \u201d ( mathy and godschalk, in alzheimer europe, 2006 ). the new law does not seem to offer any clarity on this issue. amending, renewing and cancelling advance directives an advance directive can be withdrawn at any time. it is not stated that a person has to have full legal capacity to do this. previously expressed wishes in the absence of valid advance directive paragraph 1901a does, however, outline the obligation of guardians to take into account previously wishes in cases where the person lacking capacity did not make an advance directive or made one but it does not apply to the current situation. in doing so, guardians must base their appraisal of the person \u2019 s wishes on concrete evidence such as wishes which were previously expressed either in writing or orally, ethical or religious convictions and known personal values. this must be done irrespective of the stage or type of illness that the person has. access to information / diagnosis the right to be informed the obligation to provide information to patients is based on the need to justify the reason for the treatment and to inform the patient of any possible risks, consequences or side effects. according to the highest judicial authorities, information must be \" by and large \" provided. this means that the kind of information to be supplied depends on each individual and his / her particular medical case ( leenen et al.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4489925109613514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f112975c-90f8-484f-868c-47b31d5948f2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.060337"}
{"text": ", consequences or side effects. according to the highest judicial authorities, information must be \" by and large \" provided. this means that the kind of information to be supplied depends on each individual and his / her particular medical case ( leenen et al., 1993 ). access to medical files under \u00a7 242 of the civil code, patients have a right to access their medical files and do not need to justify the request. if, however, information has been provided by third parties, this access may be restricted. as mentioned earlier, the doctor is obliged according to \u00a7 8 of the professional rules for german doctors to provide the patient with information in order to enable the latter to give informed consent. in \u00a7 10 it is stated that the doctor must grant access to the patient ' s medical files. however, those parts that contain the doctor ' s subjective impressions or perceptions are excluded from this. a fee may be charged for the provision of copies of these records. it is not stated whether such access can be granted to third parties. the right to designate another person to be informed on one \u2019 s behalf if a health care proxy has been designated in an advance directive, this person would also be entitled to receive information on behalf of the person. confidentiality / disclosure of information to other people \u00a7 9 of the professional rules for german doctors obliges doctors to maintain confidentiality in respect of any information that is entrusted to him / her in his / her capacity as a doctor. this obligation exists even after the death of the patient. the disclosure of personal information to third parties is prohibited by \u00a7 823 of the civil code which governs the protection of personal rights. the issue of privacy is also addressed in the penal code. paragraph 203 states that it is a punishable offence for anyone to reveal without authorisation a fact that another person told in confidence due to the former ' s professional capacity. this applies to doctors, dentists, veterinary surgeons, pharmacists, members of a state controlled and recognised medical profession and professional state recognised psychologists. it also applies to assistants of the latter acting on a professional basis and those working for them in preparation for the profession. end - of - life care and issues the following instructions on \" aid to the dying \" can be found in \u00a7 16 of the professional rules for german doctors : \" a doctor \u2013 giving priority to the wishes of the patient \u2013 may refrain from life - prolonging measures and restrict him / herself to the alleviation of pain only if the postponement of the inevitable death of the dying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4893911366507258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f112975c-90f8-484f-868c-47b31d5948f2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.062500"}
{"text": "german doctors : \" a doctor \u2013 giving priority to the wishes of the patient \u2013 may refrain from life - prolonging measures and restrict him / herself to the alleviation of pain only if the postponement of the inevitable death of the dying person would merely mean unreasonable prolongation of suffering. a doctor must not actively shorten the life of the dying person. he / she must not place his own interest or the interest or third parties above the wellbeing of the patient. \" the above paragraph which addresses the issue of both passive and active euthanasia does not refer to incapacitated people or to previously expressed wishes. it is therefore unclear what the doctor ' s obligation would be in the case of an incapacitated person. the issue of assisted suicide and active euthanasia is also addressed in the penal code. a person who deliberately incites another person to commit an illegal act is guilty of \" complicity before the act \" according to paragraph 26 of the penal code. if the person voluntarily helps another to commit an illegal act, he / she is considered as an accomplice according to paragraph 27. however, neither of these laws is applicable in the case of assisted suicide due to the fact that suicide is not considered a punishable offence. nevertheless, there are certain conditions. the person who commits suicide must be have acted according to the principle of \" tatherrschaft \" which means that he / she must have been able to control his / her actions, have been capable of acting in a responsible manner and have acted freely without coercion. non - assistance to a person in danger on the other hand, paragraph 323c of the penal code which deals with failure to provide assistance, states that it is an offence not to provide assistance to a person in case of accident, common danger or urgency. this is particularly relevant for doctors whose duty it would be to provide assistance and try to reanimate a person who had committed suicide as soon as the latter became unconscious. murder at the request of the victim euthanasia is illegal in that it could be classed as either murder, manslaughter or murder at the request of the victim \u2013 all of which are liable to entail a prison sentence. in the case of euthanasia, murder at the request of the victim ( totung auf verlangen ) is the charge frequently brought against the perpetrator of the act. this act ( paragraph 216 of the penal code ) states : \" whoever causes the death of another person after having been express", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46345116719188667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f112975c-90f8-484f-868c-47b31d5948f2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.064576"}
{"text": "of the victim ( totung auf verlangen ) is the charge frequently brought against the perpetrator of the act. this act ( paragraph 216 of the penal code ) states : \" whoever causes the death of another person after having been expressly and sincerely asked to do so by this other person, is liable to a prison sentence of 6 months to five years. the attempt is also punishable. \" council of europe ( 2003 ), survey on member states \u2019 laws and practice relevant to euthanasia : replies to the questionnaire to member states relating to euthanasia, steering committee on bioethics ( cdbi ) laufs, a., atztrecht. 5. aufl. ( 1993 ), rz 14, 144, 163, 164, 167, 168, 179, 185, 198, 204, 210, 241 - 266. in demenzen : fruhzeitig erkennen, aktiv behandeln, betroffenen und angehorige effektiv unterstutzen, edited by wachtler, c. ( 1997 ), georg thieme verlag mathy and godschalk ( information provided for the publication : alzheimer europe ( 2006 ), alzheimer europe report : the use of advance directives by people with dementia, alzheimer europe the professional rules for german doctors quoted in this report are part of the model version which was decided upon at the 100 th german medical parliament in eisenach in 1997. they take on legal validity when adopted at the council meetings of the state chamber of the medical council and approved by the supervisory authorities. they are legally binding for doctors who are members of the chamber in their respective \" land \". membership of such a chamber is obligatory and there are only marginal differences between the model rules and the actual rules adopted by the chamber in each land. in \" demenzen : fruhzeitig erkennen, aktiv behandeln, betroffenen und angehorige effektiv unterstutzen, thieme verlag \" last updated : mercredi 27 avril 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.494628424114317, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f112975c-90f8-484f-868c-47b31d5948f2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.065954"}
{"text": "background information about dementia and home care services according to the \u201c icelandic national health plan to the year 2010 \u201d published by the ministry of health and social security in 2004, \u201c with the appropriate services and support it is fair to assume that more people would be able to stay longer at home. ( \u2026 ) it is important to emphasise the need to maintain and enhance physical and mental abilities, in order for senior citizens to be able to stay as long as possible in their own homes. \u201d methods to achieve this are outlined. these include : - the need to strengthen and increase cooperation and coordination of home help and - the need to increase the availability of day care and health centre home services, in which the emphasis should be on round - the - clock, 7 - day service and short - term hospitalisation. the ministry has set itself a target, namely that by 2010 \u201c more than 70 % of citizens over the age of 80 will retain their health to the extent that they can with the appropriate support services, continue to live in their homes and participate in daily life. \u201d legislation relating to the provision of home care services in iceland, there are a few laws which specifically deal with issues related to the elderly. the first was enacted in 1982 and was then revised in 1989 and 1999. the underlying principle of these laws is that the elderly should be respected. the laws also state that the elderly have a legal entitlement to the services that they need and that consequently the state must ensure that their needs are met in a way that is relevant and economically feasible ( jonsson and palsson, 2005 ). the purpose of the act on the affairs of the elderly, no. 125 of 31 december 1999 ( act no. 125 of 1999 ) is stated as being \u201c to ensure that the elderly are able, for as long as possible, to enjoy a normal domestic life and that they are assured the required institutional services when needed. \u201d an elderly person is defined as being a person aged 67 or older. this legislation, combined with the high cost of nursing home care and the desire of many elderly people to continue living in their own homes, has resulted in an increased demand for home care services ( johnson and olafsdottir, 2005 ). home care in iceland includes health care and social services. the former is in the hands of health care centre employees pursuant to the act on health care services. the latter is handled by municipalities or the parties with which the municipalities have contracted, pursuant to the act on municipal social services. organisation of home care services in each health care", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44455377792400286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd4c0e36-2940-4fcd-a421-c24cbc3f5675>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.080277"}
{"text": "the hands of health care centre employees pursuant to the act on health care services. the latter is handled by municipalities or the parties with which the municipalities have contracted, pursuant to the act on municipal social services. organisation of home care services in each health care centre district there is a service council for the elderly. this service is responsible for ensuring that the elderly receive the services they need, that they are informed of the options available to them and that their needs for institutional care are assessed ( act no. 125 of 1999, article 8 ). home nursing services are usually provided by community health centres. such care is organised on a regional basis. other kinds of home care services ( sometimes referred to as homemaker services ) are organised by the social services sector, also on a regional basis. financing of home care services the national health insurance finances home nursing care almost entirely. it is paid for by the state through the central government \u2019 s budget. social services for the elderly ( including home care and days care ) are paid for by county councils which are funded by local governments. nursing in the home is therefore free. payment for other home care services is related to income. therefore, clients may have to pay a small contribution towards the costs of such services. there are no cash benefits for home care. people attending day care centres must pay up to a maximum amount of one full basis pension ( i. e. eur 217 per month ) ( missoc, 2005 ). people who are in need of care can obtain a reimbursement for care costs along with their pension provided that they are on a very low pension. if eligible, the amount is calculated on the basis of each individual case in terms of percentages ( 35 %, 70 %, 90 % or 120 % ) and paid to the person with dementia. in july 2001, this amounted to eur 75, eur 149, eur 192 and eur 256 respectively. spouses my be entitled to special compensation amounting to 80 % of the flat rate state pension for providing care at home if they : - have suffered a loss of income as a result of stopping full - time employment ; - have incurred extra expenses linked to day care or paid home help ; - are on a low income e. g. if the spouse has no income. kinds of home care services available chapter iv, article 13 of the act no. 125 of 1999 provides the following examples of geriatric services ( which would also be available to elderly people with dementia ). - home care services provided to the elderly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4252418312627789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd4c0e36-2940-4fcd-a421-c24cbc3f5675>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.081688"}
{"text": ". kinds of home care services available chapter iv, article 13 of the act no. 125 of 1999 provides the following examples of geriatric services ( which would also be available to elderly people with dementia ). - home care services provided to the elderly residing at home. the service shall be based on case - by - case assessments of service needs and shall be geared to support for self - help. home care services shall be provided in the evening, at night and on week - ends if necessary. an effort shall be made to organise and co - ordinate the health care and social aspects of the home care services with the welfare and needs of the elderly person in mind. - service centres for the elderly which are operated by municipalities to ensure that senior citizens are provided with company, nourishment, exercise, recreation, entertainment and health surveillance. service centres may work independently or in connection with other services enjoyed by the elderly. - day - care centres for the elderly as a supporting measure for those who require supervision and care on a regular basis in order to continue to live at home. day - care centres for the elderly shall provide nursing services and be fitted with facilities for exercise and medical services. transportation services shall be provided to and from the home of the individual, as well as health assessments, exercise, recreation, social support, education, counselling and assistance in the activities of daily life. - serviced apartments for the elderly which may be privately owned, rented or residential rights apartments. prior to the construction of serviced apartments for the elderly, construction permits must be obtained from the minister for health and social services pursuant to article 16. serviced apartments for the elderly shall be fitted with security systems and a choice of varied services, such as catering, laundry and cleaning and access to social activities. payment for services provided shall be governed by the provisions of article 20. the residents of serviced apartments shall be entitled to the same home and watch services as other residents of the municipality. consultation with people with dementia and carers the \u201c icelandic national health plan to the year 2010 \u201d mentions the objective of ensuring that every health care institution establishes a formal quality development procedure and follows its own plan with regard to quality issues and that over 90 % of patients should be satisfied with the health care services they receive. it is not clear to what extent this would apply to the provision of home care services for people with dementia. - act on the affairs of the elderly, no. 125, 31 december 1999 ( with amendments up to act no. 38 / 2004 ), http : /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47632834232991095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd4c0e36-2940-4fcd-a421-c24cbc3f5675>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.083049"}
{"text": "to what extent this would apply to the provision of home care services for people with dementia. - act on the affairs of the elderly, no. 125, 31 december 1999 ( with amendments up to act no. 38 / 2004 ), http : / / eng. heilbrigdisraduneyti. is / media / laws % 20in % 20english / act _ on _ the _ affairs _ of _ the _ elderly. pdf # search = ' act % 20on % 20the % 20affairs % 20of % 20the % 20elderly % 20and % 20iceland ' - alzheimer europe ( 2001 ), equality in the provision of care at home, alzheimer europe - health information unit of who regional office for europe, highlights on health in iceland, http : / / www. who. dk / document / e72496. pdf - johnson, p. and oafsdottir, t. ( 2005 ), whho - compendium text ( extract on iceland ), http : / / www. nahc. org / whho / whhocomptext. html - jonsson, p. v. and palsson, h. ( 2005 ), toward informed and evidence - based elderly care : the rai experience in iceland, http : / / www. milbank. org / reports / interrai / iceland. html - missoc ( 2005 ), comparative tables : iceland, http : / / www. europa. eu. int / comm / employment _ social / missoc / 2002 / is _ part12 _ en. htm - the ministry of health and social security ( 2004 ), the icelandic national health plan to the year 1020, abridged version, http : / / www. heilbrigdisraduneyti. is / media / skyrslur / heilbenska5mai. pdf # search = ' icelandic % 20national % 20health % 20plan ' last updated : mercredi 15 juillet 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4836239230866168, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd4c0e36-2940-4fcd-a421-c24cbc3f5675>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.083875"}
{"text": "wernicke - korsakoff syndrome ( wks ) by clive evers wernicke ' s encephalopathy ( we ) is an acute neurological illness caused by severe deficiency of the vitamin thiamine ( vitamin b 1 ). it can occur suddenly and is characterised by problems with the eyes, problems with gait and balance, and an overall confusional state. alcoholism is usually the cause of thiamine deficiency but cases of we can also be attributed to anorexia nervosa and disorders associated with high levels of vomiting. we can be reversed by dosage of thiamine. we is a medical emergency and if left untreated will result in coma and death. wernicke - korsakoff syndrome is characterised by amnesia and a number of specific memory impairments. additionally there is a tendency towards confabulation. the confabulation can be momentary fantastic when they produce grandiose descriptions which are repeated. wernicke ' s encephalopathy ; korsakoff ' s psychosis ; korsakoff ' s syndrome ; korsakoff ' s amnesic syndrome. symptoms and course wks can occur suddenly and problems with the eyes include disorders of their control of direction, coordination and movement ; problems with gait and a loss of balance or equilibrium called ataxia ; and a global confusional state where the person is apathetic, has little awareness of their immediate situation and difficulties with space, attention and concentration. the symptoms of amnesia fall into two broad categories of impaired memory function and retained memory function. in impaired memory there is a profound difficulty or total inability to learn new material and the lack of a normal short term memory ( where a person would be able to repeat a telephone number after looking it up ). this is known as anterograde amnesia. also the person cannot remember events in their past life particularly the period immediately before their amnesia. this is known as retrograde amnesia. however, some memory functions can be well retained. particularly early established skills and habits. the use of language, gesture, and well practised skills may remain unaffected. however people can also show a tendency towards decreased initiative and spontaneity and a blunting of effect, so events, which would normally be of emotional significance are reacted to in a dull or apathetic manner. other psychiatric symptoms include depression, irritable spells and paranoia. patients who have abused alcohol for many years are also likely to show some of the physical effects such as liver, stomach,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.503327000954227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10835c1c-6cff-4912-bc16-e85b49b47fa8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.094475"}
{"text": "significance are reacted to in a dull or apathetic manner. other psychiatric symptoms include depression, irritable spells and paranoia. patients who have abused alcohol for many years are also likely to show some of the physical effects such as liver, stomach, and blood disorders. causes and risk factors the main cause of wernicke - korsakoff syndrome is chronic alcohol abuse which results in severe deficiency of the vitamine thiamine ( vitamine b1 ). however this deficiency can also arise as a result of forced or self - imposed starvation eg anorexia nervosa or from protein - energy malnutrition resulting from inadequate diet or malabsorption. conditions associated with protracted vomiting may also be a cause including severe vomiting during pregnancy. people with kidney conditions which may result in chronic renal failure may be at risk. the condition has been described in patients receiving dialysis. consuming large quantities of carbohydrates when thiamine levels are very low can be a cause ( feeding after starvation ). total population figures for the prevalence have proved very difficult to estimate ( blansjaar et al, 1992 ). in the hague, the netherlands gave a prevalence figure of 48 per 100, 000 total population while price ( 1985 ). in queensland, australia estimated there were 6. 5 per 100, 000 new cases each year. doctors will look for an altered mental state in the patient and for other neurological abnormalities. they will take a careful history from the patient and relative / carer, undertake a physical examination, laboratory tests and x - ray to exclude other causes of neurological dysfunction. we remains a clinical diagnosis with no abnormalities in eg cerebrospinal flui, brain imaging or eegs. a complete blood count excludes severe anemias and leukemias as causes of altered mental state. alterations in serum electrolytes like hypernatremia or hypercalcemia can cause altered mental statusserum glucose will be determined to exclude hypoglycemia and hyperglycemiato exclude uremia blood urea nitrogen and creatinine will be tested. arterial blood gases may be tested to exclude hypoxia and hypercarbiatoxic drug screening may be given to exclude some causes of drug induced altered mental status. a lumbar puncture may be considereda head ct scan is the definitive test for emergency diagnosis of focal neurologic disease. it may be necessary to consider eeg ' s for some patients to exclude an epileptic state as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4974475578440886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10835c1c-6cff-4912-bc16-e85b49b47fa8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.096543"}
{"text": ". a lumbar puncture may be considereda head ct scan is the definitive test for emergency diagnosis of focal neurologic disease. it may be necessary to consider eeg ' s for some patients to exclude an epileptic state as a cause of coma and altered mental state. ( source : p salen www. emedicine. com ). care and treatment wernicke ' s encephalopathy must be viewed as a medical emergency even if there are other possible diagnoses that are being considered. as the condition is potentially reversible, patients with any combination of the above symptoms should be treated with thiamine. as little as 2mg of thiamine may be enough to reverse the eye problems but initial higher doses of at least 100mg are advisable. thiamine solutions should be fresh as old solutions may be inactive. the problems of gait and acute confusional state may improve dramatically although improvement may not be noted for days or months. after thiamine has been started doctors may consider treatment with glucose. they will carefully monitor the cardiovasculatr status of patients. doctors will investigate the patients magnesium levels and correct any deficiency. some drug treatments have been tried including the selective serotonin re - uptake inhibitor fluoxamine and a drug called clonidine to improve memory. however there is still no satisfactory evidence that any of these or other drugs should be used in ordinary clinical practice. there is some evidence that good social supports can bring a good social outcome in alcohol misue. there is some experience and evidence that memory rehabilitation and therapies may have be of some benefit to patients. these would include external aids like diaries and reminders ; the use of mnemonics to help memory ; attendance at memory groups. however only a few patients with wk have been tried with these techniques. referral of patients with alcoholism to drinking cessation programmes and monitoring them for signs of alcohol withdrawal is a key step in outpatient treatment. there is some evidence of the effectiveness of specialist units for patients with we syndrome. medical council on alcohol 3 st andrew ' s place regent ' s park london nw1 4lb united kingdom registered charity no. 265242 tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7487 4445 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7935 4479 family caregiver alliance 690 market street, suite 600 san francisco, ca 94104 ( 415 ) 434 - 3388 ( 800 ) 445 - 810", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070873982558991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10835c1c-6cff-4912-bc16-e85b49b47fa8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.098319"}
{"text": "- historic sites from world war to cold war in an exchange of letters, a man who had an immeasurable impact on how the great struggle of our times was waged looks back on how it began december 1995 | volume 46, issue 8 the reality was, of course, that already before the outbreak of world war in 1939 the western powers had simply not developed their own military strength to a point, or even to anything resembling the point, at which they could hope to defeat hitler by their own efforts alone. the soviet struggle against hitler was not conducted by moscow for the purpose of rescuing the western powers from the situation into which their weakness had placed them, but it had this effect. and what has to be recognized was that there was, very naturally and inevitably, a price to be paid for this great soviet contribution to the armed struggle, and this price took the form of the postwar domination of a large part of europe, and this for years to come, by the soviet union. we and our western european allies had only ourselves to blame for this tragic necessity. had these realities been explained betimes to the american people, the distortions in the official american view of the soviet - american relationship during the wartime years and just thereafter might have been largely avoided, and the jolt of the transition to more realistic concepts in the immediate post - hostilities period might have been smaller and easier for the american political system to accept. it is unfortunately a characteristic of democracies that their political establishments are incapable of looking far into the future, of recognizing long - term dangers, and of anticipating those dangers at early stages. to point this out is not to question their many other advantages or to suggest that there is any easy way by which these deficiencies could be overcome. but it is to argue that if these weaknesses cannot be remedied, then the peoples and governments of the western democracies must learn to recognize that heavy prices have sometimes to be paid for their continued endurance. i think that your summary discussion, in these letters, of the misconceptions by the american government, including fdr, about stalin and the soviet union is a great contribution to historical knowledge. many of its materials are there, of course, in your papers and in your memoirs ; but there, by necessity, they are only parts of a larger story, whereas here they are brought together. equally important is how these misconceptions during the second world war led to the development of the cold war, or rather to the conditions along which it developed \u2014 not that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46666196555361933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36be74a8-dd7b-42a6-b283-1e4f174c4380>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.106675"}
{"text": "only parts of a larger story, whereas here they are brought together. equally important is how these misconceptions during the second world war led to the development of the cold war, or rather to the conditions along which it developed \u2014 not that the united states was the principal perpetrator of those conditions. i still do not entirely agree with you that the de facto alliance among the united states, britain, and russia during the war could have been avoided, or restricted to some kind of military cooperation, with america announcing not only to stalin but to the world that ( unlike churchill \u2019 s britain ) the united states would be loath to associate or coordinate its wartime efforts with russia except in a circumscribed sense of military aid. the power of germany was too large for that, and so were the consequent prospects of german policy to bring about a rift between its disparate opponents. but that is about the war itself and not about the 1945 - 47 period with which this correspondence of ours is primarily concerned. and on that we fully agree : what you have now written should make it definitely clear that contrary to what so many critics of the cold war have assumed, the american government \u2019 s response to stalin, at least in 1945 and early 1946, was belated rather than premature. what happened in 1946 was that finally those in charge of this country \u2019 s world policy were catching up with you, and then, by and large, political and public opinion followed in 1947. when in july of that year, your now world - famous \u201c x \u201d article was published in foreign affairs, that was not the beginning but the end of a process, not only because the essence of the article was already latent in your long telegram in early 1946, and the \u201c x \u201d version actually delivered in your talk to the council of foreign relations in early 1947, but because by july 1947 the change in the course of the giant american ship of state had been generally completed, largely in accord with your advocacies. nearly a half - century later all kinds of people have recognized its merits : that the policy of containment has worked and that all honor is due its architect.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5352018447194428, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36be74a8-dd7b-42a6-b283-1e4f174c4380>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.108667"}
{"text": "sometimes the average is anything but average facts about factorials it all begins with the factorial function, a familiar item of furniture in several areas of mathematics, including combinatorics and probability theory. the factorial of a positive whole number n is the product of all the integers from 1 through n inclusive. for example, the factorial of 6 is 1\u00d72\u00d73\u00d74\u00d75\u00d76 = 720. the standard notation for the factorial of n is \" n! \". this use of the exclamation point was introduced in 1808 by christian kramp, a mathematician from strasbourg. not everyone is enthusiastic about it. augustus de morgan, an eminent british mathematician and logician, complained in 1842 that the exclamation points give \" the appearance of expressing surprise and admiration that 2, 3, 4, & c. should be found in mathematical results. \" one common application of the factorial function is in counting permutations, or rearrangements of things. if six people are sitting down to dinner, the number of ways they can arrange themselves at the table is 6!. it ' s easy to see why : the first person can choose any of the six chairs, the next person has five places available, and so on until the sixth diner is forced to take whatever seat remains. the factorial function is notorious for its rapid rate of growth : 10! is already in the millions, and 100! is a number with 158 decimal digits. as n increases, n! grows faster than any polynomial function of n, such as n 2 or n 3, or any simple exponential function, such as 2 n or e n. indeed you can choose any constant k, and make it as large as you please, and there will still be some value of n beyond which n! exceeds both n k and k n. ( on the other hand, n! grows slower than n n. ) the steep increase in the magnitude of n! becomes an awkward annoyance when you want to explore factorials computationally. a programming language that packs integers into 32 binary digits cannot reach beyond 12!, and even 64 - bit arithmetic runs out of room at 20!. to go further requires a language or a program library capable of handling arbitrarily large integers. in spite of this inconvenience, the factorial function is an old favorite in computer science as well as in mathematics. often it is the first example mentioned when introducing the concept of recursion, as in this procedure definition : then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5636295677533316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f69be89-9ec2-48a2-a75c-2c25280ff747>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.115810"}
{"text": ". in spite of this inconvenience, the factorial function is an old favorite in computer science as well as in mathematics. often it is the first example mentioned when introducing the concept of recursion, as in this procedure definition : then return 1 else return n * f! ( n - 1 ) one way to understand this definition is to put yourself in the place of the procedure : you are the factorial oracle, and when someone gives you an n, you must respond with n!. your task is easy if n happens to be 1, since calculating 1! doesn ' t take much effort. if n is greater than 1, you may not know the answer directly, but you do know how to find it : just get the factorial of n \u2013 1 and then multiply the result by n. where do you find the factorial of n \u2013 1? simple : ask yourself \u2014 you ' re the oracle! this self - referential style of thinking is something of an acquired taste. for those who prefer looping to recursions, here is another definition of the factorial : for x in n downto 1 product : = product * x in this case it ' s made explicit that we are counting down from n to 1, multiplying as we go. of course we could just as easily count up from 1 to n ; the commutative law guarantees that the result will be the same. indeed, we could arrange the n numbers in any of n! permutations. all the arrangements are mathematically equivalent, although some ways of organizing the computation are more efficient than others. \u00bb post comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5930759319162411, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0f69be89-9ec2-48a2-a75c-2c25280ff747>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.117249"}
{"text": "the role played by engineers in marine science and technology may prove to be more significant than their role on land. the particular difficulties associated with engineering in the marine environment call for new materials, new methods of analysis and design, and the most advanced technical skills available. coastal and maritime civil engineers have long been involved with the design and construction of seawalls, jetties, harbours and the associated problems of coastal and beach erosion. modern design methods employ mathematical models which enable computers to simulate the effects of waves and currents on these structures and to predict the extent of undesirable effects such as erosion, flooding and storm surges following large storms and cyclones. ocean civil engineers can specialise in design and construction of structures, including platforms for oil drilling or deep - water mining operations. an understanding of the wave climate at the construction site, provided by computer studies of wave generation and wave characteristics, is vital for the successful design of such structures. electrical engineers develop computer - based control systems which continuously monitor the platform ' s position and make corrections to compensate for fluctuations in wind, tides and currents. in this way, computers keep the platform located precisely over a predetermined spot on the sea floor, which may be several kilometres below the surface. mechanical, civil and electronics engineers are developing new instruments for measuring, monitoring and exploring the underwater environment. one - atmosphere pressure suits can allow a diver to move and perform tasks at depths of kilometres and to photograph and sample the abyssal plains. however, manned dives are increasingly giving way to surface - controlled unmanned submersibles, which are now used routinely in jobs as diverse as checking and maintenance of man - made structures such as rig platforms and the exploration of the deepest parts of the ocean to help answer questions about the earth ' s crust. the marine environment in australia is characterised by a very rich interaction between physical, chemical and biological processes. industry, commerce, urbanisation and recreational activities in turn interact with the natural system. these interactions are causing a host of problems, including the impact of pollution on coastal ecosystems and over - exploitation of natural resources. an integrated approach to the problems of management of man in nature and development is required, taking into account all relevant processes and interactions within the coastal and marine environment. coastal engineers are involved in the investigation and assessment of coastal and marine environments, and planning for their use, development and conservation. systems engineers, as well as civil and environmental engineers, contribute the special skills required for computer - assisted mathematical analysis and the co - ordination of multi - disciplinary studies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48548866526605383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbef4352-8b29-4515-958d-c411b1a506c5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.124191"}
{"text": "data intelligence, business analytics as i mentioned in my previous article of \u201c fuzzy delphi method to design a strategic plan \u201d, i would like to continue the debate on distance method. but before going to the distance method, let me explain my story as follows : while i was working on discrepancy between basic and distance method on driving forces, i encountered to a phenomena. now, let me depict this phenomenon in the framework of a theorem below cited : inequality theorem in fuzzy logic assume, there is the fuzzy subset a of x where x is a universal set. then, we define the fuzzy set of a by its membership function ( mf = membership function ) as follows : mfa : x - - - - - - - [ 0, 1 ] it means that a real number mfa ( x ) in the interval [ 0, 1 ] is assigned to each element x where x is a member of x and also the value of mfa ( x ) at x presents the grade of membership of x in a. we consider below conditions for the fuzzy set a : - fuzzy set a is a convex and normalized fuzzy set in which we can say the fuzzy set a is a fuzzy number. - fuzzy set a is a central triangular fuzzy number where we have : for central triangular fuzzy number a = ( a, b, c ) : mfa ( x ) = 2 ( x - a ) / c - a if a < x < b mfa ( x ) = 2 ( x - c ) / a - c if b < x < c b = ( a + c ) / 2 now, we assume the set of s is included all central triangular fuzzy numbers as follows : s = [ ai ], i = 1, 2, 3, \u2026 \u2026. n in fact, we have : you can review the continuation of this article on below link :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6141856456467271, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ccc5c55a-3cfc-40e8-be5a-7752e5762b27>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.127871"}
{"text": "6. conserving australian plants aim : to contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of australias the united nations convention on biological diversity recognised both the opportunity and responsibility of botanic gardens to promote public awareness of the values of natural heritage and the importance of its preservation and sustainable use and management. the gardens achieves this through horticultural displays, indoor exhibitions, education programs, cooperation with other conservation organisations, and research into australian plants. the gardens established the original national flora collection, and at a current total of around 7000 species, it remains the most comprehensive display in existence of living australian plants. this includes some 367 rare or threatened species, of which 57 are on the national endangered list. in establishing the collections and displays, horticultural techniques have been developed that are useful in ex situ cultivation, reintroduction and population rebuilding, and vegetation restoration works. the gardens cooperates with state and territory conservation management authorities in a number of specific regional recovery plans, such as those concerning rutidosis leptorrhynchoides, grevillea iaspicula, grevillea wilkinsonii, hakea pulvinifera and astrotricha roddii. through its collaboration with the csiro in the cpbr, the gardens contributes to the assembling and updating of the inventory of australian plant biodiversity, and to the clarification of conservation biology of the flora and vegetation. national and regional roles the gardens gives a high priority to working cooperatively with other organisations involved in plant conservation both within australia and overseas. it played a leading role in the establishment of botanic gardens conservation international by the international union for the conservation of nature in 1987. the gardens promotes the concept of a nationally integrated network of plant conservation activities, particularly by hosting the national office of the australian network for plant conservation ( anpc ). the integrated approach to plant conservation adopted by the anpc draws together botanic gardens, conservation management organisations, private sector businesses and individuals committed to the conservation of rare or threatened australian plants and plant communities. the gardens also contributes to a range of commonwealth government programs including wildlife permitting and enforcement activities, threatened species protection, and several programs within the natural heritage trust, such as the national weeds program and bushcare. - the gardens will conduct public programs to raise public awareness of plant - horticultural and botanical research relevant to the conservation, sustainable use and management of australian plants will be undertaken. - the gardens will provide a national focus for, and national and international leadership in, the conservation of plant biodiversity. in particular, it will : - contribute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42897601512409783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a122fa3-2639-488c-b443-d2d923b105ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.137123"}
{"text": "and botanical research relevant to the conservation, sustainable use and management of australian plants will be undertaken. - the gardens will provide a national focus for, and national and international leadership in, the conservation of plant biodiversity. in particular, it will : - contribute to a national database of rare or threatened australian plants ; - cooperate with other conservation - oriented groups in species recovery - provide support for a network of australian regional botanic gardens and kindred institutions to promote conservation and sustainable use of australian - develop an ex situ collection of plants and seed of rare or threatened taxa for use in recovery plans and interpretive and educational programs, and as a gene bank. - biodiversity conservation and environmental sustainability will be strong underlying messages in education programs, indoor exhibitions and interpreted planting themes. threatened plants will be grown and interpreted in prominent places within the gardens and their status will be indicated where appropriate. - the gardens will support the australian network for plant conservation and continue its involvement with botanic gardens conservation international. it will cooperate with kindred organisations in staff exchange activities related to conservation. - the gardens and the cpbr will work closely with other government agencies on programs promoting vegetation and landscape conservation, threatened species conservation, and the protection of natural ecosystems from invasive weeds, both on and off reserves. - the gardens and the cpbr will contribute to the ongoing development of a national threatened species database, and document threatened plants in the herbarium, the living collections and the photograph collections. - the gardens will collect and maintain genetically significant living stocks of threatened species including variants, particularly those of the local region, and collaborate with other institutions in developing a national endangered - development of horticultural protocols for conservation purposes will focus on propagation and seed storage. - there will be maintenance and further development of the seed bank as a repository for rare or threatened species. - propagation material of rare or threatened plants will be made available to regional botanic gardens and kindred organisations with a conservation - regional botanic gardens and kindred institutions will be encouraged to raise awareness of conservation issues with the loan of relevant display material and educational resources developed at the gardens. 15 december, 2004, webmaster, anbg ( firstname. lastname @ example. org )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4503246599145914, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a122fa3-2639-488c-b443-d2d923b105ba>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.138388"}
{"text": "given by new mexico in 2005 u. s. capitol visitor center this statue of po \u2019 pay was given to the national statuary hall collection by new mexico in 2005. po \u2019 pay was born around 1630 in the san juan pueblo, in what is now the state of new mexico ; his given name, popyn, means \" ripe squash \" in the tewa language. as an adult he became a religious leader and was responsible for healing as well as for his people \u2019 s spiritual life. he also knew of his people \u2019 s suffering under spanish settlers, who forced them to provide labor and food to support the spanish community. the spaniards also pressured them to give up their religion and way of life and to adopt christianity \u2014 those found practicing their religion were tortured and sometimes executed. in 1675 po \u2019 pay and 46 other pueblo leaders were convicted of sorcery ; he was among those flogged, while others were executed. in 1680 po \u2019 pay organized the pueblo revolt against the spanish. according to legend, to coordinate the timing of the uprising, he and his followers sent runners to each pueblo with knotted deerskin strips. one knot was to be untied each day, and the revolt would begin on the day the last one was untied. however, the spaniards arrested two of the runners, and the pueblos were quickly notified to accelerate the revolt. the attacks began on august 10, two days before the last knot would have been untied. the spaniards took refuge at santa fe ; the besieging indians cut off their water supply but soon permitted them to leave the area. the pueblo revolt helped to ensure the survival of the pueblo culture and shaped the history of the american southwest. in 1997, the new mexico legislature selected po \u2019 pay as the subject of the state \u2019 s second statue for the national statuary hall collection and created the new mexico statuary hall commission, whose members were appointed by governor gary johnson. four sculptors were selected to create maquettes, and cliff fragua was awarded the commission in december 1999. it will be the seventh statue of a native american in the collection ; the others are king kamehameha i, will rogers ( who had cherokee ancestors ), sakakawea, sequoyah, washakie, and sarah winnemucca. the seven - foot - high statue was carved from pink tennessee marble ( making it the only colored marble statue in the collection ) and stands on a three - foot - high pedestal comprised of a steel frame clad in black granite.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4338240233626882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8d4dc08-5ad5-48d3-8fe5-a3cf5b38d73d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.144560"}
{"text": "winnemucca. the seven - foot - high statue was carved from pink tennessee marble ( making it the only colored marble statue in the collection ) and stands on a three - foot - high pedestal comprised of a steel frame clad in black granite. its acceptance marked the first time at which every state in the union has been represented by two statues in the collection. in addition, po \u2019 pay is historically the first person represented in the collection to be born on what would become american soil. no image or written description of po \u2019 pay is known to exist. sculptor cliff fragua describes the statue thus : in my rendition, he holds in his hands items that will determine the future existence of the pueblo people. the knotted cord in his left hand was used to determine when the revolt would begin. as to how many knots were used is debatable, but i feel that it must have taken many days to plan and notify most of the pueblos. the bear fetish in his right hand symbolizes the center of the pueblo world, the pueblo religion. the pot behind him symbolizes the pueblo culture, and the deerskin he wears is a humble symbol of his status as a provider. the necklace that he wears is a constant reminder of where life began, and his clothing consists of a loin cloth and moccasins in pueblo fashion. his hair is cut in pueblo tradition and bound in a chongo. on his back are the scars that remain from the whipping he received for his participation and faith in the pueblo ceremonies and religion. fragua, an indian from jemez pueblo, studied sculpture in italy, california, and new mexico ; he created his first stone sculpture in 1974.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4355113643163157, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8d4dc08-5ad5-48d3-8fe5-a3cf5b38d73d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.145936"}
{"text": "when the kids at notlabs first got their hands on a makerbot replicator, the ingenious 3d printer that can make just about anything you want, they quickly got down to business \u2013 making lego and kinex connectors, that is. as inconsequential as their decision may seem, it got us thinking : today, building blocks, but tomorrow? buildings themselves. the future isn \u2019 t as far as you may think. in the next two articles, i \u2019 ll introduce you to three visionaries who are already applying 3d printing technology to revolutionary effect : an engineer hoping to improve the human condition, a robotics expert with the goal of completing the sagrada familia ( or at least putting a structure on the moon ), and an architect at mit using nature - inspired materials to turn the design world on its head. if these three examples are anything to go by, 3d printing will revolutionize the world as we know it. but it begs the question : at what price? will it offer architects the freedom to design without the pesky limitations of built reality? or, like the scribes made redundant by gutenberg \u2019 s printing press, will 3d printing make the architect go extinct? the future potential to build and realize the concepts of the human mind lie just there, within the potential of the human mind. for years the architectural world has been struggling to keep up with the ability of pen - to - paper and the recent advents in nurb surface computer modeling, algorithmic and parametric architecture. this in - return has led to the building and technology industry playing catch - up with the recent advances in 3d architectural visualizations. in fact, as computer - aided design invaded these practices in the 1980s, radically transforming their generative foundations and productive capacities, architecture found itself most out - of - step and least alert, immersed in ideological and tautological debates and adrift in a realm of referents severed from material production.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5254903884113167, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25c2d0ab-2e8f-4ad4-9aa1-55703dc060f9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.148838"}
{"text": "\u201c the town that aluminum built ; \u201d \u201c the aluminum capital of the world ; \u201d \u201c the definitive company town in its heyday : \u201d these all describe the central arkansas community of bauxite. according to ernie deane \u2019 s \u201c arkansas place names, \u201d the pittsburg reduction company is credited as founder of the town named for the famous ore in 1907, though the general bauxite company had opened a mine and plant a few years earlier in 1897. the mining industry is gone today but the town remains a thriving community. at the peak of mining, bauxite had more than 7, 000 residents who lived and worked there. most of the company town no longer exists except for the community center. today the community center houses the bauxite museum, dedicated to the history of the town and the industry that built it. displays at the museum cover three decades, from the 1920s through the 1950s, and deal with such topics as family / community, the mining industry, the area \u2019 s ethnic diversity, military heritage, school days and sports. one of the most unusual and popular exhibits is what is known as \" bauxite teeth, \" a problem that affected both workers and residents in the early days of mining. though the local water stained teeth an unpleasant brown, doctors found the \u201c bauxite teeth \u201d to have harder enamel and be healthier than normal. other ways bauxite honors its heritage is the naming of the high school athletic teams \u2013 \u201c the miners \u201d - - while two main thoroughfares are named alcoa and reynolds after the major aluminum producers who mined there during the prime days of the industry. the ore also serves as the official state rock which is hard enough to have been used in various types of construction. it was used in 1887 to surface the road from sweet home to little rock. and in 1893 residents of the next - door - neighbor town of benton used the then unknown substance to build a home for dr. gann in lieu of payment for bills. the solid structure still stands and houses the gann museum of saline county.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41292233870970363, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3fd8a2e1-5e48-49ee-ae5c-934751c69982>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.151287"}
{"text": "tuesday 18 june laughing gull ( larus atricilla ) laughing gull fact file - find out more - print factsheet laughing gull description the laughing gull ( larus atricilla ) is a familiar bird of north american coasts with a distinctive appearance and almost hysterical laughing - like call ( 3 ). a small, black - hooded gull, this species has a grey back and grey wings, as well as a white breast and tail, a dark red bill and reddish - black legs. during the breeding season, the laughing gull has a distinctive black cap with narrow white crescents around the eyes, and will often have a suffusion of pink on the normally white breast. at other times of the year, the cap is lost and the head turns white, except for a residual dark patch behind the eye ( 4 ). before reaching maturity, juvenile laughing gulls undergo several moults, with plumage changing from light brown, with pale edged feathers and black primaries and secondaries, to having a whiter head, a grey back and a dusky breast ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ). - leucophaeus atricilla. - goeland atricille. top - to keep eggs warm so that development is possible. - animals with no backbone. - in birds, the main flight feathers projecting along the outer edge of the wing. - in birds, the shorter flight feathers projecting along the inner edge of the wing. - an area occupied and defended by an animal, a pair of animals or a colony. iucn red list ( september, 2010 ) - del hoyo, j., elliott, a. and sargatal, j. ( 1996 ) handbook of the birds of the world. volume 3 : hoatzin to auks. lynx edicions, barcelona. the cornell lab of ornithology : all about birds - laughing gull ( september, 2010 ) burger, j. ( 1996 ) laughing gull ( larus atricilla ). in : poole, a. ( ed. ) the birds of north america online. cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca. available at : - perrins, c. ( 2009 ) the encyclopedia of birds. oxford university press, oxford, uk. - burger, j. ( 1996 ) a naturalist along the jersey shore. rutgers university press, new jersey, usa. birdlife international ( september, 2010 ) - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42356847225437866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a9e4c9f-0ea2-40b0-99d7-f18860832c31>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.158808"}
{"text": "- burger, j. ( 1996 ) a naturalist along the jersey shore. rutgers university press, new jersey, usa. birdlife international ( september, 2010 ) - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies of the material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use ; - teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the material in their educational material ( including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects ) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the end user. laughing gull biology gulls in general are opportunistic feeders, and the laughing gull is no exception. it gathers at rubbish dumps to feed on scraps, follows tractors to catch disturbed insects and follows fishing boats to feed on discards. the laughing gull also pirates food from other bird species, including the brown pelican ( pelecanus occidentalis ), from which the laughing gull steals from its food pouch. in delaware, the horseshoe crab ( limulus polyphemus ) breeding season provides a plentiful supply of food for the laughing gull, as it feeds on the abundant eggs ( 2 ). breeding from late april in the southern colonies and from late may in the northern colonies, the laughing gull arrives at its breeding sites around a month before breeding to establish a territory and a nest site. upon arrival, the male laughing gull soon begins courting females with displays and offerings of fish, and this may last for up to two weeks. this courtship strategy not only helps to establish a pair bond, also provides the females with additional energy for egg production. a nest is built on elevated ground to prevent the nest from being dragged to sea at high tide ( 4 ) ( 6 ). typically, three eggs are laid and incubated by both the male and female for up to 28 days. whilst one bird incubates the eggs, the other forages for food and returns every three to four hours. once the chicks have hatched, the adult birds alternate between guarding the young and foraging. the adults do not bring prey back whole, instead regurgitating the food for the chicks ( 4 ). top laughing gull range in the summer, the laughing gull breeds along the north - eastern coast of america, before migrating southwards to central america and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40475186975470057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a9e4c9f-0ea2-40b0-99d7-f18860832c31>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.159860"}
{"text": "material ) displays a green flag next to the material and is available for not - for - profit conservation or educational use. this material may be used by end users, who are individuals or organisations that are in our opinion not - for - profit, for their not - for - profit conservation or not - for - profit educational purposes. low resolution, watermarked images may be copied from this website by such end users for such purposes. if you require high resolution or non - watermarked versions of the material, please contact wildscreen with details of your proposed use. creative commons material certain material on this website has been licensed to wildscreen under a creative commons licence. these images are clearly marked with the creative commons buttons and may be used by end users only in the way allowed by the specific creative commons licence under which they have been submitted. please see http : / / creativecommons. org for details. any other use please contact the copyright owners directly ( copyright and contact details are shown for each media item ) to negotiate terms and conditions for any use of material other than those expressly permitted above. please note that many of the contributors to arkive are commercial operators and may request a fee for such use. save as permitted above, no person or organisation is permitted to incorporate any copyright material from this website into any other work or publication in any format ( this includes but is not limited to : websites, apps, cds, dvds, intranets, extranets, signage, digital communications or on printed materials for external or other distribution ). use of the material for promotional, administrative or for - profit purposes is not permitted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46877840387095704, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a9e4c9f-0ea2-40b0-99d7-f18860832c31>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.161520"}
{"text": "i read the book \" alone in the universe \" by john gribbin recently. he argues that the conditions that produced intelligent ( sort of ) life on earth are incredibly rare, so this explains the \" fermi paradox \" : if there are aliens out there, why don ' t we see them? ( assuming as seems reasonable, that we don ' t ). he gives a lot of plausible reasons for why the rareness of life. like, only a certain part of the milky way is a good home for life. our planet has a magnetic field that shields it from the solar wind - charged particles that stream out of the sun. continental drift may not be common, and it ' s crucial for regulating the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is a kind of natural thermostat for earth. he thinks there were serendipitous mass extinctions of life forms that were unlikely to become intelligent, like the ediacarans. they were a weird kind of multicellular life that were around before the cambrian. strangely shaped things. and so on. some of it is very questionable to me. like, he thinks that land life is much more likely to become technological, and that the reasons are obvious. i ' m not sure what the obvious reasons are and i looked online and didn ' t find them. i wondered if part of the reason was that aquatic creatures would be less likely to develop hands, but then i found that octopi can manipulate objects with their tentacles. a lot of technology wouldn ' t work underwater, but being underwater would make some things easier, too. aquatic intelligent creatures might be very good at spatial thinking since they live in 3 dimensions. he mentions the idea of an advanced civilization putting self - replicating machines out into the universe that would colonize everything in time, and report back what they found to the home planet. so why aren ' t there self - replicating alien machines on earth, if there are alien civilizations? but i ' m not convinced that an advanced civilization would necessarily want to do this, or that it would be at all practical or feasible. he talks about a dinosaur called troodon, which lived right before a 6 - mile wide rock ( probably ) smashed into the earth, causing the end - cretaceous extinction. he says based on its brain size, troodon was about as smart as a small baboon. so the dinosaurs were on their way to evolving intelligence when they were wiped out. it would be interesting to speculate what an intelligent creature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5691754547769539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d3c1ae4-aad1-447b-9cdd-06512ae06a96>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.176062"}
{"text": ". he says based on its brain size, troodon was about as smart as a small baboon. so the dinosaurs were on their way to evolving intelligence when they were wiped out. it would be interesting to speculate what an intelligent creature that troodon could have evolved into, would have been like. they might have been more warlike than us ( not a happy thought ) since they were carnivorous and we evolved as omnivores. carnivores generally seem to be rather aggressive towards others of the same species. there are obviously a lot of pitfalls with arguing that life is rare, based on lucky accidents that produced us. evolution is very creative, and examples of convergent evolution show how the same solution to a problem that life is faced with, are found over and over. why shouldn ' t intelligence be a solution that convergent evolution finds over and over, on different planets, even? and, different solutions to different problems posed by different circumstances, could be found by alien life, and the limitations of our imagination are no argument against this. to me, the slow speed of light compared to the size of the cosmos seems a good reason why we ' d be left alone by them. the milky way galaxy is about 100, 000 light years in diameter. one could perhaps make a good argument that other intelligent life would exist on a roughly similar time scale to us, so that 100, 000 years would look like a long time to them, too. if it ' s true that conscious life is very rare, then it returns the specialness to us that science took away so much, by discovering the hugeness of the universe, that the sun and stars don ' t revolve around us, etc. the wonderful nature of our world is partly explained by the fact that we are here to see its wonders - which is made possible by the enormous size of the universe. for me, thinking about this kind of spacey thing is a mind - refreshing relief from the humdrum forced on me by health problems. and you can enjoy exploring the cosmos too in your imagination. in order to have technology - - anything from making a crude stone tool to building a space shuttle - - requires brains. brains require a constant supply of oxygen, which requires a heavly vascularized brain and a large heart, and large lungs to efficiently oxygenate the blood. fish are highly specialized and occupy a fairly restricted niche dependent on saline or fresh water, temperature, depth, etc,. they are streamlined swimmers with no ape", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5246927202103815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d3c1ae4-aad1-447b-9cdd-06512ae06a96>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.177424"}
{"text": "to get anywhere close to the dinos in the tropic and sub - tropic environments. i agree that that there is life - of one kind or another - on other planets, not just because of the large number of planets that have been discovered but because the nebulae in our galaxy, like the orion nebula, are producing an enormous amount of prebiotic molecules ( water, formaldehyde, cyanide sulfur dioxide and many more ). this has been going on long before the earth was formed, and it ' s inevitable that this raw material of life was here during the formation of the planet and was incorporated during its accretion period. for me, the question of where life came from, the earth or space, is moot. the earth is space stuff. so, the answer is yes to both questions. my conundrum is this : the dna / rna molecule is the \" life \" molecule for all living things on earth. if we expect to find earth - like life on other planets, it would have to have dna / rna. although i am convinced that this is the only molecule possible for life, i find it difficult to believe that it can be easily replicated. the other problem is the presence of the mitochondrion in all true cells. it is believed to have been a symbiotic bacterium which became incorporated into the cell and serves as a power house with its own genetic material, and has made it possible for more diversity. if ths process is not duplicated on other planets, what sort of life will we get then? these factors make me wonder whether life will be as prolific as we think, and that intelligence on par with ours will be very, very rare, much less superior to ours. to my knowledge, there is no self replicating molecule that exists other than dna / rna ; however, the pre - biotic chemistry for it exists. i assume the chemical precursors are pretty much consistent throughout the universe as is chemical reactivity. oxidation / reduction is the same here as well as in the most distant galaxy. as such, any rocky planet with a reducing atmosphere would be a potential life forming stage. there are, of course, many other factors necessary for successful life genesis and survival to the point of intelligence. intelligence may be rare but, imo, life is probably ubiquitous throughout the universe. jim, i can ' t quibble about what you ' ve said ( although i ' d like to ) but keep in mind that only one planet out of eight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5158297826700297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d3c1ae4-aad1-447b-9cdd-06512ae06a96>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.179446"}
{"text": "intelligence may be rare but, imo, life is probably ubiquitous throughout the universe. jim, i can ' t quibble about what you ' ve said ( although i ' d like to ) but keep in mind that only one planet out of eight in our solar has has life on it. as to life on the other plants, and moons, it ' s pure speculation. he ' s not speaking of life on other planets within our solar system. none of the other planets in our solar system fit the necessary criteria for dna - based life. he ' s speaking of chemically - similar life on planets within similar orbits of other stars. there are a couple hundred billion stars within our galaxy alone. some of them must have suitable planets at orbits that are the appropriate distance to contain liquid water. thanks. the \" goldilocks zone \". the point i was making was that the total number of planets is meaningless. additionally, mars may have had life, but no longer seems to, even though it has ice at the caps. might it have fallen into that zone? it ' s all a matter of degrees. the point i was making was that the total number of planets is meaningless. umm, no, it ' s not meaningless. when we ' re talking about a statistical likelihood of there being life on other planets, the planetary density of the galaxy and the universe is very much at issue. additionally, mars may have had life, but no longer seems to, even though it has ice at the caps. might it have fallen into that zone? it ' s all a matter of degrees. mars is a little outside of that zone. it is too far away from the sun for the energy from the sun to maintain its temperature within the necessary range for a long enough period of time. obviously, it passed through the necessary temperature range, at some point in its life - cycle, going from molten, after formation, to its current, relatively inert stage. there was quite possibly very simple life, at some point, but the window of time was too short for that life to evolve very much. mars might heat up significantly, after the sun goes into the red giant phase, in another 5 or 6 billion years, but that phase will be far too short of life to reform and evolve any amount worth speaking of. plus, mars and the outer plants might escape, during that period, in which case, it won ' t be warming, as it goes hurtling off into interstellar space. thanks. how do you determine the odds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5202234550559917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d3c1ae4-aad1-447b-9cdd-06512ae06a96>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.180406"}
{"text": "any amount worth speaking of. plus, mars and the outer plants might escape, during that period, in which case, it won ' t be warming, as it goes hurtling off into interstellar space. thanks. how do you determine the odds of life being on any one planet? we do not have any sampling data. if your talking total mass of life, that ' s one thing, if you ' re talking odds, that ' s another. from our perspectve it ' s easy to determine that mars is not quite in the zone. how easy is it to ascertain from 20 lightyears distance. we have not explored the ice cap ( s ) on mars yet, neither have we drilled a deep core sample. on earth we have life forms living miles beneath the surface. so, there is much more to learn. how do i determine the odds of any given extrasolar - planet evolving life? i don ' t. i have no freaking clue. the only real statements that i can make are that there are a huge number of planets out there with life on them, because of the sheer numbers involved. i made a lot of approximations, based upon other people ' s numbers, to explain why i reject the fermi paradox, back on page one of this discussion. i can only make the most general sorts of conclusions, with my knowledge of the field. i agree with you that there must be abundant life out there, but i think fermi was speaking of life that was superior in intelligence and technology. on this point i agree with him that it probably doesn ' t exist. if life is dna - based, then evolution would operate under the same principles as it does on earth. since we now live in societies in which survival is no longer a life - and - death struggle, there is no selective pressure for us to get any smarter. the same would go for an alien life form. once they reached a comfortable, secure technological point there would be nothing requiring them to get larger brains than they have now. so, they would probably be just like us - - wondering why they haven ' t been visited by a technologically superior culture.... but i think fermi was speaking of life that was superior in intelligence and technology. he was speaking about intelligent species that have achieved interstellar travel, as we could possibly do, in another couple hundred years or so, if we don ' t wipe ourselves out, before then. on this point i agree with him that it probably doesn ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5506859394966256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d3c1ae4-aad1-447b-9cdd-06512ae06a96>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.181348"}
{"text": "speaking about intelligent species that have achieved interstellar travel, as we could possibly do, in another couple hundred years or so, if we don ' t wipe ourselves out, before then. on this point i agree with him that it probably doesn ' t exist. if life is dna - based, then evolution would operate under the same principles as it does on earth. since we now live in societies in which survival is no longer a life - and - death struggle, there is no selective pressure for us to get any smarter. the same would go for an alien life form. what you ' re missing is that genetic evolution doesn ' t matter anymore ( or at least matters very little ), in our evolution as a species. our memetic evolution is what will eventually lead us to an interstellar culture or cause us to wipe ourselves out. also, he ' s not saying that other intelligent life doesn ' t exist in the galaxy. he ' s saying that if other intelligent life exists in the galaxy, the estimates ( such as the drake equation ) have problems. that ' s why it ' s a paradox. personally, i think most of the problems with the estimates have to do with underestimating the difficulties of interstellar travel and overestimating the effective age of the universe, in terms of how long interstellar civilizations would have been around, and how freely they would be able to move throughout the galaxy. part of the problem is that he assumes an effectively limitless time for colonial expansion, relative to the age of the universe. i don ' t think that the relative differences in time are quite as exponential as he assumes. i went through most of that back on page one. i think that at the more pessimistic end of the estimates, with the limitations of space travel factored in, it ' s not so hard to believe that we haven ' t had anyone probing us yet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5652231453984621, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d3c1ae4-aad1-447b-9cdd-06512ae06a96>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.182156"}
{"text": "chapter 8 : health effects evaluation : in - depth analysis - ( section 8. 1 ) when to conduct an in - depth analysis - ( section 8. 2 ) tools and resources needed to support an in - depth analysis - ( section 8. 3 ) evaluating study ( ies ) on which exceeded health guidelines are based - ( section 8. 4 ) reviewing other dose - response data - ( section 8. 5 ) evaluating substance - specific factors that can increase or decrease the potential for harm - ( section 8. 6 ) evaluating site - specific health effects data - ( section 8. 7 ) presenting findings in the public health assessment document as part of the exposure evaluation ( described in chapters 5 and 6 ), you have identified who might come in contact with environmental contaminants, how those persons might be exposed, and the extent to which might be exposed ( over space and time ). as an initial step in the health effects evaluation ( described in chapter 7 ), you have compared, measured, or modeled exposure point concentrations to atsdr ' s media - specific comparison values. in some cases, you have estimated site - specific exposure doses and compared them to health guidelines. by now, you have clearly ruled out those pathways and substances that pose no health hazards, and you have retained those requiring more careful examination. this chapter provides guidance on how to perform the more in - depth analysis needed at sites where, during the exposure evaluation and screening analysis, health hazards have not been ruled out. to this point in the public health assessment processwith the exception of knowing the numeric value of the health - based comparison valueno information about the substance ( s ) of interest has been required. as depicted in figure 8 - 1, the process described in this chapter involves looking more closely at substance - specific information in the context of site exposures. the goal of this analysis is to provide perspective on what it means when a health - based screening value has been exceeded, and in some cases, how to address specific community health concerns regarding that situation. the analysis will help answer two important questions health assessors face : - are public health actions needed to prevent exposures? - are site - related exposures expected to cause harm? this chapter will guide you in evaluating and integrating exposure data ( i. e., site - specific exposure conditions that have been studied throughout the public health assessment process ) and substance - specific health effects data ( e. g., toxicologic, epidemiologic, and health outcome data ). the output of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47774893931082163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.250337"}
{"text": ", site - specific exposure conditions that have been studied throughout the public health assessment process ) and substance - specific health effects data ( e. g., toxicologic, epidemiologic, and health outcome data ). the output of the analysis is a qualitative description of whether site exposure conditions are of sufficient nature, frequency, and magnitude to affect public health adversely. the outcome will also assist in determining an appropriate public health response. because of uncertainties regarding exposure conditions and the adverse effects associated with environmental levels of exposure, definitive answers on whether health effects actually will or will not occur are not always possible. however, providing a framework that puts site - specific exposures and the potential for harm in perspective is possible and is one of the primary goals of the public health assessment process. the narrative describing your findings should therefore lay out this framework. after discussing the criteria that will trigger an in - depth analysis ( section 8. 1 ) and the tools and resources available to support your analysis ( section 8. 2 ), this chapter will guide the health assessor through the following steps : - evaluating the experimental or human study ( ies ) on which the exceeded health guideline value was based. ( section 8. 3 ) - determining where site - specific dose estimates fall in relation to other dose - response data. ( section 8. 4 ) - reviewing other substance - specific factors that could increase or decrease the potential for harmful effects, such as our understanding of the overall behavior of the substance within the human body and the mechanism by which it exerts its toxic effect, knowledge of substance - specific effects among susceptible populations, and multiple chemical exposures. ( section 8. 5 ) - determining whether relevant site - specific health effects data should be evaluated in the public health assessment, such as mortality and morbidity data ( also called health outcome data ), or biologic monitoring data ( section 8. 6 ). - integrating relevant information and presenting it in the pha document. ( section 8. 7 ) not all public health assessments will require you to consider all the elements of the in - depth analysis described in this chapter. the level of analysis will differ across sites and will depend on the scope and complexity of site - related issues, such as the magnitude of exposures, the substance ( s ) under evaluation, and specific community health concerns. as you review and integrate exposure and health effects data, professional judgment is needed in weighing what is known and unknown, including uncertainties and data limitations. you may need assistance from other members", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5124542177674463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.251482"}
{"text": "substance ( s ) under evaluation, and specific community health concerns. as you review and integrate exposure and health effects data, professional judgment is needed in weighing what is known and unknown, including uncertainties and data limitations. you may need assistance from other members of your site team or other technical specialists, including those with expertise in toxicology, epidemiology, medicine, and health physics. this chapter will guide you on how to work with these specialists to define the appropriate level of analysis for your site and in evaluating the strength and relevance of available information. as the health assessor, you will be responsible for integrating and communicating the findings of this analysis in the public health assessment document. 8. 1 when to conduct an in - depth analysis during the screening analysis ( chapter 7 ), after careful consideration of site - specific exposure conditions, you eliminated those substances and pathways not expected to result in adverse health effects. you then determined whether exposure to measured or modeled levels of contaminants required further evaluation. in many cases, you will not need to go any further. however, you should proceed with a more detailed analysis, as outlined in this chapter, if any of the following occur ( 1 ) : - site - specific exposure dose estimates exceed health - based guideline values ( e. g., mrls are exceeded or theoretical cancer risk levels exceed 10 - 6 ). - no relevant and reliable screening value could be found or generated for a substance. as noted in chapter 7, exceptions can include essential nutrients and other constituents naturally found in environmental media ( e. g., calcium, iron, magnesium ). - the community has expressed concern about a particular substance or exposure. even in cases where comparison values have not been exceeded, a more in - depth review of the health effects data might be needed to adequately address the community health concern. 8. 2 tools and resources needed to support an in - depth analysis in general, an in - depth analysis will require the examination and interpretation of reliable substance - specific health effects data ( toxicologic, epidemiologic, medical, and health outcome data ). much of the data will relate to dose - response relationships for the substance and pathways of interest. you also will determine whether health outcome data should or can be obtained ( i. e., information from pre - existing databases such as local or state disease registries ). in some cases, community or site - specific survey data might be available for evaluation as part of the public health assessment. atsdr ' s toxicological profiles serve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4956451980880823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.252561"}
{"text": ", information from pre - existing databases such as local or state disease registries ). in some cases, community or site - specific survey data might be available for evaluation as part of the public health assessment. atsdr ' s toxicological profiles serve as an important resource for health effects data. in most cases, these profiles will provide the information needed to support your analysis and draw public health conclusions. each peer - reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes the toxicologic properties and adverse effects associated with a substance, including information on populations that might be unusually susceptible to a particular substance. these profiles also contain other substance - specific data, such as information on bioavailability and interaction with other chemicals. limitations and uncertainties of individual studies and the overall database are highlighted. the box below summarizes the content of atsdr ' s toxicological profiles. other compilations of toxicologic data include resources such as the u. s. environmental protection agency ' s ( epa ) integrated risk information system ( iris ) database, international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ) monographs, and national toxicology program ( ntp ), as well as some non - governmental resources. for more in - depth evaluations or in the absence of secondary sources such as those mentioned above, standard toxicology textbooks and peer - reviewed scientific journals of environmental toxicology or environmental health can be consulted. a listing of and links to such resources are provided at the end of this chapter. when identifying the most relevant and up - to - date sources of data to support your analysis, you might need to consult with the appropriate experts on your team. conducting a critical review of toxicologic or epidemiologic data requires specialized training and a thorough understanding of underlying scientific principles. similarly, a health physicist will need to assist in identifying appropriate resources for evaluating radiological hazards. the atsdr division of toxicology chemical manager is another resource in determining the status of any ongoing substance - specific research. if available secondary resources ( such as toxicological profiles ) have not been recently updated, it is important to identify the current state of the knowledge for a particular substance. ( while atsdr is continually reviewing substance - specific toxicologic data, some of the profiles could be a few years old. ) new information regarding observed effect levels or low - dose behavior might be important in interpreting site - specific doses ( see sections that follow ). 8. 3 evaluating studies on which exceeded health guidelines are based as described in chapter 7 and in appendix d,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46333921165458875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.255160"}
{"text": ") new information regarding observed effect levels or low - dose behavior might be important in interpreting site - specific doses ( see sections that follow ). 8. 3 evaluating studies on which exceeded health guidelines are based as described in chapter 7 and in appendix d, the health guidelines used in your screening analysis are generally extrapolated doses from observed effect levels in animal studies. health guidelines are usually based on a \" critical \" or \" key \" studygenerally, the study reporting the most sensitive endpoint at the lowest dose level. depending on the available data and the type of toxic response, observed effect levels are then adjusted by a series of uncertainty factors or through the use of statistical models to ensure that they are amply health - protective ( see figure 8 - 2 ). setting screening values at levels well below those known to cause harm is consistent with the fundamental concept of public health : prevention. when a health guideline is exceeded, a first step in understanding the public health significance of exceeding that guideline is to review and understand the basis for that guideline. understanding the applicability and strength of the study data will be a primary tool in evaluating whether site exposures are expected to cause harm. the goal of the analysis is to determine where site - specific doses lie in relation to the observed effects levels reported in the studies of interest and whether differences between study data and the exposure scenario being evaluated make health effects more or less likely. when developing health guidelines such as mrls, atsdr toxicologists and others extensively study the toxicologic literature and weigh the scientific data ( including the factors highlighted below ). reviewing the basis for an mrl and other health guidelines as part of this analysis in no way diminishes the importance of the health guideline ; rather, it serves as a means of gaining perspective on how strongly the supporting toxicologic data suggest that harmful exposures have occurred or might occur under your site - specific exposure conditions. two key steps in this analysis involve ( 1 ) comparing site exposure doses with observed effect levels reported in the critical study ( section 8. 3. 1 ) and ( 2 ) carefully considering study parameters in the context of site exposures ( see section 8. 3. 2 ). you will generally find information on the critical study in atsdr ' s toxicological profiles, in the section entitled health effects : relevance to public health and in the appendix presenting atsdr minimal risk levels and worksheets, or in epa ' s iris database. this step in the process involves comparing your substance - specific", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5137069967996137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.256424"}
{"text": "toxicological profiles, in the section entitled health effects : relevance to public health and in the appendix presenting atsdr minimal risk levels and worksheets, or in epa ' s iris database. this step in the process involves comparing your substance - specific exposure dose to effect levels that are reported in the critical study used to derive the screening value that has been exceeded. ( 2 ) the health assessor should review the section of the toxicological profile in which the mrls are derived. the assessor should note whether the mrl is based on a human or animal study and whether the mrl is derived from a noael or loael. the assessor should then compare the site - specific exposure dose to the noael or loael. ( 3 ) if the site - specific exposures are well below a noael that is based on a human study, the likelihood for adverse health effects in the exposed population would be low. if, however, the noael is based on an animal study, exposure doses near the noael could be of concern because of uncertainty in the relative sensitivity of animals as compared to humans. ( in the absence of contrary information, it is prudent to assume that humans are more sensitive to the chemical than are animals. ) in some instances, an mrl is derived from a loael, rather than from a noael. the likelihood of adverse health effects increases as site - specific exposures approach a loael derived from either a human or animal study. because, by definition, loael doses cause adverse health effects, exposures that approach or exceed a loael are of concern and should be identified as a public health hazard. the health assessor should also consider the relevance of the mrl study to the site - specific exposure conditions and the exposed population. if the mrl was based on a noael in adults, and the population at the site includes a sensitive population such as children, the noael might not apply to all segments of the population. the assessor should also consider the exposure scenario of the mrl study. in experimental studies, administration of a high bolus dose of a chemical to an animal could have a different effect than low - dose chronic or intermittent exposures in humans. also, the assessor should consider the confidence in the mrl study ; if similar findings have been reported in other studies, confidence in the study is enhanced. section 8. 3. 2 of this chapter discusses other factors to consider when evaluating the relevance of the mrl study. as you review and integrate exposure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4867530762960129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.257541"}
{"text": "carcinogens should therefore include these classifications. the most current cancer classification information can be obtained from atsdr ' s comparison value tables, which are updated quarterly. more detailed information on the carcinogen classification for a specific substance can obtained through epa, iarc, or ntp. when discussing a chemical ' s carcinogenicity, explain in plain language what the different classification categories mean. for example, \" human studies clearly link the substance of interest with certain cancers \" or \" while some animal studies have shown increased tumors after exposure to the substance of interest, human data do not suggest a link between the substance and cancer in humans. \" note that atsdr evaluates the relevance of animal data to humans on a case - by - case basis. in the absence of compelling data to the contrary, however, a substance that has been shown to cause cancer in animals is considered to be carcinogenic in humans. - identifying effect levels or a point of departure. for known or potential human carcinogens, understanding the doses at which cancer effects might be expected under site - specific exposure conditions requires an understanding of the dose - response curve for the substance of interest. most available toxicologic data report cancer effects at doses much higher than those likely to be seen at hazardous waste sites. a first step therefore is to look at dose levels in this range of observation. in some cases ( similar to the benchmark dose described above ), toxicologists model available dose - response data to identify a \" point of departure \" ( or an estimated or modeled dose that is near the lower end of the observed range ). for example, a 5 or 10 percent effect level is often selected as the point of departure. this point of departure is then used as a stepping - off point for evaluating possible cancer effects at lower doses. as stated previously, various mathematical models have been developed to predict the potency of substances at low doses. these models are based on scientists ' understanding of the slope of the dose - response curve at high doses, and a series of assumptions about substance - specific behavior at doses below the range of observation ( e. g., below the point of departure ). when applying these models, scientists have by default historically assumed no threshold ( or linear dose - response ). as scientists learn more about the mechanism or mode of action by which carcinogens act, they are learning that this might not always be the case ( epa 2003a ; bogdanffy et al. 2001 ). ( 4 ) health assessors are not expected to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5272639509449204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.259873"}
{"text": "more about the mechanism or mode of action by which carcinogens act, they are learning that this might not always be the case ( epa 2003a ; bogdanffy et al. 2001 ). ( 4 ) health assessors are not expected to conduct the types of modeling analyses described above. however, considering the following questions will help the assessor understand the behavior of a particular carcinogen. this perspective is then communicated in the public health assessment document. - at what levels have cancer effects been reported in the literature? proceed with caution, but comparing site - specific doses with the lowest reported cancer effect levels ( cels ) can offer some perspective. realize that cels presented in the toxicological profiles represent only a snapshot of observed effect levels. as discussed above, it is not known whether lower doses will elicit a carcinogenic response. also, review epa ' s iris summaries and toxicological reviews to understand the basis for epa ' s cancer slope factors and the studies used to support risk assessment decisions, including identified effect levels or calculated points of - what is known about a substance ' s mode of action that might increase or decrease the likelihood of a cancer response at low doses? as emphasized in epa ' s guidelines for cancer risk assessment, knowing the manner in which cancer is initiated or promoted by a substance ( i. e., the mode of action ) will help in determining the following : ( 1 ) whether a \" safe \" level or threshold may exist for that particular substance, or ( 2 ) whether evidence or sufficient uncertainty exists to suggest that even at very low doses cancer potential cannot be ruled out ( epa 2003a ). in cases where low dose extrapolations have been used to quantify a theoretical estimate of cancer risk, it is critical to put the calculated risk into perspective when discussing site - specific cancer hazards. remember that any such estimate is based on several conservative assumptions to account for uncertainties. the true risk might be much lower ; it might even be as low as zero ( atsdr 1993 ; epa 2003a ). therefore, the health assessment team is encouraged to compare site doses with observed effect levels reported in the toxicologic and epidemiologic literature and discuss those site doses qualitatively in the context of issues presented throughout the remainder of this chapter. - at what levels have cancer effects been reported in the literature? proceed with caution, but comparing site - specific doses with the lowest reported cancer effect levels ( cels ) can offer some perspective. realize that cels presented in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5355173215069864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.261149"}
{"text": "of this chapter. - at what levels have cancer effects been reported in the literature? proceed with caution, but comparing site - specific doses with the lowest reported cancer effect levels ( cels ) can offer some perspective. realize that cels presented in the toxicological profiles represent only a snapshot of observed effect levels. as discussed above, it is not known whether lower doses will elicit a carcinogenic response. also, review epa ' s iris summaries and toxicological reviews to understand the basis for epa ' s cancer slope factors and the studies used to support risk assessment decisions, including identified effect levels or calculated points of departure. evaluating carcinogens in this mannerassuming scientific data are available to support the analysisprovide the type of information needed to better communicate hazard potential to the community. a balanced discussion of what is known and not known will help provide more meaningful perspective to the community. as our understanding of substance - specific toxic action grows, public health conclusions can change. toxicologists at atsdr and at other agencies, such as epa, are reviewing available toxicologic information on an ongoing basis to help ensure the most accurate and scientifically defensible assessment of substance - specific hazards. the examples below illustrate the potential significance of identifying, understanding, and communicating the current understanding of a substance ' s toxic action. in examining tumor responses in mice exposed to chloroform, scientists have discovered that chloroform appears to work through a non - genotoxic mode of actionthat is, tumor responses are produced only at dose levels that result in cytotoxicity. therefore, noaels have been identified both via ingestion and via inhalation routes of exposure below which no increases in cancer would be expected ( jorgenson et al. 1985 ; larson et al. 1994 and 1996 ). as a result of these studies, epa has determined that the oral reference dose ( for non - cancer effects ) for chloroform is protective against an increased risk of cancer, and epa is currently working to revise its assessment for inhalation exposure ( epa 2001 ). using the newer inhalation data instead of the default linear dose extrapolation method could result in marked increases in predicted \" safe \" exposure concentrations. based on this newer understanding, larson et al. ( 1996 ) contrast a safe exposure concentration of 0. 01 parts per million ( ppm ) of chloroform in air to the current iris value of 0. 000008 ppm,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5379033576619632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.262191"}
{"text": "on this newer understanding, larson et al. ( 1996 ) contrast a safe exposure concentration of 0. 01 parts per million ( ppm ) of chloroform in air to the current iris value of 0. 000008 ppm, even after applying an uncertainty factor of 1, 000. on the other hand, remaining uncertainties related to arsenic behavior at low doses have prompted regulators to lower the drinking water standard for arsenic. the expertise of a toxicologist should be sought when seeking and interpreting any such data, but recognize that understanding the basis for the health guidelines that have been exceeded will, again, enable you to better communicate health hazard information. whenever reviewing dose - response data, an understanding of the underlying study is pivotal. if the dose comparisons discussed above reveal the need for further analysis, judging the relevance of the critical study used in developing a health guideline to the site - specific exposure situation will provide another piece of information to guide health conclusions. ( these factors are relevant when reviewing other studies as well ). as the health assessor, you will add site - specific knowledge and insight that will be critical to this evaluation. you should be able to perform the basic steps of a data review. assessing the relevance of available studies requires both technical expertise and professional judgment. numerous considerations beyond the scope of this guidance manual affect the quality of experimental data and its relevance to site - specific exposures. most relate to experimental design. this list, and associated examples, should not be viewed as a complete guide for evaluating all toxicologic studies but as a general guide to aid you in the context of the public health assessment process. again, work with the appropriate experts on your team when evaluating the importance and implications of such questions. in collaboration with the toxicologist and epidemiologist on your team, consider the following types of questions when evaluating how study features might make harmful effects more or less plausible. - is the critical study based on human or animal data? clearly, a study based on human data holds the greatest weight in describing relationships between a particular exposure and a human health effect. fewer uncertainties exist about potential outcomes documented in well - designed epidemiologic studies. exceeding a guideline value based on human data provides relatively strong evidence for the potential for harmful effects. similarly, falling below a noael reported in a human study could provide support for a conclusion that adverse effects are unlikely. however, before making this determination, the health assessor should consider the quality of the study and the size of the exposed group. similarities and differences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5462024972388204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.263246"}
{"text": "below a noael reported in a human study could provide support for a conclusion that adverse effects are unlikely. however, before making this determination, the health assessor should consider the quality of the study and the size of the exposed group. similarities and differences between available study data and your site - specific exposure conditions ( e. g., exposure route, chemical form ) should also be considered. - how relevant is the dosing method to site exposures? the relevance of the findings of an experimental study to environmental exposures will be influenced by how the test animal received its dose ( e. g., gavage / water, gavage / oil, water, food, or vapor ). often, the exposure route in experimental studies is different from the route by which people living near a site could be exposed. identify and discuss the differences to provide the reader with a sense of how differences can influence the likelihood of adverse health effects. for example, a laboratory study in which animals were administered a substance via gavage or drinking water might not directly apply to a soil - exposure scenario. this is because solubility is often an important component of how much and how quickly substances are absorbed, which might impact the nature of the toxic response. the form of the substance tested in water and gavage can differ considerably from the form present in soil. for similar reasons, a dietary animal study might not adequately represent exposures from drinking water. as another example, pregnant rats gavaged with oil solutions of trichloroethylene ( tce ) might be consuming much more tce per dosing than pregnant women drinking from tce - contaminated wells. the dose received by pregnant rats in oil could far exceed the dose even possible in drinking water because of differences in the solubility of tce in oil as compared to water. - how might dosing regimens influence the interpretation of the study data? < in addition to the method of dosing described above, the dosing regimen can influence the absorption and ultimately the effects observed in experimental studies. you will want to examine how closely, in relative terms, the study conditions match site - specific exposure conditions. some questions to ask include : were animals dosed continuously or intermittently? were animals dosed over the short or long term? for example, the same dose administered in the shorter term ( e. g., 28 days ) might produce different effects than those produced after a longer - term dose administration ( e. g., 90 days ). because different dosing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4967050936909033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.266276"}
{"text": "term? for example, the same dose administered in the shorter term ( e. g., 28 days ) might produce different effects than those produced after a longer - term dose administration ( e. g., 90 days ). because different dosing regimens can produce different effects or affect the severity of the observed effect, one can be more confident the more closely study data match site - specific conditions. if only acute or subchronic dose data are available, state the uncertainties of applying such data to longer - term exposures. - is the form of the toxicant in the selected study the same or different from the form detected at the site? the form or valence state of a substance can affect its bioavailability, its distribution within the body, and ultimately its toxicity. if study data are not available for the form of the substance present at your site, determine and explain in the pha whether the chemical form at your site could be more or less bioavailable, or more or less toxic, than the form used in the study. for example, the oral intermediate mrl for uranium is derived from a drinking water study. this is an important consideration when estimating doses for the soil ingestion pathway. a review of human data indicates that the fractional absorption of soluble uranium compounds is an order of magnitude greater than that of insoluble uranium compounds ( atsdr 1999a ). in weathered soils, insoluble uranium compounds will predominate. therefore, using the mrl to assess exposure to uranium in soil would be overprotective, because of the reduced bioavailability of uranium in soil as compared to water. as another example, most arsenic in fish is in an essentially non - toxic organic form known as arsenobetaine ( fish arsenic ). inorganic arsenic, which is considerably more toxic, makes up only a small amount ( 120 % ) of total arsenic in fish ( atsdr 2000 ; francesconi and edmonds 1997 ; fda 1993 ). therefore, if you were evaluating arsenic exposures via fish ingestion, you would need to account for this factor. - are the effects observed in animals expected in humans? if dose levels from animal studies ( e. g., in mice, rats, monkeys ) are being used to evaluate site exposures, determine whether any human or any in vitro studies are available that suggest a similar effect in humans. in addition, metabolism or mechanistic data, if available, could provide insight as to whether observed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5426765903935513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.268156"}
{"text": "monkeys ) are being used to evaluate site exposures, determine whether any human or any in vitro studies are available that suggest a similar effect in humans. in addition, metabolism or mechanistic data, if available, could provide insight as to whether observed effects might be unique to, or different in, the study animal as compared to humans. if such data do not exist, assume that similar effects would occur in humans. some possible scenarios include : the metabolism of a chemical in animals could produce more or less toxic intermediates than in humans ; the metabolism in humans could occur by another pathway and produce more toxic, non - toxic, or less toxic intermediates ; or toxic intermediates could be produced at the high levels of exposures administered in the animal studies, but not at lower exposure levels. ( see also discussion on toxicokinetics and mechanistic data in sections 8. 5. 1 and 8. 5. 2, respectively ). - how relevant are observed health endpoints to specific community health concerns? while health - based guidelines are typically designed to be protective of the most sensitive effect, it is important to familiarize yourself with the range of effects associated with a given chemical in the dose range of concern. this could provide added perspective as well as help in addressing community health concerns. for example, if an mrl is based on increased kidney weight in rodents and the community is concerned primarily about blood - related disorders, you might want to look beyond the critical study for substance - specific data related to hematologic effects following exposure to the substance of concern ( see section 8. 4 ). - does the bioavailability of the substance differ in the study matrix versus the environmental matrix being evaluated? the bioavailability of a contaminant depends on its chemical properties as well as properties of the matrix. the bioavailability of a substance influences how much is absorbed by the human body and ultimately the potential for harmful effects. bioavailability should be factored into the analysis when there is evidence that the chemical form at the site is more or less bioavailable than is the chemical form used in the studies being used for comparison purposes. the bioavailability of a compound is discussed in toxicokinetics section of the toxicological profile. substances in solid matrices ( e. g., soil ) might be less well absorbed while passing through the digestive tract than would the same substances in water. this could be due to the solubility of the substance and the property of the matrix. some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5088924123180515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.270938"}
{"text": "solid matrices ( e. g., soil ) might be less well absorbed while passing through the digestive tract than would the same substances in water. this could be due to the solubility of the substance and the property of the matrix. some forms of a salt can bind tightly to soil, thereby reducing its bioavailability. for instance, some forms of arsenic bind tightly to soil and are therefore not readily absorbed in the human digestive system. on the other hand, the same form of arsenic in drinking water can be released from the matrix and more readily absorbed ( alexander 2000 ). ultimately, the rate of substance dissolution will determine its uptake and availability ( hardman et al. 1995 ). - what uncertainties / limitations exist? identify any problems or limitations with the studies used to support your analysis. in most cases, uncertainties and limitations will be discussed in the health effects section of the toxicological profiles and in the discussion of the mrl derivation. iris summaries also discuss uncertainties and confidence in the critical studies evaluated by epa. the pha should describe any limitations, uncertainties, and data gaps found in the available literature. describe in qualitative terms the uncertainty factors used in the development of health guidelines. also discuss the level of confidence in the studies as well as their overall applicability to site - specific exposures. the higher the confidence or level of certainty, the more weight the study will hold in your analysis. 8. 4 reviewing other dose - response data as previously discussed, health guidelines are generally based on the lowest observed adverse effect levels reported in the literature, very often from a single study. in addition to the critical study, other studies can provide substance - specific, dose - response data. for substances of potential concern at a given site, the health assessor would never be expected to perform an exhaustive review of these studies. however, reviewing the larger toxicologic and epidemiologic database ( e. g., the levels of significant exposure summarized in the toxicological profiles ) provides additional supporting evidence for public health assessment discussions. in the in - depth analysis, one looks beyond single points on the dose - response curve to gain a fuller understanding of the range of effects and effect levels observed in experimental studies. both the shape and slope of the dose - response curve can help explain where site - specific exposures lie in the larger scheme of things. this will often help provide the perspective community members seek, and it will help you decide which, if any, harmful effects might", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5412767160521665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.272002"}
{"text": "and slope of the dose - response curve can help explain where site - specific exposures lie in the larger scheme of things. this will often help provide the perspective community members seek, and it will help you decide which, if any, harmful effects might be possible. in some cases, consistent findings might be seen across studies. for other substances, findings might be more disparate. the most important thing for the health assessor to keep in mind is how to describe in plain language what is known and not known about the toxicity of a particular substance. questions to consider include : - where does the noael or loael for the critical study fall in relation to other studies? although the critical study will weigh most heavily in your analysis, it might be helpful to describe the similarity or disparity of dose levels and health endpoints observed across studies. your pha should introduce information that will further support your discussion and eventual conclusions. for example, many of the reported effect levels in other studies for the substance of interest may be in the in the same general range as the critical study, strengthening the evidence that effects might be seen in that dose range. - if the health guideline is based on animal data, do any human data exist that shed more light on the issue? if extensive epidemiologic data are available for a particular substance, these data will likely have been reviewed and considered in the derivation of the health guideline for that substance ( e. g., the mrl for methyl mercury ). however, as a minimum, available epidemiologic data can be used to augment the findings of animal studies. for example, an occupational study can show that exposure to a particular substance is associated with the same toxic endpoint seen in animal studies. this observed species concordance would provide greater weight to the available animal dose - response data used to evaluate human health effects. recognize the importance of not taking dose - response data at face value. the criteria described in section 8. 3. 2 should be considered carefully. remember, the critical study has been identifiedafter careful review of the scientific literatureas the best for developing protective health guidelines. the purpose of this exercise is not to discredit that effort, but to encourage consideration of the bigger picture. the exposure levels and associated outcomes, when available, can sometimes be used for comparison purposes with site exposures. for example, take the following scenario : community members are concerned about low levels ( 2 parts per billion [ ppb ] ) of a particular contaminant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5101511616717074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.272978"}
{"text": "associated outcomes, when available, can sometimes be used for comparison purposes with site exposures. for example, take the following scenario : community members are concerned about low levels ( 2 parts per billion [ ppb ] ) of a particular contaminant in drinking water that they have been drinking for approximately 10 years. they believe leukemia rates are elevated. two independent studies of community drinking water supplies with 100 ppb of the same contaminant revealed no elevated leukemia or any other cancers in populations exposed for 30 years. in this case, the epidemiologic data might provide evidence supporting the fact that site exposures are unlikely to produce cancer effects at site exposure levels, notwithstanding possible study shortcomings. furthermore, an understanding of toxicologic and epidemiologic data can help determine the biologic plausibility of a particular health outcome. note that, depending on the community concern and other factors, an evaluation of health outcome data can be considered in such a case ( see section 8. 6. 1 ). because of the inherent limitations and uncertainties associated with environmental epidemiologic evaluations ( generally due to the lack of adequate exposure data or sample size ), epidemiologic data described in a toxicological profile or other sources should be used with caution. the health assessor should therefore call upon an epidemiologist to assist in evaluating the applicability and usability of literature - based or site - specific epidemiologic data. criteria have been established to guide epidemiologists in evaluating the strength of human data and should be kept in mind when you review and communicate such data in the context of your site - specific data ( see text box below ). 8. 5 evaluating other substance - specific factors that can increase or decrease the potential for harm as depicted in figure 8 - 3, multiple factorsother than the detected environmental concentration or exposure doseinfluence whether an exposure could result in harmful health effects and what the type and severity of those health effects will be. a substance will only produce adverse or toxic effects if it or its metabolites reach specific sites in the body at a concentration and over a duration sufficient to produce an adverse effect. whether exposure could lead to an adverse health outcome depends on the duration and characteristics of exposure and on the characteristics of the receptor population ( e. g., developmental stage, existing disease state, genetics ) that could make them more or less susceptible to site - related exposures. these factors are generally considered in the development of health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5147124945165977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.273939"}
{"text": "of exposure and on the characteristics of the receptor population ( e. g., developmental stage, existing disease state, genetics ) that could make them more or less susceptible to site - related exposures. these factors are generally considered in the development of health guidelines and during the screening analysis, but might need to be examined more closely at this stage of the public health assessment process and described in your pha narrative. this section provides a brief overview of these factors and how they could weigh into your public health conclusions. substance - specific toxicokinetic or pharmacokinetic properties ( e. g., absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination ) largely influence whether a substance will reach a target organ and produce a toxic effect. if available, such information can be obtained from the toxicological profile or other data sources for toxicokinetic summaries. determine what is known and not known about the extent to which a substance is absorbed. also, how it is distributed through the bloodstream, changed to different forms, excreted, or ultimately delivered to target organs. when available, toxicokinetic data can be used in various ways to support your health effects evaluation. for example, it can used in interpreting the relevance of animal studies to human exposuresthat is, by determining whether any distinct differences between animals and humans have been documented. for example, does the metabolism of the substance in animals produce more or less toxic intermediates than in humans? is the substance absorbed more or less in animals compared to humans? note that, in absence of data to the contrary, bioavailability is assumed to be the same in animals and humans under similar exposure conditions. for some substances, quantitative data can allow you to compare the bioavailability of a substance in experimental animals and humans. knowledge continues to grow on how various toxic substances produce biologic changes and the significance of those changes. in fact, this growing knowledge is modifying how human health hazards are assessed. while this type of analysis is best left to the toxicologists, reviewing documentation ( e. g., toxicological profiles, iris ) on the nature of biologic changes triggered by a particular substance can be helpful in evaluating the behavior of that substance at low doses. further, understanding the basic or specific biologic changes that ultimately lead to clinical disease in a test animal can aid in determining how well animal models might predict the same type of adverse effect in humans. a toxicologist might ask, for example, if the animal mode of action is plausible in humans, taking into consideration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.516498098896685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.274942"}
{"text": "lead to clinical disease in a test animal can aid in determining how well animal models might predict the same type of adverse effect in humans. a toxicologist might ask, for example, if the animal mode of action is plausible in humans, taking into consideration the kinetic and dynamic factors discussed above. for a limited number of chemicals where biologic uptake and mode of action have been well studied and defined, physiologically based pharmacokinetic ( pbpk ) models have been developed to estimate dose levels in various body compartments and organs ( e. g., lead ). these models involve a series of mathematical equations that describe the pharmacokinetics of a chemical. inputs into the models include the exposure dose and model parameters, such as tissue volumes, blood flow rates, partition coefficients, and metabolic rates. the output is the predicted internal dose ( or target tissue dose ). pbpk models are also beginning to be used to evaluate chemical mixtures ( atsdr 2001a ; krishnan et al. 2002 ). pharmacodynamic ( pd ) models are also available ; these mathematical models describe the quantitative relationship between the target tissue dose and cellular and molecular changes associated with adverse health effects. increasingly, pd models account for damage, repair, and compensation, and predict dose - response over a range of doses, both within and between species. when pbpk or pd models are available and are applied, they can help to reduce the uncertainty in the health evaluation. also, the models eliminate the need for cross - species extrapolation because they can account for differences in rates of biologic processes. for some substances, toxicologists have used such models in deriving health guideline values. the data used to support the model ( e. g., metabolism and distribution data ) can provide added perspective of how closely linked a particular dose might be to an adverse health effect. although health assessors would not be expected to apply all of these types of models, an understanding of the general underlying principles can support the site - specific analysis, as described above. models also exist to estimate the radiation dose to specific organs and tissues, as well as total body dose. like chemical exposures, ionizing radiation can produce many different effects, depending on ( 1 ) the type of radiation, ( 2 ) the radionuclide and its metabolic products, and ( 3 ) the dose received by the critical or most sensitive organ. when evaluating exposures to radiological contamination, enlist the help of a health physicist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5493391874767823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.275906"}
{"text": "the type of radiation, ( 2 ) the radionuclide and its metabolic products, and ( 3 ) the dose received by the critical or most sensitive organ. when evaluating exposures to radiological contamination, enlist the help of a health physicist. see text box below for special considerations for radiological contaminants. some substances have been shown to cause greater harm in particular populations or when exposure occurs at a particular point in life ( e. g., fetal development ). it is atsdr policy that children ' s health issues must be considered at all sites ( atsdr 1998 ). it is important to remember that sensitive populations are considered when mrls and other health - based comparison values are developed. an uncertainty factor ( e. g., a factor of 10 ) is generally applied to help ensure sensitive populations are amply protected. in addition, comparison values are developed to specifically account for children ' s exposures. identifying or accounting for potentially sensitive or more highly vulnerable populations should also be a key component of your exposure pathway analysis ( chapter 6 ) as you estimate site - specific doses ( chapter 7 ). thus when comparison values are not exceeded, health assessors can be confident that it is highly unlikely that even the most sensitive populations would be adversely affected. however, when site - specific doses exceed comparison values, site - and substance - specific factors should be re - examined to evaluate to what extent, if any, a particular population is at increased risk of harm. information on potentially sensitive populations can be found in the toxicological profiles in the section titled, populations that are unusually susceptible. as stated, atsdr places particular emphasis on children as a potentially sensitive population. for information on children ' s susceptibility, the health assessor should read those sections of the toxicological profiles that specifically discuss the susceptibility and exposure of children to chemicals ( children ' s susceptibility and exposures of children ). characteristics of certain populations might make them more sensitive to environmental exposures because of underlying disease, other physiologic factors, or non - site related exposures. many of these issues should be first addressed and highlighted during the exposure pathway and screening analyses ( see chapters 6 and 7 ). at this point in the analysis, you need to determine whether special characteristics of the substance and of the site community might affect public health conclusions. - age. children differ from adults in their exposures and can differ in their susceptibility to certain hazardous substances. understanding when exposures occurred during", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5068120594042274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.276986"}
{"text": "to determine whether special characteristics of the substance and of the site community might affect public health conclusions. - age. children differ from adults in their exposures and can differ in their susceptibility to certain hazardous substances. understanding when exposures occurred during critical periods of development is therefore important. the box below highlights some special considerations when evaluating children ' s health issues. note that atsdr and others continue to research the significance of early - life exposures to toxic substances, both for cancer and non - cancer outcomes. much of the impetus for such an approach is the growing knowledge and understanding of how a substance exerts its effect ( i. e., its mode of action ) and how, if exposure occurs during early - life stages, a particular mode of action can increase the risk of a toxic response ( epa 2003b ). - sex. some substance - specific adverse health effects can be mediated by hormonal influences and other factors that are sex - linked. in general, sex - linked differences in toxic susceptibilities have not been extensively investigated. however, it is well documented that, because of various physiologic modifications in the body that occur during pregnancy, pregnant women are often at significantly greater risk from exposure to beryllium, cadmium, lead, manganese, and organophosphate insecticides than areother members of the general population ( calabrese 1986 ). - genetic background or ethnicity. some research suggests that certain genetic factors can increase the risk of developing chemically - induced health effects, though further research is needed ( calabrese 1994 ). factors that can affect the susceptibility of exposed groups include acetylation phenotype ( i. e., fast versus slow acetylators ), sickle cell trait, and glucose - 6 - phosphate ( g6pd ) deficiency ( rios et al. 1993 ). in addition, individual variability in the induction of metabolic enzymes could cause people to respond differently to the same environmental exposure. for health assessment purposes, the susceptibility of the most sensitive subgroups should be considered. - health and nutritional status. understanding the location and characteristics of subgroups, such as the elderly and those of lower socioeconomic status, will help identify pre - existing health conditions ( e. g., asthma, nutritional deficiencies ) that might influence the impact of site exposures. locations of schools, playgrounds, recreational areas, retirement homes, or convalescent homes on or near a site should be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5021800843612005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.278030"}
{"text": "existing health conditions ( e. g., asthma, nutritional deficiencies ) that might influence the impact of site exposures. locations of schools, playgrounds, recreational areas, retirement homes, or convalescent homes on or near a site should be carefully noted as important indicators of the presence of potentially sensitive populations. - cultural practices. various practices ( e. g., ceremonies among american indian and alaska native populations, subsistence fishing, medicinal use of plants ) can lead to increased exposures. these factors should be considered as part of your exposure assessment and when estimating site - specific exposure doses ( see chapters 6 and 7 ). the literature suggests that elderly populations may have significantly heightened susceptibility to some contaminants because of lower functional capacities of various organ systems, reduced capacity to metabolize foreign compounds, and diminished detoxification mechanisms. it is difficult to generalize, however, due to variations across individuals and different rates in biological system breakdown ( hardman et al. 1995 ). another important consideration is that older individuals may have much different exposures than younger adults and children. the approaches outlined in this manual focus largely on evaluating chemical - specific and pathway - specific exposures. that is, health effects are examined for individual chemicals for specific exposure pathways ( e. g., ingesting benzene in drinking water ). in reality, exposures can involve multiple chemicals and can occur through more than one exposure pathway. approaches for evaluating the effect of multiple pathways are discussed in chapter 7. this section highlights how to approach multiple - chemical scenarios. the health impact of exposure to chemical mixtures can be of particular concern at hazardous waste sites, since most contain multiple chemical contaminants. while in many cases it might suffice to evaluate exposures on a chemical - by - chemical basis, in some cases you might need to examine the combined action of chemicals ( e. g., additive, antagonistic, synergistic, and other interactive effects ). a first step in understanding the potential significance of multiple chemical exposures is to read the interactions with other chemicals section of the toxicological profile about any known interactions among the substances detected at your site. these profiles can provide insight regarding what is known and what is not known about interactions among various pollutants. for many chemicals, however, information on toxic interactions is lacking, and the available literature focuses on the effects of chemical interactions at exposure doses that are much higher than those that are typically encountered at hazardous waste sites. furthermore, even though limited information for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49886893138886623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.279119"}
{"text": ". for many chemicals, however, information on toxic interactions is lacking, and the available literature focuses on the effects of chemical interactions at exposure doses that are much higher than those that are typically encountered at hazardous waste sites. furthermore, even though limited information for some chemical mixtures is available, no empirical data set could account for the infinite array of chemicals in varying proportions that can be found at sites. when conducting public health assessments, it is particularly important to understand potential toxic interactions at environmentally relevant doses of chemicals. however, relatively few studies have been conducted to assess toxic interactions in these low dose ranges. a series of important studies on the toxicity of low dose chemical mixtures was conducted by the tno nutritional and food research institute in the netherlands ( jonker et al. 1990 ; jonker et al. 1993 ). in these experiments, rats were dosed with mixtures of chemicals at doses near their individual noaels and loaels. the results of these experiments indicated that there was no discernable toxic response until the dose levels of the individual chemicals approached or exceeded their individual thresholds. however, when the chemicals were administered at their individual loael doses, there was clear evidence of additive toxic effects. furthermore, additive toxicity was observed even though the chemicals had different mechanisms of toxicity. other studies have provided evidence that exposure to chemical mixtures, in which the chemicals were administered at doses that were near their individual thresholds, can produce additive toxic effects. for example, rats exposed to a mixture of subthreshold doses of 1, 1, 1 - trichloroethane, trichlorethylene, and tetrachloroethylene experienced signs of liver toxicity ( stacey 1989 ). in an oral feeding study, rats were dosed with cadmium and lead. neither metal, by itself, significantly affected hemoglobin or hematocrit levels ; but when the metals were administered as a mixture, significant decreases in these parameters were observed ( mahaffey and fowler 1977 ). however, there is no evidence of additive toxicity from exposure to chemical mixtures when the individual chemicals are administered at doses that are well below their individual thresholds ( seed et al. 1995 ; wade et al. 2002 ). nevertheless, the threshold doses for many toxic endpoints in animals are not well defined. therefore, it is prudent for the health assessor to consider the potential for toxic effects from exposure to chemical mixtures at all sites. inthe health assessment, the assessor should indicate that he has evaluated exposures", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5298133134983067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.280147"}
{"text": "are not well defined. therefore, it is prudent for the health assessor to consider the potential for toxic effects from exposure to chemical mixtures at all sites. inthe health assessment, the assessor should indicate that he has evaluated exposures to chemical mixtures and considered the potential for chemical mixture interactions. as part of this evaluation, the health assessor should calculate a hazard index ( hi ) for the mixture of chemicals at a site. a hi is defined as the sum of the quotients of the estimated dose of a chemical divided by its mrl or comparable value. in mathematical terms, | + | |..... | | dosen for additional information on calculating an hi, see atsdr ' s guidance manual for the assessment of joint action of chemical mixtures. this manual is available on cd - rom and on the atsdr web site. if the hi is less than 1. 0, it is highly unlikely that significant additive or toxic interactions would occur, so no further evaluation is necessary. if the hi is greater than 1. 0, then further evaluation is necessary as described below. for chemical mixtures with a hi greater than 1. 0, the assessor should compare the estimated doses of the individual chemicals to their noaels or comparable values. if the dose of one or more of the individual chemicals is within one order of magnitude of its respective noael ( 0. 1 x noael ), then there is a potential for additive or interactive effects. under such circumstances, the assessor should conduct an in - depth mixtures evaluation as described in atsdr ' s guidance manual for the assessment of joint action of chemical mixtures. if the estimated doses of the individual chemicals are less than one - tenth of their respective noaels, then significant additive or interactive effects are unlikely, and no further evaluation is necessary. in some instances, however, the assessor might choose to evaluate further the potential for additive or interactive effects because the chemicals in the mixture have the same target organ, have the same mechanism of action, or for other reasons. in these instances, the assessor can conduct an in - depth quantitative mixtures analysis as described above. another valuable resource for information on chemical mixtures is the interaction profiles for priority chemical mixtures. atsdr is developing these profiles for chemical mixtures that are of special concern to atsdr, such as persistent chemicals found in fish ( atsdr 2002 ). these documents use a weight - of - evidence approach to evaluate the influence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5244898365565448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.281283"}
{"text": ". atsdr is developing these profiles for chemical mixtures that are of special concern to atsdr, such as persistent chemicals found in fish ( atsdr 2002 ). these documents use a weight - of - evidence approach to evaluate the influence of interactions in the overall toxicity of the mixture. the documents also develop target organ doses that can be used to evaluate the impact of the chemical mixture on different target organs. 8. 6 evaluating site - specific health effects data another line of evidence that can provide additional site - specific perspective is the availability of meaningful health outcome data or human exposure data. in certain cases, data from health outcome data evaluations can provide evidenceranging from weak to strongof plausible associations between substance - or site - specific exposures and human health effects. in some cases, biologic data ( e. g., site - specific substance concentrations in blood or urine ) collected as part of exposure investigations, might be available and offer some insight on the extent of actual exposure ( beyond the exposure - dose estimates generated from environmental concentrations ). in rare cases, individual medical reports might be available, documenting symptoms or the results of clinical examinations. note, however, that in most cases there is a lack of data to correlate biologic levels with health effect levels. this section describes how to determine whether such data can help support your public health conclusions. this section provides guidance to health assessors for addressing health outcome data in the public health assessment process. health outcome data are existing data that measure disease mortality or morbidity. health outcome data analyses or reviews are descriptive epidemiologic analyses. in all public health assessments, atsdr is required by the superfund law to consider the evaluation of mortality and morbidity data ( e. g., health outcome data ). the law indicates that a public health assessment should include relevant health outcome data analyses when exposure to site contaminants could have resulted in the development or exacerbation of health effects. the guidance presented below reflects the deliberations of the atsdr work group, whose members examined the decision criteria used to evaluate the appropriate use of health outcome data in the public health assessment process. decisions about how to use or analyze health outcome dataor whether to use it at allshould be made with the assistance of various disciplines. to reach a prudent decision, a health assessor might include input from epidemiologists, statisticians, toxicologists, community involvement specialists, health educators, and environmental scientists such as engineers or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5139866797942141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.282369"}
{"text": "made with the assistance of various disciplines. to reach a prudent decision, a health assessor might include input from epidemiologists, statisticians, toxicologists, community involvement specialists, health educators, and environmental scientists such as engineers or geologists. inclusion of a health outcome data evaluation in a public health assessment can achieve the following if it is determined that it is appropriate to include such an evaluation : - comparison of the occurrence of disease between a population potentially exposed to site contaminants and an appropriate reference population, such as the county, the state, or the united states. - assistance in addressing community concerns about the occurrence of disease in potentially exposed individuals. - identification of the potential need for follow - up health actions such as exposure investigations, analytical epidemiologic studies, or health surveillance. traditionally, at the outset of the public health assessment process, the health assessor in concert with the site team gathers community concerns and informs community members about atsdr products and services. during this period the site team should provide to community members information about the utility of analyzing health outcome data. specifically, community members should be informed of how atsdr uses health outcome data, when it is available, and the criteria and rationale used to determine whether a health outcome data evaluation would enhance the public health assessment decision - making process. therefore, regardless of whether health outcome data are used in the public health assessment itself, the analysis of the criteria for each site, as described below, is in essence the first step in the evaluation of health outcome data. the team should use the answers to the following questions as a guide in determining whether a public health assessment should include analysis and interpretation of site - related health outcome data. see also figure 8 - 4. the criteria below focus on site - related exposure considerations only. regardless of what path you follow, your pha discussions must clearly describe the rationale for the decision, and how your exposure evaluation factored into the decision. in some cases, community concern about illness in their community could be a sufficient trigger to pursue health outcome data, even in the absence of a potential or completed exposure pathway. assuming data are available for the disease ( s ) of concern and the geographic unit under evaluation, a health outcome data evaluation would determine whether disease rates are elevated in the community. while no possible site - specific link might exist, information regarding the presence or absence of elevated disease rates could either help allay fears or identify a disease trend in the community warranting follow - up. the decision to proceed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4618755745577129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.283532"}
{"text": "are elevated in the community. while no possible site - specific link might exist, information regarding the presence or absence of elevated disease rates could either help allay fears or identify a disease trend in the community warranting follow - up. the decision to proceed under such circumstances is left to the discretion of the site team, but is generally not considered part of the public health assessment process. - are there one or more current ( or past ) potential or completed exposure pathways at the site as defined in section 6. 6? if there are none, conducting a health outcome data evaluation will not be helpful in assessing potential harm related to the site. - can you determine the time period of exposure? if the length of exposure and places where exposure did occur, or is occurring, cannot be estimated, the requirement to consider analysis of site - related health outcome data is a reasonable estimate of the length of exposure is necessary for determining whether the health outcomes evaluated are site - related. this ensures that the health outcome data being analyzed could be the result of exposure to site contaminants. the relevant exposures could have been for a few days or many years before the onset of disease, depending on the chemical involved, the age of the individual exposed, the specific health outcome, and other factors. the health assessor should ensure that the available health outcome data are from the time period when site - related health effects are likely. - can you quantify the population that was, or is, being exposed? the evaluation of possible links ( or associations ) between site - related exposures and illness or disease in a population is not scientifically reasonable unless a reliable estimate can be made of the number of people exposed and the total number of people in the study population. the availability of demographic information within the exposed and non - exposed study population ( e. g., age, number of years at residence, smoking status ) is also an important consideration. if such an estimate cannot be made, the requirement to consider analysis of site - related health outcome data is complete. statistics might be available showing the number of people identified with certain health outcomes in a selected population. however, an estimate of the number of people exposed is needed to calculate the rate of health outcomes among the exposed population. this information is required to adjust the mortality or morbidity ( i. e., incidence / prevalence ) rates in the exposed population to the population ( s ) used for comparison ( i. e., non - exposed ) to determine any difference in disease rates. to identify the exposed population,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48677777751001267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.284648"}
{"text": "knowledgeable individuals, or other relevant information. qualitative estimates should be based on more than one type of evidence and should be made in consultation with knowledgeable environmental staff. - are health outcome data available at a geographic level or with enough specificity ( i. e., census tract or census block ) to allow for correlation with the exposed population? to be able to analyze for health effects that might be site - related, the health assessor needs to be able to make an approximate identification of the exposed population within the data source or database to be utilized. if this is not possible, the requirement to consider analysis of site - related health outcome data is complete ; no further analysis is appropriate. to assess potential site - related effects, health assessors need to be able to separate the health outcomes for the exposed population from the unexposed population ( at least as much as possible ). if the area for which the disease rate can be calculated using the health outcome data is much larger than the area exposed, then exposure mis - classification bias will be introduced, and disease risks will be severely underestimated. for populations with past exposures, a site with high population turnover ( in - and out - migration ) could be the basis for not analyzing health outcome data because of the possibility of exposure mis - classification. - do the validated data sources or databases have information on the specific health outcomes or disease ( s ) of interest likely to occur from exposure to the site contaminants and are those data accessible? when analyzing health outcome data that could be site - related, the health assessor should focus on specific, sufficiently known ( or suspected ) health outcomes in the available morbidity or mortality databases ( e. g., specific cancers, specific birth defects ). the health outcomes likely to occur from exposure to site contaminants might not be in the available databases. for example, if exposure to a contaminant is linked to birth defects but not to cancer, it is not appropriate to evaluate cancer data because they are available and birth defect data are not. if a health outcome data analysis is performed, there should be a coordinated effort among all the staff involved with the site to inform or educate community members. also, the community should be informed about the strengths and limitations of descriptive epidemiologic analyses. in particular, the community must be made aware that descriptive epidemiologic analyses cannot establish cause and effect. elevated disease rates alone cannot be considered conclusive evidence that living near a waste site is the sole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4869204381851294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.287067"}
{"text": "descriptive epidemiologic analyses. in particular, the community must be made aware that descriptive epidemiologic analyses cannot establish cause and effect. elevated disease rates alone cannot be considered conclusive evidence that living near a waste site is the sole cause for the occurrence of a specific disease. health outcome or descriptive epidemiologic analyses are only an initial step in determining the nature and extent of disease in the community around a site, and what that might mean. if it is decided that a health outcome data analysis should be included in the public health assessment, the team should seek assistance from an epidemiologist knowledgeable in analyzing mortality and morbidity data. every public health assessment should include a brief description of the requirement to consider health outcome ( mortality and morbidity ) data and the reasons why a health outcome data analysis was or was not included in the document. if a health outcome data analysis is included, then the public health assessment should have a concise description of the methodology used and the results and limitations of the analysis. in some cases, biologic data might be available to further define or quantify exposures to site contaminants. biologic data for exposed or potentially exposed populations can provide additional evidence when evaluating potential health effects. depending on the levels detected, it could support or disprove plausible biologic outcomes. site - specific, biologic sampling results must be interpreted with caution. specifically, issues that you and the other experts on your team need to consider include : - biologic data, like environmental data, need to be collected by trained professionals and analyzed in a standard way. - detected levels might not be the result of site - related exposures ( e. g., increased blood lead levels could be the result of lead paint exposures or traditional medicines ). - for chemicals with short biological half - lives, results will likely only represent recent exposures. - the correlation between detected levels and clinical effects might not be understood. - the people tested might not be representative of the exposed population ( i. e., results from a small sample group may not reflect the range in exposures across the entire exposed population ). biologic testing is most commonly conducted using blood or urine samples. however, background or reference ranges for many chemicals in blood or urine have not been well defined. the utility of hair analysis as a biomarker of exposure to environmental contaminants is not well established except for methylmercury ( atsdr 2001b ; harkins and susten 2003 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4845780158094185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.288165"}
{"text": "urine have not been well defined. the utility of hair analysis as a biomarker of exposure to environmental contaminants is not well established except for methylmercury ( atsdr 2001b ; harkins and susten 2003 ). when biomonitoring data are available, they can provide additional perspective for the health assessor. measured levels can be compared to levels shown in the literature to be associated with overt clinical effects from case studies or more subtle effects that might be inferred from population - based studies. useful information sources on biomarkers include atsdr ' s toxicological profiles ( sections related to biomarkers ) and case studies in environmental medicine. in addition, human exposure data for selected environmental contaminants are being collected as part of the cdc ' s national health and nutrition examination survey ( nhanes ). in 2003, the national center for environmental health reported biomonitoring data for 116 environmental chemicals in the non - institutionalized, civilian u. s. population ( cdc 2003 ). in the future, the list of chemicals will be expanded to include other important environmental contaminants. these data are valuable in comparing an individual ' s exposure to a chemical to exposure levels in the general u. s. population. however, these data only reflect national exposure levels, and they are not indicators of potential adverse health outcomes. health assessors should consult with medical professionals and toxicologists for guidance in interpreting the health significance of biomonitoring data. medical data, such as individual medical reports or logs of health conditions reported by community members, could be presented to atsdr for evaluation in the public health assessment process. this type of data could provide some additional insights to health issues in the site community. but any form of medical data must be used and interpreted with caution. first, if the data are privileged or confidential, precautions must be taken to respect the individual ' s right of privacy ( see chapter 3, section 3. 5 ). second, the documentation of a particular medical condition in an individual ( s ) does not inform you of causes or patterns of disease in the community. it is necessary to identify plausible biologic links between exposure and reported medical concerns. credible reports of illness or disease, along with available health outcome data, can be used to support recommendations for public health actions, such as targeted biologic sampling or a health study. 8. 7 presenting findings in the public health assessment document as you and your team consider the topics highlighted in this chapter, you will face", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5197994104889814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.289185"}
{"text": ", can be used to support recommendations for public health actions, such as targeted biologic sampling or a health study. 8. 7 presenting findings in the public health assessment document as you and your team consider the topics highlighted in this chapter, you will face the challenge of integrating and communicating the findings of the analysis in a clear and concise way in the public health assessment document. as mentioned repeatedly, the goal of the in - depth analysis is to put site - specific exposures into perspective. this requires integrating the exposure and health effects data that have been identified throughout the public health assessment process and describing in qualitative terms those exposures most likely to be of public health concern and most likely to require public health action. as part of this process, you will probably need to integrate conclusions generated by a variety of analyses and, possibly, performed by various specialists. the discussion section of the public health assessment document should include narratives describing the exposures that could be of greatest concern. it should also state clearly those exposures that are not of public health concern. keep the main discussions brief and include only information that will help the reader understand the public health conclusions. the focus should be on the possible health concerns of the potentially exposed populations. do not present a mini - toxicological profile with information that has little relevance to the site or to the exposure situation under discussion ( e. g., describing all physical characteristics of the chemical, all reported adverse effects, etc. ). include in - depth toxicologic evaluations and dose calculations in an appendix, as determined by the information needs of your audience. because sites differ, the emphasis of discussions can vary depending on site - specific conditions. no specific formula can evaluate the range of exposure conditions that might be observed across sites. no specific weighting factors can be assigned to each factor considered throughout the analysis. the process is one of judgment. still, use of the guidance presented throughout this chapter and, when assimilating the findings of the analysis, consideration of the following questions will help ensure the scientific evidence is explained in a clear and consistent manner across sites. you will be building on information from other steps in the public health assessment process. - what pieces of evidence were used in the analysis and why? describe exposure conditions ( see chapters 5, 6, and 7 ) and health effects data. tie in exposure condition information that might provide additional perspective ( e. g., how exposure levels compare to background and the likelihood of exposures ). explain all assumptions used to estimate site - specific doses ( see chapter 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4873192531388729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.290392"}
{"text": ") and health effects data. tie in exposure condition information that might provide additional perspective ( e. g., how exposure levels compare to background and the likelihood of exposures ). explain all assumptions used to estimate site - specific doses ( see chapter 7 ). identify the overall availability of pertinent health effects data for the substance and pathway of concern. - what information evaluated by the site team will help provide dose perspective? describe how site - specific exposure levels compare to observed health effect levels reported in relevant studies. consider possible acute and chronic adverse health effects. where possible and appropriate, present ranges of effect levels reported in the literature. - what site - or substance - specific factors might affect the ultimate toxic potential of the substances of interest ( e. g., bioavailability, persistence in the environment, interaction with other substances )? highlight any factors identified during your exposure or health effects evaluations that might make a particular exposure more or less likely. for example, explain why the presence of a particular metal in soil is not expected to be bioavailable and therefore unlikely to cause harm. on the other hand, explain why long - term exposures to detected levels of pcbs in fish, for example, might, under site - specific conditions, warrant more concern. - are there any populations that might be at increased risk? at a minimum, your document should have a stand - alone section describing child health issues. carefully examine demographic information for particular groups on or near the site who, based on your review of substance - specific information, might be especially sensitive to toxic effects. any suspected high - risk groups should be specifically identified in the public health assessment report. where possible quantify the number and proximity of people in high - risk populations, recognizing that such information might not be readily available. - what conclusions can be drawn looking at the overall site - and substance - specific information? depending upon site - specific exposure conditions, you and your team will have a variety of information to sort through and pull together. ultimately, you will need to make a qualitative judgment about the direction in which the available information leads you. that is, how strong is the evidence suggesting the potential for harm compared to that suggesting no potential for harm? as mentioned earlier, finding a definite answer to whether a harmful effect will occur is generally not possible. again, your jobto the extent possibleis to put the exposures in perspective. this will enable you and the site team to identify those exposures, if any, that warrant further public health action ( see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070369724694814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.291544"}
{"text": "effect will occur is generally not possible. again, your jobto the extent possibleis to put the exposures in perspective. this will enable you and the site team to identify those exposures, if any, that warrant further public health action ( see chapter 9 ). - how do missing information or uncertainties limit the conclusions that can be drawn? the strengths, weaknesses, and uncertainties of contributing evidence should be highlighted and organized to support your public health conclusions. clearly state those instances when, because of weak or missing exposure or health effects data, an answer is not possible. be as explicit as possible about why exposure levels are or are not expected to be a potential problem. for example, do not state that \" groundwater contaminant exposure levels were too low to be of health concern. \" instead, indicate that \" exposures to detected groundwater contaminants are not expected to result in adverse health effects because dose estimates were 5, 000 to 10, 000 times lower than those shown to cause harmful effects in both human and experimental animal studies. \" qualifying terms such as \" low \" or \" high \" by providing a comparison will help provide perspective. also, state any assumptions used in your dose estimates ( e. g., ingestion rates, exposure duration ). the two hypothetical scenarios presented below help illustrate the concepts presented in this chapter, including sample narratives. the first example offers a somewhat exaggerated set of conditions to emphasize the components of an in - depth analysis and the decision - making process. the second example presents a scenario in which exposure doses fall closer to observed effect levels, but in the past only ; it illustrates the way in which observations and uncertainties would be communicated. alexander m. 2000. aging, bioavailability, and overestimation of risk from environmental pollutants. environ sci technol 34 ( 20 ). atsdr. 1993. cancer policy framework. atlanta : us department of health and human services. http : / / www. atsdr. cdc. gov / cancer. html. january 1993. atsdr. 1998. promoting children ' s health, progress report of the child health workgroup, board of scientific counselors, 1998 - 1999. atsdr 1999a. toxicological profile for uranium. atlanta : us department of health and human services. september 1999. atsdr. 1999b. child health : guidance for the preparation of toxicological profiles. atlanta : us department of health and human services. july 1999. atsdr. 2000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5427549362984664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.294435"}
{"text": ": us department of health and human services. september 1999. atsdr. 1999b. child health : guidance for the preparation of toxicological profiles. atlanta : us department of health and human services. july 1999. atsdr. 2000. toxicological profile for arsenic. atlanta : us department of health and human services. september 2000. atsdr. 2001a. guidance manual for the assessment of joint toxic action of chemical mixtures. atlanta : us department of health and human services. draft for public comment. february 2001. atsdr. 2001b. summary report. hair analysis panel discussion : exploring the state of the science. prepared by eastern research group, inc. for atsdr. atlanta : us department of health and human services. http : / / www. atsdr. cdc. gov / hac / hair _ analysis /. december 2001. atsdr. 2002. case studies in environmental medicine. pediatric environmental health. us department of health and human services. july 2002. bogdanffy ms, daston g, faustman em, kimmel ca, kimmel gl, seed j, and vu v. 2001 harmonization of cancer and noncancer risk assessment : proceedings of a consensus - building workshop. toxicological sciences 61 : 18 - 31. calabrese ej. 1986. age and susceptibility to toxic substances. new york : j. h. wiley and sons. calabrese ej. 1994. high - risk population groups. protecting those with genetic predisposition to adverse effects following exposure to chemicals. occupational medicine. third edition. c. zenz, ob dickerson, and ep horvath, jr., editors. mosby - year book, inc. st. louis, misssouri. pp 800 - 12. cdc. national health and nutrition examination survey ( nhanes ). centers for disease control and prevention. macrobutton htmlresanchor http : / / www. cdc. gov / nchs / nhanes. htm centers for disease control and prevention. 2003. second national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / exposurereport / 2nd / pdf / secondner. pdf crump ks. 1984. a new method for determining allowable daily intakes. fundam. appl. toxicol. 4 : 854 - 71. epa. 2001. toxicological review of chloroform ( cas 67 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4924043222797063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.296178"}
{"text": "crump ks. 1984. a new method for determining allowable daily intakes. fundam. appl. toxicol. 4 : 854 - 71. epa. 2001. toxicological review of chloroform ( cas 67 - 66 - 3 ). in support of summary information on the integrated risk information system ( iris ). epa / 635 / r - 01 / 001. october 2001. epa. 2003a. draft final guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment final ( external review draft ). u. s. environmental protection agency, risk assessment forum, washington, dc, ncea - f - 0644a. march 2003. epa. 2003b. supplemental guidance for assessing cancer susceptibility from early - life exposure to carcinogens ( external review draft ). u. s. environmental protection agency, risk assessment forum technical panel, washington, dc, epa / 630 / r - 03 / 003. february 2003. feron vj, jonker d, groten jp, horbach gj, cassee fr, schoen ed, opdam jjg. 1993. combination technology : from challenge to reality. toxicology tribune 14 : 1 - 3. fda. 1993. guidance document for arsenic in shellfish. washington : us department of health and human services, public health service, food and drug administration, center for food safety and applied nutrition. http : / / www. foodsafety. gov / ~ frf / guid - as. html. january 1993. francesconi ka, edmonds js. 1997. arsenic and marine organisms. advances in inorganic chemistry 44 : 147 - 89. gough m. antagonismno synergismin pairwise tests of carcinogens in rats. regulatory toxicology and pharmacology 35 : 383 - 92. groten jp. 2000. mixtures and interactions. food chem toxicol 38 ( 1 suppl ) : s65 hall ej. 2000. radiobiology for the radiologist. philadelphia : lippincott williams and wilkins. hardman, jg, gilman, ag, limbird, le, editors. 1995. goodman and gilman ' s pharmacological basis of therapeutics ( 9th edition ). mcgraw - hill, new york. chapter 1. harkinsdk and susten as. 2003. hair analysis : exploring the state of the science. env health perspect 111 ( 4 ) : 576 - 578. hill", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5296172138277501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.297227"}
{"text": ". mcgraw - hill, new york. chapter 1. harkinsdk and susten as. 2003. hair analysis : exploring the state of the science. env health perspect 111 ( 4 ) : 576 - 578. hill ab. 1965. the environment and disease : association or causation? proc r soc med 58 : 295 - 300. jonker d, woutersen ra, van bladeren pj, til hp, and feron vj. 1990. 4 - week toxicity study of a combination of eight chemicals in rats : comparison with the toxicity of the individual compounds. food chem toxicol 28 ( 9 ) : 623 - 631. jonker d, woutersen ra, van bladeren pj, til hp, and feron vj. 1993. subacute ( 4 - week ) oral toxicity of a combination of four nephrotoxins in rats : comparison with the toxicity of the individual compounds. food chem toxicol 31 ( 2 ) : 125 - 136. jorgenson ta, meierhenry ef, rushbrook cj et al. 1985. carcinogenicity of chloroform in drinking water to male osborne - medel rats and female b6c3f1 mice. fundam appl toxicol 5 : 760 - 69. kimmel ca and gaylor dw. 1988. issues in qualitative and quantitative risk analysis for developmental toxicology. risk anal 8 ( 1 ) : 15 - 20. krishnan k, haddad s, beliveau m, and tardif r. 2002. physiological modeling and extrapolation of pharmacokinetic interactions from binary to more complex chemical mixtures. environ health perspect 110 ( suppl 6 ) : 989 - 94. larson jl, wolf dc, butterworth, be. 1994. induced cytotoxicity and cell proliferation in the hepatocarcinogenicty of chloroform in female b6c3f1 mice. comparison of administration by gavage in corn oil vs. ad libitum in drinking water. fundam appl toxicol 23 : 537 - 43. larson jl, templin mv, wolf dc, jamison kc, leininger jr et al. 1996. a 90 - day chloroform inhalation study in female and male b6c3f1 mice : implications for cancer risk assessment. fund", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5260278707303727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.298155"}
{"text": "mv, wolf dc, jamison kc, leininger jr et al. 1996. a 90 - day chloroform inhalation study in female and male b6c3f1 mice : implications for cancer risk assessment. fundam appl toxocil 30 ( 1 ) : 118 - 37. mahaffey kr and fowler ba. 1977. effects of concurrent administration of lead, cadmium, and arsenic in the rat. environ health perspect 19 : 165 - 71. rios r, poje gv, detels r. susceptibility to environmental pollutants among minorities. toxicology and industrial health 9 ( 5 ) : 797 - 820. rothman k. 1986. modern epidemiology. boston : little, brown and co. seed j, brown r, olin ss, foran ja. 1995. chemical mixtures : current risk assessment methodologies and future directions. regul toxicol pharmacol 22 : 76 - 94. stacey nh. 1989. toxicity of mixtures of trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1, 1, 1 - trichloroethane : similarity of in vitro and in vivo responses. toxicol ind health 5 ( 3 ) 441 - 450. susser m. 1973. chapter 11 : criteria for judgment. in : susser m. 1973. causal thinking in the health sciencesconcepts and strategies of epidemiology. new york : oxford university press. wade mg, foster wg, younglai ev, mcmahon a, leingartner k et al. 2002. effects of subchronic exposure to a complex mixture of persistent contaminants in male rats : systemic, immune and reproductive effects. toxicol sci 67 : 131 - 43. van sassenbroeck dk, de paepe p, belpaire fm, and buylaert wa. 2003. characterization of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between gamma - hydroxybutyrate and ethanol in the rat. toxicol sci 73 : 270 - 8. atsdr science page, presented by the office of the associate administrator for science ( http : / / www. atsdr. cdc. gov / cx. html ), with links to government and non - government scientific resources. national library of medicine ( http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / databases ) : pubmed and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.518192159069014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.299097"}
{"text": "atsdr. cdc. gov / cx. html ), with links to government and non - government scientific resources. national library of medicine ( http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / databases ) : pubmed and toxnet epa integrated risk information system ( iris ) ( http : / / www. epa. gov / iris / ), including peer - reviewed toxicologic reviews for selected substances. epa region iii risk information page, including region iii risk - based concentrations ( http : / / www. epa. gov / reg3hwmd / risk / riskmenu / htm ). international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ) monographs ( http : / / monographs. iarc. fr ) national toxicology program ( ntp ) ( http : / / ntp - server. niehs. nih. gov / ) toxicology excellence for risk assessment ( tera ) ( http : / / www. tera. org / ) ottoboni ma, editor. 1991. the dose makes the poison : a plain language guide to toxicology. 2nd ed. new york : nostrand reinhold. atsdr. child health web page. http : / / www. atsdr. cdc. gov / child /. atsdr. 1997. healthy childrentoxic environments. report of the child health workgroup. atlanta : us department of health and human services. bearer c. 1995. how are children different from adults? environ health perspect 103 ( 6 ) : 7 - 12. epa. children ' s environmental health and safety inventory of research ( chehsir ). http : / / www. epa. gov / chehsir. el - masri ha, reardon kf, yang rsh. 1997. integrated approaches for the analysis of toxicologic interactions of chemical mixtures. crit rev toxicol 27 ( 2 ) : 175 - 97. epa. 1986. guidelines for health risk assessment of chemical mixtures. 51 fr 34014. september 24, 1986. groten jp, feron vj, suhnel j. 2001. toxicology of simple and complex mixtures. trends pharmacol sci 22 ( 6 ) : 316 - 22. mumtaz mm, derosa ct, groten j, feron vj, hansen h, durkin pr. 1998. estimation of toxicity of chemical mixtures through modeling of chemical interactions. environ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4716000565330745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.299931"}
{"text": ") : 316 - 22. mumtaz mm, derosa ct, groten j, feron vj, hansen h, durkin pr. 1998. estimation of toxicity of chemical mixtures through modeling of chemical interactions. environ health perspect 106 ( suppl 6 ) : 1253 - 60. mumtaz mm, next re, lichtveld my, lewis cr. 1994. the public health impact of chemicals and chemical mixture by - products at hazardous waste sites. in : andrew js et al., editors. hazardous waste and public health : international congress on the health effects of hazardous waste. princeton : princeton scientific publishing co. pp. 508 - 16. 2 the evaluation of non - cancer and cancer endpoints are described separately in this manual because of the non - cancer / cancer dichotomy used historically in quantitative risk assessment and in the derivation of many health - based screening values. ( see the text box in section 8. 3. 1 for a brief discussion on the movement toward harmonizing the approaches used to evaluate non - cancer and cancer endpoints and its relevance to the in - depth analysis described in this chapter. ) 3 in some cases, the health guideline can be based on benchmark dose \" ( bmd ) or \" point of departure. \" the benchmark dose method involves fitting mathematical models to the available dose - response data ( from single or multiple studies ) and using the results to select a dose associated with a specified low level of risk ( e. g., a 5 % or 10 % increase in the incidence of stomach lesions ). scientists have long recognized the limitations of relying on the noael from a single study when deriving health guideline values ( crump 1984 ; kimmel and gaylor 1988 ). the approach is limited to a single dose within a study and is dependent on study design. it does not account for the variability in the estimate of the dose - response and does not account for the slope of the dose - response curve. 4 see appendix f for further discussion on how epa derives its cancer slope factor and its current approach to cancer risk assessment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5423694541684815, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c9a3f528-b5ca-4c81-8b60-587ed7f907ac>", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.300995"}
{"text": "atv safe riding tips atv riding has become very popular for work and recreation, backcountry roads and trail systems provide a wide range of recreational opportunities for responsible riding on public lands. these many opportunities range from atv touring, hiking, hunting, fishing, and other public land uses, such as unconfined vehicle use at designated atv open area parks \". please take good care of our trails and roadways so that others may enjoy these areas for years to come by practicing some of the following actions : - plan ahead. the weather can change rapidly. - carry all necessary supplies including an emergency repair kit, food, water and warm clothing. - develop a supply checklist to include the above items and other equipment such as area maps and guides, protective gear, flashlight, sunscreen, etc. - know what to wear. quality helmets, gloves, boots, goggles and protective clothing will keep you comfortable and help prevent serious injuries. - know your vehicle. keep it in good condition and read the owner ' s manual. - let someone know where you ' re going and when you expect to return. - travel with other people. - know before leaving what to do in an emergency. trail use guidelines - respect all private and public property and the rights of all recreationists to enjoy nature. - park considerately without blocking other vehicles or impeding access to trails. - keep to the right when meeting other recreationists and yield the right - of - way to downhill traffic. - slow down and use caution when approaching or overtaking another. - travel only where motorized vehicles are permitted. - respect designated areas, trail use signs and established ski tracks. stay out of wilderness areas. - do not block the trail when stopping. - do not disturb wildlife. avoid all areas posted for their protection or feeding. - do not litter. pack out everything you pack in. - realize that your destination and travel speed are determined by your equipment, ability, terrain, weather and traffic on the trail. plan accordingly. - do not interfere with or harass others. recognize that people form opinions about all motorized vehicle users based on your actions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3683987589303176, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:390a3613-ca05-4917-a277-6e7385f0e76f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.303523"}
{"text": "if you haven \u2019 t made the decision on which replacement heifers to keep or buy, you are probably getting close to reaching a decision. i have had several questions the past few weeks on replacement heifer development and the costs associated with raising or buying them. i found a good article that helps explain turning those heifers into productive cows. i would like to share it with you. if you have any questions about heifer development rations and which minerals work best on growing heifers, contact your aurora cooperative animal nutrition specialist today. april weather and calf scours by meghan anderson april 17, 2012 most spring calving herds in south central nebraska are either calving or finishing up with calving right now. the month of april historically brings large swings in temperature, and even some cool, wet days, both which we have had this year. this type of weather creates conditions ideal for calf scours. what causes calf scours? as new calves arrive, so does the threat of the common condition known as \" calf scours \" or neonatal calf diarrhea. infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria cause this condition. these agents have the common property of causing loss of water and electrolytes from the calf ' s body. this causes potentially life - threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalances that can result in death. the diarrhea is the result of a combination of factors including : dose ( number ) of organisms the calf is exposed to, calf immunity ( colostrum ) and stress on the calf. the number of organisms in the calf ' s environment is a result of sanitation or the lack of sanitation - mud, manure and other cattle. the immunity of the calf is dependent on the quality and quantity of colostrum that the calf received from the cow. calves that do not receive adequate colostrum are much more susceptible to disease and are at much greater risk of dying from the resulting diarrhea that occurs. stressful conditions ( low milk production by underfed cows, bad weather, crowding ) further increase the risk of diarrhea in young calves. the balance of all these factors determine if disease occurs and the severity of disease. the biggest management practice to prevent calf scours is to turn pairs out on a clean pasture, and avoid overcrowding. if you have cool season grasses in your summer pastures, turn the pairs out a little early to utilize this forage. this is excellent grazing management also. cows won \u2019 t eat cool season grasses once they mature.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41120458655823067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1635cee9-f8db-4c87-ba62-627877478e93>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.308268"}
{"text": ", and avoid overcrowding. if you have cool season grasses in your summer pastures, turn the pairs out a little early to utilize this forage. this is excellent grazing management also. cows won \u2019 t eat cool season grasses once they mature. if turning out isn \u2019 t an option, bed animals with clean straw to provide a clean, dry area for the calves to lie in. also, if possible, avoid overcrowding of pens. i get several phone calls this time of year regarding calf scours. producers sometimes don \u2019 t know when to treat calf scours. calves running around the pasture with their tails in the air, bucking and kicking with yellow or white diarrhea may not need treatment. the main indications for treatment are general disposition, appetite, dehydration and body temperature. if the calf is weak, depressed, or reluctant to move these are all indications that something is wrong. if the calf is not eating, the cow \u2019 s udder will be distended and this is sign of trouble also. to develop the right treatment protocol for your herd, visit with your veterinarian. aurora cooperative has feed additives to help with a scouring situation. to find out more about these products, visit with your aurora cooperative animal nutrition specialist. mar. 30, 2012 please click on the above link for this article from m. beefmagazine. com april 2, 2012 time to watch for grass tetany with the fast growing grass in the aurora cooperative trade area, cattlemen need to watch for grass tetany in cowherds. if you haven \u2019 t started supplementing lactating cows with magnesium, now would be a good time to start. early spring grass is low in magnesium which can lead to deficiency because cows cannot store magnesium and rely on steady intake. also called \u201c grass staggers, \u201d affected cows will have a staggering gait. when supplementing magnesium, cows need to consume the mineral on a daily basis. contact your aurora cooperative animal nutrition specialist to find the best way to supplement your cowherd with magnesium to prevent grass tetany. i am including a link to an informative article on grass tetany, courtesy of the purdue university animal science department.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4000681114877246, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1635cee9-f8db-4c87-ba62-627877478e93>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.309177"}
{"text": "\" personal life is the fine flower of life. \u201d emanuel mounier i. the gist of existentialism personalism might be a popular ideology or at least a household word today if existentialism had not better suited the aversive reaction to the cult of supreme personality that had fostered two massive world wars. whereas personalism emphasizes the social human being, existentialism places the onus on the individual alienated from society, and affords bare existence priority over clothed being. existentialism is an anxiety - bound melange of rationalizations spawned by homelessness, alienation, the meaningless of life and absurdity of death made apparent in the horrors of two world wars systematically fought pursuant to the institution and breakdown of political and economic systems deemed \" objective ', \" rational \", \" reasonable. \" not only irrational faith in a personal god but faith in impersonal reason and universal, abstract systems - of - being was also lost when confronted with the disastrous effects of being fanatically rational and reasonable. considering humankind as a whole, it does seem suicidal and therefore unreasonable to murder others ; yet it also seems quite rational to align individuals or divide the population into fractions that murder perceived enemies for the sake of individual and group survival \u2013 there is safety in numbers. the term \" existentialism \" was picked up by the press in a smoky paris jazz cellar from a casual remark made by a jazz singer to a reporter about the \" scene \" observed by the american tourists flocking to paris in the aftermath of the war. jean paul sartre and other \u201c existentialists \u201d dismissed the term at first - they were just philosophizing \u2013 but when the label came into vogue, they adopted and employed the appellation much to their advantage. existentialism as they described it includes especially the notion that the particular individual must be solely responsible individual for his own thinking instead of relying on habitual culture or rationalized systems of being ; but existentialists seek the impossible, for language itself is a social tool dependent on and responsive to the will of others. existentialism is not a system at all, but is more or less an anxious and absurd reflection of the human predicament, particularly the predicament of a man ' s individuality made obvious by the disturbing fact of death. indeed, any sort of systematic existentialist thought put forward by a so - called existentialist would contradict the very premise of existentialism \u2013 thus did sartre, for example, strive never to repeat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5112823267625682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.360858"}
{"text": "by the disturbing fact of death. indeed, any sort of systematic existentialist thought put forward by a so - called existentialist would contradict the very premise of existentialism \u2013 thus did sartre, for example, strive never to repeat himself. the subject of existentialism abstracted from human personality, the subject that is individual human existence as distinct from and prior to human being, is the broadest of subjects, the subject of all subjects subjected to particular existence. kierkegaard appropriately called abstracted individuality the \u201c category of one. \u201d being and existence somehow converge in the category of one. the category of one is presumably a general term for particulate being or qualitative individual existence, as if objects stripped of their predicates still had a quality in common \u2013 \u201c existence \u201d \u2013 but still remain unique in themselves. we might revert to leibniz and speculate on independent existences as windowless monads that are identical but for number, yet, although identically constituted, somehow have slightly different perceptions. suffice it to say that the category of one is incomprehensible hence is compatible with irrationality ; the non - categorical category of absolute individual freedom has no relation to hence no dependence for its category on others ; thus is existentialism is non - systematic, indefinite, and irrational despite the volumes of rationalizations that justify it. a perceived individual or particular is a unique coincidence of universal qualities had in common by many particulars, qualities that \u201c survive \u201d the individuals involved, so to speak ; the qualities are sorts of general beings that have no perceivable existence absent their coincidence in particular objects. the uniqueness of individuals, needless to say, does not preclude their being typecast according to their similarities, thus they are accorded with a higher, more conceptual being. but denuded existence, or the conception of existents stripped of the qualitative predicates necessary for being, is virtually nothing and unknowable to boot. christian existentialism, for instance, is a contradiction in terms ; christians in need of an seemingly objective standard or external authority in order to prolong isolated or \u201c freed \u201d subjective individuality beyond the inevitable fate of all individuals, death, project the vague qualitative impressions of the fleeting willful self within onto a screen : the eternal subject external, the immortal subject of subjects, the unknown self - god painted large, the divine individualist crucified by existence in the world. but then the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5566714286843181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.361990"}
{"text": "qualitative impressions of the fleeting willful self within onto a screen : the eternal subject external, the immortal subject of subjects, the unknown self - god painted large, the divine individualist crucified by existence in the world. but then the christian existentialist has placed being before denuded existence, and in the form of a social creature, a human being, thus slips from existentialism to personalism. yet here the human being is still alienated from the supreme being although reflecting it. as boethius said, \u201c nothing is said to be because it has matter, but because it has distinctive form. but the divine substance is form without matter, and therefore one, and is its own essence. but other things are not simply their own essences. for each thing has its being from the things of which it is composed. the pure form \u201c is truly one in which is no number, in which nothing is present except its own essence, \u201d of \u201c god that differs from god in no respect, \u201d and \u201c where there is no difference there is no sort of plurality and accordingly no number ; here therefore is unity alone \u2026.. \u201d precisely how this being differs from nothing is unclear, but like the category of one that is said to be individual existence before being, the being before existence strips or alienates the godly person from material existence, and it remains to be seen how this person really exists at all. however that might be, long before the term ' existentialism ' was coined, the abstract yet irrational subject of individual subjective existence was considered to be unlimited by or even antithetical to grandiose systems - of - being such as those cranked out by theologians and the likes of hegel and marx. indeed, we have a history of centuries of alienation, freedom, irresponsibility, guilt, despair, and dire circumstances of persecution unto death, not to mention other factors of enormous interest to today ' s existentialists. ii. the gist of personalism personalism shares existentialism \u2019 s concern with the plight of the existent individual ; the rhetoric is similar is several respects. yet we may draw a convenient distinction to posit that personalism is the hopeful affirmation of the absolute value of the socially organized human personality, in contradistinction to existentialism \u2019 s pessimistic denial of the virtue of socially organized being. personalism \u2019 s social optimism is not the positive mental attitude of the bourgeois towards the rational organization of economic mass man for production", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5366551632189134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.362984"}
{"text": ", in contradistinction to existentialism \u2019 s pessimistic denial of the virtue of socially organized being. personalism \u2019 s social optimism is not the positive mental attitude of the bourgeois towards the rational organization of economic mass man for production and consumption. shortly before the great war, optimistic leaders at international peace conferences declared that free trade between countries had rendered war obsolete ; for, they argued, unprofitable war would certainly be self - destructive hence insane. but self - destruction is the unconscious motive for war. of what avail is it to tell angry competitive men, for whom economic trade is an unsatisfactory surrogate for war, that the murder of particular enemies is on the whole a form of mass suicide no matter who wins or loses? the enemy, sayeth the prophets, are the rods of god, thus does the death instinct serve the god of death and relieve the swarm of its crowded stress that the remainder can begin anew with more elbow room. once the ground is leveled, the survivors clutch their bibles, glorify their god, and the say \u2018 never again \u2019 during the reconstruction period ; but once prosperity sets in, bibles are laid aside and the golden calves are reestablished on altars for a repeat performance. emmanuel mounier, a pioneering personalist of catholic disposition who took refuge in vichy france, where he was involved in the moral indoctrination of youth, had this to say of the vicious cycle wherein the cheap, hypocritical optimism of having a positive mental attitude no matter what transpires plays an important role when business is done as usual before the next apocalypse : \" but our countries, devastated by weariness, now need the builders of hopes and duties. i have developed the theme of triumphant history, because it is the christian view of history, not in order to make the plethoric christians feel more at ease than the cavaliers of anathema and scorn. perhaps tomorrow we shall be invaded by worse than barbarians, by babbitts, with crucifixes of gold, teeth of gold, and hearts of gold, coming to preach their new theologals in a big way : optimism, good temper and philanthropy, which can be achieved much more easily, we know, through using the right toothpaste, well - adjusted foundations and a parker pen, than through the word of god. then once more we shall need those great sombre voices. \" personalism is essentially conservative and at odds with modernism and the unrestrained", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4899721108609907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.363963"}
{"text": "using the right toothpaste, well - adjusted foundations and a parker pen, than through the word of god. then once more we shall need those great sombre voices. \" personalism is essentially conservative and at odds with modernism and the unrestrained advancement of objectivist science. \u201c material \u201d science, with its emphasis on analytical thought, its obsession with breaking everything down into bytes and bits, disintegrates the various social masks upon which dynamic human intercourse depends, reducing the human being to the status of a bare unit, a programmed, windowless monad whose program gives him cause to perceive that his existence is independent, while, at the same time, responsible. ironically, he has been thoroughly socialized in the totalitarian sense. nothing stands between him and the political - economic dictatorship. so devoted is he to rational production and consumption that he has little or no time left for clan or club or community ; as for the nuclear family, it is an empty vestige of the productive institution it once was. not only has science dispelled belief in spirits, gods and other mythical entities, but its mechanical way of thinking if taken to its logical conclusion would transform nature and man into machines. thus god, nature, and man are dead. yet if a man were acting like a machine, we would deem him insane ; providing, however, that we were not machines ourselves - in which case his behavior would seem normal. wherefore we must revitalized and restore the human person - the social human being. this person is at least metaphysical or spiritual if not \" divine. \" biological evolution and scientific progress are irrelevant in the personal context : in that context, only the person is real ; the rest is mere phenomena. our thoughts about the phenomenal world may or may not be valid, but reasoning will never disclose the ultimate foundation of reality or nature ; for thought itself is phenomenal, and being is prior to thought. a being, say, a human being, then, is always more than and prior to a thought. personality has an individuality or existent aspect, but it is one shaped by society : the individual human being is naturally a social, thinking, rational and reasoning creature. theological personalism - in contrast to anarcho - christian protestations of anarchic individuality represented by an arbitrary, divine anarchist, avers that the ultimate reality of the world is a divine person who sustains the universe by a continuous act of creative will. for emmanuel mounier, that incarnate god or christ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5828415257448178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.364962"}
{"text": "prehistoric times. even people who fervently believe in abstract existents denuded of personal qualities tend to imitate personal models and behave according to their socially derived personal biases and prejudices \u2013 camus depicted the typical atheist of his day, who fell down on his knees and prayed to god in secret when he felt his life was at stake. despite the many professions to the contrary, personality is the ultimate reality for personalists. mundane personalism strives for the full awareness and understanding of the human condition so that an happy accord may be realized between the universal we and the particular i, or the person as the synthesis of individual existence with the socialized individuals or persons it introjects from its environment during the course of its development towards being an ideal human being in existence ; that is to say, in a philosophical phrase, the human concrete universal, or, in theological terms, god incarnate. personalism therefore is not contemporary individualism : \" individualism is a system of... mutual isolation and defense, \u201d mounier explained. \u201c man in the abstract... the sovereign lord of a liberty unlimited and undirected, turning towards others with a primary mistrust, calculation and self - vindication ; institutions restricted to the assurance that these egoisms should not encroach upon one another, or to their betterment as a purely profit making association.... ( personalism ) is opposed to contemporary individualism. personal man is not desolate, he is man surrounded, on the move, under summons.... it is the primal sin of the west to have departed dangerously from the original truth. \" nor is personalism other - worldly : \" it is not affirmed outside the world or separately from the other, but against the impersonal world of the ' one ', the world of irresponsibility and flight, of lethal slumber, amusements, ideologies and chatter, it asserts the world of responsibility, presence, of effort, of ' abundance. ' \" personalism, according to mounier, is a form of communion : \" there is one affirmation that is common to all personalist philosophies... that the basic impulse in a world of persons is not the isolated perception of self ( cogito ) nor the egocentric concern for self... but the communication of consciousness.... we should prefer to call it the communication of existence, existence with the other, perhaps we should say co -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5530328313134132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.367080"}
{"text": "isolated perception of self ( cogito ) nor the egocentric concern for self... but the communication of consciousness.... we should prefer to call it the communication of existence, existence with the other, perhaps we should say co - existence. \" iii. religious implications of personal existence we find nothing fundamentally novel in the modern personalism that places being before existence and thus emphasizes social being over the individual existence or existential aspect of the personal unity we call a person. the late polish pope was certainly conservative of the ancient personal tradition ; his admirers may be unfamiliar with the term, personalism, yet the pope, whom they consider qualified for personal sainthood at his death, was committed to formal personalism early on in his intellectual career. and the ancient eastern orthodox church has as a matter of course taken religion personally ; that is, as a religious commune of individuals who have their personal identify in the divine person of jesus the christ. hindus have enjoyed a lively dialectic on the personal or impersonal nature of the divine subject of subjects for many centuries. religious personalists insist that persons can only have genuine and effective faith in personal deities or in supreme personal being. they claim that impersonalists, who roundly deny the reality of personal deities, are in fact atheists. the invocation of the sri isopanisad, purportedly the essential verse of the variegated hindu religion, of ultimate importance since it seems to indicate that people would presumably overlook their differences and be at peace if only everyone would realize that everyone and everything is part and parcel of the infinite, has become the main bone of contention on that point : om purnam adah purnam idam purnaat purnam udacyate. purnasya purnam aadaaya, purnam eva vashishyate the gita society ( www. gita - society. com ) publishes this translation : that is infinite, this is infinite ; from that infinite this infinite comes. from that infinite, this infinite removed or added : infinite remains infinite. this purport follows : brahman is limitless, infinite number of universes come out and go into the infinite brahman, brahman remains unchanged. if we assume that numbers do not exist in themselves but are merely invented counting terms of a contrived mathematical language, then the insertion of the numerical concept in the purport to demonstrate the being of an ideal infinite super - reality abstracted from material existence is problematic, for there would be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5978713201962286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.368131"}
{"text": "themselves but are merely invented counting terms of a contrived mathematical language, then the insertion of the numerical concept in the purport to demonstrate the being of an ideal infinite super - reality abstracted from material existence is problematic, for there would be nothing in that infinite sphere to count. at first glance we find nothing particularly religious in the original verse, unless religion is the exaltation of the abstract idea of the infinite or unlimited, which can indeed be expressed metaphorically as the mathematical concept of the infinite series ; it is not difficult to conceive that there is an infinite number of odd numbers within the infinite series of numbers. infinity is certainly not a conception beyond the reach of mere mortals, for something is always beyond our grasp ; we always want something more than what can be had : so when we think of an object, even the universe, we think there must be something beyond it, perhaps more universes, ad infinitum. if the infinite is the unlimited deity, then we might hold that the adoration of any particular form besides the metaphysical form named by an arbitrary term ( e. g., the infinite ) is sacrilegious idolatry. there may be an infinite or countless number of finite things to dispose of, but infinity itself, which transcends every particular thing, is not finite. one might say that infinity is the feeling of something more to be had, something besides what is grasped and apprehended, the unsatisfied want or desire for complete satisfaction that constitutes the essential disatisfaction of existential life ; for each instantiated life would persevere forever without impedence if only it could, and thus be unlimited power. each thing would want for nothing and no thing would stand in another \u2019 s way ; in time, every other installation would be consumed by an existent \u2019 s absolute power, and likewise for each other instance \u2013 in fact all things do perish, but they perish variously in differing instants of time. individual identity depends on relationship. mr. & mrs. jones say they want to be one with one another in marriage, yet once in holy wedlock both complain that they cannot be their true selves because they have lost their identities to each other. if they were in fact identical, they would not have their separate identities, and in fact they need each other and others to be themselves. by virtue of their individual existence they are moved to fly apart. yet the two may, instead, because they abhor the isolation within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5501889466476342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.369259"}
{"text": "identical, they would not have their separate identities, and in fact they need each other and others to be themselves. by virtue of their individual existence they are moved to fly apart. yet the two may, instead, because they abhor the isolation within which they would each, standing alone, as social creatures be worthless or unwholesome ( not sane ), work to make inherent strife harmonious, that their differences be concerted in the composition of a mutual personal relationship transcending occasional discordance and cacophony. and that ideal marriage would be naturally motivated - although its ultimate success would require personal education of the existential motive - for each existent would not perish, and to that end it seeks temporal refuge in relationships with others. although intimacy is lost in the crowd, safety is found in numbers greater than one, and the more the better. hence the whole is called good. absolute safety in an infinite number compounded is thought best. that ideal security might be called infinity or supreme being ; as a relationship between socialized individual existents, namely, persons, the whole that is greater than its parts might be projected as supreme personality. but compound things are bound to disintegrate, for each particulate as such is, in the final analysis, fated to strive for independence or absolute power over the others and the whole to the best of its ability, and to perish in the process. even harmonious strife will eventually bring the particulates as they exist to an end, as if they must die for one another that each may live. but if each arrived at the same conclusion at once in the one, nothing finite would remain ; call it not - finite or infinite nothingness, if you please. that is to say, the apocalypse would uncover nothing. everyone might set aside multiplicity at once to end the war over differences ; they might then \u201c enjoy \u201d absolute peace, but the death of the struggle for life would be beyond celebration, wherefore we are naturally moved to struggle against total assimilation and to take pains to enjoy some independence. wherefore the wave prays to the ocean to protect it from the other waves. understanding the very process that seemingly makes fools out of us might move us to make sport of war and to take to the arenas instead of the killing fields. variety is indeed the spice of life. a little girl in a pink blouse with the word sweet embroidered across its front appeared with her mother at the starbucks on south pointe \u2013 the south end of miami beach. she had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5686306263063898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.370350"}
{"text": "arenas instead of the killing fields. variety is indeed the spice of life. a little girl in a pink blouse with the word sweet embroidered across its front appeared with her mother at the starbucks on south pointe \u2013 the south end of miami beach. she had her mom \u2019 s facial features and her dour expression as well. her mother got her a glazed donut, a bottle of orange juice, and a plastic cup of ice. as the tot chewed on her donut, without much interest despite her serious countenance, her mom offered her orange juice from the plastic bottle ; but she reached for the ice instead, picked up and popped a cube in her mouth. instead of pouring the juice into the container with the ice, her mother starting dropping cubes into the bottle, as if to show her child what should be done with ice cubes if picked up one by one. but the girl did not have that objective : she insisted on pressing the plastic lid on the bottle ; then she took another ice cube from the glass and popped it into her mouth, whereupon her face lit up with delight. she did not want the liquid ; she wanted the ice : she appreciated the sensational difference of form, and no doubt she appreciated the fact that she had obtained it for herself. again, nothing in particular would exist without differences ; nothing exists within the simple unity and absolute self - identity of the perfect wholeness sometime called the final cause or the end for which all things were created and in which they are presumably perfected and therefore have their truth and beauty ; to wit : good. all existents in unity have hypothetically canceled each other out ; nothing but infinity remains once the vanities are consumed by the bonfire ; but that would be nothing in itself, which is to say nothing in particular. on the verge of the abyss, then, we might say \u201c from nothing to nothing \u201d instead of \u201c from dust to dust. \u201d we find variations of such nonsensical nihilism or idiotic iconoclasm at the esoteric or occluded core of several religions. religious ascetics whose sacrificial religion constitutes the good death or virtual suicide, and who identify absolute being with nothingness, might deny the charge of negativity by stating that the affirmation of what is tantamount to nothing is in fact an affirmation of the all ; for example : empty space is the positive permanent fact ; the forms of space are ephemeral negations. in any event one might want", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6079641955329222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.371475"}
{"text": ". absolute power might be personified as an almighty god and named brahma. but that would be a waste of breath according to other scholars, for the brahman found in the vedas is not eternal or immutable but is said to be \u201c carpented \u201d or made. according to hindu lore, the personification of brahman, brahma, was the first created living being. accordingly, brahma does not get the attention or reverence due to an almighty god, not even from his wife, who considers him as her subordinate in one context. indeed, brh might have been made by ma, she who draws out or gives birth to \u201c breathing \u201d things \u2013 maya is at once the maker, the making, and the made. now brh might also mean \u201c swelling \u201d, as in the swelling of \u201c breath \u201d or speech, or \u201c formation \u201d and \u201c formulation \u201d ; wherefore our strongest power might be the creative power that formed the one verse or universe in one breath, perforce in a big bang from a non - dimensional point. such an incredible inflation presents a paradox or riddle to this very day \u2013 the term barh, incidentally, means \u201c riddle. \u201d such enigmas are best presented by poets in poetic form. we might imagine brahma as the poet who utters the universe as a poem ; vishnu maintains the verse by chanting it ; siva finishes it when he decapitates brahma. of course there is quite a debate as to this illusory process of creation, maintenance, and destruction. the riddling contest is called brahmodya ; it is a life or death ritual because the maintenance of life above and below depends on it. the loser must submit to becoming the disciple of the brahmin who wins the contest, or else lose his head. the winners inhabit brahman, \u201c the highest heaven of speech. \u201d now the intellectuals are at leisure to ponder at length and to weave finer and finer abstractions out of nothing and mount the metaphysical ladder or chain of being to the vacuum of being - in - itself, where they have their faith in supreme being, which is indistinguishable from nothing, the vulgar lot below, who are given to working for their living or who do not want to wither away chained to their computers at the tops of towers, have cause to believe that the highly educated brahmins, no matter how pure they might be, are in fact atheists. what is sorely needed is an exoteric and practical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5256715563333563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.374980"}
{"text": "wither away chained to their computers at the tops of towers, have cause to believe that the highly educated brahmins, no matter how pure they might be, are in fact atheists. what is sorely needed is an exoteric and practical religion ; a material religion with representative objects to adore ; a personal model, if you please, for the vulgar masses. a totemic idol, say a black bull or golden calf or redheaded jackass will not suffice : only a perfect person will serve the purpose of realizing completion of the whole as god - headed good. yes, a perfected human person, a supreme being, an absolute power incarnate might do very well. but how could that be that if the essence of that or the being of being has no delimiting form or positive definition? we are confronted with an absurd riddle if not the vanity of human vanities, the sort of contradiction that luther liked to confidently refer to as \u201c one of god \u2019 s mysteries. \u201d for example, in hinduism we are confronted with krishna. the mystery is further compounded by those who claim that the cosmos is really the body brahman created out of itself, which is nothing in particular ; and if we substract that finite creation, we are somehow left with the universal infinite form, that of the famed person, krishna, who would seem to be, at least to an ignoramus, a formless form or nothing at all that can somehow, nevertheless, take fantastic personal form on our planet. the gita society puts it this way : \u201d after taking away the infinite creation from the infinite brahman during the creative cycle or adding infinite universes to the infinite brahman during the great dissolution, the infinite brahman remains in his infinite universal form. this can be mathematically expressed as infinity, plus or minus infinity, equals infinity. this infinite universal form of krishna, the brahman, was revealed to arjuna and is described in the eleventh chapter of the bhagavad - gita in great detail. \u201d how the infinite brahman wound up as an he, instead of a she or s / he or it, to begin with, we do not know as of yet. how a form might remain after the forms of the universe are subtracted remains a mystery \u2013 we might suppose the possibility of a formless form, whose gender is merely metaphorically male, a he who may be described in detail when he appears on earth to tell warriors it is their duty to make war even against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.560277323077817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.375998"}
{"text": "subtracted remains a mystery \u2013 we might suppose the possibility of a formless form, whose gender is merely metaphorically male, a he who may be described in detail when he appears on earth to tell warriors it is their duty to make war even against their own relatives because that is what warriors are ordained to do \u2013 we are mindful of the fact that the cause is ethical, for the society our enemies fight for is decadent and dissolute, as the brahmins who sanction war know very well. suffice it to say that brahman may be considered as a fictional persona, a mask over reality, as it were, analogous to a man \u2019 s personality, a mask worn by, say, brahma, the primordial living being, who is analogous to the super man who composes the constituent castings of humankind - his feet are the lowest caste of people, the sudras, his head the highest class, the brahmins. how brahman can be a presumably subordinated form of krishna, allegedly the supreme personality of godhead, is a question only bona fide spiritual masters can answer appropriately. and answer they must, for the most of us are left clutching at thin air despite the mention of the being of a divine personality. a. c. bhaktivedanta swami prabhupada, founder of the international society for krishna consciousness, examined the invocation to sri isopanisad and declared that om literally means, \u201c the complete whole, and purnam means, \u201c perfectly complete. \u201d he is not satisfied to leave it at that, and goes on to discuss the traditional implications. he rejects the obvious meaning, that, since no persons were mentioned, the deity must be impersonal. he says the sanskrit words \u2018 sri isopanisad \u2019 means \u201c the knowledge that brings one nearer to the supreme person, krishna. \u201c he identifies \u201c brahman \u201d as eternal existence. in that impersonal sense, brahman alone is insufficient for the hari krishna swami and his followers ; although they do celebrate arjuna on the warpath, bhakti yoga, the path of love, is their path to the union with the godhead ; they would be conscious of their dance and blissfully blessed in it. so the \u2018 prab \u2019 the acarya rendered this interpretative translation of the verse : \u201c the personality of godhead is perfect and complete, and because he is completely perfect, all emanations from him, such as this phenomenal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5314460837836161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.377016"}
{"text": ". so the \u2018 prab \u2019 the acarya rendered this interpretative translation of the verse : \u201c the personality of godhead is perfect and complete, and because he is completely perfect, all emanations from him, such as this phenomenal world, are perfectly equipped as complete wholes. whatever is produced of the complete whole is also complete in itself. he is the complete whole, even though so many complete units emanate from him, he remains the complete balance. \u201d \u201c realization of impersonal brahman or paramatma, the supersoul, \u201d prabhupada explains in his \u2018 purport \u2019, \u201c is incomplete realization of the absolutely complete. the supreme personality of godhead is sac - cid - ananda - vigraha. realization of impersonal brahman is realization of his sat feature, or his aspect of eternity, and paramatma realization is the realization of his sat [ existence ] and cit [ consciousness ] features, his aspects of eternity and knowledge. but realization of the personality of godhead is the realization of all the transcendental features \u2013 sat, cit, and ananda, bliss. when one realizes the supreme person, he realizes these aspects of the absolute truth in their completeness. vigraha means \u201c form. \u201d thus the complete whole is not formless. \u201d the impersonalists speak of an infinite number of finite things, and hold that human beings can rest peacefully as replicated common denominators of the common denomination called infinity ; they are somehow comforted by knowing there is no fundamental difference between the waves in the ocean, or between the material forms of energy ; fundamentally speaking, a cow, a man, a rock and a tree are the same. in fine, thou art that, so stop fighting it, just accept it. but contemporary western culture would rather demolish the traditional forms or render them into commercialized relics in order to accept each other as equals in mutual animosity and make a profit to boot. once the war of democracy on the world is won and the booty distributed according to merit rather than privileged rank, everyone shall presumably live most complaisantly. the disintegration of traditional cultural modes is graphically represented by the iconoclastic assault on the old art forms that paid ample respect to common human beings if not allegorical or divine persons. art became increasingly abstract, and eventually the order or structures abstracted fell under the iconoclasts \u2019 hammers, until the art world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.563834575286988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.378117"}
{"text": "assault on the old art forms that paid ample respect to common human beings if not allegorical or divine persons. art became increasingly abstract, and eventually the order or structures abstracted fell under the iconoclasts \u2019 hammers, until the art world was converted to a post - modern anti - art world, a veritable junkyard or trash heap where \u2018 thou art that \u2019 means the individual is a junkyard dog. the only value remaining was the subjective appreciation of junk, perchance expressed idiotically as an absurd concept that nobody understands, particularly the anti - artist, whose popularity is determined randomly as each rebel contends to be more original or idiosyncratic than the next rebel, not understanding that the their rebellion is stultifying conformity with the status quo of the junkyard. no particular production is really worthy of praise or blame, not according to the dictum, \u201c art is not right or wrong. \u201d everything has equal moral value or is amoral, and this is all very democratic and seemingly peaceful and tolerable until the bombs start exploding at home \u2013 democracies thrive on wars abroad to tame anarchism at home, and are inherently imperialistic in their pre - emption of competition. underneath the appearance of peaceful existence in substantial equality lurks an alienated crowd of potential suicide - bombers who would be glad to finally settle any remaining differences between people. all this would be perfectly acceptable to someone who recognized the supreme impersonal being in it all, for such is life and one might as well enjoy it. swami prabhupada also believed that peace could be found in the complete whole, but only if it were a supreme person. a human personality, in contrast to the \u2018 personalities \u201d of animals, is a cooperative fabrication learned and in part fashioned by individuals \u2013 hence we use the term \u201c person \u201d in the sense that a person is a synthesis of individual existence and social being. for swami prabhupada, the person of persons, or supreme person, seen by arjuna as krishna, was the ultimate or transcendent reality of personal life. people who believe civilization causes their discontent may want to revert to wild - animal life, figuratively speaking, they would fain don an animal mask and dance around their totemic fetish. at least there would be no sin, then, in fighting over the kill and its scraps. \u201c men face one another in enmity and snarl just like cats and dogs, \u201d observed swami prabhupada in his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5419823149300276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.379289"}
{"text": "of being social, a system of relatively defined good and evil, but chooses his or her existence or self, or at least all subsidiary choices are meant to obtain that \u201c selfish \u201d end, an end compatible with certain protesting forms of christianity, where the eternal salvation of the individual self and the will to endure forever of the existent meet and embrace. iv. existentialist godfather soren kierkegaard ( 1813 - 1855 ) is the godfather of the anti - systematic movement of thought we call existentialism. his corpus elevates the arrogant individual to divinity and therefore gives us due cause to pause and distinguish between existentialism and personalism, a less well - known response to the horrors of the two world wars. the subject of existentialism, the individual existent, when socialized, is a person. the person, the socialized individual, is a synthetic system. while existentialism focuses on the individual, personalism emphasizes the socialized individual. indeed, its adherents may go so far as to claim that the person is a blessed spiritual substance. for example, karol wojtyla ( the late john paul ii ), confronted with the despairing and anxious mental processes of war - shocked intellectuals whose main concern was their dreadful existence as alienated individuals, worked to rejuvenate the conception of the substantial person in his early work, the acting person. as a devout catholic, he undoubtedly had a universal model in mind ; that is to say, a supreme personal model people could systematically imitate and identify with rather than losing themselves speculating on an incomprehensible unknown god or impersonal force. a number of existentialists, all too familiar with the crimes against humanity fomented by charismatic personalities, abhorred the cult of personality in any shape or form, and they decried the \u201c rational \u201d systems of thinking and corresponding ways of acting that had apparently led to widespread havoc and panic instead of a new world order. many but not all existentialists were atheists. some christians among them were \u201c protesting \u201d christians if not philosophical anarchists. after all, soren kierkegaard, existentialist godfather, studied for the lutheran ministry and was in effect an independent danish theologian. most of all, existentialists are supposed to hate systems \u2013 kierkegaard believed intricate systems of thought were big lies leading the world to ruin. the greatest existentialists systematically decried systems at length. their literature often interchanged the term \u201c person \u201d with \u201c individual, \u201d but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5177138231439946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.382680"}
{"text": "to hate systems \u2013 kierkegaard believed intricate systems of thought were big lies leading the world to ruin. the greatest existentialists systematically decried systems at length. their literature often interchanged the term \u201c person \u201d with \u201c individual, \u201d but make no mistake about it, inasmuch as the person is a social system, anti - systematic thinkers would rid the world of that fictional entity along with the lies of the establishment. but the reduction of the person to a supposedly \u201c responsible \u201d individual would unwittingly leave him, in his discontent, vulnerable to the charismatic likes of mussolini and hitler. thus do we notice that some of the philosophical notions of the existentialists who survived world war ii resembled in some instances the ideology of the enemy \u2013 not that the existentialists knowingly or willingly collaborated with the occupiers. of course, the same might be said of personalists \u2013 after the war was over, the ranks of the resistance swelled dramatically. in any case, one cannot get rid of the vulgar person and still communicate effectively. although kierkegaard \u2019 s contempt for society led him to prefer the abstract individual or \u201c category of one \u201d behind imperfect personal masks, he preferred to project his inner conflicts and conceal his self - contradictions and hypocrisy by speaking indirectly through several personifications : his thought - provoking either / or, for instance, is presented as a conversational work of fiction involving fictional persons, and not as a direct philosophical tome in the form of a coherent system of thought. prominent existentialists deliberately tried to popularize their abstract philosophy by presenting it in fictional form, in plays and novels, behind which their fundamental incoherence would be hidden by the obvious absurdity of characteristic life. albert camus, for instance, who admired kierkegaard, is best known as the philosopher of the absurd ; he noted in his diary that a good novelist must be a philosopher. jean paul sartre and others followed suit. philosophers have traditionally identified the highest good if not god with social goodness ; however, as far as kierkegaard was concerned, an ethical man had no choice but to choose himself, the penultimate good ; the religious man worshiped the unknown god, his ultimate good ; while the aesthete was a sort of pantheist, finding his good in anything he pleased. we concoct three equations for kierkegaard \u2019 s three types. for the aesthete, the relative : i am that multiplicity. for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5165928651661296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.383863"}
{"text": "was a sort of pantheist, finding his good in anything he pleased. we concoct three equations for kierkegaard \u2019 s three types. for the aesthete, the relative : i am that multiplicity. for the ethical, the duality : i am not that world. for the religious, the absolute : i am i. we shall see that kierkegaard \u2019 s distinction between the ethical and religious realms was in vain. despite his assertion that the ethical man chooses his true self instead of creating it from scratch, his fondness for the individual reveals the individual, as an abstract \u201c category of one \u201d, as the indefinite or infinite wherefore unknown i - god, the yhwh or i - am of yore. \" only when i absolutely choose myself, \u201d wrote kierkegaard, \u201c do i infinitize myself absolutely, for i myself am the absolute for only myself can i choose absolutely, and the absolute choice of myself is my freedom, and only when i have absolutely chosen myself have i posited an absolute difference, the difference, that is to say, between good and evil.... the good... being in and of itself, and this is freedom.... it is... not so much a question of choosing between willing the good or the evil, as of choosing to will, but by this in turn the good and evil are posited.... \" hence it appears that the absolute one chosen by kierkegaard is a private and absolutely free godhead, an anarch, in a word, that disposes of and therefore transcends relative good and evil. of course the essence of this \" category of one \", the universal individual and god presumably chosen by all self - chosen, self - integrated, hence ethical individuals, differs from the nature admired by unethical persons, the dissolute aesthetics who are preoccupied with the highest sort of feelings called beauty. beauty is normally identified with pleasurable feelings ascetics abhor because the painful contrary, the want of pleasure or pain, is implied by pleasure felt \u2013 in either case, of pain or pleasure, the dignity of the self - caused person, an arrogance found in his freedom, is threatened to be demolished by an external cause. to rid themselves of pain, ethical ascetics would dispose of pleasure as well ; they throw out the baby with the bath water and lay claim to transcendental indifference to the felt qualities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5286246026553418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.384890"}
{"text": "freedom, is threatened to be demolished by an external cause. to rid themselves of pain, ethical ascetics would dispose of pleasure as well ; they throw out the baby with the bath water and lay claim to transcendental indifference to the felt qualities of life, the relative value of which philosophers tend to dispute. the aesthete \u2019 s preference for felt qualities instead of abstract ideation seems mistaken because the feelings vary one from the other, hence provide no absolute escape from the disturbing dialectic rooted in the basic social conflict between the existent individual and its society. the basic conflict is internalized and gives the person over to normal anxiety. the person \u2019 s joint role as an \u201c i \u201d and a \u201c we \u201d \u2013 the \u201c i \u201d as part and parcel of \u201c we \u201d \u2013 are both \u201c introjected \u201d as social conditions, yet the mystical unification and at - one - ment of subject and object wanted by the anxious ethical individual in flight from his existence cannot be obtained in fact short of death ; and then the objective world ironically survives the particular subject, which was in fact the temporary, unique coincidence of universal conditions, but who when alive might find take pleasure in his existential crucifixion, on the crossbars of time and space, in the notion of eternal life free of the impediments that gives him cause to suffer life in hopes of salvation from it. this supreme arbiter loves himself only, in his finality, and cannot part with himself to merge with the nymphs calling to him from the social forest. life then, for kierkegaard \u2019 s ethical person, burdened by the necessity of dreadful choices, which in effect constitute a negation of possibilities, is a bitter thing. but the lemon can be made sweet by a faithful leap to the religious sphere, a transcendental planet far removed from both the aesthetic and ethical planets. that ideal religious sphere, fortunately for kierkegaard \u2019 s temperament, would not be inhabited by the established church of socially compromising and therefore hypocritical christians he knew on earth. as a devout christian - of - one, kierkegaard, instead of loving his neighbors wholeheartedly despite their sins, was moved to hatefully denounce professed christians for falling far short of his fundamentalist notions. he chose to elevate himself to the rooftop and to cry out to his neighbors, \u201c hypocrites! \u201d when he collapsed on the street in the midst of his violent attack on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5154798977762012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.385924"}
{"text": "for falling far short of his fundamentalist notions. he chose to elevate himself to the rooftop and to cry out to his neighbors, \u201c hypocrites! \u201d when he collapsed on the street in the midst of his violent attack on the danish national church, he told a friend that someone must die for the cause, and he died shortly thereafter. it is no wonder that the seemingly absurd commandment, to love thy neighbor as thyself, had to be written down long ago for lip services, since it is so easily forgotten by the human heart. thus does the anarcho - christian become the reflection of his fellow enemy \u2013 a bigoted, irrational, unethical hypocrite \u2013 instead of the reflection of the only christian who has walked upon this earth thus far, the very criterion of christianity, jesus the christ. although kierkegaard may not have been the strange god of love \u2019 s prophet, he was certainly a seer, and in his prescience he was himself, in his representative anxiety and egoism, a prefiguration of our own time. the godfather of existentialism is highly regarded as a theologian. indeed, he was a good christian as far as many of our contemporaries are concerned, a christian who died for a good cause : calling organized christians hypocrites for the usually reasons : for selling their souls to the devil and their consciences to the state. kierkegaard advocated individual integrity and responsibility. but to what end? what does he integrate his self with? the ethical individual abandons his reasonable reflections, which are the very means to ethical conduct, and leaps blindly to faith in what, which, when described, turns out to be some quiddity or the other. he evidently no longer has faith in his ability to choose, so he chooses nothing, really, but non - sense, and he does whatever might come to mind in the form of an authoritarian command from the charismatic leader of a totalitarian state of being \u2013 kierkegaard admired the biblical willingness of a father to kill his own son ( isaac ) upon command of the unknown god. thus do intelligent men whose criticism eventually leads them to suspend judgment even in the value of criticism fall prey to the preaching of that ignorance in which they find their bliss, and may go forth to wreak havoc throughout the world for its sake. wherefore, until freedom is realized in death, let individuals rebel. \u201c down with the establishment! down with the system! give me liberty or give", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4590509291821801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.387177"}
{"text": "find their bliss, and may go forth to wreak havoc throughout the world for its sake. wherefore, until freedom is realized in death, let individuals rebel. \u201c down with the establishment! down with the system! give me liberty or give me death! \u201d are the slogans of misfits ; that is, until their own system is firmly established on uncompromising, fanatical principles. freedom from compromise is found only in the omnipotent god, and those who believe they are gods have the noun spelled backwards. kierkegaard, to pursue what he believed was the ethical life of either / or, ultimately choose himself alone. some of us may choose things to get rid of them, so that we may feel miserable for doing what we thought was the self - righteous thing to do. only a mate can adequately sum up humanity. kierkegaard dismissed the flawed queen of his mundane affections, his girlfriend, regine, upon whom he thereafter literally reflected at length, in lieu of the consummation he had forsworn. she was not good enough or god enough for him : only the unknown god was worthy of his debasement. the true lover must always be wrong ; the beloved must always be right. he thought he had ditched her to save her from the mistake of loving the likes of him, a man with cold feet. he eventually made the ultimate choice, a suicidal leap to faith in perfection. only god can do no wrong despite appearances to the contrary. but nothing is perfect. kierkegaard \u2019 s faith was really in his own reflection in the pool slowly swirling around the drain, the very mirror of his perturbations, as it were, from which only a chimpanzee with distorted figure could foolishly grin back, for the apostle gazing therein had renounced his reason with an open proclamation of his foolhardiness. only faith in something absurd can escape the torment of doubting reason ; absolute certitude can only be had in ignorance. nothing, no thing in particular, is really worthy of unadulterated love. \" ( the ethical ) is not a question of the choice of something.... the alternative is the aesthetical, the indifferent.... \" the aesthetically inclined person would find his escape from the ultimate cause of anxiety \u2013 mortality \u2013 in the enjoyment of ephemeral feelings and the appreciation of beauty found in nature and art, including the art of personal living, but kierkegaard \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5524765022082799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.391029"}
{"text": "the aesthetically inclined person would find his escape from the ultimate cause of anxiety \u2013 mortality \u2013 in the enjoyment of ephemeral feelings and the appreciation of beauty found in nature and art, including the art of personal living, but kierkegaard \u2019 s ethical individual finds his solace in absolute solitude, in premature or living death, in virtual suicide. he mistakenly charges the aesthete with his own melancholic indifference to the world at large : he claims that the ethical realm is an infinite movement along hierarchically arranged values whereby one realizes ( not creates ) what he is by making important choices, but the choices available in the aesthetic realm are relative hence of equal value, constituting a flight from the ultimate either / or, that of good or evil. of course kierkegaard \u2019 s ethical doctrine does not require a preoccupation with choosing good things : his point is that an individual must make willful decisions, and it is in those decisions and not the particular things or acts chosen that he eventually finds his real self. kierkegaard was an idealist in the platonic sense : the ideal is the real ; reality is in heavens unknown as of yet \u2013 if only horses had wings. \" the poetic ideal is always a false ideal, for the true ideal is always the real. so when the spirit is not allowed to soar up into the eternal world of spirit it remains midway and rejoices in the pictures reflected in the clouds and weeps that they are so transitory. a poet ' s existence is therefore, as such, an unhappy existence, it is higher than finiteness yet no infiniteness. \" infiniteness is, to wit, the ineffable x \u2013 we might aptly call it nothing, or, if you wish, the origin. the path to x is heady stuff ; as kierkegaard himself remarks : \" there is hardly an anaesthetic so powerful as abstract thinking. \" [ indeed, we who are given to infinite reflections recommend that aesthetes withdraw from their addictive substances and take up philosophy instead. still, we would not have them forsake the fine arts. in truth, the highest aesthetic expression of intelligent love of life found in fine art varies largely in technique but little in principle. works of fine art would be worthless without social agreement, and that accord or harmony is common to human nature. the so - called anti - art movement of the modern cult of individualism that rejected the traditional and only principle of art, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5347758105902635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.392008"}
{"text": "principle. works of fine art would be worthless without social agreement, and that accord or harmony is common to human nature. the so - called anti - art movement of the modern cult of individualism that rejected the traditional and only principle of art, the feeling of beauty, amounts to a lazy reduction to an absurd claim that art is merely subjective, hence one individual work is as good as another, and any criticism of an individual work is an unwarranted intrusion into the right of \u201c contemporary \u201d artists to individual equality. since the anti - artist is unable to think coherently, that is, along social lines, his concepts are as incoherent as his constructions \u2013 he is unable to give us a beautiful drawing of a person ; may heaven forbid if he does turn to fine art, and that his gift of personal beauty is the ideal beauty of a clothed madonna or nude venus. the anti - artist \u2019 s success of course is a matter of whimsical chance \u2013 some piece of nonsense or an accident widely publicized may turn him into a celebrity ]. kierkegaard \u2019 s self craves its very self, apparently the highest good or good, or even god. the dualist refrain is familiar : self is good, wherefore world is evil. kierkegaard wants it all for himself : unity, freedom, omnipotence. he chooses nothing in particular : he chooses will in general, the will to the good, or goodwill. but that constant choice is really of the self, for self is good. such a choice would make a subjective god of a man, a man whose will is free no matter what the objective circumstances might be. kierkegaard \u2019 s iconoclastic self, in its constant flight from objective determination by sensation, would be perpetually becoming and not a choice of a permanent being ; only nothing or god is permanent. his subjectively omnipotent self - god would apparently be, in opposition to its circumstances, more reliable than a projected hence ambivalent objective god, particularly if that unreliable objective god represents good, in the social sense that the good of society is good, or in the sense that society itself is god. in that case, power would have to be gradually rationalized, no doubt by political intervention - religion worships power, politics distributes it. no, the individual must be absolutely free. man ( humankind ) is naturally social. but thou shalt not have any god before god ; wherefore thou shalt not idolize man", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5682378731535564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.393258"}
{"text": "- religion worships power, politics distributes it. no, the individual must be absolutely free. man ( humankind ) is naturally social. but thou shalt not have any god before god ; wherefore thou shalt not idolize man, for man exists by virtue of original sin \u2013 he is aesthetically inclined. thus it seems to follow that, at least for kierkegaard, the individual soul is, ironically and actually, the sole good, and not the absolute god or supreme being. he does not mention the possibility that the real original sin is the sin of individuality, of being born individuals, and that his choice of self as the category of one adds insult to injury. of course one might imagine that the microcosmic god reflects the macrocosmic god, or is part and parcel of god, or is in fact god in mystical unity with himself. ah, but that would be utterly selfish and solipsistic. kierkegaard avoids that conclusion with ambiguity or doublespeak : \" the mystic chooses himself abstractly... out of the world... the truly concrete choice is that wherewith at the very same instant some instant i choose myself out of the world i am choosing myself back into the world. for when i choose myself repentantly i gather myself back into the world... in all my finite concretion, and in the fact that i have thus chosen myself out of the finite i am in the most absolute continuity with it. \" furthermore, \" i do not create myself. i choose myself. therefore while nature is created out of nothing, while i as an immediate personality am created out of nothing, as a free spirit i am born of the principle of contradiction. \" is not that the principle of original sin? is not that the hypocrisy or underlying crisis of man? is not that the principle of original slavery that dooms us to choose or to die? free will disobeys to god \u2019 s law, hence kierkegaard \u2019 s formerly lauded ethical choices were in fact sinful acts. he says he repents even of his father ' s sins. why does he not repent of original sin? in effect he has repudiated his creative choice and his freedom. afraid to love another, he had no choice but to choose himself, but that self must die. in the end, once he finds his true nature, he must resign his freedom and accept god \u2019 s law, that all individuals are born in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5152108271033936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.394561"}
{"text": ". afraid to love another, he had no choice but to choose himself, but that self must die. in the end, once he finds his true nature, he must resign his freedom and accept god \u2019 s law, that all individuals are born in sin and must therefore must die. repenting of it all, the existentialist theologian gets it all back : \" he repents himself back into himself, back into the family, back into the race, until he finds himself in god. \" repentance, he says, is the only word that expresses love for god. he chooses to surrender to x. his choice destroys all options. he sets the self up as god and chooses god, thus destroying self and god for he has not chosen something but has rejected everything. from nothing he came and to nothing he returns - god or nothing is permanent. it appears that he identifies his instinct to survival with his particular self or the apotheosis thereof. \" i do not create myself. i choose myself. therefore while nature is created out of nothing, while as an immediate personality i am created out of nothing, as a free spirit i am born of the principle of contradiction, or born by the fact that i choose myself. \" kierkegaard would forsake the evil world for himself, for the category of one ; but once he is at one with the category of one, he shall love the world : \" if the despairing man makes a mistake, if he believes that his misfortune lies in his multifarious surroundings, then his despair is not genuine and it will lead him to hate the world.... when in despair you have found yourself you will love the world because it is what it is. \" and what is despair? \" despair is doubt of personality, \" he says. again, the assumption is that this self, whatever it is, is good if not the highest good or good or god. it seems that if only one would love the self for what it is, first of all, then love for the world would follow, just as night follows day. if one loved himself rightly, he would love the world so much that he would gladly stretch out his neck for his executioner if need be. it is a matter of attitude, really, and one ' s attitude in choosing oneself must be sincere, for as one believes, so one is. what counts, says kierkegaard, is the energetic sincerity of choosing the real either / or over the mere either /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4925238811703226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.395450"}
{"text": "attitude, really, and one ' s attitude in choosing oneself must be sincere, for as one believes, so one is. what counts, says kierkegaard, is the energetic sincerity of choosing the real either / or over the mere either / or, such as choosing to visit the bank or barber. the real choice is ultimately between good / evil, good being the real self. kierkegaard admits that many other worthwhile decisions may be made along the way to finding / receiving one ' s self. we hear the familiar song hand down from ancient times : the treasure is within, in the inner unity where man is reconciled with himself if not his collective self projected as god. kierkegaard criticizes critics for not taking up the inner life, for losing themselves in illusions, professions, callings and other forms of escape. yet his own approach is also an escape. indeed, life is an escapade! are we to deride the philosopher who said, \u201c as a matter of fact, i am not slightly interested in self - spelunking, given all the objects the universe has to offer. \u201d \" you are capable of spending a whole month reading nothing but fairy tales - kierkegaard writes in his either / or novel - you make a profound study of them, you compare and analyze, and your study is not barren of result - but what do you use it for? to divert your mind ; you let the whole thing fire off in a brilliant display of fireworks. \" kierkegaard opines that philosophy mediates the past but cannot mediate what has not occurred yet : it cannot choose the future. and philosophers would have no past to mediate unless there were an absolute either / or. one obviously has to do something besides philosophize to get something done. life would come to a dead stop with philosophy alone. \" we have the disgusting sight of young men who are able to mediate christianity and paganism, are able to play with the titanic forces of history, and are unable to tell a plain man what he has to do in life.... \" that is true. we must not entirely abandon self - spelunking \u2013 and we study others to discover our own nature. nevertheless we find in kierkegaard \u2019 s philosophy the usual christian activism without specification of particular deeds. kierkegaard \u2019 s philosophical protagonist offers nothing in particular except marriage and family to the hypothetical young man addressed in the book - long letter constituting the novel either / or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5090268416568071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.396582"}
{"text": ". he is an i or individual, a category of one at dodge city, facing down the multiplicitous world, a world rendered as multiple by the psychological interpretation of diverse inchoate sensations that the mind is delighted to organize and represent as a reflection of its microcosmic god, the individual. v. the russian philosopher of freedom nicolai aleksandrovich berdyaev, the \u201c russian philosopher of freedom \u201d, is mistakenly labeled an existentialist because he emphasized anthropocentric subjectivity in his theory of \" objectification \". his nods to dostoyevsky, nietzsche, jaspers, and other non - systematic philosophers also served to place him in the existentialist camp. berdyaev, nonetheless, was more of a personalist than an existentialist. according to berdyaev, personalism idealizes the human person. there is no such thing as a national person. that is a self - conceited lie, stupid and ludicrous. the nation is the projection of everything evil as a collective ideal. evil is called good. hate, violence, egoism, pride, will to power are all converted into virtues. do not idolize nation or volk. do not be a slave to \" the people. \" real personality has an existential center - of conscience. real personalities are individual, and therefore volk will crucify them. egocentricity and personalism are contrary concepts. \" egocentricity is the original sin of man... an illusory, distorted universalism... a false perspective... under the power of objectivization, which it seeks to turn into an instrument of self - affirmation... man is the salve of the surrounding external world, because he is the slave of him.... \" of course, \" the genius lives near to primary reality and to real existence whereas the culture elite is subject to the laws of objectivization and socialization. \" \" all possession, whether it is possession by base passion or by lofty ideas denotes the loss of the spiritual center in man. \" the very notion of the soul as a unity derived from physical processes is false. the unity of the soul - process is the dynamic spiritual principle itself and not arbitrarily conceived points or ' souls. ' the notion that the individual of individualism constitutes resistance to its environment and is thus constituted by isolated exercises of its own will is an illusion. such an individual would have to be exterior", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5633959370358774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.398743"}
{"text": "itself and not arbitrarily conceived points or ' souls. ' the notion that the individual of individualism constitutes resistance to its environment and is thus constituted by isolated exercises of its own will is an illusion. such an individual would have to be exterior to the world in order to rebel against it, hence the individual would have to be alienated, impersonal, and self - determined or self - caused, as if it were a god facing a violent enemy. the enmity projected onto a seemingly violent world would define the supposedly self - determining individual who blames the objective world for everything perceived to be in opposition ; thus is he in fact determined by objectivity rather than his presumed subjectivity. as ' subject ' in distinction from ' object ', he thinks he is a free individual, but the emperor has his foot on his neck. since humankind is natural and human beings are a social species, the individual of individualism has dissociated himself from nature and society. for him, nature is dead ; god is dead ; society is dead. since society comprises individuals, the person is dead as well, for the person is a social individual who enjoys not only individuality but the commune as well. ironically, the individualist believes he is free when in fact he is enslaved. today he is in reality the over socialized, bourgeois individual of the militant protestant - capitalist system. he is fully engaged in the war of all against all where each individual crushes other and is crushed in the material arena of economic forces and interests. he has internalized the anti - social rules of engagement that subjugate him. like a prisoner in bentham ' s panopticon - prison, he is constantly under observation and control by unseen wardens. but he is a virtual slave ; a slave not to his circumstances, but to himself. he is, as it were, self - imprisoned, and is like the animal that stays put when the fence is torn down. \" the individualist is the slave to himself, he is under the spell of slavery to his own ego, and, therefore, he cannot resist the slavery which comes from the non - ego.... man is always a slave of the non - ego through the ego \u2026. the object world can make a person a martyr but it cannot make him a conformist. \" on the other hand, whereas individualists are \" wolfish \" and vicious, berdyaev ' s person of personalism is virtuously communal and fraternal. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.587006417472324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:724ab179-6ea5-4035-9070-1731e634b37e>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.399985"}
{"text": "did \u201c king \u201d arthur really exist? the story of king arthur and his knights of the round table is one of western culture \u2019 s best known. many people assume that they deal with a king from the dark ages of england and that, once the clearly legendary aspects such as the magician merlin are removed, they have some value as history. this is not the consensus opinion of historians, though. many \u2013 probably the majority, in fact \u2013 are of the opinion that there was no \u201c king \u201d arthur, that the stories originate in welsh legend or mythology and that they can tell us nothing of value about the fifth and sixth centuries in britain. on the other hand, a small minority believe that there is a kernel of truth behind the stories and that it is possible to glimpse the activities of a shadowy individual known as arthur behind them. the documentary evidence if there were contemporary documents mentioning arthur, there would be no controversy about his existence ( although there might well be controversy over other aspects of the story ). there are not and it is only by assuming that he lurks under an alias that it is possible to suggest that there might be contemporary evidence. was arthur known as riothamus during his lifetime? if he was, why did later legend change the name? and why is the first source to name him beyond all shadow of doubt dated to the early ninth century? the archaeological evidence if the documents don \u2019 t tell us about arthur, surely there must be some archaeological evidence? after all, there was the grave found by the monks of glastonbury and there is a sixth - century site at tintagel, where an inscription confirming that people named art \u2026 existed in the sixth century was found. and wasn \u2019 t south cadbury proven to be camelot by leslie alcock \u2019 s excavation in the 1960s? surely archaeology must be of some assistance \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3652126781646271, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d124ee4-2533-40a7-b24c-6acb8556bf62>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.401860"}
{"text": "the bone box of james son of joseph, brother of jesus biblical archaeology seems particularly prone to fraud, especially of fraudulent artefacts that confirm the religious beliefs of the faithful. one of the greatest stumbling - blocks that christians have always experienced is that while they are proud to base their religion on books that they claim to be thoroughly historical in nature, many events of the new testament \u2013 especially those of the gospels \u2013 have no confirmation outside the bible. roman records are silent about many of the events and personages in stories familiar to all christians. forgeries purporting to confirm some of these details have been around since the first development of the religion and continue to be produced today. the \u201c discovery \u201d of the ossuary on 21 october 2002, hershel shanks, editor of the biblical archaeology review, announced at a press conference that an amazing discovery had been made in israel : a contemporary inscription confirming the existence jesus of nazareth and his brother, james the just. the \u2018 find \u2019 was an ossuary, a stone box designed to contain the bones of a deceased individual. jewish practice in the first century ce was to lay out bodies of the wealthy in family tombs until all the flesh had decayed and subsequently to gather up the bones for storage in ossuaries. this was a typical example of the middle for the first century ce, close to the traditional date of james \u2019 s martyrdom in 62 ce. most ossuaries carry an inscription naming the individual inside together with a patronymic ( name of the father ) ; this example reads \u05d9\u05e2\u05e7\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d1\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd\u05e3 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d3 \u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e2 ( ya \u2018 aquv bar yusef akhui de yeshua \u2018, \u201c james son of joseph brother of jesus \u201d ). all three names \u2013 ya \u2018 aquv ( jacob or james ), yusef ( joseph ) and yeshua ( jesus ) were common enough at the time, but what is intriguing is that james is identified not just as the son of joseph, but as the brother of jesus, implying that jesus was somehow more important than joseph within the family for identifying james. this coincidence led those who first studied the ossuary to conclude that it was likely that james was indeed james \u201c the just \u201d, brother of jesus of nazareth. the box was brought to hershel shanks \u2019 s attention by an israeli collector of antiquities, oded golan. he claimed to have bought the box from an arab dealer in jerusalem in the 1960s and to have taken no real interest in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39133200507997745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7346870-2898-4441-b873-528683317c09>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.413787"}
{"text": "nazareth. the box was brought to hershel shanks \u2019 s attention by an israeli collector of antiquities, oded golan. he claimed to have bought the box from an arab dealer in jerusalem in the 1960s and to have taken no real interest in it until shortly before the announcement of the inscription. initial studies, including one by the geological survey of israel, concluded that the ossuary was a genuine first - century artefact, made from a limestone local to the jerusalem area and that no evidence for modern forgery could be detected. however, from the outset, there were critical voices. for a start, there are no parallels for the formula used to identify the person contained in the box. a second and more thorough analysis by the israeli antiquities \u2019 authority found a number of irregularities in the inscription, in the patina covering it and in the circumstances of its discovery. while there is no doubt that the ossuary is genuine, and that the first half of inscription ( \u05e3\u05dd\u05d5\u05d9 \u05e8\u05d1 \u05d1\u05d5\u05e7\u05e2\u05d9 \u2013 ya \u2018 aquv bar yusef ) is also genuine, the epigrapher rochelle altman dismissed the second half as a \u201c poor forgery \u201d. in 2003, the israeli police arrested oded golan on suspicion of forging antiquities ; they found his home and a workshop he rented filled with forged objects in various stages of manufacture together with the equipment needed to make the objects. he eventually confessed his guilt during questioning, but denied the charges during his trial in 2004. he was, nevertheless, found guilty. despite this damning evidence against the authenticity of the inscription, hershel shanks continues to defend the ossuary, launching bitter attacks on its critics. the archaeological community, for the most part, does not accept the object as providing contemporary proof for the existence of jesus of nazareth. this story raises important questions. why was the \u2018 discovery \u2019 announced at a press conference before academic study took place? why were the first tests of authenticity conducted by the geological survey of israel rather then the israel antiquities \u2019 authority? why was so much faith placed in an object without provenance? why has hershel shanks continued to support its authenticity despite the overwhelming evidence that oded golan was an accomplished forger who worked over many years? there is a lesson for us all in this debacle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44959454787567094, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e7346870-2898-4441-b873-528683317c09>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.415689"}
{"text": "piloncillo is unrefined brown sugar from mexico that comes in a small conical shape. piloncillo is served in drinks such as cafe de olla and champurrado., and the sugar can also be used in moles and sauces. the cone of piloncillo must be shaved or grated before use. piloncillo is the name given in mexico to small blocks or bricks of unrefined solid cane sugar. they are also often seen in the shape of small truncated cones. in central america and south america they are called panela or \u201c tapa dulce \u201d ( in costa rica ) because of its bottle - cap shape, and may or may not be cone - shaped. in panama it is also called raspadura, thought to derive from the words \u201c raspar \u201d ( to scrape ) and \u201c duro \u201d ( hard ), a reference to the way the hard sugar brick is shaven to produce usable shards for cooking. the local dialect often drops the letter \u201c s \u201d, resulting in the word we hear as \u201c ra \u2019 padura \u201d or rapadura. the color of piloncillo ranges from light tan to dark brown. for the longest time piloncillo was considered an inferior sweetener. it was used as a cheaper substitute for refined sugar, especially in dishes and desserts that did not require the clear color of refined sugar. despite its inferior reputation, many desserts originating ( and still consumed ) in mexico are made to this day using piloncillo, such as atole, capirotada, sweet potatoes, flan, and more. piloncillo, mexican brown sugar piloncillo is an unrefined sugar from mexico. the name piloncillo refers to the traditional cone shape in which the sugar is produced. it is also know as panela and panocha. there are actually two varieties of piloncillo produced one is lighter ( blanco ) and one darker ( oscuro ). the cone size can vary from as small as 3 / 4 ounce to as much as 9 ounces per cone. the cones shown in the picture above are about 3 \u201d tall. how to use piloncillo is very hard compared to the brown sugar you purchased in a box at the local grocer. chop the piloncillo with a serrated knife. you can substitute piloncillo in any recipe calling for dark brown sugar. traditional uses for mexican pilonci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4426909913997453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:139406ce-0113-4131-912e-7e3899de5a56>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.434799"}
{"text": "the brown sugar you purchased in a box at the local grocer. chop the piloncillo with a serrated knife. you can substitute piloncillo in any recipe calling for dark brown sugar. traditional uses for mexican piloncillo cafe de olla - an earthy mixture of viennese - roast coffee, cinnamon, aniseeds, and piloncillo ( mexican dark brown sugar ). champurrado - a special hot chocolate thickened with masa and flavored with piloncillo and aniseeds. ( oxford english dictionary ) u. s. regional ( chiefly south - west. ). [ < mexican spanish piloncillo ( 1743 ) < spanish pilon pilon n. + - cillo, diminutive suffix. ] a type of coarse brown sugar, often moulded into a hard cone or block, produced esp. in mexico. cf. penuche n. 1. 1844 j. gregg commerce of prairies i. 173 when short of means they often support themselves upon only a real each per day, their usual food consisting of bread and a kind of coarse cake - sugar called piloncillo. 1875 fur, fin & feather 108 you are.. all the days eating piloncillo and learning spanish with the senorites [ sic ]. dictionary of american regional english also pelonce, peloncillo, pilonce, pilonci, pilonsillo [ mexspan ; dimin of pilon a loaf of sugar ] chiefly tx unrefined sugar, usu in the form of a cone or loaf. 1844 gregg commerce 1. 173 nm, when short of means they often support themselves upon only a real each per day, their usual food consisting of bread and a kind of coarse cake - sugar called piloncillo. 1845 green jrl. texian exped. 264, our cook brings us in.. two and a half pounds of brown sugar, \u2018 pilonci. \u2019 1854 ( 1932 ) bell log tx - ca trail 35. 310, gathered some quinces and stewed them with pelonce or mexican sugar. 1875 fur fin & feather 108 nm, you are all the nights at fandangoes, and all the days eating piloncillo and learning spanish with the senorites [ sic ]. 1892 dn 1. 193 tx, pilon : a loaf of sugar. the usual forms in texas are pilonce amd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4183860442070877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:139406ce-0113-4131-912e-7e3899de5a56>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.438242"}
{"text": "york, ny : d. appleton & company the sugar cane grows remarkably well in the bottom lands, and is cultivated in sufficient quantities to supply a small sugar mill. nothing, however, is made but the common pilonce, an article inferior to the most ordinary brown sugar of commerce. the tex - mex cookbook by robb walsh new york, ny : broadway books this mexican raw brown sugar is more flavorful than regular brown sugar. it is sold in a cone and must be grated or dissolved in water before use. piloncillo pecan patties piloncillo is old - fashioned, unrefined raw cane sugar. the cones were once sold in the streets by candy vendors. today you can find it in mexican markets and in the specialty aisles of grocery stores. one 8 - ounce piloncillo sugar cone ( to yield 1 cup grated piloncillo ) 2 - inch - long cinnamon stick 1 / 8 teaspoon salt 1 / 2 tablespoon unsalted butter 1 / 2 teaspoon vanilla extract 8 ounces pecan halves broken in half ( about 1 1 / 2 cups ) aluminum foil, sprayed with nonstick cooking spray (... ) what is piloncillo? posted sep 10th 2006 1 : 03pm by nicole weston piloncillo is an unrefined sugar that is commonly used in mexican cooking. the sugar has been around for at least 500 years, and was being made before the spanish came to mexico around 1500. it is made when sugar canes are crushed, the juice is collected and boiled then poured into molds, where it hardens into blocks. the fact that it comes in block form is one of the reasons why white and brown sugars are more commonly used, even in mexican cooking, than piloncillo once was. to use it, it must be grated or chiseled off the main block - a process which is well worth the resulting flavor boost in food to some, but too time consuming for others to bother. unlike white sugar, which is flat and one - dimensional in its sweet flavor, piloncillo is smoky, caramely and earthy. it has far more flavor than brown sugar, which is generally just white sugar with a small amount of molasses added back to it. it can be uses in moles and other sauces, as well as to simple sweeten coffee or top off buttery toast. texas ( lone star state dictionary ) \u2022 ( 0 ) comments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4058452270320655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:139406ce-0113-4131-912e-7e3899de5a56>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.442656"}
{"text": "readers who find this page helpful, may also wish to visit these pages. exhibition smartawards that leave no mind behind and reward every participant while educating all of us about art and life. how to install a student show with ordinary masking tape. http : / / www. goshen. edu / ~ marvinpb / arted / tape. html exhibit design and installation seldom have enough space to show things as professionally as it should be. i like to keep exhibit design and presentation very simple and very orderly, even when it too crowded. i want the viewers to notice the artwork \u2014 not fancy exhibition design, brightly colored mats, or some distracting exhibition idea. when i see an exhibit with colored mounts, decorative additions, or bizarre arrangements, it makes me feel that there was not much respect for the artwork itself. i avoid colored additions. i have never seen an art museum that used colored mats or mounts for artworks created on paper. i want to see the artwork. i want the exhibition to be so well designed that i do not notice the exhibit design more than the artwork itself. to arrange the artwork, we begin with the largest works and gradually add smaller works to complete the design of the exhibit. sometimes works can be grouped attractively. we often lay it out on the floor to see how a group works before putting who does the work the older students or more advanced classes do the work. when students learn how to design and install the exhibit they are learning art. they are learning very useful life - long choice - making skills and i am ultimately getting lots of help. they have to make choices about color relationships, dominance and subordinance, how to move the viewer ' s attention around, and all the standard compositional questions. i remind students to be particularly careful about the negative spaces between the works. i make the negative spaces ( wall spaces, if any ) equal unless there is a good visual reason not to make them equal. they have to make choices about color relationships, dominance and subordinance, how to move the viewer ' s attention around, and all the standard compositional questions. they are asked to be as fair as possible when they choose where to place their own work and that of see this link for ideas on mounting a display of school artwork where there is no good provision for an exhibit. it illustrates a simple way to use tape to hang temporary exhibits so the work will not fall down, but can still be removed without damaging the wall after hanging a week or so. labels and information london", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5174488347898627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fdba4ed2-f3ed-47b9-a30b-081a22e3806c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.456942"}
{"text": "where there is no good provision for an exhibit. it illustrates a simple way to use tape to hang temporary exhibits so the work will not fall down, but can still be removed without damaging the wall after hanging a week or so. labels and information london, i was fortunate to see a special exhibition of original drawings from the hand of michelangelo, 1475 \u2013 1564. often there was a photograph of the painting or sculpture that michelangelo subsequently created using the ideas he developed with drawing. much of the wall space was given to text that helped me understand the need for each of his drawings. soon after entering, an explanation on the wall said, \u201c drawing was an essential tool for michelangelo to explore his ideas... his creativity was stimulated by the process of drawing \u2014 the flow of ideas quickening as he realized them on paper. \u201d ( - - from the british museum wall, march, 2006 ) in april, 2006, i viewed an exhibit of the student work of art education students at the college of creative studies in detroit. in addition to titles, artist name, and media, each work or group of artworks was displayed together with the assignment. by sharing the concepts used in the assignment the viewer participates in the learning. our art programs get more of the support from parents, administrators, and other teachers when we help them see the learning benefits of art when we display our student \u2019 s artwork, students need to see their names with it, and others need to see at least the main goals of the assignment that occasioned the work. why was the work created? what purposes does it fulfill as learning for the student artist and for us the viewers? our students are not assigned the sistine chapel ceiling, the last judgment, or a larger than life marble statue of david, but our assignments shape their work just as michelangelo \u2019 s commissions shaped his work. as the result of including assignment information, more than one art teacher has heard comments from parents and other teachers saying things such as, \u201c oh, i didn ' t \u2019 t know they learned things in art! \u201d in addition to the student name, it is good to include title, media, and the name of the art class if it is high school work, or year in school if elementary or middle school. if there are several teachers, include the teacher ' s name as well. some situations require a large overall title to the exhibit. some exhibits are divided by categories, and it may be helpful to identify each category. in some schools, it is good to make some way - finding signs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5032915064071181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fdba4ed2-f3ed-47b9-a30b-081a22e3806c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.459160"}
{"text": "the teacher ' s name as well. some situations require a large overall title to the exhibit. some exhibits are divided by categories, and it may be helpful to identify each category. in some schools, it is good to make some way - finding signs to guide the visitors to the room or place in the building where they can see the artwork. end of essay - see related links below smart art awards? giving awards has benefits and pitfalls. this page explains a way to gain motivational and education benefits from awards while avoiding the negative pitfalls ( a teaching invention seen here first ). no good place for an exhibition? how to install an exhibit using tape so it will not fall down. how to build a temporary self - supporting wall in the gym using tackable fiberboard. this space is used as a drawing room in an old gymnasium. also see shop drawings below. the walls are used to tack up drawings during critique sessions. a similar wall can be used for exhibitions. panels are available in different colors and with fabric cover for classroom use. other products are also available at your building suppliers. do not hide exit signs. 4 x 8 foot panels are attached to angle spleens with screws. links to. pdf shop drawings for tackable fiber panels to display artwork. sheet 3 drawing ( 24kb download,. pdf files ) sheet 2 ( 28kb download,. pdf file ) sheet 1 ( 40kb download,. pdf file ) teachers may make one copy of the drawings for school use. commercial or business use restricted without specific permission. caution : find a safe and spacious place to add walls. do not hide exit signs. do not restrict or block school corridors or add combustibles unless your fire marshall and insurance company approves. the author does not make any safety claims for the products illustrated on this page. check the specs of the products before using them in a school setting. panels for classroom use. more links _ of interest to art teachers, administrators, and parents all rights reserved. images, text, and design \u00a9 marvin bartel 2004. parents and teachers may make one copy of this page for personal study so long as they keep the \u00a9 information with the copy. permission is required to make copies, publish, or to post on another web site. mention the url or the title of this page in your correspondence with the author. you may make a link to this page from your page author info : as an art teacher, i was also gallery director for the art gallery adjacent to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5021828767203432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fdba4ed2-f3ed-47b9-a30b-081a22e3806c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.461715"}
{"text": "henry gray ( 18211865 ). anatomy of the human body. 1918. 6c. 2. the pelvis the pelvis, so called from its resemblance to a basin, is a bony ring, interposed between the movable vertebr\u00e6 of the vertebral column which it supports, and the lower limbs upon which it rests ; it is stronger and more massively constructed than the wall of the cranial or thoracic cavities, and is composed of four bones : the two hip bones laterally and in front and the sacrum and coccyx behind. the pelvis is divided by an oblique plane passing through the prominence of the sacrum, the arcuate and pectineal lines, and the upper margin of the symphysis pubis, into the greater and the lesser pelvis. the circumference of this plane is termed the linea terminalis or pelvic brim. the greater or false pelvis ( pelvis major ). the greater pelvis is the expanded portion of the cavity situated above and in front of the pelvic brim. it is bounded on either side by the ilium ; in front it is incomplete, presenting a wide interval between the anterior borders of the ilia, which is filled up in the fresh state by the parietes of the abdomen ; behind is a deep notch on either side between the ilium and the base of the sacrum. it supports the intestines, and transmits part of their weight to the anterior wall of the abdomen. the lesser or true pelvis ( pelvis minor ). the lesser pelvis is that part of the pelvic cavity which is situated below and behind the pelvic brim. its bony walls are more complete than those of the greater pelvis. for convenience of description, it is divided into an inlet bounded by the superior circumference, and outlet bounded by the inferior circumference, and a cavity. the superior circumference. the superior circumference forms the brim of the pelvis, the included space being called the superior aperture or inlet ( apertura pelvis [ minoris ] superior ) ( fig. 238 ). it is formed laterally by the pectineal and arcuate lines, in front by the crests of the pubes, and behind by the anterior margin of the base of the sacrum and sacrovertebral angle. the superior aperture is somewhat heart - shaped,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49535547880911174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5cfe88b-c9d0-44e2-bde1-bb3090d3ada2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.481126"}
{"text": "pectineal and arcuate lines, in front by the crests of the pubes, and behind by the anterior margin of the base of the sacrum and sacrovertebral angle. the superior aperture is somewhat heart - shaped, obtusely pointed in front, diverging on either side, and encroached upon behind by the projection forward of the promontory of the sacrum. it has three principal diameters : antero - posterior, transverse, and oblique. the anteroposterior or conjugate diameter extends from the sacrovertebral angle to the symphysis pubis ; its average measurement is about 110 mm. in the female. the transverse diameter extends across the greatest width of the superior aperture, from the middle of the brim on one side to the same point on the opposite ; its average measurement is about 135 mm. in the female. the oblique diameter extends from the iliopectineal eminence of one side to the sacroiliac articulation of the opposite side ; its average measurement is about 125 mm. in the female. the cavity of the lesser pelvis is bounded in front and below by the pubic symphysis and the superior rami of the pubes ; above and behind, by the pelvic surfaces of the sacrum and coccyx, which, curving forward above and below, contract the superior and inferior apertures of the cavity ; laterally, by a broad, smooth, quadrangular area of bone, corresponding to the inner surfaces of the body and superior ramus of the ischium and that part of the ilium which is below the arcuate line. from this description it will be seen that the cavity of the lesser pelvis is a short, curved canal, considerably deeper on its posterior than on its anterior wall. it contains, in the fresh subject, the pelvic colon, rectum, bladder, and some of the organs of generation. the rectum is placed at the back of the pelvis, in the curve of the sacrum and coccyx ; the bladder is in front, behind the pubic symphysis. in the female the uterus and vagina occupy the interval between these viscera. the lower circumference. the lower circumference of the pelvis is very irregular ; the space enclosed by it is named the inferior aperture or outlet ( apertura pelvis [ minoris ] inferior ) ( fig. 239", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43627059746986185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5cfe88b-c9d0-44e2-bde1-bb3090d3ada2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.483680"}
{"text": ". the lower circumference. the lower circumference of the pelvis is very irregular ; the space enclosed by it is named the inferior aperture or outlet ( apertura pelvis [ minoris ] inferior ) ( fig. 239 ), and is bounded behind by the point of the coccyx, and laterally by the ischial tuberosities. these eminences are separated by three notches : one in front, the pubic arch, formed by the convergence of the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis on either side. the other notches, one on either side, are formed by the sacrum and coccyx behind, the ischium in front, and the ilium above ; they are called the sciatic notches ; in the natural state they are converted into foramina by the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments. when the ligaments are in situ, the inferior aperture of the pelvis is lozenge - shaped, bounded, in front, by the pubic arcuate ligament and the inferior rami of the pubes and ischia ; laterally, by the ischial tuberosities ; and behind, by the sacrotuberous ligaments and the tip of the coccyx. the diameters of the outlet of the pelvis are two, antero - posterior and transverse. the antero - posterior diameter extends from the tip of the coccyx to the lower part of the pubic symphysis ; its measurement is from 90 to 115 mm. in the female. it varies with the length of the coccyx, and is capable of increase or diminution, on account of the mobility of that bone. the transverse diameter, measured between the posterior parts of the ischial tuberosities, is about 115 mm. in the female. 58 axes ( fig. 240 ). a line at right angles to the plane of the superior aperture at its center would, if prolonged, pass through the umbilicus above and the middle of the coccyx below ; the axis of the superior aperture is therefore directed downward and backward. the axis of the inferior aperture, produced upward, would touch the base of the sacrum, and is also directed downward, and slightly backward. the axis of the cavityi. e., an axis at right angles to a series of planes between those of the superior and inferior apertures is curved like the cavity itself : this curve corresponds to the con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42687649685964413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5cfe88b-c9d0-44e2-bde1-bb3090d3ada2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.484825"}
{"text": "also directed downward, and slightly backward. the axis of the cavityi. e., an axis at right angles to a series of planes between those of the superior and inferior apertures is curved like the cavity itself : this curve corresponds to the concavity of the sacrum and coccyx, the extremities being indicated by the central points of the superior and inferior apertures. a knowledge of the direction of these axes serves to explain the course of the fetus in its passage through the pelvis during parturition. position of the pelvis ( fig. 240 ). in the erect posture, the pelvis is placed obliquely with regard to the trunk : the plane of the superior aperture forms an angle of from 50\u00b0 to 60\u00b0, and that of the inferior aperture one of about 15\u00b0 with the horizontal plane. the pelvic surface of the symphysis pubis looks upward and backward, the concavity of the sacrum and coccyx downward and forward. the position of the pelvis in the erect posture may be indicated by holding it so that the anterior superior iliac spines and the front of the top of the symphysis pubis are in the same vertical plane. differences between the male and female pelves. the female pelvis ( fig. 242 ) is distinguished from that of the male ( fig. 241 ) by its bones being more delicate and its depth less. the whole pelvis is less massive, and its muscular impressions are slightly marked. the ilia are less sloped, and the anterior iliac spines more widely separated ; hence the greater lateral prominence of the hips. the preauricular sulcus is more commonly present and better marked. the superior aperture of the lesser pelvis is larger in the female than in the male ; it is more nearly circular, and its obliquity is greater. the cavity is shallower and wider ; the sacrum is shorter wider, and its upper part is less curved ; the obturator foramina are triangular in shape and smaller in size than in the male. the inferior aperture is larger and the coccyx more movable. the sciatic notches are wider and shallower, and the spines of the ischia project less inward. the acetabula are smaller and look more distinctly forward ( derry59 ). the ischial tuberosities and the acetabula are wider apart, and the former are more everted. the pubic symphysis is less deep, and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46903148732984196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5cfe88b-c9d0-44e2-bde1-bb3090d3ada2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.485795"}
{"text": "new brain scanner helps paralysed people spell words a new brain scanner has been developed to help people who are completely paralysed speak by enabling them to spell words using their thoughts. it uses functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ) to help patients choose between 27 characters - the alphabet and a blank space. each character produces a different pattern of blood flow in the brain, and the device interprets these patterns. the british neurological association called the research \" exciting \". the study appears in current biology journal of cell press. fmri is normally used to track brain activity by measuring blood flow. earlier research the new technology is based on earlier applications of the technique, which used free - letter spelling to allow people to answer the equivalent of multiple - choice questions with just a few possible answers. british neuroscientist adrian owen, for instance, used fmri to help a man believed to have been in a vegetative state for five years to answer \" yes \" and \" no \" questions by interpreting his brain activity. but the new scanner uses the entire english alphabet and the blank space. end quote elaine snell bna [ the device could be ] a lifeline for patients with persistent vegetitative state \u201d \" this novel spelling device constitutes an alterative approach to motor - independent communication, \" bettina sorger of maastricht university in the netherlands, one of the researchers working on the current study, told the bbc. \" the work of adrian owen and colleagues led me to wonder whether it might even become possible to use fmri, mental tasks, and appropriate experimental designs to freely encode thoughts, letter - by - letter, and therewith enable back - and - forth communication in the absence of motor behavior. \" the team writes in the paper that because the noninvasive device requires \" only little effort and pretraining, it is immediately operational and possesses high potential for clinical applications, both in terms of diagnostics and establishing short - term communication with nonresponsive and severely motor - impaired patients \". exciting results elaine snell of the british neuroscience association told the bbc that the technology could become \" a lifeline \" for patients in a persistent vegetative state, or suffering from other neurological disorders. \" this means of communication will make a huge difference to the quality of their life and to that of their families. \" this kind of technology can only get better, it ' s very exciting. \" dr guy williams from the wolfson brain imaging centre in cambridge agreed. \" the technique may need some adaptation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5490074673872448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:25d00b83-5ab6-41b0-bf76-7156e7d50a2b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.492452"}
{"text": "a pouch that forms in the wall of the large intestine is called a diverticulum. when this pouch becomes infected or swollen, it is called diverticulitis. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. it is not clear why the pouches form. it may be due to a constant build up of pressure when food moves too slowly through the bowel. this pressure increases and pushes along the sidewalls of the bowel creating pouches. digested food or stool can become trapped in one of the pouches. this leads to swelling and infection. the following may contribute to diverticulitis : - low - fiber diet \u2014 fiber softens stools and makes them pass through the bowel more easily - increased pressure in the bowel from straining to pass a hard stool - defects in the colon wall the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical and rectal exam will be done. finding the disease early is important. the pouch can break, releasing stool into the abdomen. this is a medical emergency that requires surgery. tests may include : - your bodily fluids and waste products may be tested. this can be done with : - stool sample analysis - blood tests - images may need to be taken of your bodily structures. this can be done with : after the inflammation subsides, other tests may be performed to examine the colon, including : the goals of treatment is to : - resolve the infection and inflammation - rest the bowel - prevent complications antibiotics and other drugs are given to fight the infection. pain medications and drugs are given to decrease the abdominal pain. you may also be given medication to help control vomiting. for mild swelling, you can drink clear liquids for the first two to three days. for a more severe case, you will be admitted to the hospital, where fluids are given by iv. antibiotics will also be given to you through iv. changes in your diet can help prevent future attacks. - increase the amount of fiber you eat by eating more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains - supplement your diet with a fiber product, as advised by your doctor - avoid laxatives and enemas - avoid narcotic medications \u2014 they can slow down bowel movement and can cause constipation to remove the section of the bowel with pouches may be recommended if : - you have had multiple attacks during a two - year period - a pouch breaks and the contents spread into the abdominal cavity, which requires that the cavity be cleaned out surgery is also used to treat complications of divert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4285888860240357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1aa2037-fb97-43ea-8e70-4a57ec75584b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.515144"}
{"text": "with pouches may be recommended if : - you have had multiple attacks during a two - year period - a pouch breaks and the contents spread into the abdominal cavity, which requires that the cavity be cleaned out surgery is also used to treat complications of diverticulitis, such as : - abscess \u2014 occurs if the infected pouch fills with pus - blocked bowel \u2014 scar tissue that forms and blocks movement of stool through the intestine - fistula \u2014 occurs if the infection spreads and colon tissue attaches to another organ, such as the bladder or the uterus / vagina when surgery is done on an elective basis, the surgeon will remove the part of the bowel that is diseased and connect the normal parts of the bowel back together. when surgery is done on an emergency basis, the diseased part of the bowel will be removed. the healthy parts of the bowel will not be connected right away. your bowel will need time to rest and heal. the upper part of the bowel will be attached to the abdominal wall. a port will allow waste to pass from the intestine to a bag outside of your body. if possible, the healthy bowel will be reconnected after 6 - 12 weeks. if you are diagnosed with diverticulitis, follow your doctor ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3893107637826574, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1aa2037-fb97-43ea-8e70-4a57ec75584b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.515644"}
{"text": "carnitine is a substance used by the body uses to turn fat into energy. it is not normally considered an essential nutrient because the body can manufacture all it needs. however, supplemental carnitine could in theory improve the ability of certain tissues to produce energy. this has led to the use of carnitine for various muscle diseases as well as heart conditions. carnitine is primarily used for heart - related conditions. some evidence suggests that it can be used along with conventional treatment for to improve symptoms and reduce medication needs. when combined with conventional therapy, it may or may not help prevent medical complications or sudden cardiac death in the months following a lesser evidence suggests that it may be helpful for a condition called ( pain in the legs after walking due to narrowing of the arteries ), as well as congestive heart failure in addition, a few studies suggest that carnitine may be useful for carnitine may also be helpful for improving exercise tolerance in people with chronic pulmonary obstruction disease ( copd ), more commonly known as emphysema. you should not attempt to self - treat any of these serious medical conditions, nor should you use carnitine as a substitute for standard drugs. growing, if not entirely consistent, evidence suggests that l - carnitine or acetyl - l - carnitine, or their combination, may be helpful for improving sperm function and thereby provide benefits in male infertility. carnitine has also shown promise for improving male sexual function81, 82, 93 and improving mental and physical two studies found evidence that carnitine is helpful for, a condition affecting the penis. some studies have found evidence that one particular form of carnitine, acetyl - l - carnitine, might be helpful in but the two most recent and largest studies found no benefit. one review evaluated published and unpublished trials, and concluded that acetyl - l - carnitine may only be helpful for very mild alzheimer ' s disease. in preliminary trials, acetyl - l - carnitine has shown some promise for treatment of or dysthymia ( a milder condition related to depression ). some evidence suggests that carnitine may be useful for improving blood sugar control in people with type 2 ( adult - onset ) better evidence suggests benefit with acetyl - l - carnitine for a major complication of diabetes, diabetic peripheral neuropathy ( injury to nerves of the extremities caused by diabetes ). acetyl - l - car", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46854071246984924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7476c3a2-b14e-40bc-9098-34a4aa6af6d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.527111"}
{"text": "evidence suggests benefit with acetyl - l - carnitine for a major complication of diabetes, diabetic peripheral neuropathy ( injury to nerves of the extremities caused by diabetes ). acetyl - l - carnitine might help prevent diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy ( injury to the nerves of the heart caused by diabetes ). however, one study found that carnitine supplements had an adverse effect on in people with diabetes. much weaker evidence suggests possible benefits for neuropathy caused by the chemotherapy drugs weak evidence hints that carnitine might help reduce liver and heart toxicity caused by the chemotherapy drug some evidence suggests that carnitine may be able to improve one small study demonstrated a beneficial effect of l - carnitine on anemia and high cholesterol in patients on hemodialysis for chronic renal failure. a genetic condition called fragile x syndrome can cause behavioral disturbances such as hyperactivity, along with intellectual disability, autism, and alterations in appearance. a preliminary study of 17 boys found that acetyl - l - carnitine might help to reduce hyperactive behavior associated with this condition. evidence for the effectiveness of l - carnitine in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) has been mixed. celiac disease is an autoimmune disease affecting the digestive tract. fatigue is a common symptom of the disease. one small double - blind trial found evidence that use of l - carnitine at a dose of 2 g daily might help alleviate this symptom. weak evidence hints that carnitine may help people with degeneration of the cerebellum ( the structure of the brain responsible for voluntary muscular movement ). one very small study suggests carnitine may be helpful for reducing symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome another study suggests that carnitine may be of value for treating and for severe liver disease. a substantial study marred by poor design ( specifically, far too many primary endpoints ) found equivocal evidence that l - carnitine, taken at dose of 500 mg three times daily, might be more effective than placebo for the treatment of other weak evidence suggests that carnitine may be helpful for decreasing the muscle toxicity of azt ( a drug used to treat other weak evidence hints that the acetyl - l - carnitine might reduce nerve - related side effects caused by hiv drugs in general. one study failed to find carnitine effective for promoting although another found that carnitine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48235327210462486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7476c3a2-b14e-40bc-9098-34a4aa6af6d6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.528033"}
{"text": "used to treat other weak evidence hints that the acetyl - l - carnitine might reduce nerve - related side effects caused by hiv drugs in general. one study failed to find carnitine effective for promoting although another found that carnitine might lead to improvements in body composition ( fat - muscle ratio ). carnitine is widely touted as a physical sports performance enhancer, but there is no real evidence that it is effective and some research indicates that it is not. little to no evidence supports other claimed benefits such as treating irregular heartbeat, down ' s syndrome, muscular dystrophy, and alcoholic fatty liver disease. however, in a randomized trial involving 25 patients with and early brain dysfunction ( hepatic encephalopathy ) associated with severe forms of this condition, carnitine appeared to significantly improve the function of both the liver and the brain after 3 months of treatment. what is the scientific evidence for carnitine? carnitine might be a good addition to standard therapy for. in one controlled study, 200 individuals with angina ( the exercise - induced variety ) took either 2 g daily of l - carnitine or were left untreated. all the study participants continued to take their usual medication for angina. those taking carnitine showed improvement in several measures of heart function, including a significantly greater ability to exercise without chest pain. they were also able to reduce the dosages of some of their heart medications ( under medical supervision ) as their symptoms decreased. unfortunately, the results of this study can ' t be fully trusted because researchers didn ' t use a double - blind protocol. ( for more information on why double - blinding is so important, see why does this database rely on double - blind studies? ) another trial did use a double - blind, placebo - controlled, design tested l - carnitine in 52 people with angina and found evidence of benefit. in addition, several small studies ( some of them double - blind ) tested propionyl - l - carnitine for the treatment of angina, and also found evidence of benefit. people with advanced hardening of the arteries, or, often have difficulty walking due to lack of blood flow to the legs, a condition called. pain may develop after walking less than half a block. although carnitine does not increase blood flow, it appears to improve the muscle ' s ability to function under difficult circumstances. a 12 - month, double - blind, placebo - controlled trial of 485 patients with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.460665257810968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7476c3a2-b14e-40bc-9098-34a4aa6af6d6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.528991"}
{"text": "less than half a block. although carnitine does not increase blood flow, it appears to improve the muscle ' s ability to function under difficult circumstances. a 12 - month, double - blind, placebo - controlled trial of 485 patients with intermittent claudication evaluated the potential benefits of propionyl - l - carnitine. participants with relatively severe disease showed a 44 % improvement in walking distance as compared to placebo. however, no improvement was seen in those with mild disease. another double - blind study followed 245 people and also found benefit. similar results have been seen in most but not all other studies of l - carnitine or propionyl - l - carnitine. propionyl - l - carnitine may be more effective for intermittent claudication than plain carnitine. congestive heart failure several small studies have found that carnitine, often in the form of propionyl - l - carnitine, can improve symptoms of congestive heart failure in one trial, benefits were maintained for 60 days after treatment with carnitine was stopped. after a heart attack l - carnitine has shown inconsistent promise for use after a a double - blind, placebo - controlled study that followed 101 people for 1 month after a heart attack found that use of l - carnitine, in addition to standard care, reduced the size of the infarct ( dead heart tissue ). in the months following a severe heart attack, the left ventricle of the heart often enlarges, and the pumping action of the heart becomes less efficient. some evidence suggests that l - carnitine can help prevent heart enlargement, but that it does not improve heart function. in a 12 - month, double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 472 individuals who had just undergone a heart attack, use of carnitine at a dose of 6 g / day significantly decreased the rate of heart enlargement. however, heart function was not significantly altered. a 3 - month, double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 60 individuals who had just undergone a heart attack also failed to find improvements in heart function. ( heart enlargement was not studied. ) results consistent with those of the studies above were seen in a 6 - month double blind, placebo - controlled study of 2, 330 people who had just had a heart attack. carnitine failed to produce significant reductions in mortality or heart failure ( serious decline in heart function ) over the 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4413608300682246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7476c3a2-b14e-40bc-9098-34a4aa6af6d6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.529912"}
{"text": "seen in a 6 - month double blind, placebo - controlled study of 2, 330 people who had just had a heart attack. carnitine failed to produce significant reductions in mortality or heart failure ( serious decline in heart function ) over the 6 - month period. however, the study did find reductions in early death. ( unfortunately, for statistical reasons, the meaningfulness of this last finding is questionable. reduction in early death was a secondary endpoint rather than a primary one. ) carnitine is used along with conventional treatment, not as a substitute for it. high levels of blood sugar can damage the nerves leading to the extremities, causing pain and numbness. this condition is called diabetic peripheral neuropathy nerve damage may also develop in the heart, a condition called cardiac autonomic neuropathy. acetyl - l - carnitine has shown considerable promise for diabetic peripheral neuropathy and some promise for cardiac autonomic neuropathy. two 52 - week double - blind, placebo - controlled studies, involving a total of 1, 257 people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, evaluated the potential benefits of alc taken at 500 mg or 1000 mg daily. the results showed that use of alc, especially at the higher dose, improved sensory perception and decreased pain levels. in addition, the supplement appeared to promote nerve fiber regeneration. a small study found some potential benefits for cardiac autonomic neuropathy. for more information, including full dosage and safety issues, see the full male sexual function carnitine has shown promise for improving male sexual function. one double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 120 subjects compared a combination of propionyl - l - carnitine ( 2 g per day ) and acetyl - l - carnitine ( 2 g per day ) against testosterone for the treatment of male aging symptoms ( sexual dysfunction, depression, and fatigue ). the results indicated that both testosterone and carnitine improved erectile function, mood, and fatigue, as compared to placebo. however, no improvements were seen in the placebo group. this is an unusual occurrence in studies of erectile dysfunction, so it casts some doubt on the study results. a double - blind study of 40 men evaluated propionyl - l - carnitine ( 2 g per day ) in diabetic men with erectile dysfunction who had not responded well to viagra. the results indicated that carnitine significantly enhanced the effectiveness of via", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4720020574681213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7476c3a2-b14e-40bc-9098-34a4aa6af6d6>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.530891"}
{"text": "of 40 men evaluated propionyl - l - carnitine ( 2 g per day ) in diabetic men with erectile dysfunction who had not responded well to viagra. the results indicated that carnitine significantly enhanced the effectiveness of viagra. in another double - blind study, a combination of the propionyl and acetyl forms of carnitine enhanced the effectiveness of viagra in men who suffered from erectile dysfunction caused by prostate surgery. growing evidence suggests that l - carnitine or acetyl - l - carnitine or their combination may be helpful for improving sperm quality and function, thereby benefiting for example, in one double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 60 men, use of combined l - carnitine ( 2 g per day ) and acetyl - l - carnitine ( also at 2 g per day ) significantly improved sperm quality. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) evidence from three double - blind, placebo - controlled studies enrolling a total of 49 people suggests that l - carnitine can improve exercise tolerance in, presumably by improving muscular efficiency in the lungs and other muscles. numerous double - or single - blind studies involving a total of more than 1, 400 people have evaluated the potential benefits of acetyl - l - carnitine in the treatment of and other forms of dementia. however, while early studies found evidence of modest benefit, two large and well - designed studies failed to find acetyl - l - carnitine effective at all. the first of these was a double - blind, placebo - controlled trial that enrolled 431 participants for 1 year. overall, acetyl - l - carnitine proved no better than placebo. however, because a close look at the data indicated that the supplement might help people who develop alzheimer ' s disease at an unusually young age, researchers performed a follow - up trial. this 1 - year, double - blind, placebo - controlled trial evaluated acetyl - l - carnitine in 229 patients with early onset alzheimer ' s. unfortunately, no benefits were seen here either. one review of the literature concluded that acetyl - l - carnitine may be helpful for mild cases of alzheimer \u2019 s disease, but not more severe cases. a double - blind study of 60 seniors with dysthymia ( a mild form of ) found that treatment with 3 g of carnitine daily over a 2 - month period significantly improved symptoms as compared", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4573930762179244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7476c3a2-b14e-40bc-9098-34a4aa6af6d6>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.532002"}
{"text": "s disease, but not more severe cases. a double - blind study of 60 seniors with dysthymia ( a mild form of ) found that treatment with 3 g of carnitine daily over a 2 - month period significantly improved symptoms as compared to placebo. positive results were seen in two other studies as well, one of depression and one of dysthymia. enlargement of the thyroid ( goiter ) can be due to many causes, including cancer and iodine deficiency. in some cases, thyroid enlargement occurs without any known cause, so - called benign goiter. treatment of benign goiter generally consists of taking thyroid hormone pills. this causes the thyroid gland to become less active, and the goiter shrinks. however, there may be undesirable effects as well. symptoms of ( too much thyroid hormone ) can develop, including heart palpitations, nervousness, weight loss, and bone breakdown. a double - blind, placebo - controlled trial found evidence that use of l - carnitine could alleviate many of these symptoms. this 6 - month study evaluated the effects of l - carnitine in 50 women who were taking thyroid hormone for benign goiter. the results showed that a dose of 2 g or 4 g of carnitine daily protected participants ' bones and reduced other symptoms of hyperthyroidism. carnitine is thought to affect thyroid hormone by blocking its action in cells. this suggests a potential concern \u2014 carnitine might be harmful for people who have low or borderline thyroid levels to begin with. this possibility has not been well explored as yet. is an inflammatory condition of the penis that develops in stages. in the first stage, penile pain occurs with erection ; next, the penis becomes curved ; finally, erectile dysfunction may occur. many medications have been tried for peyronie \u2019 s disease, with some success. one such drug is tamoxifen, which is better known as a treatment to prevent breast cancer recurrence. a 3 - month, double - blind study compared the effectiveness of acetyl - l - carnitine to the drug tamoxifen in 48 men with peyronie ' s disease. acetyl - l - carnitine ( at a dose of 1 g daily ) reduced penile curvature while tamoxifen did not ; in addition, the supplement reduced pain and slowed disease progression to a greater extent than tamoxifen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45771713205659836, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7476c3a2-b14e-40bc-9098-34a4aa6af6d6>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.532958"}
{"text": "| evolutionary conserved micrornas are ubiquitously expressed compared to tick - specific mirnas in the cattle tick rhipicephalus ( boophilus ) microplus. | | jump to full text | | pmid : 21699734 owner : nlm status : medline | | background : micrornas ( mirnas ) are small non - coding rnas that act as regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes modulating a large diversity of biological processes. the discovery of mirnas has provided new opportunities to understand the biology of a number of species. the cattle tick, rhipicephalus ( boophilus ) microplus, causes significant economic losses in cattle production worldwide and this drives us to further understand their biology so that effective control measures can be developed. to be able to provide new insights into the biology of cattle ticks and to expand the repertoire of tick mirnas we utilized illumina technology to sequence the small rna transcriptomes derived from various life stages and selected organs of r. microplus. results : to discover and profile cattle tick mirnas we employed two complementary approaches, one aiming to find evolutionary conserved mirnas and another focused on the discovery of novel cattle - tick specific mirnas. we found 51 evolutionary conserved r. microplus mirna loci, with 36 of these previously found in the tick ixodes scapularis. the majority of the r. microplus mirnas are perfectly conserved throughout evolution with 11, 5 and 15 of these conserved since the nephrozoan ( 640 mya ), protostomian ( 620mya ) and arthropoda ( 540 mya ) ancestor, respectively. we then employed a de novo computational screening for novel tick mirnas using the draft genome of i. scapularis and genomic contigs of r. microplus as templates. this identified 36 novel r. microplus mirna loci of which 12 were conserved in i. scapularis. overall we found 87 r. microplus mirna loci, of these 15 showed the expression of both mirna and mirna * sequences. r. microplus mirnas showed a variety of expression profiles, with the evolutionary - conserved mirnas mainly expressed in all life stages at various levels, while the expression of novel tick - specific mirnas was mostly limited to particular life stages and / or tick organs. conclusions : anciently acquired mirnas in the r. microplus lineage not only tend to accumulate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49832357139219247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.611703"}
{"text": "all life stages at various levels, while the expression of novel tick - specific mirnas was mostly limited to particular life stages and / or tick organs. conclusions : anciently acquired mirnas in the r. microplus lineage not only tend to accumulate the least amount of nucleotide substitutions as compared to those recently acquired mirnas, but also show ubiquitous expression profiles through out tick life stages and organs contrasting with the restricted expression profiles of novel tick - specific mirnas. | roberto a barrero ; gabriel keeble - gagnere ; bing zhang ; paula moolhuijzen ; kazuho ikeo ; yoshio tateno ; takashi gojobori ; felix d guerrero ; ala lew - tabor ; matthew bellgard | related documents : | 23618514 - molecular determination of tritrichomonas spp. in aborted bovine foetuses in eastern an... 22139924 - an in silico model for identification of small rnas in whole bacterial genomes : charact... 20238054 - a hypoplastic retinal lamination in the purpurin knock down embryo in zebrafish. 2691504 - the primary structure of porcine liver acylamino acid - releasing enzyme deduced from cdn... 20381534 - sybr green based real - time rt - pcr assay for detection and genotype prediction of bovine... 17846794 - molecular and phylogenetic analysis of mads - box genes of mikc type and chromosome locat... | type : journal article ; research support, non - u. s. gov ' t date : 2011 - 06 - 24 | | title : bmc genomics volume : 12 issn : 1471 - 2164 iso abbreviation : bmc genomics publication date : 2011 | | created date : 2011 - 07 - 22 completed date : 2011 - 11 - 15 revised date : 2013 - 05 - 24 | medline journal info : | nlm unique id : 100965258 medline ta : bmc genomics country : england | | languages : eng pagination : 328 citation subset : im | | centre for comparative genomics, murdoch university, wa, australia. email @ example. com | | apa / mla format download endnote download bibtex | drosophila / genetics gene expression profiling gene expression regulation * larva / genetics micrornas / genetics, metabolism * ovu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47883485308402407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.618764"}
{"text": ", australia. email @ example. com | | apa / mla format download endnote download bibtex | drosophila / genetics gene expression profiling gene expression regulation * larva / genetics micrornas / genetics, metabolism * ovum / metabolism rna precursors / genetics rhipicephalus / genetics *, growth & development | 0 / micrornas ; 0 / rna precursors | journal id ( nlm - ta ) : bmc genomics publisher : biomed central copyright \u00a92011 barrero et al ; licensee biomed central ltd. received day : 15 month : 4 year : 2011 accepted day : 24 month : 6 year : 2011 collection publication date : year : 2011 electronic publication date : day : 24 month : 6 year : 2011 volume : 12first page : 328 last page : 328 publisher id : 1471 - 2164 - 12 - 328 pubmed id : 21699734 | evolutionary conserved micrornas are ubiquitously expressed compared to tick - specific mirnas in the cattle tick rhipicephalus ( boophilus ) microplus | | roberto a barrero1 | | email : firstname. lastname @ example. org | | gabriel keeble - gagnere1 | | email : email @ example. com | | bing zhang23 | | email : bing. zhang @ deedi. qld. gov. au | | paula moolhuijzen13 | | email : firstname. lastname @ example. org | | kazuho ikeo4 | | email : email @ example. com | | yoshio tateno4 | | email : firstname. lastname @ example. org | | takashi gojobori4 | | email : email @ example. com | | felix d guerrero5 | | email : felix. guerrero @ ars. usda. gov | | ala lew - tabor1236 | | email : a. lewtabor @ uq. edu. au | | matthew bellgard13 | | email : firstname. lastname @ example. org | 1centre for comparative genomics, murdoch university, wa 6150, australia 2department of employment, economic development and innovation ( deedi ) biotechnology laboratories, the university of queensland, st lucia, qld 4067, australia 3crc for beef genetic technologies, university of new england, armidale, nsw 2351, australia 4center for information biology and dna databank of japan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.56491268459189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.623553"}
{"text": "laboratories, the university of queensland, st lucia, qld 4067, australia 3crc for beef genetic technologies, university of new england, armidale, nsw 2351, australia 4center for information biology and dna databank of japan, national institute of genetics, yata 1111, mishima, shizuoka 411 - 8540, japan 5us department of agriculture, agricultural research service, 2700 fredericksburg, rd., kerrville, tx 78028, usa 6queensland alliance for agriculture and food innovation institute, the university of queensland, c / o deedi, st lucia, qld 4067, australia the arthropods are a diverse group of organisms including chelicerata ( ticks, spiders ), myriapoda ( centipedes, millipedes ), crustacea ( crabs, shrimps ), and insecta ( flies, beetles ). molecular estimates indicate that ticks emerged 300 \u00b1 27 mya, while the prostriate and metastriate hard tick lineages diverged 241 \u00b1 28 mya. rhipicephalus ( boophilus ) microplus is considered to be the most economically important tick parasite in the world. r. microplus is a hard tick associated with cattle infestations but can also occasionally be found on other hosts including horses, goats, sheep, pigs and some wild animals living in subtropical and tropical regions worldwide [ 2, 3 ]. r. microplus is a member of the metastriate lineage of ticks that includes numerous genera and species of medical and veterinary importance. in comparison, i. scapularis is a member of the prostriate lineage that comprises the single genus ixodes. the prostriate and metastriate lineages differ markedly in many aspects of their biology such as type of developmental cycle ( i. e., three - versus one - host ticks ), host range and vector competence. comparative analyses between prostriate and metastriate gene sets including mirnas may reveal the genetic basis for fundamental differences in the biology of these tick lineages. r. microplus is generally a single host tick spending all parasitic life cycle stages on cattle. the eggs hatch in the environment and the larvae crawl up grass or other plants to find a host. in the summer, r. microplus can survive for as long as 3 to 4 months without feeding. in cooler temperatures, they may live without food for up to six", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4877359006984161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.627896"}
{"text": "environment and the larvae crawl up grass or other plants to find a host. in the summer, r. microplus can survive for as long as 3 to 4 months without feeding. in cooler temperatures, they may live without food for up to six months. newly attached seed ticks ( larvae ) are usually found on the softer skin inside the thigh, flanks, and forelegs. after feeding, the larvae molt twice, to become nymphs and male or female adults. each developmental stage ( larval, nymph and adult ) feeds only once, but the feeding takes places over several days. adult male ticks become sexually mature after feeding, and mate with feeding females. an adult female tick that has fed and mated detaches from the host and deposits a single batch of many eggs in the environment. typically, these eggs are placed in crevices or debris, or under stones. the female tick dies after ovipositing. ticks in the subgenus boophilus have a life cycle that can be completed in 3 to 4 weeks ; this characteristic can result in a heavy tick burden particularly on tick susceptible cattle in tropical areas [ 2, 3 ]. micrornas ( mirnas ) are small 19 - - 25 nucleotide regulatory rnas that act as post - transcriptional modulators of gene expression in animals and plants. they are estimated to represent 1 % of the transcriptome in higher eukaryotes and predicted to control the expression of up to 30 % of messenger rnas [ 6, 7 ]. most mirnas are encoded in intergenic regions and are transcribed by rna polymerase ii as long primary nuclear mirnas ( pri - mirnas ), which range from hundreds to thousands of nucleotides in length. one pri - mirna typically contains a single or several mirna precursors ( pre - mirnas ) as stem - loop, hairpin structures flanked by unstructured, single stranded rna sequences. pre - mirnas are cleaved near their loops by the cytoplasmic rnase iii enzyme dicer to generate a heteroduplex of two ~ 23 - nt rnas that are then packed into the risc complex. mature mirna sequences are encoded either in the 5 ' - arm or the 3 ' - arm of pre - mirnas. the decision as to which sequence is incorporated into the silencing complex is influenced by the difference in pairing stabilities between the two ends of the mirna : mirna star ( mirna *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.488213192552681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.635740"}
{"text": "3 ' - arm of pre - mirnas. the decision as to which sequence is incorporated into the silencing complex is influenced by the difference in pairing stabilities between the two ends of the mirna : mirna star ( mirna * ) duplex, with preferential incorporation of the strand whose 5 ' end is less stably paired [ 11, 12 ]. in some cases both strands of the mirna : mirna * duplex were found expressed at similar levels. about half of the mirna genes in drosophila melanogaster are clustered and transcribed from a single polycystronic pri - mirna. recently, next generation sequencing technologies have been utilized to profile and discover mirnas genome - wide. to assist in this process it is normally required to have a reference genome sequence. currently, there is no reference genome sequence for r. microplus, with the ixodes scapularis genome draft ( iscaw1. 1 ) the closest reference genome in which 37 mirnas have been identified. some mirnas are highly conserved throughout evolution including let - 7, present in metazoan lineages such as arthropods and vertebrates that diverged 641 - 686 mya. thus, the use of the d. melanogaster reference genome for which 152 mirnas are currently annotated may allow not only the identification of highly conserved tick mirnas, but also to discover arthropod - specific mirnas. previous studies have shown that mirnas are continuously being added to metazoan genomes through time, and once these are integrated into gene regulatory networks, show only rare nucleotide substitutions within the mature mirna sequence at predictable positions and are only rarely secondarily lost [ 17 - 19 ]. this is likely related to the strong purifying selection against changes in secondary structure of pre - mirnas. wheeler and colleagues documented evolutionary stable shifts to the determination of position 1 of the mature sequence that can be displaced towards either the 5 ' or 3 ' end, a phenomenon called seed shifting, as well as the ability to post - transcriptionally edit the 5 ' end of the mature read, changing the identity of the seed sequence and possibly the repertoire of downstream targets. currently there are no known micrornas reported for r. microplus and we aimed at the identification and discovery of evolutionary conserved as well as novel tick - specific mirnas in r. microplus by using a combination of next generation high throughput sequencing, comparative gen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5192706289672735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.638642"}
{"text": "micrornas reported for r. microplus and we aimed at the identification and discovery of evolutionary conserved as well as novel tick - specific mirnas in r. microplus by using a combination of next generation high throughput sequencing, comparative genomics and de novo computational screening. we constructed eight small transcriptome libraries derived from various cattle tick life stages and from selected organs including gut, salivary glands and ovaries. we aim to characterize changes in gene set and expression levels of mirnas at various tick life stages as well as selected organs. we also conducted an evolutionary analysis to identify subsets of r. microplus mirnas and mirna * sequences that are perfectly conserved since either the nephrozoa ( 641 - 686 mya ), protostomia ( 618 - 653 mya ), arthropoda ( ~ 540 mya ) or ixodidae ( ~ 241mya ) ancestor [ 1, 16, 21 ]. we also provide evidence of seed shifts and gene duplications unique to the r. microplus lineage. currently there are 37 known mirnas in ixodes scapularis, a species belonging to prostriate hard tick lineage [ 15, 21 ], but there are no known mirnas identified for r. microplus or other metastriate hard tick species. in order to identify r. microplus mirnas and expand the repertoire of cattle tick mirnas and to obtain insights into changes in mirna expression throughout the cattle tick life stages and in selected adult female tick organs, a high throughput sequencing approach was conducted. this approach generated more than 35 million short reads derived from the tick small rna transcriptome from eggs, unfed larvae, larvae exposed for six hours to the host without being allowed to feed ( frustrated larvae ), and adult ticks as well as selected adult female tick organs ( table 1 ). to identify tick mirnas we anticipated that a fraction of the known arthopoda mirnas should be conserved in both the chelicerata ( cattle ticks ) and insecta lineages regardless of their estimated divergence time of more than 500 mya [ 16, 21 ]. under this assumption, sequenced short reads from tick samples could be mapped onto the d. melanogaster genome in order to identify identical or nearly identical conserved tick mirnas. to be able to distinguish true sequence polymorphisms from non - specific mapping artefacts the performance of several short read aligners were initially evaluated to define the tool", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48754597242674397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.641778"}
{"text": ". melanogaster genome in order to identify identical or nearly identical conserved tick mirnas. to be able to distinguish true sequence polymorphisms from non - specific mapping artefacts the performance of several short read aligners were initially evaluated to define the tool that mapped the largest amount of true positives and introduced a limited amount of false positive aligned short reads. we created simulated 36 - bp short reads using mutation rates from 0. 1 % to up to 16 % ( additional file 1 ) containing both snps and / or insertion / deletions ( indels ) and evaluated the ability of each tool to correctly align simulated short reads. our results indicated that novoalign produced the best overall short read mapping performance ( additional file 2 ). thus, we used this tool to align the generated tick short reads onto the drosophila genome. to ensure reliable short read alignments base quality scores were taken into account to conduct an interative alignment approach aiming to identify the best mapping position for each read. novoalign generates a mapping quality score for each aligned read so that ambiguously mapped short reads can be removed from downstream analyses. out of 35 million short reads derived from various cattle tick life cycle stages and three key organs, 3. 5 million reads were aligned onto known mirna loci on the drosophila genome with at least a quality alignment score of q = 1 ( table 1 ). we manually inspected the aligned reads onto mirna loci and removed non - specific alignments. to identify possible duplicated r. microplus mirnas all reads mapped onto a single d. melanogaster mirna locus were inspected and if mirna isoforms were observed these were required to be cloned in at least two distinct libraries to be validated. this approach identified 46 r. microplus mirnas including four duplicated copies for rmi - let - 7 ( a, f, m and n ), and two duplicated copies for rmi - mir - 219 and rmi - mir - 285. in addition we also detected the expression of 7 mirna * sequences, of these four have counterparts in d. melanogaster ( additional file 3 ). it has been recently reported that there has been gain and loss of mirna families in arthropod lineages. thus some known mirnas may have been lost in the d. melanogaster genome but still be present in tick genomes. to evaluate this possibility and also to identify novel tick - specific mirnas we conducted a computational screening using mir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4830409649369347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.644452"}
{"text": "understanding of changes in gene regulatory networks during r. microplus life stages and in vital organs. in the above analysis, we also identified 36 novel r. microplus mirnas and of these 12 were conserved in the i. scapularis genome ( additional file 3b ). examples of pre - mirnas of novel tick - specific mirnas showing typical drosha - processed features including localization of mature mirna within few nucleotides of the loop are shown in figure 1. interestingly we detected the expression of mirna * sequences in four novel tick pre - mirnas common to both r. microplus and i. scapularis ( additional file 3b and figure 1 ). to determine if the 36 identified novel r. microplus mirnas are restricted to cattle tick, we aligned mature mirna and pre - mirnas sequences onto the genomes of anopheles gambiae, apis mellifera, aedes aegypti, tribolium castaneum, nasonia vitripennis, pediculus humanus, culex quinquefasciatus and nine drosophila genomes ( additional file 4 ). the mapping coordinates of aligned reads were then used to retrieve genomic segments to evaluate for typical pre - mirna structures. none of the 36 novel r. microplus mirnas were found conserved in the 16 tested genomes suggesting that these may represent tick - specific mirnas. the genome size of the cattle tick r. microplus is three times larger than that of i. scapularis, thus we anticipate that other novel r. microplus mirnas are likely to be identified once the complete genome becomes available. overall, we identified 87 r. microplus mirnas with 72 of these expressed during various cattle tick life stages and 67 in selected adult female tick organs ( figure 2a and additional file 3 ). we found 52 mature mirnas expressed in both the life stage and tick organ samples with the majority of these ( 44 ; 84. 6 % ) corresponding to evolutionary conserved mirnas ( figure 2a ). in contrast, the majority of the 20 life stage - and 15 organ - specific mirnas corresponded to novel cattle tick - specific mirnas suggesting that these mirnas play unique roles at specific life stages and key tick organs. a recent study suggested that mirna invention is closely related to the evolution of tissue identities in bilaterian species. further investigation is required to determine if novel tick - specific mir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4885355251780178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.648719"}
{"text": "these mirnas play unique roles at specific life stages and key tick organs. a recent study suggested that mirna invention is closely related to the evolution of tissue identities in bilaterian species. further investigation is required to determine if novel tick - specific mirnas contribute to the implementation of biological features unique to tick species. similar to what has been observed in other species we found mirnas that show expression from both arms of the pre - mirna. in cattle ticks we observed co - expression of 15 mature and complementary star sequences including rmi - mir - 10, rmi - mir - 71, rmi - mir - 993 and rmi - mir - 5308 that are expressed in all cattle tick life stages evaluated in this study ( table 2 ). co - expression of rmi - mir - 153 and rmi - mir - 5314 mature and star sequences was restricted to larval stages while rmi - mir - iab - 5p was only detected in adult ticks. these mirna * sequences were highly conserved between r. microplus and i. scapularis despite their estimated divergence of 241 \u00b1 28 mya indicating that these sequences in these species are under selective pressure to avoid nucleotide changes. interestingly rmi - mir - 79 *, rmi - mir - 281 * and rmi - mir - 993 * are expressed at significantly higher levels than their mature counterparts suggesting that some of the currently annotated mature mirnas in reference databases may correspond to mirna * sequences or in some lineages like r. microplus mirna * sequences become the primary transcript from the mirna / mirna * duplex. to evaluate global changes in mirna expression during r. microplus life stages, short read counts overlapping the 87 mirnas and 15 mirna * sequences were normalized as reads per million and compared against the overall expression found in eggs. our results indicate that in the transition from egg to larval stages there is nearly a 90 - fold increase in mirna transcripts ( figure 2b ). interestingly, larvae exposed to the host for six hours showed a significant reduction in the accumulation of mirna transcripts as compared to unexposed larvae. the largest accumulation of mirna transcripts was found in female adults, showing 2. 7 - fold higher level than males. we also compared changes in expression between evolutionary conserved and tick - specific ( unique ) mirnas. evolutionary conserved r. microplus mirnas are significantly more highly expressed as compared to the identified", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46813457762513755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.651681"}
{"text": ", showing 2. 7 - fold higher level than males. we also compared changes in expression between evolutionary conserved and tick - specific ( unique ) mirnas. evolutionary conserved r. microplus mirnas are significantly more highly expressed as compared to the identified novel tick - specific mirnas ( figure 2c ), only during larval stages there was an increment in the expression of tick - specific mirnas. overall in the life stage samples, we identified 72 r. microplus mirnas, of these 37, 63 and 61 mirnas were expressed in egg, larval and adult stages, respectively ( figure 2d ). interestingly, 32 ( 44. 5 % ) of the identified mirnas were expressed in all cattle tick life stages with 31 of these evolutionary conserved in a range of species and only one rmi - mir - 5308 unique to tick species. in contrast most of the stage - specific mirnas corresponded to novel tick - specific mirnas. these findings suggest that evolutionary conserved mirnas play a ubiquitous role through out cattle tick life stages, while most novel tick - unique mirnas are restricted to specific life stages. we next evaluated the percentage fraction of expression of each mirna in each sample. in eggs there are five abundantly expressed mirnas including rmi - mir - 1, rmi - mir - 310 / mir - 92, rmi - mir - 279, rmi - mir - 275 and rmi - mir - 71 that accounted for 80. 6 % of the total amount of mirna transcripts ( figure 3a and additional file 3 ), while in all other life stages mir - 1 was the most abundantly expressed mirna ( figure 3 ). among the top ten most abundant mirnas in eggs we found two novel cattle tick - specific mirnas, rmi - mir - 5316b and rmi - mir - 5331, that accounted for 4. 3 % and 3. 1 % of mirna transcripts, respectively ( figure 3a ). these novel mirnas were only expressed at statistically significant levels ( p < 9. 62e - 06 ) during the egg stage ( additional file 5 ) suggesting they play critical roles during this stage. although rmi - mir - 1 is the most abundantly expressed mirna in cattle tick larvae ( figure 3b ), we found eight other mirnas, including rmi - mir - 133, rmi - mir - 87, rmi - mir - 10, and rmi - mir - 252, that had a higher fold - change", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48466839498203296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.656770"}
{"text": "( figure 3b ), we found eight other mirnas, including rmi - mir - 133, rmi - mir - 87, rmi - mir - 10, and rmi - mir - 252, that had a higher fold - change ratio in mirna transcript levels as compared to that in eggs suggesting that these mirnas may play a role during larval development ( table 3 and additional file 6 ). we also found two novel tick - specific mirnas, rmi - mir - 3931 and rmi - mir - 5308, among the top ten expressed larval mirnas representing 2. 7 % and 1. 2 % of the mirna transcripts ( figure 3b ). interestingly, in drosophila mir - 10 is encoded within the hox cluster downstream of its target sex combs reduced ( scr ), which is a gene required for proper embryo and adult development in flies [ 27, 28 ]. it has also been reported that the mir - 10 binding site in the src 3 ' utr is conserved across a large number of arthropod species, some with an estimated divergence time of over hundreds of millions years. similar to the observation in larval stages, rmi - mir - 1 was vastly abundant in adult ticks accounting for 87. 4 % and 86. 2 % of mirna transcripts in females and males, respectively ( figure 3c and 3d ). the second most abundant mirna in adult ticks is rmi - let - 7a, a mirna known to be involved in the transition from late larval to adult stage in worms. it remains to be elucidated if rmi - let - 7a is also expressed during tick nymph stage associated with the transition to adult fate. in contrast to egg and larval stages, no novel tick - specific mirnas were observed among the top ten most abundant mirnas in adult ticks. these findings suggest that novel tick - specific mirnas may play key roles during early embryo and larval development stages. the relative changes in expression of 27 mirnas and 3 mirna * expressed in all life stages tested in r. microplus are shown in figure 3e. interestingly let - 7, mir - 100 and mir - 125 are known to be clustered in the same genomic location in the d. melanogaster and a. gambiae genomes within 1 kb and 4. 5 kb, respectively. in general it is accepted that clustered mirnas are likely to share", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49093420911838337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.661149"}
{"text": "are known to be clustered in the same genomic location in the d. melanogaster and a. gambiae genomes within 1 kb and 4. 5 kb, respectively. in general it is accepted that clustered mirnas are likely to share highly correlated expression profiles if these are within 50 kb of each other. our results show that these three mirnas present similar expression trends ( figure 3e ) suggesting that rmi - let - 7a, rmi - mir - 100 and rmi - mir - 125 may also collocate to the same genomic region in the r. microplus genome. to validate the observed mirna expression profiles we conducted real time pcr amplification of five randomly selected mirnas that showed perfect sequence conservation between ticks and flies. these included rmi - let - 7a, rmi - mir - 1, rmi - mir - 7, rmi - mir - 12, and rmi - mir - 124. as controls we selected u14 and snorna - 442 non - coding rnas, which are reference genes used in drosophila studies ( ambion, applied biosystems ), but none of these were either expressed or conserved in cattle ticks. we then normalized the relative expression of all mirnas in eggs, frustrated larvae and female ticks against the expression of rmi - let - 7 in female ticks ( additional file 7 ). our results validated the abundant expression of rmi - mir - 1 in eggs, frustrated larvae and female samples. we also verified that rmi - let - 7 is highly expressed in female ticks as compared to eggs or frustrated larvae samples ( additional file 5 ). overall we observed a good agreement between the trends observed in real time pcr quantification and high throughput small rna sequencing. r. microplus normally parasitizes a single host and it is believed this host specificity depends on the specific detection of bovine phenolic compounds. to evaluate if host odour recognition by ticks may trigger changes in mirna expression we exposed tick larvae to its host for six hours without allowing the larvae to feed ( frustrated larvae ), and then we collected small rna samples for high throughput sequencing. we found 57 mirna expressed in frustrated larvae, of these 54 were also expressed in unexposed larvae ( additional file 3 ). there were six mirnas expressed in unexposed larvae that were not detected in frustrated larvae, particularly rmi - mir - 5315 that showed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48526880075327394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.662168"}
{"text": "in frustrated larvae, of these 54 were also expressed in unexposed larvae ( additional file 3 ). there were six mirnas expressed in unexposed larvae that were not detected in frustrated larvae, particularly rmi - mir - 5315 that showed a significant lost in expression ( table 4 and additional file 8 ). only rmi - mir - 31a, rmi - mir - 285a and rmi - mir - 5329 were specifically detected in frustrated larvae, but none of these had significant expression levels ( p < 9. 62e - 05 ) ( additional file 8 ). the major difference in mirna expression found in frustrated larvae, as compared to un - exposed larvae, is the down - and up - regulation of 26 and 23 mirnas, respectively ( p < 9. 62e - 05 ) ( additional file 8 ). among the most down regulated mirnas in frustrated larvae are rmi - mir - 317, rmi - mir - 315, rmi - mir - 33, rmi - mir - 87 and five tick - specific novel mirnas including rmi - mir - 5306, rmi - mir - 5309, rmi - mir - 5310, rmi - mir - 5312 and rmi - mir - 5314 ( table 4 and additional file 8 ). other significantly up - regulated mirnas in frustrated larvae compared to unexposed larvae are rmi - mir - 279, rmi - mir - 190, rmi - mir - 79 *, rmi - mir - 96, rmi - mir - 5307 and rmi - mir - 5308 ( p < 9. 62e - 05 ) ( table 4 and additional file 8 ). the identification of novel tick - specific mirnas showing up and down - regulation upon exposure to the host make these molecules attractive candidates for further host - recognition functional studies. there are significant morphological and behavioural differences between female and male ticks. to evaluate whether there are gender differences in the expression of mirnas we inspected changes in the mirna transcriptome between female and male adult ticks. we found 55 mirnas expressed in adult cattle ticks, of these 46 were expressed in both females and males. we found two mirnas, rmi - mir - 5334 and rmi - mir - 5336, specifically expressed in male ticks, while another seven mirnas were detected in female ticks with four of these also expressed in larval stages ( figure 2d ). the three mirnas uniquely expressed in females were rm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47637962345313706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.663203"}
{"text": "being rather pro - apoptotic. interestingly, mir - 1 level was shown to significantly increase in response to oxidative stress. in ticks blood digestion has been suggested to be a source of oxidative stress [ 40, 41 ]. this is particularly relevant for female ticks that ingest large volumes of blood ( about 100 - fold their own weight ) in preparation for the laying of about 2, 000 to 3, 000 eggs, while males rarely feed on blood. interestingly, apoptosis of salivary glands prior to oviposition in female ticks was reported for dermacentor variabilis and r. microplus. surprisingly r. microplus female ticks presented apoptosis just after 24 hours of host detachment contrasting with the 5 days required for d. variabilis female ticks. these observations suggest that in r. microplus molecular changes are likely to occur prior to female detachment from the host that predispose them for a rapid onset of apoptosis and consequently facilitating egg laying. this notion correlates with the observed significant up regulation of rmi - mir - 1 in semi - engorged females as compared to males ( table 5 ). it remains to be elucidated if blood - mediated oxidative stress in r. microplus contributes to the increased expression level of rmi - mir - 1 in females and if this mirna exercise pro - apoptotic activities similar to its x. laevis mir - 1 counterpart that would ultimately facilitate egg laying. primary target organs for cattle tick control are the gut, salivary glands and ovaries of adult female ticks. nearly 13. 3 million short reads were generated for these three organs, of these 790, 821 and 5, 759 short reads were mapped onto evolutionary conserved and novel tick - specific mirna loci, respectively ( table 1b ). to compare global mirna expression levels between these samples we normalized all mapped mirna transcripts in each sample as reads per million. the tick gut sample showed 2 - fold and 5 - fold higher relative amount of mirna transcripts as compared to salivary glands and ovaries samples, respectively ( additional file 10a ). these differences were due to the larger amount of transcripts mapped onto evolutionary conserved mirna loci in the gut sample as compared to salivary gland and ovary samples ( additional file 10a ). we found 68 mirnas expressed in all tested tick organs with 50 ( 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4912833545865648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.666181"}
{"text": "the larger amount of transcripts mapped onto evolutionary conserved mirna loci in the gut sample as compared to salivary gland and ovary samples ( additional file 10a ). we found 68 mirnas expressed in all tested tick organs with 50 ( 6 novel ), 50 ( 9 novel ) and 49 ( 13 novel ) expressed in gut, salivary glands and ovaries, respectively ( additional file 10b ). a comparison of r. microplus mirnas found in female tick organs with those found in whole semi engorged adult females revealed that 36 mirnas were commonly expressed in all samples ( additional file 10b ). interestingly the majority of the commonly expressed r. microplus mirnas ( 94. 6 % ) in tick organs corresponded to known mirnas in other species, while 18 of the 20 organ - specifically expressed mirnas found in this study correspond to novel tick - specific mirnas ( additional file 10c ). most of the novel tick specific mirnas were expressed at low levels except for rmi - mir - 5307 found in all three organs and rmi - mir - 3931 present in adult female tick ovaries ( additional file 11 ). similar to what we observed for life stage samples, rmi - mir - 1 was the most abundantly expressed mirna in all sampled organs accounting for ~ 81 - 83 % of the identified r. microplus mirna transcripts in ovaries and gut, and for 43. 1 % of the mirna transcripts in salivary glands ( additional file 11 ). other highly expressed mirnas in salivary glands are rmi - let - 7a ( 15. 1 % ), rmi - mir - 275 ( 10. 5 % ), rmi - mir - 263a ( 5. 0 % ) and rmi - mir - 71 ( 4. 2 % ) ( additional file 11 ). recently, two studies have reported the secretion of mirnas into the saliva [ 46, 47 ]. interestingly, among the most abundantly expressed r. microplus mirnas in salivary glands, only let - 7 orthologs were found expressed in human salivary glands [ 46, 47 ]. the expression of let - 7 in the salivary glands of ticks and vertebrates suggests a functional role for this mirna throughout the evolution of this organ. to evaluate similarities in the global tick mirna expression pattern among all samples we conducted a hierarchical clustering as described by eisen et al. and found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4569039173697776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.667112"}
{"text": "the ancestral sequences using a maximum likelihood approach [ 49, 50 ] under the junkes - cantor model using a tree topology similar to that shown in figure 5a ( modified from ). we found that 73 % of the r. microplus mirnas were perfectly conserved since at least 241 mya with 11, 5, 15 and 6 mirnas conserved since the nephrozoan, protostomian, arthropoda and ixodidae ancestor, respectively ( figure 5b ). only 27 % of the r. microplus mirnas presented nucleotide substitutions unique to the r. microplus lineage. these unique mirnas can be further divided into three groups : 1 ) unique mirna variants in r. microplus for which a protostomian ancestral sequence is available ( rmi - i ), 2 ) duplicated copies of r. microplus mirnas ( rmi - ii ), and 3 ) unique r. microplus mirnas for which an ancestral sequence is not available and only ortholog sequences in the insecta lineage are known ( additional file 13 ). we next examined the number of nucleotide substitutions found in each of the above subsets of r. microplus mirnas by comparing against an ancestral sequence if it can be unambiguously determined ( i. e. a r. microplus mirna perfectly conserved since the arthropoda ancestor was compared against the protostomian ancestral mirna sequence or an earlier ancestral sequence if available ). in cases where no ancestral sequences are available owing to the gain of that mirna in a more recent ancestor the number of base substitutions was recorded as zero ( i. e. a mirna that was gained in the arthropoda ancestor and since then have not accumulated nucleotide substitutions in r. microplus ). the average number of nucleotide substitutions was then calculated for each subset. we determined 0, 0. 25, 0. 8 and 1. 0 average nucleotide changes for r. microplus mirnas conserved since the nephrozoan ( rmi - na ), protostomian ( rmi - pa ), arthropoda ( rmi - aa ) and ixodiade ( rmi - ia ) ancestor, respectively ( figure 5c ). furthermore we found 2. 2 and 1. 3 average nucleotide changes in r. microplus mirna unique variants ( rmi - i ) and duplicate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5150165860650465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.671335"}
{"text": "r. microplus mirnas showing one - nucleotide seed shifting with two of these ( rmi - mir - 79 and rmi - mir - 137 ) and a third mirna ( rmi - mir - iab - 4 - 5p ) displacing the seed towards the 3 ' and 5 ', respectively. interestingly seed shifting in mir - 79 was not observed in the sister taxon i. scapularis nor the crustacean daphnia pulex with which rmi - mir - 79 shares perfect sequence identity. seed shifting of mir - 79 was also found in capitella teleta ( annelida ) and insecta species, but not in their sister taxon, namely, mollusca and crustacea, respectively. these findings suggest that mir - 79 underwent three independent seed shifting events of one - base displacement towards the 3 ' end in r. microplus, c. teleta and insecta ancestor lineages. we also found two independent seed shifting events for mir - 137 one in r. microplus and another among insecta species ( a. mellifera and t. castaneum ) but not in their sister taxon daphnia pulex ( additional file 13 ). the observed consistency in the seed shifting direction in independent events suggests that this phenomenon may be under selective pressure. in our data only rmi - mir - iab - 4 - 5p represents an example of seed shifting unique to the r. microplus lineage, but this mirna is an exceptional example as both mature and star sequences have also accumulated a large number of base substitutions ( additional file 13 ). despite the observed seed shifting and nucleotide substitutions changes the expression level of the mature rmi - mir - iab - 4 - 5p is 5. 2 - fold higher than that of rmi - mir - iab - 4 - 3p, which is consistent with the 5. 4 - fold higher expression level of dme - mir - iab - 4 - 5p as compared to dme - mir - 4 - 3p. these findings suggest that despite the various molecular changes that can take place in a mirna - mirna * duplex, the expression ratio at which these molecules are found expressed in distinct taxa remains unchanged reflecting that other mechanisms may regulate the dosage at which each molecule is present to properly control downstream targets. this study has identified 87 r. microplus mirnas being 51 of these known in other species including 36", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5097285005063523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.680844"}
{"text": "found expressed in distinct taxa remains unchanged reflecting that other mechanisms may regulate the dosage at which each molecule is present to properly control downstream targets. this study has identified 87 r. microplus mirnas being 51 of these known in other species including 36 in i. scapularis. overall we found 72 rmi - mirnas expressed in various cattle tick life stages and 67 rmi - mirnas expressed in the adult female tick gut, salivary glands and ovaries. novel tick - specific mirnas account for the majority of the life - stage and organ - specific expression profiles found in r. microplus mirnas and represent attractive targets for further functional studies. we provide insights into the evolutionary conservation of r. microplus mirnas revealing that the majority of anciently acquired mirnas remain perfectly conserved, while more recently acquired mirnas tend to accumulate more nucleotide substitutions in the middle and 3 ' portion of mature mirna and mirna * sequences. our findings correlates with the notion that long - lived mirnas are likely to play crucial roles in a wide range of animal species, probably closely related to the acquisition of new organ identities and higher complexity, and therefore be under a stronger selective pressure to remain unchanged as compared to more recently acquired mirnas. the ticks used in this study were obtained from the tick colony ( non - resistant field strain - - nrfs ) maintained at the animal research institute ( qld primary industries & fisheries ), yeerongpilly, queensland. semi - engorged 17 - day - old females for the dissections were collected in sterile 5 ml screw top containers ( nalgene, rochester, ny, u. s. a. ) and transferred to the laboratory. dissections were carried out within the hour after collection. prior to dissection, the ticks were rinsed with 0. 1 % depc - treated water. semi - engorged females were fixed on double - sided adhesive tape inside an 8 cm culture dish placed on ice and covered with a few drops of ice - cold sterile pbs. an incision was made with a sterile razor blade just above the right spiracle, starting at the right side of the capitulum and ending the cut at the left side of the capitulum. the dorsal cuticle was then lifted with a pair of dissection tweezers. the salivary gland, midgut and ovary were then removed and homogenized by freezing in liquid nitrogen and ground to powder using sterile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4825907113952463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.693383"}
{"text": "capitulum. the dorsal cuticle was then lifted with a pair of dissection tweezers. the salivary gland, midgut and ovary were then removed and homogenized by freezing in liquid nitrogen and ground to powder using sterile rnase zap - treated ( applied biosystems, ca, usa ) mortars and pestles. whole r. microplus females ( 17 days old, n = 10 ) and males ( 17 days old, n = 10 ) collected from the under - side of semi - engorged females were also processed for mirna extraction. after rinsing in depc - treated water, the adult ticks were frozen in liquid nitrogen and subsequently crushed and ground to powder using a sterile mortar and pestle. approximately 2 g of nrfs strain larvae incubated for 21 days in 1 g batches were obtained for mirna extractions. one batch of larvae were exposed to the host for 6 hours in a mesh bag attached to the host inside a collar without being able to establish feeding ( frustrated larvae ). eggs were also collected into sterile tubes up to 7 days after laying by fully - engorged females. both larval samples were homogenized by freezing in liquid nitrogen and ground to powder using sterile mortar and pestle. total rna and / or enriched small rna fraction was isolated from the whole adult ticks ( male and female 17 days old ), larvae, frustrated larvae, eggs and dissected female tick organs using the mirvana microrna isolation kit as described in the manufacturer ' s instructions ( ambion, applied biosystems ). total rna or enriched small rna fractions were prepared from eggs, larvae ( unfed and frustrated ), adult male and adult female as well as from adult female gut, salivary glands and ovaries. all these samples were ground in liquid nitrogen using a sterile mortar and pestle, and then the rna was isolated using the mirvana microrna isolation kit according to manufacture ' s instructions ( ambion, applied biosystems ). rna samples for each condition were collected in triplicate ( each as a pool of individuals ) and these were kept at - 80\u00b0c until deep sequencing or real time pcr analysis as described below. for small rna library construction and deep sequencing, rna samples were prepared as follows : for each life cycle stage or tick organ equal quantities ( 5 - 7 \u03bcg ) of enriched small rna fraction or total rna isolated from three independent pools as described above were pooled. approximately 10 \u03bcg of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.486418803675863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.695471"}
{"text": ", rna samples were prepared as follows : for each life cycle stage or tick organ equal quantities ( 5 - 7 \u03bcg ) of enriched small rna fraction or total rna isolated from three independent pools as described above were pooled. approximately 10 \u03bcg of enriched small rna fraction or 20 \u03bcg of total rna representing each life stage or a tick organ were submitted to illumina / solexa service provider ( geneworks, australia ) for sequencing. in brief, the sequencing was performed as follows : rna was purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( page ), to enrich for molecules in the range of 18 - - 30 nt, and ligated with proprietary adapters to the 5 ' and 3 ' - end termini of the rna. the samples were used as templates for cdna synthesis. the cdna was amplified with 18 pcr cycles to produce sequencing libraries that were subjected to illumina / solexa ' s proprietary sequencing - by - synthesis method. tick mirnas identically conserved in d. melanogaster including let - 7, mir - 1, mir - 7, mir - 12 and mir - 124 were selected and taqman mirna assays against these mirnas were purchased from applied biosystems. a total of 10 ng of enriched small rna fraction for each individual eggs, larvae and female tick samples was used to amplify the mirnas for up to 50 cycles in a rotogene 3000 termal cycler. several short read aligners including maq, soap, rmap, novoalign http : / / www. novocraft. com, bowtie and bwa were selected to evaluate their mapping performance using simulated short reads. 36 - bp simulated short reads were generated using maq - simulate with mutation rates of 0. 1 % to up to 16. 0 %, and introducing read errors using the file simdata / simupar. dat file from the maq data installation. using default parameters of each tool simulated short reads were mapped onto the human and / or the arabidopsis genomes ( additional file 2 ). as the originating position of the simulated reads are known the fraction of true positive aligned reads was calculated as [ number of correctly aligned reads / total number of simulated reads ]. conversely we can also calculate the proportion of false positive aligned reads as [ number of incorrectly aligned reads / total number of simulated reads ]. based on our results ( additional file 3 ) we selected novoalign for aligning our sequenced cattle tick short reads", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4910194837299866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.696953"}
{"text": "we can also calculate the proportion of false positive aligned reads as [ number of incorrectly aligned reads / total number of simulated reads ]. based on our results ( additional file 3 ) we selected novoalign for aligning our sequenced cattle tick short reads onto the d. melanogaster genome using its default parameters http : / / www. novocraft. com. the d. melanogaster ( dme _ r5. 32 ) genome was downloaded from flybase http : / / flybase. org. we removed short reads mapped with quality alignment scores of zero ( q0 ), which correspond to reads mapped to two or more locations on the reference genome with identical quality alignment scores. we then conducted a manual inspection of the short reads overlapping known drosophila mirna loci to confirm the accuracy and sequence conservation of tick mirnas aligned onto the drosophila genome. to identify novel mirnas we aligned cattle tick short reads from each sample onto the draft genome of ixodes scapularis ( iscaw1. 1 ; 369, 459 contigs ) and r. microplus draft genomic contigs that were recently sequenced and assembled by our group ( bellgard et al. submitted ; 175, 226 contigs encoding a total of 144, 709, 321 bp ). we then utilized mirdeep to identify known and novel mirna candidates as previously described. the identified mirnas were then compared against 37 known i. scapularis mirnas ( mirbase rel. 17. 0 ) ; matching hits were removed from the novel mirna candidate dataset. the remaining candidate mirnas were then subjected to clustering analysis with other known insect mirnas using mega5. candidate novel mirnas with significant similarity to other known mirnas were removed from the downstream analysis. to assess the conservation of novel mirnas in other genomes we downloaded from vectorbase http : / / www. vectorbase. org the genomes of anopheles gambiae ( agamp3 ), aedes aegypti ( aaegl1 ), pediculus humanus ( phumu1 ) and culex quinquefasciatus ( cpipj1 ). the nasonia vitripennis ( nvit _ 2. 0 ) genome was downloaded from the nasoria genome project http : / / www. hgsc. bcm. tmc. edu. we downloaded from ucsc genome bioinformatics resource http :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4870023608786424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.698457"}
{"text": "( nvit _ 2. 0 ) genome was downloaded from the nasoria genome project http : / / www. hgsc. bcm. tmc. edu. we downloaded from ucsc genome bioinformatics resource http : / / hgdownload. cse. ucsc. edu the following genomes : drosophila pseudoobscura ( dp4 ), d. ananassae ( droana3 ), d. erecta ( droere2 ), d. grimshawi ( drogri2 ), d. mojavensis ( dromoj3 ), d. virilis ( drovir3 ), d. willistoni ( drowil1 ), d. yakuba ( droyak2 ), tribolium castaneum ( tcas 2. 0 ) and apis mellifera ( amel _ 4. 0 ). novel r. microplus mirna mature and star sequences were then aligned onto all the above genomes using bowtie and blat. positive hits were further inspected for typical precursor mirna secondary structure using rnafold. statistically significant changes in mirna expression between samples was calculated using four statistical tests including pairwise audic & claverie test ( ac ), pairwise chi sq. test ( chi2 \u00d7 2 ) and multiple chi sq. test ( chi ) as previously described by romualdi et al.. bonferroni correction was applied to the data and significant thresholds of 9. 62e - 05 or 9. 62e - 06 were defined depending on the comparisons. we conducted an evolutionary analysis to determine if mirnas found in r. microplus were perfectly conserved or accumulated nucleotide changes since the last common ancestor based on available sequences for each mirna ( mirbase release 17 ). multiple sequence alignments for each mirna were generated using clustalw within the mega5 package. ancestral sequences were determined using a maximum likelihood method [ 49, 50 ] under the junkes - cantor model using a tree topology similar to that shown in figure 5a ( modified from ). we then compared each r. microplus mirna sequence against the respective inferred ancestral sequence ( additional file 13 ) and determined if each r. microplus mirna was perfectly conserved since the nephrozoan, protostomian, arthropoda or ixodidae ancestor or if it represented a unique nucleotide variant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49508223140583274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.699811"}
{"text": "( additional file 13 ) and determined if each r. microplus mirna was perfectly conserved since the nephrozoan, protostomian, arthropoda or ixodidae ancestor or if it represented a unique nucleotide variant in the r. microplus lineage ( figure 5a and 5b ). this resulted in a classification of each mirna into one of the following categories : 1 ) conserved since nephrozoan ancestor ( rmi - na ), 2 ) conserved since protostomian ancestor ( rmi - pa ), 3 ) conserved since arthropoda ancestor ( rmi - aa ), 4 ) conserved since ixodidae ancestor ( rmi - ia ), or 5 ) unique variant to r. microplus ( rmi - unique ). rb contributed with the conception, bioinformatics, experimental validations, evolutionary analysis, data analysis and interpretation, and writing of the manuscript. gkg and pm contributed with the bioinformatics data processing. bz contributed with the collection of samples for deep sequencing. ki, yt and tg provided critical feedback on the evolutionary analysis. alt, fdg and mb provided critical review of the manuscript and interpretation of data. all authors read and approved the final manuscript. click here for additional data file ( 1471 - 2164 - 12 - 328 - s1. doc ) additional file 2 single - end mapping performance of short read aligners. a ) the percentages of correctly mapped reads at the indicated mutation rates are shown for each tool. for each point 70, 000 short reads in triplicate were mapped. b ) the percentages of incorrectly aligned reads at the indicated mutation rates are shown for each tool. for each point 70, 000 short reads were mapped in triplicate. click here for additional data file ( 1471 - 2164 - 12 - 328 - s2. pdf ) additional file 3 evolutionary conserved and novel tick - specific r. microplus mirnas expressed during various life stages and selected organs. rhipicephalus microplus mirnas with known counterpart in d. melanogaster, i. scapularis or other relevant species are shown with reference mirbase ids. the number of short reads overlapping each mirna locus, the corresponding percentage fraction of the total number of reads overlapping all mirna loci for each sample and the normalized reads per million ( rpm ) counts for each mirna in each sample are shown. n. a. =", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5105938369672809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.701356"}
{"text": "each mirna locus, the corresponding percentage fraction of the total number of reads overlapping all mirna loci for each sample and the normalized reads per million ( rpm ) counts for each mirna in each sample are shown. n. a. = not available in mirbase and / or not cloned previously. click here for additional data file ( 1471 - 2164 - 12 - 328 - s3. xls ) additional file 4 mapping of novel r. microplus mirnas on various genomes. novel r. microplus mirnas were aligned onto various genomes using bowtie allowing up to two mismatches. regions where mirnas aligned were extracted the typical pre - mirna hairpin structure evaluated using rnafold. additionally, identified pre - mirnas in r. microplus and i. scapularis genomic contigs were aligned on the selected genomes using blat. no mirna counterparts for the novel r. microplus mirnas were identified in the current available genome assemblies for the 16 tested species. genome assemblies for each species are indicated in parentheses. n. f. = not found. click here for additional data file ( 1471 - 2164 - 12 - 328 - s4. xls ) additional file 5 statistically significant differences in mirna expression among r. microplus life stage samples. statistically significant changes in mirna expression between libraries was calculated using pairwise audic & claverie ( ac ), pairwise chi sq. ( chi2 \u00d7 2 ) and multiple chi sq. test ( chi ) tests as previously described by romualdi et al. ( 2003 ). bonferroni correction was applied and significant thresholds of 9. 62e - 06 for ac and chi2 \u00d7 2, and 9. 62e - 05 for chi were defined. bold fonts denote values that are statistically significant. click here for additional data file ( 1471 - 2164 - 12 - 328 - s5. xls ) additional file 6 comparison of changes in tick mirna expression between egg and larval stages. statistically significant changes in mirna expression between libraries was calculated using six statistical tests including pairwise audic & claverie test ( ac ), pairwise chi sq. test ( chi2 \u00d7 2 ) and multiple chi sq. test ( chi ) as previously described by romualdi et al. ( 2003 ). bonferroni correction was applied and significant thresholds of 9. 61e - 06 for ac,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5063807299851575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.702860"}
{"text": "( chi2 \u00d7 2 ) and multiple chi sq. test ( chi ) as previously described by romualdi et al. ( 2003 ). bonferroni correction was applied and significant thresholds of 9. 61e - 06 for ac, chi2 \u00d7 2 and chi were defined. bold fonts denote values that are statistically significant. click here for additional data file ( 1471 - 2164 - 12 - 328 - s6. xls ) additional file 7 real time pcr quantification of selected r. microplus mirnas. cattle tick mirnas identically conserved in d. melanogaster were selected and specific drosophila mirna taqman probes ( applied biosystems ) were used to amplify these in eggs, larvae and female tick samples. additional file 8 comparison of changes in tick mirna expression between larvae and frustrated larvae samples. statistically significant changes in r. microplus mirna expression between libraries was calculated using three statistical tests including pairwise audic & claverie test ( ac ), pairwise chi sq. test ( chi2 \u00d7 2 ) and multiple chi sq. test ( chi ) as previously described by romualdi et al. ( 2003 ). bonferroni correction was applied and significant thresholds of 9. 62e - 05 for ac, chi2 \u00d7 2 and chi was defined. bold fonts denote values that are statistically significant. rpm = reads per million ; n. a. = not applicable. click here for additional data file ( 1471 - 2164 - 12 - 328 - s8. xls ) additional file 9 comparison of changes in tick mirna expression between female and male tick samples. statistically significant changes in mirna expression between libraries was calculated using four statistical tests including pairwise audic & claverie test ( ac ), pairwise chi sq. test ( chi2 \u00d7 2 ) and multiple chi sq. test ( chi ) as previously described by romualdi et al. ( 2003 ). bonferroni correction was applied and significant thresholds of 9. 62e - 05 for ac, chi2 \u00d7 2 and multiple chi was defined. bold fonts denote values that are statistically significant. click here for additional data file ( 1471 - 2164 - 12 - 328 - s9. xls ) additional file 10 global comparison r. microplus mirnas expressed in selected adult female tick organs. a ) the normalized fraction of small rna reads ( rpm \u00d7 1000 ) overlapping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5324801121488276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.716902"}
{"text": "- 2164 - 12 - 328 - s9. xls ) additional file 10 global comparison r. microplus mirnas expressed in selected adult female tick organs. a ) the normalized fraction of small rna reads ( rpm \u00d7 1000 ) overlapping all r. microplusmirnas with known counterparts in other species or all novel tick - specific mirnas are shown for each life stage. f = adult female ticks, gu = gut, sg = salivary glands and ov = ovaries. b ) unique and commonly expressed mirnas among adult female tick samples. values in parenthesis correspond to novel tick - specific mirnas. additional file 11 statistically significant differences in mirna expression among tick adult samples. whole individuals and selected organs derived from adult female ticks are compared. statistically significant changes in mirna expression between libraries was calculated using pairwise audic & claverie ( ac ), pairwise chi sq. ( chi2 \u00d7 2 ) and multiple chi sq. test ( chi ) tests as previously described by romualdi et al. ( 2003 ). bonferroni correction was applied and significant thresholds of 1. 60e - 05 for ac and chi2 \u00d7 2, and 1. 60e - 05 for chi were defined. bold fonts denote values that are statistically significant. mirnas with at least one pairwise comparison with a statistically significant difference are shown. n. a. = not applicable, no statistical significant differences. click here for additional data file ( 1471 - 2164 - 12 - 328 - s11. xls ) additional file 12 expression of tick mirnas overlapping drosophila mirnas organized as clusters. drosophila mirnas located within 2 kbp are grouped within the same cluster. red font = tick mirnas that show correlated co - expression patterns across all tick samples. black font = expressed tick mirnas that do not show a correlated co - expression pattern. grey font = denote mirnas not expressed in the sequenced tick samples in this study. additional file 13 evolutionary analysis of r. microplus mirnas. evidence supporting r. microplus mirnas conservation since the a ) nephrozoan, b ) protostomian, c ) arthropoda and d ) ixodidae ancestors are presented as well as e ) mirna nucleotide variants unique to r. microplus based on currently available datasets ( mirbase release 17 ). ancestral sequences were determined using a maximum likelihood method [ 49, 50", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49952606589036985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.717948"}
{"text": "the structure and function of small rnasnat rev mol cell biolyear : 200781233617183358 | | lee y, ahn c, han j, choi h, kim j, yim j, lee j, provost p, radmark o, kim s, kim n, the nuclear rnase iii drosha initiates microrna processingnatureyear : 2003425695641541910. 1038 / nature0195714508493 | | khvorova a, reynolds a, jayasena sd, functional sirnas and mirnas exhibit strand biascellyear : 2003115220921610. 1016 / s0092 - 8674 ( 03 ) 00801 - 814567918 | | schwarz ds, hutvagner g, du t, xu z, aronin n, zamore pd, asymmetry in the assembly of the rnai enzyme complexcellyear : 2003115219920810. 1016 / s0092 - 8674 ( 03 ) 00759 - 114567917 | | glazov ea, cottee pa, barris wc, moore rj, dalrymple bp, tizard ml, a microrna catalog of the developing chicken embryo identified by a deep sequencing approachgenome resyear : 200818695796410. 1101 / gr. 074740. 10718469162 | | jaubert s, mereau a, antoniewski c, tagu d, micrornas in drosophila : the magic wand to enter the chamber of secrets? biochimieyear : 200789101211122010. 1016 / j. biochi. 2007. 05. 01217629606 | | griffiths - jones s, saini hk, van dongen s, enright aj, mirbase : tools for microrna genomicsnucleic acids resyear : 200836 databased154158 | | peterson kj, cotton ja, gehling jg, pisani d, the ediacaran emergence of bilaterians : congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil recordsphilos trans r soc lond b biol sciyear : 200836314961435144310. 1098 / rstb. 2007. 223318192191 | | sempere lf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5008797042153226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.802056"}
{"text": "geological fossil recordsphilos trans r soc lond b biol sciyear : 200836314961435144310. 1098 / rstb. 2007. 223318192191 | | sempere lf, martinez p, cole c, baguna j, peterson kj, phylogenetic distribution of micrornas supports the basal position of acoel flatworms and the polyphyly of platyhelminthesevol devyear : 20079540941510. 1111 / j. 1525 - 142x. 2007. 00180. x17845513 | | heimberg am, sempere lf, moy vn, donoghue pc, peterson kj, micrornas and the advent of vertebrate morphological complexityproc natl acad sci usayear : 200810582946295010. 1073 / pnas. 071225910518287013 | | pierce ml, weston md, fritzsch b, gabel hw, ruvkun g, soukup ga, microrna - 183 family conservation and ciliated neurosensory organ expressionevol devyear : 200810110611310. 1111 / j. 1525 - 142x. 2007. 00217. x18184361 | | price n, cartwright ra, sabath n, graur d, azevedo rb, neutral evolution of robustness in drosophila microrna precursorsmol biol evol | | wheeler bm, heimberg am, moy vn, sperling ea, holstein tw, heber s, peterson kj, the deep evolution of metazoan micrornasevol devyear : 2009111506810. 1111 / j. 1525 - 142x. 2008. 00302. x19196333 | | jiang p, wu h, wang w, ma w, sun x, lu z, mipred : classification of real and pseudo microrna precursors using random forest prediction model with combined featuresnucleic acids resyear : 200735 web serverw339344 | | berezikov e, liu n, flynt as, hodges e, rooks m, hannon gj, lai ec, evolutionary flux of canonical micrornas and mirtrons in drosophilanat genet4216", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5162493812734903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.808355"}
{"text": "| | berezikov e, liu n, flynt as, hodges e, rooks m, hannon gj, lai ec, evolutionary flux of canonical micrornas and mirtrons in drosophilanat genet42169 author reply 9 - 10. | | okamura k, phillips md, tyler dm, duan h, chou yt, lai ec, the regulatory activity of microrna * species has substantial influence on microrna and 3 ' utr evolutionnat struct mol biolyear : 200815435436310. 1038 / nsmb. 140918376413 | | kim vn, microrna biogenesis : coordinated cropping and dicingnat rev mol cell biolyear : 20056537638515852042 | | christodoulou f, raible f, tomer r, simakov o, trachana k, klaus s, snyman h, hannon gj, bork p, arendt d, ancient animal micrornas and the evolution of tissue identitynature463728410841088 | | pattatucci am, kaufman tc, the homeotic gene sex combs reduced of drosophila melanogaster is differentially regulated in the embryonic and imaginal stages of developmentgeneticsyear : 199112924434611683847 | | brennecke j, stark a, russell rb, cohen sm, principles of microrna - target recognitionplos biolyear : 200533e8510. 1371 / journal. pbio. 003008515723116 | | reinhart bj, slack fj, basson m, pasquinelli ae, bettinger jc, rougvie ae, horvitz hr, ruvkun g, the 21 - nucleotide let - 7 rna regulates developmental timing in caenorhabditis elegansnatureyear : 2000403677290190610. 1038 / 3500260710706289 | | sempere lf, sokol ns, dubrovsky eb, berger em, ambros v, temporal regulation of microrna expression in drosophila melanogaster mediated by hormonal signals and broad - complex gene activitydev biolyear : 2003259191810. 1016 / s0012 - 1606", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4945494673761572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.810646"}
{"text": "processing by lin28scienceyear : 200832058729710010. 1126 / science. 115404018292307 | | brennecke j, hipfner dr, stark a, russell rb, cohen sm, bantam encodes a developmentally regulated microrna that controls cell proliferation and regulates the proapoptotic gene hid in drosophilacellyear : 20031131253610. 1016 / s0092 - 8674 ( 03 ) 00231 - 912679032 | | xu c, lu y, pan z, chu w, luo x, lin h, xiao j, shan h, wang z, yang b, the muscle - specific micrornas mir - 1 and mir - 133 produce opposing effects on apoptosis by targeting hsp60, hsp70 and caspase - 9 in cardiomyocytesj cell sciyear : 2007120pt 173045305217715156 | | chen jf, mandel em, thomson jm, wu q, callis te, hammond sm, conlon fl, wang dz, the role of microrna - 1 and microrna - 133 in skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiationnat genetyear : 200638222823310. 1038 / ng172516380711 | | citelli m, lara fa, da silva vaz i jr, oliveira pl, oxidative stress impairs heme detoxification in the midgut of the cattle tick, rhipicephalus ( boophilus ) microplusmol biochem parasitolyear : 20071511818810. 1016 / j. molbiopara. 2006. 10. 00817123644 | | graca - souza av, maya - monteiro c, paiva - silva go, braz gr, paes mc, sorgine mh, oliveira mf, oliveira pl, adaptations against heme toxicity in blood - feeding arthropodsinsect biochem mol biolyear : 200636432233510. 1016 / j. ibmb. 2006. 01. 00916551546 | | oliveira pl, kawooya jk, ribeiro jm, meyer t, poorman r, alves ew, walker fa, machado ea, nussenzveig rh, padovan gj, masuda h,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5086014012609832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.813504"}
{"text": "pl, kawooya jk, ribeiro jm, meyer t, poorman r, alves ew, walker fa, machado ea, nussenzveig rh, padovan gj, masuda h, a heme - binding protein from hemolymph and oocytes of the blood - sucking insect, rhodnius prolixus. isolation and characterizationj biol chemyear : 199527018108971090110. 1074 / jbc. 270. 18. 108977738030 | | inokuma h, kemp dh, willadsen p, prostaglandin e2 production by the cattle tick ( boophilus microplus ) into feeding sites and its effect on the response of bovine mononuclear cells to mitogenvet parasitolyear : 1994533 - 4239299 | | l ' amoreaux wj, junaid l, trevidi s, morphological evidence that salivary gland degeneration in the american dog tick, dermacentor variabilis ( say ), involves programmed cell deathtissue cellyear : 2003352959910. 1016 / s0040 - 8166 ( 02 ) 00109 - x12747931 | | freitas dr, rosa rm, moura dj, seitz al, colodel em, driemeier d, da silva vaz i jr, masuda a, cell death during preoviposition period in boophilus microplus tickvet parasitolyear : 20071443 - 432132710. 1016 / j. vetpar. 2006. 10. 01717157985 | | park nj, zhou h, elashoff d, henson bs, kastratovic da, abemayor e, wong dt, salivary microrna : discovery, characterization, and clinical utility for oral cancer detectionclin cancer resyear : 200915175473547710. 1158 / 1078 - 0432. ccr - 09 - 073619706812 | | zhang x, cairns m, rose b, o ' brien c, shannon k, clark j, gamble j, tran n, alterations in mirna processing and expression in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glandint j canceryear : 2009124122855286310. 1002 / ij", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5151348697735427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.814598"}
{"text": "k, clark j, gamble j, tran n, alterations in mirna processing and expression in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glandint j canceryear : 2009124122855286310. 1002 / ijc. 2429819347935 | | eisen mb, spellman pt, brown po, botstein d, cluster analysis and display of genome - wide expression patternsproc natl acad sci usayear : 19989525148631486810. 1073 / pnas. 95. 25. 148639843981 | | yang z, kumar s, nei m, a new method of inference of ancestral nucleotide and amino acid sequencesgeneticsyear : 19951414164116508601501 | | tamura k, dudley j, nei m, kumar s, mega4 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis ( mega ) software version 4. 0mol biol evolyear : 20072481596159910. 1093 / molbev / msm09217488738 | | kumar s, nei m, dudley j, tamura k, mega : a biologist - centric software for evolutionary analysis of dna and protein sequencesbrief bioinformyear : 20089429930610. 1093 / bib / bbn01718417537 | | stewart np, callow ll, duncalfe f, biological comparisons between a laboratory - maintained and a recently isolated field strain of boophilus microplusj parasitolyear : 198268691694 | | li h, ruan j, durbin r, mapping short dna sequencing reads and calling variants using mapping quality scoresgenome resyear : 200818111851185810. 1101 / gr. 078212. 10818714091 | | li r, li y, kristiansen k, wang j, soap : short oligonucleotide alignment programbioinformaticsyear : 200824571371410. 1093 / bioinformatics / btn02518227114 | | smith ad, xuan z, zhang mq, using quality scores and longer reads improves accuracy of solexa read mappingbmc bioinformaticsyear : 2008912810. 1186 / 1471 - 2105 - 9 - 1281830", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4994855847513745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.815585"}
{"text": ", xuan z, zhang mq, using quality scores and longer reads improves accuracy of solexa read mappingbmc bioinformaticsyear : 2008912810. 1186 / 1471 - 2105 - 9 - 12818307793 | | langmead b, trapnell c, pop m, salzberg sl, ultrafast and memory - efficient alignment of short dna sequences to the human genomegenome biolyear : 2009103r2510. 1186 / gb - 2009 - 10 - 3 - r2519261174 | | li h, durbin r, fast and accurate short read alignment with burrows - wheeler transformbioinformaticsyear : 200925141754176010. 1093 / bioinformatics / btp32419451168 | | friedlander mr, chen w, adamidi c, maaskola j, einspanier r, knespel s, rajewsky n, discovering micrornas from deep sequencing data using mirdeepnat biotechnolyear : 200826440741510. 1038 / nbt139418392026 | | kent wj, blat - - the blast - like alignment toolgenome resyear : 200212465666411932250 | | hofacker il, vienna rna secondary structure servernucleic acids resyear : 200331133429343110. 1093 / nar / gkg59912824340 | | romualdi c, bortoluzzi s, danieli ga, detecting differentially expressed genes in multiple tag sampling experiments : comparative evaluation of statistical testshum mol genetyear : 200110192133214110. 1093 / hmg / 10. 19. 213311590130 | | larkin ma, blackshields g, brown np, chenna r, mcgettigan pa, mcwilliam h, valentin f, wallace im, wilm a, lopez r, thompson jd, gibson tj, higgins dg, clustal w and clustal x version 2. 0bioinformaticsyear : 200723212947294810. 1093 / bioinformatics / btm40417846036 | | jukes th, cantor cr, evolution of protein moleculesyear : 1969new york : academic press | [ figure id :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4982016567215446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.816502"}
{"text": ". 62e - 06 ) for each mirna - mirna * pairwise comparison in each sample are shown in bold. abbreviations are as shown in figure 2b. changes in tick mirna expression between tick eggs and larvae. | mirna | | eggs ( e ) | | larvae ( l ) | | l / e ratio | selected mirnas showing statistically significant up - regulation are shown in bold ( p < 9. 61e - 06 ). the l / e expression ratio was calculated using normalized read per million counts for each mirna. complete list of mirnas and statistics are shown in additional file 6. exposure to host triggers changes in cattle tick mirna expression. | mirna | | larvae ( l ) | | frustrated larvae ( fl ) | | fl / l ratio | selected mirnas showing statistically significant up - regulation are shown in bold ( p < 9. 62e - 05 ). the fl / l expression ratio was calculated using normalized read per million counts for each mirna. complete list of mirnas and statistics are shown in additional file 8. changes in tick mirna expression between adult female and male ticks. | mirna | | female ( f ) | | male ( m ) | | f / m ratio | selected mirnas showing statistically significant up - regulation are shown in bold ( p < 9. 62e - 05 ). the f / m ratios were calculated using normalized reads per million counts for each mirna. complete list of mirnas and statistics are shown in additional file 9. previous document : glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter for gastrin releasing peptide - sensitive and insensitive itch - re... next document : granulocyte colony - stimulating factor increases the therapeutic efficacy of bone marrow mononuclear...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5074057596879911, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18fa2bbe-27e3-4d87-9739-3a5c7dff2d53>", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.824980"}
{"text": "new biomarker test predicts arthritis before symptoms appear more than 27 million adults currently suffer from osteoarthritis, which is the most common form of arthritis. in the past, doctors have been unable to diagnose patients with arthritis until they begin to show symptoms, which include joint pain and stiffness. by the time these symptoms are present, it is often too late for preventive and minimally invasive treatment options to be effective. now, a research team from the university of missouri ' s comparative orthopaedic laboratory has found a way to detect and predict arthritis before patients begin suffering from symptoms. james cook, a researcher from the mu college of veterinary medicine and the william c. and kathryn e. allen distinguished professor in orthopaedic surgery, along with mu researchers bridget garner, aaron stoker, keiichi kuroki, cristi cook, and prakash jayabalan, have developed a test using specific biomarkers that can accurately determine if a patient is developing arthritis as well as predict the potential severity of the disease. the test can be run off of a single drop of fluid from a patient ' s joint, which is obtained with a small needle similar to drawing blood. \" with this biomarker test, we can study the levels of specific proteins that we now know are associated with osteoarthritis, \" cook said. \" not only does the test have the potential to help predict future arthritis, but it also tells us about the early mechanisms of arthritis, which will lead to better treatments in the future. \" in their study published in the journal of knee surgery, the mu researchers report that they developed the test by analyzing the joints of dogs that suffer from arthritis. veterinarians predict that 20 percent of middle - aged dogs and 90 percent of older dogs have osteoarthritis in one or more joints. since canine joints operate similarly to the joints of humans, cook says the test is being adapted to human patients. \" this test has already shown early usefulness for allowing us to monitor how different treatments affect the arthritic joints in people, \" cook said. \" with further validation, this test will allow doctors to adjust and fine tune treatments to individual patients. also, being able to tell patients when they are at a high risk for developing arthritis will give doctors a strong motivational tool to convince patients to take preventive measures including appropriate exercise and diet change. \" the biomarker test is currently available for licensing and is in the process of gaining fda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48632424015471293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bdc8f2db-6b88-4daf-818c-f5b7422d0381>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.832319"}
{"text": "you frequently hear the phrase, \u201c it \u2019 s different in alaska, \u201d and wonder just how many activities are \u201c different. \u201d when it comes to subsistence harvesting, alaska is unique among states not only through the traditional practice of living off the land, but because of federal law. alaska is the only state where the subsistence use of fish and game is given the highest - priority for consumptive use. this happened when congress passed a priority subsistence law in 1980 for federal lands in alaska in the alaska national interest lands conservation act ( anilca ). subsistence is defined by federal law as \u201c the customary and traditional uses by rural alaska residents of wild, renewable resources for direct personal or family consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, tools or transportation ; for the making and selling of handicraft articles out of nonedible by - products of fish and wildlife resources taken for personal or family consumption ; and for the customary trade, barter or sharing for personal or family consumption. \u201d in this largest state of our nation, with only 13 state roads connecting urban centers there are thousands of acres of uninhabited lands with no roads at all. driving to the supermarket to buy something for dinner is out of the question, so subsistence harvesting of food and materials becomes an activity of paramount importance. subsistence does not refer only to hunting and fishing. according to the state of alaska \u2019 s subsistence web site, food is one of the most important subsistence uses of wild resources, but there are many other uses. \u201c the current rural subsistence harvest is about 354 pounds of food per person per year. that is more than the u. s. average consumption of 255 pounds of domestic meat, fish, and poultry per year. ( the average american uses a total of 1, 371 pounds of all foods a year. ) however, there are other important uses of subsistence products, such as : - clothing : wild furs and hides are still the best materials for ruffs ( wind guards ), mitts, parkas, kuspuks, clothes lining, and mukluks ( winter boots ) in many regions. - fuel : wood is a major source of energy in rural homes, and is used for smoking and preserving fish and meat. - transportation : fish, seals, and other products are used to feed dog teams. - construction : spruce, birch, hemlock, willow, and cottonwood are used for house logs, sleds, fish racks, and innumerable other items. - home goods : hides are used as sleeping mats", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4670711338616713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d7eac0a-0c83-47fd-b63c-f98e5f04259a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.840151"}
{"text": "u. s. department of the interior bureau of land management the bureau of land management ' s outdoor recreation mission is to sustain healthy land and water resources while providing quality visitor services. blm ' s overall vision for outdoor recreation is \" visitors renewing their relationships with the land and respecting local cultures while enjoying quality recreation activities. \" the blm provides resource - dependent recreational opportunities in a variety of settings that typify the vast western landscapes of the 11 public land states. these diverse settings range from the tundra in alaska to the deserts of the southwest ; and from the old growth forests of the northwest to the plateaus and plains of the rocky mountain states. as a national provider of recreation, blm focuses on its niche - - providing resource - based versus facilities - based recreation and tourism opportunities. blm emphasizes visitors ' freedom to pursue unstructured recreation opportunities as long as the visitor accepts the responsibility to use public lands wisely and to respect other visitors and local residents. visitors participate in a variety of activities on public lands. most individuals, groups, and families participate in more than one activity per visit. visitor use information described by major groupings of these activities is found in table 4 - 1. the blm stresses the use of education and interpretation to encourage visitors ' knowledge, appreciation, and safe enjoyment of public land resources. responsible use is encouraged by blm and its partners through land use ethics programs such as tread lightly! and leave no trace!. in addition, the blm is also working with other agencies and partner organizations to improve accessibility to public lands and recreation facilities for all visitors, including people with disabilities and public land visitors from diverse cultural backgrounds. recreation and leisure opportunities and the resources they are derived from play a critical role in the growing local community and national tourism economies. the blm provides recreation opportunities in areas having national, as well as regional and local, importance. areas of national importance, designated congressionally or administratively, include 34 national wild and scenic rivers ( 2, 022 miles ) ; 136 wilderness areas ( 5. 3 million acres ) and 622 wilderness study areas ( 17. 3 million acres ) ; 37 national recreation, historic, or scenic trails ( 4, 521 miles ) ; 1 national monument ( 1. 7 million acres ) ; 1 national recreation area ( 1 million acres ) ; 1 national scenic area ( 65, 280 acres ), and 69 national back country byways ( 3, 518 miles ). recreational opportunities of regional and local importance are provided in a variety of settings : non - fee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4670801390098203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fdac0330-dc34-4884-ae35-b8ea9cb46897>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.847311"}
{"text": "( 1 million acres ) ; 1 national scenic area ( 65, 280 acres ), and 69 national back country byways ( 3, 518 miles ). recreational opportunities of regional and local importance are provided in a variety of settings : non - fee sites ( see table 4 - 4 ), rivers ( 5, 763 miles ) not in the wild and scenic river system, and inventoried trails ( 7, 468 miles ) not in the national trail system. in addition, fish and wildlife species found on blm lands produce a variety of primary and secondary benefits. some visitors to public lands benefit directly by participating in consumptive activities ( i. e., hunting and fishing ; see table 4 - 2 ) and nonconsumptive wildlife - related activities ( e. g., birdwatching, camping, hiking, and photography ; see table 4 - 3 ). secondary benefits from wildlife - related activities on public lands accrue to community businesses that benefit from the sale of equipment, services, food, lodging, and transportation to public land visitors, and to state wildlife agencies that manage wildlife populations through both consumptive and non - consumptive activities. while the blm ' s focus is on providing resource - based recreation and tourism opportunities, blm does provide facilities where necessary to protect resources and to serve as staging areas for resource - based recreation use. for the most part, facilities are not the attraction in and of themselves. in some high - use areas, visitors are charged a recreation use fee or entrance fee to help cover the cost of facility maintenance and resource protection ( see table 4 - 5 for designated fee site information ). fees in this category are called recreation use permits. special recreation permits are also used as a mechanism to protect resources and reduce visitor conflicts. special recreation permits are issued to individuals or groups participating in commercial or competitive activities on blm - managed lands. special recreation permits may also be required for special management areas and group events to protect resources and public health and safety. table 4 - 6 identifies the type and number of permits blm issues and revenue generated from these permits during fiscal year 1997. the information in tables 4 - 1, 4 - 4, 4 - 5, and 4 - 6 was derived from the blm recreation management information system database as of november 1997. additional information from this database is available upon request from your local blm office or the blm headquarters office in washington, dc. | 4 - 1 | | estimated recreational use of public lands administered by blm by major activity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4412459473371855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fdac0330-dc34-4884-ae35-b8ea9cb46897>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.848772"}
{"text": "\" when no boys are in the classroom girls take part more. they answer more questions, and they argue more. i guess you would say they debate more, but i remember the same situation happening when boys were in the class and a couple of them yelled out \" cat fight! \" the girls got angry, and they stopped debating. \" boarding school guides : positive ways to help your daughter deal with teen emotions as the parent of a teenage girl, you ' ve probably already realized that bullying and peer pressure play a very real role in the lives of today ' s adolescents. what you may not have realized is the degree to which teenage girls are also resorting to violence as the answer to often simple peer group misunderstandings or disputes. often referred to as relational aggression, violence between teenage girls can range from seemingly innocuous acts like \" accidentally \" bumping or pushing another girl, to more serious \u2013 and in a few notable cases fatal \u2013 incidents. because girl - on - girl violence amongst teens is a relatively new phenomenon, there are still relatively few comprehensive studies or statistics available ( although a scan of recent news reports will confirm the rising numbers of reported incidents! ). there are, however, a number of things you can do to help your daughter learn to constructively deal with her feelings and emotions, especially if you suspect that she is either the target of relational aggression or an instigator of that aggression : - encourage your daughter ' s participation in extracurricular activities \u2013 one thing psychologists and researchers have been sure of for a long time is the fact that girls who are highly involved in sports, academics and / or specific extracurricular activities are less likely to engage in relational aggression \u2013 or to be the target of it. - support your daughter ' s friendships and social involvements through clubs and community organizations as well as through her school. friendships formed around common involvements ( like a recreational sports team or church group, for example ) can provide a healthy social outlet for your daughter by helping her develop self - esteem and self - confidence. - teach your daughter the definition of friendship \u2013 make sure that she understands the difference between true friendship and relationships in which one individual is permitted \" power \" or control over the other. sharing your own definition of friendship with her and discussing the characteristics of \" balanced \" relationships will help her begin to define the traits that she values in a friendship. - team up with your daughter ' s school. teachers, administrators and other faculty can provide a valuable support network for both you and your daughter. schools can also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48788738403144605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ca1e63b-cb10-4693-86ac-6d731befa984>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.858254"}
{"text": "balanced \" relationships will help her begin to define the traits that she values in a friendship. - team up with your daughter ' s school. teachers, administrators and other faculty can provide a valuable support network for both you and your daughter. schools can also offer guidance counseling, programs and resources for addressing relational aggression on both an individual and community - wide level. - give your daughter a journal. if she ' s having difficulty expressing her emotions or dealing with social challenges at school, journals can provide an excellent \" personal space. \" encourage her to use the journal as a constructive means of working through her feelings. - consider counseling. if you notice that your daughter continues to have difficulty handling her emotions or you are concerned that she may indeed be an instigator of relational aggression, seeking professional counseling is essential. a trained counselor can become an objective listener and mentor for your daughter, and can teach her practical techniques and strategies for constructively addressing her emotions. what are the different types of girls boarding schools? learn about specialized boarding schools for girls, such as boarding schools that specialize in learning disabilities, asperger ' s syndrome, oppositional defiance, and substance abuse issues 866. 828. 7042call toll free today what do the studies show about girls - only boarding schools? statistics and other studies on how girls ' only schools impact girls ' learning, education, and academic performance > > quick links : girls boarding schools by state > > girls boarding schools by specialty > > site map > >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4981591613473565, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ca1e63b-cb10-4693-86ac-6d731befa984>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.860218"}
{"text": "the tolerance campaign challenge for middle school students : your task in this challenge is to launch a campaign. the campaign is to promote religious tolerance. your target audience could be whomever you choose. you might choose to educate your schoolmates or peers about why promoting religious tolerance is so important in our communities. or you might want to galvanize people from a particular faith tradition \u2014 or no faith at all \u2014 to join your campaign. your goal? to create a buzz promoting religious tolerance and to mobilize others to join your campaign. you can use whatever media you prefer to wage your campaign. if you like to write, feel free to advocate religious tolerance via the printed word. if you prefer using newer media to express yourselves, then maybe make a video promoting religious tolerance. the only other ground rule is that you enter as part of a small group of 3 or 4 collaborators in 6th, 7th, or 8th grades. write a song to perform together. then record yourselves performing it and send it in to us as an audio file. paint a mural or construct a mosaic or other piece of visual artwork together. then send us a picture of your finished product and / or a time - lapse video of its being constructed. or write a cartoon or comic strip together. we \u2019 ll identify the best of the entries received as our top prize winners. the first - place group will win a $ 400 cash award ; the second will earn $ 250 ; $ 150 will go to the third - place group. we \u2019 ll probably designate some other worthy entrants for honorable mention recognition, too. in whatever media or form they exist, we \u2019 ll also post the best of these entries on our boniuk center website and facebook or youtube pages. the tolerance campaign is on! are you up to the challenge to embrace it?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48780466116988497, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76cc8793-7cb2-4ddb-a1e1-5fd8cb701df6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.866565"}
{"text": "charlotte bronte visited norton conyers a manor house in north yorkshire in 1839. she learned the story of a \" mad women \" who was kept in the attic there some 60 years earlier and the idea for \" mrs. rochester \" was born. according to an article in the guardian by martin wainwright the similarities between thornfield hall and norton conyers are unmistakable.... until this month, only thornfield had a hidden flight of stairs from near mr rochester ' s grand bedroom to his wife ' s miserable prison. \" we decided to investigate the tradition \" said sir james graham, 64, whose family bought norton conyers in 1624. he was brought up in the house, and remembered tales of the imprisoned ancestor, secret passages and sections of wooden panelling which rang hollow when knocked. one of these was on the landing outside the peacock room, the supposed model for mr rochester ' s quarters, and it was here that the musty flight of steps uncovered in the attic proved to lead. sir james and his wife, a former museum curator, crept down and found a chink of light and a disused door with an ingenious spring lock. \" the stairs are only just wide enough for one person \" said sir james. \" they are hidden within the thickness of the panelled wall. there is no way you could tell from outside that there was anything there. repairs will be made.... rotten treads and subsidence cracks must be repaired and restoration carried out in the attics, particularly the \" madwoman ' s room \". fascinating article, read the whole thing. \" it is such a sad room, \" said lady graham. \" it has such a tragic feel about it. it is in a cul - de - sac in the attic, very awkward to reach. it is north - facing with a small gable window. it ' s infinitely depressing. most people don ' t want to stay there. it ' s creepy. however rational, they feel a weight on them. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38146472135718124, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b5194f2f-be54-4edd-be9c-cbd536e5dc71>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.873068"}
{"text": ". marquis d \u2019 argenson, \u201c memoires, \u201d ed. rathery, january 27, 1757. \u201c the sieur de montmorin, captain of the game - preserves of fontainebleau, derives from his office enormous sums, and behaves himself like a bandit. the population of more than a hundred villages around no longer sow their land, the fruits and grain being eaten by deer ; stags and other game. they keep only a few vines, which they preserve six months of the year by mounting guard day and night with drums, making a general turmoil to frighten off the destructive animals. \u201d january 23, 1753. \u2014 \" m. le prince de conti has established a captainry of eleven leagues around ile - adam and where everybody is vexed at it. \u201d september 23, 1753. \u2014 m. le duc d \u2019 orleans came to villers - cotterets, he has revived the captainry ; there are more than sixty places for sale on account of these princely annoyances.. the old peasants with whom i once have talked still had a clear memory of these annoyances and damages. \u2014 they recounted how, in the country around clermont, the gamekeepers of prince de conde in the springtime took litters of wolves and raised them in the dry moats of the chateau. they were freed in the beginning of the winter, and the wolf hunting team would then hunt them later. but they ate the sheep, and, here and there, a child.. the estates of the king encompassed in forest one million acres, not counting forests in the appanages set aside for his eldest son or for factories or salt works.. de montlosier, \u201c memoires, \u201d i. 175. i. england compared to france. an english example. \u2014 the privileged class renders no service in france. \u2014 the influence and rights which remain to them. \u2014 they use it only for themselves. useless in the canton, they might have been useful at the center of the state, and, without taking part in the local government, they might have served in the general government. thus does a lord, a baronet, a squire act in england, even when not a \u201c justice \u201d of his county or a committee - man in his parish. elected a member of the lower house, a hereditary member of the upper house, he holds the strings of the public purse and prevents the sovereign from spending too freely. such is the regime in countries where the feudal seigniors, instead of allowing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4340800953365922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93042925-db4d-4175-b3b0-2c61baa1c473>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.878927"}
{"text": "people with down syndrome \u2014 and their families \u2014 are overwhelmingly happy with their lives, as recent studies published in the american journal of medical genetics show. and yet, advocates for down syndrome ( including self - advocates ) have been working overtime to get the message out about what it actually means to live with the diagnosis, for good reason : they \u2019 ve found themselves in the unusual position of having to defend and explain why people with down syndrome deserve to live as much as anyone else. people with down syndrome have their own gifts, talents, hopes and dreams, just like the rest of us. they can and do make significant contributions to their families, their communities and to the world at large. they have value and worth ( and self - worth ). there is a chorus of voices, of parents and siblings of people with down syndrome, and of people with down syndrome themselves, expressing a loud and powerful message : a life with down syndrome is a life worth living. the emergence of new prenatal tests to detect down syndrome early in a pregnancy means that even more women will be sitting in a doctor \u2019 s office receiving a down syndrome diagnosis wondering how to process the news and how to proceed. the reality is that outdated images and negative stereotypes of down syndrome do exist in a large segment of society, in the media and even within the medical community. and though there is plenty of information readily available for parents with a prenatal diagnosis ( websites, pamphlets, blogs, advocacy groups, and support groups ready to provide information and guidance ), many expectant parents receiving a diagnosis of down syndrome are still not given balanced information or appropriate counsel regarding down syndrome or their options. on too many occasions, women are still guided or encouraged to terminate. while safer genetic screenings theoretically benefit both mother and child, the existence of these tests themselves ( 20 years and millions of dollars in the making ) suggests they are beneficial because down syndrome is a \u201c problem \u201d \u2014 an unintended and unwanted consequence best found while there is ample time to reconsider the pregnancy. often referred to as a \u201c seek and destroy mission, \u201d there is still upside to early diagnosis beyond facilitating termination : it can provide parents a longer window to seek information on down syndrome, to link up with support groups, and to process the diagnosis. parents are free to make either choice \u2014 to continue or end the pregnancy \u2014 though the prevailing mentality often supports the latter. we have mapped the human genome, and have uncovered exciting possibilities for improving the health and quality of life for people with all sorts of illnesses and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4934403013110852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d99e7f0-70c2-446c-8f2e-d3958ea03ba6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.893532"}
{"text": "to make either choice \u2014 to continue or end the pregnancy \u2014 though the prevailing mentality often supports the latter. we have mapped the human genome, and have uncovered exciting possibilities for improving the health and quality of life for people with all sorts of illnesses and diagnoses. we have also begun to use the same science and related technologies to detect and eliminate humans with specific conditions. prenatal testing itself has existed for some time. but today, our federal government has passed legislation ( full document here ) that all pregnant women be offered ( at no cost to them ) a new, safer genetic screening which detects down syndrome in the first trimester of pregnancy. with a prenatal diagnosis of down syndrome, or any other condition, there is no way to predict a particular child \u2019 s potential or long - term prognosis, and the way a down syndrome diagnosis is delivered is quite often literally a matter of life or death. despite the increase and widespread nature of the testing, there isn \u2019 t an equal increase in the amount of information available to parents about the diagnosis, and there are no universal standards for the type of information parents receive, or for the way a diagnosis is presented. - even \u201c perfect \u201d scores in prenatal testing cannot guarantee a person \u2019 s ability, health, happiness, achievement later in life. in having children, there are no guarantees. - ability is a continuum. we all fall somewhere on the spectrum, and are more or less \u201c able \u201d in the various areas of lives. disability is part of the human condition. fear or discomfort with disability is natural, too, but is often overcome with information and experience. - most parents, even those whose children do not have a specific diagnosis, say that being a parent is one of the hardest jobs out there. yet, most parents would also say that the time, energy and money it takes to raise their children is entirely worth it. parents of children with down syndrome are no different. it doesn \u2019 t take a saint or a hero to love someone with down syndrome. the loving part comes as naturally as loving anyone else. - economic ( cost - benefit ) arguments which rationalize people with down syndrome ( and other \u201c genetic defects \u201d ) out of existence may make logical sense, but are morally bankrupt. we are not talking about things, we \u2019 re talking about people. - \u201c human \u201d cannot be taken out of the human condition. we are not robots, or genetically engineered creatures devoid of morality and at the same time guaranteed to achieve and to be free of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4902046620466012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d99e7f0-70c2-446c-8f2e-d3958ea03ba6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.895112"}
{"text": "not talking about things, we \u2019 re talking about people. - \u201c human \u201d cannot be taken out of the human condition. we are not robots, or genetically engineered creatures devoid of morality and at the same time guaranteed to achieve and to be free of health issues or \u201c problems \u201d ourselves. being \u201c human \u201d means that there are complexities of condition and of mind that set us apart from animals and machines. unlike robots, we do not fully function without compassion, empathy, values, or morals. our conscience \u2014 and our awareness of our own imperfections - - is an essential part of what it means to be human. yet we \u2019 re seeing a common theme in today \u2019 s thrust for universal prenatal screenings : there are those among us who are too expensive, or too burdensome to live. today, we ' re talking about people with down syndrome \u2014 people with unique challenges who can, and do, live happy and vibrant lives. this line of thinking could apply to any one of us at some point in our lives. every single one of us needs extra help at times or will need extra help \u2014 possibly a significant amount of extra help \u2014 at some point in life. the debate over the newest forms of prenatal screening has elicited arguments from all of the angles we would expect, as each individual is coming at this from his or her own set of values and considerations. but at its core, this debate isn \u2019 t about politics or religion. it isn \u2019 t even about being \u201c pro - life \u201d or \u201c pro - choice \u201d \u2014 terms which have embedded political and religious connotations and labels that are not mutually exclusive. a person can hold a belief that the government shouldn \u2019 t be able to tell us what to do with our bodies and at the same time can still value all life. no one can know another person \u2019 s whole story, or the circumstances surrounding a pregnancy. this is about making sure expectant parents get all the support and information they need to make informed, educated, thoughtful choices. it \u2019 s about having our eyes wide open and understanding that we \u2019 re at a critical point in the history of civilized societies. we now have the capability to \u201c know \u201d all sorts of information about a person before birth. what we do with the technology we \u2019 ve developed and how we use that information is our choice to make. at the very least, an increase in solid, balanced information on what life can be like with a diagnosis of down syndrome ( or other detected conditions ) must accompany the increase in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.521616258098802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d99e7f0-70c2-446c-8f2e-d3958ea03ba6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.896835"}
{"text": "\u2019 ve developed and how we use that information is our choice to make. at the very least, an increase in solid, balanced information on what life can be like with a diagnosis of down syndrome ( or other detected conditions ) must accompany the increase in testing. this issue is too important for any of us to sit on the sidelines. get involved in helping others to understand what these tests do, and what they mean. take the time to educate yourself on all aspects of this debate, and to discuss with family and friends. here are some questions to encourage and inspire further discussion : \u00b7 what makes life valuable? \u00b7 in what ways are you more and less \u201c able \u201d? \u00b7 which potential hardships trump the value of a life ( realizing that we \u2019 d be speculating about the impact of those potential hardships )? \u00b7 chromosomal abnormalities ( not all of which are incompatible with life ) are the current focus. which condition is next? do you or a loved one have \u2014 or are you predisposed to \u2014 diabetes, breast cancer, alcoholism, mental illness, autism, learning disabilities, or any other condition or diagnosis others may feel is \u201c expensive \u201d or a burden to them? how would you feel if a prenatal test was developed to detect any of these conditions for selective termination? \u00b7 the technology is here and will continue to advance. where do we draw the line? for example, what happens when prenatal testing is applied to particular preferences ( such as eye color or sex of the baby )? if we can engineer humans for intellect, beauty, athletic prowess or career success, should we? \u00b7 should the doctors who recommend prenatal tests be required to provide accurate and balanced information about any condition detected through the testing? which questions do you think are most important for understanding the critical issues in moving forward? please join the conversation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4971073481099677, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3d99e7f0-70c2-446c-8f2e-d3958ea03ba6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.898119"}
{"text": "elephanta islandarticle free pass elephanta island, hindi gharapuri ( \u201c fortress city \u201d ), island located in mumbai ( bombay ) harbour of the arabian sea, about 6 miles ( 10 km ) east of mumbai and 2 miles ( 3 km ) west of the mainland coast of maharashtra state, western india. elephanta island has an area of 4 to 6 square miles ( 10 to 16 square km ), varying with the tide. in the early 16th century portuguese navigators named the island ilha elefante ( \u201c elephant island \u201d ) in reference to a large stone elephant that was found there ; the statue was later moved to victoria gardens ( now called jijamata udyan ), mumbai. the island \u2019 s hindi name, gharapuri, derives from a small village at its southern end. elephanta \u2019 s famous 8th - and 9th - century cave temples were designated unesco world heritage sites in 1987. atop a large hill, they occupy some 54, 800 square feet ( 5, 000 square metres ). the main temple is a long hall stretching 90 feet ( 27 metres ) ; carved into the rock on the walls and ceiling of the cave are rows of columns and crossbeams. the plan of the temple is such that important points are laid out in the form of a mandala. a series of sculptured panels lining the walls of the cave portray images from indian mythology, the most celebrated of which is the 20 - foot - ( 6 - metre - ) high trimurti, a three - headed bust of shiva in the roles of destroyer, preserver, and creator emerging from a mountain. other sculptures depict shiva crushing ravana with his toe, the marriage of shiva and parvati, shiva bringing the ganges ( ganga ) river to earth by letting it flow through his hair, and shiva as the embodiment of cosmic energy, dancing to drums. a linga ( hindu symbol of shiva ) is housed in a sanctuary at the western end of the temple. when the island was ceded to the portuguese by the kings of ahmadabad in the 16th century, it ceased to be a place of worship, and the caves and sculptures were damaged by portuguese soldiers. in the 1970s the temples were restored and preserved, and the island became a popular tourist site. what made you want to look up \" elephanta island \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3995302491041991, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd411391-c8a8-4b1a-97dd-6784617b4a44>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.900808"}
{"text": "sarsaparillaarticle free pass sarsaparilla, aromatic flavouring agent made from the roots of several tropical vines belonging to the smilax genus of the lily family ( liliaceae ). once a popular tonic, sarsaparilla is now used to flavour and mask the taste of medicines. in combination with wintergreen and other flavours it is used in root beer and other carbonated beverages. the sarsaparilla plants ( spanish zarza, \u201c bramble, \u201d and parrilla, \u201c little vine \u201d ) are native to the southern and western coasts of mexico to peru. they are large, perennial, climbing or trailing vines with short, thick, underground stems producing many prickly, angular, aboveground stems. these are supported by tendrils springing from the bases of large, alternate, stalked leaves. the commercial species providing sarsaparilla are principally smilax aristolochiaefolia, s. regelii, and s. febrifuga, respectively known as mexican, honduran, and ecuadorian sarsaparillas. other commercial smilax species include ecuadorian ( guayaquil ) and central american ( jamaican or guatemalan ). after drying in the sun, the roots are gathered loosely into bundles or bound tightly into cylinders, depending on the place of origin, and then exported. several sterols and a crystalline glycoside, sarsaponin, which yields sarsapogenin on hydrolysis, have been isolated from the root. sarsapogenin is related to steroids such as progesterone and is used in their synthesis. in north america the strongly aromatic roots of the wild sarsaparilla ( aralia nudicaulis ) and false or bristly sarsaparilla ( aralia hispida ) are sometimes substituted for true sarsaparilla. what made you want to look up \" sarsaparilla \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4170675082597348, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c288b4b7-acdb-4c10-9e2f-da16bed4ff0f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.906128"}
{"text": "making the modern world photography, itself a product of a technical age, was seen as a medium ideally suited to record a period of material expansion and massive industrialisation. the nineteenth - century revolution in transport saw the creation of a worldwide network of roads, railways, canals and shipping and all were subject to intense scrutiny by the camera. an early and accomplished example of the use of photography to record the progress of construction projects is to be seen in philip delamotte ' s record of the construction of the crystal palace at sydenham from 1853 - 55 ; but it was in france in particular that photography was used most extensively by the civil engineer and collections of prints were made recording the achievements of the public works department in harbour construction, public architecture and communications. indeed, for a number of studios, such as that of hippolyte collard, this branch of work became a speciality. such photographs served not only as prosaic progress records, but expressed a potent visual declaration of national pride in material progress. philip henry delamotte, c. 1853 philip henry delamotte, the open colonnade of the crystal palace, sydenham, garden front, c. 1853 after the closure of the 1851 great exhibition, the crystal palace which had housed it was dismantled and transferred to sydenham in south london. philip henry delamotte ' s photographic record of its reconstruction on the new site is an early example of the use of photography to create a detailed record of the progress of a civil engineering project. this elegant architectural vista is one of a hundred photographs by delamotte recording the construction of the crystal palace and published as photographic views of the progress of the crystal palace, sydenham ( london, 1855 ). opened by queen victoria in 1854, the building survived until 1936, when it was destroyed by fire. justin kozlowski, c. 1860 justin kozlowski, dredgers at work in the suez canal, 1860s little is known of the career of justin kozlowski, apart from the fact that he had originally come to france as a polish refugee in the 1830s. this photograph, from an album of views recording construction work on the suez canal, appears to be his only known photographic work and documents the building of the canal from its early stages up to the opening ceremony on 18 november 1869. hippolyte auguste collard, c. 1864 maps 148. d. 15 ( 15 ) hippolyte auguste collard, perspective du passage des pietons sous la viaduc, pont -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47668820029404446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7bffcb4-f681-4eb6-8987-146182e5e522>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.915863"}
{"text": "to the opening ceremony on 18 november 1869. hippolyte auguste collard, c. 1864 maps 148. d. 15 ( 15 ) hippolyte auguste collard, perspective du passage des pietons sous la viaduc, pont - du - jour, paris, c. 1864 the physical transformation of paris in the middle years of the nineteenth century was a major stimulus for photographers, both in recording the old before it was destroyed and in documenting the progress of great new projects. a number of photographers at this period specialised in such work, among them hippolyte collard, who styled himself ' photographer of bridges and highways. ' collard was officially employed to photograph the progress of a number of major construction projects in paris between 1857 and 1870, among them this series of views showing the building of the road and rail bridge across the seine at point - du - jour ( now pont de garigliano ) between 1863 and 1866. unknown photographer, 1870 add. ms 59505 f. 75 unknown photographer, building the mont cenis tunnel, 1870 the eight - mile long mont cenis tunnel ( also known as the frejus tunnel ) connects the towns of mondane in france and bardonecchia in italy. completed in 1871, it was the first rock tunnel of its sort and pioneered several new engineering techniques. this view, showing one of the boring machines known as ' perforatrices ', was clearly taken outside the tunnel rather than at the rock face : it has been heavily retouched to obscure the background and to suggest that it was taken inside the tunnel. the photograph formed the basis for a number of reproductions in contemporary newspapers. unknown photographer, 1898 photo 1132 / 1 ( 7 ) unknown photographer, construction work on the central line of the london underground, 1898 gelatin silver print increasing congestion in central london in the mid - nineteenth century led to the creation of the world ' s first underground system. the metropolitan line, running from paddington to farringdon, was opened in 1863 and the following decades saw a swift development of the network. in 1891 the central london railway was formed to build a line connecting the city to the growing western suburbs of london. the line connecting shepherd ' s bush to bank was opened in 1900 and proved an immediate success. this is one of a rare series of views showing work in progress on the tunnel in 1898. d. s. george, c. 1900 photo 430 / 64 ( 9 ) d. s. george, construction of the aswan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4584924483795246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7bffcb4-f681-4eb6-8987-146182e5e522>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.918363"}
{"text": "image via wikipedia did you know that some frogs talk with ultra - sound? in ultrasound, the pitch or frequency of the sound is too high for the human ear to hear. fish and homing pigeons can see electromagnetic fields, ants can see polarised light, insects and rodents can smell pheromones, so why can ' t some frogs, somewhere on the planet, hear ultrasound? according to abc science news recently they can, if they are the concave - eared torrent frog that lives in the huangshan hot springs, west of shanghai, in china. there, a continuous torrent of water and sound fills the mountainous environment of the concave - eared torrent frog. let \u2019 s hope that the frogs are actually alive in the hot springs. after all, we \u2019 ve all heard the fable about frogs and boiling water. anyhoo it was recently discovered that these frogs can generate and hear sounds that are way up in the ultrasonic. they can generate and hear frequencies over 128 khz. that ' s more than six - times better than a human can hear. so next time you want to get your message across in the \u201c mountainous environment of the concave - eared torrent frog \u201d just pick one up and use him as a................................ froghorn. and, apparently, there is a frog magazine in dutch. on a recent edition, readers were commenting on the quality of the photographs therein. presumably frogs - porn? it \u2019 s the way i am them telling.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4362706018702029, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec1cf832-4b4c-4628-85cc-09d3ea032a4f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.921642"}
{"text": "published february 14, 2013 the hazards of breathing outdoor air in some chinese cities have been well - documented. now a ub study confirms that breathing indoor air also carries significant cancer risks, especially for chinese women. the ub study, published online this month in the journal cancer causes & control, found that indoor air pollution that generates fine particulate matter is a key contributor to the high rates of lung cancer among chinese women, despite the fact that few of them smoke. the research found indoor particulate matter levels that are at least double the maximum level considered acceptable by world health organization guidelines. the study is the first to measure particulate matter ( pm ) levels inside the home and to link it with the incidence of lung cancer in chinese women. \u201c our results show that besides smoking, indoor air pollution contributes significantly to women \u2019 s lung cancer risk in china, \u201d says lina mu, assistant professor of social and preventive medicine in the school of public health and health professions and lead author on the paper. while around 60 percent of chinese men smoke, chinese women have extremely low smoking rates \u2014 approximately 4 percent. however, women \u2019 s rates of lung cancer in china are among the highest in the world, approximately 21 cases per 100, 000, while smoking accounts for less than 20 percent of lung cancer cases in chinese women, says mu. \u201c that \u2019 s why we wanted to find out how much indoor air pollution contributes to lung cancer risk among chinese women, \u201d says mu. \u201c it has been suspected but not measured. \u201d the paper notes that since women tend to be home for longer periods of time and to cook more frequently, housing - related exposure is more of a factor among women than men. the case - control study includes 429 chinese women : 197 who had lung cancer and 232 who were controls. of the 197 with lung cancer, 164 were nonsmokers, while there were 218 nonsmokers in the control group. the study was conducted in taiyuan city, one of the top - 10 air - polluted cities in the world, according to asian development bank \u2019 s 2012 annual report. a large industrial city in northern china, taiyuan is home to heavy industry, including steel, coal mining and processing and electronics plants. the study found that among the nonsmokers, lung cancer was strongly associated with multiple sources of indoor air pollution, which included exposure to tobacco smoke at work, frequent cooking and the use of solid fuel, primarily coal, for cooking and heating. a particle mass monitor was used to measure pm levels inside the homes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4748770025767056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ebe61e9-a35c-41c5-b2f5-290df6db1282>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.925910"}
{"text": "was strongly associated with multiple sources of indoor air pollution, which included exposure to tobacco smoke at work, frequent cooking and the use of solid fuel, primarily coal, for cooking and heating. a particle mass monitor was used to measure pm levels inside the homes \u2014 mostly apartments \u2014 of study participants. \u201c we found that the smallest type of particulate matter is the type associated with the higher risk of lung cancer among nonsmoking chinese women, \u201d mu says. \u201c for every additional 10 micrograms per square meter of fine particular matter, there is an associated 45 percent increased risk of lung cancer. \u201d the paper notes that increased lung cancer risk among women was strongly attributed to the fine particles produced by coal combustion for heating and cooking, and from passive smoking. mu says that kitchen ventilation systems, such as fans, are not common in china and that people are reluctant to open windows because they want to keep heat in and prevent outdoor pollution from coming inside. she adds that hot oil, a staple in traditional chinese stir - frying and deep - frying, produces carcinogens and is a key contributor. \u201c women are at high risk because they are exposed to solid fuel emissions from heating and cooking, as well as from passive smoking, \u201d she says, adding that smoking is a key social ingredient in china. \u201c men tend to gather and smoke together, often in small, enclosed spaces, especially in offices. \u201d mu notes that while in large cities, some restaurants have begun to segregate smokers, people smoke freely in most public places in china. she says that improvements will depend on significant changes, such as a switch to clean energy sources and the installation of better ventilation systems, as well as public education about the benefits of keeping windows open and curbing passive smoking. ub co - authors with mu are yanli li, graduate student ; william scheider, research assistant professor ; and mya swanson, data manager ; all in the ub department of social and preventive medicine. other co - authors are shen - chih chang and zuo - feng zhang of the fielding school of public health, university of california, los angeles ; jia su and shunzhang yu of fudan university ; li liu, baozing zhao and jianping shi of the taiyuan city center for disease control and prevention ; and rrungui niu of shanxi tumor hospital. the research was funded by the national nature science foundation of china, the national institutes of health and the alper research center for environmental genomics at ucla.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4834780453288483, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ebe61e9-a35c-41c5-b2f5-290df6db1282>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.926839"}
{"text": "promoting education and achievement of adults learning english reading and adult english language learners : the role of the first language miriam burt and joy peyton national center for esl literacy education the ability to read is a critical skill for adults in the united states. educators grabe and stoller ( 2002 ) assert, \" as we enter a new century, productive and educated citizens will require even stronger literacy abilities ( including both reading and writing ) in increasingly larger numbers of societal settings \" ( p. 1 ). however, most research on reading development has focused on english - speaking children in preschool through grade 12. ( see, for example, the results of the national reading panel, 2000 ; snow, burns, & griffin, 1998. ) little research on reading involves adults learning english as a second ( or additional ) language. in a review of the research published from 1980 - 2000 on reading development among adult english language learners in the united states ( aged 16 years and older ), adams and burt ( 2002 ) found only 47 studies that addressed this category of learners. of those, only 24 were carried out in non - postsecondary education settings ( adult education programs, community - based programs, and workplace literacy programs ). the others were carried out in college - based intensive english programs ( iep ). although the relevant body of research is small and preliminary, it does give us valuable information about second language ( l2 ) learners in adult education programs and points to areas in which further research is needed. ( see adams & burt, 2002, and burt, peyton, & adams, 2003, for a description of these populations and of the types of studies included in the review. ) the adult english language learner population the adult english language learner population is large. in 2001, 42 % ( over 1 million ) of adults enrolled in state - administered, federally funded adult education programs were enrolled in english as a second language ( esl ) classes. this was a 4 % increase from 2000, when 38 % of the participants were enrolled in esl classes ( u. s. department of education, 2002 ). english language learners are also served in adult basic education ( abe ) and adult secondary education ( ase ) classes, private language schools, and in programs sponsored by community - based organizations and volunteer literacy organizations such as proliteracy. these adults come from diverse backgrounds and have widely differing experiences with literacy in their first languages. a number of factors influence the ways that adults ' english literacy develops and the progress that different learners will make in learning to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.455256255130078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3420337f-1878-4e5f-8344-94c5a373d6fa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.941467"}
{"text": "organizations such as proliteracy. these adults come from diverse backgrounds and have widely differing experiences with literacy in their first languages. a number of factors influence the ways that adults ' english literacy develops and the progress that different learners will make in learning to read english. they include level of literacy in the first language and in english, oral language proficiency in english, educational background, personal goals for learning english, and the structure and writing system of the first language. these factors must be taken into account in all areas of instructional program planning, learner placement in classes, and instructional approaches. this paper describes how one of these factors - literacy in the first language - can affect the acquisition of reading skills in english and the ways that instruction should be delivered. literacy in the first ( native ) language huntley ( 1992 ) describes four types of literacy in the first language ( l1 ) that affect english literacy development and should be considered in adult esl literacy instruction : preliterate, nonliterate, semiliterate, and non - roman alphabet literate. birch ( 2002 ) adds to these types nonalphabet literate. birch and others ( hilferty, 1996 ; strucker, 2002 ) add roman alphabet literate. these six types of l1 literacy and their impact on english language learners ' development of english language literacy are discussed here in the sections on limited literate learners and literate learners. limited literate learners preliterate learners come from cultures where literacy is uncommon in everyday life because the language is not written, has only recently been written, or is being developed. for example, most bantu people of somalia are preliterate in their native af - maay because it has been codified for just a short time ( van lehman & eno, 2002 ). preliterate english language learners often have had little or no exposure to written text and may not be aware of the purposes of literacy in everyday life. traditionally, literacy instruction for preliterate learners builds on their oral language knowledge and is supported by oral language activities ( carroll, 1999 ). preliterate learners generally progress slowly in literacy and other language instruction and require re - teaching of skills and concepts ( robson, 1982 ; strucker, 2002 ). some who never attended school as children may be unfamiliar with school culture and its attendant behaviors and expectations. nonliterate learners come from cultures where literacy is available, but they have not had access to literacy instruction, often because of their socioeconomic status. for example, some adult learners from central america may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4782708474113258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3420337f-1878-4e5f-8344-94c5a373d6fa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.942565"}
{"text": "with school culture and its attendant behaviors and expectations. nonliterate learners come from cultures where literacy is available, but they have not had access to literacy instruction, often because of their socioeconomic status. for example, some adult learners from central america may not know how to read or write in their native spanish because of disrupted schooling due to war and poverty. these learners have probably had some exposure to written language and may have a greater awareness of the value and uses of literacy than preliterate learners. these learners may be reluctant to disclose their limited literacy background in class, and instruction with them may proceed slowly. they may learn classroom content more slowly than other learners, because they cannot make full use of textbooks, other printed materials, and class notes for review. however, they are often highly motivated to learn. semiliterate learners usually have had access to literacy in their native culture, but because of their socioeconomic status or educational situation, they have not achieved a high level of literacy in their native language. like nonliterate learners, they may have left school at a young age for economic or political reasons, as was the case with many southeast asian refugees and central american immigrants in the 1970s and 1980s ( holt, 1995 ; ranard & pfleger, 1995 ). two studies suggest that either previous or simultaneous acquisition of l1 literacy can have a positive impact on english literacy development among these populations. robson ( 1982 ), in a study of hmong learners of english at a refugee camp in thailand, found that adults with minimal literacy in hmong acquired english reading skills more rapidly than those who had no hmong literacy. similarly, a study of adult haitians learning english in new york city ( burtoff, 1985 ) found that those who received native language literacy instruction while learning english developed stronger literacy skills in the l2 than did the english - only group, even though the total number of instructional hours for the two groups was equal. although strong conclusions cannot be drawn from these studies due to the small number of students involved and the nonexperimental nature of the study design, this research points to the need to examine the value of native language literacy instruction prior to or at the same time as l2 literacy instruction. researchers are now identifying students who have been educated primarily in the united states but have characteristics similar to those described above. referred to as \" generation 1. 5 \" learners, they have immigrated to the united states where they have attended schools and developed oral fluency in english. however, they are not literate in their native", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48936713286577266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3420337f-1878-4e5f-8344-94c5a373d6fa>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.943590"}
{"text": "but have characteristics similar to those described above. referred to as \" generation 1. 5 \" learners, they have immigrated to the united states where they have attended schools and developed oral fluency in english. however, they are not literate in their native language, and they struggle with reading and writing in english. they may remain in esl classes throughout their elementary and secondary school education and enter esl programs as adults or need special attention in college programs ( harklau, losey, & siegal, 1999 ). many preliterate, nonliterate, and semiliterate learners, including generation 1. 5 learners, may approach english literacy learning with trepidation. they need to be given opportunities to increase their self - confidence in educational situations and to develop positive images of themselves as readers ( goldberg, 1997 ). many have high oral skills in english and may have had positive experiences with learning through oral esl instruction. learners who are literate in some writing system have the advantage of experience with deciphering and assigning meaning to print and using print to enhance their learning. learners who are nonalphabet literate read a language that is written logographically, such as chinese and japanese. these learners may try to read in english by memorizing whole words. a study of 16 russian and 11 japanese learners in an intensive english program ( iep ) at a canadian university and 16 russian learners of english in a university in israel ( wade - woolley, 1999 ) found that the japanese learners, who use both a syllabary ( kana ) and a logographic ( kanji ) writing system relied more on english word recognition than did the russian learners, who use a phonologically based alphabet. wade - woolley concluded that because the japanese readers were not used to focusing on phoneme - to - sound mapping in reading, they were more likely than the russian learners to depend on sight recognition of letter sequences. learners who depend on whole word recognition to the exclusion of phonological decoding will not become proficient readers in alphabetic languages. like children ( as described in the national reading panel report, 2000 ), in order to become good readers in english, adult readers must develop an \" alphabetical strategy \" ( birch, 2002, p. 33 ) ; they must be able to process an alphabetic script in the way it was designed to be used ( adams, 1990 ). non - roman alphabet literate learners read in a language that uses a non - roman alphabet, such as cyrillic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5139169940055898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3420337f-1878-4e5f-8344-94c5a373d6fa>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.944559"}
{"text": "33 ) ; they must be able to process an alphabetic script in the way it was designed to be used ( adams, 1990 ). non - roman alphabet literate learners read in a language that uses a non - roman alphabet, such as cyrillic or thai, but that is still phonetically based. these learners have the advantage of being accustomed to reading with an alphabet, but they may struggle to find words in the dictionary and may need time to process written materials presented in class because the orthography of their l1 is different from that of english. for example, nepali students, whose sanskrit - derived letters descend below the lines of text, may, at first, attempt to direct their visual attention below the lines of english text where only the \" tails \" of some english letters ( g, j, p, and y ) are written ( strucker, 2002 ). in addition to directionality issues ( their alphabet reads right to left ; the roman alphabet, left to right ), arabic students learning to read in english are likely to have problems with vowels, which are usually not written out in everyday arabic writings ( ryan & meara, 1991 ). strategies that these learners may have developed to read arabic ( e. g., proficient arabic and hebrew readers rely on context to determine which vowel sounds to assign to words ) may not work as well in english reading and spelling, where vowels must be attended to ( birch, 2002 ). both of these groups of learners have valuable reading skills in the first language that they may be able to transfer to second language reading, but they need direct, systematic, sequential instruction in the sound - to - symbol correspondences of written english, rather than merely addressing sound - symbol issues as they arise ( strucker, 2002 ). many adult esl students are literate in a roman alphabetic language ( e. g., spanish or serbo croatian ). like those literate in a non - roman script or in a logographic script, these learners have already developed reading skills and formed reading behaviors in their l1. they know that written language can represent speech. their educational background and literacy skills may be an important part of their self - image. they can study english texts, take notes in class to learn new vocabulary or structures, and read outside of class. the english alphabet will be more familiar to them than to others whose native language does not use the roman alphabet ; many of them may appear to have little difficulty reading english, especially those from languages such as spanish that have many cognates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48561155630004693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3420337f-1878-4e5f-8344-94c5a373d6fa>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.945524"}
{"text": "of class. the english alphabet will be more familiar to them than to others whose native language does not use the roman alphabet ; many of them may appear to have little difficulty reading english, especially those from languages such as spanish that have many cognates with english. yet roman - alphabet - literate learners still need to learn english sound - symbol correspondences before they are able to read well ( hilferty, 1996 ; strucker, 2002 ). they need to know that english does not have the same level of correspondence between sound and written form that other orthographies or spelling systems do - that there is not necessarily a one - to - one correspondence between letter and sound. for example, some letters are pronounced more than one way depending on the letters / sounds that follow ( e. g., c in citation and car ), and some sounds are represented by more than one letter ( e. g., the hard / k / sound can be written as c, k, or ck, often depending on the letters / sounds that precede and follow it ). sometimes letters in english are silent as are the g and h in right. at the syllabic level, readers should learn, for example, that the combination ough can be pronounced as in tough and rough or as in bought and sought. readers also need to learn the many pronunciations of vowels, including their sounds in stressed and unstressed syllables. conclusion learning to read is not easy, and it is especially difficult for adults learning to read in an l2. research suggests that all english language learners, regardless of the type of l1 literacy in their background, need direct teaching in the english symbol system and in english sound - symbol correspondences. previously learned reading strategies, learners ' experiences and access to literacy, and the nature of their l1 written language contribute to the speed and ease with which learners will acquire l2 literacy. these factors, as well as english proficiency levels, should be considered in instruction of adults learning to read english. types of l1 literacy and effects on l2 literacy learning | l1 literacy | | explanation | | special considerations | | preliterate | | l1 has no written form ( e. g., many american indigenous, african, australian, and pacific languages ). | | learners need exposure to the purposes and uses of literacy. | | nonliterate | | learners have no access to literacy instruction. | | learners may feel stigmatized. | | semiliterate | | learners have limited access", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4561971706585433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3420337f-1878-4e5f-8344-94c5a373d6fa>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.946476"}
{"text": "languages ). | | learners need exposure to the purposes and uses of literacy. | | nonliterate | | learners have no access to literacy instruction. | | learners may feel stigmatized. | | semiliterate | | learners have limited access to literacy instruction. | | learners may have had past negative experiences with literacy learning. | | nonalphabet literate | | learners are fully literate in a language written in a nonalphabetic script ( e. g., chinese ). | | learners need instruction in reading an alphabetic script and in the sound - syllable correspondences in english. | | non - roman alphabet literate | | learners are literate in a language written in a non - roman alphabet ( e. g., arabic, greek, korean, russian, and thai ). | | learners need instruction in the roman alphabet in order to transfer their l1 literacy skills to english. some, such as readers of arabic, will need to learn to read from left to right. | | roman alphabet literate | | learners are fully literate in a language written in a roman alphabet script ( e. g., french, german, and spanish ). they read from left to right and recognize letter shapes and fonts. | | learners need instruction in the specific letter - to - sound and sound - syllable correspondences of english. | from reading and adult english language learners : a review of the research, by m. burt, j. k. peyton, and r. adams, 2003, washington, dc : national center for esl literacy education and center for applied linguistics. reprinted with permission. adams, m. ( 1990 ). beginning to read : thinking and learning about print. cambridge, ma : mit press. adams, r., & burt, m. ( 2002 ). research on reading development of adult english language learners : an annotated bibliography. washington, dc : national center for esl literacy education. retrieved january 15, 2003, from http : / / www. cal. org / caela / readingbib birch, b. m. ( 2002 ). english l2 reading : getting to the bottom. mahwah, nj : erlbaum. burt, m., peyton, j. k., & adams, r. ( 2003 ). reading and adult english language learners : a review of the research. washington, dc : center for applied linguistics. burtoff, m. ( 1985 ). the haitian creole literacy evaluation study (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.45452528072723314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3420337f-1878-4e5f-8344-94c5a373d6fa>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.947362"}
{"text": "k., & adams, r. ( 2003 ). reading and adult english language learners : a review of the research. washington, dc : center for applied linguistics. burtoff, m. ( 1985 ). the haitian creole literacy evaluation study ( final report ). new york : ford foundation. carroll, s. d. ( 1999, march ). storytelling for literacy. paper presented at the annual meeting of the michigan reading association, grand rapids, mi. ( edrs no. ed430234 ) goldberg, r. ( 1997 ). deconstructing the great wall of print. connections : a journal of adult literacy, 7, 8 - 13. grabe, w., & stoller, f. l. ( 2002 ). teaching and researching reading. harlow, england : pearson education. harklau, l., losey, k. m., & siegal, m. ( 1999 ). generation 1. 5 meets college composition : issues in the teaching of writing to u. s. - educated learners of esl. mahwah, nj : erlbaum. hilferty, a. g. ( 1996 ). coding decoding : predicting the reading comprehension of latino adults learning english. unpublished doctoral dissertation, harvard university, cambridge, ma. holt, g. m. ( 1995 ). teaching low - level adult esl learners. eric digest. washington, dc : national center for esl literacy education. retrieved january 10, 2003, from http : / / www. cal. org / caela / digests / holt. htm ( edrs no. ed379965 ) huntley, h. s. ( 1992 ). the new illiteracy : a study of the pedagogic principles of teaching english as a second language to nonliterate adults. unpublished manuscript. ( edrs no. ed356685 ) national reading panel. ( 2000, april ). teaching children to read : an evidence - based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction ( nih pub. no. 00 - 4769 ). washington, dc : national institute of child health and human development. retrieved january 23, 2003, from http : / / www. nichd. nih. gov / publications / nrp / smallbook. htm ranard, d. a., & pfleger, m. ( 1995 ). from the classroom to the community : a fifteen - year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48162088610738196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3420337f-1878-4e5f-8344-94c5a373d6fa>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.948226"}
{"text": "www. nichd. nih. gov / publications / nrp / smallbook. htm ranard, d. a., & pfleger, m. ( 1995 ). from the classroom to the community : a fifteen - year experiment in refugee education. washington, dc, & mchenry, il : center for applied linguistics & delta systems. robson, b. ( 1982 ). hmong literacy, formal education, and their effects on performance in an esl class. in b. t. downing & d. p. olney ( eds. ), the hmong in the west : observations and reports ( pp. 201 - 225 ). minneapolis : university of minnesota. ryan, a., & meara, p. ( 1991 ). the case of the invisible vowels : arabic speakers reading english words. reading in a foreign language, 7, 531 - 540. snow, c., burns, m. s., & griffin, p. ( 1998 ). preventing reading difficulties in young children. washington, dc : national academy press. strucker, j. ( 2002, june ). ncsall ' s adult reading components study ( arcs ). paper presented at the conference of the international dyslexia association, washington, dc. u. s. department of education, office of vocational and adult education, division of adult education and literacy. ( 2002, april 8 ). state - administered adult education program 2001 enrollment,. washington, dc : author. van lehman, d., & eno, o. ( 2002 ). the somali bantu : their history and culture. washington, dc : center for applied linguistics. retrieved january 10, 2003, from http : / / www. culturalorientation. net / bantu wade - woolley, l. ( 1999 ). first language influences on second language word reading : all roads lead to rome. language learning, 49, 447 - 471. this brief is excerpted and adapted from reading and adult english language learners : a review of the research, by m. burt, j. k. peyton, & r. adams, 2003, washington, dc : national center for esl literacy education & center for applied linguistics. this document was produced at the center for applied linguistics ( 4646 40th street, nw, washington, dc 20016 202 - 362 - 0700 ) with funding from the u. s. department of education ( ed ), office of vocational and adult education ( ovae )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5266685611897015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3420337f-1878-4e5f-8344-94c5a373d6fa>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.949128"}
{"text": "a short history of chocolate. chocolate was first used by ancient mesoamerican peoples, probably beginning with the maya. they mixed cacao paste with water, chile peppers, cornmeal, and other ingredients to make a bitter but spicy chocolate drink. europe came in contact with chocolate during the conquest of mexico in the early 1500s.. spaniards adopted the aztec practice of drinking chocolate and began to ship cacao seeds to their home country. in spain, cooks sweetened the bitter beverage with sugar and added other spices more appealing to the local palate. after more than a century, the use of chocolate spread to other european nations. being in short supply, chocolate was an item restricted to the wealty elite. in france, only members of the royal court had access to chocolate. to increase the supply of chocolate, many european nations established cacao plantations in their colonies where the climate was appropriate and labor was plentiful. even after the supply of raw materials increased, though, chocolate was still expensive. eventually, the steam engine and other machinery of the industrial revolution allowed mass production of chocolate. the development of chocolate candy relied on later inventions like the cocoa press and the conching machine - these allowed a smooth, solid chocolate to be manufactured and turned into the kind of confections we see today. swiss chocolate makers are credited with the invention of milk chocolate, a sweet, creamy confection that remains popular today. candy gift ideas is the place to come when you are selecting presents for any occasion - we ' ve got the ideas for the gifts you need! chocolates and other candy presents are great for valentines day, christmas, easter, and other holidays plus personal occasions like birthdays, anniversaries, baby gifts, get well gifts, friendship gifts, and more!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4011686062610994, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e55e665-13e7-4d5d-a876-57bf5380f1f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.952669"}
{"text": "common dental terms we \u2019 ve put together this handy reference guide of terms you might hear when speaking with your dentist or support staff. please don \u2019 t hesitate to ask your dental care provider for clarification of any terms. we \u2019 re here to help make your experience as pleasant as possible! palate : hard and soft tissue forming the roof of the mouth. palliative treatment : the non - invasive relief of irritating conditions. parasthesia : a partial loss of sensation that is temporary or permanent. partial denture : a removable dental prosthesis ( appliance ) that replaces one or more natural teeth. pathology : the study of disease. pedodontics or pediatric dentistry : as the name implies, pediatric dentistry is the field of medicine that deals with dentists for children. a children \u2019 s dentist specializes in the care of a child \u2019 s small mouth and teeth, normally including braces, invisible braces, crowns, fillings, cleanings, plates, x - rays, and similar tools in everyday work. caring for the growing mouth of a child is hard work, and requires more education for the specialty of pediatric dentistry. a pediatric dentist can give parents and caregivers special information regarding habits that can cause trouble later, such as thumb sucking, cavity - causing eating habits, and much more. they also understand the process of teeth growing, falling out, and allowing adult teeth to grow. sometimes, teeth must be pulled for a variety of reasons, even for small children. dentists for children are not solely concerned with tooth maintenance. they are also a vital part of a healthy smile as an adult, and can help a child grow up with an improved self - image. learning about things that make a child healthy and happy is an important part of being a good parent, and finding a dentist that specializes in pediatric dentistry can do just that. our pediatric dental specialists are trained to deal with the unique needs of children. this includes calming their fears, specialized equipment and educating them about good oral health. periapical ( pa ) : the region at the end of the roots of teeth. periodontal chart : a record measuring the depth of gum pockets around the teeth. periodontal surgery : the recontouring or aesthetic management of diseased gum and supporting tissue. periodontist : a dental specialist who treats the gums and supporting soft and hard tissues in order to retain natural teeth and prepare for surgical placement of dental implants. heredity, diet and other factors can result in gum disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47439985299003773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c50316d1-9e8b-4fbf-bb7a-9b7cd6abf0e9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.962604"}
{"text": "and supporting tissue. periodontist : a dental specialist who treats the gums and supporting soft and hard tissues in order to retain natural teeth and prepare for surgical placement of dental implants. heredity, diet and other factors can result in gum disease. we will help you get a treatment plan that aggressively attacks any form of periodontal disease that will soon have your mouth back in top health. permanent teeth : thirty - two adult teeth ( approximately ) in a complete dentition. pit : a small defect in the tooth enamel, or the junction of four formative lobes of a developing tooth. plaque : a soft, sticky substance that accumulates on teeth and is composed of bacteria and food debris due to inadequate dental hygiene. pontic : a replacement tooth mounted on a fixed or removal appliance. porcelain crown : an all - porcelain restoration that covers the coronal portion of tooth ( above the gum line ). porcelain fused to metal ( pfm ) crown : a restoration containing metal coping for strength covered by porcelain for appearance. porcelain inlay or onlay : a tooth - colored restoration made of porcelain and cemented or bonded in place. porcelain veneers : a thin layer of porcelain, fabricated by a laboratory and bonded to a natural tooth to replace lost tooth structure, close spaces, straighten teeth, or change color and / or shape. post : a thin metal rod inserted into the root of a tooth after root canal therapy. a post provides retention for a \" coping \" which replaces lost tooth structure and retains crowns. post - core : a post and buildup to replace lost tooth structure and retain crowns. post - crown : a single structure that combines post - core and crown. ppo or pdo : a preferred provider or dental organization, which a healthcare dental provider may join offering fee for service treatments at reduced fees. prognosis : the anticipated outcome of treatment. prophylaxis : cleaning of the teeth for the prevention of periodontal disease and tooth decay. prosthesis : an artificial appliance for the replacement for a body part. prosthodontist : \" prosthodontics \" involves dentures, bridges, crowns, implants, and similar areas of expertise commonly associated with cosmetic dentistry. many dentists who specialize in prosthodontics also go on to receive special training in oral or maxillofacial surgery or prosthodontics. this allows them to fix or repair other missing facial features such as nose, eyes, and / or ears, to name a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5599955838544023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c50316d1-9e8b-4fbf-bb7a-9b7cd6abf0e9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.963781"}
{"text": "it seems logical that antimicrobial resistance ( amr ) originates in the places where antimicrobials are used. it seems logical, that is, until one starts to think about all the places antimicrobials are used and the results of survey studies that have found the presence of bacteria with genetic indicators of resistance to be widespread. in this third part of a four - part series on amr we look at who is at fault for the increase in resistance. many people are pointing the finger at animal agriculture. certainly, antibiotics are used in animal agriculture, maybe even a greater amount by volume than is used in human medicine. in animal agriculture, antibiotic use is governed by label requirements that indicate the dose, route of administration, and length of treatment. most commonly, antibiotics are given to control infectious diseases. in some cases, antibiotics may also be given to prevent infectious diseases. for example, in dairy cows, it has been the standard recommendation to infuse broad - spectrum antibiotics into all four teats of all cows at the time they are dried off to help control intramammary infections. antibiotics have also been used to enhance performance. for example, in swine production, antimicrobials are fed to change the gut microbe population with the result that growth is increased. antibiotic use in animal agriculture should be done in consultation with a veterinarian. dairy producers are encouraged to have a valid veterinary - client - patient relationship ( vcpr ) through which all issues of herd health and treatment are discussed. veterinarian involvement has been shown to reduce the incidence of antibiotic residues in animals that leave the farm. but animal agriculture is only one user of antimicrobials. veterinary drugs are limited by label, however antibiotic use in human medicine does not have label limits. individual doctors specify the drug use, dose, length of treatment and more. doctors sometimes prescribe antibiotics when antibiotics are not indicated. i represented michigan state university extension at a recent national institute of animal agriculture ( niaa ) conference dedicated to antimicrobial resistance. at the niaa conference, dr. kurt stevenson of the, reported a study that found that 25 - 40 percent of hospitalized patients receive antibiotics and 10 - 70 percent are unnecessary or sub - optimal in dosage. inappropriate use of antibiotics is a risk factor for the development of antimicrobial resistance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.480917703659774, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45b5d097-b201-4860-af44-b9a451e3fb81>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.967581"}
{"text": "usually ships in 1 - 5 days published : random house, 3 / 2012 a brilliant book by nobel prize winner eric r. kandel, the age of insight takes us to vienna 1900, where leaders in science, medicine, and art began a revolution that changed forever how we think about the human mind \u2014 our conscious and unconscious thoughts and emotions \u2014 and how mind and brain relate to art. at the turn of the century, vienna was the cultural capital of europe. artists and scientists met in glittering salons, where they freely exchanged ideas that led to revolutionary breakthroughs in psychology, brain science, literature, and art. kandel takes us into the world of vienna to trace, in rich and rewarding detail, the ideas and advances made then, and their enduring influence today. the vienna school of medicine led the way with its realization that truth lies hidden beneath the surface. that principle infused viennese culture and strongly influenced the other pioneers of vienna 1900. sigmund freud shocked the world with his insights into how our everyday unconscious aggressive and erotic desires are repressed and disguised in symbols, dreams, and behavior. arthur schnitzler revealed women \u2019 s unconscious sexuality in his novels through his innovative use of the interior monologue. gustav klimt, oscar kokoschka, and egon schiele created startlingly evocative and honest portraits that expressed unconscious lust, desire, anxiety, and the fear of death. kandel tells the story of how these pioneers \u2014 freud, schnitzler, klimt, kokoschka, and schiele \u2014 inspired by the vienna school of medicine, in turn influenced the founders of the vienna school of art history to ask pivotal questions such as what does the viewer bring to a work of art? how does the beholder respond to it? these questions prompted new and ongoing discoveries in psychology and brain biology, leading to revelations about how we see and perceive, how we think and feel, and how we respond to and create works of art. kandel, one of the leading scientific thinkers of our time, places these five innovators in the context of today \u2019 s cutting - edge science and gives us a new understanding of the modernist art of klimt, kokoschka, and schiele, as well as the school of thought of freud and schnitzler. reinvigorating the intellectual enquiry that began in vienna 1900, the age of insight is a wonderfully written, superbly researched, and beautifully illustrated book that also provides", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48480131946576344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ae3e692-f9a7-458d-a710-cd0b70338569>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.971625"}
{"text": "contact site moderator dr. robert e. belford how do we make students the stars of their own learning, taking them out of the classroom for simple experiments and enabling them to share on the web, their experiences, pictures, and results? this was the main goal of the global experiment, addressing key objectives of iyc, namely to increase public understanding. the theme water \u2013 a chemical solution was chosen to invite students to explore one of earth \u2019 s most critical resources. a dedicated website for the global experiment was designed to disseminate the experiments protocols, upload the results, view all deposit data, and share stories. the interactive site \u2014 available in english, french, spanish, russian, and chinese \u2014 engaged young people to take part in celebarting iyc and to learn about the relationship between water and many of the world \u2019 s current problems \u2014 from food shortages to climate change \u2014 and how chemistry plays a fundamental role in understanding and resolving these challenges. four experiments were designed covering acidity, salinity, filtration and distillation. since launching the global experiment on world water day in march 2011 in south africa, 80 000 students from over 80 countries have shared their results on the website. central to the success of the global experiment was the use of social networks, which allowed students to shared experiences, photos, and concerns in real time through facebook, twitter, youtube, or flickr. by using these social tools, students created their own communities of friends sharing interest in chemistry. the global experiment website : http : / / water. chemistry2011. org javier garcia martinez & rovani sigamoney one study shows that 96 % of the students with online access reported that they used online social media, and nearly 60 % of those students use these online tools to discuss education - related topics and more than 50 % reported that they use them to discuss schoolwork to support their education. 1 recognizing the potential risks of irresponsible use of the web, there is great potential in the new social networking technologies to reach our kids using their own language and help them find their own interests. in many cases, this simply consists of using their channels of communication to share information. in other cases, it means creating opportunities for them to share and create content that is useful for them. 2 the central idea behind student - driven education is that the kids would be the main actors of their own learning by having them leave the classroom for simple experiments related to daily activities, and then enabling them to share their experiences, pictures,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5391950016792579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9034cd14-2794-4efa-96d2-f2e1c074d3bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.979204"}
{"text": "for them. 2 the central idea behind student - driven education is that the kids would be the main actors of their own learning by having them leave the classroom for simple experiments related to daily activities, and then enabling them to share their experiences, pictures, and results on the web. the global experiment of the international year of chemistry, 3, 4, 5 has been a wonderful opportunity to reach hundreds of thousands of students through social media for education and science. the various experiments were designed to require minimal equipment and resources, and the protocols drafted by an international team of educators. a dedicated website for the global experiment was created so that one could download the instructions for performing the experiments, upload the results, and view the data obtained by other students from around the world. the interactive site \u2014 available in english, french, spanish, russian, and chinese \u2014 also served as a clearinghouse for teachers and affiliated centers. it was designed for young people to actively participate in iyc and learn about the relationship between water and many of the world \u2019 s current problems \u2014 from food shortages to climate change \u2014 and how chemistry plays a fundamental role in understanding and resolving these challenges. when all of the results of the experiment were posted by students, an impressive map began to emerge that illustrated the contributions from all schools, colleges, or institutions involved around the world. figure 1. data collected by students displayed on maps that show the different values according to their value, location and number of participants. activities related to the measurement of water quality : \u2022 acidity : students learned to take measurements of local water ph using various indicators. next, they were taught to use techniques for checking the reliability of the results obtained. \u2022 salinity : the salinity experiment enabled students to measure the salt content of water samples by evaporation and until the sample is dried to constant weight. activities related to water purification : \u2022 filtration : in this activity the students constructed a filtration unit and evaluated its efficiency and capacity using a sample of local water. as with other activities, the data generated contributed to a global map of the results. \u2022 distillation : during this activity, students investigated an alternative way of purifying water using solar energy and the process of distillation. additionally, students had an opportunity to design and build their own distillation system. social media is a powerful tool embraced by the youth and which offers new opportunities and challenges for educators to engage their students. central to the success of the global experiment was the use of social networks, which allowed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5707226759021418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9034cd14-2794-4efa-96d2-f2e1c074d3bf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.980330"}
{"text": "and build their own distillation system. social media is a powerful tool embraced by the youth and which offers new opportunities and challenges for educators to engage their students. central to the success of the global experiment was the use of social networks, which allowed students to shared experiences, photos, and concerns in real time through facebook, twitter, youtube, or flickr. using these social tools, they were able to create their own communities of friends who shared their interest in chemistry. from the beginning, the global experiment was intended not just as an activity for youth. instead, with the tools that social media provided, the experiment quickly evolved to become an activity by youth \u2014 a student - driven initiative allowing interaction through virtual communities. both the students and the teachers are to be thanked, and each school that participated in this activity received a certificate of participation. figure 2. interactive tool contained in the website of the global experiment including twitter, facebook and youtube. recently, the global experiment was part of a competition organized by visualizing. org, in which computer programmers worldwide were asked to develop software that could view, compare, and analyze the vast amount of information we gathered over the past year. in the spirit of the global experiment, this challenge was developed in a collaborative way so that from an initial design, programmers could create a more effective tool together than any individual programmer. the end result is an interactive map that displays all data sorted by type of experiment, the source of the water sample, and location. figure 3. developed specific software for viewing, comparison and analysis of the results of experiment global created collaboratively by programmers around the world through the competition organized by visualizing. org the yearlong global experiment \u2013 water : a chemical solution has been quite remarkable both educationally and socially. all of us in iupac and unesco are very grateful to everyone from around the world, who worked so hard to make gwe possible, but most importantly, we \u2019 d like to thank all the teachers and students who embraced the global experiment \u2013 they were the ones who made it truly global and made it such a success. creating & connecting : research and guidelines on online social \u2014 and educational \u2014 networking. national school boards association. 2007. javier garcia - martinez, chemistry 2. 0 : creating online communities, chemistry international, jul - aug 2010, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 4 - 7. the global experiment website : water. chemistry2011. org tony wright y javier garcia martinez, water : a chemical solution - a global experiment for the international year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5512394245784616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9034cd14-2794-4efa-96d2-f2e1c074d3bf>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.981356"}
{"text": "short history of belize archaeologists estimate that at their peak, 1 to 2 million mayans lived within the borders of present day belize. mighty maya cities such as caracol, xunantunich and lamanai dotted the landscape, with small agricultural communities farming the land between. the maya civilization is divided into the pre - classic ( 1000 bc to ad 300 ), the classic ( ad 300 to 900 ) when the civilization reached its height of development, and the post - classic ( ad 1000 to 1500 ) when the civilization fell apart and disappeared. no one knows for certain what caused the disappearance of the maya. perhaps it was war, loss of faith, famine, or a series of natural disasters. christopher columbus sailed along the coast of central america in 1502, and named the bay of honduras which borders the southern part of the barrier reef. the first settlers in belize were english puritans, setting up trading posts along the coast of belize. various bands of ship - wrecked sailors, buccaneers, and pirates established permanent bases in belize, harassing the spanish galleons carrying gold, silver, and hardwoods from central america to europe. it wasn ' t long before logging became the dominant occupation. this band of rugged individuals took to calling themselves \" baymen \" after the bay of honduras. spain continually attempted to expel these british buccaneers from then spanish territory, but finally signed treaties in 1763 and 1786 allowing the british to continue to harvest timber in exchange for protection against pirates preying on the spanish galleons. the colonial period during the 1840 ' s, great britain declared belize to be the colony of british honduras. development of belize became more organized and multiethnic through a series of cultural changes. the european settlers began to marry freed slaves forming the creole majority that still is dominant in the population. mexican citizens began cultivating small farms in northern belize. in southern belize, the kekchi and mopan maya sought refuge in the hills of the maya mountains. a small band of confederate civil war veterans settled in what is now punta gorda. and from the bay islands of honduras, the garifuna people migrated and settled along the coast of belize. early twentieth century to present by the early 1900 ' s, belize had grown to nearly 40, 000 inhabitants. but a destructive 1931 hurricane destroyed belize city and by the 1930 ' s, the economy was so poor that the residents began to call for independence. by 1954 voting rights were extended to all adults, and by 1961, england agreed to begin the process of setting belize free. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4164065017491409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4616a818-8c40-42bb-b3f4-36c2395ba221>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.984197"}
{"text": "every musical instrument in a symphonic orchestra will emit a distinct tone that will contribute to the sound of music that will be heard by an audience during a concert performance. the woodwind section of the symphonic orchestra is comprised of musical instruments such as the flute, oboe, the clarinet, and the bassoon. a symphonic orchestra is comprised of brass instruments, stringed instruments, percussion instruments, and woodwind instruments. the musical instruments that are considered woodwind instruments will be equipped with one or two reeds. the shaping of woodwind musical instruments is tubular, and certain woodwinds will have several curves in the tube, which will allow different sounds to be made simply by the shape of the instrument. the musician will place a reed in the mouthpiece to create sound and the amount of air in the tubing will determine what type of sound will be emitted. a symphonic orchestra will have a unique seating arrangement that accounts for the magnificent blend of music that audiences hear each night. the seating chart is arranged in sections, by musical instrument class rather than by the tenure of the musician who is playing the instrument. the number of seats allowed per instrument is generally five, sometimes more depending on the size of the orchestra. musicians covet the first chair of any musical instrument section because it is a position of honor in a symphonic orchestra. the conductor will reserve each seat in a musical section to a specific musician, and will give the honor of the first chair to the musician that has proven through testing and experience that they are the best. the first chair musician in a symphonic orchestra is normally given the honor of serving as a soloist during a concert performance. the sections for woodwind musical instruments will cascade from five parent instruments. the section of flutes will be comprised of piccolos and flutes. these woodwind instruments do not use any reeds to produce music but rely on holes in the instrument to introduce air into a tubular form. some classical music selections will require more flutes than piccolos to be used and any musical instruments that are not needed will remain silent during that portion of the musical performance. other sections of the seating chart for a symphonic orchestra will be comprised of instruments like the clarinet. the three styles of clarinet used in a symphonic orchestra are the clarinet, the bass or contra bass clarinet, and the e - flat clarinet. some of these woodwind instruments are held in the hand, and woodwinds like the contra base are very large and are equipped with built - in stands that can be extended to form a peg to allow the musician to slant the woodwind instrument", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47478369047948515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a1638f1-4692-48a6-8477-0fa8391364ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.989689"}
{"text": "this study will determine whether stimulating the nerves or the brain can modify the spinal reflex that controls the muscles that flex and extend the ankle. training spinal nerve networks with sensory input may provide a way of re - establishing movements, such as walking, in patients with spinal injury. healthy normal volunteers with no history of peripheral neuropathy or radiculopathy, ankle contractures or tendon surgery may be eligible for this study. participants will undergo three stimulation procedures, each in a different session, to measure leg muscle reflexes. the procedures are : - reflex testing - metal electrodes are taped to the skin over the leg muscles. a small electrical pulse is delivered through the electrodes to stimulate two nerves to the muscles. this evokes a reflex between the ankle flexor and extensor muscles. the responses to several dozen stimuli are averaged. - nerve stimulation - the nerve to the muscle that flexes the leg is electrically stimulated near the knee through electrodes taped to the skin. the strength of the stimulus is adjusted to produce little or no muscle movement. the stimulation is repeated every few seconds for 45 minutes. - transcranial magnetic stimulation - an insulated wire coil is placed on the subject ' s scalp. a brief electrical current passes through the coil, creating a magnetic pulse that travels through the scalp and skull and causes small electrical currents in the outer part of the brain. there may be twitching in the muscles of the arm or leg. during the stimulation, the subject may be asked to tense certain muscles slightly or perform other simple actions to help determine the best position for the coil over the part of the brain that controls the leg. the leg is then stimulated once every 10 seconds, combined with nerve stimulation every 1 to 2 seconds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49643357015653566, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b8643186-8637-4f2d-b8fd-f07b498416af>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:53.992616"}
{"text": "mathematics is often thought to be universally and unassailably true. i have even heard it argued that god, omnipotent though he may be, could not make math false even if he was impulsive enough to try it. can mathematicians actually prove that math is true? if they cannot, does the fact that math is so useful in solving real world problems provide evidence of its truth? and, if mathematics is not true, then does that imply that conclusions drawn from it are faulty or suspect? these are some of the questions that i will try to address. the first attempt we might make to prove that mathematics is true is to consider real world situations where mathematical equations seem to appear. some examples are : \u2022 if i have three red balls in a bag and add two more, the bag will then contain five red balls. \u2022 if i am on a train traveling at three miles per hour and throw a ball at two miles per hour ( measured with respect to the train ) then the ball will be traveling at five miles per hour with respect to the ground. \u2022 if i had three dollars worth of goods yesterday and borrow two dollars worth of goods from you today then i have five dollars worth of goods in my possession. each of these three situations seem to imply the equation 3 + 2 = 5, but do they actually prove that the equation 3 + 2 = 5 is true? one problem with drawing conclusions about mathematics from these examples is that the number \u2019 3 \u2032 is not the same as \u2018 three balls \u2019 or \u2018 three hours \u2019 or \u2018 three dollars \u2019, and the operator \u2018 + \u2019 is not the same as grouping together balls or combining velocities or aggregating wealth. it is true that 3 + 2 = 5 is typically an excellent model for each of these situations, but nonetheless the equation is not precisely equivalent to these situations. it is also true that when we group balls together ( by, in this case, placing them in a bag ) the procedure generally behaves as though we are performing addition. but now suppose that the objects we are grouping together are made of packed sand, or some other delicate substance. in this case, when we add new objects to our bag they will sometimes fracture and split into multiple objects, and occasionally multiple objects will even fuse together into a single object. the addition operator \u2018 + \u2019 no longer models this situation well because when we place a new object in the bag it does not always increase the number of objects contained in the bag by one. it is not terribly difficult to annih", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5663927218843567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e60be39-5ae5-486f-84a5-f0cf36a5f3c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.000129"}
{"text": "a single object. the addition operator \u2018 + \u2019 no longer models this situation well because when we place a new object in the bag it does not always increase the number of objects contained in the bag by one. it is not terribly difficult to annihilate the relationship between the equation 3 + 2 = 5 and the other real world situations given above. for example, einstein \u2019 s theory of relativity tells us ( in contradiction to the more intuitive but less accurate equations of newtonian mechanics ) that when a person on a train which is moving three miles per hour ( with respect to the ground ) throws a ball at two miles per hour ( with respect to the train ), then the speed of the ball with respect to the ground is actually very slightly less than 5 miles per hour, not equal to 5 miles per hour. what \u2019 s more, if i had three dollars worth of goods yesterday and then borrow two dollars worth of goods from you today, the total number of dollars worth of goods that i have possession of will not necessarily be five dollars if the value of my original goods changed between yesterday and today ( as can happen in real economic markets ). what these examples show us is that the only reason to say that grouping balls or combining velocities or aggregating wealth encapsulates the idea of mathematical addition is because most of the time the addition operator \u2018 + \u2019 provides a good model for these scenarios. we can no more conclude that 3 + 2 = 5 is a true statement simply because putting two balls into a bag that already has three balls generally produces a bag with five balls, then we can conclude that 3 + 2 = 5 is false simply because velocities have been proven not to add. in other words, while real world situations can motivate the equations of mathematics and provide justifications for applying them, they cannot prove that those equations are actually true. we have stared at equations like 3 + 2 = 5 so many times in our lives that it can be difficult to consider them with fresh eyes in order to ask ourselves what it really is that they are saying. clearly \u2019 3 \u2032, \u2018 + \u2019, \u2019 2 \u2032, \u2018 = \u2019 and \u2019 5 \u2032 are not objects in the physical universe. you can go to the zoo and see three bears, or see the numeral \u2019 3 \u2032 printed on a sign, or perform arithmetic on paper using the symbol \u2019 3 \u2032, but nowhere in the universe can you find the actual ( metaphysical ) number \u2019 3 \u2032. this is hardly surprising, since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6143061252003301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e60be39-5ae5-486f-84a5-f0cf36a5f3c1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.001241"}
{"text": ", or see the numeral \u2019 3 \u2032 printed on a sign, or perform arithmetic on paper using the symbol \u2019 3 \u2032, but nowhere in the universe can you find the actual ( metaphysical ) number \u2019 3 \u2032. this is hardly surprising, since \u2019 3 \u2032 is a concept or idea, not a physical thing. but this line of thought implies that 3 + 2 = 5 is a statement about the relationship among the concepts \u2019 3 \u2032, \u2019 2 \u2032, and \u2019 5 \u2032, and not a statement about physical entities that actually exist. but how do we define the word \u201c true \u201d when it comes to relations among abstract concepts? one possible approach is to say that statements about abstract concepts are true if they follows as logical consequence of the definitions of the concepts themselves. this leads us to ask whether 3 + 2 = 5 and all other mathematical statements are simply true by definition as a consequence of our chosen definitions for \u2019 3 \u2032, \u2018 + \u2019, \u2019 2 \u2032, \u2018 = \u2019, \u2019 5 \u2032 and the other mathematical objects. unfortunately, this question cannot be answered without further qualification. to begin with, what do we mean by \u201c mathematical objects \u201d, and how do we choose to define concepts such as \u2019 3 \u2032? various authors have attempted to define mathematics by developing lists of axioms ( which are simply assumed to be true ) and then proving that the basic mathematical objects ( e. g. integers ) and theorems ( e. g. a + b = b + a ) follow from these axioms. unfortunately, there are a variety of different ways that math can be axiomatized ( i. e. built up from basic axioms ). some approaches use sets as the most basic objects ( as is done in what is probably the most popular axiomatization, zermelo - fraenkel set theory ), while others use category theory to provide the basic building blocks, and still other theories attempt to axiomatize only small portions of math, such as euclid \u2019 s axioms of planar geometry, hilbert \u2019 s axiomatization of euclidean geometry and the peano axioms for arithmetic. what is even worse ( when it comes to deciding what is true ) than having so many conflicting viewpoints for constructing math is that the axioms of these viewpoints are themselves not provably true. if you are willing to assume the axioms of math are \u201c true \u201d ( whatever that means ), then all of the resulting theorems that can be derived from those axioms are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6243637562377735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e60be39-5ae5-486f-84a5-f0cf36a5f3c1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.002332"}
{"text": "to be true ), and hence it would hardly seem fair to then conclude that mathematical theorems are \u201c true \u201d in some objective and universal sense. these problems are compounded by the fact that we cannot prove that our commonly accepted mathematical axioms do not contradict each other, leading to a still deeper level on which to question the truth of mathematical statements. in the end, while it hardly seems fair to say that math is false, it also does not not seem fair to conclude that math is true. math is probably neither \u201c true \u201d nor \u201c false \u201d in the usual sense of those words, though it does undeniably provide extraordinarily useful models for making predictions about what will happen in our physical universe. this will perhaps seem less surprising if we remember that mathematics was not originally developed from the ground up using axioms, but rather piece by piece in order to find solutions to problems that appear in the real world ( like those related to calculating the size of plots of land, counting money, measuring roads, tracking the movements of the stars, understanding heat flow in cannons, etc. ). hence, mathematical definitions were chosen by humans to model physical reality so that we could make useful predictions, not to encapsulate metaphysical truth, so really, why should we expect math to be true?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5981022421987896, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7e60be39-5ae5-486f-84a5-f0cf36a5f3c1>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.006767"}
{"text": "nucleospin rna virus is designed for the isolation of viral nucleic acids from serum, plasma, or any cell - free biological fluids. the kit features a special type of membrane which has a high binding capacity for viral rna or viral dna. the procedure is rapid and easy. the lysate is incubated for 5 \u2013 10 min and applied to the nucleospin column. after two washing steps to remove contaminants, the viral rna or viral dna can be eluted with water or low - salt buffer. the kit contains all necessary buffers, spin columns, and detailed protocols. generally, nucleospin rna virus is suited for the simultaneous purification of viral rna and dna ( support protocol ). for example, isolation of hbv dna is performed with an additional proteinase k digest ( enzyme not included in the kit ). for isolation of viral dna with the highest sensitivities, the nucleospin blood kit is recommended. nucleospin rna virus f is designed for the processing of larger volumes of starting material, avoiding successive loadings and decreasing the risk of cross - contamination. the funnel column of the kit allows handling of up to 1 ml serum or plasma with only one loading step. due to the small diameter of the membrane, the elution volume is still between 50 \u2013 100 \u00b5l, resulting in a highly concentrated sample directly suitable for any amplification process. the funnel column can be centrifuged in a 50 ml polyethylene tube ( included in the kit ) and can be closed separately. elution tubes are fitted directly onto the funnel column. cross contamination is eliminated because all steps are performed in a closed system. eight or twelve samples ( depending on the centrifuge rotor used ) can be processed in 30 minutes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48841383429701823, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:82889aa1-ec91-4efd-b903-aba0bcbf6690>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.008620"}
{"text": "so what is expected of a sayanim? what is a sayanim? the sayanim is a jewish person, that can be called on to assist another jew in any cause. since birth, the jewish people have been taught of their superiority and need for cohesion. the sephardic jews are the upper level of the network, and the ashkenazim, which constitute 95 % of all jews, are the worker ants. since the sephardics first converted the ashkenazim, they brainwashed them into the idea that the world is their enemy, but their fellow jew is a \" quiet guardian \". who is a sayanim? every jewish person is expected to be a potential agent, in varying degrees. what will they do? if the jewish people sense a potential threat, the jewish sayanim is authorized to commit anything from simple harassment to business ruin, and even multiple murders. the columbine massacre was a perfect example. the police knew there were seven people involved, but five students, two sets of parents, one employer and psychiatrists, provided alibis and corrupted evidence. your jewish accountant will relay any bookkeeping info to a jewish competitor, your friendly jewish pharmacist will assist, your jewish doctor, a clerk at visa will supply credit information, the list is endless. \u201c... i realized i had to gain more knowledge to protect against evil and to protect myself from not becoming evil myself. this is our major goal in life... \\ \" terry lee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4766661630572739, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a0194684-314c-4f61-a001-d0c983f07c97>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.010373"}
{"text": "click here for spark show times on cnn international. send your thoughts on this story to email @ example. com or read what other viewers have to say what has been the most significant invention or discovery of the past 50 years? vote now your e - mail alerts ( cnn ) - - anyone with a computer can now contribute to tackling some of the world ' s biggest humanitarian problems simply by leaving their machine logged on when not in use. this week saw the launch in new york of the world community grid, an initiative which aims to take advantage of the under - used power of business and home computers by recruiting them to analyze data for medical, social and environmental research. by accelerating the pace of that work, organizers say the world community grid could aid our understanding of the genetic codes that underlie diseases such as hiv and aids, alzheimer ' s and cancer. it could also contribute to creating more accurate models of the world ' s food and water supplies, climate change or the spread of pollution. the project is based on grid computing technology, which joins together individual computers via the internet to create a large system with computational power far in excess of the world ' s most powerful supercomputers. with an estimated 650 million pcs in use around the world, the world community grid will initially be able to handle up to 10 million participants. then, whenever the computer is idle, the computer requests data from a world community grid server, performs computations and sends the results back to the server. \" world community grid represents a new model for philanthropic giving, \" said linda sanford, a senior vice president at ibm, which helped build the infrastructure and is also hosting and providing support for the grid. \" the grid demonstrates that government, business and society can be the direct beneficiary of innovation if we are willing to rethink the way innovation and science both develop and prosper. \" grid computing has already proved its effectiveness in shortening the timescale of vital research projects. last year a grid of more than two million volunteers contributed to the analysis of 35 million drug molecules in the search for a treatment for smallpox. the study identified 44 potential treatments for the disease and cut analysis that would otherwise have taken more than a year to less than three months. it is also being used by climateprediction. net, a project led by the oxford university e - science centre, which is seeking to predict how the climate will change in the next century. the first research to benefit from the new research will be the human proteome folding project,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5389667339931333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2da2ee62-cd33-4dbc-9746-9db51a15daf9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.015205"}
{"text": "##ion. net, a project led by the oxford university e - science centre, which is seeking to predict how the climate will change in the next century. the first research to benefit from the new research will be the human proteome folding project, launched by the seattle - based institute for systems biology to study the genetic structure of proteins that cause diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. \" now that the human genome has been sequenced, the next critical phase in genomics research is to do as much as we can to understand protein functions, \" said isb lead scientist dr. rich bonneau. \" this database of protein structures and possible functions will let us take those next steps in understanding how diseases that involve these proteins work. \" the world community grid advisory committee said it would consider further proposals from leading research, public and not - for - profit organizations to conduct humanitarian research, with the intention of conducting five or six studies in the first year. \" the world community grid is an exciting new initiative brought about by ibm to conduct humanitarian research using grid technology, \" said professor paul jeffreys of the oxford university e - science centre, a member of the advisory committee. \" following close collaboration with ibm on e - science, oxford university signed a strategic partnership with ibm earlier this year and it is delighted to extend the partnership into a worldwide grid activity. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5459480343735643, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2da2ee62-cd33-4dbc-9746-9db51a15daf9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.015892"}
{"text": "atlanta, georgia ( cnn ) - - this week while you ' re traveling, if you happen to spot a man applying hand sanitizer as he gets off an escalator, there ' s a good chance it ' s dr. mark gendreau, a senior staff physician at the lahey clinic in burlington, massachusetts. travel season can be a germ fest. make sure to keep your hands clean. gendreau studies germiness while traveling, and he knows just how infectious travel can be. \" the risk of contracting a contagious illness is heightened when we travel within any enclosed space, especially during the winter months, when most of the respiratory viruses thrive, \" gendreau said. studies show that germs can travel easily on an airplane, where people are packed together like sardines. for example, a woman on a 1994 flight from chicago to honolulu transmitted drug - resistant tuberculosis to at least six of her fellow passengers, according to a new england journal of medicine study. in 2003, 22 people came down with sars, or severe acute respiratory syndrome, from a single fellow passenger who had sars but didn ' t have any symptoms, according to another new england journal study. but the airplane isn ' t the only place along your travel route where germs thrive. here are five ways to avoid germs while traveling. 1. sit toward the front of the airplane \" pick a seat near the front, since ventilation systems on most commercial aircraft provide better air flow in the front of the aircraft, \" gendreau advised. if you can afford it, sit in first class, where people aren ' t so squished together. 2. don ' t drink coffee or tea on an airplane monitoring by the environmental protection agency shows that water in airplanes ' water tanks isn ' t always clean - - and coffee and tea are usually made from that water, not from bottled water, according to victoria day, a spokeswoman for the air transport association. the epa advises anyone with a suppressed immune system or anyone who ' s \" concerned \" about bacteria to refrain from drinking coffee or tea on an airplane. \" while boiling water for one minute will remove pathogens from drinking water, the water used to prepare coffee and tea aboard a plane is not generally brought to a sufficiently high temperature to guarantee that pathogens are killed, \" according to the epa ' s web site. according to the epa, out of 7, 812 water samples taken from 2, 316 aircraft, 2. 8 percent were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39871421021268794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a604f052-43a9-41b8-9001-99f965202ce0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.021501"}
{"text": "generally brought to a sufficiently high temperature to guarantee that pathogens are killed, \" according to the epa ' s web site. according to the epa, out of 7, 812 water samples taken from 2, 316 aircraft, 2. 8 percent were positive for coliform bacteria. although that sounds like a small number, this means 222 samples contained coliform bacteria. 3. sanitize your hands after leaving an airplane bathroom a toilet on an airplane \" is among the germiest that you will encounter almost anywhere, \" said charles gerba, an environmental microbiologist at the university of arizona who ' s also known as \" dr. germ. \" \" you have 50 people per toilet, unless you are flying a discount airline ; then it is 75, \" gerba said. \" we always find e. coli on surfaces in airplane restrooms. \" you should wash your hands after using the restroom, but because the water itself might have harmful bacteria ( see no. 2 above ) and because the door handle on your way out has been touched by all those who went before you, gendreau also advises sanitizing your hands when you return to your seat. 4. wash or sanitize your hands after getting off an escalator gendreau says tests show that escalators in airports are full of germs. to confirm these tests, here ' s a fun activity while you wait for your flight this thanksgiving : look at your watch, and count how many people get an escalator in a five - minute time period. multiply that by 12, and you have how many people are on that escalator every hour. high - volume handrails are why gendreau sanitizes his hands as soon as he can after he exits an escalator. 5. wash or sanitize your hands after using an atm gendreau says atms, especially in busy places like airports, are full of germs. as with escalators, he sanitizes asap after using one. gendreau says that keeping healthy while traveling can be summed up in six words : \" hand hygiene, hand hygiene, hand hygiene. \" keeping your hands clean is crucial, he says, when you ' re spending the day touching surfaces that have been touched by hundreds or thousands of people before you. cnn ' s jennifer pifer - bixler, marcy heard and sabriya rice contributed to this report. all about u. s. environmental protection agency | most viewed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45357272114511205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a604f052-43a9-41b8-9001-99f965202ce0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.022668"}
{"text": "a chemical reaction between iron - containing minerals and water may produce enough hydrogen \u201c food \u201d to sustain microbial communities living in pores and cracks within the enormous volume of rock below the ocean floor and parts of the continents, according to a new study led by the university of colorado boulder. university of colorado boulder assistant professor nikolaus correll likes to think in multiples. if one robot can accomplish a singular task, think how much more could be accomplished if you had hundreds of them. correll and his computer science research team recently created a swarm of 20 robots, each the size of a pingpong ball, which they call \u201c droplets. \u201d when the droplets swarm together, correll said, they form a \u201c liquid that thinks. \u201d in 1977, jimmy carter was sworn in as president, elvis died, virginia park ranger roy sullivan was hit by lightning a record seventh time and two nasa space probes destined to turn planetary science on its head launched from florida. when the space shuttle atlantis lifted off for its journey to the international space station in 2009, it had on board two butterfly habitats, which were part of an experiment conducted by cu - boulder and k \u2013 12 students across the country. corn and potato crops may soon provide information to farmers about when the plants need water and how much should be delivered, due to a cu - boulder invention. a tiny sensor clipped to plant leaves charts their moisture content, a key measure of water deficiency and accompanying stress. data from the leaves is sent wirelessly over the internet to computers linked to irrigation equipment, ensuring timely watering, reducing excessive water and energy use, and potentially saving farmers millions of dollars a year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5300209127347297, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6427b637-36e9-419e-9ed4-2363f843d44f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.024518"}
{"text": "good food guide eggs are a good source of protein, but it ' s important to store, handle and prepare them properly. eggs are good to include in a balanced diet. as well as being a source of protein, they also contain vitamins and minerals. they can be part of a healthy meal that ' s quick and easy to make. however, to avoid any risk of food poisoning, it ' s important to store, handle and cook eggs properly. this especially applies to vulnerable groups, including the very young, the unwell, pregnant women and elderly people. eggs are a good source of : - vitamin d - vitamin a - vitamin b2 there is no recommended limit on how many eggs people should eat. but to get the nutrients you need, make sure you eat as varied a diet as possible. you can learn more about healthy eating in a balanced diet. eggs and cholesterol eggs contain cholesterol, and high cholesterol levels in our blood increases our risk of heart disease. however, the cholesterol we get from food \u2013 including eggs \u2013 has less effect on the amount of cholesterol in our blood than the amount of saturated fat we eat. if your gp or health professional has told you to watch your cholesterol level, your priority should be to cut down on saturated fat. you can get advice in eat less saturated fat. if you are eating a balanced diet, you only need to cut down on eggs if you have been told to by your gp or dietitian. eating raw eggs, eggs with runny yolks, or any food that is uncooked or only lightly cooked and contains raw eggs can cause food poisoning, especially in anyone who is : - a baby or toddler - already unwell this is because eggs may contain salmonella bacteria, which can cause serious illness. when eating raw or lightly cooked eggs, using pasteurised eggs minimises this risk, because the pasteurisation process kills salmonella. pasteurisation is a heat treatment that uses high temperatures to kill bacteria. most eggs are not pasteurised, so the only way to be sure you are getting them is to ask the retailer. pasteurised eggs are available from some supermarkets. they can also come in liquid, dried or frozen form. if you are preparing food \u2013 especially food that won \u2019 t be cooked or will only be lightly cooked \u2013 for people who might be at risk, you can choose pasteurised egg as the safest option. when using normal, unpasteuri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43491068586766535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1935e1ee-f032-47ab-9d26-fcc57f66a66c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.029127"}
{"text": "if you are preparing food \u2013 especially food that won \u2019 t be cooked or will only be lightly cooked \u2013 for people who might be at risk, you can choose pasteurised egg as the safest option. when using normal, unpasteurised eggs, bear in mind the importance of : - storing eggs safely - avoiding the spread of bacteria from eggs to other foods, utensils or work surfaces - cooking eggs properly \u2013 ensuring both white and yolk are solid will kill any bacteria people who are not in vulnerable groups who eat soft - boiled eggs or foods containing lightly cooked eggs should not experience any health problems, but cooking eggs thoroughly is the safest option if you are concerned about food poisoning. foods containing raw eggs foods that are made with raw eggs and then not cooked, or only lightly cooked, can cause food poisoning. this is because any bacteria in the eggs won ' t be killed. any of the following might contain raw eggs : - homemade mayonnaise - hollandaise and bearnaise sauces - salad dressings - ice cream if you are making these foods yourself, using pasteurised eggs is the safest choice. most commercially produced mayonnaise, salad dressings, sauces, ice cream, desserts or ready - made icing are made with pasteurised eggs. check the label, and ask the retailer or manufacturer if you \u2019 re not sure. if you ' re concerned about raw egg when eating out or buying food, ask the person serving you. storing eggs safely storing eggs safely helps to make sure the bacteria from the eggs and eggshell do not spread. here are some tips to help you store your eggs safely : - store eggs in a cool, dry place, ideally in the fridge. - store eggs away from other foods. it ' s a good idea to use your fridge ' s egg tray, if you have one, because this helps to keep eggs separate. - eat dishes containing eggs as soon as possible after you ' ve prepared them. if you ' re not planning to eat them straight away, cool them quickly and then keep them in the fridge for up to two days. cakes can safely be stored somewhere cool and dry. avoiding the spread of bacteria bacteria can spread very easily from eggs to other foods, as well as hands, utensils and worktops. there can be bacteria on the eggshell as well as inside the egg, so take care when handling them. these tips can help avoid the spread of bacteria : - keep eggs away from other foods, both when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4304212392842297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1935e1ee-f032-47ab-9d26-fcc57f66a66c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.030135"}
{"text": ", utensils and worktops. there can be bacteria on the eggshell as well as inside the egg, so take care when handling them. these tips can help avoid the spread of bacteria : - keep eggs away from other foods, both when they are in the shell and after you have cracked them. - be careful not to splash egg onto other foods, worktops or dishes. - always wash and dry your hands thoroughly after touching eggs or working with them. - clean surfaces, dishes and utensils thoroughly, using warm soapy water, after working with eggs. - don ' t use eggs with damaged shells, because dirt or bacteria might have got inside them. make sure that eggs are consumed before the \" best before \" date marked on the packaging. if you cook eggs until both the white and yolk are solid this will kill any bacteria. people who are vulnerable to food poisoning should only eat eggs, or food containing eggs, that have been thoroughly cooked. good food guides family food interactive guides health eating self - assessment could your diet be putting your health at risk? find out with this short test. five a day meal planner this meal planner makes it easy to get your 5 a day. food allergies self - assessment determine whether you have a food allergy or an intolerance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4209630144861538, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1935e1ee-f032-47ab-9d26-fcc57f66a66c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.030656"}
{"text": "2045 : the year man becomes immortal by lev grossman thursday, feb. 10, 2011 that was kurzweil ' s real secret, and back in 1965 nobody guessed it. maybe not even him, not yet. but now, 46 years later, kurzweil believes that we ' re approaching a moment when computers will become intelligent, and not just intelligent but more intelligent than humans. when that happens, humanity our bodies, our minds, our civilization will be completely and irreversibly transformed. he believes that this moment is not only inevitable but imminent. according to his calculations, the end of human civilization as we know it is about 35 years away. ( see the best inventions of 2010. ) computers are getting faster. everybody knows that. also, computers are getting faster faster that is, the rate at which they ' re getting faster is increasing. so if computers are getting so much faster, so incredibly fast, there might conceivably come a moment when they are capable of something comparable to human intelligence. artificial intelligence. all that horsepower could be put in the service of emulating whatever it is our brains are doing when they create consciousness not just doing arithmetic very quickly or composing piano music but also driving cars, writing books, making ethical decisions, appreciating fancy paintings, making witty observations at cocktail parties. if you can swallow that idea, and kurzweil and a lot of other very smart people can, then all bets are off. from that point on, there ' s no reason to think computers would stop getting more powerful. they would keep on developing until they were far more intelligent than we are. their rate of development would also continue to increase, because they would take over their own development from their slower - thinking human creators. imagine a computer scientist that was itself a super - intelligent computer. it would work incredibly quickly. it could draw on huge amounts of data effortlessly. it wouldn ' t even take breaks to play farmville. probably. it ' s impossible to predict the behavior of these smarter - than - human intelligences with which ( with whom? ) we might one day share the planet, because if you could, you ' d be as smart as they would be. but there are a lot of theories about it. maybe we ' ll merge with them to become super - intelligent cyborgs, using computers to extend our intellectual abilities the same way that cars and planes extend our physical abilities. maybe the artificial intelligences will help us treat the effects of old age and prolong", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.519974993890473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ec87b75-ecdb-4c14-b6c8-f698b61adfca>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.034024"}
{"text": "' ll merge with them to become super - intelligent cyborgs, using computers to extend our intellectual abilities the same way that cars and planes extend our physical abilities. maybe the artificial intelligences will help us treat the effects of old age and prolong our life spans indefinitely. maybe we ' ll scan our consciousnesses into computers and live inside them as software, forever, virtually. maybe the computers will turn on humanity and annihilate us. the one thing all these theories have in common is the transformation of our species into something that is no longer recognizable as such to humanity circa 2011. this transformation has a name : the singularity. ( comment on this story. ) the difficult thing to keep sight of when you ' re talking about the singularity is that even though it sounds like science fiction, it isn ' t, no more than a weather forecast is science fiction. it ' s not a fringe idea ; it ' s a serious hypothesis about the future of life on earth. there ' s an intellectual gag reflex that kicks in anytime you try to swallow an idea that involves super - intelligent immortal cyborgs, but suppress it if you can, because while the singularity appears to be, on the face of it, preposterous, it ' s an idea that rewards sober, careful evaluation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5428611319218494, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ec87b75-ecdb-4c14-b6c8-f698b61adfca>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.034591"}
{"text": "last week ' s tragic shooting in newtown, conn., has the country asking itself : what has happened to our society? is it lax gun control laws? underfunding for treatment of the seriously mentally ill? the breakdown of the nuclear family? violent video games? all of the above? although much remains unknown about the shooter ' s mental state, it appears he was diagnosed with asperger ' s syndrome, which typically is not associated with violent behavior. but one aspect of the shooter ' s emerging profile is that he was socially isolated. such isolation plays a big role in the lives of people living with mental illness. if their illness renders them faceless and invisible to society, they will never get the help they desperately need. a program in our city, the b ' more clubhouse, seeks to address the isolation of mental illness. by providing a place for community and by believing that people can reclaim their lives from the despair living with a mental disorder entails, we can remove the crippling isolation that leads to distorted behavior. we currently serve 180 members of our community by welcoming them to a validating space, meeting them where they are in their illness and believing in their potential to play a larger, more productive role in our community. the stigma and isolation that accompanies living with a serious mental disorder is huge and often one of the most painful consequences of the illness. the b ' more clubhouse has been successfully fighting this stigma and isolation and helping the mentally ill emerge from the darkness of illness to become contributing members of society. tara gallagher, baltimore the writer is president of the board of directors of b ' more clubhouse inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4891076539423871, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68440511-83ca-4c7f-a820-c13dbdc6254d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.037349"}
{"text": "seasonal affective disorder \u2019 s effects more severe for some seniors january 18, 2010 \u00b7 1 : 10 pm by mary andrews when october rolls around the bears all disappear, easing their way into their dens. they curl up and prepare to snooze away the winter. there are lots of us who wish we could snooze away the days from october until april, too. in winter, most of us dislike the dark mornings and the shorter days ; for some, the effects are more severe than just dislike, especially from december through february. this truly is a medical problem. it was described in medical journals as far back as 1845, including a sea captain \u2019 s report in his log that his men could not seem to get their jobs done when they sailed near norway in winter, but were energetic a week later when they sailed into a port in italy. true research into the problem did not begin until the 1980s. there are three names for this condition : seasonal affective disorder, winter depression and winter blues. while men can have this condition, it is seen most commonly in women and teens. there are many symptoms used to describe this sad condition. people can experience just the major symptoms or a whole list of them. they may : \u2022 feel sad, lonely, depressed, hopeless, anxious \u2022 oversleep but never feel rested \u2022 withdraw from their friends and just stay at home \u2022 lose interest in doing things they used to enjoy \u2022 experience appetite changes, especially craving carbohydrates \u2013 chips, pretzels, sweets, pancakes, cookies, ice cream etc. \u2022 gain weight \u2022 have difficulty concentrating on processing complex information or tasks. it is normal to experience any of these symptoms at one time or another. however, when a person experiences these symptoms for days on end it causes a major change in his or her life. if the symptoms last for days and days, the person needs to see his or her doctor. this is especially important if one notices changes in sleep patterns or if you feel hopeless and if the cycle repeats itself year after year. why does this happen to us? current research is leaning to blaming a hormone the brain produces during the night which is involved with the regulation of our sleep. it is called melatonin and the amount produced causes the problem. years ago the medical profession would tell sufferers it was all in their heads and advise them to get a hobby or a job. this answer is partly correct because it is all in our heads. melatonin is a hormone our brain produces during the hours of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4782728658119528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f95cdcf-6f1c-4295-bad8-5bacfc973ff9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.042932"}
{"text": "the medical profession would tell sufferers it was all in their heads and advise them to get a hobby or a job. this answer is partly correct because it is all in our heads. melatonin is a hormone our brain produces during the hours of darkness. it is involved in the regulation of sleep, body temperature and the release of hormones. people with sad produce too much melatonin. this disrupts their internal body clock leading to depressive symptoms. if you feel crappy from october to march and gradually feel better in april and may, you may have sad. during spring and summer our days lengthen until sunup arrives at 5 : 30 a. m. or so and the sun does not set until after 9 p. m. we get 15 hours of sunlight. fall arrives and the days shorten until sunrise is well after 5 : 30 a. m. and it starts to get dark at 3 : 30 or 4 p. m. we get just 9. 5 hours of daylight, usually not even sunlight during these seasons. this impacts us all, some more than others. sad is present in high numbers in the northern latitudes of our world with as much as 9. 5 percent of the population affected. it is not just the lack of sunlight, but high cloud cover can cause the same effect. in alaska the estimate is that 24. 9 percent of people are affected. in total, 36 million americans suffer from sad. studies by dr. norman rosenthal of the united states national institute of mental health showed that 1. 4 percent of people in florida suffer from sad while 9. 7 percent of those living in new hampshire do. we, too, live in the northern latitudes. people shy away from seeking help for this problem because they feel they must be crazy or they can just shake themselves out of it. worse, they worry that they are depressed and, lord knows, depression is a mental illness and they do not want their medical record to show that they suffer from a mental illness! however, what if there was a way to turn the situation around that was fairly easy. wouldn \u2019 t it be worth a try? you could leave the northwest and move to the sunny south, but that would mean a major life change. you could go to a warm, sunny climate for two or three weeks to break the sad cycle and soak up the sun \u2019 s rays. this is possible for some, but not for all. however, i do remember that about eight years ago relatives invited us to join them in hawaii for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47520772639978004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f95cdcf-6f1c-4295-bad8-5bacfc973ff9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.043996"}
{"text": "for two or three weeks to break the sad cycle and soak up the sun \u2019 s rays. this is possible for some, but not for all. however, i do remember that about eight years ago relatives invited us to join them in hawaii for a week. my body \u2019 s response to the sun and water was surprising and, when we returned, the effects lasted for couple of weeks. i would love to do it again. after you have seen your doctor who may or may not prescribe medication there are things you can do to feel better. \u2022 educate yourself about sad \u2013 why it happens annually. \u2022 get more natural light \u2013 sit near windows, walk outside on a clear day. \u2022 stay active even if you have to force yourself \u2013 take a walk, go to a movie, go out with friends, learn to e - mail your grandkids. \u2022 take a winter vacation in the sun. go watch the mariners get ready for the season. \u2022 try light therapy. you can buy a special lamp or a box light that gives off more light than a standard light bulb. it gives off 2, 500 to 10, 000 lux which is more intense. sit in front of it daily for 30 to 60 minutes and it will provide you with enough light to replicate outdoor light and improve your mood. lamps are available on line and at larger lighting stores. \u2022 laughter is said to help. go to your library and check out old comedy shows \u2013 they will have everything from old jackie gleason shows to the \u201c golden girls, \u201d or try reading a readers \u2019 digest or two finding funny jokes and uplifting stories. \u2022 join a red hat group \u2013 i guarantee you will laugh. call your local senior center for more information. \u2022 eat healthier food \u2013 try a beautiful orange or apple. \u2022 minimize your intake of caffeine \u2013 even tea. above all, keep reminding yourself that spring is coming and this will end. yesterday, i saw pots of primroses at one of our local grocery stores. buy one for yourself and put it where you will see if often during the day. when it is finished blooming buy another. its beauty will remind you that life will be better soon. feeling sad is a crummy way to spend the rest of the winter. seniors, if you can relate this to yourself, step out and get help and get ready to feel better.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4682069351498744, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f95cdcf-6f1c-4295-bad8-5bacfc973ff9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.044924"}
{"text": "sand castle craft is a wonderful summer craft for kids. the castle is made using empty paper towel tubes and some play sand from the sand box or the beach. children love working with the sand, and the castle can be personalized with a flag with the child \u2019 s name. this is a great craft for summer camps or for summer preschoolers. - 2 empty paper - play sand - white glue - colored construction paper or card stock craft stick ( popsicle stick ) - paints or markers 1. begin the sandcastle craft by cutting the paper towel four different lengths, as shown. the size of each length is not important, and it makes each sandcastle look unique. 2. pour some play sand on to the paper plate, covering the entire bottom of the plate. 3. using a paint brush, paint on a thick coat of white glue all over the paper towel tube. or, if you are having a lot of children do this craft, you could pour the glue on to a plastic plate and have the children roll their tubes in glue. 4. next, roll each paper towel tube in the sand on the plate, to cover the tube. shake off the excess and allow each tube to dry thoroughly. 5. add more sand to the paper plate if necessary, and add a dollop of glue to the sand, as shown. use a spoon and stir the glue into the sand to create a wet, sludgy sand. stand the sand covered tubes on the paper plate, arranging them with the tallest in the back, and the shortest near the front. push the glue - sand mix all around the tubes. this helps support them to stand. spread the rest of the sand - glue mixture all over the plate. allow everything to dry. 6. to make a flag, color or paint the wooden craft stick ( optional ). fold a small piece of colored construction paper or card stock in half, and cut out a triangle flag shape as shown. this can be personalized with the child \u2019 s name. glue the wooden craft stick inside the folded triangle shape, and glue the flag to the inside of one of the sandcastle craft is complete! did you make this craft? do you have comments / questions to share? how did you make your craft different? please tell us! do you have tips or ideas to make this craft better? please share your story here! you can even upload a photo of your craft if you like. feel free to give suggestions, or post any questions you may have related to this craft.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47725186029555977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bba0263-d476-4e4e-87c5-d888f653680a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.048300"}
{"text": "minerva ' s environment is densely populated. people may move fast, and in unpredictable ways. even static obstacles often cannot be sensed reliably. avoiding collisions is of uttermost importance for robots operating in public spaces. minerva ' s lowest level navigation module is the \" dynamic window algorithm \" ( dwa ), a method to navigation at high speeds in dynamic environment. dwa enables minerva to travel at up to 1. 6 meters per second ( over 5 feet per second ), while still avoiding collisions with obstacles. at such speeds, the robot ' s inertia is substantial. minerva ' s collision avoidance module considers torque limits when determining motion speed and velocity. to cope with difficult - to - detect obstacles, the localization modules is consulted periodically to extract from the map a set of \" virtual \" sensor measurements, which roughly correspond to positions of known obstacles or hazards, such as a nearby staircase. the following picture depicts a typical situation. shown here is the robot ( center ) and the direction of the target location ( yellow line ). the various dots correspond to sensor measurements - - both virtual and real. to avoid collisions, the robot accepts a detour and moves around the obstacle ( green dotted circle ). plenty more information on minerva ' s collision avoidance module can be found in the following papers :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5196542046467147, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:023f0aeb-2304-4745-9d8a-a426ab3ed474>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.049781"}
{"text": "as the indiana legislature mulls legalizing raw milk sales, purdue university is setting the record straight and debunks popular myths surrounding the unpasteurized product. the report, \u201c raw milk faqs, \u201d answers 18 common questions about both pasteurized and unpasteurized milk, including why pasteurization is used, whether it alters milk, and the risks associated with unpasteurized milk. \" diseases that can be transmitted through raw milk include listeriosis, campylobacter and streptococcus, to name a few, \" says mike schutz, extension dairy specialist, in a university article. \" these illnesses can be very serious or fatal. pasteurization can reduce the pathogen load in milk to make it safer for human consumption. in fact, pasteurization probably is the one practice that has done the most to reduce the spread of tuberculosis from animals to humans. \" the report also points that disease outbreaks are 150 times more likely for raw milk than pasteurized milk. from 1993 to 2006, there were 73 disease outbreaks linked to raw dairy products, which resulted in 1, 571 cases, 202 hospitalizations and two deaths. in 2012 alone, there have been six outbreaks associated with contaminated raw milk, sickening 152 adults and children. read the purdue report here. even those living on farms are not immune from contracting diseases from contaminated raw milk. in april, an e. coli outbreak in oregon affected 21 people, including four children from the farm at the center of the outbreak. the mother of another child sickened in the oregon outbreak spoke with oregon public broadcasting, stressing that \u201c there \u2019 s just an inherit risk in feeding your children raw milk that you can \u2019 t ignore. \" click here to read more. raw milk sales are legal in 30 states, while others, such as indiana, currently limit raw milk availability to cow - share programs. some states have recently opened dialogue to consider legalizing or clarifying laws involving raw milk. in wyoming, a proposed rule would allow producers who are the sole owners of livestock to serve raw milk in their home to family members, non - paying guests and farm employees. a bill was also introduced in kentucky in february that would allow consumers to buy into a dairy herd to receive raw milk products legally. one of the biggest proponents to legalizing raw milk sales is u. s. sen. rand paul ( r - ky. ), who introduced an amendment to the 2012 farm bill earlier this year that would allow the direct", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4209491472554401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4c970ead-3b39-434b-a57f-3798a4eaee2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.056556"}
{"text": "picture : market square of bruges \u00bb abbey of ter doest \u00bb castle of middelburg \u00bb fort of bavaria close to sijsele, lies the village of male. male used to be a part of sijsele ( one of the oldest settlements of the region ), but now lies on the territory of bruges. male has a small, but very scenic center, with several little old farms. the most important construction however, is the monumental castle. it is said that already in the 9th century there used to be a defence tower here for protection against the vikings. the castle was inaugurated ( 1166 ) by the archbishop of canterbury, thomas moore, but was probably already built a few years before by the count of flanders, philips of alsace. it served mainly as a residence for the counts of flanders. during the french occupation, french soldiers occupied the stronghold. in 1302 the castle was recovered by bruges ( onder guidance of jan breydel, pieter de koninck and william of gullik ). in 1382, male was captured by soldiers from ghent and destroyed, after which it was rebuilt. in 1453, again soldiers from ghent plundered the castle. in 1490, it was plundered again, this time by soldiers from the count of nassau. by far the most important person in the history of male, is louis of male ( born 1329 ). he was the son of louis of nevers and margareta of france and became the 24th count of flanders. his daughter, margaretha, married philips, the duke of burgundy. due to this fact, flanders became a part of duchy of burgundy. during this period the castle retained its importance. during the spanish occupation, the citadel got somewhat forgotten and was sold in 1558 by philips ii to knight juan lopez gallo. two years later, he was appointed baron by philips ii. the castle is thoroughly restored and has become a women ' s convent ( abbey ) since 1954. the easiest way to reach male, is following the maalsesteenweg from sijsele to bruges. worth seeing : castle ( abbey ), village center with small old farms \u00a9 hendrik de leyn - www. damme - online. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35196702900118726, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31e4896f-cb47-436d-a722-2a48ff189eb3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.059935"}
{"text": "darwin \u2019 s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth - century scientific community. below is a selection of letters exchanged between darwin and his workforce of women observers, experimenters, fieldworkers, editors and critics. associated selected readings. 1. what sorts of scientific work did women do, and for whom? 2. where did women carry out their work? 3. what motivated women to participate in the world of science? 4. what do these letters tell us about victorian women \u2019 s i ) perceived expertise and ii ) lived experiences? letter 3787 \u2013 darwin, h. e. to darwin, [ 29 october 1862 ] in this letter, henrietta darwin provides her father with observations of cats \u2019 instinctive behaviour. letter 4523 \u2013 wedgwood, l. c. to darwin, [ 6 june 1864 ] in this letter, darwin \u2019 s niece, lucy, responds to darwin \u2019 s request for observations to be made on seeds of pulmonaria officinalis. letter 7223 \u2013 darwin to wedgwood, l. c., [ 8 june 1867 - 72 ] in this letter, darwin asks his niece, lucy, to observe the expression of emotion in her pet dog and birds. letter 5817 \u2013 darwin to huxley, t. h., [ 30 january 1868 ] in this letter, darwin asks thomas huxley to pass on a questionnaire to his wife, henrietta. darwin comments that another woman from his neighbourhood is making similar observations for him. letter 6535 \u2013 vaughan williams, m. s. to darwin, h. e., [ after 14 october 1869 ] in this letter darwin \u2019 s niece, margaret, passes on observations of a crying baby to darwin \u2019 s daughter, henrietta. letter 7179 \u2013 wedgwood, l. c. to darwin, [ 5 may 1870 ] in this letter darwin \u2019 s niece, lucy, provides observations on the expression of emotion in horses and babies. she also reports briefly on her ongoing observations of wormholes. letter 8611 \u2013 cupples, a. j. to darwin, e., [ 8 november1872 ] in this letter anne jane cupples, wife of the scottish scientist george cupples, shares her observations on the expression of emotion in dogs with emma darwin. letter 8676 \u2013 treat, m. to darwin, [ 13 december 1872 ] in this letter, mary treat details her observations of, and experiments on, drosera filiformis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4821853078124317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d97bbf9-9951-4359-9f83-4785b89d0de8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.067887"}
{"text": "the expression of emotion in dogs with emma darwin. letter 8676 \u2013 treat, m. to darwin, [ 13 december 1872 ] in this letter, mary treat details her observations of, and experiments on, drosera filiformis. she also references her observational work on butterflies and offers to observe birds, insects or plants on darwin \u2019 s behalf. letter 8683 \u2013 roberts, d. to darwin, [ 17 december 1872 ] in this letter, dora roberts reports an incidence of \u201c misguided maternal instinct \u201d, observed in her hen house. she also passes on brief observations of an angry pig and her niece \u2019 s ears. letter 9616 \u2013 marshall, t. to darwin, [ september 1874 ] in this letter, theodosia marshall sends darwin observations made by her and her father of plants and insects. letter 1701 \u2013 morris, m. h. to prior, r. c. a., [ 17 june 1855 ] in this letter, margaretta hare morris describes her work on fish and insects, undertaken on the shores of mountain lakes in pennsylvania. letter 8144 \u2013 darwin to wedgwood, l. c., [ 5 january 1872 ] in this letter, darwin asks his niece, lucy, to probe wormholes on steep slopes with blunt knitting needles. letter 4235 \u2013 becker, l. e. to darwin, [ 8 july 1863 ] in this letter, lydia becker sends darwin a number of plant samples which she had gathered from her local woods. she also comments on the variation, hybridity, and inheritance of parasites in lychnis diurna. letter 8168 - ruck, a. r. to darwin, h., [ 20 january 1872 ] in this letter, amy ruck reports the results of her fieldwork on furrows and earthworm activity to her brother - in - law, horace. she has dug a number of trenches, measured soil depths and tried, but failed, to find worm castings on the family \u2019 s croquet lawn. letter 8224 \u2013 darwin to ruck, a. r., [ 24 february 1872 ] in this letter, darwin asks his \u201c geologist in chief for n. wales \u201d to provide observations and take measurements of hillside worm casting ridges. letter 8169 \u2013 wedgwood, l. to darwin, [ 20 january, 1872 ] in this letter darwin \u2019 s niece, lucy, gives the results of probing worm - holes with wire. she will send more results once she has \u201c dug some more trenches", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4690674225658222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d97bbf9-9951-4359-9f83-4785b89d0de8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.068784"}
{"text": "\u2013 wedgwood, l. to darwin, [ 20 january, 1872 ] in this letter darwin \u2019 s niece, lucy, gives the results of probing worm - holes with wire. she will send more results once she has \u201c dug some more trenches \u201d. letter 9606 \u2013 harrison, l. c. to darwin, [ 22 august 1872 ] in this letter darwin \u2019 s niece, lucy, sends a sample of pinguicula which she found near a bog. she also sends a selection of insects, which are carefully packed in a tin box. letter 10439 \u2013 treat, m. to darwin, [ 3 april 1876 ] in this letter, mary treat describes a field trip in florida. she sends pinguicula specimens and believes she may have discovered a new species of waterlily. letter 12389 \u2013 johnson, m. to darwin, [ january 1880 ] in this letter, mary johnson tells darwin about her work on worms and about a recent geological ramble she had taken with her father. during their walk they had stumbled across prof. rollerston from oxford with whom she spent \u201c an interesting day among the bones \u201d. noting the conspicuousness of her presence, rollerston commented that she was probably the first woman \u201c except a she bear or so \u201d to have entered the cave \u201c since the flood \u201d. letter 12745 - darwin to wedgwood, k. e. s., [ 8 october 1880 ] in this letter darwin asks his niece, katherine, to keep an eye out for worm castings during her walks on the heath. letter 12760 - wedgwood, k. e. s. to darwin, [ 15 october 1880 ] in this letter darwin \u2019 s niece, katherine, reports the results of her fieldwork on the common. letter 1113 - darwin to whitby, m. a. t., [ 2 september 1847 ] in this letter, darwin questions mrs. whitby, whom he had previously met at a meeting of the british association, on the difference in flight capacity of male and female silkworm moths. he also requests the results of experiments she has undertaken to determine the heritability of dark \u201c eyebrows \u201d. letter 4258 \u2013 becker, l. e. to darwin, [ 31 july 1863 ] in this letter, lydia becker details her observations and dissection of the hermaphroditic lychnis plant. she also mentions her attempts to artificially fertilise plants in her garden. letter 8113 - treat, m. to darwin, [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4550535299341529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d97bbf9-9951-4359-9f83-4785b89d0de8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.070290"}
{"text": "lydia becker details her observations and dissection of the hermaphroditic lychnis plant. she also mentions her attempts to artificially fertilise plants in her garden. letter 8113 - treat, m. to darwin, [ 20 december 1871 ] in this letter, mary treat describes her experiments on the relationship between butterfly sex and larval feeding time. letter 8989 \u2013 treat, m. to darwin, [ 28 july 1873 ] in this letter, mary treat provides a detailed report on her experiments with fly - catching drosera. letter 9485 \u2013 treat, m. to darwin, [ 8 june 1874 ] in this letter, mary treat details her experiments on dionaea which she undertakes alongside dr. wood of wilmington. letter 10390 - herrick, s. m. b. to darwin, [ 12 february 1876 ] in this letter, sophia herrick asks darwin to provide further detail on some of the plant experiments described in insectivorous plants. sophia describes her own experiments, including her use of microscopes to examine dionea in more detail. family letter : darwin, e. to darwin, w. e., [ january 23rd 1887 ] : in this letter, emma darwin tells her eldest son, william, that her third eldest son, francis, is receiving help with his plant experiments from miss bateman, the first woman admitted to linnean society. editors and critics letter 2345 \u2013 darwin to hooker, j. d., [ 20 october 1858 ] in this letter, darwin describes to joseph hooker the part played by his \u201c non naturalist relations \u201d in critiquing and challenging ideas. letter 2447 \u2013 darwin to murray, j., [ 5 april 1859 ] in this letter darwin asks his publisher, john murray, to forward a manuscript copy of the first three chapters of origin of species to georgina tollet for proofreading and criticisms of style. letter 3896 \u2013 darwin to huxley, t. h, [ before 25 february 1863 ] in this letter, darwin offers the results of his proofreading of huxley \u2019 s lectures to working men. this letter also includes critical feedback from his daughter, henrietta. letter 4010 \u2013 huxley, t. h. to darwin, [ 25 february 1863 ] in this letter, huxley praises henrietta \u2019 s criticisms of his work, lectures to working men. he hopes that her tenderheartedness will help her forgive his errors and would be obliged if she could send further criticisms in the future. letter 4038 \u2013 darwin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44925796689025976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d97bbf9-9951-4359-9f83-4785b89d0de8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.071967"}
{"text": "letter, huxley praises henrietta \u2019 s criticisms of his work, lectures to working men. he hopes that her tenderheartedness will help her forgive his errors and would be obliged if she could send further criticisms in the future. letter 4038 \u2013 darwin to lyell, c., [ 12 - 13 march 1863 ] in this letter, darwin secretly passes on henrietta \u2019 s insightful comments on lyell \u2019 s geological evidences of the antiquity of man. she has read lamarck \u2019 s work under her own steam and is a \u201c first rate critic \u201d. letter 7124 \u2013 darwin to darwin, h. e., [ 8 february 1870 ] in this letter, darwin seeks henrietta \u2019 s editorial help with chapters three and four of descent of man. he seeks her \u201c deep criticisms \u201d as well as her help with tone and style. letter 7123 - darwin to darwin, h. e., [ march 1870 ] in this letter darwin thanks his daughter, henrietta, for editing a manuscript version of chapter two of descent, which was on the mental powers of man and lower animals. she has thoroughly mastered darwin \u2019 s manuscript ; her corrections and suggestions are \u201c excellent \u201d and her transpositions \u201c most just \u201d. letter 7858 \u2013 darwin to wallace, a. r., [ 12 july 1871 ] in this letter, darwin tells wallace that he will let his family determine the worth of a paper on mivart. while henrietta, \u201c who is a great critic \u201d, thought the article worth reprinting, emma was less convinced. letter 8089 \u2013 darwin to litchfield, h. e., [ 2 december 1871 ] in this letter, darwin sends a chapter on voice from expression for henrietta \u2019 s perusal. darwin asks henrietta for corrections as well as input on style and praises her patience. letter 8427 \u2013 darwin to litchfield, h. e., [ 25 july 1872 ] in this letter, darwin thanks henrietta for her editorial help with expression. her alterations are \u201c all good \u201d and most have been accepted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43272540607402116, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d97bbf9-9951-4359-9f83-4785b89d0de8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.072796"}
{"text": "as teachers, coaches and other professionals that regularly work with children will tell you, a child \u2019 s home life can have a dramatic influence on how the child behaves out in the world. one researcher described the influence of home in this way, connected children feel more secure and less angry than peers who are unconnected. the unconnected child functions from an interior conversation that is angry, fearful and often selfish. i was running an adventure group and part of the first day was to step into the circle and say something about yourself. a young girl stepped into the circle and said, \u201c everyone is afraid of me and i like it that way. \u201d i was taken aback by her revelation but quickly realized that she was being honest as the rest of the group avoided her. this amazing little girl had no insight into her own behavior and she suffered profound social isolation as a result. if a child is raised in a home where there is plentiful anger the child may incorporate being angry as just how life is or the child may become angry because their general wellbeing is being threatened by the frequent presence of anger. frequently, children that live with angry caretakers will become withdrawn. they in essence, put on an angry face to protect themselves from what might be more angry people or actions. it isn \u2019 t difficult to see that a child would take these maladaptive steps in order to protect themselves and are often unable to understand that the behaviors that they have adopted make them even more vulnerable. sadly, these children get sent many powerful negative messages from children and adults. some responses are spoken and some are not. the angry child may be told to \u201c stay away \u201d or \u201c you cannot play with us. \u201d reach the writer at hurlburt @ wildblue. net", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4964638926272688, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:590bc019-038a-4834-b2d0-e6fe6ab81358>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.074632"}
{"text": "pregnancy is a wonderful phase in every woman ' s life. it is important that the mother takes good care of self and her growing baby through a healthy diet. pregnancy is definitely not the time to go on a ' weight - loss ' diet, but neither should one use this period to indulge in overeating ' junk food '. diet during pregnancy requires special attention. for a healthy pregnancy the body needs extra nutrients not just to meet the needs of the growing baby, but also for the mother in order to store adequate resources for the lactation period. eating smaller meals and incorporating healthy snacks in between meals can meet the increased nutrient requirements during pregnancy. constipation is a common problem for most women during this period, so diet during pregnancy should have high fiber content with emphasis on whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables is important. some women also experience ' morning sickness ', so it would be a good idea to nibble on some dry food items before getting up from bed and also drinking liquids about half an hour before the meal. foods pregnant women should avoid to prevent nausea are greasy, oily foods and thick, creamy gravies. diet for a healthy pregnancy should be a well - balanced diet which will undoubtedly provide all the extra nutrients that the growing baby needs during pregnancy. it is also a good idea to incorporate light exercise ( before starting on an exercise routine, always seek approval from your physician ) during this period. check the special diets section on desidieter to check the diet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42584311497251603, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:796b5937-edff-4bd5-a3cd-352ef1709555>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.076186"}
{"text": "sony designed its robotic dog aibo to bark and roll over. the jet propulsion laboratory designed its robotic rover not to roll over. that \u2019 s harder than it sounds. the challenge, according to issa a. d. nesnas, principal investigator for jpl on this nasa project, was to make axel both symmetrical and simple. \u201c we designed it to be symmetrical because it \u2019 s working on rocky, steep slopes. if it falls off a ledge, or flips upside down, it can still operate. \u201d that \u2019 s where its cylindrical design and paddlewheel feet come in. but it also uses as minimalist a design as possible. \u201c if you make it simple and small and lightweight enough, you can use multiple rovers when you go to high - risk areas. because we \u2019 re targeting high - risk areas where a lot of things could go wrong, having multiple rovers manages the risk for the overall mission. \u201d this means that none of the components of any one axel require backup, which keeps the weight down. the current axel prototype has an onboard computer, power system, and wireless communications. it also has a unique arm, or link, that can be used as a tether for climbing, nesnas says. jpl is testing it in what it calls its \u201c mars yard, \u201d an expansive area approximately 60 yards by 45 yards built to simulate the surface of mars, including steep promontories. ( you can view the mars yard here, pictures of axel here, and a video of axel here there are multiple challenges in designing axel, nesnas noted, not the least of which was getting all of its instrumentation to fit into a cylindrical shape. \u201c inside the cylinder is an electromechanical system, a lot of sensors, and cameras. but we also had to figure out how to the arm move all the way around the cylinder, how to keep it clean in a dusty environment, and how to keep it at the right temperature so that it wouldn \u2019 t overheat. \u201d at the same time, in order to make axel easy to repair in a hostile environment, certain components had to be easily accessible. \u201c we had a few instances where we had to repackage the components to make it easier to reach and repair them. we designed it with a lot of things in mind, but we learned a lot when we did a second iterative design process, \u201d nesnas adds. finally, from a mechatronics standpoint, the system integration \u2014 getting all the components to talk to each other \u2014 was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48185457377962615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fbf3e161-f8b9-45fb-a4ee-778535fe1191>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.079023"}
{"text": "from bhikkhu bodhi ' s notes on the chariot simile. spk : the eightfold path is called the straight way ) because it is devoid of crookedness of bodily conduct, etc. the destination, nibbana, is said to be fearless ) because there is nothing to fear in that and because there is no fear for one who has attained it. unlike an actual chariot, which rattles or whines when its axle is not lubricated or when it is mounted by too many people, the eightfold path does not rattle or whine. ( na kujati na viravati ) even when mounted simultaneously by 84, 000 beings. the chariot itself is also the eightfold path, and its wheels of wholesome states ) are bodily and mental energy. the d ' hamma \" that is called the charioteer is the supramundane path, with the right view of insight ( vipassana - sammaditthi ) running out in front ). for just as the king ' s servants first clear the path before the king comes out, so the right view of insight clears the way by contemplating the aggregates, etc, as impermanent, etcd, and the right view of the path ( magga - samma - ditthi ) arises fully understanding the round of existence. the extended simile should be compared with that of the brahmayana, the divine vehicle, at sn 45. 4 ; see too the extended chariot simile at ja vi 252 - 53. sn 45. 4 is at : http : / / www. metta. lk / tipitaka / 2sutta - pit... ggo - e. html44. 1. 4. ( 4 ) brahmano ( the numbering system is different in that translation from bhikkhu bodhi ' s ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5330526728925411, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:33c9e52c-78bc-4159-86e6-644fd77a8a5f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.080637"}
{"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( december 2011 ) | assyrian homeland refers to a geographic and cultural region inhabited traditionally by the assyrian people ; who call it assyria ( syriac : ). it is largely coterminous with the kurdish homeland, including parts of what is now northeast syria, northern iraq, northwestern iran and southeastern turkey. the area of iraq with the greatest concentration of assurians is located in the ninawa - mosul region in northern iraq where the biblical assyrian capital of nineveh was located. this area is known as the \" assyrian triangle. \" the assyrian homeland mirrors the boundaries of ancient assyria proper, and the later achaemenid, seleucid, parthian, roman and sassanid provinces of assyria ( athura / assuristan ) that retained a significant indigenous, mesopotamian aramaic speaking christian population following the islamic conquest of iraq in the late 7th century ad. upper mesopotamia having had an established structure of dioceses by ad 500 following the introduction of christianity from the 1st to 3rd centuries ad. after the fall of the neo assyrian empire in 608 bc assyria remained an entity for over 1200 years under babylonian, achamaenid persian, seleucid greek, parthian, roman and sassanid persian rule. it was only after the arab - islamic conquest of the second half of the 7th century ad that assyria as a named region was dissolved. today, assyrians ( also known as chaldeans and syriacs ) are believed to form a slight majority in two ninewa counties, tel kaif and al - hamdaniya. since the fall of the iraqi baath party in 2003, and in the face of violence against the indigenous assyrian christian community, there has been a growing movement for assyrian independence. the assyrian homeland includes upper mesopotamia between syria and northern iraq, including iraq ' s ninawa, dohuk and arbil provinces, and it historically also extends to iranian azerbaijan and turkey ' s southeastern anatolia region. assyrian populations are distributed between the assyrian homeland and the assyrian diaspora. there are no official statistics, and estimates vary greatly, between less than one and more than four million, mostly due to the uncertainty of the number of assyrians in iraq. since the 2003 iraq war, iraqi assyrians have been dislocated to syria in significant but unknown numbers. the diaspora population accounts for roughly 300, 000 people, the largest diaspora community in the near east being in jordan, and the largest oversea communities found in the united states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41985753287465, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be618a63-39b6-4523-9aef-740b94e69fc3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.087507"}
{"text": "assyrians have been dislocated to syria in significant but unknown numbers. the diaspora population accounts for roughly 300, 000 people, the largest diaspora community in the near east being in jordan, and the largest oversea communities found in the united states and in sweden. ancient period assyrians are eastern aramaic - speaking, descending from the pre - islamic inhabitants of mesopotamia, and in particular ancient assyria. the old aramaic language was adopted by the population of the neo - assyrian empire from around the 8th century bc, and these eastern dialects remained in wide use throughout mesopotamia during the persian and roman periods, and survived through to the present day. early christian period the first division between syriac christians occurred in the 5th century, when christians of the sassanid persian empire were separated from those in the west over the nestorian schism. this split owed just as much to the politics of the day as it did to theological orthodoxy. ctesiphon, which was at the time the sassanid capital, became the capital of the church of the east. after the council of chalcedon in 451, many syriac christians within the roman empire rebelled against its decisions. the patriarchate of antioch was then divided between a chalcedonian and non - chalcedonian communion. the chalcedonians were often labelled ' melkites ' ( emperor ' s party ), while their opponents were labelled as monophysites ( those who believe in the one rather than two natures of christ ) and jacobites ( after jacob baradaeus ). the maronite church found itself caught between the two, but claims to have always remained faithful to the catholic church and in communion with the bishop of rome, the pope. middle ages both syriac christianity and the aramaic language came under pressure following the islamic conquest of mesopotamia in the 7th century, and syriac christians throughout the middle ages were subjected to arabizing superstrate influence. early modern period modern period after world war i, the assyrian homeland was divided between the british mandate of mesopotamia, which would become the kingdom of iraq in 1932, and the french mandate of syria which would become the syrian arab republic in 1944. assyrians faced reprisals under the hashemite monarchy for co - operating with the british during the years after world war i, and many fled to the west. the patriarch mar eshai shimun xxiii, though born into the line of patriarchs at qochanis, was educated in britain. for a time he sought a homeland for the assyrians in iraq but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41541189030395165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be618a63-39b6-4523-9aef-740b94e69fc3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.090168"}
{"text": "and many fled to the west. the patriarch mar eshai shimun xxiii, though born into the line of patriarchs at qochanis, was educated in britain. for a time he sought a homeland for the assyrians in iraq but was forced to take refuge in cyprus in 1933, later moving to chicago, illinois, and finally settling near san francisco, california. the present patriarch of babylon is based in chicago, and perhaps less than 1 million of the world ' s 4. 5 million assyrians remain in iraq. the assyrian chaldean catholic community was less numerous and vociferous at the time of the british mandate of mesopotamia, and did not play a major role in the british rule of the country. however with the exodus of church of the east members, the chaldean catholic church became the largest non - muslim group in iraq, and some later rose to power in the ba ' ath party government, the most prominent being deputy prime minister tariq aziz. see also - minorities in the middle east : a history of struggle and self - expression by mordechai nisan - the origins of war : from the stone age to alexander the great by arther ferrill - page 70 - massacres, resistance, protectors : muslim - christian relations in eastern anatolia during world war i by david gaunt - p. 9, map p. 10.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3759046744043823, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:be618a63-39b6-4523-9aef-740b94e69fc3>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.090843"}
{"text": "nj limousine history limousine ( or limo ) is an unusually long luxury car, traditionally black or white in color ( other colors, however, have also been used for limousines, such as pink, magenta, or blue ). limos are most commonly driven by licensed chauffeurs and were often associated with the wealthy the past. while some limousines are owned by individuals, many are owned by governments to transport senior politicians, by large companies to transport executives, or by broadcasters to transport guests most limousines, however, operate as livery vehicles, providing up market competition to taxicabs. the word limousine is derived from the name of the french region limousine, and is associated with the long cloaks once worn by the shepherds there. a limousine typically has a partition between the driver compartment and the rear passenger compartment. this partition usually contains a sliding ( sometimes even soundproof ) glass window so that conversations between passengers in the rear compartment may be kept private from the chauffeur. traditionally, the limousine has been an extension of a large sedan. a longer frame and wheelbase allow the rear passenger compartment to contain the usual forward facing passenger seat but with a substantial amount of foot room \u2014 more than is actually needed. usually then two \" jump seats \" are mounted, facing rearward behind the driver. these seats fold up when not in use. in this way, up to five persons can be carried in the aft compartment in comfort, and up to two additional persons carried in the driver ' s compartment, for a total capacity of seven passengers in addition to the driver. this type of seat configuration has however become less popular in recent limousines. this type of vehicle was once rather common in some locations. an example of its use was in the transport of travelers arriving by railroad at merced, california to glacier national park and yosemite national park in the first half of the 20th century. in glacier national park, these were referred to as \" jammers \" in reference to the nickname of their gear - jamming drivers. in yosemite, passengers would then stay in rustic platform tent camps or more expensive lodges and hike or rent bicycles for movement around the park. a modern version of the stage is seen in some novelty stretch hummer or hummer h2 vehicles. some funeral homes maintain six - door stages to carry the family of the deceased between the church and the cemetery. these are usually not used for private hire. a limousine based on a ford excursion sometimes a coach builder or car designer will develop the \" ultimate \" stretch limo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5060803095637978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b311223-30ad-491e-bb29-b9d88d5a79a7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.094752"}
{"text": "maintain six - door stages to carry the family of the deceased between the church and the cemetery. these are usually not used for private hire. a limousine based on a ford excursion sometimes a coach builder or car designer will develop the \" ultimate \" stretch limo, adding amenities that are somewhat impractical but which make a significant design statement. one such design includes double rear axles to support the weight of an operational hot tub. coach builders can perform aftermarket extensions on luxury sedans and suvs. these extensive limousine conversions have been performed on several luxury marques, including : audi, bentley, bmw, cadillac, chrysler, ford, holden, hummer, infiniti, jaguar, lexus, lincoln, mercedes - benz, rolls - royce and volkswagen. in the united states the most popular vehicles for stretch limousines conversion are the lincoln town car, cadillac dts, hummer h2, and the lincoln navigator. there are even instances of corvettes and vw bugs being stretched to accommodate up to 10 passengers. most custom coach builders are located in the united states and europe and cater mainly to limousine companies. few such vehicles are available for public hire. a typical price to buy a lincoln town car sedan and have it stretched to hold 6 passengers is approximately usd $ 85, 000 ( at 2006 prices ) depending on the additional features added into the vehicle. in addition to luxuries, security features such as armoring and bulletproof glass are available. \u25cf to be on time, when and where you need us. \u25cf to provide you with the finest luxury vehicles available. \u25cf to provide professional, courteous and knowledgeable drivers, committed to making your limousine experience memorable and trouble - free and stress free. \u25cf to provide you with the best in class limousine service available. we will not be satisfied unless you ' re completely delighted with our limousine service. be aware we possess a complete line of limousines consisting of newer models to vintage models. about the staff all drivers are courteous, friendly and attentive to every detail of your occasion. all drivers are uniformed for your occasion. our employees are trained and trustworthy to provide the best in professionalism and service to make your event or occasion a success.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41552918623787294, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7b311223-30ad-491e-bb29-b9d88d5a79a7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.095717"}
{"text": "become an editor the entire directory only in alternative / phrenology open directory - science : social sciences : psychology : alternative : phrenology science : social sciences : psychology : personality society : history : by topic : science : psychology society : religion and spirituality : divination : physiognomy bronte sources, texts, and criticism - the text, \" elements of phrenology \" by george combe is offered in its entirety. history of phrenology and the psychograph - a brief overview of the psychograph, a device used to measure the anatomical structure of a head. - dedicated to the promotion of modern scientific study, van den bossche peter offers a synopsis of the study and offers examples in modern and paleolithic man. also includes a bibliography and a sign - up for a mailing list. phrenology and the fine arts - offers an interactive phrenological head which maps the various organs to their characteristics. includes images of the symbolic head and physiognomy illustrations. skeptic ' s dictionary : phrenology ( cranioscopy ) - historical information, details on related sciences and a list of links are offered from a skeptic ' s perspective. \" search on : to edit this category. copyright \u00a9 2013 netscape visit our sister sites last update : tuesday, june 23, 2009 11 : 54 : 04 am edt -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5340086926049477, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ea0fb0a-7c82-4523-926c-8c0522d66682>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.097278"}
{"text": "elizabeth lake nature preserve location and access : from richmond at jct. hwys. 12 & 173, take hwy. 12 north 1 mi. to an access lane to the east. the nature preserve is 0. 8 mi. to the east. special note : access to this preserve is only through special mchenry county conservation district sponsored tours. elizabeth lake is a large, diverse wetland in northeastern mchenry county. the natural communities at elizabeth lake represent the morainal section of the northeastern morainal natural division. they include graminoid bog, calcareous floating mat, graminoid fen, marsh, pond, lake, low gradient creek, sedge meadow and dry - mesic savanna. one of the more unusual and extremely rare communities at elizabeth lake is the graminoid bog. it is always floating, is close to open water and is considered the first stage of bog succession. the bog is dominated by sphagnum moss, sedges and marsh shield fern. the calcareous floating mat has a floating layer of calcareous sedge peat dominated by sedges and blue joint - grass. the graminoid fen is on peat with calcareous seepage and is dominated by big bluestem and sedge. the other communities are typical examples of their types and support common wetland plant species as well as several rare, threatened and endangered species. this diverse wetland provides habitat for a wide variety of animals and many can be seen during any season of the year. the aquatic community present at this preserve is of excellent quality. ownership : mchenry county conservation district dedicated : april 1985 size : 212. 477 acres with buffer topo map : richmond 7. 5 for further information contact : mchenry county conservation district, 6512 harts road, ringwood, il 60072 ( 815 / 678 - 4431 ) 03 / 10 r. heidorn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4168326214290018, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:131d43a3-cc94-4f3c-9af3-9d8b01db8502>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.099065"}
{"text": "medication safety for children : important advice for caregivers ( bpt ) - each year, an estimated 71, 000 children are treated in emergency rooms for accidental medication poisonings, many of which are caused by dosing mistakes. thankfully, while health care professionals or poison control resources resolve most issues, extreme cases that go untreated can result in complications, particularly in very young children. \" many well - intentioned caregivers can get mixed up when it comes to administering medication, \" says dr. michael app, a pediatrician in grand rapids, mich. \" with so many factors playing a role in proper dosage, such as weight and age of the child, it is essential that caregivers closely follow the directions on the label to avoid potentially life - threatening mistakes. \" several manufacturers of children ' s medications are also making efforts to improve safety and reduce the likelihood of errors. perrigo company, the world ' s largest manufacturer of over - the - counter pharmaceutical products for retailers ' store brands, has been investing in equipment to insert \" flow restrictors \" in the bottles of all of their pediatric acetaminophen products. flow restrictors reduce the size of the bottle opening and limit access to the medicine inside the bottle. perrigo has added flow restrictors to all of its infants ' products and began converting the packaging of all of its children ' s products with flow restrictors in january 2012. perrigo is also participating in the centers for disease control and consumer healthcare products association protect initiative, which is bringing together experts to create strategies to reduce unsupervised medication ingestion in children. experts remind caregivers to be diligent and avoid these common medicine mistakes : not paying attention to potential drug interactions caregivers should always check medication labels and take care to avoid administering multiple drugs at the same time, unless recommended or prescribed by a pediatrician. also, before administering medicine, caregivers should always review the enclosed packaging materials and directions. overmedicating due to measuring errors when administering medicine, caregivers should always use the dosing device provided by the pharmacist or manufacturer, and never attempt to \" eyeball \" the proper amount. that household teaspoon your mom used? according to a study in the international journal of clinical practice, household spoons or similar objects can hold two to three times more liquid than standardized materials. most pediatricians recommend using a syringe over any other dispensing device for the most accuracy. basing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4526063633169044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:788c3a6d-e574-4526-b07a-4d4e9101ffbc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.102779"}
{"text": "the international journal of clinical practice, household spoons or similar objects can hold two to three times more liquid than standardized materials. most pediatricians recommend using a syringe over any other dispensing device for the most accuracy. basing the dose on age instead of weight \" children grow at different rates, which makes it hard for parents and doctors to base dosage recommendations on age, \" says app. \" since children metabolize medicine differently depending on how much they weigh, this is how most manufacturers label their dosage recommendations - not based on age. this is especially important for children who are over - or underweight. \" as with adults, doctors need to know every medication or vitamin that a child is taking, as certain vitamins can decrease the effectiveness of medicines or cause complications. caregivers should always have a list of medicines on hand that lists the types and dosage amounts of every medication, vitamin and supplement that a child takes, as well as a list of allergies. not taking medicine as directed most prescriptions, especially antibiotics, are meant to be used in full. even though a child may feel better, it is important to complete the dosage, or else the illness could recur. furthermore, this practice can ultimately contribute to the development of antibiotic - resistant bacteria. in the same vein, caregivers should avoid giving leftover pills from a previous prescription for something they \" self - diagnose \" to be the same as a previous illness. it is also important to avoid giving medicine for any purpose other than that specified by the instructions. failing to adhere to expiration dates manufacturers list expiration dates on packaging for a reason, as these dates are generally based on internal testing that demonstrates the longest period a medicine is known to be effective. using medicine left in the cabinet after it has expired can result in reduced effectiveness. \" parents should always ask their pharmacist or pediatrician if there are any special precautions or directions with any drug - over - the - counter or prescription - their child is taking, \" says app.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4508389650017606, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:788c3a6d-e574-4526-b07a-4d4e9101ffbc>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.105300"}
{"text": "desdemona and emilia ( 3. 4 ) on men and misconceptions in 3. 4 and again in 4. 3 desdesmona and her attendant emilia engage in conversations about othello and men in general. they are motivated to do this by othello ' s strange behavior in 3. 3. 280ff, where he complained of a headache to desdemona. emilia will argue that othello ' s conduct is a result of jealousy while desdemona will deny that possibility. what is striking, however, are the various ways in which desdemona misconstrues her husband ' s behavior. this is all the more arresting because desdemona has claimed that she \" saw othello ' s visage in his mind ( 1. 3. 252 ). \" is shakespeare trying to suggest, as he does in so many of his other plays, that the act of seeing in othello is also an act of blindness? misconstruing through denying jealousy as she is searching in vain for the lost handkerchief, desdemona shows that jealousy is on her mind, even if she doesn ' t think that othello is jealous : \" believe me, i had rather have lost my purse / full of crusadoes ; and but my noble moor / is true of mind, and made of no such baseness / as jealious creatures are, it were enough / to put him to ill thinking ( 3. 4. 25 - 29 ). \" emilia quickly takes the bait. \" is he not jealious ( 3. 4. 29 )? \" perhaps emilia is sensitive to issues of jealousy because she has already been the victim of her husband ' s jealousy because she purportedly slept with othello. as she later says in disgust to iago : \" some such squire he was / that turn ' d your wit the seamy side without, / and made you to suspect me with the moor ( 4. 3. 145 - 147 ). \" maybe she has seen the telltale signs of jealousy in othello ' s unwillingness to join his party guests, and wants to suggest that possibility gently to desdemona. but desdemona will have none of it. \" who, he? i think the sun where he was born / drew all such humors from him ( 3. 4. 30 - 31 ). \" medical writers since hippocrates and philosophers since aristotle were aware of the four \" humors \" in the body which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4517948778576035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7992ee91-0cf7-42ff-86fe-c98c1384ade6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.110139"}
{"text": "think the sun where he was born / drew all such humors from him ( 3. 4. 30 - 31 ). \" medical writers since hippocrates and philosophers since aristotle were aware of the four \" humors \" in the body which determined temperament : black bile ( the melancholic ), yellow bile ( the bilious or jaundiced ), white humor ( the phlegmatic ) or red humor ( the sanguine ). jealousy would have been one aspect of the bilious temperament, but, according to the vivid picture of desdemona, the sun had sucked this feature from him. how wrong she is. perhaps a new lover does not want to see this characteristic in the beloved. but, then again, othello ' s own jealousy seemed even to surprise him. in his valedictory lines in the play, when he wanted others to \" speak of me as i am ; nothing extenuate, / nor set down aught in malice ( 5. 2. 342 - 343 ), \" he described himself as one \" that lov ' d not wisely but too well ; / of one not easily jealious, but being wrought, / perplexed in the extreme ( 5. 3. 344 - 346 ). \" unless he is self - deceived at this point or is \" extenuating \" himself, maybe dedesmona had reason to believe what she said. from all she has seen, and we have seen, othello is a calm, dignified commander who seems very sure of himself and very unthreatened even by the menacing acts of brabantio and others. emilia knows better, however ; she has developed a \" theory \" of men from her own experience with iago. misconstruing through promoting cassio desdemona is also deaf to the meaning of othello ' s clumsy examination of her hand and the handkerchief ( 3. 4. 35 - 98 ). rather than taking his comments about her heart being \" liberal ( 3. 4. 38 ) \" and her hand being \" frank ( 3. 4. 44 ) \" to be indications of othello ' s distrust, she hears those words in their positive sense : as a commendation of her graciousness and generosity. a naively optimistic evaluation of othello ' s nature is now wed to a similar evaluation of her own. because she cannot see the potential vitriol in another, she cannot see how someone could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4664922173712498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7992ee91-0cf7-42ff-86fe-c98c1384ade6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.111109"}
{"text": "commendation of her graciousness and generosity. a naively optimistic evaluation of othello ' s nature is now wed to a similar evaluation of her own. because she cannot see the potential vitriol in another, she cannot see how someone could construe anything that she did in a negative way. she does not know that a person who \" reads \" the world negatively also includes good people in that net of negativity. it is always a sign of naivete when a person says, \" i did absolutely nothing to provoke such a reaction. \" of course you didn ' t. tsunamis wash over the just and the unjust alike. but she certainly doesn ' t help matters by continuing to ply cassio ' s cause. she tries to get othello off his focus on her hand by directing his attention to his \" promise \" to restore cassio. but the mere mention of cassio ' s name by desdemona ( \" i have sent to bid cassio come speak with you \" - - 3. 4. 50 ) stabs othello afresh : \" i have a salt and sorry rheum offends me ( 3. 4. 51 ). \" later, in the midst of the conversation about the handkerchief, desdemona interrupts : \" pray you let cassio be receiv ' d again ( 3. 4. 88 ). \" a deafening crescendo follows ; a ping - pong richochet of \" cassio \" by desdemona and \" handkerchief \" by othello leads to desdemona ' s uncharacteristic \" i ' faith, you are to blame ( 3. 4. 97 ) \" and othello ' s quick exit. she is blind to the way that her representing cassio ' s cause, innocent as it may be, speaks volumes of deceit to the jealous person. indeed, it will be her unrelenting effort to get cassio restored that leads to one of the dramatic events of the play : othello slapping her ( 4. 1. 240 ). she cannot see, or refuses to see, the effect her mention of cassio ' s name has on othello. when emilia tries to suggest for a second time that jealousy is the culprit ( \" is not this man jealious? \" - - 3. 4. 99 ), desdemona claims ignorance : \" i nev ' r saw this before. / sure, there ' s some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43983217036998623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7992ee91-0cf7-42ff-86fe-c98c1384ade6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.111985"}
{"text": "the body contains a number of digestive enzymes known as proteases which break down proteins into their component amino - acids. these are on the whole confined to the digestive tract and other places where they are needed, but they do to some extent get through into the blood plasma, where they tend to break down the tissues of the body indiscriminately. this tendency is counteracted by the presence in the plasma of a protein which functions as a protease inhibitor. this exists in a large number of forms controlled by a set of alleles, and having different degrees of inhibitory activity. there is one with extremely low activity, and there also probably exists an amorph gene which produces no activity at all. ( ) individuals with two low - activity or amorph genes for the protease inhibitor ( pi ) system suffer from one or more diseases characterized by protein breakdown. they invariably have some degree of pulmonary emphysema, with breakdown and running together of the alveoli, the little air sacs of the lungs. they also often have a form of liver cirrhosis, and sometimes duodenal ulcers. they are probably also more than normally liable to a number of other diseases. the protease inhibitor or pi variants certainly vary considerably in frequency in different populations and one might expect that, for instance, low or absent pi activity would suffer negative selection in populations where pulmonary function is particularly important, such as high altitudes, but so far no such functionally based population studies appear to have been done. as with so many pathogenic genes, it is problematic how the harmful genes of the pi system persist with substantial frequencies in most populations. one suggestion is that their harmful effects are balanced by a selective advantage in that the spermatozoa of males with these genes, containing little or no protease inhibitor, can without inhibition break down the proteins present in solution in the fluids of the female reproductive tract, and so penetrate these fluids more easily, and that such males are therefore more fertile than normal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5262320241572078, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7f6d9803-6313-43e9-9c09-8de29faa3e0e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.114033"}
{"text": "bone drug fails to prevent breast cancer recurrence : study sunday sept. 25, 2011 - - the bone drug zometa, once considered a promising weapon to reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence, should not be used routinely in treatment of the disease, researchers say. in a new study of breast cancer patients, zometa ( zoledronic acid ) did not increase disease - free survival overall, and it appeared to raise the risk of a serious side effect, said study co - author dr. robert coleman, a professor of medical oncology at the university of sheffield in england. however, \" for the one - third of women in the study who had gone fully through menopause at the time of study entry, there is significant benefit in terms of both disease recurrence and overall survival, \" coleman added. the results of the trial, published online sept. 25 in the new england journal of medicine, were slated to be presented sunday at the 2011 european multidisciplinary cancer congress in stockholm. coleman also presented findings from the study at the san antonio breast cancer symposium in late 2010. women receiving hormone therapy for breast cancer treatment are prone to weakening and thinning of the bone, a condition known as osteoporosis, so they often receive bone - building drugs known as bisphosphonates. some previous research had suggested these bone drugs might also help to prevent recurrence of breast cancer. zometa, which is delivered intravenously, is also used to relieve pain when cancer spreads to the bone. in the study, coleman and his colleagues randomly assigned almost 3, 400 patients with early - stage breast cancer to standard therapy or to standard therapy plus zometa. the research team looked at overall survival and disease recurrence for an average of nearly 5 years of follow - up. they found no significant differences between the groups. according to the study, 377 patients in the group receiving the bone drug either died or had a recurrence during the five - year study, compared to 375 in the standard therapy group. overall, survival rates were 85. 4 percent in the bone - drug group and 83. 1 percent in the standard therapy group. in each group, 77 percent had disease - free survival. but among the zometa users, they reported 17 cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw, a severe disease that can cause the death of jawbone tissue. another nine women were thought to have the condition. no one in the control group developed it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.472270770878203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:078fcbd2-88df-4327-9966-5525ebdf729a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.119065"}
{"text": "zometa users, they reported 17 cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw, a severe disease that can cause the death of jawbone tissue. another nine women were thought to have the condition. no one in the control group developed it. while the results suggest routine use of zometa for women with breast cancer is not advised, the researchers said zometa might still be of some benefit for breast cancer patients who are more than five years past menopause. among this group were 519 women on the bone drug and 522 on standard therapy alone. at the five - year follow up, 78. 2 percent of the bone drug group were alive and free of invasive recurrence, compared to 71 percent of the standard therapy group. \" the study is probably telling us that the interaction of reproductive hormones and bone is very important in driving recurrence of breast cancer, \" coleman said. the study was funded by novartis ag, which makes the drug, and the national cancer research network. coleman has reported speaker fees from novartis. dr. otis brawley, chief medical officer of the american cancer society, commented on the overall findings. \" we had hoped that zoledronic acid would harden bone and reduce the rate of metastatic disease, \" he said. \" we had also hoped this would increase survival. neither occurred. \" the increased risk of osteonecrosis is a concern, brawley said. even so, doctors must still pay attention to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in all cancer patients, he said. to learn more about breast cancer, visit the american cancer society. posted : september 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.459641305999878, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:078fcbd2-88df-4327-9966-5525ebdf729a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.120435"}
{"text": "pinworms ( enterobius vermicularis ) are small, white worms, about half an inch long, that live in the intestines. infections with pinworms aren ' t dangerous, but they are a nuisance. about two weeks after infection, the females crawl out via the anus and lay eggs on the surrounding skin. this causes itching around the rectum that usually is worse at night and can be annoying enough to disturb a child ' s sleep. in girls, a pinworm infection can spread to the vaginal area causing irritation, itching, and even a discharge. when kids scratch the itchy area, the eggs can get under their fingernails and then be transferred to toys, eating utensils, dishes, glasses, and other objects where they can live for two to three weeks and infect other youngsters or family members. kids unknowingly pass pinworm eggs back and forth at school and at child care centers. the adults most likely to pick up infections are the mothers of infected youngsters. to make sure that your son really has pinworms, his pediatrician may ask you to do a \" tape test \", which merely involves applying some cellophane tape to the child ' s anal area first thing in the morning before he has bathed or had a bowel movement. the doctor will examine the tape under a microscope to look for pinworm eggs. treatment is simple : two doses of medication, either a chewable tablet called mebendazole ( vermox ), available by prescription, or an over - the - counter drug called pyrantel ( pin - x or pin - rid ). everyone in the family should be treated. with vermox, you chew one tablet and then, two weeks later, a second one. pyrantel comes as a liquid or capsule. follow the dosage directions on the package. you only take two doses, two weeks apart. to prevent the spread of pinworms and re - infection, take these precautions : - bathe when you wake up ( to help reduce egg contamination ). - change and wash your underwear daily ; change night clothes frequently. - change underwear, night clothes and sheets after each treatment ; open blinds or curtains on bedroom windows during the day ( the eggs are sensitive to sunlight ). - always wash your hands after going to the toilet, before eating and after changing diapers. - trim fingernails short. - discourage children from nail - biting and scratching bare anal areas. andrew wei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43690886030712195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9bab7113-b603-449d-8717-d1f8a43a6fdf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.124655"}
{"text": "| | a - b - c - d | e - f - g - h | i - j - k - l | m - n - o - p | q - r - s - t | u - v - w - x - y - z | the fact that some digital numbers can only take a set of discrete values. image format as output by a sensor software for transforming sensor image output into an viewable image using, for example, screens and printers. an image whose pixels contain values corresponding to red, green and blue channels the property of light reflection on a material ( quantity, direction, spectrum \u2026 ). the data giving for each wavelength the ratio between the reflected light and the incident light the fact that a measurement performed in the same conditions will always produce the same results. it is a necessary condition for measurement accuracy although not sufficient. reportage includes all forms of photography that tell a story related to people \u2019 s lives. wedding photography, photojournalism, street photography, documentary and war photography all fall into this category. read more about lens reportage score requirements. from red, green, blue, the typical primaries used in color space, image synthesis or image capture. the process of capturing a finite number of values from an infinity of values. the highest attainable gray level on a sensor. changing the resolution of an image. scaling up means increasing the resolution, and scaling down means decreasing. a bi - cubic algorithm can be used to obtain a softer result, by intelligently merging the values of neighboring pixels. a device that transforms light into a digital signal. the sensor overall score is an average of the portrait score based on color depth, the landscape score based on dynamic range and the sports score based on low - light iso. it shows only sensor performance. read more about sensor overall score. characteristic of a sensor that describes its response to light with known wavelength. exposure levels corresponding to low gray levels on the sensor. sharpness is a subjective quality attribute of an image or a lens. sharpness indicates the visually perceived quality of details of an image or details reproduced by a lens. it is associated with both resolution and contrast of reproduced details ( within an image or by a lens ). the dxomark score for sharpness is based on the perceptual megapixel ( p - mpix ) concept that weights the modulation transfer function ( mtf ) of the lens with the human visual acuity. read more about perceptual megapixels. device or process allowing to start", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5984586182790449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6140431a-c437-4887-8bb2-30c32797f1d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.129701"}
{"text": "##ual megapixel ( p - mpix ) concept that weights the modulation transfer function ( mtf ) of the lens with the human visual acuity. read more about perceptual megapixels. device or process allowing to start and stop light acquisition on a sensor. process that allows exposing the lines of the sensor one after the other. mechanical device used to block light from or allow light onto a sensor. ratio between the value of a signal and the noise standard deviation. the data showing the signal - to - noise ratio function of the gray level values. the data describing the relative amount of light converted into signal for each wavelength device used to measure the variation of the energy of incident light as a function of wavelength. the data relating any arbitrary wavelength to a numerical value. the expected difference of a signal to its mean value. the process of decreasing the number of pixels of a digital signal. it is commonly used to display an image on a lower resolution device ( screen or print ). a gray level value representing the expected gray level over all possible well exposed photos. tonal range is the effective number of distinguishable gray levels a camera can produce. target illuminated from behind. light beams go through the target to reach the camera. transmission of a photographic lens describes its ability to transmit light from the photographic scene to the sensor surface. lenses consists of many glass elements, each reflecting or absorbing a portion of the light ; therefore the more elements, the lower the transmission. read more about how transmission is defined, measured and scored. travel & family photography involves shooting both indoors and out, and includes landscapes, portraits, group shots, and close - ups when sightseeing. the field of view requirement is very broad, from wide - angle to long telephoto, so photographers typically look for a high - power zoom with a good trade - off between all image quality parameters. read more about lens travel score requirements.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6232203830329512, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6140431a-c437-4887-8bb2-30c32797f1d9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.130541"}
{"text": "do you or a loved one smoke? smoking causes many different things to happen in the body all at once. for instance, nicotine reaches the brain in less than ten seconds. this is then found in every cell that it comes into contact with. carbon monoxide can stick to itself and cause the red blood cells to reduce oxygen compared to a normal red blood cell. this should be frightening to everyone who reads this! smoking can indeed cause oxidative stress, meaning it increases the aging process, promotes atherosclerosis, and damages the lung tissue. an individual who smokes has a weakened immune system and are constantly battling with carcinogens and chemicals in the cigarette smoke. this can cause inflammation and lower antioxidant levels in the body. there are so many reasons why smoking is detrimental to your health and many people want to indeed quit. hyperbaric oxygen therapy hbot puts oxygen into the areas where red blood cells can \u2019 t go and this regenerates the blood. oxygen is required for not only vitality, but life! hbot slows aging and regenerates damaged cells and tissues. research has shown that many individuals who \u2019 ve tried hyperbaric oxygen therapy say their cravings are nearly gone almost immediately. so, why is smoking so difficult to quit? well, when your body ingests a foreign toxin it is treated like just that, something that should not remain in the body. your body begins to build up defenses against this causing your body to build adrenaline in the bloodstream. most individuals like this adrenaline rush because it doesn \u2019 t cause a sever reaction so they continue to crave these sensations over and over again until their addicted. smoking is very similar to many other addictions like compulsive over - eating. some people say that every time they eat a particular food they feel bad for eating it ; however, they enjoy that food so much that they continue to do it. why you ask? this is because their addicted to it. hyperbaric oxygen therapy ( hbot ) is used for smoking cessation. upon further treatment you feel better and possess greater lung capacity and more energy overall. this will in turn allow you to perform more physical activity because you have more lung capacity and don \u2019 t fatigue as easily. stop smoking - it \u2019 s one of the absolute worst habits you can ever start! talk with your primary health provider today about your treatment options and what to expect with hbot. check out other environmental toxins.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49977453632900765, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a57b95f-2c2e-4120-930c-f07029fd5f4f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.136586"}
{"text": "biodiversity in the eastern mediterranean sea could take a deadly hit if drillers rush in on recently discovered gas - rich fields, the world wildlife fund warned wednesday. the international environmental organization warned that gas drilling in the area shared by turkey, israel and egypt could ravage the sea \u2019 s ecosystem, which would take at least a millennium to regrow. gas drillers have been eager to capitalize on the recently discovered leviathan gas field, a deepwater area off the israeli coast that may hold as much as 16 trillion cubic feet of gas, afp reports. the west nile delta gas field, another potentially lucrative region for drillers, was discovered earlier this year. that field is located off the coast of alexandria, egypt. but the eastern mediterranean is home to rare species that are millennia old, including deep - sea sponges and cold water corals. sergi tudela, head of wwf \u2019 s mediterranean fisheries program, says this makes them particularly vulnerable. tudela said that once the sea is tapped for gas, \u201c it can take a millennium or more before the unique micro - ecosystem grows again, so the most fragile and valuable species and under - sea areas must be left untouched by gas development, \u201d according to afp. wwf appealed to the european union and a number of mediterranean countries to prohibit deep - sea drilling and industrial development in the areas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40356461384091213, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63c99de1-406e-4e2e-bc63-1328bdc26267>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.141897"}
{"text": "phones gain ability to learn by touching new york ( ap ) - there \u2019 s a form of extra - sensory perception called psychometry, whose practitioners claim to learn things about objects by touching them. smartphones set to be released this month by samsung and sony will have some of that ability : they \u2019 ll learn things when you touch them to pre - programmed \" tags. \" for example, you can program a tag with your phone number, and stick it on your business card. when someone taps the phone to the card, the phone would call you. or you can put a tag on your night stand. place the phone there, and it goes into \" alarm clock \" mode, holding your calls until the morning. samsung electronics co. announced this week that it will be selling these tags in the form of stickers it calls \" tectiles \" - $ 15 for 5 of them. they \u2019 ll work with its new flagship samsung galaxy s iii smartphone, set to launch in a few weeks, and several others already in the market, including the htc evo 4g lte sold by sprint nextel. sony corp. \u2019 s xperia ion, to be released june 24, will come with the ability to read different coin - like plastic tags that read \" home, \" \u2019 \u2019 office \" and so forth. the tags cost $ 20 for four, and the phone can be programmed to react differently to each tag. the \" car \" tag can launch a navigation application, for instance. tapping \" home \" can send a text message to the rest of the family that you \u2019 re home, and set the ringer volume to maximum. the big push behind the technology, which is known as near - field communications, comes from companies that see the phone as the wallet of the future. when touched to payment terminals, nfc - equipped phones can act as credit or debit cards. but turning phones into credit cards is a tall order. mobile payments already work with a few phones, but broad adoption is being held up while cellphone companies, banks, payment processors and retailers work out who pays for what and who benefits. this ability to sense things close by is made possible by a new type of communications hardware in phones, complementing long - range cellular radios, medium - range wi - fi and short - range bluetooth. the latest version of google inc. \u2019 s android software, known as ice cream sandwich, comes with the ability to use nfc to communicate from phone to phone. when the backs are tapped together, the owners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.516585425345647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a26e7fa-bb82-495f-be77-d2a1b82b95b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.147131"}
{"text": "- fi and short - range bluetooth. the latest version of google inc. \u2019 s android software, known as ice cream sandwich, comes with the ability to use nfc to communicate from phone to phone. when the backs are tapped together, the owners can trade information like contacts. samsung takes this one step further with the galaxy s iii. tap two phones together, and they set up a connection via wi - fi. that means the owners can walk away from each other, and as long as they \u2019 re in the same room or so, they can transfer photos and even hefty video files between their phones. there are issues to work out. the samsung tags can be read by most android phones that have nfc capability, but not the sony phone. samsung and htc phones won \u2019 t recognize the sony tags. apple inc., whose iphones are trendsetters in many ways, hasn \u2019 t built nfc into them - yet. its patent filings hint at an interest in nfc, but they \u2019 ve given no clue when the technology might show up in iphones. nick holland, an analyst with yankee group, believes nfc will shine first in non - payment applications, because they \u2019 re easier to sort out, and the technology has many uses. there have been nfc trials in sweden, using phones as hotel room keys, he points out. another compelling use case would be wi - fi hotspots. a cafe that wants to limit access to the local hotspot might let patrons tap their phones against a tag instead of having them laboriously enter a password. \" there \u2019 s been an over - focus on the wallets, \" holland said. \" it \u2019 s a technology that \u2019 s not designed purely for payments. \" for advertisers, nfc tags could replace the so - called \" qr \" codes - two - dimensional bar codes that need to be photographed with specially downloaded software to be deciphered, so they can send a consumer to the advertiser \u2019 s website or earn them a coupon for a discount. qr codes work at a distance, unlike nfc tags, but have significant drawbacks. \" someone described them as \u2019 digital vomit \u2019 recently. you can \u2019 t make them look pretty, \" holland said. each nfc tag includes a tiny chip, which explains the relatively high prices samsung and sony are charging. those prices will come down, holland said, as adoption rises. qr codes, of course, have the advantage of being very cheap, since they can be created on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5521670637009353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8a26e7fa-bb82-495f-be77-d2a1b82b95b8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.148071"}
{"text": "skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. bones can break ( fracture ) as a result of a fall, blow, or other trauma. most fractures aren ' t life - threatening, but may be very painful and lead to serious problems if not treated properly. getting proper treatment is crucial for a healthy recovery. any fracture to the leg or arm should be considered a medical emergency. the arm or leg should not be moved until help arrives. don ' t attempt to straighten or adjust the bone. this can damage the bone and injure nearby blood vessels and nerves. if an open wound is present, cover it with a clean cloth to keep it from getting dirty and to help prevent infection. a doctor will ask about your injury and examine you carefully. any wounds you have will be cleaned. x - rays of the injured area will be taken. treatment depends on where the bone is broken and whether there is an open wound. if you have an open wound, you may receive iv antibiotics and have the wound flushed with sterile water. most fractures are treated in two stages : reduction : the bone is put back into its proper position. immobilization : the bone is held in place so it doesn ' t move as it heals. for many arm or leg fractures, this done with a splint or cast. serious or compound fractures may first need surgical repair. in that case, you will be referred to a bone specialist ( orthopaedic surgeon ). the leg or arm is crooked a joint looks out of place a bone protrudes from the skin weight can ' t be put on the leg or arm the limb swells or is very painful the limb is numb or tingles a popping or snapping was heard during the injury", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41128498244869116, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4d88a040-d119-4cf4-bc5a-662db2d98eef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.151735"}
{"text": "a replica moai was created and transported in an experiment, filmed for nova \u201c secrets of lost empires : easter island \u201d, 1997. this is an edited version specifically for publication on this web site of a paper originally published in \u201c onward and upward! papers in honor of clement w. meighan \u201d ( k. johnson, ed. 2005 ) \u00a9 jo anne van tilburg and ted ralston our model for rapa nui statue carving is polynesian canoe building. experimental anthropology has established maritime methods for pre - contact hawai \u2019 i and elsewhere in oceania. canoe builders and handlers were, like statue carvers, specialists who performed expert ( and often sacred ) work at the behest of powerful chiefs and for their communities. canoe experts were socially and politically powerful. in addition to the adze, the tool kit employed in canoe building contained the clamp, chisel, cordage and drill. apprentices began by developing basic skills, including roughhewing and hauling massive logs. when wood materials were inadequate to build the desired size vessel, planks or logs were spliced and patched. practiced methods of joinery provided strength, flexibility and protection of lashings from the sea, and finish details were carved with intricate artistry. positioning, stepping, raising and rigging a canoe mast required precision timing and a well - coordinated work force. a canoe \u2019 s survival in rough seas depended upon robust and durable cord lashing, which was required to withstand forces of many thousands of pounds per square inch. complex methods of lashing outrigger components to both single and double hull canoes required such specialty tools as the keke ( or ke \u2019 ke ), a y - shaped lash - tightening device that varied in size. a device such as the keke may be depicted in the y - shaped bas - relief tattoos on the chins of some moai. wire diagrams arrived at after photogrammetric work accomplished at ahu akivi depict the statistically average statue used in computer simulations and then in our transport experiment. \u00a91992 eisp / jvt. this is an abbreviated version of a paper originally published in pacific art : persistence, change and meaning ( herle et al. eds. adelaide : crawford house, 2002 for citations and notes ). experimental archaeology is the systematic approach used to test, evaluate and explicate method, technique, assumption, hypothesis and theory at all levels of archaeological research. this paper employs a replicated moai to describe relationships between real time and individual energy,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.529812987559085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:305777da-b39c-4b35-8125-5df8bde63254>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.159118"}
{"text": "internal displacement global overview of trends and developments in 2008 2008 saw 4. 6 million people newly displaced. the biggest new displacement was in the philippines whilst there were also massive new displacements in kenya, drc, pakistan, somalia, sri lanka and india. the largest internally displaced populations are in sudan ( 4. 9 million ), colombia ( up to 4. 3 million ) and iraq ( 2. 8 million ). there are three ways idps can address their displacement : through returning to their place of origin ; integrating in the place to which they have been displaced ; or settling in a third location. however there are obstacles to all these solutions. insecurity was seen as a main impediment to return as was lack of access to education. the most frequent obstacles both to durable return and local integration was the lack of livelihood opportunities. overall the absence of a political settlement or peace agreement was extremely prominent in 2008 and was perceived as one of the main obstacles to durable solutions in 21 countries. to assist durable solutions, programmes should promote income - generating activities and address land and property disputes arising when properties left behind by idps are occupied by others or destroyed. the report suggests that addressing these issues requires immediate and long - term action, first to register abandoned land and property, and then to rebuild properties and implement restitution and compensation mechanisms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3997195769329055, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db3ef4fd-7632-4921-bee5-17112e565ce2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.161808"}
{"text": "worldwide, one out of every five people lacks access to modern electricity. affordability, quality of service, and social and environmental impacts \u2026 this post was co - written with sarah martin, an intern with wri \u2019 s electricity governance initiative. the theme of today \u2019 s blog action day is the \u201c power of we, \u201d a \u2026 india recently experienced one of the world \u2019 s worst blackouts, with \u2026 sarah martin and gayatri gadag also contributed to this blog post. rio + 20 may have ended more than three weeks ago, but the environmental and development communities are \u2026 this post was written with sarah lupberger, project coordinator with wri \u2019 s electricity governance initiative. a year and a half has \u2026 as feed - in tariffs gain traction as a policy mechanism of choice, we must keep in mind the bigger picture of the financial health of developing country electricity sectors. renewable energy has the potential to transform asian society, but only if its leaders can take it to the next level. this piece originally appeared in the jakarta globe. p > recently, the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) released a comprehensive study on renewable energy, entitled special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation. developing countries are expecting billions of dollars to fund a clean energy transformation. how can they ensure this money is spent in the public interest? at a moment in which countries seek billions of dollars of financing to transition to low - carbon economies, there has been little focus on how decisions about these expenditures are actually made. p > last month, wri convened a group of international experts to discuss policies and incentives for increasing the use of renewable energy in the developing world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48913014263617716, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:371a5ce3-35c0-4374-ba3b-7988b647dd93>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.165984"}
{"text": "ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is the overstimulation of the ovaries that may occur as a result of assisted reproductive technology ( art ). art is a type of infertility treatment that uses multiple eggs at one time to raise the chances of producing embryos that are good candidates for fertilization. before an art procedure, a woman uses medicine or hormones to stimulate multiple egg production ( superovulation ). the eggs are then collected for laboratory use. in a small number of art cycles, superovulation overstimulates the ovaries. this problem is called ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. doctors watch closely for signs of ovarian hyperstimulation during superovulation. when this condition occurs, the medicine is stopped. any procedure, such as egg collection, planned for that particular cycle is postponed until all symptoms are gone, usually in 2 to 4 weeks. ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome can be mild, moderate, or severe : emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5167082368662432, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:57b7a573-5f99-4784-b789-bb9f6a962ec2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.171594"}
{"text": "the climate time bomb dud in the 1994 greenpeace released a publication called \u201c the climate time bomb catalogue \u201d. in it they state categorically that the burning of fossil fuels will cause all kinds of disasters. as you will see, all of these \u201c disasters \u201d and \u201c unprecedented \u201d weather events are not new and have occurred many times in the near and distant past. the climate time bomb predictions of the awful consequences of global warming have failed. even in light of these failures organizations like greenpeace, the sierra club, the national resources defense council and many others continue to pump out scary storm stories, animal extinction dramas and dangerous sea level rise predictions. they rely on people \u2019 s ignorance of historical weather events to sell their predictions of doom. what you will find as you read on is that nearly 20 years ago, environmentalists were using exactly the same propaganda scare stories we hear today. as joseph goebbels said \u201c it ( in this case the environmental movement ) must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over \u201d. here is a list of some of the \u201c climate time bombs \u201d listed in 1994 by greenpeace. they will all sound very familiar. climate time bomb claim # 1 in 1994 \u2026 greenpeace claimed a significant increase in global average temperature in the last 140 years is due to burning fossil fuels. the proof is that eight hottest years on record have all occurred since 1980. bomb defused : the average temperature of the earth has been rising unevenly since the bottom of the \u201c little ice age \u201d around 1700. analysis of temperature reconstructions from proxies reveal that earth \u2019 s temperature was as warm or warmer than today 1, 000 years ago and 2, 000 years ago. temperature reconstructions from ice cores in greenland reveal that most of the last 10, 000 year were warmer and at times much warmer than today. the southward movement of the tree line in siberia indicates that earth average temperature was much warmer than today 3 to 9 thousand years ago. since 1945 the global average temperature has only increase during one period, from 1977 to 1998. there was a slight cooling from 1945 to 1976 and there has been no warming since 1998. the rate of warming since 1850 is consistent with previous warming periods during the last 2, 000 years. today environmental groups continue to chant that the last few years have been \u201c the hottest on record \u201d. the story never changes but to the young and uninformed it sounds like something new and scary. climate time bomb claim # 2 in 1994 \u2026 unusually intense (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44780455765039806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59868d56-1f7d-4edf-b0ec-d736ce2d3135>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.189045"}
{"text": "groups continue to chant that the last few years have been \u201c the hottest on record \u201d. the story never changes but to the young and uninformed it sounds like something new and scary. climate time bomb claim # 2 in 1994 \u2026 unusually intense ( tropical ) cyclones have hit the caribbean and the pacific in recent years. august 1992 hurricane andrew devastates the caribbean and southeast coastal us. bomb defused : there have always been devastating hurricanes. galveston texas, september 1900, 8, 000 drowned in massive hurricane, largest loss of life ever from a hurricane or anything else in the us. in september 1935 over 400 killed in florida keys by hurricane with winds near 200 miles per hour. september 1938, the \u201c great new england hurricane \u201d kills more than 600 in the northeast with winds gusting to 160 miles per hour. increases and decreases in the numbers and strength of hurricanes in the atlantic come and go in response to a cycle of warming and cooling of atlantic ocean water temperature known as the atlantic multi - decadal oscillation. since 1970 there has been no increase in the number of global tropical storms or hurricanes. recently the intensity of hurricanes around the world has been the lowest since 1960. claims that hurricanes would become more intense and more frequent were wrong and the opposite has been the trend. today the environmentalists continue to insist that global warming is making hurricanes worse. climate time bomb claim # 3 in 1994 \u2026 many climate scientists expect that global warming will increase the intensity and severity of storms in the middle latitudes. december 1992 : \u201c the great nor \u2019 easter of 1992 \u2033 wreaks havoc along more than 900 kilometers of us coastline and floods the new york subway system. march 1993, the \u201c storm of the century \u201d causes hurricane force winds and 2 to 4 feet of snow in the appalachian mountains along with severe damage from cuba to new england. bomb defused : the 1950 \u201c super storm \u201d brings wind gust of 108 miles per hour at newark new jersey and 110 miles per hour to concord new hampshire. la guardia airport in new york flooded by storm surge from hurricane force winds. the storm causes massive forest blow down and 2 to 3 feet of snow in the midwest and appalachian mountains. the \u201c blizzard of 1888 \u2033 brings hurricane force winds and two feet of snow to new york city. hundreds die as temperature falls below zero. up to 4 feet of snow bury southern new england with hurricane force winds. the claim that mid - latitude storms are becoming more severe is not supported by historical facts. there have always been severe mid - latitude storms. climate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41847936431229604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59868d56-1f7d-4edf-b0ec-d736ce2d3135>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.190221"}
{"text": "as temperature falls below zero. up to 4 feet of snow bury southern new england with hurricane force winds. the claim that mid - latitude storms are becoming more severe is not supported by historical facts. there have always been severe mid - latitude storms. climate time bomb claim # 4 in 1994 \u2026 best guess forecast of the ipcc ( un intergovernmental panel on climate change ) for sea level rise is a global average of 3 - 10 millimeters per year. as more than 70 percent of the world \u2019 s population live on coastal plains, the potential for massive personal, economic and physical dislocation becomes clear. bomb defused : tide gauges from around the world show that sea level has been rising for more than a century. the rate averages out to about 8 inches per century and that rate is not accelerating as the environmental movement claims. satellite measurements of sea level rise since 1993 show a rate of 3 millimeters per century but that has slowed to 2 millimeters per century in the last 6 years. any estimate about climate and its effect on sea level rise from the united nations can \u2019 t be trusted. in november of 2010 a leading un ipcc official ottmar edenhofer said in an interview \u201c but one must say clearly that we ( the un ipcc ) re - distribute de facto the world \u2019 s wealth by climate policy. \u201d he went on to say \u201c one has to free oneself from the illusion that international climate policy is environmental policy. this has almost northing to do with environmental policy anymore. \u201d anything that comes out of the un \u2019 s ipcc is tainted by its political advocacy and its use of global warming fear to propel their agenda 21 forward. there is no real world evidence that the rate of sea level rise is changing. climate time bomb claim # 5 in 1994 \u2026 global warming would reduce global food production, increase prices and cause new uncertainties about food supplies. bomb defused : the environmentalists can only see the negative side of increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, they are blind to its benefits. \u201c thousands of laboratory and field experiments have demonstrated that atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment ( increases ) significantly enhances plant growth and water use efficiency. and because those benefits have positively impacted crop yields in the past, there is ample reason to believe that future increases in carbon dioxide concentrations will produce increases in crop yields. \u201d there will also continue to be scientific innovations that will increase food production. bad policy decisions based on fear of global warming have increased food prices by using corn to make ethanol. do not be fooled the next", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4475676420775908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59868d56-1f7d-4edf-b0ec-d736ce2d3135>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.191491"}
{"text": "antigone - tags - army tips for getting a great answer fast - what is the nature of rebellion in antigone? - antigone thinks she is obeying the gods ' law. however, is she still guilty of hubris because she is disobeying the king ' s law who is the... - in antigone, by sophocles, what is the meaning of the fourth choral ode? - what is ismene ' s main purpose in sophocles ' antigone? - in sophocles ' antigone, what does the chorus say that \" even the pure immortals cannot escape \"? - creon makes several errors in judgement before the end of sophocles ' antigone that lead to his downfall. at the end of the play,... - how does sophocles characterize haimon in sophocles ' antigone? - o tomb, vaulted bride - bed in eternal rock, / soon i shall be with my own again - antigone says this, but to whom is she talking? - give a brief character sketch of antigone and creon is the tragedy, antigone by sophocles. - why didn \u2019 t sophocles show antigone \u2019 s burial of polyneices?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4260731443597261, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b69503c-a033-49c8-a0b8-17d115294522>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.192795"}
{"text": "hazard summary - created in april 1992 ; revised in january 2000, march 2009 motor vehicle exhaust is a constant source of 1, 3 - butadiene. although 1, 3 - butadiene breaks down quickly in the atmosphere, it is usually found in ambient air at low levels in urban and suburban areas. acute ( short - term ) exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene by inhalation in humans results in irritation of the eyes, nasal passages, throat, and lungs. epidemiological studies have reported a possible association between 1, 3 - butadiene exposure and cardiovascular diseases. epidemiological studies of workers in rubber plants have shown an association between 1, 3 - butadiene exposure and increased incidence of leukemia. animal studies have reported tumors at various sites from 1, 3 - butadiene exposure. epa has classified 1, 3 - butadiene as carcinogenic to humans by inhalation. please note : the main sources of information for this fact sheet are epa ' s integrated risk information system ( iris ), which contains information on the health effects of 1, 3 - butadiene including the reference concentration and unit cancer risk for inhalation exposure, and the agency for toxic substances and disease registry ' s ( atsdr ' s ) toxicological profile for 1, 3 - butadiene. - 1, 3 - butadiene is used in the production of rubber and plastics. it is also used in copolymers including acrylics. ( 1 ) sources and potential exposure - sources of 1, 3 - butadiene released into the air include motor vehicle exhaust, manufacturing and processing facilities, forest fires or other combustion, and cigarette smoke. ( 1 ) - 1, 3 - butadiene was detected in ambient air of cities and suburban areas from 1970 to 1982 at an average level of 0. 3 parts per billion ( ppb ). ( 1 ) - higher levels of 1, 3 - butadiene may be found in highly industrialized cities or near oil refineries, chemical manufacturing plants, and plastic and rubber factories. ( 1 ) - 1, 3 - butadiene has been found in drinking water and in plastic or rubber food containers, but not in food samples. ( 1 ) - occupational exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene may occur in the rubber, plastics, and resins industries. ( 1 ) assessing personal exposure - there is no reliable medical test available at this time to assess personal exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4587928214686336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2819f3bc-defd-4f63-98d2-7fb67e7671f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.201083"}
{"text": "to 1, 3 - butadiene may occur in the rubber, plastics, and resins industries. ( 1 ) assessing personal exposure - there is no reliable medical test available at this time to assess personal exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene. ( 1 ) health hazard informationacute effects : - acute exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene by inhalation in humans results in irritation of the eyes, nasal passages, throat, and lungs. neurological effects, such as blurred vision, fatigue, headache, and vertigo, have also been reported at very high exposure levels. ( 1, 3 ) - dermal exposure of humans to 1, 3 - butadiene causes a sensation of cold, followed by a burning sensation, which may lead to frostbite. ( 1 ) - tests involving acute exposure of animals in rats and mice have shown 1, 3 - butadiene to have low acute toxicity. ( 1, 4 ) - one epidemiological study reported that chronic ( long - term ) exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene via inhalation resulted in an increase in cardiovascular diseases, such as rheumatic and arteriosclerotic heart diseases, while other human studies have reported effects on the blood. ( 1 ) - animal studies have reported effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, blood, and liver from chronic, inhalation exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene. ( 1 ) - epa has established a reference concentration ( ( rfc ) ) a chronic reference level of 0. 002 milligrams per cubic meter ( mg / m3 ) for 1, 3 - butadiene based on reproductive effects in mice. the rfc is an exposure concentration at or below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur. it is not a direct estimator of risk, but rather a reference point to gauge the potential for effects. at lifetime exposures increasingly greater than the reference exposure level, the potential for adverse health effects increases. ( 5 ) - no information is available on reproductive or developmental effects of 1, 3 - butadiene in humans. ( 1 ) - animal studies using mice have reported developmental effects, such as skeletal abnormalities and decreased fetal weights, and reproductive effects, including an increased incidence of ovarian atrophy and testicular atrophy from inhalation exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene. ( 1 ) - a large epidemiological study of synthetic rubber industry workers demonstrated a consistent association between 1, 3 - butadiene exposure and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4982763759500276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2819f3bc-defd-4f63-98d2-7fb67e7671f6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.202186"}
{"text": "and testicular atrophy from inhalation exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene. ( 1 ) - a large epidemiological study of synthetic rubber industry workers demonstrated a consistent association between 1, 3 - butadiene exposure and occurrence of leukemia ( 10, 11 ). - several epidemiological studies of workers in styrene - butadiene rubber factories have shown an increased incidence of respiratory, bladder, stomach, and lymphato - hematopoietic cancers. however, these studies are not sufficient to determine a causal association between 1, 3 - butadiene exposure and cancer due to possible exposure to other chemicals and other confounding factors. ( 1, 5, 6 ) - animal studies have reported tumors at a variety of sites from inhalation exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene. ( 1, 5, 6 ) - 1, 3 - butadiene is metabolized into genotoxic metabolites by experimental animals and humans. ( 1 ) - epa has classified 1, 3 - butadiene as carcinogenic in human by inhalation. ( 5 ) - epa uses mathematical models, based on animal studies, to estimate the probability of a person developing cancer from continuously breathing air containing a specified concentration of a chemical. epa has calculated an inhalation unit risk estimate of 3 \u00d7 10 - 5 ( \u00b5g / m3 ) - 1. ( 5 ) - 1, 3 - butadiene is a colorless gas with a mild gasoline - like odor. ( 1 ) - the odor threshold for 1, 3 - butadiene is 1. 6 parts per million ( ppm ). ( 7 ) - the chemical formula for 1, 3 - butadiene is c4h6, and the molecular weight is 54. 09 g / mol. ( 1 ) - the vapor pressure for 1, 3 - butadiene is 2100 mm hg at 25 \u00b0c, and it has an octanol / water partition coefficient ( log kow ) of 1. 99. ( 1 ) conversion factors ( only for the gaseous form ) : to convert concentrations in air ( at 25\u00b0c ) from ppm to mg / m3 : mg / m3 = ( ppm ) \u00d7 ( molecular weight of the compound ) / ( 24. 45 ). for 1, 3 - butadiene : 1 ppm = 2. 21 mg / m3. to convert concentrations in air from \u00b5g / m3 to mg / m3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5122570400261766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2819f3bc-defd-4f63-98d2-7fb67e7671f6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.204241"}
{"text": ") \u00d7 ( molecular weight of the compound ) / ( 24. 45 ). for 1, 3 - butadiene : 1 ppm = 2. 21 mg / m3. to convert concentrations in air from \u00b5g / m3 to mg / m3 : mg / m3 = ( \u00b5g / m3 ) \u00d7 ( 1 mg / 1, 000 \u00b5g ). health data from inhalation exposure aiha erpg - - american industrial hygiene association ' s emergency response planning guidelines. erpg 1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed up to one hour without experiencing other than mild transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor ; erpg 2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects that could impair their abilities to take protective action. lc50 ( lethal concentration50 ) - - a calculated concentration of a chemical in air to which exposure for a specific length of time is expected to cause death in 50 % of a defined experimental animal population. niosh idlh - - national institute of occupational safety and health ' s immediately dangerous to life or health concentration ; niosh recommended exposure limit to ensure that a worker can escape from an exposure condition that is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from the environment. osha pel - - occupational safety and health administration ' s permissible exposure limit expressed as a time - weighted average ; the concentration of a substance to which most workers can be exposed without adverse effect averaged over a normal 8 - h workday or a 40 - h workweek. osha stel - - osha ' s short - term exposure limit. the health and regulatory values cited in this factsheet were obtained in march 2009. ahealth numbers are toxicological numbers from animal testing or risk assessment values developed by epa. bregulatory numbers are values that have been incorporated in government regulations, while advisory numbers are nonregulatory values provided by the government or other groups as advice. osha numbers are regulatory, whereas niosh, acgih, and aiha numbers are advisory. cthe loael is from the critical study used as the basis for the epa rfc. - agency for toxic substances and disease registry ( atsdr ). toxicological profile for 1, 3 - butadiene. public health service, u. s. department of health and human services,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5336469583563036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2819f3bc-defd-4f63-98d2-7fb67e7671f6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.205408"}
{"text": "used as the basis for the epa rfc. - agency for toxic substances and disease registry ( atsdr ). toxicological profile for 1, 3 - butadiene. public health service, u. s. department of health and human services, atlanta, ga. 1992. - e. j. calabrese and e. m. kenyon. air toxics and risk assessment. lewis publishers. 1991. - u. s. department of health and human services. hazardous substances data bank ( hsdb, online database ). national toxicology information program, national library of medicine, bethesda, md. 1993. - u. s. department of health and human services. registry of toxic effects of chemical substances ( rtecs, online database ). national toxicology information program, national library of medicine, bethesda, md. 1993. - u. s. environmental protection agency. integrated risk information system ( iris ) on 1, 3 - butadiene. national center for environmental assessment, office of research and development, washington, dc. 2009. - california environmental protection agency ( calepa ). technical support document for the determination of noncancer chronic reference exposure levels. draft for public comment. office of environmental health hazard assessment, berkeley, ca. 1997. - j. e. amoore and e. hautala. odor as an aid to chemical safety : odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution. journal of applied toxicology, 3 ( 6 ) : 272 - 290. 1983. - occupational safety and health administration ( osha ). occupational safety and health standards, toxic and hazardous substances. code of federal regulations. 29 cfr 1910. 1000. 1998. - american conference of governmental industrial hygienists ( acgih ). 1999 tlvs and beis. threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents. biological exposure indices. cincinnati, oh. 1999. - delzell e, sathiakumar n, hovinga m, et al. a follow - up study of synthetic rubber workers. toxicology 113 : 182 - 9. 1996. - macaluso m, larson r, delzell e, et al. leukemia and cumulative exposure to butadiene, styrene and benzene among workers in the synthetic rubber industry. toxicology 113 : 190 - 202. 1996. - national institute for occupational safety and health ( niosh ). pocket guide to chemical hazards. u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47162923932360523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2819f3bc-defd-4f63-98d2-7fb67e7671f6>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.206763"}
{"text": "participants were thoroughly tested after completion of bed rest the antarctic concordia station is located in one of the harshest, isolated environments on earth. wintering - over crew members of concordia are faced with conditions in several ways similar to what astronauts could endure during a long duration mission such as a human exploration of mars. a small multicultural crew is confined during a long period of time in an isolated facility with limited resources and located in a harsh and dangerous environment where the communication capabilities in case of an emergency are also limited or inexistent. autonomy of the crew is required during an extended period of time and living quarters present similarities with a space - ship : confined environment with limited access to the outside where specific life support systems are in place to face the harsh atmospheric conditions and limited resources and where a water recycling and waste management capability is in place. the absent night / daylight variations, with constant light during the summer and constant darkness during the winter, is likely to cause similar problems in the circadian rhythms and sleep architecture as the one seen in astronauts in the iss. esa offers research opportunities to perform studies in the concordia station, especially in the field of medicine, physiology and psychology. the team at concordia is made of up to 16 persons who will be involved in studies performed in various other research fields. from the medicine and operational point of view esa will test a system for the monitoring of the psycho - physiological status of a crew member and new technologies in the field of tele - medicine and / or tele - diagnostic will benefit the health of crew in a remote isolated and harsh environment as it is at concordia. person of contact : oliver. angerer @ esa. int last update : 26 march 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47915978877363147, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bb592431-99e7-4f71-9609-d7631482ad20>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.208903"}
{"text": "ecologists point to forests as important sinks for atmospheric carbon. but a new report suggests that climate change could induce environmental stresses that would chnge the role of forests into a net carbon source. the report, titled \u201c adaptation of forests and people to climate change \u2013 a global assessment, \u201d was coordinated by the international union of forest research organizations ( iufro ) and the collaborative partnership on forests ( cpf ). the findings came from an analysis of how different forest ecosystems worldwide would be affected under specific climate change scenarios developed by the ipcc report. the report brings together 35 international forest scientists, some of whom contributed to the ipcc. the study reports that higher temperatures would usher in the probability of prolonged droughts, more intense pest invasions, and a host of other environmental stresses, which would lead to forest destruction and degradation. climate change could thus create a dangerous feedback loop in which damage to forests significantly increases global carbon emissions, which then exacerbates the greenhouse effect. this scenario is likely to occur if the world warms more than 4. 5 degrees farenheit. \u201c even if adaptation measures are fully implemented, unmitigated climate change would, during the course of the current century, exceed the adaptive capacity of many forests. the fact remains that the only way to ensure that forests do not suffer unprecedented harm is to achieve large reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. \u201d the report will be formally presented at the united nations forum on forests ( unff ) session taking place april 20 - may 9 at the un headquarters in new york city.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46591217258515144, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0156ffc2-c3e4-407c-a0b4-bfa9e75cbdaf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.210479"}
{"text": "ecstasy \u2013 the illegal \" rave \" drug that produces feelings of euphoria and emotional warmth \u2013 has been in the news recently as a potential therapeutic. clinical trials are testing ecstasy in the treatment of post - traumatic stress disorder. but headlines like one in time magazine ' s health section in february \u2013 \" ecstasy as therapy : have some of its negative effects been overblown? \" \u2013 concern ronald cowan, m. d., ph. d., associate professor of psychiatry. his team reports in the may issue of neuropsychopharmacology that recreational ecstasy use is associated with a chronic change in brain function. \" there ' s tension in the fields of psychiatry and psychotherapy between those who think ecstasy could be a valuable therapeutic that ' s not being tested because of overblown fears, and those who are concerned about the drug ' s potentially harmful effects, \" cowan said. \" we ' re not on one side or the other ; we ' re just trying to find out what ' s going on in the brain \u2013 is there any evidence for long - lasting changes in the brain? \" the message in news reports needs to be accurate, cowan said. his team ' s studies suggest that the current message should be : \" if you use ecstasy recreationally, the more you use, the more brain changes you get. \" cowan and his colleagues examined brain activation during visual stimulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ), in subjects who had previously used ecstasy ( but not in the two weeks prior to imaging ) and in subjects who had not previously used ecstasy. they found increased brain activation in three brain areas associated with visual processing in ecstasy users with the highest lifetime exposure to the drug. the findings were consistent with the investigators ' predictions based on results from animal models : that ecstasy use is associated with a loss of serotonin signaling, which leads to hyper - excitability ( increased activation ) in the brain. the hyper - excitability suggests a loss in brain efficiency, cowan said, \" meaning that it takes more brain area to process information or perform a task. \" the investigators found that this shift in brain excitability did not return to normal in subjects who had not used ecstasy in more than a year. \" we think this shift in cortical excitability may be chronic, long - lasting, and even permanent, which is a real worry, \" cowan said, noting that the ecstasy users in the study are young ( 18 to 35 years old ). \" the question is what will happen to their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5049934698982721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f5bee31-41d9-4e2c-abd2-6cc74df96240>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.214213"}
{"text": "##ability may be chronic, long - lasting, and even permanent, which is a real worry, \" cowan said, noting that the ecstasy users in the study are young ( 18 to 35 years old ). \" the question is what will happen to their brains as they age over the next 60 years. \" cowan said that the pattern of hyper - excitability is similar to that observed in fmri studies of individuals at risk for, or with early, alzheimer ' s disease. \" i ' m not saying that these people are at increased risk for dementia, but that there ' s a loss of brain efficiency in both recreational ecstasy use and early alzheimer ' s. \" the findings suggest that brain hyper - excitability ( increased activation in fmri scans ) may be a useful biomarker for ecstasy - induced neurotoxicity, which the investigators will continue to study. \" our goal is to be able to let people know whether or not the drug is causing long - term brain damage, \" cowan said. \" that ' s really critical because millions of people are using it. \" the 2009 national survey on drug use and health estimated that 14. 2 million individuals 12 years or older in the united states had used ecstasy in their lifetime ; 760, 000 people had used ecstasy in the month prior to being surveyed. cowan is also interested in determining the doses of ecstasy that are toxic, and whether there are genetic vulnerabilities to toxicity. if clinical trials show that the drug has therapeutic benefits, it ' s critical to know the risks, he said. the research was supported by the national science foundation, the national institute on drug abuse, the national institute of mental health, and the national center for research resources. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4823757265210079, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5f5bee31-41d9-4e2c-abd2-6cc74df96240>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.214952"}
{"text": "in the 1960s and 1970s, classic social psychological studies were conducted that provided evidence that even normal, decent people can engage in acts of extreme cruelty when instructed to do so by others. however, in an essay published november 20 in the open access journal plos biology, professors alex haslam and stephen reicher revisit these studies ' conclusions and explain how awful acts involve not just obedience, but enthusiasm too \u2014 challenging the long - held belief that human beings are ' programmed ' for conformity. this belief can be traced back to two landmark empirical research programs conducted by stanley milgram and philip zimbardo in the 1960s and early 1970s. milgram ' s ' obedience to authority ' research is widely believed to show that people blindly conform to the instructions of an authority figure, and zimbardo ' s stanford prison experiment ( spe ) is commonly understood to show that people will take on abusive roles uncritically. however, professor haslam, from the university of queensland, argues that tyranny does not result from blind conformity to rules and roles. rather, it is a creative act of followership, resulting from identifying with authorities who represent vicious acts as virtuous. \" decent people participate in horrific acts not because they become passive, mindless functionaries who do not know what they are doing, but rather because they come to believe \u2014 typically under the influence of those in authority \u2014 that what they are doing is right, \" professor haslam explained. professor reicher, of the university of st andrews, added that it is not that they were blind to the evil they were perpetrating, but rather that they knew what they were doing, and believed it to be right. these conclusions were partly informed by professors haslam and reicher ' s own prison experiment, conducted in 2002 in collaboration with the bbc. the study generated three findings. first, participants did not conform automatically to their assigned role ; second, they only acted in terms of group membership to the extent that they identified with the group ; and finally, group identity did not mean that people simply accepted their assigned position \u2014 it also empowered them to resist it. although zimbardo and milgram ' s findings remain highly influential, professor haslam argue that their conclusions do not hold up well under close empirical scrutiny. professor reicher concludes that tyranny does not flourish because perpetrators are helpless and ignorant ; it flourishes because they are convinced that they are doing something worthy. funding : the authors received no specific funding for this work. competing interests :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4974955616403143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cbcec575-fa52-48db-859b-94e81a6484fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.217808"}
{"text": "how to select a dc block a dc block is a coaxial component that prevents the flow of dc current into the rf signal path, thereby minimizing interference. the key specifications to look for when looking for an rf or microwave dc block are : type : there are three main types : inner dc blocks : inner dc blocks have a capacitor in series with the center conductor. outer dc block : outer dc blocks have a capacitor in series with the outer conductor. inner / outer dc block : inner - outer dc blocks have a capacitor in series with both the inner and outer dc block. connector : rf dc blocks are available in a number of connector options \u2013 sma dc blocks, bnc dc blocks etc. there are also options available where the input and the output connecters are different. impedance : the impedance of the dc block is matched to the circuit impedance to prevent any reflections. 50 ohms and 75 ohms are the two most common options. frequency ( mhz ) : the frequency up to which the dc block can effectively block out the dc signal from the rf signal path. power rating ( w ) : this is the level of power that the dc block can handle. breakdown voltage ( v ) : this is the voltage beyond which the dc block ceases to operate. everything rf lets you search for both commercial and military rf microwave dc blocks by specification. you no longer need to look through individual supplier websites or catalogs to find the dc block that meets your requirements. everything rf simplifies the process for you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5419632633633145, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d576f929-2c95-41a3-9678-b888acdefa35>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.220295"}
{"text": "sometimes it seems that punishing a child is a whole lot easier than taking the time to think of a natural consequence to teach a lesson. it \u2019 s just so easy to say \u201c go up to your room and stay there until dinnertime! \u201d grounding is another favorite punishment, but what do those two particular punishments actually teach? being sent to one \u2019 s room or being grounded both communicate parental dissatisfaction with a particular behavior. but, will either punishment actually give your child the opportunity to work through and fix his mistake the way that a natural consequence would? what is a natural consequence for a teen who stays out an hour after he is to be home? perhaps he should not be allowed out the next time he is invited to be with friends, and the next time after that, he should have to come home one hour earlier than his usual curfew. those are two natural consequences that will have meaning, impact, and teach a lesson. they allow that teen to earn back parental trust by coming home on time. what do you do with a \u2018 tween or teen who has stolen something? natural consequences would be to return the item to its owner, apologize directly to that person, work to earn enough money to pay for the item, and do some sort of community service or act of kindness for the person from whom he stole. when you really think about it, natural consequences aren \u2019 t so difficult to come up with. why then do some parents choose to punish or humiliate, knowing that it is not the most effective way to teach? the facts are in. children can \u2019 t think clearly when they are angry or humiliated. very few people can. there is a common saying that \u201c a child who is mad or sad can \u2019 t add. \u201d simply put, when emotions run high, children are less able to learn. that is not to say that we need to keep our children happy, as that is not our job. our job is to educate our children with healthy values, and provide natural consequences which are directly linked to the misbehavior in order to teach a lesson. read more about natural and unnatural consequences in my column, what \u2019 s your parenting style?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47678150859079826, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba49d9a3-58c6-4699-b9ed-f7853deaa1be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.223326"}
{"text": "yard and garden : recycling christmas trees and poinsettias ames, iowa \u2014 when christmas is over, the egg nog gone, relatives departed and decorations are getting packed away, it also is time to get rid of the real christmas tree. horticulturists with iowa state university extension and outreach have advice on disposing of trees and options for poinsettias after the holidays. to have additional yard and garden questions answered contact the iowa state university hortline at email @ example. com or 515 - 294 - 3108. what are some good ways to dispose of a christmas tree after the holidays? after the holidays, there are several ways to dispose of or recycle your tree. ( before recycling your christmas tree, remove all ornaments, lights and tinsel. ) place the tree in the yard or garden for use by birds and other wildlife. the branches provide shelter from strong winds and cold. supply food by hanging fruit slices, seed cakes, suet bags or strings of cranberries or raisins on the tree \u2019 s branches. you also can smear peanut butter and seeds in pine cones and hang them in the tree. prune off the tree \u2019 s branches and place the boughs over perennials as winter mulch. chip the tree and use the chipped material as mulch around trees, shrubs or in perennial flower beds. if you can ' t use the tree yourself, contact your solid waste agency or sanitation service. most communities have some type of christmas tree disposal program. some have central collection points, others collect trees at curbside. collected trees may be chipped into mulch and made available to local residents or used in city parks. others may be chipped and composted. conservation groups may be another option. some hunting and fishing groups collect trees and use them to provide habitat for wildlife. don \u2019 t burn your christmas tree in a fireplace or wood stove. dry, evergreen branches literally explode when burned and could cause a house fire. also, burning the tree may contribute to the buildup of creosote and lead to a flue fire. what should i do with my poinsettia after the holidays? if given good care in the home, a poinsettia should remain attractive for two to three months. toss the poinsettia when you grow tired of it or it becomes unattractive. for those home gardeners who enjoy a challenge, it is possible to get the poinsettia to bloom again next season.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.399644866205556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52d5d061-de34-45d3-9083-04facaa54079>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.228809"}
{"text": "two to three months. toss the poinsettia when you grow tired of it or it becomes unattractive. for those home gardeners who enjoy a challenge, it is possible to get the poinsettia to bloom again next season. cut the stems back to within 4 to 6 inches of the soil in march. the poinsettia also may be repotted at this time. when new growth appears, place the poinsettia in a sunny window. continue to water the plant when the soil surface becomes dry to the touch. fertilize every two weeks with a dilute fertilizer solution. in late may, move the poinsettia outdoors. harden or acclimate the plant to the outdoors by placing it in a shady, protected area for two or three days, then gradually expose it to longer periods of direct sun. the poinsettia should be properly hardened in seven to 10 days. once hardened, dig a hole in an area that receives six to eight hours of sunlight and set the pot into the ground. to obtain a compact, bushy plant, pinch or cut off the shoot tips once or twice from late june to mid - august. continue to water and fertilize the plant outdoors. the poinsettia should be brought indoors in mid - september. place the plant in a bright, sunny window. the poinsettia is a short - day plant. short - day plants grow vegetatively during the long days of summer and produce flowers when days become shorter in fall. to get the poinsettia to flower for christmas, the plant must receive complete darkness from 5 p. m. to 8 a. m. daily from early october until the bracts develop good color, usually early december. protect the plant from light by placing it in a closet or by covering with a box. during the remainder of the day, the poinsettia should be in a sunny window. photo : before recycling trees, remove all ornaments, tinsel and lights. counties main menu - county home - about us - 4 - h & youth - agriculture & environment - business & community - families & healthy living", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37761868300182094, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:52d5d061-de34-45d3-9083-04facaa54079>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.230965"}
{"text": "eugene shoemakereugene shoemaker ( or gene shoemaker ) ( april 28 - july 18 ) was one of the founders of the field of planetary science, best known for co - discovering the comet shoemaker - levy 9, with his wife carolyn shoemaker and david levy for his ph. d. at princeton, dr. shoemaker conclusively showed that barringer meteor crater arose from meteor impact. dr. shoemaker founded the astrogeology research program of the usgs in 1961 and was its first director. he was prominently involved in the lunar ranger missions to the moon, which showed that the moon was covered with a wide size range of impact craters. dr. shoemaker was also involved in the training of the american astronauts. coming to caltech in 1969, he started a systematic search for earth - crossing asteroids, which resulted in the discovery of several families of such asteroids, including the apollo asteroids. dr. shoemaker received a national medal of science in 1992. in 1993, he co - discovered comet shoemaker - levy 9, which was the first observed planetary impact of a comet. dr. shoemaker perished in a car crash in alice springs, australia in 1997. his ashes were carried to the moon by the lunar prospector space probe. external links and references", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44762761936392287, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a3827518-d54e-4d2f-a4f9-71a3ea4dd9ee>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.235016"}
{"text": "reactive power is a concept used by engineers to describe the loss of power in a system arising from the production of electric and magnetic fields. although reactive loads such as inductors and capacitors dissipate no power, they drop voltage and draw current, which creates the impression that they actually do. this \" imaginary power \" or \" phantom power \" is called reactive power. it is measured in a unit called volt - amps - reactive ( var ). the actual amount of power being used, or dissipated, is called true power, and is measured in the unit of watts. the combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power, and it is the product of a circuit ' s voltage and current. apparent power is measured in the unit of volt - amps ( va ). devices which store energy by virtue of a magnetic field produced by a flow of current are said to absorb reactive power ; those which store energy by virtue of electric fields are said to generate reactive power. reactive power is significant because it must be provided and maintained to insure continuous, steady voltage on transmission networks. reactive power thus is produced for maintenance of the system and not for end - use consumption. power losses incurred in transmission from heat and electromagnetic emissions are included in the total reactive power requirement as are the needs of power hungry devices, such as electric motors, electromagnetic generators, and alternators. this power is supplied for many purposes by condensers, capacitors, and similar devices, which can react to changes in current flow by releasing energy to normalize the flow. if elements of the power grid cannot get the reactive power they need from nearby sources, they will pull it across transmission lines and destabilize the grid. in this way, poor management of reactive power can cause major blackouts. sections in this article : the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. see more encyclopedia articles on : electrical engineering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6086147093040841, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:53ca32b7-3a6c-40e2-b51a-d8a69dbda96a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.240452"}
{"text": "columbus \u2014 crop growers should take extra precaution to scout their fields this spring for black cutworm, slugs, bean leaf beetles, rootworms and other invasive insects. the near - record warm winter ohio has experienced this year is expected to cause a significant increase in the potential for crop - damaging pests, according to ohio state university extension entomologist ron hammond. insects such as the corn flea beetle, which targets corn through the spread of the bacterium that causes stewart \u2019 s bacterial wilt and leaf blight on both field and sweet corn, likely will be seen earlier than normal this year. black cutworms also could be a bigger problem this year, as could slugs, bean leaf beetles and cereal leaf beetles, he said. \u2014 black cutworm : weed growth has been heavier this year because of the earlier warm weather, especially chickweed. with this extra growth comes the potential for greater black cutworm problems, as adult cutworms already are being collected throughout the midwest. when corn is planted and starts to emerge, cutworms already might be at damaging stages. thus, there is a greater need to pay extra attention in those fields conducive to cutworm problems, such as no - till and / or weedy fields. \u2014 slugs : warmer weather and soil temperatures will cause slugs to hatch and begin heavier feeding earlier. if planting times are normal, slugs will be a bigger and larger threat than normal. if planting early, slug feeding could be more similar to normal conditions. if planting late, slugs will be relatively larger and capable of even heavier feeding. \u2014 bean leaf beetles : growers may find more bean leaf beetles this spring. but, if most fields are planted and crops emerged about the same time, the beetles should disperse themselves over all those fields and not be a major problem. however, if only a few fields have emerged crops, beetles could concentrate on those fields and require growers to monitor them more closely. \u2014 rootworms : while rootworm larvae are expected to hatch earlier this year, they won \u2019 t necessarily cause more problems. because most fields already are planted to transgenic varieties with rootworm control, treated with a soil insecticide if continuous corn or are part of a rotation, good control is expected. growers likely will not need to make any additional or two - tactic applications, such as soil insecticide applications on transgenic corn. \u2014 corn flea beetle : seed treatments on most corn should offer control, at least for the beetle, but it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3749540725212263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:294ff83c-0fae-4df9-96ef-260e7fbb80f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.243480"}
{"text": "lives have changed a lot over time. in some countries, girls used to have few rights and now they have many. in the united states and europe, girls of the past couldn ' t go to college, get many jobs, or vote. in other countries, girls had more rights in past times than they do now, like in some middle eastern countries where girls can ' t go to school and women can ' t work anymore. the situation depends on the girl ' s social class ; princesses usually have more rights than peasants, and wealthy girls are much more likely to get an education. or girls may officially have rights, but still face sexism or death. in china, hundreds of girl babies are still abandoned or killed because their culture prefers males. but there have always been times when an inspiring woman shines, no matter what her culture expects. 2300 bc east sumeria ( now iran ) - enheduanna was the world ' s first known writer. she was the also the first high priestess - the highest religious office of all. some sumerian girls had the prestigious job of helping in the temples, but most learned sewing and weaving cloth. enheduanna and others developed a lunar calendar, which we still use to calculate the dates of easter and passover. 1120 bc israel - deborah, a jewish prophet and judge, led the israelites to victory against the canaanites. most girls, though, were under the strict rule of their fathers until they married and became the property of their husbands. girls learned jewish traditions, but couldn ' t study the torah as boys could. 40 bc vietnam - two sisters, trung trac and trung nhi, masterminded a revolt against the oppressive chinese rule, leading 80, 000 men and women, including 36 women generals, to triumph, after which they ruled as co - queens. females at that time were supposed to obey males, but they did have the chance to become traders, judges, and political 1370 ad denmark - married at age 10, queen margarethe ruled after all her brothers died. she united denmark, sweden, and norway and brought prosperity and peace. royal girls often married early because at birth or in childhood their fathers picked husbands for them who would increase the country ' s wealth and power. the life of a peasant girl was freer. they usually married around 20 and had more choice in picking mates. peasant women could manage land themselves if their husband died. however, wife - beating women was lawful and encouraged. 1680 mexico - at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43848986610673896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eef51318-41d1-4fbd-9329-04cdc5acafd7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.255459"}
{"text": ". the life of a peasant girl was freer. they usually married around 20 and had more choice in picking mates. peasant women could manage land themselves if their husband died. however, wife - beating women was lawful and encouraged. 1680 mexico - at age 3, sor juana could read and learned everything she could. she begged to be sent to school at age 7, but her parents refused. at 18, she joined a convent - the only place where girls could study - and went on to become one of mexico ' s greatest poets, writers, and intellectuals. 1800 france - marie lachapelle became one of the most important medical researchers of the century. she stopped the use of painful tools for births, created important procedures to help with childbirth, and trained midwives. not many girls of the day would become scientists. instead, they worked as dressmakers, laundresses, and shopkeepers or helped with their husbands ' occupations. new zealand - kate sheppard helped get voting rights for women in new zealand - 27 years before women in the u. s. could vote. she was also a pioneer bicyclist. even though girls worked as hard as their brothers on new zealand ' s farms, many people believed that girls and women should avoid riding bikes because it could ruin their \" delicate \" india - at age 12, indira gandhi began the children ' s monkey brigade, which worked undercover to overthrow british rule. she went on to become india ' s first female prime minister, fighting illiteracy and widespread famine, improving relations with the soviet union, and sending india ' s first satellite into orbit. girls not born into influential families were in arranged marriages by their early teens. the practice of sati, burning a widow along with her deceased husband, still takes place today in some villages. united states - angry about the inequalities that african americans and women faced, shirley chisholm became the first black woman in congress in 1968. when a student asked her why there were only white male presidents, she ran for president in 1972. girls at that time who wanted to be congresswomen had only 16 women role models. today, out of 541 congress members, only 75 are women. nigeria - in a country where less than half the females can read, eka esu - williams found a way to study immune diseases. in 1988, she founded the society for women against aids because 80 % of the world ' s women with aids live in africa. her group also teaches girls not to be submissive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42527908134301023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:eef51318-41d1-4fbd-9329-04cdc5acafd7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.258453"}
{"text": "order - pristiformes family - pristidae genus - pristis species - microdon the freshwater sawfish was first described in 1794 by john latham in his article an essay on the various species of sawfish in the journal transactions of the linnaean society of london. latham described the species based only on a rostrum. unfortunately, the type specimen ( the rostrum ) was later destroyed in a fire at the royal college of surgeon ' s hunterian museum. synonyms for the freshwater sawfish include pristis perotteti muller & henle, 1841 and the misspelling pristis perrotteti. invalid synonyms of the freshwater sawfish include pristis antiquorum latham, 1794 ; pristis canaliculata bloch & schneider, 1801 ; pristiopsis leichhardti whitley, 1945 ; pristis typica poey, 1861 ; pristis zephyreus jordan & starks, 1895 ; and squalus pristis linnaeus, 1758. similarly, the name pristis pristis ( linnaeus, 1758 ) does not appear to be a valid synonym of either pristis microdon or pristis perotteti, pending further taxonomic review. the current valid scientific name for the freshwater sawfish is pristis microdon latham, 1794. pristis microdon and pristis perotteti may be one and the same species, and these names have even been used interchangeably by various authors. taxonomic study is badly needed to shed light on this naming uncertainty. the generic name pristis is greek for \" saw. \" the specific name microdon is derived from the greek word mikros meaning \" small. \" the scientific name pristis microdon refers to the shorter rostrum of the freshwater sawfish compared to that of most other sawfishes. common english names for the freshwater sawfish include : common sawfish, greattooth sawfish, largetooth sawfish, leichthardts sawfish, and wide snouted saw fish. other common names for the freshwater sawfish include : araguagua, peixe - serra, & tubarao - serra ( portuguese ), barabad ( kuyunon ), barasan & pakangan ( bikol ), barasan & tag - an ( tagalog ), buntok lagari ( kapampangan ), ca dao ( vietnamese ), caixao ( sena ), catanuda, dienton, pejesierra, pez peine, pez ras", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4232550303595305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a3b83ff-722f-4edd-b0ce-f24b787d0fd9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.276217"}
{"text": "), buntok lagari ( kapampangan ), ca dao ( vietnamese ), caixao ( sena ), catanuda, dienton, pejesierra, pez peine, pez rastrillo, & seirra ( spanish ), chinyabanga & kashua ( zimbabwe - local dialects ), cucut gergaji, cucut pedang, panprang, parampang, pemperang, & prampran ( malay ), cucut krakas, mungsing, panprang, parampang, pemperang, prampang, & prampran ( javanese ), ferskvandssavrokke ( danish ), galwanyi ( bunuba & gooniyandi aboriginals ), groottand - saagvis ( afrikaans ), khandere & shinshi ( marathi ), kleingezahnter sagefisch & leichthardts sagefisch ( german ), krarin ( sranan ), kumben - sorah & makarasravu ( malayalam ), kundah ( oriya ), nga - man - swethi ( burmese ), nokogiriei ( japanese ), palangan ( pangasinan ), papa upanga ( swahili ), pial pial & wirridanyniny ( nyikina aboriginal ), poisson - scie grandent ( french ), serra ( creole dialect of portuguese ), taghan ( visayan ), trey thka & trey thkaw ( khmer ), valameen ( tamil ), wirrdani ( walmajarri aboriginal ), and zoetwaterzaagrog ( dutch ). in africa, the freshwater sawfish occurs along the eastern coastline from at least as far south as port alfred ( south of durban ), commonly ascends the zambezi river, is found off madagascar, occurs at zanzibar and probably ranges north to somalia. the presence of the freshwater sawfish in the red sea and as far north as the mediterranean sea needs confirmation. this species is found off pakistan and india, where it has been recorded far upriver in freshwater. in the eastern indian ocean, the species ranges from the east indies and thailand to indonesia and australia ( from western australia to the northern territory and queensland ). the freshwater sawfish occurs off vietnam in the south china sea, throughout the philippines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42210085337501696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a3b83ff-722f-4edd-b0ce-f24b787d0fd9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.277061"}
{"text": "in freshwater. in the eastern indian ocean, the species ranges from the east indies and thailand to indonesia and australia ( from western australia to the northern territory and queensland ). the freshwater sawfish occurs off vietnam in the south china sea, throughout the philippines ( where the local population appears to have greatly declined ), south through borneo and east to papua new guinea. examples of inland water bodies where it has been documented include the zambezi river ( east africa ), 40 miles ( 64. 4 km ) up the mahanudde river ( india ), 38. 5 miles ( 62. 0 km ) up the menam chao phya river ( thailand ), mekong river below khone falls ( thailand and laos ), the fly river and lake murray ( papua new guinea ), and the daly, gilbert, and sepik rivers ( northern australia ). world distribution map for the freshwater sawfish. this species is well known to occur far up river systems, including contiguous lakes and ephemeral ponds ( australia ), where it lives in freshwater conditions. freshwater sawfish in northern australia seem to prefer these freshwater habitats during the wet season ( december - march ). during the dry season ( may - october ), australian freshwater sawfish seem to prefer estuaries and bays, along with coastal marine habitats. the freshwater sawfish shares similar habitat preferences with the bull shark ( carcharhinus leucas ), and these two species can often be found occupying the same water bodies. mature individuals may, at least seasonally, utilize deeper offshore marine habitats. - \u00b7 distinctive features all sawfishes are highly modified and elongate rays having a shark - like body and a blade - like snout ( termed ' rostrum ' ) that has lateral, tooth - like denticles ( termed ' rostral teeth ' ) set into sockets. the presence of a rostrum having laterally protruding teeth separates sawfishes from all other skates and rays. the freshwater sawfish can be distinguished from sawsharks ( pristiophorus spp. ) by its lack of barbels, dorso - laterally compressed body, ventrally located gills ( not laterally ), large size, preference for shallow water habitats, and its similarly - sized rostral teeth. the rostral teeth of the freshwater sawfish are particularly massive compared to those of other sawfishes, except that of the largetooth sawfish ( pristis perotteti ). the rostral tooth count for freshwater sawfish varies between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3861315240675021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a3b83ff-722f-4edd-b0ce-f24b787d0fd9>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.277956"}
{"text": "the rostral teeth of the freshwater sawfish are particularly massive compared to those of other sawfishes, except that of the largetooth sawfish ( pristis perotteti ). the rostral tooth count for freshwater sawfish varies between 14 and 23 ( typically 18 - 20 ) per side. the rostral teeth may number more on one side of the rostrum than the opposing side in this species, the left side usually having the greater number. in two separate studies, researchers found a significant difference in the numbers of rostral teeth per side in males compared with that of females ( termed ' sexual dimorphism ' ). in both studies, males appeared to have a greater average tooth count per side than did females ( males average 20. 9, females average 18. 9 ), regardless of geographic area. male freshwater sawfish may have slightly longer rostra than do females of the same the freshwater sawfish is distinguished from the knifetooth sawfish ( anoxypristis cuspidata ) by its sharply pointed rostral teeth ( versus blade - like ), the first pair of rostral teeth being located near the rostral base, its tapering and broad rostrum, and a less developed lower caudal fin lobe. the freshwater sawfish is distinguished from the dwarf sawfish ( pristis clavata ) by the more anterior first dorsal fin position, the presence of a lower caudal fin lobe, and the rostral teeth being evenly towards the rostral tip ( versus slightly closer to each other ). in addition, the freshwater sawfish reaches a larger maximum size ( 6. 0 m or larger versus 3. 1 m total length ) than does the dwarf sawfish. the freshwater sawfish is distinguished from the smalltooth sawfish ( pristis pectinata ) by the fewer average number of rostral teeth per side ( 14 - 23, versus 20 - 34 ), the broad and tapered rostrum, the presence of a lower caudal fin lobe, greater width of the pectoral fins, more robust body, and the position of the first dorsal fin origin anterior to the pelvic fins. the freshwater sawfish is distinguished from the largetooth sawfish by its geographic range. the morphology of these two species is indistinguishable. the freshwater sawfish is distinguished from the green sawfish ( pristis zijsron ) by the fewer number of rostral teeth per side ( 14", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4428115058736125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a3b83ff-722f-4edd-b0ce-f24b787d0fd9>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.278997"}
{"text": "its geographic range. the morphology of these two species is indistinguishable. the freshwater sawfish is distinguished from the green sawfish ( pristis zijsron ) by the fewer number of rostral teeth per side ( 14 - 23, versus 23 - 37 ), the position of the first dorsal fin origin anterior to that of the pectoral fins, and the presence of a lower caudal fin lobe. the freshwater sawfish also has a broad and tapered rostrum equipped with evenly spaced rostral teeth ( versus an inter - tooth space between the last two teeth greater than two times the inter - tooth space of the first two teeth ). - \u00b7 coloration the dorsal surface of the freshwater sawfish is uniform yellowish - grey or brown in color, with yellowish - brown outer fin margins. their rostral teeth are typically colored a dirty cream or yellow, contrasting with the darker hue of the dorsal rostral surface. the ventral surface of the body is colored a dirty cream. - \u00b7 dentition freshwater sawfish have very small oral teeth with rounded cusps that are close - set. all oral teeth are functional at the same time. upper jaw teeth are arranged in 70 to 72 rows consisting of 115 - 127 teeth per row, while tooth rows of the lower jaw number 64 - 68 consisting of 122 - 140 teeth per row. jaw of pristis microdon taken from a large mature individual. photo \u00a9 mark harris. oral dentition of pristis microdon taken from a large mature individual. photo \u00a9 mark harris. - \u00b7 denticles the body of the freshwater sawfish is covered with minute, close - set dermal denticles having leaf - shaped crown ridges and anterior furrows in all developmental stages except in embryos. the crown ridges are less prominent in large specimens. denticles are similar on both the dorsal and ventral sides of the body. denticles do not fully appear along the lateral edges of the rostrum until after the rostral teeth have fully emerged from the sockets in young freshwater sawfish. rostral denticles of this species are similar in shape throughout the length of the rostrum, although the crown ridges change in morphology from the anterior portion to the posterior portion. these ridges flatten out gradually from the tip to the rostral base. - \u00b7 size, age & growth this species attains a maximum size of at least 6. 0 m ( 19. 7 ft ) total length. larger stated maximum sizes ( up to 7. 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4378934612726326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a3b83ff-722f-4edd-b0ce-f24b787d0fd9>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.280525"}
{"text": "from the tip to the rostral base. - \u00b7 size, age & growth this species attains a maximum size of at least 6. 0 m ( 19. 7 ft ) total length. larger stated maximum sizes ( up to 7. 0 m or 23 ft ) need confirmation. three mature males collected off durban, africa measured between 3. 75 and 3. 92 m ( 12. 3 - 12. 9 ft ) and weighed between 180 and 188 kg ( 397 - 415 lb ). recently born freshwater sawfish measure 72 - 93 cm ( 28. 3 - 36. 6 inches ). in a 2004 study of western australian freshwater sawfish, specimens of the first year class measured up to 91. 2 cm ( 35. 9 inches ), a male specimen of 1. 0 m ( 3. 3 ft ) was an estimated two years old, specimens of both sexes measuring 1. 6 m ( 5. 2 ft ) were an estimated three years old, and specimens of both sexes measuring between 2. 1 m ( 6. 9 ft ) and 2. 3 m ( 7. 5 ft ) were an estimated four to five years of age. during the same 2004 study, a female that measured 2. 2 m ( 7. 2 ft ) was tagged in the fitzroy river, and was recaptured approximately five months later having grown 30 mm ( 1. 2 inches ) longer during that time. in a 1991 study, a mature male taken from papua new guinea measuring 3. 6 m ( 11. 8 ft ) had a calculated age of 44 years, while an immature male measuring 2. 5 m ( 8. 1 ft ) was determined to have been 16 years old. these age estimates are markedly greater than any other age and growth study performed on sawfishes to date, leading one to speculate that the researchers may have misinterpreted the annual growth rings ( termed ' annuli ' ) of the vertebral centra. - \u00b7 food habits despite the freshwater sawfish ' s interesting mode of food gathering, using its rostrum in a side - to - side slashing motion to dislodge invertebrates from substrate and to stun schooling fishes, little is known about the feeding habits of this species. reported food items of the freshwater sawfish include the marine catfish arius graeffei, cherabin ( macrobrachium rosenbergii ), shrimp, and small fishes. additional prey species may include freshwater prawn such as macrobrachium australiense, m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38527806606142556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a3b83ff-722f-4edd-b0ce-f24b787d0fd9>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.281863"}
{"text": "the marine catfish arius graeffei, cherabin ( macrobrachium rosenbergii ), shrimp, and small fishes. additional prey species may include freshwater prawn such as macrobrachium australiense, m. rosenbergi, and m. handschii. - \u00b7 reproduction freshwater sawfish, like all sharks, skates, and rays, reproduce by means of internal fertilization. this species, like all rays, utilizes a strategy of embryo nourishment called aplacental yolk sac viviparity. with this strategy, the embryos are nourished only by their yolk sac, which provides energy for them to develop into fully functional young sawfish in utero. the embryos are nourished by yolk stored in a yolk sac, connected to the embryo by a yolk stalk and both of these structures are fully absorbed before the young sawfish are born. the minimum age at maturity is not known for the freshwater sawfish, but preliminary evidence suggests that it may take as many as 20 years before an individual can reproduce. size at maturity for female freshwater sawfish is about 3. 0 m ( 10 ft ) in total length. males of this species mature at about 2. 5 m ( 8. 2 ft ) or less. the gestation period of the freshwater sawfish is probably about five months, based on the closely related largetooth sawfish of the western atlantic ocean. freshwater sawfish are capable of giving birth in freshwater conditions far up rivers and in contiguous lakes. parturition is thought to occur late in the wet season ( december - march ) in the gulf of carpentaria ( australia ). a reported litter size of four young has been reported, but litter size may range up to ten or more young. the sex ratio of the young has not been recorded. recently born freshwater sawfish measure 72 - 93 cm ( 28. 3 - 36. 6 inches ), and are probably born tail - first. the saw teeth of young sawfish do not fully erupt, and are also covered in a sheath of tissue, until after birth so as not to injure the mother. young freshwater sawfish rostral teeth reach their full size proportionate to the size of the rostrum soon after birth. the reproductive cycle of the freshwater sawfish is still not documented, but the closely related largetooth sawfish has been reported to produce litters every other year. - \u00b7 predators although adult freshwater sawfish have little or no natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43867614999590127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a3b83ff-722f-4edd-b0ce-f24b787d0fd9>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.282817"}
{"text": "sawfishes, freshwater sawfish can be utilized as meat for human consumption, their fins sold into the asian ' shark fin ' market, their livers processed for oil, and their skins can made into leather. in addition, the eggs, liver oil, and bile of sawfishes can be used in chinese traditional medicine. also, like all other sawfishes, their rostra may be used in traditional medicine, as religious offerings, and sold as curios. there is little or no indication of utilization of this species as food anywhere in its range. freshwater sawfish provide an available food source for indigenous peoples of western australia. australian aboriginal art often depicts pristids, and among the species these peoples encounter in their native lands is pristis microdon \u00a9 matt mcdavitt. this species is occasionally sought after as a game fish using rod and reel, as seen in south africa and in queensland, australia. although large freshwater sawfish are capable of long and stubborn fights even on heavy tackle, this species lacks the aerial acrobatics and swiftness that adds to the appeal of more typical game fish. the international game fish association does not have a record holder for the freshwater sawfish. the rostra of pristis microdon are used as religious symbols in many taiwanese religious temples. photos \u00a9 rex lee. danger to humans the freshwater sawfish, like all sawfishes, is harmless to humans if left undisturbed. humans are too large to be viewed as potential prey. care must be taken when handling or approaching a sawfish of any size, as they may defend themselves when they feel threatened, using their rostrum to strike from side - to - side with considerable force. the freshwater sawfish attains a large size and is equipped with a very wide rostrum sporting large teeth. for these reasons, extra care should be afforded when encountering this species. the status of the freshwater sawfish populations is currently unknown, and no effective legislation exists to protect this species. however, the world conservation union ( iucn ) red list of threatened species categorizes this species as \" critically endangered \". further, freswater sawfish are listed under appendix ii of the convention on the international trade of endangered species ( cites ), permitting only the sale of live freshwater sawfish from australia to aquaria to promote education and conservation efforts. it is thought that the species has experienced significant population declines in many portions of its range. this is due to its extreme vulnerability as bycatch in nearshore and freshwater gill", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4638997641549222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3a3b83ff-722f-4edd-b0ce-f24b787d0fd9>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.285050"}
{"text": "usda ' s team nutrition is an integrated, behavior based, comprehensive plan for promoting the nutritional health of the nation ' s children. this plan involves schools, parents, and the community in efforts to continuously improve school meals, and to promote the health and education of 50 million school children in more than 96, 000 schools nationwide. team nutrition ' s goal is to improve children ' s lifelong eating and physical activity habits by using the principles of the dietary guidelines for americans and myplate. schools are the key focal point for team nutrition. they are invited to enroll as \" team nutrition schools, \" affirming their commitment to take the lead in making nutritional changes, conducting nutrition education activities and events, and using innovative materials from the usda food and nutrition service ( fns ). emphasis is placed on working through state agencies to recruit team nutrition schools as well as develop training support systems necessary for local implementation. how does it work? training and technical assistance for healthy school meals the focus of the training and technical assistance is on : - planning and preparing healthy meals that appeal to ethnic and cultural taste preferences in all child nutrition programs ; - linking meals programs to other educational activities, such as learning in the classroom and developmental progress in child care ; - providing nutrition expertise and awareness to the school or child care community ; and - using sound business practices to assure the continued availability of healthy meals and the financial viability and accountability of school meal programs. through fun, interactive nutrition education children are encouraged to : - eat a variety of foods - eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains - eat lower fat foods more often - get your calcium - rich foods - be physically active school and community support school and community support for healthy eating and physical activity focuses on three behavior outcomes for school and community leaders : - adopting and implementing school policies that promote healthy eating and physical activity ; - providing school resources adequate to achieve success ; and - fostering school and community environments that support healthy eating and physical activity. broad support is needed to provide nutritious meals, nutrition education, and healthy school and community environments. adults can provide this support and positive messages in a variety of ways, through their actions and decisions. partners and supporters a network of public and private organizations is used to promote team nutrition, develop and disseminate materials, leverage resources, expand the reach of messages, and build a broad base of support. the network includes private sector companies, as well as nonprofit and advocacy organizations including nutrition, health, education, entertainment, and industry groups.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4922796864141354, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1616f065-f8a4-4284-8fa9-a64cc178d329>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.288671"}
{"text": "according to the american hiking society *, which created this holiday, national trail day exists to \" bring the next generation outside and into the wonder of the natural world. \" it ' s a great day to celebrate your family and the beauty of god ' s creation. hiking with small children, however, can be challenging. many parents find the thought daunting. the key to a successful family nature walk is to make it child - friendly, say mark and amy reif, avid hikers and parents of three young children. they ' ve been taking to the trails across the country since their oldest was still in a backpack. as early as age 2, their children have enjoyed hikes of a mile or more. \" we try to make it exciting for them, \" the reifs said, \" like letting them play in a stream, or climb a tree. sometimes even just looking for the color trail markers keeps the kids going. \" frequent breaks are encouraged. \" we stay flexible about time, \" they add. \" our kids are free to stop and touch things. we let them investigate. sometimes we just stand and listen to sounds \u2014 or hear the lack of sounds. \" combining the reifs ' wisdom with advice from the american hiking society, here are tips on making your family hiking experience a great one : be prepared \u2014 take with you plenty of water and snacks for when kids tire. if you ' re hiking while on vacation, look at some books in advance about the area in which you ' ll walk. that will help your children know what to look for. or try bringing along a small field guide on birds or wildflowers. be reasonable \u2014 don ' t tackle too much too soon. that doesn ' t necessarily mean flat trails ; a short climb over rocks or a stroll around a pond might be just the right length. be flexible \u2014 be off the clock as much as possible. allow for distractions. let your kids control the pace and, at times, the direction. the goal is exploration, not getting there and back in the expected time. be safe \u2014 keep your children in sight at all times. trails with beautiful vistas can have dangerous drops. also, a child can get lost very quickly if he wanders off the trail. teach them that if they do get lost, they need to stay put until you come to them. ready to hit the woods? to add a creative edge, turn your time outdoors into a scavenger hike or town treasure hunt. ah, the creamy sweetness of a spoonful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.416582609255495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84cde66d-99a7-4f76-be7e-494e035aac58>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.295008"}
{"text": "get lost, they need to stay put until you come to them. ready to hit the woods? to add a creative edge, turn your time outdoors into a scavenger hike or town treasure hunt. ah, the creamy sweetness of a spoonful of ice cream. the delicious chill, the smooth glide down the throat \u2014 it ' s just the thing for a hot summer night. what would summer be without ice cream? it ' s the perfect match. in fact, the whole of july is set aside as national ice cream month. but we ' ll celebrate it this day, the anniversary of the first commercially made and advertised ice cream in america. in 1786, a mr. hall of chatham street in new york city put an ad in the newspaper to tell customers that he was now in the business of selling ice cream. not that ice cream was a new thing. here are some highlights of ice - cream history : soda jerks created their own language for the orders they ' d call out. see if you can match the food with the wacky name they gave it. which leads to today ' s activity for your family. like many imagination exercises, this starts with a \" what if \" question. what if mr. hall had not been a new york businessman? what if instead of stopping in the big city, he went out into the wilderness to perfect his recipes? what if his first ad was for mountain man ice cream? think of the strange names he would have for ice cream and toppings! on second thought, let me think of some. use my mountain man ice - cream menu to get your kids to place orders for an ice - cream sundae adventure. they may have no idea what they ' re getting. that ' s the fun of it! here ' s the translation, so you know what they ' re ordering. have a few minutes on a hot summer night? then dish up some family fun!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4448420387399692, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:84cde66d-99a7-4f76-be7e-494e035aac58>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.295980"}
{"text": "resource : case study atwood primary school, a silver award school in croydon, believes food education is integral to the school curriculum, and its links with commonwork at bore place farm help to bring all of the strands together, from growing to cooking and food sourcing. pupils are given \u201c real life learning opportunities \u201d and the skills to make informed food choices in the future. commonwork is a group of organisations based at bore place farm, an organic dairy farm and soil association demonstration site 17 miles away from the school. the group has an excellent education programme and provide a variety of curriculum linked school visits throughout the year. visits were initially funded by the food for life partnership but now the school funds the visits itself. what they have achieved atwood decided to send the pupils from their school nutrition action group to bore place to learn more about farming and in particular milk production. the school has visited the farm several times over the last year to see how the farm changes, and has used the visits to reinforce many areas of the curriculum. some examples of the activities the pupils did on the farm are detailed below : dairy unit tour \u2013 on their first visit it was important for pupils to see the site and become familiar with it. pupils were able to see where dairy cows live and better understand how milk is produced. pupils were asked to write a report back in school about what they had learnt on their visit, which is great for literacy skills. pupils also fed back to the rest of the school about their visits by creating display boards in school, which is great for art and design. artificial insemination demonstration \u2013 this demonstration introduces life cycles to the pupils, the life cycle of a dairy cow, in particular. newborn calves visit \u2013 pupils were very lucky to be able to see a calf the day after it was born. this was on their second visit and this really helped reinforce what they had learnt on their first visit about life cycles. it also introduced the topics of animal welfare, which is a great science and citizenship topic. milking viewing \u2013 pupils were able to stay on the farm to watch the afternoon milking session, helping to reinforce the idea of food production. this is a great maths topic because pupils can see how many cows there are, how much milk is produce and also how much feed ration the cows get. slurry pool viewing \u2013 nutrient recycling is an interesting topic for pupils to think about \u2013 being able to see how the waste from the farm is collected and reused is a great practical example. development of new cow sheds \u2013 pupils were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.528870245253768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abe6aaa0-6a92-44d3-a04c-d37760d2dfab>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.301263"}
{"text": "the cows get. slurry pool viewing \u2013 nutrient recycling is an interesting topic for pupils to think about \u2013 being able to see how the waste from the farm is collected and reused is a great practical example. development of new cow sheds \u2013 pupils were able to view the construction of the new buildings, which is a brilliant design and technology topic. puils are able to think about materials and their properties and how they can come together to form a building. this is also a good activity for discussing animal welfare because pupils are able to think about what cows ' specific requirements are in terms of housing. farm manager interview \u2013 pupils were able to ask the farm manager some questions and get a better understanding of how a farm is organised and run as a business. bread making \u2013 pupils learnt all about the cereal crops that make flour and were able to grind their own flour in order to make a bread roll each. this is an excellent exercise for food technology and science \u2013 it introduces changing state and forces. waste audit activity \u2013 every time the pupils visited the farm they separated their lunch waste into recyclable, compostable waste, etc. to see what waste they had produced, reinforcing the messages of recycling. food miles activity \u2013 considering where different food items have come from enables pupils to think about the impact of the food we eat everyday and consider what choices and alternatives they have as food consumers. vegetable plot tour \u2013 this was a great way for pupils to see what can be produced in the garden and relate it back to the plants they are growing in their garden at school. a great activity to discuss germination, plant life cycles, seed dispersal and the principles of organic production. battery hens talk \u2013 animal welfare is an important and emotive topic, and seeing how battery hens can be rescued and made healthy again helps pupils to understand and again consider food choices. hedgerow survey \u2013 the farm was happy to have the pupils help survey what was living in the hedgerows as part of their 10 yearly survey. this activity is a good way to talk about the benefits of organic farming for biodiversity and introduce topics such as natural pest control, food chains and habitats. what they say rob veale, deputy head teacher at atwood primary school, says : \" we feel the teaching of \u2018 food \u2019 is extremely important in developing a pupil \u2019 s education as a whole. it has an impact not only on their immediate lives but also their future lives. pupils have the opportunity to cook a range of recipes, grow a variety of crops each year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.515176387439388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abe6aaa0-6a92-44d3-a04c-d37760d2dfab>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.302301"}
{"text": "food \u2019 is extremely important in developing a pupil \u2019 s education as a whole. it has an impact not only on their immediate lives but also their future lives. pupils have the opportunity to cook a range of recipes, grow a variety of crops each year and care for chickens. produce from the gardens and chickens are used in the cooking club, by the school canteen or sold in order to develop some project sustainability. regular visits to the farm are made throughout the year so pupils can relate to the processes of producing food. these are real - life learning opportunities. skills gained from these experiences are used for the rest of a pupil \u2019 s life. pupils will be able to make informed food choices and evaluate the impact these choices have on the environment. \" julia bracewell, education coordinator at commonwork at bore place farm, says : \" the aims of these visits to bore place are to help young people and adults to make connections : with the natural environment, with their food at the start of the production process, with each other on a local and global scale, recognising that actions that individuals take in one part of the world can have an impact on others in other countries, and vice versa. and ultimately, through these experiences, we feel it is important that people can make connections with themselves and to recognise and understand their own feelings about issues, as well as their own values and thus to be able to make decisions from an informed basis. but for all this to happen, we feel strongly that the experiences have to be positive and enjoyable, and so we try to ensure that visits are good days out where learning and experiencing happens through fun and enjoyment \u2026 despite the often very strong smells on the farm. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5103855868541515, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:abe6aaa0-6a92-44d3-a04c-d37760d2dfab>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.303395"}
{"text": "sanitation best practices by michael m. cramer \u201c since qa is making us clean our tools, they should pay for the chemicals! \u201d \u2014 a plant maintenance employee upon finding out he has to clean and sanitize his tools product safety and quality are highly dependent on sanitation, as improper sanitation will result in reduced shelf life and increased loss due to spoilage. sanitation is a prerequisite to haccp and is intended to reduce the incidence of microbiological, chemical and physical hazards in the food manufacturing environment. the most effective sanitation program can be nullified if employees do not follow good manufacturing practices ( gmps ), thus creating contamination conditions. conversely, strong sanitation programs, incorporating multiple interventions and integrated with other critical food safety systems, will enhance overall product safety. this article will introduce the basic needs for effective sanitation and provide basic operational guidelines pertaining to sanitation practices and sanitation employee expectations for properly cleaning a food plant, its equipment, utensils and structure. * the sanitation department is one of the most important departments in a food manufacturing facility. how can you start your plant on time in the morning unless it is clean? how can you expect to have acceptable product quality and shelf life without a sanitary environment? and how are you going to be certain that your products are safe for consumption without an environment nearly free of pathogens? you cannot do it without the actions of a group of individuals willing to work in the dead of the night, often in wet conditions, their work usually not being noticed unless something goes wrong. the sanitation department depends on structure to be effective. this begins with a strong sanitation supervisor or manager ; someone with good leadership attributes, technical skills and problem - solving ability. it continues with the selection, hiring and training of sanitarians who implement the sanitation process. how can sanitation be made the most important department in the plant? start by hiring a staff that is physically able to do the job, that can work the hours required, and that can handle the conditions ( wet and involving chemicals ). sanitarians must be well trained to do their jobs, including knowing how to perform their tasks safely. appropri - ate personal protective equipment must be provided for and used by associates, such as rain gear, aprons, boots, and gloves and goggles or face shields. inappropriate garments should not be allowed ( i. e., street clothes, garbage bag coverings, or flammable material ), as these can result in poor safety or sanitation conditions. do not just give sanitarians the personal protective gear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46083173402733657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a710953-6372-445f-bb69-9ec623f5d8e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.323412"}
{"text": ". inappropriate garments should not be allowed ( i. e., street clothes, garbage bag coverings, or flammable material ), as these can result in poor safety or sanitation conditions. do not just give sanitarians the personal protective gear without telling them why it is necessary for them to wear it ; train them to understand why it is important to wear such gear. in one plant, the writer observed that plant sanitarians wore street clothes, had no gloves or goggles, and used trash bags to fashion covers to keep themselves dry. when asked why they did not have appropriate rain gear, the plant manager explained that it was too expensive. a review of the plant records revealed a high frequency of reportable accidents from chemical burns and irritations among the sanitation staff, resulting in high insurance premium, lost time, and late plant startup. it did not take long to calculate that providing the appropriate gear was less expensive than the dollars spent on insurance and lost productivity. the plant manager relented and bought the equipment, but it was unfortunate that people had to be injured before he took action. considerations for effective cleaning when developing sanitation procedures, as when selecting cleaning compounds, there are several factors that must be considered : first, the type of soil to be cleaned ; second, the function of various chemicals in the cleaning process ; and finally, the condition of the plant water. soils. there are many types of soils that may be encountered in food plants, depending on the types of product being made. each different soil has a different level of solubility. there is no general - purpose cleaner to address all soils ; no \u201c one size fits all. \u201d cleaners or detergents are selected specific to the needs. table 1 illustrates the solubility of various soils typically found in food processing plants. chemical functions. another important factor to consider when setting up the sanitation program is the functionality of chemicals ; that is, what they do when used. the following are functions that cleaning chemicals perform when used in a sanitation system : \u2022 emulsification : the breaking up of fats and oils to allow them to mix in water. once this is accomplished, they remain suspended in water until rinsed away. \u2022 saponification : the process of making fat soluble and easier to remove. alkali cleaners react with animal or plant fat, creating soap that is suspended for rinsing. \u2022 sequestering / chelating : the process of removing mineral hardness from water and making it softer for cleaning. polyphosphates are examples", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49388488568556815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a710953-6372-445f-bb69-9ec623f5d8e2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.324423"}
{"text": "more expensive than softening the water in the plant system. this can be done through the addition of chemicals ( hydrated lime and soda ash ) to precipitate the hardness. this is especially effective for boilers. another means to soften plant water is through ion exchange in which sodium ions are exchanged for calcium and magnesium, making the water more compatible with cleaning solutions. cleaning chemicals. when selecting cleaning chemicals and sanitizers, it is also important to match the type of material used for the processing equipment so that the equipment does not deteriorate. soft metals such as aluminum can pit from harsh chemicals such as acids or unbuffered alkali, and the pitting can become harborage for bacteria, supporting the formation of biofilms. they must be safe for use and easily rinsed from equipment. table 2 lists common cleaners or detergents. the sanitation chemical supplier should be a source of technical assistance in the use and application of cleaning chemicals, not just a chemical salesman. the most effective supplier representatives will conduct a plant survey to determine products, soils, equipment, facility flow, and personnel needs. they will participate in setting up the cleaning procedures but will not set up the procedures themselves. they will provide chemical safety training and training on application and technique, and should have sufficient microbiological knowledge to understand what organisms are of concern, given the products made, and to assist with selection of sanitizers to control these organisms. cleaning systems and equipment central systems provide hot water and chemicals to stations placed around the plant. they can be automatically set to deliver various combinations of water pressure and volume for specific soils. the systems can be set to deliver chemicals directly into the water or be equipped with a mixing valve to add chemical from a central dispenser. the advantage to the mixing valve is that the same hose can be used for prerinse and final rinse of equipment with the valve off to prevent flow of chemical. if this type of system is used, it is important to provide a sufficient number of hoses and hook - up stations for the size of the plant and to have sufficient pump size to deliver the water or chemical needed for the distance and number of units to be run at any time. spray guns for the cleaning system must be of sufficient size to deliver the chemical to the areas being cleaned. if equipped with a nozzle with a 15\u00b0 spread, this should be sufficient for most applications. nozzles are available to alter the spray pattern for varying cleaning jobs. an alternative to a central system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4955049050405341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a710953-6372-445f-bb69-9ec623f5d8e2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.326672"}
{"text": "deliver the chemical to the areas being cleaned. if equipped with a nozzle with a 15\u00b0 spread, this should be sufficient for most applications. nozzles are available to alter the spray pattern for varying cleaning jobs. an alternative to a central system is individual hose stations. these stations have a supply of hot and cold water or steam injection for creation of hot water. they require a gauge for direct reading of water temperature and will also be provided with individual backflow prevention devices. as they operate with city water pressure, the hoses will have adjustable nozzles for stream flow or mist spray. hoses must be made of material that is able to handle the temperature and pressures for the system, and be lightweight, flexible, and nonporous so that they can be cleaned. portable equipment can be used for wet cleaning of hard - to - reach areas. it may require hot - water feed or have built - in heaters to create hot water. in addition, it can incorporate detergent and create foam. wet / dry vacuums are valuable in any food plant environment on account of their versatility. they can be used for small cleaning jobs and are highly portable. plants may also find value in purchasing floor scrubbers. though they need space to operate, they are good for cleaning warehouse floors and aisles. the cleaning process the frequency with which the plant is cleaned will depend greatly on the operation and the types of soils involved. dry - mix plants are often continuous, with ongoing cleanup or a full cleanup at the end of a week. slaughter and further process plants now have flexibility from fsis to determine what is appropriate provided there is no insanitary condition or no production of adulterated product. a rule of thumb is for plants to clean once within a 24 - hour period and after the following product changeovers : between allergenic ingredients for food safety ; between animal species ( i. e., when changing from chicken to beef to prevent economic adulteration ) ; and between spices for quality reasons ( i. e., from more colorful or flavorful spice blends to less intense blends ). consult with the plant sanitarians and the qa department to determine appropriate cleaning frequency. decisions to clean equipment or rooms less than every 24 hours must be supported by sufficient scientific documentation to prove that this will not result in insanitary conditions and the production of adulterated product. this may come in the form of microbiological testing, scientific literature, or validation by a process authority. environmental cleaning of such areas such as walls,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5155739420862436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a710953-6372-445f-bb69-9ec623f5d8e2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.327697"}
{"text": "prove that this will not result in insanitary conditions and the production of adulterated product. this may come in the form of microbiological testing, scientific literature, or validation by a process authority. environmental cleaning of such areas such as walls, floors, ceilings, drains, etc., should be conducted daily or as often as necessary ( i. e., during midshift cleanup, between shifts, etc. ) to prevent product or contact - surface contamination. nonproduction areas should be cleaned as frequently as needed to prevent transfer of insanitary conditions to production areas. the following steps are basic procedures for effective cleaning and sanitizing. each step in the process depends on effective completion of the prior step. the sanitation process starts with a dry pickup of scrap, paper, packaging, and product or ingredient spills. this should be ongoing during the manufacturing shift to prevent excess buildup and prevent insanitary processing conditions. break down equipment into component parts or open equipment panels to clean inside. cover electrical panels or motors with plastic and secure the plastic to prevent forcing water into areas that may result in damage. lock out or tag out moving equipment, such as blenders, to prevent injury ( i. e., equipment someone may have to reach into ). do not place equipment parts on the ground ( floor ) or on stairs or platforms where there is foot traffic, as this may only create more bacterial niches and result in recontamination of clean parts. instead, have racks or clean - out - of - place ( cop ) tanks for these parts. follow dry cleaning with a hot - water rinse to break up fat, remove visible soils, and combine with mechanical action to prepare surfaces for cleaning. water temperature for cleaning is very important, depending on the soils present. generally, the water temperature used is approximately 5\u00b0f above the melt point temperature of fat. this means that the recommended temperature will be between 130 to 160\u00b0f. as proteins denature and bind to surfaces, making removal more difficult, do not let the water temperature reach 185\u00b0f or higher. dry pickup and rinse are very important steps to remove as much soil as possible as most chemical cleaners are not designed to remove excess soils or gross contamination. wash all equipment and environmental surfaces with detergent and hot water. here again, the water temperature is most effective between 130\u00b0f and 160\u00b0f, depending on the cleaning chemicals used. cleaning may involve several steps and cleaning compounds used may contain several ingredients, depending on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5026304484427709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a710953-6372-445f-bb69-9ec623f5d8e2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.328735"}
{"text": "surfaces with detergent and hot water. here again, the water temperature is most effective between 130\u00b0f and 160\u00b0f, depending on the cleaning chemicals used. cleaning may involve several steps and cleaning compounds used may contain several ingredients, depending on the soils to be removed, hardness of water, and prevention of scale formation. the chemicals used will be selected to control soils identified in table 1. chemical mixing, if not done by an automatic dispenser, is very important to cleaning effectiveness and cost control. train sanitors to properly mix chemicals, and if verification of chemical strengths is required, use test strips, titration chemicals, or ph / conductivity probes available with some atp devices. ensure that they understand that excess chemical will not make cleaning easier ; in fact, it may make it more difficult by harming equipment, leaving chemical film, and wasting money. conversely, too little chemical does not save money as it is not going to clean as effectively and will ultimately result in failures such as reduced shelf life and quality, microbiological problems, or regulatory noncompliance reports, or control action. a pumping system with pressurized air is an effective means of applying cleaning compounds with the creation of foam. foaming cleaners are most effective when large areas need to be cleaned, and they should be left on the equipment long enough to break down soils but not long enough to dry, making removal more difficult. once the chemical has been applied to the surface, it will require contact time to penetrate and break up soil, but not so long that it begins to dry. use mechanical action as needed to remove soil and prevent buildup that can contribute to biofilm formation. as a rule, scrub contact surfaces on a daily basis and indirect surfaces such as frames at least once a week. during the process of rinsing and applying cleaning compounds, run conveyors or other equipment at slow speeds to ensure that all surfaces are contacted. the frequency of removal of belts for scrubbing and soaking must be identified by the plant in the master sanitation schedule. cleaning must include the undersides of the belts, and if the conveyor guides have removable uhmw runners, identify the frequency with which they need to be removed for cleaning and soaking. do not allow employees to stand on top of conveyors or product surfaces, as their boots may be a source of contamination that can be ground into equipment. provide them with the appropriate ladders or lifts to reach high spots. once the cleaning process is completed, the rinsing process will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4931914951967511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a710953-6372-445f-bb69-9ec623f5d8e2>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.329681"}
{"text": "of conveyors or product surfaces, as their boots may be a source of contamination that can be ground into equipment. provide them with the appropriate ladders or lifts to reach high spots. once the cleaning process is completed, the rinsing process will remove soils suspended in detergent. rinse all surfaces with hot ( 130 to 160\u00b0f ) water to remove all soap. use care to avoid overspray or water spray into floors and drains that might result in the creation of aerosols. once cleaning is complete and prior to application of sanitizer, it is a good idea to conduct basic monitoring, beginning with organoleptic inspection : \u2022 look in, around, and under equipment and structures for indications of soil removal. \u2022 does the environment smell clean or are there sour or musty odors? \u2022 feel equipment surfaces for grease or grit from incomplete soil removal. provide the proper tools to monitor, including a flashlight ; mirror ( no glass ) for inspecting difficult - to - reach locations ; test strips or kits to monitor cleaning and sanitizing solutions ; thermometer for checking water temperature ; a ladder or lift to inspect high equipment and overhead structures ; and a notepad and pen to record findings. it is very important that sanitarians be trained to conduct inspection of their work, and this inspection should also incorporate the use of atp bioluminescence technology to verify cleaning effectiveness. this technology does not indicate the presence of microorganisms ; rather, it measures the presence of organic material, indicating an environment in which microbes can live and grow. thus, if used in conjunction with visual inspection, it provides sanitarians with immediate feedback on the efficacy of their cleaning efforts. the final step in the process is to apply sanitizer to all cleaned and rinsed surfaces to destroy hidden microorganisms. effective use of sanitizers is integral to controlling microorganisms for the purpose of food safety and product shelf stability. it must be understood that sanitizing does not replace thorough handwashing or equipment and facility cleaning. factors such as organic materials, especially protein, decrease the effectiveness of sanitizers against microorganisms. therefore, plant employees must be trained to properly wash hands and clean equipment / facilities, and to remove all carbohydrate, fat, and protein soil and biofilms prior to sanitizing. the sanitizing step will supplement effective cleaning through the reduction of microorganisms to a level considered safe. the selection of sanitizers will be determined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5001063926277874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a710953-6372-445f-bb69-9ec623f5d8e2>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.330629"}
{"text": "towels for wiping down equipment surfaces. towels used should be wetted with sanitizer before use to provide an additional microbiological control benefit. trash / inedible bins control : the insides of trash or recycling bins will be kept closed with lids secured or emptied frequently to prevent overflow. inedible carts will be emptied frequently and cleaned no less than daily. no trash or solid waste will be stored within the plant except in covered containers. waste containers at packaging machines may be uncovered during the operation of such equipment. idle equipment control : idle equipment, not currently in use, will be covered to prevent contamination from ongoing operations, maintenance, or sanitation activities. if not covered, equipment will be washed on a daily basis and, in all cases, washed and sanitized prior to use in production. floor mats or foamers : foamers are the preferred means of delivering sanitizer on the floors. they will be maintained to deliver quat at 800 to 1000 ppm and set to create thick foam rather than a liquid pool. if floor mats or baths are used, they must be maintained at optimum sanitizer strength. use 800 to 1000 ppm quat for all floor mats. overhead control : overhead structures ( i. e., pipes, beams, lights, etc. ) are to be clean, free of condensation as well as dust buildup, and rust and flaking materials ( paint, silicone, tape and plastic. ) place overheads on the master sanitation schedule to prevent buildup of soils that can drop onto product surfaces or product. packaging control : direct product - contact packaging ( i. e., film and bags ) will be covered while in storage areas to prevent accidental contamination. packaging materials returned to storage will be dry, clean and sealed. door control : doors ( including silos, compactor areas ) should remain closed during operations unless they have operating air curtains to prevent the entry of pests and outdoor dust or soil. maintenance control : food - contact equipment contaminated by maintenance activity before or during operations should be properly cleaned and sanitized before contact with food product or packaging. an effective sanitation program depends on many factors : sanitarian selection and training ; effective procedures for daily and regularly scheduled cleaning ; selection of the right chemicals for cleaning and sanitizing ; implementation of standard cleaning processes ; and maintenance of operational sanitation conditions. in addition, plants should evaluate inspection reports, microbiological results and, as applicable, nrs to periodically assess sanitation performance. the objective is to drive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.513368073608695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a710953-6372-445f-bb69-9ec623f5d8e2>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.335561"}
{"text": "cleaning and sanitizing ; implementation of standard cleaning processes ; and maintenance of operational sanitation conditions. in addition, plants should evaluate inspection reports, microbiological results and, as applicable, nrs to periodically assess sanitation performance. the objective is to drive continuous improvement in the sanitation process, whether it be retraining of sanitors, rewriting the sanitation procedures, or redesigning plant equipment for more effective cleaning. if all of these processes are implemented, they will go a long way in ensuring the safety, wholesomeness and quality of the plant \u2019 s products. michael m. cramer is director, quality assurance with windsor frozen foods co., a family of companies making a range of italian, pan - asian and southwestern style appetizers, entrees, pastas and ready - to - eat items for the foodservice and retail industries. for 10 years, mike served as vice president, food safety & quality assurance with ready - to - eat, multi - ingredient processed foods manufacturer specialty brands, inc., acquired by windsor in 2005. he is a member and former director of the national meat association, a member of the institute of food technologists, and serves on the editorial advisory board of food safety magazine. this article is excerpted from food plant sanitation : design, maintenance and good manufacturing practices ( june 2006 ), chapter 7 : sanitation best practices, by michael m. cramer, with permission from crc press, boca raton, fl ( www. crcpress. com ; 800. 272. 7737 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48588076646505074, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a710953-6372-445f-bb69-9ec623f5d8e2>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.336350"}
{"text": "tuesday, july 3, 2012 reading list : did muhammad exist? - spencer, robert. did muhammad exist? wilmington, de : isi books, 2012. isbn 978 - 161017 - 061 - 1. - in 1851, ernest renan wrote that islam \u201c was born in the full light of history \u2026 \u201d. but is this the case? what do we actually know of the origins of islam, the life of its prophet, and the provenance of its holy book? in this thoroughly researched and documented investigation the author argues that the answer to these questions is very little indeed, and that contemporary evidence for the existence of a prophet in arabia who proclaimed a scripture, led the believers into battle and prevailed, unifying the peninsula, and lived the life documented in the muslim tradition is entirely nonexistent during the time of muhammad ' s supposed life, and did not emerge until decades, and in many cases, more than a century later. further, the historical record shows clear signs, acknowledged by contemporary historians, of having been fabricated by rival factions contending for power in the emerging arab empire. what is beyond dispute is that in the century and a quarter between a. d. 622 and 750, arab armies erupted from the arabian peninsula and conquered an empire spanning three continents, propagating a change in culture, governance, and religion which remains in effect in much of that region today. the conventional story is that these warriors were the armies of islam, following their prophet ' s command to spread the word of their god and bearing his holy writ, the qur ' an, before them as they imposed it upon those they subdued by the sword. but what is the evidence for this? when you look for it, it ' s remarkably scanty. as the peoples conquered by the arab armies were, in many cases, literate, they have left records of their defeat. and in every case, they speak of the invaders as \u201c hagarians \u201d, \u201c ishmaelites \u201d, \u201c muhajirun \u201d, or \u201c saracens \u201d, and in none of these records is there a mention of an arab prophet, much less one named \u201c muhammad \u201d, or of \u201c islam \u201d, or of a holy book called the \u201c qur ' an \u201d. now, for those who study the historical foundations of christianity or judaism, these results will be familiar \u2014 when you trace the origins of a great religious tradition back to its roots, you often discover that they disappear into a fog of legend which believers must ultimately accept on faith since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46783339709790356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42b762fd-f1bf-4d2a-98a2-a912750815a5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.343750"}
{"text": "who study the historical foundations of christianity or judaism, these results will be familiar \u2014 when you trace the origins of a great religious tradition back to its roots, you often discover that they disappear into a fog of legend which believers must ultimately accept on faith since historical confirmation, at this remove, is impossible. this has been the implicit assumption of those exploring the historical foundations of the bible for at least two centuries, but it is considered extremely \u201c edgy \u201d to pose these questions about islam, even today. this is because when you do, the believers are prone to use edgy weapons to cut your head off. jews and christians have gotten beyond this, and just shake their heads and chuckle. so some say it takes courage to raise these questions about islam. i ' d say \u201c some \u201d are the kind of cowards who opposed the translation of the bible into the vernacular, freeing it from the priesthood and placing it in the hands of anybody who could read. and if any throat - slitter should be irritated by these remarks and be inclined to act upon them, be advised that i not only shoot back but, circumstances depending, first. i find the author ' s conclusion very plausible. after the arab conquest, its inheritors found themselves in command of a multicontinental empire encompassing a large number of subject peoples and a multitude of cultures and religious traditions. if you were the ruler of such a newly - cobbled - together empire, wouldn ' t you be motivated, based upon the experience of those you have subdued, to promulgate a state religion, proclaimed in the language of the conquerer, which demanded submission? would you not base that religion upon the revelation of a prophet, speaking to the conquerers in their own language, which came directly from god? it is often observed that islam, unlike the other abrahamic religions, is uniquely both a religious and political system, leading inevitably to theocracy ( which i ' ve always believed misnamed \u2014 i ' d have no problem with theocracy : rule by god ; it ' s rule by people claiming to act in his name that always seems to end badly ). but what if islam is so intensely political precisely because it was invented to support a political agenda \u2014 that of the arabic empire of the umayyad caliphate? it ' s not that islam is political because its doctrine encompasses politics as well as religion ; it ' s that ' s it ' s political because it was designed that way by the political rulers who directed the compilation of its sacred books, its traditions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4556499448305824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:42b762fd-f1bf-4d2a-98a2-a912750815a5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.345008"}
{"text": "information contained on this page is provided by newsusa, an independent third - party content provider. worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. / society for vascular surgery ) - a refreshing swim can help lower blood pressure and cholesterol. these are vascular health bonuses for people who are at risk for stroke, the leading cause of disability and the fourth leading cause of death in the united states. in 2010, 137, 000 americans died of stroke, according to the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). \" swimming is a vascular health bonanza, \" said david h. stone, md, and a member of the society for vascular surgery. \" low - impact swimming provides a total cardiovascular workout. regular exercise strengthens the heart muscle, resulting in less effort and a decrease in blood pressure. \" one in every three americans over 20 years old - - 74 million americans - - has high blood pressure according to 2010 statistics from the cdc. one in every six american adults has high cholesterol ( more than 250 mg / d l ). more american women than men have high cholesterol. to reduce high cholesterol levels, exercise and diet are important factors. the american council on exercise suggests that adults burn 2000 calories a week from exercise. the lack of regular physical activity results in 250, 000 deaths annually, according to a 2003 report in the journal circulation. as long as the exercise regimen continues, the health benefits remain. after 12 to 14 weeks of a three - to five - days - a - week exercise regimen of 20 to 60 minutes at an intensity of 60 to 90 percent heart rate, bad ( ldl ) cholesterol can decrease by up to 20 percent according to livestrong. com. another bonus : aerobic exercise can increase good ( hdl ) cholesterol. in a 2010 university of western australia study, 100 women swimmers, ages 50 to 70, lowered their bad cholesterol and lost more inches in the waist and hips than walkers. likewise, swimming is easy on the joints and doesn ' t result in overheating. there are non - invasive screening tests that can detect vascular disease. medication can treat vascular disease. for free print and electronic vascular health information, visit vascularweb. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46429467042301514, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f00cdb2-afa3-4d60-8fbd-e59c22bd2bb7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.347436"}
{"text": "would you like to add or edit content here? here ' s how you can have an account! stalin, mao zedong and pol pot were stalin, mao zedong and pol pot atheists? did their atheism have an impact on their actions and subsequent atrocities? one could make a valid claim that since stalin attended a russian orthodox seminary ( from 1894 to 1899 ) as a teenager in tiflis, the dogmatic black or white outlook of the world influenced his subsequent actions. as the historian alan bullock in his book hitler and stalin : parallel lives ( 1991 ) explained : the fact that it was a church education helped to form the mind of a man who was to become known for his dogmatism and his propensity for seeing issues in absolute terms, in black and white. anyone reading stalin ' s speeches and writings will notice their catechistic structure, the use of question and answer, the reduction of complex questions to a set of simplified formulas, the quoting of text to support his arguments. the same church influence has been noted by biographers in his style of speaking or writing russian : ' declamatory and repetitive, with liturgical overtones. ' however the main influence on all these three men were likely dogmatic marxism - communism. joseph m. bochenski in his essay \" a critique of communism \" in the book outline of communism clearly showed what the shortcomings of this system are : firstly, communists are prone to oversimplification. complex problems of the real world are explained in simplistic terms. thus the communist eschatology of a classless society leads them to believe that collectivization is the main source of human happiness. never mind the fact that each human beings have different - and opposing - dreams, goals and desires. they also believe that all problems of labor can be resolved by nationalization of all industries and the banning of private ownership. this saps the human spirit of the will to excel. this simplistic outlook spills into their belief about moral issues. since communism is the ultimate good, anyone who is opposed to it must necessarily be evil. like religious fundamentalists, to the communists everything is in black and white. \" you are either with us or against us. \" secondly, as can be seen above, communism resembles very closely the dogmatic faith of religious fundamentalist. it has, like other fundamentalist religions, a list of sacred writings known as the \" communist classics \". infallible authority is ascribed to these writings. it pretends to represent the absolute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5458857029326137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64d69f0d-fff8-4d17-94bb-3455e2b94934>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.353256"}
{"text": "very closely the dogmatic faith of religious fundamentalist. it has, like other fundamentalist religions, a list of sacred writings known as the \" communist classics \". infallible authority is ascribed to these writings. it pretends to represent the absolute truth by calling itself a \" science \". yet it proceeds in the manner of a faith. indeed, einstein even commented on this : - albert einstein, out of my later years : most importantly, in no case is atheism central to the building of these dogmatic positions. atheism embodies no particular ideology, world view or dogma and cannot be justified as any significant factor in the activities of these people. if anything, the lack of belief in a supernatural overlord leaves one to respect the importance of all of mankind peacefully coexisting, because unlike in religious doctrine, the penalties one may face for immoral acts are often levied in the material world, during the life of the perpetrator. indeed to the founder of communist doctrines, karl marx ( 1818 - 1883 ), atheism, was just a stage on the path to communism, and it was ultimately \" unreal \" and \" no longer needed \" by socialism and communism. this is what karl marx himself said about atheism : atheism as a denial of this unreality ; has no longer any meaning, for atheism is a denial of god and tries to assert through this negation the existence of man ; but socialism as such no longer needs this mediation... it is important to pause for a moment and consider this statement carefully. if karl marx, the intellectual founder of marxism and communism, repudiated atheism as meaningless and no longer needed, how then could atheism be considered the cause of the atrocities committed under communism? this site costs a lot of money in bandwidth and resources. we are glad to bring it to you free, but would you consider helping support our site by making a donation? any amount would go a long way towards helping us continue to provide this useful service to the community. click on the paypal button below to donate. your support is most appreciated!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5734146330698653, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64d69f0d-fff8-4d17-94bb-3455e2b94934>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.355546"}
{"text": "wastewater plant history the city of fresno initiated its first sewer system in 1891 with the construction of a 24 - inch outfall sewer to a 40 - acre \u2018 sewer farm \u2019 located southwest of fresno, east of the existing treatment facility. the acreage proved to be inadequate for the town and an additional 40 acres was purchased to increase capacity. the sewage was used for irrigating alfalfa crops. eight septic tanks were constructed in 1907 to provide partial treatment of the sewage prior to land spreading and irrigation. by 1910 fresno \u2019 s estimated population was 25, 000, necessitating an expansion of the \u2018 sewer farm \u2019 to meet the treatment needs of this burgeoning society. a major expansion began in 1909 with the purchase of an additional 812 acres and the construction of another 24 - inch outfall sewer running parallel to the original outfall. this expansion is the current site of the regional wastewater reclamation facilities. expansion of the sewer treatment plant kept pace with the demands of the city. in 1917 a 60 - inch outfall sewer and eight additional septic tanks were constructed. an additional 500 acres of adjacent land, made available by dairies forced to vacate by the state health department due to sewage overflow onto their properties, were rented. this system proved inadequate resulting in an odor and fly nuisance. in 1922, the city council recognized the dire situation and commissioned a study, to recommend a solution to the sewage crisis. the study recommended lowering the groundwater elevation to increase percolation capacity. this would allow water to be extracted and used on local water irrigation systems. construction began on nine extraction wells in 1924. the project was successful and temporarily solved the sewage crisis. sewer farm management began a new enterprise in 1933 to raise cattle feed ( mostly alfalfa ) irrigated by treated sewage. this operation ended in 1960 due to cost constraints. a major new treatment plant, plant 1, was constructed in 1947 to provide primary treatment to sewage prior to continued land disposal and local irrigation. this plant consisted of a headworks, primary clarifiers, anaerobic digester, and sludge drying beds. the city \u2019 s increasing population required the construction of a second plant, plant 2, in 1958. in 1966, the city of fresno was designated as the sewering agency for the local metropolitan area and assumed the role of developing a long - range, area - wide wastewater treatment and disposal plan. an engineering report recommended a five - stage program to meet long - range metropolitan needs. in 1970 construction began on the first stage of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3883264532490327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:543c79aa-51ce-4655-949c-723262ac78f9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.360007"}
{"text": "the local metropolitan area and assumed the role of developing a long - range, area - wide wastewater treatment and disposal plan. an engineering report recommended a five - stage program to meet long - range metropolitan needs. in 1970 construction began on the first stage of the wastewater treatment facility improvements. due to odor problems from excessive winery wastes, the city set limits on winery waste discharge until a separate system was developed. in 1972 the regional water quality control board ( rwqcb ) imposed sanctions on the treatment plant because of past odor problems. new waste discharge limits were issued which required a higher level of treatment. as a result, the treatment plant underwent major construction to meet rwqcb requirements. in 1975 a biological secondary wastewater treatment process was added to plant 1. additional anaerobic digesters and sludge drying beds were constructed which increased the treatment and disposal capacity to 46 mgd on 2, 000 acres. a separate winery waste collection, transport, and disposal facility was also constucted to help the treatment facility meet rwqcb requirements. 1976 saw the addition of a flotation clarifier and trickling filter to plant 2. in an effort to reuse the raw material coming into and created by the facilty, a cogeneration facility was built to use the methane gas produced by the anaerobic digesters to partially meet the plant \u2019 s energy requirements. in february of 1996, the rwqcb adopted a cease and desist order requiring the facility to increase capacity to meet demands. a major project that included the rehabilitation of the existing facilities, a new headworks, biosolids dewatering equipment, and additional process units to increase capacity were already under construction. the new facilities came online in the fall of 1996 with an increase in capacity to 68 mgd. by the time the 68 mgd project was started up, the flow to the plant was already in excess of 70 mgd. another phase of expansion to increase capacity to 80 mgd began immediately after the 68mgd project was started up. the 80 mgd expansion was completed in february of 1998.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.468052976072373, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:543c79aa-51ce-4655-949c-723262ac78f9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.360870"}
{"text": "integrated education according to alice school two weekends of intensive study for a basic theory - practice training, led by luigina de biasi, founder of the alice school. the alice school aims to create experiences and searches for an \u201c integrated education \u201d. initiated in italy in public schools during about ten years, the project was then implemented in india, first at sarnath - varanasi then at barbatta - bodhgaya and recently in the state of arunachan pradesh. the schools are attended by about 1000 students from kindergarten to university. the basic concept of the project concerns the ' unit ' beyond the divisions created by nationality, traditions, religions for a pluralistic and multicultural society. beyond a social aspect, its goal is to involve each person in the relationship with oneself. in fact the search of a \u201c psychological unity \u201d, beyond the divisions created by possible conflicts in the mind that prevents the realization of an harmonious personality. this type of education ( scientific and psychological knowledge ) helps to develop an integrated personality. this means helping children and adults to know their internal and external reality, without discrimination and to develop some quality of mind ( memory, concentration, visualization ) that many adults have lost due to lack of exercise in their childhood. alice school proposes a didactic - educational self - knowledge through the development of awareness, defined as the ability to be \" present \" and to live the \" here - now, \" noting the mental path in order to enhance a process of distancing between the \u201c ego \u201d and its functions ( thoughts, memories, images, emotions ). alice school can be implemented in any cultural, religious and economic context. training course 2011 : january 29 - 30 and february 12 - 13 for more information :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5429077596207271, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d2e23a70-b0fd-4599-ba65-1f9dedc6af64>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.362910"}
{"text": "the critical core manufacturing skills training modules give your employees the tools they need to meet the changing demands of today ' s workplace and deliver consistently high the critical core manufacturing skills combine powerful new training content with real - world application. each training module focuses on a specific skill in one of four key areas \u2014 productivity, problem solving, teamwork, and adaptability. modules can be offered as single sessions or grouped into a customized training package geared to your business objectives, timeline, and budget. - core productivity skills : modules are designed to give your business a competitive edge by optimizing individual performance. - module 1 : work productively - module 2 : follow directions - module 3 : maintain a safe work environment - core problem solving skills : modules provide both a framework and process for dealing effectively with tough choices and situations. - module 4 : think critically - module 5 : apply problem solving strategies - module 6 : apply mathematical reasoning - core team skills : modules will help employees get information to the right people at the right time, bring problems to the forefront, and build strong working - module 7 : work cooperatively in teams - module 8 : communicate clearly - module 9 : listen effectively - core adaptability skills : modules will help workers respond quickly to unexpected events, contribute to innovative solutions, and think creatively. - module 10 : demonstrate integrity - module 11 : demonstrate a positive attitude - module 12 : adapt to change resources are available to supplement instructor - led training, seminars and assessment to assure sustainability of the concepts. critical core manufacturing skills training resources to arrange on - site or critical core manufacturing skills training, contact : fox valley technical college - business & industry services p : ( 888 ) 458 - 0449 | p : ( 920 ) 735 - 2525 | f : ( 920 ) 735 - 4771", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4648601284058592, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:debe5e93-042d-4967-9db6-4bfd1a882fcf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.364931"}
{"text": "men have higher body temperatures than women. if your heating goes out in winter, i recommend sleeping next to a man. men are like portable heaters that snore. a lady on the airplane strikes up a conversation with the fellow sitting in the next seat, \".. and where are you going? \" \" i ' m going to san francisco to a unix convention, \" he replies. \" eunuchs convention? \" she questions. \" i didn ' t know there were that many of you. \" a language instructor was explaining to her class that in french, nouns unlike their english counterparts, are grammatically designated as masculine or feminine. \" house, \" in french, is feminine - \" la mansion. \" \" pencil, \" in french, is masculine - \" le crayon. \" one puzzled student asked, \"... what gender is computer?... \" the teacher did not know, and the word wasn ' t in her french dictionary. so for fun she split the class into two groups appropriately enough, by gender, and asked them to decide whether \" computer \" should be a masculine or feminine noun. both groups were required to give four reasons for their recommendation. the men ' s group decided that computers should definitely be of the feminine gender ( \" la computer \" ), because : 1. no one but their creator understands their internal logic. 2. the native language they use to communicate with other computers is incomprehensible to everyone else. 3. even the smallest mistakes are stored in long - term memory for possible later retrieval. 4. as soon as you make a commitment to one, you find yourself spending half your pay check on accessories for it. the women ' s group, however, concluded that computers should be masculine ( \" le computer \" ), because : 1. in order to get their attention, you have to turn them on. 2. they have a lot of data but they are still clueless. 3. they are supposed to help you solve problems but half the time they are the problem. 4. as soon as you commit to one, you realize that if you ' d waited a little longer, you could have gotten a better model. the women won. there was a doctor, a civil engineer, and a computer scientist sitting around late one evening, and they got to discussing which was the oldest profession. the doctor pointed out that according to biblical tradition, god created eve from adam ' s rib. this obviously required surgery, so therefore that was the oldest profession", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5160781586089018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ad22cc2-8283-49be-9c71-160b6293dbff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.369265"}
{"text": "computer scientist sitting around late one evening, and they got to discussing which was the oldest profession. the doctor pointed out that according to biblical tradition, god created eve from adam ' s rib. this obviously required surgery, so therefore that was the oldest profession in the world. the engineer countered with an earlier passage in the bible that stated that god created order from the chaos, and that was most certainly the biggest and best civil engineering example ever, and also proved that his profession was the oldest profession. the computer scientist leaned back in her chair, and with a sly smile responded, \" yes, but who do you think created the chaos? \" the gigantic computer took up a whole wall, dwarfing the two mathematicians standing before it. after much flashing and humming a sliver of paper emerged from the vitals of the machine. one mathematician, after studying it gravely, turned to the other and said with awe, \" do you realise that it would take four hundred ordinary mathematicians a hundred years of calculations to make a mistake this big? \" microsoft ( nasdaq : msft ) announced that it is selling advertising space in the error messages that appear in windows. acknowledging for the first time that the average user of their operating system encounters error messages at least several times a day, microsoft is trying to take financial advantage of the unavoidable opportunity to make an ad impression. \" we estimate that throughout the world at any given moment several million people are getting a ' general protection fault ' or ' illegal operation ' warning. we will be able to generate significant revenue by including a short advertising message along with it, \" said microsoft marketing director nathan mirror. he also mentioned that microsoft is intended to add banner ads into its blue screen of death in the near future. the justice department immediately indicated that they intend to investigate whether microsoft is gaining an unfair advantage in reaching the public with this advertising by virtue of its semi - monopolistic control over error messages. good morning everyboomie. ok then, i \u2019 ve got your quote, your jokes, & your coffee. now all you need is a few wise cracks from the head wise cracker, or is it wise quacker? it could be quacker. it seems every time i tell a wise crack i have to \" duck \" from someone throwing rotten fruit at me. i think i may be manic compulsive..... or something. most people, when they have an itch, will scratch it with their fingers by putting the fingers on the itch, and rapidly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5118067993907228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1ad22cc2-8283-49be-9c71-160b6293dbff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.371971"}
{"text": "gardening articles : care : : soil, water, & fertilizer improving soil with gypsum by garn wallace with shelly stiles gypsum is one of the best sources of calcium, the most important of the secondary plant nutrients. but calcium is more than a nutrient. it is the major balancing element in plants and soils. it protects, within limits, from nutrient excess and deficiency, problems caused by both high and low ph and heavy metal contamination. along with organic matter, calcium improves soil structure. gypsum as fertilizer pure gypsum is 23 percent calcium and 19 percent sulfate ( caso4 - 2h2o ). in the hierarchy of the 16 essential plant nutrients that begins with non - minerals hydrogen, oxygen and carbon, calcium is seventh and sulfur is ninth. calcium is the plant nutrient most likely to be unavailable to roots when needed. an essential nutrient itself, calcium also improves root uptake of other plant nutrients, especially ammonium nitrogen. calcium does not move from old to new plant tissues, so a constant supply of soluble calcium is needed. the growing points of both roots and shoots are sensitive to insufficient calcium, but roots more so. the ratio of calcium to sodium is more critical than the actual concentration of calcium. symptoms of calcium deficiency include - water - soaked, discolored areas on fruits, such as blossom end rot on tomatoes, peppers, melons and squash, or bitter pit or cork spot on apples and pears. tip burn on young leaves of celery, lettuce and cabbage. - death of terminal buds and root tips. - abnormal dark green appearance of leaves. - premature shedding of blossoms and buds. - weakened stems. calcium is most often deficient in high - rainfall, acid - soil areas, such as the pacific northwest west of the cascade mountains, and east of the mississippi river. these regions receive in excess of 40 inches of rainfall each year. deficiency symptoms, such as tomato blossom end rot, often appear there after a period of heavy rainfall. gardeners apply ground dolomite or limestone, primarily to raise soil ph, but also to replace lost calcium. but the calcium in limestone is not water soluble, however. it must be incorporated into the soil and brought into contact with soil acids before calcium ions ( ca + + ) are released. limestone does not migrate in the soil, and is effective only to the depth incorporated. in contrast, gypsum dissolves immediately in the moisture of the soil, allowing plant roots to absorb the calcium ions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.493259236917247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51c07142-84af-4a78-8d98-f3d04831949b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.375042"}
{"text": "water from the ' tap ' [ like our ' green - house - gas ' or ghg emissions ] flowing into.. ' the ' bath ' [ like the global atmosphere ], raises the level of the bath - water [ like the rate of atmosphere ghg accumulation / concentration ]... but, the ' bath ' is also drained by... the ' plug - hole ' [ like the natural ' sinks for ghg '... [ affecting / slowing the rate of atmospheric ghg accumulation ]. to stop the bath over - flowing, the tap must turned off in the knowledge that the bath level will continue to rise while the tap is being turned off. this is true for emissions, once the need for unfccc - compliance in the form of safe and stable future ghg concentrations in the atmosphere is accepted. an assessment of ' contraction & concentrations ' and ' contraction & convergence ' and the c & c targets and modelling behind ' sink - efficiency ' in the uk government ' s ' climate act '. the ' 50 : 50 ' odds the uk government gave for avoiding a temperature rise globally of more than two degrees with their emissions scenario are in this context. they are linked the government ' s wholly unsubstantiated claim that atmosphere concentrations will fall after 2050 even though we are projected as only halfway through a 100 - year emissions ' contraction - event '. a letter 8th june 2011 from many eminent persons sent to the secretary of state for energy and climate change about these matters ishere working draft of ' cbat ' - the carbon budget analysis tool [ see here ] c & c in the context of cop - 15 copenhagen [ 12 / 2009 ] with a view on what went wrong and what it takes to get it right. presentation / animation - also for ' download and save ' as an swffile for internet browsers or a self - executing [ virus - free ] flash file for pcs. presentation / animation - c & c in the context of ipcc ar4 and the so - called reported quantitatively for the first time since ipcc far 1990. essentially, due to ' positive feedback ' effects in the carbon cycle, where rising temperature amplifies the rate at which atmospheric ghg concentration increases, accelerated rates of carbon emissions contraction are needed to meet a given concentration outcome. this is the increasingly crucial issue of changing rates of ' sink - efficiency '. in depth analysis of this in relation to the uk climate act is here in thisevidence to uk environmental audit committee. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5182701195467989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36baadb4-ec9d-4af2-8ca5-d86cafde31e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.378512"}
{"text": "needed to meet a given concentration outcome. this is the increasingly crucial issue of changing rates of ' sink - efficiency '. in depth analysis of this in relation to the uk climate act is here in thisevidence to uk environmental audit committee. the rates for contraction : concentrations and contraction : convergence are compared in thisanimationas : - acceptable [ c1 ] dangerous [ c2 ] impossible [ c3 ] rates of c & c at four different theoretical rates of sink - failure. presentation / animation that relates the arithmetic of emissions contraction to issues of : - science, geo - technology, oil and gas depletion, growth and damages, clean energy and implementation. the arithmetic of emissions contraction relating to : - globalisation of consciousness ; climate science, rising risks ; trends of ' expansion and divergence ' ; ' contraction & convergence ' ; ' syntax for global climate policies ' ; presentation / animation and notes about future ' growth ', you should ask an economist ' how long is a piece of string '. he may tell you a witty woody allen one - liner about infinity being a really long time, ' especially towards the end ' ; [ in other words he ' ll probably try and avoid the question ]. if you ask a string - player how long is a piece of string, s / he ' ll give you a different answer. exactly twice half its length ' [ giving the perfect octave ] exactly three time a third of its length [ giving the perfect octave ] as in the audio - visually animatedimage above. this pythagorean ' stringularity ' true because it has ' ontological structure '.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5477748206270217, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36baadb4-ec9d-4af2-8ca5-d86cafde31e5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.379141"}
{"text": "the largest study ever completed of genetic factors associated with heart attacks has identified nine genetic regions, three of which are new, that appear to increase the risk for early - onset myocardial infarction. one of those new regions had been found previously to promote the buildup of atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries. the report from the myocardial infarction genetics consortium is derived from testing completed on 26, 000 individuals \u2014 a total of 13, 000 heart attack patients and 13, 000 controls \u2014 in 10 different countries. \u201c for several decades it has been known that the risk for heart attack clusters in families and that some of this familial clustering is due to differences in dna sequence, \u201d said sekar kathiresan, m. d., director of preventive cardiology at massachusetts general hospital. \u201c we set out to find specific, single - letter differences in the genome that may be responsible for an increased familial risk for heart attack. \u201d the team used the international haplotype map, genotyping arrays, and a gene chip developed by one researcher \u2019 s team that can simulaneously screen for snps and copy - number variants, deletions, or duplications of gene segments. after analysis of the consortium \u2019 s samples identified snps that could be associated with heart attack risk, the researchers ran replication screens in three independent groups of samples. to analyze the effect of inheriting several risk - associated snps, participants were assigned a genotype score, which revealed that those with the highest number of risk - associated variants had more than twice the risk of an early - onset heart attack as those with the fewest. no risk associations were identified with copy - number variants. although researchers acknowledge that the increased risk associated with individual snps is minor, facts gained from the association could prove extremely valuable. \u201c one of the known variants we identified is at a gene called pcsk9, which was originally identified in 2003, \u201d explains dr. kathiresan. \u201c extensive study of that gene region has led to significant insight into the biology of atherosclerosis and heart attack and to efforts to develop targeted drugs. we are optimistic that investigating the mechanics of the newly mapped variants could yield similar insights. and since we already have effective ways to reduce heart - attack risk, individuals at higher genetic risk may benefit from earlier intervention, something that needs to be tested in future studies. \u201d the report appeared in the early online release of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47859152534011024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44d9eede-6f01-45a0-ba05-f975986eb006>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.383489"}
{"text": "joseph w. jones ecological research center at ichauway the southeast border of ichauway, located in baker county, is formed by thirteen miles of the flint river. ichauway protects some of the richest species diversity of the southeastern coastal plain, with resources that include approximately 17, 000 acres of mature longleaf pine woodlands, innumerable depression wetlands, 25 miles of streams, and 5, 000 acres of old - field habitat. woodruff foundation officials researched options for the best use of ichauway following woodruff ' s death in 1985. they developed the center ' s future goals after reviewing a comprehensive ecological inventory of the property. the center was named in honor of joseph w. jones, who was woodruff ' s longtime associate, a senior vice president of the coca - cola company, and chairman emeritus of the woodruff foundation. by 1993 core staff members were hired in research, forest and wildlife management, and administrative support. in 1996 the staff moved into a newly constructed campus, where as of 2006 more than 100 employees and 25 graduate and undergraduate students from regional universities work on - site. research at the jones center investigates questions relating to the restoration and the conservation management, including prescribed burning, of longleaf pine ecosystems ; conservation biology of rare species ; and the development of economic opportunities through the integration the ichauway site is used by the jones center as both an outdoor laboratory for research, conservation, and restoration of regional ecosystems, and as an educational demonstration site for ecology and natural resource management. landowners, land managers, natural resource policy makers, conservation groups, and affiliated university classes are prioritized outreach constituents. regional schoolteacher activities are conducted annually. field demonstrations and workshops often relate to prescribed fire, longleaf pine forest ecology and sustainable management, ecological restoration of threatened ecosystems and wildlife habitat, traditional quail habitat management, threatened and endangered plants and wildlife, wetland protection and management, watershed conservation, and the importance of water resources and aquatic ecosystems in southwest georgia. the fire forest : longleaf pine - wiregrass ecosystem ( conyers, ga. : georgia wildlife press, 2001 ). georgia wildlife federation, the flint river, vol. 9, georgia wildlife ( conyers, ga. : georgia wildlife federation, 2002 ). lindsay r. boring, j. w. jones ecological research center at ichauway a project of the georgia humanities council, in partnership with the university of georgia press, the university system of georgia / galileo, and the office of the governor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43211864589989757, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:148a5618-361b-4a1a-ac35-a93bfb108466>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.389797"}
{"text": "how your breasts produce milk in just nine short months, your body nourishes and grows a fetus into a baby. then, it produces food for this new baby. here \u2019 s how it \u2019 s done : changes before the birth of your baby long before your baby \u2019 s birth, your body silently prepares you to be your baby \u2019 s primary source of nourishment. during pregnancy, hormones stimulate the mammary glands of your breasts to produce milk. the whole process starts in your brain, where your pituitary gland secretes two special hormones : - prolactin, which prompts your body to start producing milk - oxytocin, which signals your breast to release the milk as your baby sucks by about the sixth month of your pregnancy, you \u2019 re ready to make milk. your breasts may increase in size. changes after the birth of your baby prolactin and oxytocin are produced in response to the last stages of pregnancy and labor and then later by nipple stimulation during breastfeeding. here \u2019 s how this works : - prolactin stimulates the glands in your breasts to produce milk. - breastmilk moves into your milk ducts, where it pools until you \u2019 re ready to feed your baby. - during breastfeeding, as your baby nurses, the nipple stimulation from her sucking causes the release of oxytocin, which opens the channels, letting the milk flow. the breastfeeding clock breastfeeding is a natural process, but both the baby and mom need to learn how to make the experience productive and comforting. here \u2019 s an idea of what to expect : week 1 : during the first three to four days after you give birth, your breasts secrete a thick, yellowish, translucent fluid called colostrum, which is high in protein, vitamins, minerals, and antibodies. frequent, short feedings these first few days help both you and your baby adjust to breastfeeding and increase milk production. transitional milk comes in after about three to five days of breastfeeding. it marks the change from colostrum to regular breastmilk. as the milk comes in, your breasts may become very full and feel tender. continue to breastfeed every two to three hours ; don \u2019 t skip feedings or prolong the time between feedings. consistency is important to help your body establish milk production and to synchronize with your baby \u2019 s needs. week 2 : by this time you may feel more comfortable with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4343127849218328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:38c2422c-799c-47e6-8313-17d70fe57054>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.392966"}
{"text": "in response to the question about the plaster sculpture lesson - - - my grade 8 students are doing a non objective, subtractive sculpture for a specific place. they will use plaster blocks made by pouring plaster into lunchroom sized milk cartons. i start the lesson by presenting the kids with 50 or so laminated magazine photos of \" public places. \" we talk about public art and look at a power point presentation of some of the public art sculpture in our city. we identify sculpture that enhances the environment and some that does not. a commissioned sculpture in front of our central library has caused much controversy. we talk about the pros and cons of this work of art. we talk about material used for sculpture indoors and out. we talk about what it means when a work of art is commissioned. each student selects a laminated photo of a special place for which he / she will design a maquette for a non objective, \" site specific \" sculpture. students are encouraged to begin by eliminating the boxy \" milk carton look \" of their form. they may choose to use the electric drill, with a large bit, to drill one hole, after putting much thought into where it should go. we use a variety off kitchen tools for carving, but the favorite is a tool i made using the metal straps used to bind bundles of lumber. i cut a diagonal end and wrapped the handle with duct tape. completed sculpture will be displayed with the photo of the special place for which it was designed. we usually have terrific critiques of these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5317055178542621, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e29bce7c-47a1-40b5-8e13-f848d113cba4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.394635"}
{"text": "while research and development of algal biofuels are currently receiving much interest and funding, they are still not commercially viable at today \u2019 s fossil fuel prices. however, a niche opportunity may exist where algae are grown as a by - product of high rate algal ponds ( hraps ) operated for wastewater treatment. in addition to significantly better economics, algal biofuel production from wastewater treatment hraps has a much smaller environmental footprint compared to commercial algal production hraps which consume freshwater and fertilizers. algae, during production, reduce chemical oxygen demands ( cod ) and biological oxygen demands ( bod ) of wastewater through photosynthesis process and utilize dissolved solids for production of its biomass. algae can produce > 20 times more oil per hectare than terrestrial oilseed crops such as soy and canola. therefore growing algae on these waste streams appears to be a win - win situation. in the end, the water comes out purified and energy - rich biomass is created. national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ) has taken serious initiatives for this technology and probably omega ( offshore membrane enclosure for growing algae ) is the largest project of its kind for algal production in floating plastic bags filled with wastewater on a sea surface ( to maximize surface area ). however, apart from sustainable outcomes, wastewater treatment with algae production is still not that popular among municipalities, mainly because of absence / lag of biofuel reform, resulting due to no social media marketing and branding for environmental design in this sector worldwide. do you think, without taking biofuels into account, treatment of wastewater with algae would be a better option for municipalities / councils to treat their domestic wastewater? credits : images and data linked to sources.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4646901738448794, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:86291d91-3cb1-4056-ad2e-6d957f17d607>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.396850"}
{"text": "us 7093956 b2 a method of lighting to protect sea turtles comprises providing in a housing both a white light source, for example a low - voltage incandescent source, and a red led source that is visible to humans but that does not interfere with the normal nesting and hatching behavior of sea turtles, and selectively energizing the latter source during turtle nesting season. 1. a method of lighting for protecting sea turtles comprising providing a housing containing first and second selectively operable low - voltage light sources and switch means for selectively energizing either light source, wherein the first low - voltage light source is a source of white light that is usefully visible to humans but interferes with the normal nesting and hatching of sea turtles, and wherein the second low - voltage light source is an led source that is usefully visible to humans but does not interfere with the normal nesting and hatching of sea turtles, that has a peak wavelength greater than 590 nm but not greater than 650 nm, and that comprises at least one string of from six to nine led ' s in series, and selectively energizing the second light source rather than the first light source during turtle nesting season. 2. the method of 3. the method of 4. the method of 5. the method of this application claims the benefit of prior u. s. provisional application no. 60 / 538, 652, filed jan. 23, 2004. this invention relates to lighting and lighting fixtures, and more particularly to outdoor lighting, which may be seen by animals. eight out of twelve species of sea turtle are on the endangered species list. a large part of the problem is that the hatchlings crawl toward lights along the beach instead of toward the moonlight reflecting off of the water and are killed. lights may also discourage female turtles from coming ashore to nest. turtle nesting season runs from march 1 to november 1. florida has mandated that beachfront illumination must be turned off or blacked out during this period. this presents a potential hazard for pedestrians negotiating dark walkways. there is gathering evidence that turtles cannot see red and / or yellow wavelengths well. the present application uses leds of such peak wavelengths, preferably red leds, as turtle friendly lights. in an implementation, a light also may use an incandescent or fluorescent white light and red leds with the same power source switchable between emitting white light and red light. due to the nature of color vision, monochromatic red light may be used. filtered ( incande", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5769368621326549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd73d69d-0175-40f5-a27f-6f898961f9c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.406480"}
{"text": "use an incandescent or fluorescent white light and red leds with the same power source switchable between emitting white light and red light. due to the nature of color vision, monochromatic red light may be used. filtered ( incandescent ) white lights may look red to humans while still emitting a significant portion of yellow, green and even blue light. these shorter wavelengths of light do not significantly impact the perception of red color to humans, but may still be visible to turtles. low - pressure sodium vapor lamps emit nearly monochromatic yellow light that has been shown not to interfere with the nesting behavior of some species of turtles. this color may be unappealing and can exhibit poor color rendering properties. due to their size, power supply requirements and expense, it is difficult to integrate these lamps with another more traditional light source to provide flexible and appropriate landscape and decorative lighting. the low - pressure sodium lamps are more suited to area illumination of parking lots and highway interchanges. traditional landscape lighting uses incandescent or fluorescent lighting fixtures. both of these light sources emit significant amounts of light at wavelengths less than 570 nm, which has proven to be disorienting to both nesting adult turtles and hatchlings. while these light sources could be rendered more ecologically compatible in turtle nesting areas by use of filters, significant labor is required to install and uninstall these filters at the beginning and end of turtle nesting season. further, high quality filters that block all light emission at wavelengths below 570 nm and will not degrade in the temperatures and humidity typical of turtle nesting beaches are expensive and are not available in useful shapes. therefore, filtering will be an expensive and inconvenient solution. the present disclosure provides methods and techniques for protecting wildlife. the techniques provide for lighting that may be switched between light sources. one light source can emit white light, which contains wavelengths of light that are visible to a particular animal species, and another light source can and does emit a substantially monochromatic wavelength that is not visible to the particular species. both light sources can be visible to humans and provide lighting for ornamental, functional, safety and other uses. in one aspect, the techniques include providing an incandescent light source in a housing ; providing light emitting diode light sources in the housing, all of the diodes emitting a substantially monochromatic wavelength of light ; energizing either the light emitting diode light sources or incandescent light sources, wherein the light emitted from the light emitting di", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5662752784399383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd73d69d-0175-40f5-a27f-6f898961f9c1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.408627"}
{"text": "sources in the housing, all of the diodes emitting a substantially monochromatic wavelength of light ; energizing either the light emitting diode light sources or incandescent light sources, wherein the light emitted from the light emitting diode light sources is not visible to a selected species of animal. the details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. the present disclosure provides resorts, public parks as well as homeowners with an aesthetically pleasing landscape light that is ecologically compatible and that will not interfere with the normal nest and hatching behavior of sea turtles. the present invention provides lighting fixtures that may be switched from white light to a monochromatic light that is not visible to a selected animal species. the white light can be from any source, including incandescent, fluorescent and led. if the white source is one or more led ' s, simple switching between white and monochromatic led ' s is all that is required. otherwise differences on operating voltages must be taken into account, as will be explained utilizing incandescent lighting as the source of white light. incandescent landscape lights may be designed to operate at voltages between 12 and 18 volts. although the red leds that are most compatible for use in turtle nesting areas operate at approximately 2 volts, operating multiple leds in a series of 6 to 9 devices results in a fixture that can operate at the same voltages as incandescent lights. the use of monochromatic red leds for landscape lighting may not be aesthetically pleasing. alternatively, neon bulbs may be used to radiate a red light that is not visible to sea turtles. the monochromatic leds may have a peak wavelength greater than 590 nanometers ( nm ), preferably in the range of 590 \u2013 650 nm, more preferably 630 \u2013 650 nm, and most preferably 640 \u2013 650 nm. a preferred configuration of the device is a fixture that comprises an incandescent or fluorescent light, one or more strings of red ( or possibly yellow ) leds connected in series and a voltage sensing circuit that can switch the current between the incandescent light or the leds depending on the line voltage. a simple switch located at the transformer providing the power to the light fixtures allows step changes in the operating voltage that can be used to switch between operating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5718200771896741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd73d69d-0175-40f5-a27f-6f898961f9c1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.411202"}
{"text": "can switch the current between the incandescent light or the leds depending on the line voltage. a simple switch located at the transformer providing the power to the light fixtures allows step changes in the operating voltage that can be used to switch between operating modes. this system allows for owners to choose between operating lighting fixtures with either a broad - spectrum white light or a nearly monochromatic red led without the need for installation and removal of filters or changing light bulbs. incandescent lights are typically operated using ac power supplies, while leds are typically operated using a dc power supply. this dichotomy can be resolved by using a simple rectifier circuit for the leds or by using pairs of led strings set in parallel, but with opposite polarity. a variety of commonly known circuit designs exist that can allow easy switching between incandescent and led operation. such switching could be accomplished by means of a mechanical switch, input voltage, or a control signal in an rs - 232, rs - 485 or other electronic control system. a number of embodiments of the invention have been described. nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. for example, all - led or fluorescent - led circuits may be utilized. accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5312961905599995, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dd73d69d-0175-40f5-a27f-6f898961f9c1>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.412372"}
{"text": "us 4088828 a a printed circuit board wherein a conductor pattern is printed on an insulating base, first solder resist layers are formed on the surface of the conductor pattern remaining lands which are for soldering thereon, second solder resist layers for prevention of bridging for preventing bridging of solder are formed at least at portions where the gap between the lands is narrow, and thereby electronic parts such as an ic can be reliably assembled on the printed circuit board. 1. a printed circuit board comprising an insulating base, a conductor pattern printed on said insulating base, a first solder resist layer formed on the entire surface of the conductor pattern remaining lands which are for soldering thereon, and a second solder resist layer for prevention of bridging of interland gaps by solder, said second solder resist layer being formed on said first solder resist layer at least over portions thereof where interland gaps are narrow. 2. a printed circuit board according to claim 1, wherein said second solder resist layer is formed over the entire area of the part for mounting electronic parts such as semiconductor integrated circuits. 3. a printed circuit board according to claim 1, wherein said second solder resist layer is printed with a mark print ink simultaneously with the printing of marks or symbols of assembled electronic parts. this invention relates to printed circuit boards suitable for mounting electronic parts such as integrated circuit parts, having lead terminals provided at very small pitch intervals. generally, the surface of a printed circuit board on which surface a conductor pattern of copper or like conductor is formed is dipped through a fused solder bath or in a jet type solder bath after the electronic parts are assembled on the printed circuit board, and solder is attached to the conductive pattern surface. thus, the leads of the electronic parts are electrically and mechanically connected to the conductor pattern. the printed circuit board is used after making these connections. in the conductor pattern as mentioned above a layer for the resisting solder ; that is the so - called solder resist layer, is formed so that solder may be attached to only fixed portions of the conductor pattern. in the meantime, there is a trend for the gap between adjacent lands of the conducting pattern to be reduced with a tendency toward reduction in the size of electric apparatus and the use of many semiconductor integrated circuit parts, which use has been made possible with the progress of techniques concerning electronic parts ; in fact it is often the case in these days that interland gaps less than the minimum gap of 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5870640685634345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10510f3b-ea31-4a7f-9662-87c2a9c40c7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.425985"}
{"text": "size of electric apparatus and the use of many semiconductor integrated circuit parts, which use has been made possible with the progress of techniques concerning electronic parts ; in fact it is often the case in these days that interland gaps less than the minimum gap of 0. 5 millimeter prescribed in the japanese industrial standard ( jis c - 5010 ) are required. for example, when soldering lead terminals arranged in a row such as those in a semiconductor integrated circuit component arranged at a pitch of 2. 5 millimeters to the circular portion of conductor lands arranged in correspondence with the row, solder resist layers are printed with space between the layers of 0. 5 millimeter or less. fig. 1 is a fragmentary sectional view showing a prior art printed circuit board in the state being used ; fig. 2 is a fragmentary sectional view showing an embodiment of the printed circuit board according to the invention in the state being used ; and figs. 3 and 4 are fragmentary top views showing alternative forms of the same printed circuit board. fig. 1 shows an example of prior art, in which the solder lead terminals of an electronic part such as a semiconductor circuit component are arranged in a row. designated at 1 is an insulating base, at 2 conductors printed on one surface of the insulating base 1, at 3 holes for mounting lead terminals of electronic parts to be provided on the insulating base 1, at 4 solder resist layers, at 5 an electronic part such as a semiconductor integrated circuit, at 6 lead terminals of the electronic part 5, and at 7 solder portions. in this structure, when the gap between adjacent lands of the conductor 2 becomes 0. 5 mm or less, even if the solder resist layer 4 is formed, short - circuiting between the adjacent lands of the conductor or solder portions 7 on the lands occurs often due to bridging of adjacent solder portions 7 over the intervening solder resist layer 4. this is thought to occur as the result of insufficient thickness of the solder resist layer 4. accordingly, it has heretofore been necessary as a correction step to separate the bridging portion 8 by means such as soldering iron, but this has been an extreme disadvantage in view of productivity. besides, when the correction is made in this way, the conductor 2 or electronic part 5 is heated twice, and this causes thermal deterioration of the conductor or electric part and hence reduction of its life ; thus, this correction is one which causes great problems. this invention solves the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5345640337333658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10510f3b-ea31-4a7f-9662-87c2a9c40c7a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.427745"}
{"text": "made in this way, the conductor 2 or electronic part 5 is heated twice, and this causes thermal deterioration of the conductor or electric part and hence reduction of its life ; thus, this correction is one which causes great problems. this invention solves the above drawbacks inherent in the prior art. the invention will now be described in conjunction with an embodiment thereof with reference to figs. 2 to 4. designated at 9 is an insulating base consisting of a synthetic resin. a pattern of copper conductors 10 is formed by means of etching on one surface of the insulating base 9. in the insulating base 9 holes 13 are provided for receiving lead terminals 12 of an electronic part 11. of course the conductor 10 is formed around the holes 13. a layer 15 for the resisting solder, or so - called solder resist layer, is formed on the surface of the conductor 10 remaining circular lands 14 on which soldering is possible around the respective holes 13. further, a solder resist layer 16 for preventing the bridging is formed where the gap between adjacent lands 14 is small, for example, 0. 5 millimeter. the solder resist layer 16 for the prevention of bridging may be formed only over areas where it is actually required as shown in fig. 3, or it may be formed over the entire area of the part where the semiconductor integrated circuit components are mounted as shown in fig. 4. further, in view of the manufacturing process, in order to avoid an increase in the number of printing step, after the printing of the solder resist layer 15 which is the first layer, the solder resist layer 16 for the prevention of bridging is printed simultaneously with the printing of symbols indicating the mounted electronic parts, using an epoxy resin having the property of resisting solder as the printing ink. in this case, the positional precision is substantially the same as that in the printing of the solder resist layer 15 which is the first layer ; therefore, a sufficient positional precision can be obtained, and also it is possible to print the solder resist layer having substantially the same thickness as that of the solder resist layer 15. of course, the printing ink used must not be inferior in electric properties and moisture resistance to the first solder resist layer 15. by providing these two solder resist layers 15 and 16, even when soldering is done, a solder 17 will never bridge the adjacent solder portions 17. further, for the purpose of preventing bridging, one may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5839161285606727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10510f3b-ea31-4a7f-9662-87c2a9c40c7a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.429693"}
{"text": "resist layer 15. by providing these two solder resist layers 15 and 16, even when soldering is done, a solder 17 will never bridge the adjacent solder portions 17. further, for the purpose of preventing bridging, one may print a plurality of bridging prevention layers instead of a single layer. while the above embodiment is concerned with a single side or surface printed circuit board, the same effects may be obtained in the case of the double sided printed circuit board as well. now an example of a test will be described. semiconductor integrated circuit parts each having two rows of seven terminal lead pins are mounted by means of the flow soldering method. for one semiconductor integrated circuit part, all lead pins are soldered to respective lands on a printed circuit board. in this case, interland gaps are made at two rows of 6 portions, and the total of interland gaps is 12. the table below shows the results of tests for 100 semiconductor integrated circuit parts, i. e., for 1200 soldering gaps. the soldering was carried out at 260 circuit board set to 50 cm / sec. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ number of occurrence oftest example solder bridge _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ without solder resist layer 587with ordinary solderresist layer 38example according to theinvention 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ as has been shown, with the printed circuit board construction according to the invention, the number of occurrence of bridging of the solder layers formed by soldering can be greatly reduced even where the interland gap is very narrow. thus, a correction step is hardly required, and as a result thermal deterioration of the conductor pattern or electronic part is reduced and therefore, reliability of the device can be increased. further, it permits cost reduction owing to increased productivity. therefore, the invention is very valuable in industry. citas de patentes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49917535436640503, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:10510f3b-ea31-4a7f-9662-87c2a9c40c7a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.431424"}
{"text": "why residence event and not address? the discussion of how to enter addresses in gramps pops up from time to time, especially with new users. let ' s give some reasoning on why to use the residence event for genealogical research, and not address. you find a definition of an address in glossary, as well as for place. so the address is for mailing, while the place is to indicate a point on a map. mailing is in general not very useful for deceased people, the main focus of your research. so : - what is an address? - the gramps concept of an address is a particular location with an associated time frame. think of it as a mailing address. it is intended to represent where a person lived and when the person lived there. - what is a place? - the gramps concept of a place is a particular location independent of time. over time, the same place may have different address information due to changing borders and political situation. for example, leningrad and st. petersburg represent the same place, but with different names. gramps offers the alternate locations tab in the place editor, allowing to enter different address information of the place. apart from this, an event is important here : a defining moment in a person ' s life. events can be coupled to places and are a central object in genealogy research, together with people, families and sources. they give a timeline on the life of a person, a timeline on which it is important to also indicate where a person lives. why residence events? so, what are the advantages of residence events then? well : - you can attach a place to it. this place will then be the effective address, with possible alternate locations ( see the place dialog ) indicating how eg this place is called today as opposed to when the event happened. - you can share that place between people and families. with addresses there is no way to check if an address is already in your database - unless you remember it. that makes it unlikely to discover that two people actually lived at the same address. you can also filter on place city, eg give me all residence events that are in a place with city berlin. - hence, you can search places and see not just what happened in a certain city, but also who lived ( resided ) there. that ' s also not possible using the ' address ' system. this is a timeline of a place with all events that happened there. - on a timeline of a person you can see the event and infer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5180639051093621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61cefc29-874f-4125-bca5-6bce8572c576>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.439785"}
{"text": "also who lived ( resided ) there. that ' s also not possible using the ' address ' system. this is a timeline of a place with all events that happened there. - on a timeline of a person you can see the event and infer details, eg a person marries before or after moving to a new house. - using a place for the address allows you to use this place for other events. eg suppose jim marries at home, then the marriage event can be linked to the place indicating his home, just like the residence event does. - just like the address field, events have full time control, so time spans and periods can be used and are recognized for reports. - individual attributes on residence event are handled on gedcom export. what is a disadvantage : - for a change in streetname, the address changes but the position on the map is the same. gramps allows you to store this information in an alternate location, but alternate location has no date span, so you cannot indicate during which time frame an address for a place was in use. note that some researchers on the mailing list have expressed they like to store address changes in notes connected to a place, instead of in the alternate location tab. this because in general notes are exported to gedcom correctly and understood in other programs you might want to use the information. it is important to note that you could use the location event also, or make a custom event with a naming that suits you more. try it out there is no standard method of storing addresses in gramps. try out the two methods, and use what works for you. note the following : - address is not always well supported in other genealogy applications. - alternate location of place used in gramps is not present in many other applications. you might consider recording this in notes instead. - events are supported by all programs you use, as is the default place location.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4561127608453796, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61cefc29-874f-4125-bca5-6bce8572c576>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.441569"}
{"text": "tips for nipping the flu in the bud learn how to prevent your family from being bitten by the h1n1 bug. by pia hinckle the advent of the h1n1 ( or swine ) flu last year raised most people \u2019 s awareness \u2014 and fear \u2014 of the influenza virus. now flu season has hit hard and early on the playground and in the office. to offer but one example, michigan recently announced that 194 schools had shut down because of h1n1 outbreaks. it \u2019 s only natural to want to take some sort of precautions for your kids. but what can parents do? just getting vaccinated is easier said than done. although regular flu vaccinations are widely available nationwide, the h1n1 vaccine has not arrived in every corner of the country \u2014 nor is it available to every demographic. what \u2019 s more, the vaccine requires two doses one month apart, so even if you rush your little ones to a clinic tomorrow, it will be another 30 days before they are no longer vulnerable to the virus. the key to nipping the bug before it bites both types of flu viruses are spread person - to - person through airborne contact ( coughs and sneezes ) and physical contact ( close contact or touching infected items and then touching your face ). here are some tips and resources to keep your family healthy this flu season : don \u2019 t worry, just wash often : always wash your hands before eating and after sneezing, coughing, going to the restroom, or shaking hands. french researchers found that just one healthcare worker with dirty hands could infect an entire hospital. as it turns out, most people do not wash their hands correctly. here \u2019 s how : wet your hands. use soap and lather for 15 seconds. rinse. towel or air - dry hands. use a towel to turn off the faucet. if water is not available, use a hand sanitizer with at least 60 % ethyl alcohol ( which kills germs ) or antimicrobial towelettes. cover your mouth : if you sneeze or cough, do so in a tissue or into your elbow or shirtsleeve. this prevents germs from spreading to other people. avoid touching your face : your nose, mouth, and eyes are easy entry points for viruses to invade your body. try not to touch them, and make sure you always wash your hands before you do. clean surface areas : wipe down conference tables and airplane armrests and trays", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4266356888886186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ff8b563-4f65-49ad-8125-79676c43523e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.451539"}
{"text": ", mouth, and eyes are easy entry points for viruses to invade your body. try not to touch them, and make sure you always wash your hands before you do. clean surface areas : wipe down conference tables and airplane armrests and trays with disinfecting wipes before using them. the lowdown on flu vaccines h1n1 : looking for the h1n1 vaccine in your town? go to www. flu. gov and search the interactive map by state. wondering how to determine the truths and tall tales behind the h1n1 flu and vaccine? go here. not sure if your child \u2019 s sore throat warrants a trip to the emergency room? take the h1n1 self - evaluation and make an informed decision. regular influenza : more than 30, 000 people still die in the united states each year from the seasonal flu. get vaccinated by your doctor or at your local pharmacy : influenza vaccines contain the preservative thimerosal, which contains ethylmercury. while thimerosal has been used in most vaccines since the 1930s, its use in childhood vaccines was discontinued in 1999. concerned about thimerosal? learn more about it on the centers for disease control and prevention ' s website. there are limited supplies of influenza vaccine without thimerosal \u2014 contact your physician to see if it is available. what if you still get sick? stay home until you have been fever - free without medication for at least 24 hours. flu symptoms vary but may include fever, cough, chills, sore throat, body aches, and fatigue. drinks lots of fluids and get plenty of rest. for detailed information on the flu and prevention efforts, visit the cdc ' s flu page. this article was adapted from the fruitguys almanac.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.441331743612876, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4ff8b563-4f65-49ad-8125-79676c43523e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.454866"}
{"text": "eating organic is not only beneficial to your health, but it is beneficial to the environment as well. at greenling we aim to bring you the best available organically - grown products and feel that everyone should be aware of why organic is the way to go. here are some key facts you should be aware of when selecting produce : conventional produce contains harmful chemicals. conventionally - grown fruits and vegetables are covered in a stew of toxic chemicals. even after rinsing that conventionally - grown pear, there will still be up to 50 poisonous chemicals engrained beneath skin. blech. check out the environmental working group ' s report on the most polluted fruits and vegetables : www. foodnews. org let ' s antagonize for a bit..... so what if there are chemicals in the fruit? that doesn \u2019 t mean our bodies actually absorb it.... you can get where i \u2019 m going with this one, right? www. organic - center. org and it turns out our kids get it worst! us grownups can be full of toxins and not be quite as affected ( still affected ) as a growing kid : more on toxins there are so many studies on the harmful effects of pesticides. this particular study shows a link between pesticides and autism : pesticides and autism... it ' s just plain healthier. organic fruits and vegetables are grown in nutrient - rich soil. vitamins and minerals are kept intact instead of being depleted, as in conventional produce. studies prove organic produce is more nutritious ( read more ). organic milk and meat enhance breast milk nutrition ( more info ). what ' s better for the earth is better for you. toxic chemicals are not doing anyone any good, including mother earth. while organic farms rely on natural biological systems and actually improve the quality of the soil, chemicals on conventional farms are zapping the soil of any nutrients, deadening the earth. www. organic - center. org we need to create sustainability. deadening it! doesn ' t that word scare anyone else? supporting organic produce is supporting sustainable, healthy environments that are thriving and full of life, replenishing the earth with nutrients, and continually growing vitamin - rich fruits and veggies. environmental conditions are suffering. by using toxic chemicals and sewage sludge on conventional farms, the falling of dominoes is in full effect ; these chemicals get into not only the land ( yes - deadening it ), but the air and water as well, including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4363963112498776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d1d783eb-4033-4243-a23e-00a97e1775aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.461085"}
{"text": "drought may be the new norm for the uk, with drastic measures including growing genetically modified crops likely to be considered as part of the solution, the environment secretary has said. with large parts of the south and south - east of england officially in drought, and areas of the midlands at risk, caroline spelman warned that households across the south - east were likely to face water usage restrictions this spring, starting with hosepipe bans. reservoirs have reached record lows in some places and rainfall would need to be more than a fifth higher than normal in the next three months to relieve the drought, but forecasters have said this is unlikely. \" two very dry winters \u2013 this may be the new norm, \" the secretary of state for environment, food and rural affairs told the national union of farmers annual conference on tuesday. \" we asked the question at the drought summit [ on monday ] \u2013 what if this is what climate change means and this is the new normal? \" she said the uk had to look at how to make plants resistant to drought, pointing to an australian project to develop drought - resistant genetically modified rice. \" this technology, if used responsibly, may be one of the tools in terms of food security that we need going forward. \" she predicted gm rice would be an important crop in areas where rice was a staple food, but made it clear that similarly modified crops should be considered for the uk. \" it could be one of the tools in the tool kit to help us with food security. the key thing is to keep investing in the science base. \" the union president, peter kendall, said it was \" desperately worrying \" that genetically modified crops were not being developed in europe at the same rate as in china, the us and other countries. spelman warned that households would bear the brunt of water restrictions this year, as the drought has worsened. last year, the government and water companies focused on reducing the water use of businesses and farmers, some of whom had their licences to draw water from rivers and underground sources changed or revoked. despite drought being declared across large areas last year, there were no hosepipe bans. but spelman said this was unlikely to last this year. she insisted households should take more responsibility for saving water : \" what came out of the drought summit was how much it ' s about individuals making decisions. \" she said the most important counter - drought measure for the whole country was to capture the rain and store it, and pledged that changes to the planning system would make it easier to build", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4298811403423541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd27d981-53d6-4286-8a55-aa2221bb54c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.475721"}
{"text": "drought summit was how much it ' s about individuals making decisions. \" she said the most important counter - drought measure for the whole country was to capture the rain and store it, and pledged that changes to the planning system would make it easier to build reservoirs. farmers were changing some of their cropping patterns this year to cope with the expected drier conditions. but this would not stop food prices rising, kendall warned. \" as sure as night follows day, if it doesn ' t rain, food is going to cost more money. \" he said farmers had recently lost a tax break on building reservoirs for their own use, making it more expensive to store water on farms and causing more farmers to rely on shared public water sources. spelman said drought was the biggest issue for the water industry for the next 20 years, and used the term \" new norm \" five times to describe current conditions, underling the depth of her concern. the conference also heard that the government is to accept 159 of about 215 recommendations made by a farming deregulation taskforce, with most of the others only rejected because they were outside defra ' s remit. chief among the changes will be fewer inspections in order to cut duplication, and measures to ensure they do not need to file the same information to the government more than once. spelman said less regulation would not mean weaker regulation. \" the government ' s red tape challenge is to lighten the burden of regulation without compromising the integrity \u2013 [ there will be ] no loss of environmental protection or animal welfare. \" but the environmental group wwf warned that current farming subsidies under the eu ' s common agricultural policy ( cap ) risked encouraging the destruction of the environment, and applauded moves to ensure farmers had to undertake certain environmental measures in order to receive subsidies. \" nobody wants to see farmers tied up in red tape, but equally it ' s wrong to see greening measures in cap reform as a threat. it ' s essential that direct payments [ to farmers ] are linked to environmental improvements, \" said mark driscoll of wwf. some farmers are concerned that reforms to the cap being proposed by brussels to tie environmental protection more closely to subsidies could actually mean worse environmental protection in the uk. that is because some farmers have taken a lead in implementing measures such as preserving field margins, woodlands and permanent pasture, but under the proposals some measures already taken might not receive full credit. one issue scarcely mentioned inside the birmingham conference hall, but the focus of a vociferous protest outside was badgers, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4442018208746551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cd27d981-53d6-4286-8a55-aa2221bb54c1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.477950"}
{"text": "the immune system | why should everyone be vaccinated? | how and when are vaccines given? | how safe are vaccines? a vaccine is a biologically active substance designed to protect children and adults from infections caused by bacteria and viruses. vaccines are also called because they take advantage of our natural immune system \u2019 s ability to prevent infectious illness. to understand how vaccines work, we need to consider how our immune system protects us from infections. the immune system our bodies are armed with a variety of methods to protect against infectious microorganisms like bacteria and viruses. the most sophisticated of these methods involve activating specific immune system cells, some of which make proteins called antibodies. for the immune system to effectively respond to an infectious microorganism, the invader must carry some sort of identification that immune cells can recognize and respond to. these identifying markers are called antigens. both bacteria and viruses carry their own antigens. in fact, different varieties, or strains, of the same microorganism possess their own unique antigen. immune cells are able to recognize these highly specific antigens, appropriately identify their owners as threatening, and respond accordingly. the immune system \u2019 s response actually consists of two parts. first, in the presence of a particular antigen, special immune cells, called become active and take steps against the antigen and its owner, either by unleashing a direct assault on the invader or discharging antibodies to do the job. this usually works quite well, but the full response can take awhile, sometimes days to weeks, during which time we suffer the symptoms of the infectious illness. symptoms can include discomforts like fever, sore throat,, or rash. it \u2019 s only after the immune system gains the upper hand that we begin to recover. the second, and equally important, part of the immune system response involves creating memory. not all of the immune cells and antibodies initially stimulated are destined to destroy the invader. a portion of them are held back so they can fight another day. the purpose of these are to attack promptly and overwhelmingly, and to destroy the invader if it were to attack again. in most cases, this memory capability is so efficient that when the same antigen reappears again in the future, we are completely unaware that we \u2019 ve been exposed. the term is used to describe the situation in which an effective memory response has attacked the antigen of a particular microorganism. consider the example of ( varicella ), a common viral infection. if you were born prior to the early", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.545505993801055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92c76045-25f3-47f1-938d-a4d47cef70d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.515351"}
{"text": ". the term is used to describe the situation in which an effective memory response has attacked the antigen of a particular microorganism. consider the example of ( varicella ), a common viral infection. if you were born prior to the early 1990s, when the was first introduced, you probably remember staying home from school for about a week with a fever and rash. you probably have also noticed that the same illness never reoccurred. this is true even though you \u2019 ve almost certainly been exposed to the virus many times since. your immune system successfully remembers the chickenpox antigen from its initial encounter with the virus and reliably responds each time it is confronted with the identical antigen. now consider the flu. why is it possible, even likely, to suffer from the flu winter after winter despite a healthy immune response every time? well, unlike the varicella virus, different strains of influenza infect humans each season. being immune to last year \u2019 s flu strain may protect you for the duration of the season, but it will be of little use when next year \u2019 s strains come around. there is only one strain of varicella that infects humans. so, where do vaccines fit in? the concept behind vaccinations is to stimulate a memory response without producing an actual illness. if successful, a vaccinated individual can enjoy the benefits of immunity without having to suffer through the original illness. to accomplish this, a vaccine must contain at least one antigen from the bacteria or virus of interest. the antigen may take many forms : a part of the toxin responsible for the ill effects of the infection, as in tetanus tiny components of killed bacteria, as in pertussis viral protein produced by biotechnology, as in hepatitis b killed viruses or parts of viruses, as in inactivated live viruses that have been rendered harmless by a process called attenuation, as in rubella, or chickenpox once the vaccine enters the body, its antigen ( s ) begins to stimulate the development of immune cells and antibodies, which build up over the course of several weeks. since the immune response produced by vaccines is not as robust as the immune response produced by an actual infectious microorganism, a single vaccine dose usually only provides limited protection. this is why almost all vaccines require multiple doses to insure that the recipient is sufficiently immune. for example, until recently, the vaccine for measles was only given one time in early childhood. when outbreaks of measles began to appear in previously vacci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5545731212495145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92c76045-25f3-47f1-938d-a4d47cef70d5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.516401"}
{"text": "all vaccines require multiple doses to insure that the recipient is sufficiently immune. for example, until recently, the vaccine for measles was only given one time in early childhood. when outbreaks of measles began to appear in previously vaccinated adolescents, it became clear that a second, or booster, dose was necessary. now all children are recommended to receive a booster dose. it is important to point out that vaccine antigens are often combined with other components for a variety of reasons. to increase the magnitude of the immune response, particularly in young children whose immune systems have yet to mature, antigens are often chemically combined with so - called substances such as aluminum salts. in addition, a vaccine may contain by - products from the medium in which it was produced, such as egg protein, as well as substances to preserve the effectiveness of the antigen and keep it sterile, such as antibiotics. an apparent allergy to a vaccine may actually result from these additives rather than the antigen itself. the discussion so far has focused on so - called which occurs when a person is exposed to an actual infection or receives a vaccination instead. in either case, the immune system responds by activating its own supply of cells and creating its own antibodies. there is, however, an alternative way to become immune. passive immunity, a person can benefit from someone else \u2019 s immune response by receiving their pre - manufactured antibodies. this occurs naturally in the womb. prior to birth, babies receive their mother \u2019 s antibodies, which cross the placenta and protect the newborn from the hostile, germ - laden, environment they encounter in the outside world. were it not for these antibodies, infants would have a difficult time surviving the many months it would take for them to actively build up their own immunity. passive immunity can also be created artificially by administering antibodies retrieved from individuals who have already acquired active immunity to a particular infection. passive vaccines contain immunoglobulins, which is another term for antibodies. passive immunity is most commonly used in individuals who have recently been exposed to a serious infection, or who are at high risk for such an exposure, and may not be fully protected. this is because the protection afforded by passive immunization is immediate, whereas active immunization takes weeks or even months to become fully protective. an example of this could be an infant who has not yet received the measles vaccine. the infant may be given the passive measles immunoglobulin in the event of a household exposure,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49925205115621396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92c76045-25f3-47f1-938d-a4d47cef70d5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.517486"}
{"text": "even months to become fully protective. an example of this could be an infant who has not yet received the measles vaccine. the infant may be given the passive measles immunoglobulin in the event of a household exposure, such as an older sibling with a measles infection. while passive immunizations are useful in selected cases, only active immunizations are used routinely. this is because passive immunity lasts a few months at best, whereas the protective effects of active immunity, with proper booster doses, should last a lifetime. all vaccines are designed to target infections. however, two commonly recommended vaccines have the added benefit of protecting against cancer. this is true because of the close association of certain viruses with the development of certain cancers. hepatitis b is the first example of a vaccine ( introduced in 1982 ) that also reduces the risk of cancer. hepatitis b is a major cause of primary liver cancer, with others being alcoholic cirrhosis hepatitis c. by essentially eliminating the risk of hepatitis b, the vaccine protects against its associated cancer, but has no affect on the risk of liver cancer associated with excessive alcohol consumption or hepatitis c. a more recent example of an anticancer immunization is the human papillomavirus ( hpv ) vaccine, introduced in 2006. since hpv is the leading cause of cervical cancer, immunized women should experience a lower risk of pap smear abnormalities including pre - cancers ( cervical dysplasia ) and cancer. based on a number of studies documenting the vaccine \u2019 s effectiveness, the us centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) currently recommends that all girls aged 11 - 12 years receive the three - dose vaccination. females aged 13 - 26 years should still get vaccinated if they missed getting vaccinated at age 11 - 12 years. the cdc also recommends the hpv vaccination series in boys. in males, different types of hpv can cause genital warts. others types can cause cancers in the penis, anus, and back of the mouth and throat. why should everyone be vaccinated? imagine for a moment a disease contracted every year by more than 50 million people worldwide. thirty percent die of this disease and the majority of those that survive are left with disfiguring skin lesions ( most prominently on the face ), rendered totally blind, or both. now imagine this same disease, which has been in existence for at least 3, 000 years, being completely eliminated from the face of the earth in as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4880682253832106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92c76045-25f3-47f1-938d-a4d47cef70d5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.518504"}
{"text": "infection. another consideration involves the need for booster doses. most vaccines do not stimulate an adequate immune response after the first dose and must be repeated with booster doses at optimal intervals to insure adequate protection for a lifetime. this increases considerably the number of doses a child must receive before he is fully immunized. fortunately, multiple vaccines can be administered simultaneously without compromising safety and effectiveness. this is particularly important now that children routinely receive 14 different immunizations by the time they reach age seven. with the rapid growth in the number of recommended vaccines, the schedule has become quite complicated. here is a timetable of all routine vaccines in children up through age six. recommended vaccine schedule : aged 0 - 6 years ( 2013 ) | indicates age range to administer dose ( s ) | | vaccine | | birth | | 1 month | | 2 months | | 4 months | | 6 months | | 9 months | | 12 months | | 15 months | | 18 months | | 19 - 23 months | | 2 - 3 years | | 4 - 6 years | | hepatitis b | | hepatitis b | | hepb | | hepb | | hepb | | diptheria, tetanus, pertussis | | dtap | | dtap | | dtap | | dtap | | dtap | | dtap | | haemophilus influenza type b | | hib | | hib | | hib | | | measles, mumps, rubella | | mmr | | mmr | | mmr | | hepatitis a | | hepatitis a | | hepa series | centers for disease control and prevention. available at 1 second dose needed for children aged 6 months to 8 years who are getting the vaccine for the first time ( at least 4 weeks must pass between first and second dose ) recommended vaccine schedule : aged 7 - 18 years ( 2013 ) | indicates age range to administer dose ( s ) | | indicates vaccines only recommended for certain high risk groups | | vaccine | | 7 - 10 years | | 11 - 12 years | | 13 - 18 years | | diptheria, tetanus, pertussis | | tdap | | tdap | | tdap | | human papillomavirus | | hpv ( 3 doses ) | | hpv series | | meningococcal | | mcv4 | | mcv4 | | mcv4 | | booster at age 16 | | hepatitis a | | hep a series |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4752930594475849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92c76045-25f3-47f1-938d-a4d47cef70d5>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.522798"}
{"text": "hpv ( 3 doses ) | | hpv series | | meningococcal | | mcv4 | | mcv4 | | mcv4 | | booster at age 16 | | hepatitis a | | hep a series | | hepatitis b | | hep b series | | inactivated poliovirus | | ipv series | | measles, mumps, rubella | | mmr series | centers for disease control and prevention. available at children who fall off the recommended schedule and those in certain high - risk groups may receive these and other vaccines on a modified schedule. parents and caregivers of children who have missed doses on the recommended schedule should discuss with their child ' s pediatrician an alternate vaccination schedule. there are catch - up schedules for children who miss doses. you can find the catch up schedule on the cdc website. there is also a vaccination schedule for adults age 19 years and older. this can be found at the cdc website. how safe are vaccines? vaccines are one of the safest and most effective medical interventions every devised. consider measles. the risk of a life - threatening reaction to the measles - mumps - rubella ( mmr ) vaccine is approximately 1 - 2 per 1, 000, 000 doses given. conversely, the risk of death from measles itself is 1 - 3 per cases, which means that a child who contracts measles is approximately 500 times more likely to die from the infection than a child who is immunized against it ( children receive two mmr vaccines ). all routinely administered vaccines have a similar mortality rate measured in cases per million. the fact that vaccines are rarely life threatening does not, of course, mean they are completely safe. vaccines are associated with a variety of adverse effects ranging from mild discomfort at the injection site to serious neurologic complications. the vast majority of unwanted reactions are mild and transient. these include localized pain, redness and swelling, as well as low - grade fever and rash. the benefits of the routine vaccinations far outweigh the risks of these mild, self - limited and unavoidable reactions. however, since routine vaccines are given to perfectly healthy individuals who only have a small risk of future infection, any potential for significant, long - term harm must be taken extremely seriously. as the potential for adverse reactions increase, at some point the risk of harming a healthy child in the present no longer outweigh the benefits of protecting him or her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4794339268480963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92c76045-25f3-47f1-938d-a4d47cef70d5>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.523706"}
{"text": ", any potential for significant, long - term harm must be taken extremely seriously. as the potential for adverse reactions increase, at some point the risk of harming a healthy child in the present no longer outweigh the benefits of protecting him or her in the future. despite repeated assurances from numerous government agencies and independent research scientists that routine vaccinations meet the highest standards of safety and effectiveness, a small yet vocal group of parents and consumer advocacy organizations remain unconvinced. they have raised concerns about connections between various vaccines and a variety of serious health conditions including sudden infant death syndrome ( sids ), and cancer. one reason this controversy persists is that it can be difficult to prove a causal connection between vaccines, which are given often, and most of these conditions, which occur rarely. even if a child develops, say, autistic behavior soon after receiving a vaccine, it does not mean the vaccine was responsible. to date, there has been no convincing study published that supports a cause and effect relationship between vaccines and a substantially increased risk of these chronic conditions. nevertheless, serious adverse reactions do rarely take place, and it is essential to monitor these events carefully. the national childhood vaccine injury act of 1986 requires healthcare providers who administer vaccines to maintain permanent immunization records and to report serious adverse reactions to the vaccine adverse event reporting system ( vaers ). consistent reporting by physicians nationwide provides clues to unanticipated adverse reactions from all vaccines, but particularly the newer ones for which there is relatively limited experience. in addition, vaers can monitor the frequency of known reactions, identify possible risk factors for these reactions, and help locate a bad vaccine batch. if you are concerned your child may have developed a serious reaction to a recently administered vaccine, contact your child \u2019 s pediatrician. in addition, you may report your concerns directly to vaers, where patient - identifying information is kept confidential. in the event of serious injury or death thought to be caused by a vaccination, patients and their families can be compensated through the national vaccine injury compensation program, a no fault system covering most of the vaccines given routinely to children and adults. contraindications refer to situations in which a vaccine or vaccines should not be administered to an individual under any circumstances because the risks clearly outweigh the benefits. precautions refer to a situation where the vaccine may be safely given, but the benefits and risks must be carefully weighed before proceeding. contraindications and precautions may be temporary or permanent, and they may apply to all vaccines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4814281613829697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92c76045-25f3-47f1-938d-a4d47cef70d5>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.524831"}
{"text": "outweigh the benefits. precautions refer to a situation where the vaccine may be safely given, but the benefits and risks must be carefully weighed before proceeding. contraindications and precautions may be temporary or permanent, and they may apply to all vaccines or only certain ones. a severe, life - threatening allergic reaction to a particular vaccine is a contraindication to its further use, although, the same individual may receive other vaccines safely. as a rule of thumb, precautions should be observed if a recipient has ever had a serious, but non - life - threatening reaction from which he completely recovered. examples of these include high fever, seizure, or persistent inconsolable crying. future precautions are, of course, unnecessary in situations where the recipient experienced minor, transient reactions that are not unexpected. furthermore, if a recipient arrives for a vaccine with acute moderate or severe illness, it is usually best to wait until the illness resolves before administering the vaccine. however, precautions are generally unnecessary for minor illnesses ; vaccines can generally be administered safely even in the presence of a low - grade fever. special considerations are necessary for patients with compromised immune systems. the safety and effectiveness of immunizations will depend on the severity and cause of the immunodeficiency, such as aids or congenital conditions, and the type of vaccine being considered. vaccines containing live viruses, for example, may actually cause the infectious illness in such patients, and even perfectly safe vaccines may not produce a sufficiently protective immune response. in some cases, the household contacts of immunocompromised patients should not receive live vaccines since the virus can be spread on rare occasions. in addition to immunodeficiencies, other illness, or medications to treat them, can impair vaccine safety and effectiveness. for example, children receiving corticosteroids, which at high doses can have profound effects on the immune system, may require special precautions. the same may be true for children with a history of seizures. many children have their immunization unnecessarily delayed or even forgone due to common misconceptions among both physicians and parents regarding when vaccines are contraindicated. routinely administered vaccines are generally contraindicated under the following common circumstances : - mild acute illness with or without low - grade fever in an otherwise well child - a child in the recovery phase of illness - current use of antibiotics - recent exposure to an infectious illness - reaction to a previous vaccine dose involving only localized soreness, redness, or swelling - infants born prematurely - breast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.52539831002917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92c76045-25f3-47f1-938d-a4d47cef70d5>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.525870"}
{"text": "in an otherwise well child - a child in the recovery phase of illness - current use of antibiotics - recent exposure to an infectious illness - reaction to a previous vaccine dose involving only localized soreness, redness, or swelling - infants born prematurely - breastfeeding mother - history of nonspecific allergies or relatives with allergies - history of allergies to penicillin or any other antimicrobial agent, except anaphylactic reactions to neomycin or streptomycin - family history of seizures, sudden infant death syndrome, or adverse events after immunization 2013 recommended immunizations for children from birth through 6 years old. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / schedules / easy - to - read / child. html. updated january 29, 2013. accessed february 28, 2013. 2013 recommended immunizations for children from 7 through 18 years old. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / who / teens / downloads / parent - version - schedule - 7 - 18yrs. pdf. updated january 29, 2013. accessed february 28, 2013. about the vaers program. vaccine adverse event reporting system website. available at : http : / / vaers. hhs. gov / about / index. accessed february 28, 2013. bosch fx, tsu v, vorsters a, et al. reframing cervical cancer prevention. expanding the field towards prevention of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases. vaccine. 2012 ; 30 suppl 5 : f1 - f11. carrillo - marquez m, white l. current controversies in childhood vaccination. s d med. 2013 ; spec no : 46 - 51. centers for disease control and prevention. national, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19 - 35 months - - united states, 2011. chang mh. hepatitis b virus and cancer prevention. recent results cancer res. 2011 ; 188 : 75 - 84. childhood vaccines : what they are and why your child needs them. american academy of family physicians family doctor website. available at : http : / / familydoctor. org / familydoctor / en / kids / vaccines / childhood - vaccines - what - they - are - and - why - your - child - needs - them. html. updated december 2010. accessed february 28, 2013. contraindication", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45056091201404835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92c76045-25f3-47f1-938d-a4d47cef70d5>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.526794"}
{"text": ". org / familydoctor / en / kids / vaccines / childhood - vaccines - what - they - are - and - why - your - child - needs - them. html. updated december 2010. accessed february 28, 2013. contraindications. world health organization website. available at : http : / / www. who. int / immunization / policy / contraindications. pdf. accessed february 28, 2013. giraldi g, de luca d ' alessandro e. the hpv infection in males : an update. ann ig. 2012 ; 24 ( 6 ) : 497 - 506. human papillomavirus vaccine. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. updated february 7, 2013. accessed february 28, 2013. immunizations. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. updated february 7, 2013. accessed february 28, 2013. immune system. national institute of allergy and infectious disease website. available at : http : / / www. niaid. nih. gov / topics / immunesystem / pages / whatisimmunesystem. aspx. updated december 19, 2011. accessed february 28, 2013. immunity types. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / vac - gen / immunity - types. htm. updated february 11, 2011. accessed february 28, 2013. recommended immunization schedule for persons aged 0 through 18 years - 2013. american academy of family physicians family doctor website. available at : http : / / familydoctor. org / dam / familydoctor / documents / 2013 % 20child % 20and % 20adolescent % 20immunization % 20schedule. pdf. accessed february 28, 2013. std facts - hpv and men. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / std / hpv / stdfact - hpv - and - men. htm. updated february 23, 2013. accessed february 28, 2013. vaccines & immunizations. center for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / default. htm. updated february 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43500683988306366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:92c76045-25f3-47f1-938d-a4d47cef70d5>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.528757"}
{"text": "meningococcemia is a bacterial infection caused by the neisseria meningitides bacteria. this is the same type of bacteria that causes some types of meningitis. when the bacteria infect the membranes ( meninges ) that cover the brain and spinal cord, the infection is called meningitis. when the infection remains in the blood, but does not infect the brain or spinal cord, it is called meningococcemia. neisseria meningitides bacteria are common in your upper respiratory tract and do not necessarily cause illness. the disease spread from person to person when someone infected with the bacteria sneezes or coughs. although anyone can get meningococcemia, it is most common in babies, children, and young adults. an infection by neisseria meningitidis, whether it becomes meningitis or meningococcemia, is considered a medical emergency and requires immediate medical attention. neisseria meningitidis, the bacteria that causes meningococcemia, can harmlessly live in your upper respiratory tract. however, simply being exposed to this germ is not enough to cause this disease. according to the indiana state department of health, up to 10 percent of people may carry these bacteria ( isdh ) \u2014 and not all of these people become sick. an infected person can spread these bacteria through coughing and sneezing. you will generally only have a few symptoms at first. these symptoms are common and include : - a fever - a headache - a rash consisting of small spots you might also feel irritable or anxious. as the disease progresses, you will develop more serious symptoms. these include blood clots and patches of bleeding under your skin. as the condition progresses, you may be lethargic or slip into a stupor. you may also go into shock. meningitis is usually diagnosed through blood tests. your doctor will take a sample of your blood and then do a blood culture on it to determine if bacteria is present. your doctor might perform the same test using fluid from your spine instead of your blood. in this case, the test is called a cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) culture. he or she will get csf from a spinal tap ( lumbar puncture ). blood is usually drawn from a vein in your arm or hand. other tests your doctor might perform are : - skin biopsy - blood clotting tests - complete blood count ( cbc ) he or she might also perform tests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.476308503217168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e02def59-1b03-4ee4-827f-81fa0b730880>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.533049"}
{"text": "##r puncture ). blood is usually drawn from a vein in your arm or hand. other tests your doctor might perform are : - skin biopsy - blood clotting tests - complete blood count ( cbc ) he or she might also perform tests on your urine. meningococcemia must be treated immediately. you will be admitted to the hospital and possibly kept in an isolated room to stop the bacteria from spreading. you will be given antibiotics through a vein ( intravenously ) to begin fighting the infection. you will probably also receive intravenous fluids. other treatments depend on the symptoms you have developed. if you have blood clots, for example, you will receive care to treat them. if you are having difficulty breathing, you will receive oxygen. if your blood pressure becomes too low, you will receive medication to help treat that issue. meningococcemia can sometimes lead to bleeding disorders. if this occurs, your doctor or healthcare provider might give you platelet replacement therapy. in some cases, your doctor might also wish to give your close contacts antibiotics, even if they show no symptoms. this can help prevent them from developing the disease. according to the illinois department of public health, around half of the total number of cases of meningococcal disease ( which includes meningococcal meningitis and meningococcemia ) occur in children under 4 years old ( idph ). if you have recently moved into a group living situation ( such as a dormitory ) you are more likely to develop these conditions. if you are planning to enter into such a living situation, your doctor may tell you to get vaccinated against this condition. you are also at greater risk if you live with or have been in very close contact with someone who has the disease. consider speaking to your doctor if this is the case. he or she may choose to give you preventive antibiotics. there is no sure way to prevent meningococcemia. a vaccine exists, but it is only effective against some types of the bacteria that cause this condition. furthermore, most doctors only give this vaccine to people in certain categories such as teenagers and people about to move into a dormitory for the first time. you can help reduce your risk of meningococcemia by avoiding people who are coughing, sneezing, or showing other signs of illness. this means not sharing anything that comes into contact with the mouth unless it has been washed after it was last used.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45537510527351865, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e02def59-1b03-4ee4-827f-81fa0b730880>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.534021"}
{"text": "though john deere designated its new - for - 1937 workhorse the model g, a more obvious name choice might have been model p - - as in, the first letter of the word uttered most by farmers with work to do... power. deere designed the g to be a three - plow tractor with 34 horsepower at the belt. power came from a 412. 5 - cubic - inch, two - cylinder, all - fuel engine that ran on kerosene and distillates. famously, the model g ' s engine was so much larger than the powerplants offered in the rest of the company ' s lineup, that the tractor ' s frame had to be customized with the addition of a bulge to accommodate its girth. another widely known fact about the g is that its bigger, more powerful two - cylinder proved to be too much for the tractor ' s radiator to keep cool - - a problem that led to more than 2, 000 of the first tractors off the assembly line being recalled. later versions used a taller radiator, with a coolant capacity some two gallons larger than the original, to alleviate the problem. a larger upper radiator pipe was also installed on model gs in late 1938. in the early 1940s, the model g received the stylized hood and front - end treatment pictured on the tractor here. in 1941, a six - speed transmission replaced the earlier tractor ' s four - speed gearbox, and electric start was added in 1947. with modest changes, the model g plowed on until 1953, when the numbered series deere tractors took over. all told, moline built about 64, 000 model gs and g variants, like the gh high - crop tractor and the gm - - which was what deere called the tractor briefly during ww ii. as with virtually all john deere tractors, model gs are highly sought after and collectible today. the parts availability is excellent, and support from clubs and enthusiasts is typically strong. due perhaps to their relative scarcity, the early low - radiator tractors are prized more highly among collectors than the more efficient high - radiator tractors. prices for model gs in excellent condition can range from $ 7, 000 - $ 10, 000, and hopeful collectors can expect to pay upwards of $ 4, 000 for restorable units. discuss this article in our forums this article originally appeared in the may, 2007 issue of hemmings motor news. order backissues of hemmings motor news subscribe to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4655842990122383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:139b7943-ecf3-4854-abf7-90548e592de7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.537849"}
{"text": "sagapenum is a gum - resin obtained from a species of ferula, said by some authorities to be ferula persica, willd., and by others f. szoritsiana, dc. ( n. o. umbelliferae ), growing in arabia and persia. it is imported in varying quantities into india by the persian gulf and coasts of arabia, generally arriving in masses of 4 to 10 pounds in weight and tied up in coarse cloth, but occasionally parcels of fine, separate tears are to be seen ; most of it, however, comes to london. sagapenum occurs in yellow or yellowish - red, semi - transparent, agglomerated granules, resembling galbanum, but having a darker colour. when fresh some of the tears have a greenish tinge and are more or less opaque ; but on keeping they become brownish - yellow and translucent. the odour is alliaceous, somewhat similar to but less disagreeable than that of asafetida, and more powerful than that of galbanum, becoming more pronounced on heating. the taste is bitter and acrid. on breaking a tear the fractured surface does not appear pink as in the case of asafetida. it softens with the heat of the hand, but does not completely melt at a higher temperature. on dry distillation it yields umbelliferone, and on fusion with potassium hydroxide resorcin. it is only partially soluble in alcohol and in ether, and tire ethereal solution is not clouded by the addition of alcohol. ferric chloride colours its solutions black. the volatile oil is very fluid, lighter than water, pale yellow, and has the characteristic odour of the gum - resin. constituents. \u2014 it contains from 50 to 60 per cent. of resin, 23 to 30 per cent. of gum, 3 to 11 per cent. of volatile oil containing sulphur, and 1 to 4 per cent. of bassorin, together with calcium malate and phosphate, and small amounts of sulphur and impurities ; the resin contains sagaresinotannol and umbelliferone. although it resembles galbanum in many ways it may be distinguished by its solubility in petroleum spirit, sagapenum yielding a much larger also amount of resin than galbanum, the volatile oil contains sulphur, that of galbanum being free from it. a mixture of galbanum and asafetida is sometimes sold as saga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4312676862338265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2cb5e641-e55e-4776-a515-03dcd6be9e1a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.541643"}
{"text": "from carpeting to cork e - mail this page to your friendsx a link to % this page % was e - mailed need help in selecting environmentally friendly flooring? think green. no, we ' re not talking astroturf here. in this case, \" green \" means the use of environmentally friendly materials that are either readily renewable or made from recycled products. several green certification programs and directories are available to help remodelers, builders and homeowners make that selection. for example, the national wood flooring association looks to the forest stewardship council to certify wood flooring products as green when the material comes from forests operated under sustainable forest management practices. other organizations, such as buildinggreen inc. ( http : / / www. buildinggreen. com ), publisher of the greenspec\u00ae directory and environmental building news, qualify and list other green flooring alternatives, such as natural linoleum, cork and concrete. carpeting. the carpet and rug industry uses a labeling system to identify materials with fewer lovolatile organic compounds ( vocs ) in the carpet fiber or in the adhesives used in installation. such carpeting improves indoor air quality, a major consideration of green building. the green label plus program, directed by the carpet and rug institute, certifies environmentally friendly carpeting products and recently received a 2004 certificate of recognition from the california governor ' s environmental and economic leadership award program. the award program is a collaborative effort by the carpet industry and partners of california state and local government agencies. cri, says alex wilson, executive editor with buildinggreen inc., brattleboro, vt., has done a great deal reduce carpet emissions. he compares their efforts with building codes that define minimum standards for construction. \" both are situations where organizations raise the floor, rather than the ceiling. \" linoleum. natural linoleum is widely promoted and specified in the green building community, alex says. natural linoleum is made primarily from linseed oil, pine resin, sawdust, cork dust, limestone and jute. it is an all - natural alternative to resilient flooring, including sheet vinyl and vinyl composition tile, which are made from polyvinyl chloride. it can get confusing, however, since the word linoleum is still used by some people to refer to vinyl flooring. proponents of natural linoleum say it does not require the same level of care that other sheet flooring.. however, alex says,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48762578592965616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7dd8e8cf-8b1f-4043-abc0-217a1d2dfa7c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.545205"}
{"text": ", however, since the word linoleum is still used by some people to refer to vinyl flooring. proponents of natural linoleum say it does not require the same level of care that other sheet flooring.. however, alex says, natural linoleum does have some negatives, such as a higher cost than most sheet vinyl products and a relatively high rate of vocs. wood. sustainable forest management makes it possible to harvest wood without any serious impact on the environment, because trees are a renewable resource that can be replaced time and time again, according to ed korczak, executive director of nwfa ( www. woodfloors. org ). cork. cork flooring has become very popular with environmentalists and designers alike. cork can be harvested every nine years from the same tree \u2014 a much faster rate of renewal than waiting for a seedling to grow large enough to replace another. it ' s tough, too, according to buildinggreen ' s alex. \" i have been in a home where a cork floor was installed in 1950 and was still in good condition. the cork floor is comfortable for walking and cushions sound. \" concrete. yet another option for green flooring is to make the concrete slab the finished for by using various types of decorative concrete techniques. besides a concrete floor ' s obvious attributes of stability and durability, it can contribute to a home ' s energy efficiency as part of a passive solar system : it absorbs heat during the day and releases it as temperatures drop at night. remodelers even can offer several green flooring surfaces in the same home. a smooth surface, such as wood or concrete, could be used in active living areas and possibly partially covered with area rugs. natural linoleum could be used in the kitchen, while carpeting is ideal for bedrooms, where it deadens sound and provides a soft, warm surface for bare feet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4377948905793658, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7dd8e8cf-8b1f-4043-abc0-217a1d2dfa7c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.545960"}
{"text": "ancient greek, roman and chinese myths feature fanciful accounts of transplants performed by gods and healers, often involving cadavers or animals. while these tales are considered apocryphal, by 800 b. c. indian doctors had likely begun grafting skin \u2014 technically the largest organ \u2014 from one part of the body to another to repair wounds and burns. italian surgeon gasparo tagliacozzi, sometimes known as the father of plastic surgery, reconstructed noses and ears using skin from patients \u2019 arms. he found that skin from a different donor usually caused the procedure to fail, observing the immune response that his successors would come to recognize as transplant rejection. european doctors attempted to save patients dying of renal failure by transplanting kidneys from various animals, including monkeys, pigs and goats. none of the recipients lived for more than a few days. eduard zirm, an austrian ophthalmologist, performed the world \u2019 s first corneal transplant, restoring the sight of a man who had been blinded in an accident. transplant pioneer alexis carrell received the nobel prize for his work in the field. the french surgeon had developed methods for connecting blood vessels and conducted successful kidney transplants on dogs. he later worked with aviator charles lindbergh to invent a device for keeping organs viable outside the body, a precursor to the artificial heart. ukrainian doctor yu yu voronoy transplanted the first human kidney, using an organ from a deceased donor. the recipient died shortly thereafter as a result of rejection. in the late 1940s and early 1950s, a team of doctors at boston \u2019 s peter bent brigham hospital carried out a series of human kidney grafts, some of which functioned for days or even months. in 1954 the surgeons transplanted a kidney from 23 - year - old ronald herrick into his twin brother richard ; since donor and recipient were genetically identical, the procedure succeeded. british immunologist peter medawar, who had studied immunosuppression \u2019 s role in transplant failures, received the nobel prize for his discovery of acquired immune tolerance. soon after, anti - rejection drugs enabled patients to receive organs from non - identical donors. the first successful lung, pancreas and liver transplants took place. in 1967, the world marveled when south african surgeon christiaan barnard replaced the diseased heart of dentist louis washkansky with that of a young accident victim. although immunosuppressive drugs prevented rejection, washkansky died of pneumonia 18 days later. as transplants became less risky and more prevalent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.489156618978662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c30e99d-3dcd-42c2-a9bd-62c2267b1f6b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.548887"}
{"text": "if you have a group of rocks as a landscape feature in your yard, you can show it off with appropriate plantings. here are some ideas for what to plant, plus tips for planting near the rocks : choose plantings that show off the group of rocks. plant low - growing plants like alyssum, bleeding hearts ( dicentra ), catmints ( nepeta ), stonecrop ( sedum ) and hens and chicks ( sempervivum ), corsican mint, lungworts ( pulmonaria ) and other pretty little plants that will splash the group with bits of color but stay low enough that the rocks will remain visible. if you plant shrubs behind the group of rocks, use dark green evergreens like false cypress ( chamaecyparis obtusa \u2018 nana gracilis \u2019 ) and interesting deciduous shrubs like harry lauder \u2019 s walking stick ( corylus avellana \u2018 contorta \u2019 ) with its twisty branches. redtwig dogwood \u2019 s ( cornus stolonifera ) red branches will look good in winter when snow adorns the rocks, if you live in a snowy area. when siting rocks on a slope, make planting pockets. if you have a slope or berm, you can make very attractive arrangements of rocks that provide spaces for alpines or other small or cascading plants. let \u2019 s say you \u2019 ve installed two large rocks about two feet apart at the base of a slope. if you then fill the space between them with a smaller rock that \u2019 s slightly lower, you can fill the space behind the smaller rock with good garden soil and set in an alpine or other small plant. you can stagger rocks this way up the slope, making small, level planting areas behind them as you go. the effect, when planted with alpines, is beautiful. avoid the thought of topping the slope or berm with a dominant rock. it \u2019 s much better to choose a plant with a horizontal habit. for a large slope or berm, viburnum plicatum tomentosum \u2018 mariesii \u2019 comes to mind. read more tips", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4210448396502568, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:223fc9c2-e2f4-4d7a-a3b9-caa4e4cbf7c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.552420"}
{"text": "this series of articles will teach you basic guitar chords and then show you how to play these guitar chords at different positions on the fretboard to give different chords. we will start off with basic major chord patterns first. take a look at the chord below. this is the chordbook version of the e major chord, usually abbreviated to just e. the fingering i prefer to use is shown below this leaves my first finger floating above the strings. i can then move this chord to any position on the fretboard and lay my first finger down forming a bar across the first, second, and sixth strings one fret below my second finger. the root note of this chord is the note being played on the sixth string. by knowing all the notes on the sixth string, you can play any major chord on the guitar. just in case you don \u2019 t know the notes on the sixth string, here they are : using this principle, we can move the first finger up to the third fret to play a g major chord or the fifth fret to play an a major chord. the g chord is shown below. the problem with this is that if you want to change from a g chord to d chord, you have to slide from the third fret right up to the tenth fret. this is where the next chord shape comes in handy. this is an a major, or just a, chord. note the x at the sixth string showing that this string isn \u2019 t played. this isn \u2019 t the text book fingering for this chord. you usually see variations of the first, second, and third fingers being used but i find it a bit cramped so i would use the fingering above if i was going to press each string with a different finger. played like this, you still have the first finger floating over the strings so you can slide it up the fretboard and hold down the first and fifth strings with your first finger bar. the root note of this chord is the note being played on the fifth string. in the example above, it \u2019 s the open a note. here \u2019 s the fifth string notes to learn just in case you don \u2019 t already know them : the problem is that you might have trouble changing from this chord shape to the previous one and back quickly. this is my lazy man \u2019 s a chord : here, you \u2019 ve replaced the second, third, and fourth fingers with a third finger bar. this might take some practice to get the finger pressed down on the strings and bent at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.466920087338874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d7bcfc2-22f4-4380-b543-afa79268060c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.557734"}
{"text": "back quickly. this is my lazy man \u2019 s a chord : here, you \u2019 ve replaced the second, third, and fourth fingers with a third finger bar. this might take some practice to get the finger pressed down on the strings and bent at the joint so that the first string still sounds clean and not muted. notice, that i \u2019 ve also shown the sixth string being played. in theory, the lowest note played should be the root note of the chord, in this case a. the open sixth string, e is actually part of the a major chord, but in theory again, this chord would be called a / e. this means it \u2019 s an a major chord with e being the lowest note played. whether you play the sixth string or not is up to you, see how it sounds. even if you can \u2019 t get the first string to play, you will still get the e note from the note played on the fourth string. it all depends on your playing style. if you \u2019 re going to strum and play properly, you want all the notes to sound cleanly. if you \u2019 re going to thrash and turn up the distortion, it doesn \u2019 t matter whether you play the sixth string or not or whether the first string note is playing clean. just practice at it and find what \u2019 s best for you. using this chord shape, the diagram below shows it moved up to the third fret to produce a c chord. you \u2019 ll now see that changing from a g chord to a d chord doesn \u2019 t need moving from the third fret to the tenth, just to the fifth. here \u2019 s a tip to change from one chord shape to the other and back quickly. when you change from the first chord shape, lift the fourth finger off the string and rotate the third finger tip off the fifth string and lay it down flat on the second, third, and fourth strings. changing back is the opposite. roll the third finger up so that the tip is back on the fifth string and drop the fourth finger back on to the fourth string. you don \u2019 t have to even move the second finger off the third string. try it out. this first article has showed you how you can play any major guitar chord by just knowing two chord shapes and the notes on the fifth and sixth strings of your guitar. there are other shapes but this should give you a good start. we will take a look at minor chords in the next article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43888925334266127, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d7bcfc2-22f4-4380-b543-afa79268060c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.559196"}
{"text": "dairy industry provides big contribution to rural economies nebraska ' s dairy industry produced about 1 billion pounds of milk last year, and in the process it helped drive the economy in many rural communities through employment, taxes, purchasing feed and equipment and more. \" the state ' s dairy receipts totaled about $ 200 million last year, but when you figure in the impact that reverberates through the economy based on those dollars, the true economic impact is in the neighborhood of $ 500 million, \" said randy klein of the nebraska corn board. klein noted that for each 75 cows a dairy has, it directly employs one person. that means a 300 - head dairy would employ about four people. a 1, 200 cow dairy would employ about 16 people. \" really, employment goes well beyond the dairy farm because a dairy needs feed, veterinary care, equipment, trucking, milk processing and more. dairies are incredible at boosting rural economies, \" klein said. an average cow consumes about $ 1, 000 in feed each year, which means nebraska ' s 58, 000 dairy cattle consume about $ 58 million in feed. \" a portion of that feed is corn and distillers grains, the corn ethanol feed product, \" said mark jagels, a member of the nebraska corn board and a farmer from davenport. \" dairies add a lot of value to those products and many others, and it would be great to see nebraska ' s dairy industry strengthen and grow. \" one way the nebraska corn board supports the dairy industry is by backing the alliance for the future of agriculture in nebraska, or a - fan. when farmers are looking to expand or add a livestock operation, a - fan can help by providing guidance. over the last year, however, a - fan has produced a series of videos that highlight agriculture in nebraska, including several that pertain specifically to the dairy industry. dairy - focused videos take viewers on a tour through a modern dairy and examine issues like cow care, food safety, how a dairy recycles its water, the economic impact of a dairy and other relevant subjects that viewers may find fascinating. \" these videos offer a tremendous insight into dairy farms, and some even include the reaction by people who had never been on a large dairy before, \" jagels said. \" i ' d encourage anyone to go to a - fan ' s website and take a look at these videos and all the other videos a - fan has posted. \" the nebraska corn board is a self - help program, funded and managed by nebraska", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37052095502313565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59de5ec3-4ab9-44d3-9697-86bf3391cb42>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.562108"}
{"text": "hardboard, exterior siding that has vertical grooves made to simulate separate boards. a work table with an adjustable circular saw blade protruding through and opening in the surface. a device that measures rotational speed in revolutions per second. an application of asphalt onto an existing paved surface that is to receive a new coat of asphalt. the tack coat bonds the new coat to the existing surface. a hammer with a magnetized head that holds a tack in place. a special cloth used to clean a wood surface before paint is applied. a small, temporary weld applied to hold parts in place until a permanent weld is made. adding a period of time onto another. ropes and pulleys used for lifting heavy loads. a strip of wood with small, sharp fasteners pointing upwards used to secure wall - to - wall carpeting around the edges of a room. sticky - for example, adhesive or paint that hasn ' t completely dried. a joist with one end resting on a wall and the other on a header. a cut made on an overhanging rafter. a short joist. a vertical cut on the end of a rafter to reduce it to the same size as the other rafters. undesirable painting result where heavy bands of paint have been applied instead of an even coat. the end of a lathe that holds the work without spinning. list and quantity of materials required for a construction project. a commitment to provide permanent financing following construction of a planned project. the takeout commitment is generally predicated upon specific conditions, such as a certain percentage of unit sales or leases, for the permanent loan to \" takeout \" the construction loan. act of obtaining land through condemnation. usually, the government will exercise its right to \" take \" only after it is determined that the owners of the acquired property are unwilling to settle for a reasonable price. to compress or force down a material, squeezing out any air. a device used to compact soil. also refers to a tool used to compact wet concrete. multiple objects connected in a series. government program of providing low interest rate mortgages to low - income qualified buyers. in the tandem program, the federal national mortgage association ( fnma ) purchases low interest rate mortgages at a discount from the government national mortgage association ( gnma ). in doing this, gnma subsidizes the low - income homebuyer and incurs a loss on the transaction. a projection in an object that is used to connect to another object. a line that intersects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5413193598179096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9cd750f-1968-4896-a7b6-fb6259376d27>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.566556"}
{"text": "gnma ). in doing this, gnma subsidizes the low - income homebuyer and incurs a loss on the transaction. a projection in an object that is used to connect to another object. a line that intersects a curve at a single point along the surface. anything that has physical substance and form, such as land and buildings. items of real estate and personal property that usually have a long life, such as housing and other real estate. a liquid storage container. a paint designed for use on exterior metal surfaces. 1. to connect into a water supply. 2. a water faucet or spigot. 3. a tool used to cut threads into the inside of a pre - drilled hole. a drill used to make a hole that will be threaded by a tap. fees charged for hooking up utilities. a tool used to turn a tap while it cuts threads into an object. 1. a thin strip of material with adhesive applied to one or both sides, used for joining materials. 2. a drywall finishing procedure where paper \" tape \" is applied to the joints and covered with joint compound. a defect in drywall finishing. a measuring device with a long, flexible strip with distance markings. some tape measures retract into a metal casing. defect in drywall application where the joint tape or the shadow of the joint tape shows through the wallboard. high humidity which delays the drying of the second and third coats, dry tape having absorbed too much moisture from the joint compound and excess joint compound left under the joint tape are some of the causes of this condition. also called joint photographing, this condition can be corrected by sanding the compound, which covers the tape, feathering it out into the drywall surface, and then covering it with thin coats of joint compound. a gradual reduction in thickness. a lathe attachment that allows cutting at an angle. also called hollow ground, this way of grinding a blade to taper from a thicker cutting edge to a thinner section toward the hub to keep it from binding in the material being cut. a reamer that i also referred to as a putty knife or a drywall knife, it ' s flat - bladed and s tapered from one end to the other. used for widening holes in a material. applying tape. usually refers to drywall finishing procedure where paper tape is applied and covered with joint compound. comes in various widths. various tools used in taping drywall and applying joint compound.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5543424133004271, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a9cd750f-1968-4896-a7b6-fb6259376d27>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.567680"}
{"text": "the civil war in 1961, sierra leone gained its independence from the united kingdom. for most of the next three decades, sierra leone was governed by the all people ' s congress ( apc ), dominated by the northern temne and limba ethnic groups, which came into power in 1967. 9 the corruption, nepotism and fiscal mismanagement under the one - party rule of the apc led to the decay of all state institutions and the impoverishment of sierra leone ' s population, notwithstanding the country ' s large deposits of diamonds, gold, rutile, and bauxite. frustration with government corruption and mismanagement led to the formation of the revolutionary united front ( ruf ) in 1984. the ruf claimed to be a political movement with the aim of salvaging the country and overthrowing the apc. its invasion of sierra leone from liberia on march 23, 1991 triggered the civil war that was to last ten years. at its inception, the ruf consisted of a mixture of middle class students with a populist platform, unemployed and alienated youths, and liberian fighters from charles taylor ' s national patriotic front of liberia ( npfl ), who had helped charles taylor in his quest to become the president of liberia. a lesser - known covert sponsor of the ruf was the sierra leone people ' s party ( slpp ), with its ethnic base among the mendes from the south, which also sought the overthrow of the apc. 10 the ruf was led by foday sankoh, a former army corporal who had been imprisoned in 1971 for his alleged involvement in an attempted coup against the apc. sankoh had also reportedly received training in libya with taylor. 11 the ruf initially consisted of two small groups of only 150 combatants in total. as the ruf captured border towns and villages in kailahun and pujehun districts, they used tactics similar to those used to terrorize civilians during the liberian civil war : seizing and summarily executing chiefs, village elders, traders, government agents and suspected sla collaborators. 12 the violence and looting or \" jah - jah, \" especially by the liberian mercenaries within the ruf, was sanctioned by sankoh who justified them as reward for the mercenaries ' support. 13 the ruf ' s ideology of salvation quickly degenerated into a campaign of violence whose principal aim was to gain access to the country ' s diamond and other mineral wealth. from the very beginning, the ruf ' s campaign of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4459482206770171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.613899"}
{"text": "support. 13 the ruf ' s ideology of salvation quickly degenerated into a campaign of violence whose principal aim was to gain access to the country ' s diamond and other mineral wealth. from the very beginning, the ruf ' s campaign of terror included sexual violence and sexual slavery, committed on a widespread and systematic basis. in april 1992, apc president joseph momoh was overthrown in a military coup by twenty - six - year - old army captain valentine strasser, who formed the national provisional ruling council ( nprc ). strasser vowed to end corruption and create opportunities for all sierra leoneans. the new regime, however, was as corrupt as the old. the ruf continued to gain strength and was joined by numerous soldiers from the sierra leone army ( sla ) who were disgruntled with their poor conditions. these soldier - rebels or \" sobels \" discarded their uniforms at night to loot but wore government uniforms and continued to work for the government during the day. the \" sobels, \" who included officers, also provided weapons, ammunition, and intelligence to ruf forces. starting in january 1991, momoh and later strasser embarked on a recruitment drive that swelled the army ' s ranks to approximately twelve thousand, aiming to dislodge the ruf including by offering its youthful constituency a lucrative alternative. many of the new soldiers were unemployed drifters, petty criminals, and street children as young as twelve. given the inability of the undisciplined and ill - trained sla to drive out the ruf, in march 1995, strasser invited executive outcomes ( e. o. ), a south african private security company, to fight the ruf and guard the mining areas, in return for concessions over their production. the ruf was by that time approaching freetown and controlled most of the diamond mining areas. by december 1995, e. o. had retaken a number of key diamond areas and began to collaborate with the pro - government militia known as the civil defense forces ( cdf ), of which the kamajors are the largest and most powerful. the cdf movement began with the establishment of the eastern region defence committee in 1993 - 4 and was greatly expanded in 1996 when regent chief hinga norman was appointed deputy minister of defense in kabbah ' s government and head of the cdf, with the government providing the cdf with training, weapons and food. 14 the cdf movement consists of groups of traditional hunters and young men who were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4473711169420029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.615761"}
{"text": "was appointed deputy minister of defense in kabbah ' s government and head of the cdf, with the government providing the cdf with training, weapons and food. 14 the cdf movement consists of groups of traditional hunters and young men who were used by the government to defend their native areas. the kamajors operate mainly in the south and east, the tamaboros in the far north, the gbettis in the north and the donzos in the far east. civilians who joined the cdf underwent initiation ceremonies, which were said to bestow magical powers, making them immortal and invincible. 15 units of fighters were initially deployed only in their own chiefdoms to ensure their loyalty and discipline and make the best use of their superior bush knowledge. the cdf, in contrast to the sla and the ruf, had the support of the local civilians and were very effective, overrunning main ruf camps in late 1996 with the support of e. o. and the army. in january 1996, strasser was overthrown by his deputy, brigadier julius maada bio. bio initiated peace negotiations with the ruf, which had begun to suffer a number of defeats, as well as a program to return sierra leone to civilian rule. in march 1996, elections were held, and ahmad tejan kabbah of the slpp, who pledged to bring about an end to the war, became president of sierra leone. in november 1996, the ruf and kabbah ' s government signed the abidjan peace accord, which provided for a ceasefire, disarmament, demobilization, an amnesty to the ruf, and the withdrawal of all foreign forces. the ceasefire was broken in january 1997, however, when serious fighting broke out in southern moyamba district. in january 1997, sankoh was arrested in nigeria on an arms charge and imprisoned by the nigerian government. in may 1997, fourteen months after assuming power, president kabbah was overthrown in a coup led by major johnny paul koroma, who formed a new government called the armed forces revolutionary council ( afrc ). koroma had escaped from prison, where he had been held following an earlier attempted coup in september 1996. the afrc suspended the constitution, banned political parties, and announced rule by military decree. days of looting by soldiers followed the coup, which also ushered in a period of political repression characterized by arbitrary arrests and detention. an attempt by nigerian and guinean troops ( who had been in sierra leone since 1995", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4273974731933365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.616937"}
{"text": ", and announced rule by military decree. days of looting by soldiers followed the coup, which also ushered in a period of political repression characterized by arbitrary arrests and detention. an attempt by nigerian and guinean troops ( who had been in sierra leone since 1995 as part of bilateral security accords to give support to the nprc ), supported by south african mercenaries, to oust koroma failed. 16 the afrc consisted primarily of disgruntled ex - sla soldiers who had become disillusioned by president kabbah ' s decision to cut back support for the military. koroma also cited the government ' s failure to implement the peace agreement as the reason for the coup. the sla accused kabbah of having put greater confidence for the country ' s defense in and giving more economic resources to the cdf than to the army. formalizing an alliance between the army and the rebels based on joint opposition to president kabbah and the slpp, the afrc invited the ruf to join its government in june 1997. from exile in guinea, president kabbah mobilized international condemnation for and a response to the coup makers. in response to a plea from kabbah, hundreds of nigerian troops based in liberia as part of the economic community of west african states monitoring group ( ecomog ) moved to freetown, reinforcing ecomog colleagues already based at the freetown airport to defend it from attacks by the ruf. nigerian vessels stationed off freetown shelled the city, reportedly killing at least fifty people. nigerian forces were, however, eventually forced to withdraw from around the capital. in august 1997, following the afrc ' s announcement of a four - year program for elections and return to civilian rule, which represented a breakdown in negotiations initiated by the economic community of west african states ( ecowas ), ecowas established a strict economic embargo against sierra leone. in october 1997, the u. n. security council adopted a resolution also imposing mandatory sanctions on sierra leone, including an embargo on arms and oil imports, which ecomog forces were mandated to enforce. after negotiations in guinea under the auspices of ecowas, the kabbah government - in - exile and the ruf / afrc signed an agreement on october 23, 1997, providing for the return to power of president kabbah by april 1998. the ruf / afrc, however, undermined the implementation of the accord by stockpiling weapons and attacking the positions of ecomog forces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40988250592068176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.618109"}
{"text": "october 23, 1997, providing for the return to power of president kabbah by april 1998. the ruf / afrc, however, undermined the implementation of the accord by stockpiling weapons and attacking the positions of ecomog forces. in february 1998, ecomog forces together with kamajor militia launched an operation that drove the ruf / afrc forces from freetown. in march 1998, president kabbah was reinstated. over the succeeding months ecomog forces were able to establish control over roughly two - thirds of the country, including all regional capitals : as of mid - 1998, the ecomog contingent in sierra leone was composed of approximately 12, 500 troops, predominantly nigerian with support battalions from guinea, gambia, ghana and niger. 17 sankoh was transferred to sierra leone from nigeria and incarcerated in july 1998. in october 1998, the supreme court of sierra leone tried and sentenced sankoh to death for his role in the 1997 coup. once expelled from freetown, the afcr / ruf rebels tried to consolidate their own positions in other parts of the country. the kabbah government, which had negligible forces of its own, had to rely on ecomog to stay in power. through a series of offensives, the ruf / afrc managed to gain control of the diamond - rich kono district and several other strategic towns and areas. by late 1998, the rebels had gained the upper hand militarily and were in control of over half of the country, including all the mineral - rich areas. from this position, the ruf / afrc launched a major offensive on freetown in january 1999. the battle for freetown and ensuing three - week rebel occupation of the capital were characterized by the systematic and widespread perpetration of a wide range of abuses against the civilian population, and marked the most intensive and concentrated period of human rights abuses and international humanitarian law violations in sierra leone ' s ten - year civil war. at least five thousand civilians were killed and one hundred civilians had limbs amputated, including twenty - six double arm amputations. thousands of women and girls, including girls as young as eight, were raped and subjected to other forms of sexual violence. in addition, the rebels used civilians as human shields, both while advancing towards ecomog positions and as a defense against ecomog air power. they also burnt whole neighborhoods, often with the residents in their houses. government and the nigerian - led ecomog forces also committed serious human rights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42246320568627327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.619110"}
{"text": "shields, both while advancing towards ecomog positions and as a defense against ecomog air power. they also burnt whole neighborhoods, often with the residents in their houses. government and the nigerian - led ecomog forces also committed serious human rights abuses, though on a lesser scale, including over 180 summary executions of rebels and their suspected collaborators. prisoners taken by ecomog, some of who had surrendered and many of whom were wounded, were executed on the spot often with little or no effort to establish their guilt or innocence. officers to the level of captain were present and participated in the executions. ecowas officials have yet to initiate a formal investigation into these killings. as the ruf / afrc were driven out of freetown in february 1999, they abducted thousands of civilians, who were used to carry looted goods and ammunition, forcibly conscripted into fighting or used for forced labor. thousands of girls and women were used as sex slaves by the rebels and forced to \" marry \" rebel husbands. as they moved eastward, the rebels continued to commit egregious human rights abuses, including killings and amputations, particularly in the villages around the towns of masiaka, lunsar, and port loko. 18 in the months following the january invasion, and as a result of intense international pressure, kabbah ' s government and ruf rebels signed a ceasefire agreement on may 18, 1999, 19 followed by a peace agreement in lome, togo, on july 7, 1999. 20 sankoh was released from prison by the sierra leonean government to participate in the peace negotiations. the accord, brokered by the u. n., the organization of african unity ( oau ), and ecowas, committed the ruf / afrc to lay down its arms in exchange for representation in a new government. sankoh was given the chairmanship of the board of the commission for the management of strategic resources, national reconstruction and development ( cmrrd ) and the status of vice - president. 21 johnny paul koroma was made the chairman of the commission for the consolidation of peace ( ccp ), provided for under article 6 of the peace agreement. 22 the peace agreement also included a general amnesty for all crimes committed by all parties during the civil war until the signing of the peace agreement. 23 at the last minute, the u. n. secretary - general ' s special representative attending the talks added a hand - written caveat that the u. n. held the understanding that the amnesty and pardon provided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4178037785040696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.620836"}
{"text": "the signing of the peace agreement. 23 at the last minute, the u. n. secretary - general ' s special representative attending the talks added a hand - written caveat that the u. n. held the understanding that the amnesty and pardon provided for in article 9 did not apply to international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and other serious violations of international humanitarian law. in addition, the peace agreement mandated the establishment of a truth and reconciliation commission ( trc ) and a national human rights commission. the united nations observer mission in sierra leone ( unomsil ), initially established in july 1998 to monitor the military and security conditions, was transformed into a much larger peacekeeping mission. 24 in october 1999, months later than had been planned, unomsil, which at its maximum deployment included 192 military observers as well as a small human rights unit of four persons, was transformed into the united nations mission in sierra leone ( unamsil ). unamsil was mandated to maintain the peace and monitor the ceasefire and had a maximum authorized strength of 6, 000 military personnel, including 260 military observers. 25 the human rights unit was authorized to expand to a total of fourteen human rights officers. two further security council resolutions followed, increasing the authorized troop strength to 11, 10026 and then 13, 000. 27 the peace process was marred by cease - fire violations, missed deadlines and infighting within rebel ranks. the ruf / afrc failed to comply with several commitments, including the release of all civilian abductees. there was a relative decrease in human rights abuses following the peace agreement, although the ruf / afrc continued to terrorize the civilian population in the north and east, which largely remained under its control. sexual violence, in particular against the thousands of abducted women and girls, continued. in addition, a splinter group of the afrc known as the west side boys established numerous bases in the occra hills near freetown, from where they staged looting raids. the west side boys abducted hundreds of civilians, including girls and women, whom they raped and kept as sex slaves. in august 1999, they took hostage for one week forty - two members of a u. n. - led delegation composed of ecomog soldiers, religious leaders, aid workers, and journalists, who had gone to the occra hills to have abducted children released to them. the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration ( ddr ) program progressed slowly, with only 25, 000 out of a total 45", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4378010011706172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.622077"}
{"text": "and journalists, who had gone to the occra hills to have abducted children released to them. the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration ( ddr ) program progressed slowly, with only 25, 000 out of a total 45, 000 combatants demobilized by may 2000. 28 there was also considerable delay in the deployment of u. n. peacekeeping forces, with only 8, 700 peacekeepers deployed by the same month. the peace process then broke down completely, when, in early may, the ruf captured over five hundred unamsil peacekeepers and military observers deployed in the north and the east, holding them for several weeks. 29 the conflict erupted again throughout the country and many of the combatants, including child combatants, who had been disarmed and demobilized, were re - conscripted. the human rights situation deteriorated sharply with numerous reports of ruf abuses, including murder, widespread rape, abduction, forced labor, and looting. during a demonstration in freetown to protest the collapse of the peace process and hostage taking of the peacekeepers, twenty - two civilians were killed outside the house of the ruf leader, sankoh. on may 17, 2000, several days after the demonstration, sankoh was arrested by the government and held in custody, together with over 125 members of the ruf, without charge, using powers under a state of emergency declared in 1998. there was also a disturbing intensification of abuses by pro - government forces. the sierra leonean government caused numerous civilian casualties through helicopter gunship attacks during may and june 2000 against the ruf strongholds of makeni, magburaka, and kambia. abuses by both the government forces and the ruf caused the displacement of some 330, 000 civilians from behind rebel lines. civilians leaving ruf territory were often captured and accused of being rebel sympathizers by the cdf. whereas previously sexual violence against women had been very uncommon among the cdf, numerous cases of sexual violence were reported, including gang rape by kamajor militiamen and commanders. when, in may 2000, it seemed as though the fighting would threaten freetown again, several hundred british soldiers were rapidly deployed to sierra leone - in the first instance to evacuate foreign nationals who wished to leave, but also to secure the airport, allow reinforcement of the u. n. contingent, and assist in the reorganization of the pro - government forces as an effective fighting force. at their maximum, there were more than 1, 200 british soldiers in sierra leone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4246595365781462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.623289"}
{"text": "but also to secure the airport, allow reinforcement of the u. n. contingent, and assist in the reorganization of the pro - government forces as an effective fighting force. at their maximum, there were more than 1, 200 british soldiers in sierra leone, though they began to withdraw within two months of the first deployment. unamsil was rapidly brought up to strength : by june 5, 2000 there were 11, 350 u. n. troops in the country. at the behest of johnny paul koroma, the west side boys in may 2000 briefly fought on the government side to prevent the ruf from entering freetown. however, they continued to commit human rights abuses, and in august 2000 abducted eleven british soldiers of the international military advisory and training team ( imatt ) and one sla officer. in september 2000, the west side boys bases were destroyed during an operation by british paratroopers to free the captured soldiers. numerous west side boys, including their leader, were arrested and incarcerated. from september 2000 through april 2001, ruf rebels and liberian government forces acting together attacked refugee camps and villages accommodating several hundred thousand sierra leonean and liberian refugees just across the border with guinea. following the attacks, guinean security forces and the local population retaliated against the refugees, frequently looting, raping, and unlawfully detaining them. guinean forces also responded to these ruf raids by killing and wounding dozens of sierra leoneans in indiscriminate helicopter and artillery attacks in the rebel - held areas in the north of sierra leone. guinean troops conducted several ground attacks during which several civilians were gunned down and girls and women were raped. in november 2000, the government and ruf signed a cease - fire, which committed both parties to restarting the disarmament process, the reestablishment of government authority in former rebel - held areas, and the release of all child combatants and abductees. on march 30, 2001, the u. n. security council authorized the further expansion of unamsil to 17, 500 military personnel, including 260 military observers. these forces, contributed by bangladesh, ghana, guinea, kenya, nepal, nigeria, pakistan, ukraine, and zambia, were deployed into ruf strongholds, including the diamond - rich kono district. 30 the ddr program recommenced in may 2001, and by the end of 2001 over three thousand child soldiers, abductees, and separated children had been released by the ruf and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4295034674363158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.624290"}
{"text": ", including the diamond - rich kono district. 30 the ddr program recommenced in may 2001, and by the end of 2001 over three thousand child soldiers, abductees, and separated children had been released by the ruf and the cdf. during this period, serious human rights abuses continued to be committed, though on a reduced scale. fighting between the ruf and the cdf broke out in the east of the country in june through august 2001, leaving tens of civilians dead. ruf forces committed scores of serious abuses including rape, murder, and abduction. the victims of these abuses included sierra leoneans returning from refugee camps in guinea ; guinean civilians who were attacked during the cross - border raids by the ruf from september 2000 through april 2001 ; and liberians fleeing renewed fighting in lofa county of liberia from april 2001. while the ruf released or demobilized more than 1, 500 male child combatants, they were reluctant to release sierra leonean and guinean female abductees, most of whom are believed to have been sexually abused. the human rights situation continued to improve in 2002, with the disarmament and demobilization phases declared completed. by january 2002, 47, 710 combatants had been disarmed and demobilized. on january 18, 2002, the armed conflict was officially declared to be over in a public ceremony attended by many dignitaries. in addition, the state of emergency was lifted for the first time in four years on february 28, 2002. following the end of the state of emergency, the government charged sankoh, and the other ruf and west side boys members held in custody since may 2000, with a number of crimes, including murder and related charges. the resettlement of internally displaced persons ( idps ) and returnees from guinea and liberia was ongoing as of the writing of this report. by july 2002, approximately 250, 000 refugees and idps had been resettled. the ruf transformed itself into a political party and nominated presidential and parliamentary candidates for elections held on may 14, 2002. in the elections, president kabbah ' s slpp was re - elected for a second term and faced the challenge of rebuilding the country and its economy. after a decade of war, sierra leone ranks last out of 162 countries in terms of life expectancy at birth ; adult literacy ; combined enrolment in primary, secondary and tertiary education ; and gdp per capita. 31 fifty - seven percent of sierra leone ' s population struggles to survive on only u. s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41044264338950776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.625313"}
{"text": "162 countries in terms of life expectancy at birth ; adult literacy ; combined enrolment in primary, secondary and tertiary education ; and gdp per capita. 31 fifty - seven percent of sierra leone ' s population struggles to survive on only u. s. $ 1 per day. 32 unemployment is rampant and the current economy is driven by the presence of unamsil and other international organizations. investors who could create desperately needed jobs remain cautious given the rampant corruption that permeates all levels of sierra leonean society and their concerns about regional security. the sierra leonean legal system only a small number of women, primarily those who reside in the western area ( where freetown is located ) and women with sufficient funds, have access to the formal court system. as many general law provisions have not been updated since colonial days, the protection that general law affords women is often only marginally better than that provided under customary or islamic law. as the majority of sierra leoneans live in the provinces, customary law governs at least 65 percent of the population in relation to issues not reserved by statute to the magistrates courts or high court. in practice, issues that should be dealt with in the magistrates courts and high court are also dealt with under customary law. in addition to problems accessing the formal court system, rural sierra leoneans, in particular, have historically always preferred to administer justice amongst themselves to ensure that good community relations are maintained in villages where the other residents are invariably relatives by marriage or descent, rather than turning to outsiders. although customary law is not applied in the formal court system, it is recognized and there is some interaction between the two systems. there is the right of appeal from the local courts to the district appeal court, where a magistrate sits with two assessors who are chiefdom councilors from the given area of the local court and are knowledgeable about the customary law in their respective areas. 38 the assessors advise the magistrate on questions of customary law, with the decision remaining with the magistrate. likewise, a decision of the district appeal court can be appealed to the high court, with the high court judge being advised by assessors with expertise in customary law. 39 constitutional status of women a married woman ' s position under customary law is comparable to that of a minor : a woman is generally represented by her husband who has the right to prosecute and defend actions on his spouse ' s behalf. 46 sierra leonean women can gain status through marriage as well as through their role as mothers : a woman ' s status within society and the poly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4439460440405113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.626830"}
{"text": "represented by her husband who has the right to prosecute and defend actions on his spouse ' s behalf. 46 sierra leonean women can gain status through marriage as well as through their role as mothers : a woman ' s status within society and the polygynous household increases with the number of children she bears. sierra leone has one of the highest birth rates in the world, with the average number of children born to each woman estimated at 6. 5. 47 most households are polygynous, apart from the monogamous christians ( approximately 30 percent of the population ) ; under customary law, a husband can marry as many wives as he wishes. muslims ( 60 percent of the population ) can marry up to four wives. under customary law, a girl is considered of marriageable age once her breasts have developed, her menses have started and she has been initiated, which could mean as young as twelve. marriages are usually arranged, and the consent of the bride - to - be is not considered essential in most ethnic groups, but the consent of the girl ' s / woman ' s family is required. 48 the fact that a girl is considered \" ready \" for marriage at such a young age and her consent is not sought has contributed to the common practice of early forced marriages. men wishing to marry do not need to seek consent from their own parents. the statutory age of marriage under general law is twenty - one years. under islamic law, a male or female dependant can be given in marriage against his or her will, and the legal guardian of an adult woman has the right to object to her choice of husband if the prospective husband is not of equal birth. 49 under customary law, a dowry is usually paid to the wife ' s family. under islamic law, the dowry is paid to the bride, although the contract is concluded with the legal guardian of the bride - to - be. 50 under customary law, a wife can only refuse to have sexual intercourse with her husband if she is physically ill, menstruating or suckling a young child. she can also refuse intercourse during the daytime, in the bush or during ramadan. under customary law, a wife ' s decision - making powers are limited since she is obliged to always obey her husband. this lack of decision - making power means that women in families where the breadwinner is the man find it very difficult to influence decisions on how the ( generally ) little income that the family makes is disbursed. under customary law, a married woman must ask her husband", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46879060445846954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.627921"}
{"text": "power means that women in families where the breadwinner is the man find it very difficult to influence decisions on how the ( generally ) little income that the family makes is disbursed. under customary law, a married woman must ask her husband for permission to work outside the house or visit her family. in families where the woman has been given permission to work outside the house and is the breadwinner, it seems that the added responsibility has not necessarily come with increased decision - making power. a wife, especially in rural communities, is expected to cultivate food for herself and her children, whilst the husband ' s responsibility is limited to providing accommodation and clothing. 51 a wife residing in an urban area is generally given a lump sum of money by her husband to start a small business, usually petty trading. if the business fails, the wife must refund the capital to her husband. given the heavy work burden on women, however, there is little opportunity for women to seek remunerated work outside the house. under customary law, the dowry is refundable upon divorce. dowries paid to poor families are sometimes set purposely excessively high to ensure that the wife ' s family will not sanction a divorce given their inability to repay the dowry, again highlighting how little control women married under customary law have over their lives. 55 under general law, a husband is expected to pay alimony for his wife and children on divorce, which both parties may initiate. 56 when a husband dies, the widow is expected under customary law to undergo a mourning period and rituals. 57 it is only after these rituals that widows are considered purified and can remarry. some ethnic groups still insist that if the widow remarries, she does so within her deceased husband ' s family, otherwise all marriage payments are refundable. 58 as sierra leone is a patrilineal society and the husband has custodial rights over children, children are handed over to the husband ' s family head upon his death. 59 under islamic law, the mother has the right to care for a boy child until the age of nine and a girl child until she comes of age. 60 under customary matrimonial property law, a wife is generally only able to keep her own possessions and her self - acquired property in the event of divorce or death. a wife is generally not entitled to keep property acquired through the joint efforts of husband and wife and has no rights over the matrimonial home. 61 nor can a wife inherit under islamic law : either", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47014638507945994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.628969"}
{"text": "property in the event of divorce or death. a wife is generally not entitled to keep property acquired through the joint efforts of husband and wife and has no rights over the matrimonial home. 61 nor can a wife inherit under islamic law : either the eldest son or brother or the official male administrator of the deceased inherits. 62 under general law, a wife is also only entitled to one third of her deceased husband ' s property, if he has not made a will. this denial of inheritance rights of women is a major problem given the large number of war widows who are now able to return to their villages of origin, but have no access to land. rape as a crime under general law nor is the age of consent explicitly stated, although it is presumably by necessary implication sixteen years old. marital rape does not exist under sierra leonean statutory law, and most sierra leoneans firmly believe that it is the duty of a wife to have sex with her husband even if she does not want to. 69 unlawful carnal knowledge of a girl under the age of thirteen, whether with or without her consent, is a felony and carries a maximum sentence of fifteen years of imprisonment. 70 unlawful carnal knowledge of a girl between the ages of thirteen and fourteen, whether with or without her consent, is, however, only considered a misdemeanor and carries a maximum sentence of two years. 71 the language \" with or without her consent \" refers only to cases of unlawful carnal knowledge that do not constitute rape ; for example, an eighteen - year - old man who has sexual intercourse with a thirteen - year - old girl with her consent. the police and judiciary seem to have misconstrued the meaning of the law. when an offence of rape against a girl under the age of fourteen is reported, the police and judiciary turn to either section 6 or 7 - depending on the age of the victim - of the prevention of cruelty to children act and determine that the girl did not consent. based on her age, they then charge unlawful carnal knowledge and not rape. this misinterpretation therefore leads to a lesser charge for the rape of a child than for the rape of an adult. 72 rape of a person over the age of sixteen is considered a felony and carries a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. 73 indecent assault - sexual assault without penetration - on or attempts to have carnal knowledge of girls under the age of fourteen years carry the same maximum sentence as unlawful carnal knowledge of girls between the age of thirteen and fourteen i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4850988285605017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.630111"}
{"text": "life imprisonment. 73 indecent assault - sexual assault without penetration - on or attempts to have carnal knowledge of girls under the age of fourteen years carry the same maximum sentence as unlawful carnal knowledge of girls between the age of thirteen and fourteen i. e. only two years of imprisonment. 74 no person can be convicted of unlawful carnal knowledge, indecent assault or attempted unlawful carnal knowledge \" upon the evidence of one witness, unless such witness be corroborated in some material particular by evidence implicating the accused. \" 75 the law pertaining to the abduction of girls for immoral purposes applies to any unmarried girls under the age of sixteen. 76 abduction of girls for immoral purposes is a misdemeanor, carrying a maximum sentence of two years of imprisonment. in addition to the legal confusion that exists in general law concerning rape, attempts by women to obtain the prosecution of rapists are frustrated by the collapsed state of the judiciary and the lack of effective law enforcement, which has contributed to the ongoing climate of impunity for offenders. prosecution of sexual violence under customary law under customary law, when a case is brought to the local court, the perpetrator is generally required to pay a substantial fine to the victim ' s family as well as to the chiefs. \" virgin money \" is payable to the victim ' s family if the victim was a virgin. in some communities, in particular muslim communities, the victim is forced to marry the offender, as a girl who is not a virgin is considered less eligible for marriage. traditionally, in some ethnic groups, both the victim and the perpetrator will be made to undergo a purification ceremony. for the victim, the purification ceremony is supposed to restore her virginity and for the perpetrator to cleanse the guilt. any man who invades the husband ' s exclusive sexual rights over a wife compensates the husband, and not the wife, for \" woman damage. \" 78 in addition to applying discriminatory laws, the local court system is problematic as women of some ethnic groups do not have direct access to the local courts, but must be represented by a male guardian. 79 the situation is further exacerbated as the chairmen and chiefdom councilors of the local courts are generally all male, which makes it difficult for women to bring cases of sexual violence as the women are often embarrassed and their cases are generally dealt with insensitively by the male court staff. the local courts are also prone to interference by the chiefs as well as the concerned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48486618400836656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.631073"}
{"text": "makes it difficult for women to bring cases of sexual violence as the women are often embarrassed and their cases are generally dealt with insensitively by the male court staff. the local courts are also prone to interference by the chiefs as well as the concerned parties, especially in cases dealing with sexual violence. many people in rural areas prefer to settle the case between the families and do not go to court. in cases settled between the two families, money or goods are given to compensate the victim ' s family. paradoxically, the giving of gifts or money to a rape victim may even elevate her status within her family. some families turn to the local chiefs who can arbitrate between the two families but have no right to impose any fines. in practice, however, the local chiefs have been known to impose fines. discrimination against women and girls in practice the high illiteracy rate among women can in part be explained by the higher demand for female labor in the family. girls are required to work in the house at an early age given that their mothers have to take care of the household and the children and do farm work. another contributing factor to women ' s illiteracy is the harmful traditional practice of early forced marriage, which is very common in the provinces ( see below ). sierra leone ' s rural population is primarily engaged in subsistence farming, with women constituting 80 percent of the labor that produces 70 percent of the nation ' s food. 84 this agricultural labor is generally not remunerated by cash wages and women have unequal access to land or technology. in sierra leone, the different ethnic groups continue to operate under communal and family land holding systems. women can use the land for subsistence farming but the control and management of the land and any property on it is vested in the male head of the family. with the post - war resettlement process underway, war widows returning to their villages of origin often lack the legal means or community support to reclaim their families ' properties. as women have little or no property to offer as collateral, their access to credit is limited. women therefore tend to rely on traditional sources of credit such as rotating savings, which only provide small loans. 85 due to the limited number of educated women, which is partly the result of the high demand for girls to perform household tasks at a young age, the preference of sending boys to school, and early forced marriages, few women are represented in the better remunerated professional or managerial jobs. sierra leone ' s crushing poverty and high unemployment have also meant that positions that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46026214212573535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.632031"}
{"text": "household tasks at a young age, the preference of sending boys to school, and early forced marriages, few women are represented in the better remunerated professional or managerial jobs. sierra leone ' s crushing poverty and high unemployment have also meant that positions that in the west are perceived as women ' s jobs are often held by men in sierra leone, leaving even fewer openings for women. in the formal employment sector, women therefore constitute only 40 percent of the clerical staff and a mere 8 percent of the administrative and managerial cadre. 86 in the informal sector outside agriculture, where the cash returns are low, women are mainly involved in petty trading, soap making and tie - dying. given the lack of opportunities for remunerated work, women tend to be heavily dependent on their husbands. the breakdown of community values as the result of the war, combined with cultural practices, also serves to make girls and women vulnerable to abuse and sexual exploitation, which has historically been rampant in sierra leone. 87 many women and girls have been driven to prostitution as a result of the increased poverty caused by the conflict and their lack of other opportunities and skills. in the political arena under the new block voting system which was introduced for the 2002 elections, 112 parliamentary seats are elected by popular vote. an additional twelve parliamentary seats are reserved for paramount chiefs who are elected in separate elections by chiefdom councilors. there are presently only eighteen female parliamentarians, including two female paramount chiefs. this does represent an increase over the previous government, which had a total of eight women parliamentarians, including two female paramount chiefs. at government level, there are only three female ministers and three female deputy ministers, which is a marginal increase from president kabbah ' s previous cabinet. 89 early forced marriages early forced marriage is one of the factors contributing to sierra leone ' s high maternal mortality rate, since young girls have several children before their bodies are fully mature. at 1, 800 maternal deaths per 100, 000 live births, sierra leone ' s maternal mortality rate is one of the highest in the world. this mortality rate translates to approximately 4, 000 maternal deaths per year based on a total population of five million. 91 female genital cutting traditionally, initiation for girls entailed spending an extended period ( up to two years ) in the bush with girls of the same age, being taught various cultural skills ( dancing, singing, drama, arts and craft, how to use local herbs, how to respect elders, etc. ) and being a good wife ( cooking, cleaning, child welfare, hygiene,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3782476954283347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.632996"}
{"text": "of the same age, being taught various cultural skills ( dancing, singing, drama, arts and craft, how to use local herbs, how to respect elders, etc. ) and being a good wife ( cooking, cleaning, child welfare, hygiene, fishing, etc. ) by older women. girls who undergo initiation through the secret societies are treated with deference after having completed the ritual and are feted by their communities. 92 today, the duration of the initiation ceremony has been greatly reduced, minimizing the skills transfer aspect, and thus focusing on the cutting itself. because it was not always possible to hold the ceremonies during the war, initiation rites are now often practiced on adults, girl mothers, and pregnant girls - whereas traditionally it was seen as a rite of passage into adulthood for adolescent girls, who had to be virgins. in recent years, girls and / or adult women who do not wish to be initiated have been abducted and circumcised by force by female members of the community. ninety percent of sierra leonean women have undergone female genital cutting, which can have major health repercussions, including pain, injury to adjacent tissue of the urethra, hemorrhage, shock, acute urine retention, and infection. 93 longer - term health effects include recurrent urinary tract infections, pelvic infections, infertility, keloid scar, and problems during childbirth. 94 the high prevalence of conflict - related sexual violence, which causes trauma to the genital area, can only have served to aggravate these health repercussions and both have in turn contributed to the increased spread of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficieny virus / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( hiv / aids ). this harmful traditional practice, which is contrary to provisions of several international human rights instruments, continues to be practiced due to the significant societal pressure exerted by adults as well as peers. 95 girls who have not been initiated are seen as less eligible for marriage and many future husbands sponsor the initiation of their bride - to - be. societal attitudes to sexual violence against women and girls given the lack of statistics about rape cases before the war, it is impossible to establish the historical prevalence of sexual violence, but several doctors reported to human rights watch that, before the war, they only treated a limited number of young girls who generally had been raped by older men. 96 according to the doctors interviewed, many cases of rape before the war occurred within the extended family and were considered family", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47675302280434445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.633934"}
{"text": "human rights watch that, before the war, they only treated a limited number of young girls who generally had been raped by older men. 96 according to the doctors interviewed, many cases of rape before the war occurred within the extended family and were considered family matters. they were rarely discussed or reported, in order to ensure that the victim ' s chances of marriage and obtaining a good dowry were not destroyed. rape was also apparently unlikely to occur within a village community, where everyone knew each other and the shame attached to the offender would be too great. rape outside the extended family was more likely to be committed in environments where there were mixed ethnic groups, such as in mining areas or larger towns. the cultural definition of rape and lack of reporting, however, may have led to the understanding that rape rarely occurred before the war. sexual exploitation, however, has always been rampant in sierra leone, where economic options for women are limited and which has traditionally condoned a high level of promiscuity, despite the high value placed on virginity. with the increased poverty caused by the war, sex has become even more of a commodity. 97 the societal attitudes to rape and the low status of women have meant that no cases of conflict - related sexual violence and few cases of non - conflict - related sexual violence are prosecuted. 98 ( see also below at p. 61 for a discussion on the amnesty included in the lome peace agreement. ) 10 paul richards, fighting for the rainforest : war, youth and resources in sierra leone ( london : the international african institute in association with james currey and heinemann, 1996 ), p. 7. when the ruf first invaded from liberia, villagers in kailahun were ordered to cut palm fronds - the symbol of the slpp - \" in support \" of the rebels. 15 ibid. this is a throwback to the venerated esoteric mende cult of invincible traditional hunters who were given power through initiation ceremonies. these powers enabled the hunters, inter alia, to turn into an animal in order to catch their prey. 16 see human rights watch / africa, \" getting away with murder, mutilation and rape, \" a human rights watch short report, vol. 11, no. 3 ( a ), june 1999, p. 8 for a discussion of the role of foreign mercenaries in the armed conflict. see human rights watch / africa, \" transition or travesty? nigeria ' s endless process of return to civilian rule, \" a human rights watch short report,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4531907735228188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.634850"}
{"text": "p. 8 for a discussion of the role of foreign mercenaries in the armed conflict. see human rights watch / africa, \" transition or travesty? nigeria ' s endless process of return to civilian rule, \" a human rights watch short report, vol. 9, no. 6, october 1997, for a discussion of the nigerian intervention in sierra leone. 23 lome peace agreement. under article 9 ( 1 ) of this agreement, the government of sierra leone was required to grant sankoh absolute and free pardon. article 9 ( 3 ) refers to the amnesty granted to all combatants of the ruf / sl, ex - afrc, ex - sla or cdf for any crimes they may have committed in pursuit of their objectives ( see below, p. 61, for a discussion on the amnesty ). 28 u. n. office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs ( ocha ), sierra leone humanitarian situation report, may 29, 2001. see http : / / www. relief. int / w / rwb. nsf / s / 4a58557840970841c1256a5c0050441b. 29 the hostages in the north were released on may 28, 2000. the hostages in the east, however, were not released until june 29, 2000. two hundred and thirty - three peacekeepers and military observers who had been encircled by the ruf were finally freed by the u. n. military operation \" khukri \" on july 15, 2000. 40 the mohammedan marriage act ( cap. 96 of the revised laws of sierra leone, 1960 ) deals with marriage, divorce, and intestate succession. joko smart, sierra leone customary family law, p. 20. intestate successions occur when the deceased did not leave a will. 41 the constitution of sierra leone ( 1991 ), chapter ii - fundamental principles of state policy, section 6 ( 2 ). see http : / / www. sierra - leone. org / constitution - ii. html. under section 8 ( 2 ) ( a ), \"... [ e ] very citizen shall have equality of rights, obligations, and opportunities before the law.... \" and specific safeguards of equality before the law in terms of health care, employment and education are provided under section 8 ( 3 ) ( d ) ; section 8 ( 3 ) ( a ), ( c ), ( e ) and section 9 ( 1 ) ( a ), ( b ) and (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44158976335218075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.635710"}
{"text": "of health care, employment and education are provided under section 8 ( 3 ) ( d ) ; section 8 ( 3 ) ( a ), ( c ), ( e ) and section 9 ( 1 ) ( a ), ( b ) and ( 2 ) respectively. 42 ibid., chapter iii - the recognition and protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms of the individual, section 15. see http : / / www. sierra - leone. org / constitution - iii. html. section 15 provides that \" every person in sierra leone is entitled to the fundamental human rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, has the right, whatever his race, tribe, place of origin, political opinion, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the following - ( a ) life, liberty, security of person, the enjoyment of property, and the protection of law ; ( b ) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association ; ( c ) respect for private and family life, and ( d ) protection from deprivation of property without compensation. \" 43 ibid., section 27. subsection 27 ( 1 ) provides that \" subject to the provisions of subsections ( 4 ), ( 5 ), and ( 7 ), no law shall make provision which is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. \" under subsection 4, however, the protection provided under subsection 1 does not apply \"... ( d ) with respect to adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other interests of personal law, or ( e ) for the application in the case of members of a particular race or tribe or customary law with respect to any matter to the exclusion of any law with respect to that matter which is applicable in the case of other persons. \" discrimination is also permitted against persons who are not citizens of sierra leone or naturalized sierra leoneans. according to dr. tucker, former chairperson of president ' s kabbah ' s advisory committee, the original intent of section 27 was \" to preserve certain areas of segregation which are embedded in traditional practices and are generally acceptable to both sexes, such as the segregation between male and female secret societies. what was taken up in the constitution was more extensive than what was intended. \" human rights watch interview with dr. tucker ( consultant on the law development program funded by the u. k. ' s department for international development ( d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44289639678442044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.637875"}
{"text": "female secret societies. what was taken up in the constitution was more extensive than what was intended. \" human rights watch interview with dr. tucker ( consultant on the law development program funded by the u. k. ' s department for international development ( dfid ) ), freetown, april 25, 2002. 48 consent is a very relative term, as girls generally will find it very difficult to disobey their parents ' wishes, which can result in severe punishment, including ostracism from the immediate and extended family. 51 full maintenance of his wife is only the responsibility of the husband during the rainy season ( approximately between the months of may and november ) or when his wife is sick or nursing a baby. joko smart, sierra leone customary family law, pp. 106 - 7. 57 a widow must mourn for forty days. her head is shaved or, in some chiefdoms, disheveled and her body is washed with the same water used to wash her husband ' s corpse. in some chiefdoms her body is smeared with mud to indicate her mourning. after either one week or forty days for strict muslims, widows are taken to a stream to be ceremonially washed. 58 the mende, krim, sherbro, vai, karonko and yalunka adhere to this custom, whereas the temne, susu, limba, loko, kissi and kono allow a widow to select her own husband and do not require a refund of the marriage payments if she marries outside her deceased husband ' s family. joko smart, sierra leone customary family law, p. 138. 61 as customary marriages are generally polygynous, a divorce with one of the wives would result in the dissolution of the whole household if she were to ask for a refund for her contribution to building the house. joko smart, sierra leone family customary law, pp. 113 - 120. 65 offences against the person act, 1861 ( 24 & 25 vict. c 100 ), s. 63. unlawful carnal knowledge refers to sexual intercourse between unmarried persons. the law does not actually forbid or make sexual intercourse between unmarried persons a punishable crime, but it only recognizes the right to sexual intercourse for married couples. 68 human rights watch interviews with abdul tejan - cole ( human rights lawyer and acting coordinator for the national nongovernmental organization campaign for good governance ), freetown, february - may, 2002. 69 as the right to have intercourse between a husband and wife", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47318520664238306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.639033"}
{"text": "watch interviews with abdul tejan - cole ( human rights lawyer and acting coordinator for the national nongovernmental organization campaign for good governance ), freetown, february - may, 2002. 69 as the right to have intercourse between a husband and wife is recognized, a husband cannot be guilty of raping his wife unless he has been legally separated from his wife. see also phr report, p. 55. 72 human rights watch interview with bill roberts and anne hewlett ( respectively crime adviser and criminal investigation trainer with the commonwealth community safety and security project ), freetown, may 1, 2002. 74 prevention of cruelty to children act, s. 9. section 9 stipulates that \" whosoever commits an indecent assault or attempts to have carnal knowledge shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall on conviction before the supreme court be liable for imprisonment, with or without hard labour, for any period not exceeding two years. \" consent is no defense to a charge of indecent assault of a child under fourteen years. 77 under section 13 ( 1 ) of the 1963 local courts act, the local courts have no jurisdiction in seduction actions, which includes any act intended to lead the wife astray. joko smart, sierra leone family customary law, footnote 34, p. 121. 81 government of sierra leone, the status of women and children in sierra leone : a household survey report ( mics - 2 ) ( freetown : 2000 ), p. 30. the literate population includes those who are able to read \" easily \" or \" with difficulty. \" only 30 percent of the total population over fifteen years is literate. 82 multilateral convention ( no. 29 ) concerning forced or compulsory labor, as modified by the final articles revision convention, june 28, 1930, 39 u. n. t. s. 55 ( entered into force may 28, 1947 ) ; multilateral convention ( no. 105 ) concerning the abolition of forced labor, june 25, 1957, 320 u. n. t. s. 291 ( entered into force january 17, 1959 ) ; multilateral convention ( no. 100 ) concerning equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value, june 29, 1951, 165 u. n. t. s. 303 ( entered into force may 23, 1953 ) ; multilateral convention ( no. 111 ) concerning discrimination in respect of employment and occupation, june 25, 1958, 362 u. n. t. s. 31 ( entered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4457639982435355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.639935"}
{"text": "t. s. 303 ( entered into force may 23, 1953 ) ; multilateral convention ( no. 111 ) concerning discrimination in respect of employment and occupation, june 25, 1958, 362 u. n. t. s. 31 ( entered into force june 15, 1960 ). sierra leone has not signed convention 47 ( 40 hour week ), multilateral convention ( no. 95 ) concerning the protection of wages, july 1, 1949 ( entered into force september 24, 1952 ), multilateral convention ( no. 102 ) concerning minimum standards of social security, june 28, 1952, 210 u. n. t. s. 131 ( entered into force april 27, 1955 ) or multilateral convention ( no. 182 ) concerning the worst forms of child labor, although a social security system for both the public and private sector was recently established. 88 only persons paying tax can contest and participate in elections for paramount chiefs who are elected from ruling houses. the paramount chieftaincy system was introduced by the british colonial administration to administer the various chiefdoms in the protectorate ( i. e. the whole of sierra leone excluding the western area ). although there is reportedly no law against women paying taxes, women in the northern province have historically not done so probably due to lack of opportunities to find remunerated work. the tax is a negligible amount that women are willing to pay to ensure their eligibility for these elections. human rights watch interview with joseph hall and honerin muyoyatta from the national democratic institute ( ndi ), freetown, march 22 and 23, 2002. 89 the three ministerial posts are minister for social welfare, gender and children ' s affairs, minister for trade and industry, and minister of health and sanitation. the three female deputy ministers are in the ministry of social welfare, gender and children ' s affairs, the ministry of trade and industry, and the ministry of works, housing and technical maintenance. the new government was sworn in on july 12, 2002. 90 early forced marriages are marriages whereby the consent of either party is not sought or more commonly whereby the consent of the girl is not sought and whereby one or both spouses is / are under the age of consent ( which under international law should not be less than fifteen years of age ). this harmful traditional practice contravenes article 16 ( 3 ) of the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women ( cedaw ), which states that the betrothal and marriage of a child shall have no legal effect, article 16 ( 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.429878841245834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.640939"}
{"text": "practice contravenes article 16 ( 3 ) of the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women ( cedaw ), which states that the betrothal and marriage of a child shall have no legal effect, article 16 ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) of the universal declaration of human rights, and article 23 ( 3 ) of the international covenant on civil and political rights ( iccpr ), which says that \" [ n ] o marriage shall be entered into without the free and full consent of the intending spouses. \" 93 dr. olayinka koso - thomas, the circumcision of women : a strategy for eradication ( london and new jersey : zed books ltd., 1992 ), p. 19. the type of female genital cutting performed in sierra leone is clitoridectomy ( removal of the prepuce of the clitoris ) and excision ( removal of the prepuce, the clitoris and all or part of the labia minora ). the extreme form of infibulation is not practiced in sierra leone. 95 female genital cutting violates the right to be free from violence ( article 1 of the cedaw ) and the right to bodily integrity ( article 6 of the crc ). under article 5 ( a ) of the cedaw, states are called upon \" to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women. \" article 24 ( 1 ) and ( 3 ) of the crc also requires states to abolish traditional practices that are harmful to the health of children. general recommendation 19 of the cedaw committee also links traditional attitudes which subordinate women and violent practices, including female genital cutting, that \"... justify gender - based violence as a form of protection or control of women. \" 96 human rights watch interview with dr. olayinka koso - thomas, freetown, february 25, 2002 ; dr. noah conteh, freetown, march 1, 2002 and dr. bernard fraser, freetown, march 3, 2002. the latter two doctors practiced in the provinces as well as in freetown. 97 sex can be bought for as little as u. s. $ 0. 50. united nations high commissioner for refugees and save the children u.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4523873805220389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7464f74a-c663-4482-b714-e6d6d66f933f>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.641997"}
{"text": "now that the weather is a wee bit warmer, many of us are thinking about getting outdoors to enjoy the spring air and sunshine. may offers a welcome chance to get out there and be active, whether it ' s by taking a walk with friends ( good for the body and the soul! ), enjoying a bike ride or - - depending on the temperatures where you live - - taking a refreshing dip in the nearest body of water. all of those activities require fuel, which can come from eating healthy foods - - particularly the fruits and vegetables that are at their peak this time of year. so what are our picks for may superfoods? take a look at our list. then, as always, let us know if there are any in - season favorites you can ' t believe we overlooked. < strong > why we love them : < / strong > they ' re a cross between a raspberry and a blueberry - - both nutritious and delicious fruits ( < a href = \" http : / / www. huffingtonpost. com / 2012 / 04 / 26 / cognitive - impairment - study - berries _ n _ 1453557. html \" target = \" _ hplink \" > check out that recent study on how eating berries may help stave off cognitive decline < / a > ). the question is : what ' s not to love? < br > < br > < strong > how to enjoy : < / strong > look for berries that are plump and firm and then just eat them as - is. you can also add them to oatmeal or yogurts at breakfast, toss ' em into fruit salads or make them into jams. < strong > why we love them : < / strong > so tasty! so sweet! so superbly summery! apricots typically start to come into season in mid - may. to top that all off, this juicy fruit is a good source of vitamins a and c, as well as dietary fiber and potassium. < br > < br > < strong > how to enjoy : < / strong > apricots are another great grab - and - go option, or you can add a few to a sweet ( or savory ) salad. apricots are also great in tarts or healthy desserts. < strong > why we love them : < / strong > radishes are a crisp, low - calorie spring snacking option, which, < a href = \" http : / / www.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.409985278710559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4156039-c29f-4561-840c-2c1060a71ffb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.646419"}
{"text": "tarts or healthy desserts. < strong > why we love them : < / strong > radishes are a crisp, low - calorie spring snacking option, which, < a href = \" http : / / www. livestrong. com / article / 524874 - how - nutritious - are - radishes / \" target = \" _ hplink \" > according to livestrong, < / a > are packed with vitamins and have a high water content. according to that site, they ' ll help keep you fuller longer. < br > < br > < strong > how to enjoy : < / strong > chop them up and toss a few radishes into a salad for a bit of peppery crunch. to shake it up a little bit, try throwing a few onto the grill. < strong > why we love them : < / strong > they ' re creamy, delicious and satisfying. plus, < a href = \" http : / / www. webmd. com / diet / features / 8 - healthy - facts - about - avocados \" target = \" _ hplink \" > as webmd reports, < / a > they ' re a great source of fiber, potassium, vitamins c and k, folate, and heart - healthy unsaturated fat. < br > < br > < strong > how to enjoy : < / strong > with so many varieties, many people find that avocados are basically in - season all year round in their grocery. however, this is may, a. k. a. the month of cinco de mayo, which brings up a great, fresh way to enjoy avocados : in guacamole. they ' re also a good option on sandwiches, providing a bit of the creaminess that we often try to get from less nutritious options, like mayonaise. < strong > why we love them : < / strong > < a href = \" http : / / www. livestrong. com / article / 433633 - how - to - cook - morel - mushrooms / \" target = \" _ hplink \" > livestrong puts it perfectly < / a > when it says : \" morel mushrooms are a much - anticipated springtime treat in the united states. \" while they can be a bit pricey ( meaning eating a lot in order to get serious nutritional benefits may not be a possibility ), they do supply b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39046798468676897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4156039-c29f-4561-840c-2c1060a71ffb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.647311"}
{"text": ": \" morel mushrooms are a much - anticipated springtime treat in the united states. \" while they can be a bit pricey ( meaning eating a lot in order to get serious nutritional benefits may not be a possibility ), they do supply b vitamins, potassium and phosphorus. < br > < br > < strong > how to enjoy : < / strong > use these spongy mushrooms to help flavor whatever protein you ' re serving for dinner ( the internet is chock full of recipes for morels and chicken, for example ). another option - - try throwing them on the grill. < strong > why we love them : < / strong > in case you haven ' t heard, leafy greens are seriously good for your health - - and dandelion greens pack a particularly strong punch. they ' re high in folate and magnesium, as well as phosphorus and copper. and < a href = \" http : / / www. fruitsandveggiesmorematters. org / dandelion - greens - nutrition - selection - storage \" target = \" _ hplink \" > as fruits & veggies - - more matters < / a > ( the public health initiative ) points out, these slightly peppery, bitter greens are loaded with beta - carotene. < br > < br > < strong > how to enjoy : < / strong > < a href = \" http : / / www. yumsugar. com / how - enjoy - dandelion - greens - 2950313 \" target = \" _ hplink \" > yumsugar offers up plenty of options, < / a > from just washing, trimming and tossing a few into your next salad to the slightly more involved provencal soup. other options? saute with garlic or try stewing them. < strong > why we love it : < / strong > arugula is another stand - out leafy green. < a href = \" http : / / www. livestrong. com / article / 5381 - need - health - benefits - arugula / \" target = \" _ hplink \" > as livestrong points out, < / a > arugula seriously beats out other salad bases, like iceberg lettuce. \" arugula contains about eight times the calcium, fives times the vitamin a, vitamin c and vitamin k, and four times the iron as the same amount of iceberg lettuce, \" that site < a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42117079597608265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4156039-c29f-4561-840c-2c1060a71ffb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.648154"}
{"text": "the following abstract related to women and domestic violence and is from the article \u2018 risks and benefits of a gun in the home \u2019 written by david hemenway, published in the american journal of lifestyle medicine on 2 february 2011. whereas most men are murdered away from home, most children, older adults, and women are murdered at home. a gun in the home is a particularly strong risk factor for female homicide victimization. women in the united states are at far greater risk of homicide victimization than women in other developed countries, and the greatest danger for women in homicides that occur in the home comes from their intimate partners \u2014 especially partners with guns. a subgroup analysis of female homicide victimization from a large case - control study of homicide in the home in 3 metropolitan counties found that having a gun in the home was a large and significant risk factor for homicide. most of the women were murdered by a spouse, a lover, or a close relative, and the increased risk for homicide from having a gun in the home was attributable to these homicides. another case - control study of women murdered by intimate partners, compared with a control group of battered women, found that a gun in the home was an important risk factor for femicide. there was easy access to a firearm ( eg, a gun in the house ) for 65 % of case perpetrators versus 24 % of perpetrators of nonfatal abuse. access to a firearm by the battered woman had no protective effect. overall, domestic disputes are likely to be affected by the presence of a firearm. although many spousal homicides occur following a long history of violence in the home, spousal abusers are often impulsive and volatile. the availability of a firearm increases the likelihood that an attack will prove fatal. a review of intimate partner homicides in chicago over a 29 - year period concluded that \u201c an effective prevention strategy for intimate homicide of women... would be to reduce the availability of firearms in the home. \u201d guns can be used not only to wound and kill but also to intimidate and coerce. data on intimidation with firearms are relatively scarce. the national crime victimization surveys ( ncvs ) provide information about crime but miss much intimate partner violence and thus much of the intimidation with guns in the home. fortunately, some information about such intimidation has been picked up by other surveys. a study of battered women in emergency shelters in california ( a state in which more than 600, 000 women each year experience intimate partner violence ) found that if there were a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45461144810634835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:172eea2c-9853-43a9-aed5-3096244e4587>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.651018"}
{"text": "the gathering storm as the early months of 1939 passed by, a growing sense of uneasiness prevailed. nazi germany was on the march in europe. it had already annexed austria. czechoslovakia had been divided and the czechs subjugated. the polish situation was becoming more and more strained, seriously affecting relations between germany on the one hand and france and britain on the other. what would be the end of this tense state of affairs? the dutch government viewed it with concern, despite a reasonable hope that holland might not be drawn in. the basis for this hope lay in the fact that soon after war broke out, germany asked the netherlands to protect her interests in poland and in south africa, including the mandated territory of southwest africa, one of the former german colonies. it seemed an excellent sign of germany ' s intentions to leave holland out of the war : could one suspect that, of all the countries she might have requested to take charge of her interests there, she would have singled out this country if her secret purpose was to wage war on it? at as late a date as march 27, 1940, germany appeared to give us another token of her confidence by asking us to assume the protection of her interests in the cameroons, an ex - german colony, now under a mandate held by france. to the superficial observer, this might well have been fresh evidence of a complete absence on germany ' s part of any aggressive designs against our country. yet we set no great store by it. we knew too well that important decisions in germany are taken by very few people, if not by herr hitler alone ; all matters of routine are dealt with by bureaucrats who know nothing of any momentous decisions which may be under consideration, and those civil servants whose business it is to look after german interests abroad belong to this great majority, efficient in detail, uninformed in matters of policy. this guardianship of german interests cost many dutch diplomats and consuls a great deal of time and exertion. to us, it meant no more than that ; the only reward was to be an assault on our country. none the less, at this time, war seemed by no means certain. would germany, forcing the issue, challenge the united forces of britain, france, and poland? numerous thoughtful people in holland, as in america, doubted it. the prospect seemed too terrible, and it is a common human weakness not to believe that a disastrous development is inevitable until it is actually at hand. spring went on to early summer. holland ' s tulips bloom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4498123874435079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.680792"}
{"text": "as in america, doubted it. the prospect seemed too terrible, and it is a common human weakness not to believe that a disastrous development is inevitable until it is actually at hand. spring went on to early summer. holland ' s tulips bloomed as gloriously as they did in so many previous peaceful years ; the country had a look of quiet prosperity. what, except the columns of foreign news in the newspapers, seemed to point to war? it was in this atmosphere that, one day in june, my wife and i set out for berne. i had been designated some time before to take up the post of her majesty ' s minister to switzerland, where we were now proceeding in order to find a suitable residence in which to establish the legation. we soon found what we had been looking for : a delightful house in its own grounds, in the outskirts of the quaint old swiss capital. life seemed very good indeed at that moment, with the prospect of an interesting post in a beautiful country which we were fond of and knew well, among a congenial population united with the netherlands by a common love of free national institutions and by a friendship centuries old. before returning to the hague, we happily planned our future home and made all arrangements for its decoration and equipment, from carpets and curtains down to the champagne for our reception of the dutch colony on the queen ' s birthday on august 31st. we planned to move in by the middle of august. it would be a welcome change, after many consecutive years in the ministry for foreign affairs in the hague. but fate had decided otherwise. by the end of july an unexpected cabinet crisis arose. at the very moment when we were leaving our apartment at the hague, the telephone rang. the minister of state, who had been requested to form a new government, wished to see me. i shall not forget that sunday. jonkheer de geer received me in his garden and with little introduction asked me to take the portfolio of foreign affairs in the new cabinet. in spite of the honor, i felt very reluctant to accept. i had served in the foreign ministry for nearly twenty years and well knew what the burden of being at the head of that department implied. some of its chiefs, able men, animated with the best of intentions, had reaped considerable public criticism for their toils. others i had known had aged with undue rapidity under the strain. still others, excellent civil servants, reaped little success in parliament. was i to give up my attractive swiss", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45623500318778937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.681800"}
{"text": "had reaped considerable public criticism for their toils. others i had known had aged with undue rapidity under the strain. still others, excellent civil servants, reaped little success in parliament. was i to give up my attractive swiss projects for so hazardous a charge? my doubts were not to last long. it was made abundantly clear that preferences would have to make way for duty. a week after saying goodbye to the ministry for foreign affairs, i was back again as its head - - not without courage, but filled with dark forebodings. above europe the clouds were rapidly gathering. german relations with poland, and therefore with france and britain, were going from bad to worse. the new dutch government was at once filled with serious misgivings with regard to the trend of affairs in europe. foreign affairs loomed large in its daily preoccupations. acting under the inspiring leadership of the queen, the government strove hard to leave nothing undone that might avert disaster. at the same time all measures were taken so as to be ready if the worst should happen. in belgium, king leopold and his ministers were acting on similar lines. after consultation with the dutch government, the government of belgium took a first step, in the hope that this initiative might lead to a peaceful solution. it was expected at least to ease the tension so that friendly negotiations might be possible between the powers engaged in what seemed to have become a dispute of an acutely dangerous character. realizing that a major armed conflict in europe would gravely endanger the peaceful existence and the economic welfare of the smaller european states and guided by the wish to leave no stone unturned to preserve peace, the government in brussels issued invitations to those of holland, denmark, finland, luxemburg, norway, and sweden for a conference to be held in the belgian capital, in order to discuss what might be done to influence the course of events. as a result, the ministers for foreign affairs of those countries met in brussels on august 23rd. switzerland, too, would have been welcomed at the conference, but the federal council had let it be known that the scrupulous policy of perpetual neutrality resulting from switzerland ' s international status prevented that country from taking part, in spite of its sympathy for the cause at stake. there was something profoundly moving, even dramatic, about this gathering. the able belgian premier, m. pierlot, and the minister for foreign affairs, mr. spaak, a man of transparent honesty and steadfastness of purpose, acted as hosts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4148672470563822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.682928"}
{"text": "was something profoundly moving, even dramatic, about this gathering. the able belgian premier, m. pierlot, and the minister for foreign affairs, mr. spaak, a man of transparent honesty and steadfastness of purpose, acted as hosts. there was mr. munch, the danish foreign minister, aged in the pursuit of a policy of almost complete disarmament, which he firmly believed to be the only one open to his country ; mr. bech, for so many years at the head of the grand duchy of luxemburg ' s foreign ministry ; mr. koht, from norway, his grave and somewhat ascetic mien recalling some character of one of ibsen ' s dramas ; the resourceful and energetic personality of mr. sandler, king gustav ' s minister for foreign affairs ; the finnish representative, tall, broad - shouldered mr. erkko, whose country then still seemed so. safe and yet was to be engaged in a heroic struggle with the bolshevik hordes before the year was out ; and finally, myself. all these men had only one thought in mind : to do all in their power to prevent war from breaking out. they had the profound conviction that the result they sought to attain was the best that could be desired for europe. theirs was a voice crying and praying for peace. but at the same time their hearts were filled with fear, for the clouds darkening the horizon were blacker than ever. inexorable fate against human hope and endeavor - tragedy seemed imminent. it became clear to these men that ambitious schemes would be of no avail and were doomed to failure. the conference came to the conclusion that an urgent appeal, addressed by the king of the belgians in his own name and in the name of the other heads of state represented at the conference, was all it could usefully propose. the text of this appeal was drawn up and submitted to the king ' s approval ; that evening king leopold, surrounded by the members of the conference, representing seven small peace - loving european nations, broadcast the following appeal from the royal palace in brussels : \" armies are gathering for a horrible struggle which will know neither victor nor vanquished. public opinion in all countries is alarmed. that is why, in the name of his majesty the king of denmark, the president of the republic of finland, her royal highness the grand duchess of luxemburg, his majesty the king of norway, her majesty the queen of holland, and his majesty the king of sweden, and in my own name,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48417577806501627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.684120"}
{"text": "of denmark, the president of the republic of finland, her royal highness the grand duchess of luxemburg, his majesty the king of norway, her majesty the queen of holland, and his majesty the king of sweden, and in my own name, each of us acting in agreement with his government, i issue this appeal. we express the hope that the other heads of states will add their voices to ours in the same hope of peace and security for their peoples. \" the world is living in such a period of tension that there is a risk that all international cooperation should become impossible. the small countries are faced with the fear of a conflict into which they might be dragged in spite of their will to maintain their neutrality and their independence. lack of confidence reigns everywhere. but there is no people which wants to send its children to their deaths. all the states have the same interest. time is getting short. if we wait much longer it will become more difficult to make direct contacts. \" we want peace with respect for the rights of all nations. it is our wish that the differences between nations should be submitted to conciliation in a spirit of good will. tomorrow hundreds of millions of people will be hoping that the differences which separate heads of states may be settled by means of conciliation. let those in whose hands rests the destiny of the peoples apply themselves to settle peacefully the differences which separate them. \" early next morning those who had taken part in the conference hurriedly undertook the return journey to their respective capitals. it was an extraordinary departure : dense thunderclouds had settled like a pall over brussels. lightning streaked the skies in every direction ; peal after peal of thunder, burst upon our ears. the center of the storm seemed to be all around us in the very streets of the city ; in less than no time a cloudburst had flooded its lower - lying parts. in this deluge, reminiscent of some ancient cataclysm, my secretary and i set forth by car for the hague. at moments it became impossible to see more than fifty yards ahead. fiercely the storm raged ; it seemed a portent of what was to come a fortnight later. two days passed. the tension in europe was increasing daily. on saturday, august 26th, the german minister asked whether i could receive him the same day ; he had an urgent message from his government to transmit. i saw him without delay, and this was the message he had been instructed to deliver : \" we are resolved to observe towards the netherlands an attitude", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4616251168802952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.685658"}
{"text": "asked whether i could receive him the same day ; he had an urgent message from his government to transmit. i saw him without delay, and this was the message he had been instructed to deliver : \" we are resolved to observe towards the netherlands an attitude according to which, in conformity with the traditional friendly relations between the two countries and with due regard for the well - known netherlands policy of independence, the inviolability and integrity of the netherlands will in no circumstances be infringed upon, and dutch territory will at all times be respected. on the other hand, we on our side expect, as a matter of course, that the netherlands will, in case of an armed conflict, observe towards us an attitude of absolute neutrality. above all other things, this implies that holland, contrary to tolerating any infringement by third parties on her neutrality, would resist any such violation with all the means at her disposal. if, however, contrary to our expectations, the attitude of the netherlands towards any such violation of her neutrality were to be different, it goes without saying that we should be obliged to safeguard our interests as dictated by the situation which then would have arisen. \" on the face of it, this seemed a reassuring message with regard to the netherlands. at the same time it implied very clearly that germany, if not actually planning to provoke an armed conflict, was counting on one breaking out. on closer scrutiny, however, it could be seen to contain loopholes of the kind characteristic of nazi diplomatic documents. what, in fact, would have to be considered as an \" infringement by third parties on holland ' s neutrality \"? would it be enough for germany to assert that such an infringement had taken place, to justify her - - even if to an impartial observer there were no infringement at all - - in taking measures of violence against the netherlands? events later showed that the german subterfuge was even thinner than that. when hitler was about to invade holland, he did not allege that there had been an infringement of holland ' s neutrality, but merely that he knew that some form of impinging on that neutrality was about to materialize, and that the government of the netherlands was aware of this. it was clearly a case in which any question as to the real meaning of this ambiguous phraseology would have been left unanswered, unless some evasive answer were given. i therefore accepted the german minister ' s statement without any questioning. he then proceeded to inform me that, in order to give these german", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48266220642482954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.688075"}
{"text": "meaning of this ambiguous phraseology would have been left unanswered, unless some evasive answer were given. i therefore accepted the german minister ' s statement without any questioning. he then proceeded to inform me that, in order to give these german assurances greater solemnity, he had been instructed to request that he should be allowed to repeat them to the queen in person. i could see only advantages in acceding to this request, in so far as that depended on me. if ever germany, under some pretext or other, decided to violate our neutrality, this violation would be all the more serious if the alleged will to respect our position would have been solemnly pledged in the queen ' s presence. i therefore at once asked whether her majesty was prepared to see count von zech. the reply being in the affirmative, the german minister was received by her majesty in my presence. i remember those few minutes very clearly. her majesty sat motionless while the german diplomat once more read the text he had been instructed to convey. when he had finished, the queen made no comment but merely said that she had taken cognizance of the message, and after engaging count von zech in conversation for a few minutes, brought the audience to an end. this interview left me full of uncomfortable forebodings. less than a week later, on the first of september, the british minister handed me a declaration of a similar nature from his government, in which the absence of circumlocution and qualifying terms made a happier impression : \" if in the event of a european war the netherlands adopt an attitude of neutrality, his majesty ' s government will, in accordance with their traditional policy, be resolutely determined to respect this neutrality fully, provided that it is respected by other powers. \" france never made a declaration of that nature. this was a reason for the dutch nazis to take me severely to task in their daily paper for not having obtained such a statement. i decided not to reply lest i should do them too much honor. two months later, however, when one of the few nazi members of parliament censured the government, and me in particular, for the same reason, i reminded them of the fact that belgium is situated between france and the netherlands, and that therefore, since belgium had obtained from france a promise of inviolability, the honorable member seemed to be victim to some strange confusion. either this nazi member believed in the value of france ' s assurance to belgium and its corollary, that france", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5399614877438763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.689079"}
{"text": ", since belgium had obtained from france a promise of inviolability, the honorable member seemed to be victim to some strange confusion. either this nazi member believed in the value of france ' s assurance to belgium and its corollary, that france would never undertake anything against holland, or he had no faith in that promise. in the latter case, how could he attach any importance to a promise of the same kind made by the same power to holland? this brought the discussion to a close. when the appeal of the smaller european states, launched by the king of belgium at brussels on august 23rd, met with no response, queen wilhelmina and king leopold, with the concurrence of their governments, took a second step in order to leave nothing in their power undone which might possibly prevent an armed conflict from breaking out. rapid consultations took place between brussels and the hague. in the evening of august 28, the diplomatic representatives of germany, france, great britain, italy, and poland were invited, in brussels by my belgian colleague, mr. spaak, and at the hague by myself, to receive a communication. it was about midnight when i received the diplomats who had been summoned to the foreign office. i received them one by one, and told them that the queen and the king of belgium were prepared, if the powers to whom the communication was addressed should wish it, jointly to lend their good offices in order to effect a rapprochement between the prospective parties to a conflict. neither in holland nor in belgium did this offer receive any publicity at the time, so that initial discussions would not be hampered. the first press report concerning the offer came from abroad, where the initiative of the two sovereigns met with little more than polite appreciation. if, alas, they were unable to prevent war from breaking out, there is no doubt that by making this offer the queen and king leopold did everything in their power to save peace. their conscience and that of their ministers could be at rest. while preparing to be ready for any emergency of war, we were determined at the hague to leave nothing undone that could promote a return to peaceful conditions, and this determination naturally was stronger than ever when there was reason to reckon with an imminent danger for our own country. on sunday, november 5th, i was granted an audience by the queen, and placed before her majesty the idea of renewing to the belligerents the offer of good offices previously made in august, just before the outbreak of war. the queen received the idea favorably, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45856666627480813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.690021"}
{"text": ", i was granted an audience by the queen, and placed before her majesty the idea of renewing to the belligerents the offer of good offices previously made in august, just before the outbreak of war. the queen received the idea favorably, and arrangements were made at once to enlist the cooperation of the belgians. as a result, king leopold hastened to the hague by car in the late evening of the following day, accompanied by mr. spaak. that same evening i made a first draft with my belgian colleague of a new offer of good offices to the belligerents. the king remained at the palace for the night, as did mr. spaak ; their arrival had been observed by a journalist, so that it was widely known the next day and caused much speculation. a newspaperman questioned me as i left the palace in the early hours of the morning, but of course i was not in a position to disclose anything as yet. next morning, the draft we had made was discussed with, and, after some alterations had been made, signed by, the two sovereigns. in the afternoon it was sent simultaneously to the king of england, the president of the french republic, and the chancellor of the german reich, each in their own language. the text of that document read as follows : \" at this hour of anxiety for the whole world, before the war breaks out in western europe in all its violence, we have the conviction that it is our duty once again to raise our voice. \" some time ago the belligerent parties declared that they would not be unwilling to examine a reasonable and well - founded basis for an equitable peace. \" it seems to us that in the present circumstances it is difficult for them to come into contact in order to state their standpoints with greater precision and to bring them nearer to one another. \" as sovereigns of two neutral states, having good relations with all their neighbors, we are ready to offer them our good offices. \" if this were agreeable to them we are disposed, by every means at our disposal that they might care to suggest to us and in a spirit of friendly understanding, to facilitate the ascertaining of the elements of an agreement to be arrived at. \" this, it seems to us, is the task we have to fulfil for the good of our people and in the interests of the whole world. \" we hope that our offer will be accepted, and that thus a first step will be taken toward the establishment of a durable peace. \" when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44193704645002274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.691031"}
{"text": "we have to fulfil for the good of our people and in the interests of the whole world. \" we hope that our offer will be accepted, and that thus a first step will be taken toward the establishment of a durable peace. \" when the news of this new offer of good offices had become known, the kings of denmark, norway, and sweden, as well as the president of finland, at once signified their warm adhesion. pope pius xii telegraphed, giving his high spiritual authority to this joint plea for peace made by the monarchs of the low countries. this was on tuesday. a few days of anxious waiting followed. what would the answers be? would the fact that the two sovereigns of the low countries once more offered their assistance in bringing about a mutually acceptable settlement induce the fuehrer to abandon such plans as we must assume he was entertaining for invading belgium and the netherlands? such indications as we received regarding germany ' s immediate military intentions remained very disquieting. tension was in the air, and it was in that atmosphere that i had to defend the estimates for the coming year for the ministry for foreign affairs. it gave me the occasion for publicly stating once again the firm determination of holland to remain neutral. i made it clear at the same time that we would defend ourselves if attacked, so that nobody could count on an invasion being a military walk - over. its favorable reception was a striking demonstration of the country ' s complete unity in its foreign policy and all its implications. very positive reports had by now come in to the effect that the german attack was to begin on sunday morning, november 12th, at dawn. i assembled the heads of departments of the foreign ministry on saturday afternoon, to discuss last measures with them. every preparation had been made. then, suddenly, messages began to come saying that something seemed to have changed in the plans of the german leaders. we looked at one another. was the attack to be abandoned after all? after another hour of doubt and uncertainty, i left my office for home, where, at 5. 30, the german minister asked if he could see me at once. his face, as he came in, wore, if anything, an expression of relief. he showed me a telegram. it merely said that the renewed offer of good offices was receiving the earnest consideration of the german government. the tension was broken ; the attack, if not abandoned, seemed at least to have been postponed. the dreaded sunday morning dawned, but brought no invasion. what it did bring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4508455673139788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.692006"}
{"text": "offer of good offices was receiving the earnest consideration of the german government. the tension was broken ; the attack, if not abandoned, seemed at least to have been postponed. the dreaded sunday morning dawned, but brought no invasion. what it did bring, were the answers from the king of great britain and the president of france. both referred to previous public declarations of their statesmen in which the essential conditions for peace, so the telegrams said, had been sufficiently explained. both gave to understand that it was for germany to make known whether she was prepared to enter into those views. the british reply ended by saying that if the sovereigns of the low countries were able to communicate any proposal from germany of such a character as to afford real prospects of meeting the allied desires, the governments of the british empire would give them their most earnest consideration. the german reply, which came four days later, and was conveyed orally by herr von ribbentrop to the diplomatic representatives of holland and belgium in berlin, declared on behalf of the chancellor that \" after the brusque refusal of the offer of good offices by the french and british governments, the german government considered this offer as having lost its object. \" since there had been no question of any brusque refusal by president lebrun or king george, it was clear that the germans would have nothing to do with the proposal. this was stressed by the unusual form in which the german reply came. hitler had spoken on october 6th, the door he had then opened almost imperceptibly had been closed again when nobody showed any desire to enter. overtures by the fuehrer are made once only. the prestige of a dictator seems to make this unavoidable. that, probably, is the reason why nothing came of the second offer of good offices. but even if it had only had the effect of postponing the attack on holland planned for november 12th, it served a good purpose ; for the defenses of holland and belgium were far less strong in the autumn than they were to be in may, 1940. the november crisis was by no means the only one in the period of holland ' s neutrality. another serious alarm was given in january, 1940 ; this time it came from belgium. there, a german military plane, manned by two officers, had made a forced landing near the frontier. immediately upon landing, they endeavored to destroy a bunch of papers they had with them. their attempt was frustrated by belgian soldiers, who took the documents into their custody. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44538879973492335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.692944"}
{"text": ", manned by two officers, had made a forced landing near the frontier. immediately upon landing, they endeavored to destroy a bunch of papers they had with them. their attempt was frustrated by belgian soldiers, who took the documents into their custody. the belgians showed considerable alarm. strangely enough, the exact contents of these documents were known only to the king and a few of his most intimate military advisers. whatever these contents were, the fact remained that all military precautions in belgium were being taken once more with the greatest energy. a chief of the army staff was removed and another general put into his place ; steps were taken to increase the powers of the military authorities. i this action by our southern neighbors puzzled us. we, on our side, had no indication that there was any imminent danger. the season seemed at its most unfavorable for any large - scale military operations. a long spell of frost, which had begun in december, still confined the country in its icy bounds and was particularly severe in germany, where communications had become difficult. in addition to this, our intelligence service did not understand why the belgians were so alarmed. nevertheless, we decided to increase our vigilance to some extent in order to risk no chance of a surprise attack, but we left it at that. nothing happened, and comparative quiet set in again. life at the hague was fairly normal in those days. if it had not been for the ubiquitous military uniforms and the khaki knitting seen lying about in homes everywhere, there was little to remind one that a war was in progress. some curious situations, however, arose in the social field, since it was naturally impossible to entertain german and allied diplomats at the same time. great care had to be taken when issuing invitations. when my wife and i held our new year ' s reception - - a traditional function for the foreign minister at the hague - - matters were so arranged that the germans came during the first hour, and the allied representatives during the second. with the advent of spring, days grew longer, and the weather improved. hitler ' s armies had scarcely moved during the long and exceptionally cold winter months. could he be expected to play the waiting game forever? experts in all countries agreed that germany was not in a position to endure a long war. for her it was a matter of swift success, if she were to have a chance of winning. as the season grew more appropriate for active warfare, the chances of a violent campaign breaking out increased, and the dangers for the neutrals thereby became daily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4468789986946248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.693907"}
{"text": "for her it was a matter of swift success, if she were to have a chance of winning. as the season grew more appropriate for active warfare, the chances of a violent campaign breaking out increased, and the dangers for the neutrals thereby became daily more acute. ominous signs were not lacking. even before the invasion of denmark and norway ( sweden escaping only by the grace of russia ), the dutch police arrested numerous german spies. why should there be so much spying going on in the country, if the germans had no evil intentions towards it? strange things were observed. the rear windows of the german school at the hague had been pasted up with paper, but when the police searched it they discovered nothing. since the outbreak of war there had been an abnormal increase in the staff of the german legation, an increase far greater than that of the staff of any allied legation. what was the task allotted to all those secretaries and clerks? one evening, the police were handed a large envelope. it was addressed to an office of the nazi party in berlin, and was obviously destined to be taken by messenger across the german frontier where it was to have been posted. some careless person had lost it. the parcel was found near one of the buildings used by the german legation. since there was no sign of its having any diplomatic character, and as the address and the mode of transmission gave rise to suspicion, it was opened. the contents were amazing : they clearly proved that a man who had been an attache to the legation for several years was the head of german military espionage in holland. he appeared to have under him another man, whose identity was never revealed but who worked under the name of jonathan, whose task it was to coordinate the data supplied to him by a number of spies, each of whom had a serial number corresponding to the same number given to some district of the netherlands in which he was to operate. these spies obviously had been carefully trained and instructed, although it was clear that they were not all military men. they described, in incredible detail, all they were able to discover in connection with the defense of holland. they made surveys of fortified positions, inundations, trenches, cantonments, bunkers, in short everything that they could get any information about. they reported conversations overheard between young officers in some well - known restaurant. they talked with their landladies, their servants, or members of their families. these papers constituted an invaluable find for the dutch authorities, and enabled them to round up a number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47542639425513233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.695094"}
{"text": "overheard between young officers in some well - known restaurant. they talked with their landladies, their servants, or members of their families. these papers constituted an invaluable find for the dutch authorities, and enabled them to round up a number of these spies, some of whom stated when tried that they had been terrorized in various ways into doing espionage work. at the same time, however, this went to prove beyond doubt, that germany was interested in our defenses to an extent which gave rise to the gravest misgivings. a complete list of the discoveries in this connection which were made in holland, and against which immediate measures were taken with all possible despatch and energy, would be too long and too monotonous, moreover, to give here. the ultimate effect was for the dutch government to take an extreme measure of precaution. towards the end of april, martial law was declared for the whole country. this gave the government, and especially the military authorities, considerable powers, the exercise of which would normally have been against the constitution. in order to track all subversive espionage, censorship on communications by mail, telephone, and telegraph was imposed. the right to hold public gatherings and of habeas corpus were curtailed and other similar measures were enforced. the military authorities were being kept constantly informed, in so far as they were not already informed through sources of their own. although prospects looked very dark, we never for a moment thought of revealing what we knew to the allies ; experience goes to show that any rash communications of such a nature, made to third parties, always become known, and if that happened, the germans would undoubtedly have charged us with a breach of neutrality. we would merely have played into their hands by any such imprudent action, the more so since it was doubtful what help the allies could give us, especially at such short notice. the dutch diplomatic missions abroad, as well as our intelligence service, did their utmost to inform the government as fully and as rapidly as lay in their power. what they reported was always interesting, sometimes more or less alarming, but never so far - - except in the critical days of november, 1939 - - positive in announcing an imminent menace to the country ' s safety. on saturday, the 4th of may, however, we quite unexpectedly obtained information to the effect that an invasion of the netherlands might have to be reckoned with within the next few days. this report, without giving certainty with regard to the date on which the attack was to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48832090671949674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.696128"}
{"text": "of may, however, we quite unexpectedly obtained information to the effect that an invasion of the netherlands might have to be reckoned with within the next few days. this report, without giving certainty with regard to the date on which the attack was to be carried out, seemed very positive and came from a very reliable source. we passed it on to be checked by other agents ; next day, confirmation was received from another quarter, although equally indefinite about the exact date of the projected attack. the german propaganda services of dr. goebbels in those days were trying to focus all attention on the telephone conversation which they alleged had taken place between the british prime minister, mr. chamberlain, and the head of the french cabinet, m. paul reynaud, and according to which plans had been made in order to extend the theater of war by the 20th of may to southeastern europe and the regions of the mediterranean. on may the 9th - - one day before holland, belgium and luxemburg were invaded - - the german press especially stressed the declarations made by lord halifax in the house of lords concerning the reason why british troops had then been withdrawn from norway, in the course of which he stated that this withdrawal had been decided upon in order to begin fresh operations elsewhere. this the germans coupled with a remark made, so they said, by mr. duff cooper, the british minister of information, from which they concluded that the allies were again out to catch small neutral states in their nets, this time in the balkans. it is worthy of note that the netherlands and belgium were not mentioned, which did not prevent the german papers from proclaiming the next day that according to their knowledge the allies had been contemplating for a long time an attack on germany through belgium and the netherlands. lack of logic and consistency have never troubled german propaganda much. if there were any need for confirmation that diversion of attention was the aim of the german government, the radio of the reich provided all evidence that could possibly be required. very striking was the completeness with which this feint was supported by italy. collaboration by the italian radio extended even to those items which at the very last moment purported to reassure the low countries. most active of all the axis stations, however, were the german transmitters. to give a specimen of the tricks used to divert attention from germany ' s true aims, a broadcast made by the deutschlandsender of may the 8th - - two days before the invasion - - taken at random, may be reported here : \" the revelation of british plans in southeast europe has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4312343812324904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.697251"}
{"text": "to divert attention from germany ' s true aims, a broadcast made by the deutschlandsender of may the 8th - - two days before the invasion - - taken at random, may be reported here : \" the revelation of british plans in southeast europe has created such an impression on the respective nations that england ' s warmongers now resort to employing an equally dull and clumsy manoeuvre to divert their attention. to this effect they use american press agencies which spread the news that holland is gravely threatened. it is the old method - - ' catch the thief ' - - which is being employed here. thus associated press reports having learned, from a highly reliable source, that two german armies were advancing on holland from bremen and duesseldorf at such a speed that they would reach the frontiers shortly. \" we are in a position to state that the reliable source of this military nonsense is the british ministry of information. this british ministry of information has been so hard hit by the german revelations of the imminent anglo - french intentions that a manoeuvre to distract attention has to be staged willy - nilly. \" dr. goebbels has always excelled in finding scapegoats. for a long time, the jews were the chief culprits. thereafter the british secret service, the \" international bankers, \" or the oil companies were guilty of everything. this time the british ministry of information was to blame. the netherlands government never for a moment allowed themselves to be lulled into a feeling of security by such manoeuvres. our sources of information, which we knew to be reliable, continued sending news of an alarming nature. absolute certainty there was not ; but then, germany being what it is, under a highly centralized leadership, absolute certainty could hardly be expected. by putting two and two together, however, a composite picture was obtained which was enough to cause the most serious alarm. even then, the government did not warn the allies : we wanted to be absolutely certain that a founded accusation could never be made against us for having secretly abandoned the neutrality we had so consistently observed. all we did, by way of precaution, in the direction of london and paris, was to send sealed orders by courier to the heads of the dutch legations in those capitals, the contents of which were in no way indicated to them, and which they were only to open on the receipt of a given code word. it is a very curious fact that, in the course of the days immediately preceding the attack, the german military and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4676891544845545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.698233"}
{"text": "contents of which were in no way indicated to them, and which they were only to open on the receipt of a given code word. it is a very curious fact that, in the course of the days immediately preceding the attack, the german military and air attaches at the hague stated time and again that the military authorities in berlin were unable to understand why the netherlands government was taking such extensive measures. did they really know nothing? with the centralized leadership as it exists in germany today, that is possible : subordinates are not informed until the last minute. or was it deceit? perhaps we shall never know. on wednesday, may the 8th, rumors were current in german circles in berlin that the british navy was preparing a landing on the dutch coast. since we had not the slightest indication to that effect, our military attache in berlin saw the head of a department in the german army high command who acted as liaison officer with the foreign military attaches in berlin, and told him that the netherlands government had no reason whatsoever to be apprehensive of a british landing. nevertheless, he added, all measures had been taken, both by sea and on land, to counteract any attempt at landing by armed force, adding that the netherlands were perfectly able to maintain their neutrality themselves and that they were in no need of \" protection \" from any quarter. the german colonel replied that he quite understood this attitude, which he said fell completely into line with the strict neutrality which the netherlands had constantly observed. it is interesting to compare this declaration with the accusations of unneutrality which poured forth from the german propaganda ministry two days later, after the onslaught had begun. as the storm relentlessly gathered force, all the measures, taken with great energy by the dutch government in close collaboration with all loyal citizens, were to be of no avail. the straightforward, impartial policy of neutrality which holland had so rigidly observed, the efforts made to increase military preparedness, the struggle against espionage and subversive action - - it was all to be in vain. fate as interpreted by germany had decreed otherwise.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45764344881081576, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b82fb8e0-c98c-403c-a7f5-e7e0de149fd4>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.699205"}
{"text": "thousands of volunteers begin epic task of building atlas of our birds britain and ireland ' s vast armies of amateur naturalists are being mobilised, starting this weekend, to undertake the awesome task of mapping and counting the two nations ' wild bird populations. it is the first time in two decades that the ambitious stock - take of the natural world has been attempted and experts believe the resulting bird atlas, to be published in 2012, will give the most comprehensive picture to date of the impact of climate change on species and the success of recent conservation efforts. tens of thousands of volunteers are being sought by the british trust for ornithology over the next four years so each and every corner of the british isles is accurately audited. the independent is backing the project and urging readers to log on to the bto ' s website at http : / / www. bto. org / birdatlas / taking _ part / index. htm to find out how they can help set the agenda for bird conservation in britain and ireland for the next 20 years. there are two ways of taking part. first, enthusiasts can record all the birds they can see over the course of one hour during four visits \u2013 two in winter and two in summer \u2013 to a specific 2km by 2km square on the map, an area also known as a tetrad. or second, those with a little less knowledge or confidence can join in by reporting one - off sightings, so - called roving records, such as seeing the distinctive blue flash of a kingfisher while out walking or hearing the late night hooting of an owl. with more than a third of the uk ' s birds to be spotted in back gardens, organisers insist that anyone can join in. those taking part will be not be expected to be expert ornithologists but amateurs with a basic ability to identify key species and the commitment to help the environment. professionals will be on hand to authenticate all the results. yesterday, as the sun poked through the clouds at abberton reservoir in essex, lighting up the stunning autumn foliage along the water ' s banks, dr simon cox, a retired gp who is co - ordinating the counting effort in his county, had totted up more than 40 species in his 60 minutes of observation. \" not all habitats will be as rich as the one we have here but even in urban areas you can expect to see up to 20 species if you look hard, \" he explained. with some 40, 000 ducks, geese and swans thought to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3855854510908445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14aba145-e281-4a71-9cd1-431793801a01>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.707461"}
{"text": ". \" not all habitats will be as rich as the one we have here but even in urban areas you can expect to see up to 20 species if you look hard, \" he explained. with some 40, 000 ducks, geese and swans thought to be present at the 1, 200 acre reservoir, logging them all is no mean feat. in addition to the dozens of waterfowl, including a family of bewick ' s swans fresh in from the siberian tundra just a few days earlier, there were more familiar birds \u2013 chirping robins, swaying wagtails and great tits busy nibbling at the well - appointed nut feeders outside the essex wildlife trust visitor centre. each is equally important to the final picture, he said, illuminating exactly which birds may be thriving and which others are struggling to cope with altered modern conditions. \" there is a lot of satisfaction to be obtained by knowing that you are contributing to something vitally important to birds as well as just the sheer pleasure of going out looking for birds on your local patch where inevitably you will make some unexpected discoveries, \" said dr cox yesterday. the bto expects to gather data on 250 species during the course of the survey, including 40 currently on the red danger list and 121 amber - listed because of conservationists ' concerns for their future. among the questions they will be asking is whether efforts to help barn owls are working, or if the willow tit and hawfinch are now extinct in some counties. another key issue is whether some of the country ' s bird species are spreading north seeking cooler climes because of global warming and the impact on breeding and migration times. then of course there is the question of the continuing decline of the house sparrow. naturalists believe that bird numbers are a key barometer of how the natural world is coping from the pressures of climate change and habitat depletion. andy clements, the bto ' s director, said : \" this is the biggest project that the uk ' s birdwatchers have ever undertaken. we have been making preparations for this survey for more than three years and now finally we are able to fire the starting gun. \" ten to look out for * barn owl ( tyto alba ) : has suffered 50 years of decline due to intensive agriculture but numbers now growing. seen in open country or at field edges. estimated : 4, 400 pairs. * willow tit ( parus montanus ) : red - listed, this medium - sized tit is best spotted in willow thickets and boggy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.373591160623097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14aba145-e281-4a71-9cd1-431793801a01>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.708413"}
{"text": "now growing. seen in open country or at field edges. estimated : 4, 400 pairs. * willow tit ( parus montanus ) : red - listed, this medium - sized tit is best spotted in willow thickets and boggy marshland. estimated : 25, 000 territories * hawfinch ( coccothraustes coccothraustes ) : uk ' s largest finch, shy with powerful bill. amber - listed. most likely to be seen in west and home counties. estimated : 3 - 5, 000 pairs. * turtle dove ( streptopelia turtur ) : summer visitor noted for its gentle purr has suffered huge decline. best seen in south and east on woodland edges. estimated : 75, 000 territories. * collared dove ( streptopelia decaocto ) : rapidly spreading bird often seen in flocks where food is plentiful around gardens, parks and farms. estimated : 210, 000 territories. * raven ( corvus corax ) : member of the crow family, bigger than a buzzard, distribution increasing. best looked for in rugged upland areas. estimated : 7, 500 breeding pairs. * buzzard ( buteo buteo ) : most numerous bird of prey, once confined to western england. seen perched on pylons or fence posts. estimated : 44, 000 - 61, 000 breeding pairs. * nightingale ( luscinia megarhynchos ) : secretive brown bird with beautiful song rarely found outside south - east england. arrives in april. estimated : 5 - 6, 000 breeding males. * kingfisher ( alcedo atthis ) : unmistakable blue bird spotted swooping over rivers and watercourses. amber - listed after recent declines. estimated : 3 - 6, 000 pairs. * corncrake ( crex crex ) : normally found in dense vegetation and famed for its rasping call. now perilously few in number and confined to scotland. estimated : 600 calling males. from the blogs david prior ' s very personal reason for thinkg that investigators need appropriate expertise dozens of empty homes in two of liverpool \u2019 s most deprived areas will be brought back into use thanks... as a reluctant vegetarian ( so reluctant that i ' m not vegetarian at all ) and a reluctant risotto eate... time for the monthly treat from david hayes, who writes about british politics for the australian in... nature studies : mayflies offer gripping scenes of mass birth,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4216533332758627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14aba145-e281-4a71-9cd1-431793801a01>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.709280"}
{"text": "m not vegetarian at all ) and a reluctant risotto eate... time for the monthly treat from david hayes, who writes about british politics for the australian in... nature studies : mayflies offer gripping scenes of mass birth, mass sex and violent death ' to farm i have to rape the countryside. it \u2019 s got to be wrong ' : the true effect of the badger cull mind how ewe go : the sheep - eating killer plant that \u2019 s ready to bloom the 10 best folding bikes 10 best hiking boots - 1 bankers could face jail after report urges the government to introduce new criminal offence for reckless management - 2 breaking the silence : in the reality of occupation, there are no palestinian civilians \u2013 only potential terrorists - 3 richard nieuwenhuizen death : six teenagers and 50 - year - old father convicted of manslaughter in shocking case of referee killed over a game of football - 4 exclusive : newcastle ' s star talent - spotter on brink as joe kinnear sparks walkout - 5 vast methane ' plumes ' seen in arctic ocean as sea ice retreats \u00a3500 - \u00a3600 per day : orgtel : fx options front office java / c # developer - ba... \u00a3600 - \u00a3700 per day : orgtel : project manager - front office - regulatory it c... \u00a333000 - \u00a335000 per annum : the green recruitment company : the green recruitmen... \u00a321000 - \u00a322000 per annum : randstad education chelmsford : nqts required now fo...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3957165685718409, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:14aba145-e281-4a71-9cd1-431793801a01>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.709863"}
{"text": "by : steven e. brown, fall 1998 as the founder of institute on disability culture ( idc ), steven e. brown earned a doctorate in history from the university of oklahoma. he directed an independent living center in oklahoma, organized numerous community coalitions, and served as a training director at the world institute on disability. he founded the not - for - profit institute on disability culture, with his wife lillian gonzales brown, in 1994. since then he has become an internationally sought speaker, trainer, and writer. when i first became involved in the disability rights movement in the u. s. in the early 1980s, independent living centers were sometimes criticized for catering to the needs of people with mobility impairments, especially those who used wheelchairs. there was some truth to this allegation. after all, it seemed that across the u. s. facilities and services and organizations already existed for those who were deaf or blind or had a developmental disability. if you were a wheelchair user where did you go to find service on a grassroots level? until cils came along, nowhere. the corollary to this accusation was that accessibilty focused on architectural accessibility at the expense sometimes of other kinds of accessibility, such as alternative formats and sign language interpeting. in fact, sometimes architectural accessibility obtained the tag of being easy. how hard could it be, people wondered, to understand that a building needed a ramp or an elevator? anyone could see, if they just looked, that a lift on a bus would benefit a wheelchair rider. it seemed much harder to convince people that braille or large print formats constituted a reasonable accommodation. deaf individuals sometimes became so frustrated with cils and other organizations designed to serve people with disabilities that they stayed away from them. together they could communicate with one another. even when interpreters were provided for meetings, they were rarely contracted for the social time of any meeting agenda. so, what happened? why is it that when i go out in my power wheelchair and my big wheelchair lift - equipped van, i am always conscious of the possibility that i won ' t find a parking space that will meet my needs or a ramp to the building i wish to enter or an elevator to take me to another story? the architectural barriers act of 1968 predates both the rehabilitation act, as we know it today, and the americans with disabilities act. why is this so - called easy aspect of accessibility still so difficult to locate in more than a few places? i had an opportunity to be in germany about a year ago.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4865461962628638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb58bdf6-0756-4ad9-8075-6390556d889c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.714078"}
{"text": "act, as we know it today, and the americans with disabilities act. why is this so - called easy aspect of accessibility still so difficult to locate in more than a few places? i had an opportunity to be in germany about a year ago. i spoke with a wheelchair user there who sang the praises of accessibility in america. he ' d even been able to go down into carlsbad caverns, in my home state of new mexico, an experience he had no expectation of being able to accomplish. when the discussion switched to his own homeland, however, his views more closely matched my perceptions of the u. s. in one way architectural access was easy. it ' s easy to see what needs to be done. the catch is doing it. there is no way that anyone can argue that accessibility today is not much greater than it was twenty or thirty years ago, when the modern disability rights movement began. but it is also increasingly more difficult to argue that we have accomplished all that needs to be done. sidewalks leading to curbs without cuts still abound. buildings are still being constructed without ramps or curb cuts or accessible parking spaces. people who don ' t need them still park in handicapped parking spots. what happened to architectural acessibility? the easy parts, i think, are being taken into account. now we must confront harder issues. the sidewalks and buildings and parking lots that were built before any of these accessbility needs were considered by anyone. the cities that were built long ago and whose centers are not only architectually inaccessible, but whose infrastructure is also often disintegrating. in short, there ' s just too much to do. but that still begs the question, why aren ' t more people talking about and taking action to increase architectural accessibility. i don ' t have a good answer. you? about steven e. brown as the founder of institute on disability culture ( idc ), he earned a doctorate in history from the university of oklahoma. he directed an independent living center in oklahoma, organized numerous community coalitions, and served as a training director at the world institute on disability. he founded the not - for - profit institute on disability culture, with his wife lillian gonzales brown, in 1994. since then he has become an internationally sought speaker, trainer, and writer. brown ' s publications have been translated into several languages. they include independent living : theory and practice, and investigating a culture of disability : final report, the result of a prestigious switzer fellowship from the national institute on disability rehabilitation and research of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4348923665912091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cb58bdf6-0756-4ad9-8075-6390556d889c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.715406"}
{"text": "deriving its philosophy from the indian metaphysical beliefs, yoga aims to strike a balance between mind and body and attain self - enlightenment. one of the oldest physical discipline in existence, it makes the use of movement, breath, posture, relaxation and meditation to establish a healthy, lively and balanced approach to life. yoga brings stability and relaxation to the mind and helps the individual to have a clear thinking. apart from its cognitive benefits, yoga serves as the best medium to enhance the beauty and the being of a person. however, performing yoga requires a person to follow some specific guidelines, in order to achieve best results. there are various do ' s and don ' ts that a person needs to follow before, while and after performing yoga. to know more about yoga practicing guide, browse through the following lines. tips for practicing yoga - the most appropriate time for practicing yoga is in the morning, before breakfast. this is because it is the time, when our mind is calm, composed and fresh and the body movements can be performed, with considerable ease and vigor. - to get started, you need to have the urge and confidence in - to practice yoga, the place chose must be calm, quiet, ventilated, dust free, moisture free and also distraction free. - before you start practicing yoga, it is very important for you to clear your bowels and bladder as well as clean your nostrils and throat of all mucus. you must also drink a glass of lukewarm water. - yoga clothing should be loose and as comfortable as possible. form - fitting cotton / lycra pants and shirts are the best. - wait for a few minutes and then you can start. - like all other work outs, you must begin with easy poses, thereafter you can advance to the tough ones. be methodical and - remember, to start with your movements should be light and if you feel fatigue in between you must discontinue. - yoga must energize and not cause weariness and depression. - you must take breaks in between, if a particular step or exercise proves tiring. - for a person performing yoga, the diet should be a balanced and you should eat after an interval of 4 hours. - the quantity of food should be such that it satisfies your appetite. generally, the ratio composition of meals should be - grains and cereals ( 30 % of the calorific value ), dairy products ( 20 % ), vegetables and roots ( 25 % ), fruits and honey ( 20 % )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5189534341488278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:44bae5c2-bdd4-4139-aa38-dc093322ea05>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.718778"}
{"text": "stainless steel pipe is the desired material for process piping systems due to ease of maintaining sanitary conditions and corrosion resistant properties. it is the material of choice for food conveying applications which require conformance to fda requirements. a standard benefit of the stainless steel family of materials is that it covers materials of much different chemistry, permitting economical alternatives to higher end materials and providing greater corrosion resistance to a wide variety of chemical services and environments, as well as providing increased strength. the internal pressure capabilities make stainless steel pipe suitable for use in many heavy duty applications. process piping fluids cover a wide range of applications from water to chemical services. for high pressure applications or highly corrosive environments, it may be necessary to utilize a duplex or super duplex stainless steel because of its high physical properties and greater corrosion resistance. duplex stainless steel differs from austenitic stainless steel in chemical make - up ; it has higher quantities of chromium and molybdenum and lower quantities of nickel. duplex stainless steel can be referred to as 2205, and super duplex 2507 because of the percentages of chromium and nickel in their composition. all stainless steels contain a varying percentage of chromium, molybdenum and nickel. the most common stainless steel is austenitic, which includes the stainless steel pipes made to the specifications of astm a312 in types 304 / 304l and 316 / 316l. types 304 / 304l are for general corrosion applications such as process cooling water. types 316 / 316l have a higher corrosion resistance to chlorides and may be desired based upon the chemical composition of the process fluid. the \u201c l \u201d designation means that the stainless steel contains less than 0. 03 % carbon. this is beneficial if the pipe needs to be welded. stainless steel pipe is generally available in diameters up to 36 inches with dimensions ranging from schedule 5s to 160s with schedule 10s being the most readily available. the system working pressure and pipe joining method will determine the required pipe wall thickness for each application. stainless steel pipe may be installed using a variety of joining methods including grooved, welded, flanged, and threaded.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5114095837558656, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d695bf41-d0af-4c60-ba28-c12d289d1536>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.722226"}
{"text": "thomas garrigue masaryk masaryk, thomas garrigue ( g\u0259reg\u02c8 ) [ key ], 1850 \u2013 1937, czechoslovak political leader and philosopher, first president and chief founder of czechoslovakia. he is revered by most czechs and was internationally recognized as a great democratic leader. born in moravia, masaryk received ( 1876 ) his doctorate from the univ. of vienna and married an american, charlotte garrigue. his first important work, der selbstmord als sociale massenerscheinung der modernen civilisation [ suicide as a mass phenomenon of modern civilization ], was published in 1881, and in 1882 he became professor of philosophy at the new czech univ. of prague. he launched ( 1883 ) a monthly review, the atheneum ; became associated temporarily with the liberal nationalist young czech party ; assumed the editorship ( 1889 ) of cas [ time ], a political journal ; and was elected ( 1891 ) to the austrian parliament and the bohemian diet. in 1893, he turned away from parliamentary activity to devote himself to the political education of his people. disciples had gathered around him, and they launched ( 1900 ) the czech peoples party ( later the progressive party ), based on masaryk ' s ideas. known as the realist party, it emphasized the economic and social foundations of political power and strove for czech equality, suffrage, and autonomy ; the protection of minorities ; and the unity of czechs and slovaks. in 1907, masaryk was reelected to parliament. he did not openly advocate independence at this point, but favored the transformation of the austro - hungarian empire into a federation of self - governing nationalities. he also called for an end to anti - semitism and opposed ( 1908 ) austria - hungary ' s annexation of bosnia - herzegovina. at the outbreak of world war i, masaryk fled abroad and, with eduard benes, formed the czechoslovak national council, which in 1918 was recognized by the allies as the de facto government of czechoslovakia. traveling widely during the war years, masaryk raised funds in the united states for the czech cause, and in russia he organized ( 1917 \u2013 18 ) the czech legion, an independent czech army composed largely of former prisoners of war. the national council, of which masaryk was president, maintained close secret contact with czech nationalist leaders ( notably charles kramar ) at home. upon the collapse of austria - hungary at the end of world war i, masaryk became ( 1918 ) the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3896189405042466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9922365e-ea74-410d-8173-7323ebe3d245>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.725873"}
{"text": ", of which masaryk was president, maintained close secret contact with czech nationalist leaders ( notably charles kramar ) at home. upon the collapse of austria - hungary at the end of world war i, masaryk became ( 1918 ) the first president of the czechoslovak republic. he was reelected in 1920, 1927, and 1934. an extensive land reform was one of the first acts of his government. he steered a moderate course on such sensitive issues as the status of minorities ( particularly the slovaks and germans ) and the relations between church and state. in foreign policy, he fully backed his foreign minister, benes. masaryk resigned in 1935 because of his advanced age, and benes succeeded him. masaryk ' s extensive writings on philosophical, social, and political subjects include the making of a state ( tr. 1927, repr. 1969 ), modern man and religion ( tr. 1938 ), and the spirit of russia ( tr., 2d ed. 1955 ). see also study a. m. schlesinger ( 1990 ) ; h. j. hajek, t. g. masaryk revisited ( 1983 ) ; s. b. winters, ed., t. g. masaryk ( 1850 \u2013 1937 ) ( vol i, 1989 ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39594278876122546, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9922365e-ea74-410d-8173-7323ebe3d245>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.726366"}
{"text": "they seized power in egypt, libya and tunisia following the notorious arab spring revolutions. they are determined to do the same in syria and jordan. they are the muslim brotherhood, the world \u2019 s most influential modern islamist organization. but what do we actually know about them? is their reach limited to the middle east, and what threats do they pose to israel and europe? israel today uncovers. the mb was founded in egypt in 1928 by schoolteacher hassan al - banna, who advocated embracing islam as a panacea for personal development and broader social reform. but what started as a religious and social organization was soon turned into a powerful political tool, promoting the establishment of states based on sharia law. as arabs strove to define their identities and break the chains of colonialism during the mid - 20th century, al - banna \u2019 s ideas were quickly picked up by the arab masses and the muslim brotherhood established branches in nearly every arab and muslim country. downward spiral & infiltration of europe but the early success was short - lived. as the secular nationalist regime of gamal abdel nasser seized power in egypt in the 1950s, the brotherhood was viewed more and more as a threat to state security, the group \u2019 s members were imprisoned and tortured. other muslim states where the brotherhood had a following implemented similar practices, forcing many \u201c brothers \u201d to seek refuge in france, germany, switzerland, the uk and other european countries. during those years, europe also opened its doors to thousands of arab students. once there, muslims started practicing their faith openly, establishing their first religious facilities, publishing magazines, organizing lectures and attracting newcomers to their ranks. although their numbers grew rapidly, the offshoots operated mainly as isolated clusters all of which remained close to the ideology of the movement in the middle east. the situation changed by the late 1970s, when the cells began to interact with one another, creating formal and informal networks ( that spanned europe and north america ), whose priorities were adapted for new generations of muslims born and raised in europe. assessing the threat because the \u201c brothers \u201d were not used to being open about their allegiance to the once clandestine movement, it has been hard to estimate the organization \u2019 s real numbers. \u201c nobody knows how many members the group actually has, \u201d said dr. lorenzo vidino, a senior researcher at switzerland \u2019 s center for security studies and the author of \u201c the new muslim brotherhood in the west \u201d. \u201c they do attract a lot of sympathy, but despite their activism, they never managed to create a mass movement that would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42733374147839587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:432f6648-effd-43d5-ae9a-cf989b454638>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.741366"}
{"text": ", a senior researcher at switzerland \u2019 s center for security studies and the author of \u201c the new muslim brotherhood in the west \u201d. \u201c they do attract a lot of sympathy, but despite their activism, they never managed to create a mass movement that would involve a large number of people. despite the fact that their ideas reached many european muslims, most of them either resist the organization or simply ignore it, \u201d he added. but if that \u2019 s the case, how did the brothers become the most powerful muslim organization? vidino said it was a combination of several factors. \u201c first of all, they have access to enormous funds, coming predominantly from gulf states like qatar, kuwait and, to a lesser extent, saudi arabia. no other muslim organization ( whether religious or secular ) can boast having the same level of backing. they use this money to pose as a group that helps people, building schools, mosques or centers and organizing grandiose events where people can mingle and enjoy excellent food. \u201c secondly, they are well - organized and are visible in the media. of course their claims of representation have been largely exaggerated, but they did succeed in monopolizing the islamic discourse, making their interpretation of islam if not mainstream then at least the most readily available, \u201d maintained vidino. however, a top muslim brotherhood official, whose name cannot be disclosed for security reasons, told israel today that the secret of the group \u2019 s success is rooted in its altruistic work. \u201c we love to help people and we know what their needs are. we can talk to them in public transportation, their work place and even in the comfort of their homes, \u201d he said. cracks in the foundation yet, the muslim brotherhood \u2019 s success has been somewhat overshadowed by division. in his book \u201c the muslim brotherhood in europe \u201d, egyptian scholar samir amghar identifies three main currents within the movement. the first includes the so - called independents, people who left the global organization but remained loyal to its ideology. the second ( the opposition ) consists of those who either disagreed with the internal structure of the group or who established competing organizations. and, finally, the third, writes amghar, comprises members that follow the mother institution in egypt and swear allegiance to its supreme guide. vidino elaborated : \u201c it \u2019 s wrong to assume that the center of the muslim brotherhood is located in cairo. every \u2018 branch \u2019 operates separately, answering the demands of a specific muslim society \u201d. divided, but with a common goal despite these divisions, brotherhood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44924785583826843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:432f6648-effd-43d5-ae9a-cf989b454638>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.742526"}
{"text": "elaborated : \u201c it \u2019 s wrong to assume that the center of the muslim brotherhood is located in cairo. every \u2018 branch \u2019 operates separately, answering the demands of a specific muslim society \u201d. divided, but with a common goal despite these divisions, brotherhood members around the world are united by a set of common goals. one of those goals is \u201c to be the ultimate leaders of their muslim societies, \u201d explained vidino. \u201c muslim expatriates are usually divided and disoriented by the impact of life in non - muslim countries. very often they lack any knowledge about islam, which makes them an ideally receptive audience for the muslim brotherhood \u2019 s message. \u201d vidino continued by noting that the muslim brotherhood would also like to become the \u201c official representative of the muslim community in the eyes of the european politicians. they want to be able to interfere with decision - making circles on issues ranging from domestic policies to international affairs, like the israeli - palestinian conflict. \u201d the brotherhood \u2019 s effort toward achieving those goals have born fruit. in 2003, for example, france \u2019 s muslim broterhood - affiliated ufio was invited to join the conseil francais du culte musulman, a group established by the french authorities to help the government get familiar with the needs and demands of the \u201c arab street \u201d. a similar initiative was launched in the uk years earlier, when the muslim council became one of the government \u2019 s chief mediators between the government and the country \u2019 s muslim population. \u2018 european leaders don \u2019 t get it \u2019 the reasons for european leaders engaging groups like the brotherhood vary, stated vidino. \u201c some politicians are motivated by the strong belief that the muslim brotherhood is doing the right thing. others are just too naive to see the group \u2019 s real nature. \u201d many european politicians must also worry about keeping the \u201c muslim vote \u201d, noted vidino, pointing to the explosive growth rate of the muslim population there. moreover, according to the author, many politicians back the \u201c brothers \u201d fearing accusations of racism and xenophobia. the islamization of europe while experts try to decipher politicians \u2019 intentions, some are concerned that the muslim brotherhood is already leading the islamization of europe. in may, the group organized a massive rally in cairo, with one of the brotherhood clerics declaring : \u201c the united states of the arabs will be restored by [ egypt \u2019 s president mohammed morsi ] and his supporters \u2026 [ whereas ] the capital of the caliphate \u2026 will be jerusalem, allah willing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4415863412396326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:432f6648-effd-43d5-ae9a-cf989b454638>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.743744"}
{"text": ", with one of the brotherhood clerics declaring : \u201c the united states of the arabs will be restored by [ egypt \u2019 s president mohammed morsi ] and his supporters \u2026 [ whereas ] the capital of the caliphate \u2026 will be jerusalem, allah willing. \u201d vidino was skeptical. \u201c the success they have right now exceeds their highest expectations. muslim brotherhood leaders are very pragmatic ; they know [ the creation of a muslim empire ] won \u2019 t happen overnight, so meanwhile they concentrate on more short - term goals \u201d. our muslim brotherhood source acceded, stating that the group \u2019 s real intention was to \u201c develop the society with the help of the islamic rules [ taking into consideration ] the religious preferences of every person. \u201d the brotherhood official seemingly lamented that the establishment of a caliphate including europe \u201c is highly unlikely in the near future, primarily because of the european media \u2019 s hateful language against muslims. european governments engage in anti - muslim propaganda, \u201d he charged, \u201c depicting us as terrorists when the truth of the matter is muslims are persecuted everywhere \u201d. where there \u2019 s smoke, there \u2019 s fire earlier this month, newsnight ( bbc ) ran a video clip showing a muslim brotherhood - affiliated school in london encouraging children to hate non - muslims. in 2010, another bbc investigation revealed that muslim school textbooks referred to jews and christians as \u201c pigs and apes \u201d, and some went as far as to teach kids on \u201c the correct way to chop off the hands and feet of thieves \u201d. hatred of israel apart from targeting jews, the brotherhood is fundamentally hostile toward israel, rejecting its right to exist, opposing the peace process, and obstructing all efforts at normalization between israel and the arab states ( especially egypt and jordan ). blaming all middle east problems on the israeli - palestinian conflict, the brotherhood also helps to raise money for the palestinian terrorist group hamas, which has the blood of hundreds of israelis on its hands. to promote anti - israel sentiment, the religiously conservative muslim brotherhood has even joined forces with extremist liberal left - wing groups that make it their aim to delegitimize israel through various media stunts. in fact, london has turned into an important media hub for the brotherhood, which operates the arabic publication risalat al - ikhwan and the satellite channel al - hiwar tv, boasting more than two million viewers, out of the british capital. apart from broadcasting programs with islamic themes and anti - israeli propaganda and incitement, al - hiwar gives stage to various", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4264111332022572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:432f6648-effd-43d5-ae9a-cf989b454638>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.744722"}
{"text": "the old ways are the best \u2014 reviving traditional knowledge in west asia 01 july 2011 | news story an ancient conservation practice born in the arabian desert more than 1, 500 years ago is now being revived in the battle - scarred greenery of lebanon to help meet the complex challenges of a modern economy. the pre - islamic system of environmental protection known as \u2018 hima \u2019 \u2014 arabic for protected area \u2014 means that the local population rather than a distant authority decides how to manage ecosystems and how to reap their benefits. himas are areas set aside seasonally to allow regeneration of renewable natural resources and secure their sustainable use by the people living next to them. but time and political changes have led to their near disappearance. now, led by iucn member the society for the protection of nature in lebanon, a region - wide effort is underway to revitalize himas and other such effective conservation traditions. the tradition of hima spoke a language that the conservation community, after many years of research and field experimentation, has finally arrived at today. for hundreds of years it promoted equitable sharing of resources, social inclusion, sustainable use and management of scarce resources, rights and ethics. it is testimony to the wisdom that the people of arabia showed in managing their harsh and resource - scare environment. a few years ago, iucn \u2019 s office for west asia ( rowa ) and its partners organised a workshop on the revival of hima in the 21st century. the workshop prepared a roadmap to advance hima through developing the knowledge, policies and implementation of this concept. the workshop produced a publication titled al - hima : a way of life in english, french and arabic which is being used to spread knowledge and awareness. last year in jordan, iucn rowa organized a follow up meeting on hima to try to further revive the traditional knowledge that has been used to manage protected areas and to update the hima publication. the jordan ministry of environment and iucn are supporting environmental organisations and other partners in efforts to conserve the rich biodiversity that is still present in jordan, but that is under severe pressure. iucn has submitted a proposal to the ministry that seeks to strengthen local capacity to protect and manage biodiversity - rich areas outside the formal government - designated protected areas. for more information contact : rania faouri, communications officer regional office for west asia ( rowa )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4506971789525587, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:badbaeb1-031e-4562-abb1-e35c02d52a7a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.747221"}
{"text": "winner of the koret jewish book award for philosophy and thought \" koltun - fromm \u2019 s reading of hess is of crucial import for those who study the construction of self in the modern world as well as for those who are concerned with hess and his contributions to modern thought.... a reading of hess that is subtle, judicious, insightful, and well supported. \" \u2014 david ellenson moses hess, a fascinating 19th - century german jewish intellectual figure, was at times religious and secular, traditional and modern, practical and theoretical, socialist and nationalist. ken koltun - fromm \u2019 s radical reinterpretation of his writings shows hess as a jew struggling with the meaning of conflicting commitments and impulses. modern readers will realize that in hess \u2019 s life, as in their own, these commitments remain fragmented and torn. as contemporary jews negotiate multiple, often contradictory allegiances in the modern world, koltun - fromm argues that hess \u2019 s struggle to unite conflicting traditions and frameworks of meaning offers intellectual and practical resources to re - examine the dilemmas of modern jewish identity. adopting charles taylor \u2019 s philosophical theory of the self to uncover hess \u2019 s various commitments, koltun - fromm demonstrates that hess offers a rich, textured, though deeply conflicted and torn account of the modern jew. this groundbreaking study in conceptions of identity in modern jewish texts is a vital contribution to the diverse fields of jewish intellectual history, philosophy, zionism, and religious studies. jewish literature and culture \u2014 alvin h. rosenfeld, editor published with the generous support of the koret foundation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4982982396978379, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dcb89c17-f742-475e-91ea-6376c14eeebc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.749070"}
{"text": "of all the diversions of life, there is none so proper to fill up its empty spaces as the reading of useful and entertaining authors. spectator 93 ( 16 june 1711 ) the earliest description of jane austen \u2019 s reading is henry austen \u2019 s account in the \u201c biographical notice of the author \u201d in the first edition of northanger abbey, published posthumously in december 1817. james edward austen - leigh \u2019 s memoir of his aunt ( 1870 ) also describes her reading, drawing on the information in the \u201c biographical notice. \u201d henry and edward focus firmly on authors considered in the nineteenth century to be \u201c useful and entertaining. \u201d they both agree that she loved the works of samuel johnson, william cowper, george crabbe, and samuel richardson, in particular richardson \u2019 s sir charles grandison ( 1753 - 54 ). henry austen tells of her early infatuation with \u201c gilpin on the picturesque, \u201d writing also that \u201c her reading was very extensive in history and belles lettres \u201d and that she was \u201c intimately acquainted with the merits and defects of the best essays and novels in the english language \u201d ( \u201c biographical notice \u201d 330 ). james edward suggests that what henry had called \u201c extensive \u201d reading in history was actually \u201c the old guides \u2014 goldsmith, hume and robertson \u201d ( austen - leigh 71 ). he briefly alludes to her admiration of sir walter scott \u2019 s poetry and waverley ( 1814 ), and quotes her joking determination to read no novels but maria edgeworth \u2019 s, her relatives \u2019, and her own. james edward then turns from austen \u2019 s reading : \u201c it was not, however, what she knew, but what she was, that distinguished her from others \u201d ( 72 ). caroline austen documents austen \u2019 s appreciation of the importance of reading, recalling her aunt \u2019 s advice to \u201c cease writing till i was 16 \u201d and her statement \u201c that she had herself often wished she had read more, and written less in the corresponding years of her own life \u201d ( qtd. in le faye, family record 239 ). despite her desire to have \u201c read more \u201d in her youth, recent scholarship has established that the range of austen \u2019 s reading was far wider and deeper than either henry or james edward suggest. isobel grundy makes the point that austen read like a potential author from a very early age, looking for what she could use, \u201c not by quietly absorbing and reflecting it, but by actively engaging, rewriting, often mocking it \u201d ( 190 ). austen did not, as far as is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42703257267533695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.799054"}
{"text": "like a potential author from a very early age, looking for what she could use, \u201c not by quietly absorbing and reflecting it, but by actively engaging, rewriting, often mocking it \u201d ( 190 ). austen did not, as far as is known, make a list of her reading, but her letters and novels refer, either directly or allusively, to a wide variety of texts. as jocelyn harris argues, austen \u2019 s excellent memory stood her in good stead when it came to employing her reading ( art of memory ix - xi ). this is not the place for a comprehensive list of the books that austen read, or the plays that she saw, but it is important to give some idea of the scope of her reading. in addition to those authors named by her brother and her nephew, we know from scattered references in the letters and novels that austen knew the canonical authors of the augustan tradition \u2014 swift, defoe, pope, gay, and addison, for example. she read both male novelists \u2014 fielding, sterne, and richardson \u2014 and contemporary female novelists, those still read today, such as maria edgeworth, frances burney, and ann radcliffe, and those now largely forgotten : charlotte lennox, sydney owenson, regina maria roche, mary brunton, rachel hunter, henrietta sykes, elizabeth hamilton, laetitia matilda hawkins, and sarah harriet burney. neither the \u201c biographical notice \u201d nor the memoir gives any indication of the real breadth and eclecticism of jane austen \u2019 s reading, as demonstrated in her letters and the references in her novels, but it is important that both henry and james edward are sensitive to what a person \u2019 s choice of reading says about them. this emphasis is not surprising \u2014 after all, austen \u2019 s own novels frequently display a similar awareness of the part books play in denoting character. time and again, characters reveal themselves through their responses to literature. we think, for example, of shallow caroline bingley, who uses books only as props, taking up the second volume of mr. darcy \u2019 s book in a contemptible attempt to gain his attention, in pride and prejudice, and compare her to mansfield park \u2019 s fanny price, for whom books are the friends and guides that help her to moral growth. northanger abbey sets john thorpe \u2019 s callow and unthinking rejection of all novels except m. g. lewis \u2019 s gothic shocker the monk and henry fielding \u2019 s tom jones against henry and isabella tilney \u2019 s rational liking for all sorts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4387955090714046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.800134"}
{"text": "abbey sets john thorpe \u2019 s callow and unthinking rejection of all novels except m. g. lewis \u2019 s gothic shocker the monk and henry fielding \u2019 s tom jones against henry and isabella tilney \u2019 s rational liking for all sorts of literature, including novels and history. the cultural resonance of books allows austen to use them as a sort of convenient shorthand to help her readers swiftly understand her characters. cultural commentators of austen \u2019 s period frequently suggested that \u201c we are what we read. \u201d in austen \u2019 s novels, it might be truer to say that how we use what we read defines us : it is possible, like mary bennet in pride and prejudice, to reduce reading to an arid collection of cliches or, like sir edward denham in \u201c sanditon, \u201d to \u201c derive only false principles from lessons of morality \u201d ( later manuscripts 183 ). emma woodhouse, to knightley \u2019 s despair in the opening chapters of emma, \u201c \u2018 will never submit to any thing requiring industry and patience, \u2019 \u201d despite her lists of \u201c \u2018 books that she meant to read regularly through \u2014 and very good lists they were \u2014 very well chosen, and very neatly arranged \u2014 sometimes alphabetically, and sometimes by some other rule \u2019 \u201d ( 37 ). it is also possible, however, for austen \u2019 s heroines to turn reading to good account : a \u201c fondness for reading \u201d is, for fanny price, as, we believe, for austen herself, \u201c an education in itself \u201d ( 25 ). the exhibition at chawton house library, july 2009 the exhibition curated as part of the bicentennial celebrations of austen \u2019 s arrival in the village of chawton focused on jane austen \u2019 s reading during the time she lived in chawton ( 1809 - 1817 ). the books selected thus reflect only a tiny proportion of jane austen \u2019 s reading and do not include some of her favorites \u2014 crabbe, johnson, or edgeworth for example. they were chosen as a snapshot of her reading during the chawton years. the books exhibited, and discussed in this essay, were all from chawton house library \u2019 s collections, and a substantial minority came from the knight collection. at one time, this collection was owned by jane austen \u2019 s brother edward, who was adopted into the knight family, and as such it was a library known to and used by jane austen herself. we think it probable that at least one of the books we exhibited in july 2009 \u2014 the godmersham", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43166596124986845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.801232"}
{"text": "\u2019 s brother edward, who was adopted into the knight family, and as such it was a library known to and used by jane austen herself. we think it probable that at least one of the books we exhibited in july 2009 \u2014 the godmersham copy of mary brunton \u2019 s self - control ( discussed below ) \u2014 is the exact copy read by jane austen. the exhibition was structured according to the different kinds of evidence available to us about austen \u2019 s reading. reconstructing the reading experiences of any reader is always a task fraught with interpretative difficulty, but we tried to combine the best evidence available to ensure that all the works exhibited were actually read or re - read by austen between 1809 and 1817. we used direct references to reading experiences in her letters as well as references, quotations, and allusions in the novels written or redrafted during the chawton years as our primary evidence. we also carefully considered the opinions of biographers and scholars to come to our conclusions. the first section of this essay discusses books that jane austen mentions in letters written during the period under consideration. the next section moves on to books referenced in novels or minor works written or redrafted between 1809 and 1817, taking kathryn sutherland \u2019 s chronology of composition and publication as our guide. our third section deals with books from the knight collection that are also discussed in novels or letters in the relevant years, and finally we discuss the work that jane austen \u2019 s family felt was her favorite novel, sir charles grandison, and chawton house library \u2019 s manuscript of the grandison playlet, written in jane austen \u2019 s handwriting, but possibly dictated to her by her niece jane anna elizabeth ( anna ) austen, later lefroy. allusions in the letters sydney owenson, lady morgan, woman ; or, ida of athens. london : printed for longman, hurst, rees, and orme, paternoster - row. 1809. in january of 1809, as the austens were preparing to move to chawton, jane wrote to cassandra, \u201c we have got ida of athens by miss owenson ; which must be very clever, because it was written as the authoress says, in three months. \u2014 we have only read the preface yet ; but her irish girl does not make me expect much. \u2014 if the warmth of her language could affect the body, it might be worth reading in this weather \u201d ( 17 - 18 january 1809 ). sydney owenson \u2019 s wild irish girl had been a runaway success", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4403621537850294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.802355"}
{"text": "girl does not make me expect much. \u2014 if the warmth of her language could affect the body, it might be worth reading in this weather \u201d ( 17 - 18 january 1809 ). sydney owenson \u2019 s wild irish girl had been a runaway success when it was published in 1806, but jane austen clearly did not think much of it, although she was fond of other writers of national or regional novels such as walter scott and maria edgeworth. the \u201c warmth \u201d of owenson \u2019 s language was noticed by others, as shown in these lines from leigh hunt \u2019 s poem, \u201c the bluestocking revels \u201d : and dear lady morgan, look, look how she comes, with her pulses all beating for freedom like drums, so irish, so modish, so mixtish, so wild ; so committing herself, as she talks, like a child, so trim, yet so easy \u2014 polite, yet high - hearted, that truth and she, try all she can, won \u2019 t be parted ; she \u2019 ll put on your fashions, your latest new air, and then talk so frankly, she \u2019 ll make you all stare. anne grant of laggan, letters from the mountains ; being the real correspondence of a lady, between the years 1773 and 1803. london : printed for longman, hurst, rees, and orme, paternoster row. 1806. in 1807, while still living in southampton, austen mentioned anne grant \u2019 s letters from the mountains to cassandra as a recommendation for a present to martha lloyd. she continued, \u201c what they are about, nor how many volumes they form i do not know, having never heard of them but from miss irvine, who speaks of them as a new & much admired work, & as one which has pleased her highly. \u2014 i have enquired for the book here, but find it quite unknown \u201d ( 20 - 22 february 1807 ). six years later, she had finally got hold of the book, read it, and was ready to pass it on, writing \u201c i have disposed of mrs grant for the 2d fortnight to mrs digweed \u201d ( 9 february 1813 ). the reference to the \u201c 2d fortnight \u201d suggests that the book belonged to the chawton reading society, and had been borrowed by the austen ladies, then passed on to the digweeds. these snippets from austen \u2019 s letters remind us that books were relatively expensive luxury items, often bought by circulating libraries or private reading societies and circulated among the members or subscribers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39991184933469365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.804088"}
{"text": "by the austen ladies, then passed on to the digweeds. these snippets from austen \u2019 s letters remind us that books were relatively expensive luxury items, often bought by circulating libraries or private reading societies and circulated among the members or subscribers. jane austen got hold of books in many different ways \u2014 reading them in her father \u2019 s library at steventon and her brother \u2019 s godmersham library, borrowing from circulating libraries in bath and southampton, joining the chawton reading society, and borrowing the latest publications from her publisher \u2014 but she rarely bought books. those bought during her youth were sold with her father \u2019 s before the move to bath in 1801, and presumably regularly purchasing books was quite simply outside the limited means of the austen ladies \u2019 household during their years in bath, southampton, and chawton. frances burney, the wanderer ; or, female difficulties. london : printed for longman, hurst, rees, orme and brown, paternoster - row. 1814. in a letter of 23 - 24 september 1813, jane austen mentioned \u201c mde darblay \u2019 s new novel \u201d \u2014 a novel that can only be the wanderer \u2014 to cassandra in a letter sent from godmersham park, the home of her brother edward. she could not have read the book at this point, since it was not published until 1814, but the first edition of the wanderer appears as an entry in the godmersham library catalogue, so it is possible that she later read the godmersham library copy while staying there, and that the copy on display here was the copy she read, either at chawton or at godmersham park, since books seemed to have travelled on occasion between the two estates. austen was a great admirer of frances burney \u2019 s work, mentioning burney \u2019 s cecilia and camilla as two of the works \u201c in which the greatest powers of the mind are displayed, in which the most thorough knowledge of human nature, the happiest delineation of its varieties, the liveliest effusions of wit and humour, are conveyed to the world in the best chosen language \u201d ( northanger abbey 31 ). she also alludes directly to camilla in \u201c sanditon, \u201d and paraphrases evelina \u2019 s dr. villars in pride and prejudice. eaton stannard barrett, the heroine ; or, adventures of a fair romance reader. london : printed for henry colburn, public library, conduit - street, hanover - square,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3965712313927263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.805021"}
{"text": "course have known, on two grounds : that we know that she was interested in the picturesque, and to show off dr. syntax \u2019 s remarkable chin ( see above ). it may be that austen was thinking of the thomas rowlandson illustrations to the 1812 edition, which caricature nose and chin, rather than the text itself, which does not mention his facial features. but as her brother wrote in the \u201c biographical notice, \u201d \u201c she was a warm and judicious admirer of landscape, both in nature and on canvass. at a very early age she was enamoured of gilpin on the picturesque ; and she seldom changed her opinions either on books or men \u201d ( 330 ). she kept up with publications on the picturesque, and it therefore seems very probable that she had read the poem, as well as looked at the illustrations. austen satirizes the fashionable cult of the picturesque in sense and sensibility, where edward ferrars tells marianne dashwood : \u201c you must... remember i have no knowledge in the picturesque, and i shall offend you by my ignorance and want of taste if we come to particulars. i shall call hills steep, which ought to be bold ; surfaces strange and uncouth, which ought to be irregular and rugged ; and distant objects out of sight, which ought only to be indistinct through the soft medium of a hazy atmosphere.... it exactly answers my idea of a fine country because it unites beauty with utility \u2014 and i dare say it is a picturesque one too, because you admire it ; i can easily believe it to be full of rocks and promontories, grey moss and brush wood, but these are all lost on me. i know nothing of the picturesque. \u201d... \u201c it is very true, \u201d said marianne, \u201c that admiration of landscape scenery is become a mere jargon. every body pretends to feel and tries to describe with the taste and elegance of him who first defined what picturesque beauty was. \u201d ( 112 - 13 ) helen maria williams, a narrative of the events which have taken place in france with an account of the present state of society and public opinion. 2nd edition. london : printed for john murray, albemarle - street. 1816. jane austen borrowed the first edition of this book from her publisher, john murray, while staying in london with her brother henry, writing to cassandra : \u201c he [ john murray ] has lent us miss williams & scott, & says that any book of his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44711180314471943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.807032"}
{"text": "jane austen borrowed the first edition of this book from her publisher, john murray, while staying in london with her brother henry, writing to cassandra : \u201c he [ john murray ] has lent us miss williams & scott, & says that any book of his will always be at my service \u201d ( 24 november 1815 ). her reading of this work suggests an interest in contemporary politics and recent foreign history, with which she is rarely credited. following james edward \u2019 s statement that \u201c the politics of the day occupied very little of her attention \u201d ( memoir 78 ), for many years critics considered austen to be an entirely apolitical writer, with little or no interest in contemporary current events. however, more recent scholarly work has reassessed this early view. austen \u2019 s reading of the narrative of the events which have lately taken place in france demonstrates the breadth of her reading, and mention of scott and williams in the same breath shows her willingness to read books by those with widely differing political views. helen maria williams was a notorious political radical, an \u201c unsex \u2019 d female \u201d in richard polwhele \u2019 s 1798 poem of the same name, in which he warns women readers in particular away from \u201c gallic freaks \u201d such as mary wollstonecraft and williams. walter scott was broadly conservative in his political ideology. sir walter scott, the antiquary. edinburgh : printed by james ballantyne and co. for archibald constable and co. edinburgh ; and longman, hurst, rees, orme, and brown, london. 1816. walter scott was probably the most popular british writer of austen \u2019 s period in both verse and prose. austen had known his poetry since at least 1808, and admired much of it, and when he turned to novels with waverley in 1814, she jokingly wrote to her niece anna : \u201c walter scott has no business to write novels, especially good ones. \u2014 it is not fair. \u2014 he has fame & profit enough as a poet, and should not be taking the bread out of other people \u2019 s mouths. \u2014 i do not like him, & do not mean to like waverley if i can help it \u2014 but fear i must \u201d ( 28 september 1814 ). it is likely that she read all his works published in her lifetime. we know she read marmion, the lady of the lake, and the lay of the last minstrel. from her letters, we know that she planned to read waverley ( and doubtless did so ), and she certainly read the antiqua", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4276590807658276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.808013"}
{"text": "know she read marmion, the lady of the lake, and the lay of the last minstrel. from her letters, we know that she planned to read waverley ( and doubtless did so ), and she certainly read the antiquary, mentioning it humorously in a letter to james edward in 1816 : \u201c we could make our heroine read [ a sermon by henry austen ] aloud of a sunday evening, just as well as isabella wardour in the antiquary, is made to read the history of the hartz demon in the ruins of st ruth \u2014 tho \u2019 i beleive, upon recollection, lovell is the reader \u201d ( 16 - 17 december 1816 ). austen read scott \u2019 s review of emma, writing that \u201c the authoress of emma has no reason i think to complain of her treatment in it \u2014 except in the total omission of mansfield park \u201d ( 1 april 1816 ), but there is no evidence that she knew that the \u201c clever \u201d author of the review was scott, anonymity being a policy of the quarterly review, as indeed it was for every other literary review of the period. austen certainly never knew the extent of scott \u2019 s admiration for her : he wrote in his journal that he considered \u201c her talent for describing the involvement and feelings and characters of ordinary life \u201d to be \u201c the most wonderful i ever met with \u201d ( 14 march 1826 ). jane west, alicia de lacy, an historical romance. london : printed for longman, hurst, rees, orme, and brown, paternoster - row. 1814. on 28 september, 1814, jane austen wrote to her niece anna that she was \u201c quite determined... not to be pleased with mrs west \u2019 s alicia de lacy, should i ever meet with it, which i hope i may not. \u2014 i think i can be stout against any thing written by mrs west. \u2014 i have made up my mind to like no novels really, but miss edgeworth \u2019 s, yours & my own \u201d ( 28 september 1814 ). this was, of course, a joke from northanger abbey \u2019 s great defender of the genre of the novel as \u201c productions [ that ] have afforded more extensive and unaffected pleasure than those of any other literary corporation in the world \u201d ( 30 ). austen continued to read novels voraciously, including historical romances like alicia de lacy, throughout the following years. she never became a fan of jane west \u2019 s conservative and didactic work, though she does express", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37516275759325646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.809080"}
{"text": "the world \u201d ( 30 ). austen continued to read novels voraciously, including historical romances like alicia de lacy, throughout the following years. she never became a fan of jane west \u2019 s conservative and didactic work, though she does express astonished admiration for her multitasking abilities in a letter of 1816 to cassandra : \u201c and how good mrs west cd have written such books & collected so many hard words, with all her family cares, is still more a matter of astonishment! composition seems to me impossible, with a head full of joints of mutton & doses of rhubarb \u201d ( 8 - 9 september 1816 ). allusions in novels from the chawton years hannah more, c\u0153lebs in search of a wife. london : printed for t. cadell and w. davies, in the strand. 1808. in a piece of austen \u2019 s juvenilia, \u201c catharine ; or, the bower, \u201d an old - fashioned aunt berates her niece for sitting alone in the garden with a young man. she says : \u201c i had hoped to see you respectable and good ; to see you able and willing to give an example of modesty and virtue to all the young people here abouts. i bought you blair \u2019 s sermons, and coelebs in search of a wife, i gave you the key to my own library, and borrowed a great many good books of my neighbours for you, all to this purpose \u201d ( juvenilia 287 ). peter sabor writes that austen originally wrote \u201c seccar \u2019 s explanation of the catechism, \u201d alluding to lectures on the catechism of the church of england ( 1769 ) by archbishop thomas secker. secker \u2019 s work was popular in its time, but jane austen might have found it dated by the early 1800s. more \u2019 s novel, about a bachelor in search of the perfect wife ( his name derives from caelebs, latin for unmarried ) caught jane austen \u2019 s attention as soon as it was published. in a letter to cassandra of 24 january 1809, she writes, \u201c my disinclination for it before was affected, but now it is real ; i do not like the evangelicals. \u201d a week later, she added that in the name \u201c coelebs, there is pedantry & affectation. \u2014 is it written only to classical scholars? \u201d ( juvenilia 501 - 02, n. 114 ) given the date of the publication of c\u0153lebs in search", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4299194162034729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.810125"}
{"text": "name \u201c coelebs, there is pedantry & affectation. \u2014 is it written only to classical scholars? \u201d ( juvenilia 501 - 02, n. 114 ) given the date of the publication of c\u0153lebs in search of a wife, it seems likely that austen returned to some of her juvenile works once she and the family were settled in chawton cottage, updating the literary reference in \u201c catharine \u201d to a more suitable title, one uppermost in her mind because of the correspondence with cassandra earlier in the year. richard brinsley sheridan, the rivals, a comedy. as it is acted at the theatre - royal in covent garden. london : printed for john wilkie, no. 71, st. paul \u2019 s church - yard, 1775. jane austen was a keen theatre - goer, as demonstrated by ( among others ) penny gay in jane austen and the theatre. in mansfield park, the company rejects a number of plays, including the rivals, before finally settling on elizabeth inchbald \u2019 s translation of august von kotzebue \u2019 s lovers \u2019 vows : \u201c all the best plays were run over in vain. neither hamlet, nor macbeth, nor othello, nor douglas, nor the gamester, presented any thing that could satisfy even the tragedians ; and the rivals, the school for scandal, wheel of fortune, heir at law, and a long etcetera, were successively dismissed with yet warmer objections \u201d ( 154 ). the rejection of \u201c the best plays \u201d in favour of lovers \u2019 vows, a play notorious for its validation of free love, shows the intellectual nullity and the moral risk involved in the projected acting scheme. the copy of the rivals displayed at the exhibition in 2009 was open at the scene where lydia languish hides her more risque books such as the innocent adultery under a copy of richard allestree \u2019 s the whole duty of man. this scene must surely have appealed to austen, given her interest in the use of books to denote character. the works of the right hon. lord byron. london : printed for john murray, albermarle - street. 1815. in persuasion, anne elliot kindly draws out the heartbroken captain benwick by talking about literature. both characters read the latest productions, and delight in discussing the two most popular authors of the time, lord byron and sir walter scott : [ t ] hough shy, he did not seem reserved ; it had rather the appearance of feelings glad to burst their usual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41893676587527495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.812007"}
{"text": "read the latest productions, and delight in discussing the two most popular authors of the time, lord byron and sir walter scott : [ t ] hough shy, he did not seem reserved ; it had rather the appearance of feelings glad to burst their usual restraints ; and having talked of poetry, the richness of the present age, and gone through a brief comparison of opinion as to the first - rate poets, trying to ascertain whether marmion or the lady of the lake were to be preferred, and how ranked the giaour and the bride of abydos ; and moreover, how the giaour was to be pronounced, he shewed himself so intimately acquainted with all the tenderest songs of the one poet, and all the impassioned descriptions of hopeless agony of the other ; he repeated, with such tremulous feeling, the various lines which imaged a broken heart, or a mind destroyed by wretchedness, and looked so entirely as if he meant to be understood, that she ventured to hope he did not always read only poetry ; and to say, that she thought it was the misfortune of poetry, to be seldom safely enjoyed by those who enjoyed it completely ; and that the strong feelings which alone could estimate it truly, were the very feelings which ought to taste it but sparingly.... [ s ] he ventured to recommend a larger allowance of prose in his daily study ; and on being requested to particularize, mentioned such works of our best moralists, such collections of the finest letters, such memoirs of characters of worth and suffering, as occurred to her at the moment as calculated to rouse and fortify the mind by the highest precepts, and the strongest examples of moral and religious endurances. ( 108 - 09 ) austen could have read the giaour and the bride of abydos any time between their publication in 1813 and the writing of persuasion in 1815 - 16. ann radcliffe, the romance of the forest : interspersed with some pieces of poetry. by the authoress of \u201c a sicilian romance, \u201d & c. london : printed for t. hookham and j. carpenter, new and old bond street. 1791. regina maria roche, the children of the abbey, a tale. in two volumes. 4th edition. dublin : printed by p wogan, 23, old - bridge. 1801. the romance of the forest and the children or the abbey are books recommended to robert martin by harriet smith in emma. harriet tells emma : \u201c \u2018 [ h ] e has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39331797587159556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.812911"}
{"text": "dublin : printed by p wogan, 23, old - bridge. 1801. the romance of the forest and the children or the abbey are books recommended to robert martin by harriet smith in emma. harriet tells emma : \u201c \u2018 [ h ] e has read a good deal \u2014 but not what you would think any thing of. he reads the agricultural reports and some other books, that lay in one of the window seats \u2014 but he reads all them to himself. but sometimes of an evening, before we went to cards, he would read something aloud out of the elegant extracts \u2014 very entertaining. and i know he has read the vicar of wakefield. he never read the romance of the forest, nor the children of the abbey. he had never heard of such books before i mentioned them, but he is determined to get them now as soon as ever he can. \u2019 \u201d ( 28 ) gothic novels such as these appear also in northanger abbey, where both catherine morland and isabella thorpe are addicted to the mysteries of udolpho, and isabella reels off a list of \u201c \u2018 ten or twelve more of the same kind \u2019 \u201d ( there are actually seven ) : \u201c \u2018 castle of wolfenbach, clermont, mysterious warnings, necromancer of the black forest, midnight bell, orphan of the rhine, and horrid mysteries. \u2019 \u201d they also propose to read the italian together ( 33 ). it seems probable that austen read radcliffe \u2019 s and roche \u2019 s works as they came out in the 1790s, and re - read the romance of the forest and the children of the abbey just before or during the writing of emma, as both are particularly relevant in terms of their plot. richard cronin and dorothy macmillan point out : \u201c both novels tell the story of young women of doubtful birth, adeline and amanda, who are, at the last, revealed to be heirs to noble titles and estates, discoveries which permit them to marry the well - bred young men they love. they offer harriet, the illegitimate \u2018 parlour boarder \u2019 at mrs goddard \u2019 s school, precisely the kind of wish - fulfilling fantasy that she might be expected to crave \u201d ( emma liii ). harriet is disappointed when robert martin forgets to get the romance of the forest, and emma takes the opportunity to suggest that this forgetfulness demonstrates his unsuitability as a suitor. charlotte lennox, the female quixote or, the adventures of arabella. london : printed for a. millar, over - against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40321157461076335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.813816"}
{"text": ", and emma takes the opportunity to suggest that this forgetfulness demonstrates his unsuitability as a suitor. charlotte lennox, the female quixote or, the adventures of arabella. london : printed for a. millar, over - against catharine - street in the strand. 1752. jane austen read the female quixote at least twice, as shown by this letter to cassandra : \u201c \u2018 alphonsine \u2019 [ an 1806 novel by stephanie - felicite de genlis ; see below ] did not do. we were disgusted in twenty pages, as, independent of a bad translation, it has indelicacies which disgrace a pen hitherto so pure ; and we changed it for the \u2018 female quixotte, \u2019 which now makes our evening amusement ; to me a very high one, as i find the work quite equal to what i remembered it. mrs f [ rancis ] a [ usten ], to whom it is new, enjoys it as one could wish ; the other mary [ mrs. james austen ], i believe, has little pleasure from that or any other book \u201d ( 7 - 8 january 1807 ). its heroine, who takes literally the romances that she reads, seems to have influenced austen \u2019 s depiction of a number of characters, among them northanger abbey \u2019 s catherine morland and emma \u2019 s harriet smith. she may also have had the book in mind when writing \u201c sanditon \u201d in 1817, as in this fragment we find a heroine who forms a corrective to the female quixotes of her earlier novels, charlotte heywood, who is \u201c a very sober - minded young lady, sufficiently well - read in novels to supply her imagination with amusements, but not at all unreasonably influenced by them \u201d ( 169 ). stephanie - felicite de genlis, adele et theodore, ou lettres sur l \u2019 education, contenant tous les principles relatifs aux trois differens plans d \u2019 education des princes, des jeunes personnes, & des hommes. paris : chez les libraires associes. 1782. stephanie - felicite de genlis, adelaide and theodore or letters on education : containing all the principles relative to three different plans of education ; to that of princes, and to those of young persons of both sexes translated from the french of madame la comtesse de genlis. london : printed for c. bathurst, in fleet - street ; and t. cadell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43735075287928404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.814660"}
{"text": "different plans of education ; to that of princes, and to those of young persons of both sexes translated from the french of madame la comtesse de genlis. london : printed for c. bathurst, in fleet - street ; and t. cadell, in the strand. 1783. the godmersham park library catalogue of 1818 shows that there is a copy of the french edition of stephanie - felicite de genlis \u2019 s adele et theodore in the library collection : the publication date is incorrectly given as 1772, perhaps owing to a misreading of the roman numerals on the title page \u2014 a not uncommon error in the 1818 catalogue. the french work was in fact first published ten years later, in 1782, and was a success across western europe, with dutch, italian, polish, spanish, and russian translations appearing in the late - eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century. it is a hybrid epistolary novel / treatise on education, focusing on the education of the female child, and providing her with a lengthy reading list to follow through her education from childhood to marriage. it is not known whether austen read the french originals of genlis \u2019 s work, or indeed those of any other french writers. however, her letter to james stanier clarke, claiming she is \u201c a woman, who... knows only her mother - tongue & has read very little in that \u201d ( 11 december 1815 ) belies the evidence of reading french literature in translation that can be found in austen \u2019 s letters. she writes to cassandra from steventon in november 1800, \u201c having just finished the first volume of [ genlis \u2019 s ] les veillees de chateau, i think it a good opportunity for beginning a letter to you while my mind is stored with ideas worth transmitting \u201d ( 8 - 9 november 1800 ), and almost sixteen years later, in a letter to her niece caroline from chawton in march 1816, she writes of having lent \u201c aunt frank the 1st vol. of les veillees du chateau, for mary jane to read \u201d ( 13 march 1816 ). both the french title of the work and the use of the french names \u201c olimpe et theophile \u201d for two of the characters in the novel, perhaps suggest that it was not thomas holcroft \u2019 s 1785 translation, the tales of the castle, but rather the original french publication of les veillees du chateau, published alongside adele et theodore in 1782, and as a companion volume to the novel, that austen read. in the case of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4711923144951631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.815555"}
{"text": "\u2019 s 1785 translation, the tales of the castle, but rather the original french publication of les veillees du chateau, published alongside adele et theodore in 1782, and as a companion volume to the novel, that austen read. in the case of adele et theodore, however, the situation is less clear. certainly it is the english title of the novel adelaide and theodore, that austen quotes at the end of emma, although she uses the french version of the names of the main characters : \u201c \u2018 she has had the advantage, you know, of practising on me, \u2019 she continued \u2014 \u2018 like la baronne d \u2019 almane on la comtesse d \u2019 ostalis, in madame de genlis \u2019 adelaide and theodore, and we shall now see her own little adelaide educated on a more perfect plan \u2019 \u201d ( 503 ). the first edition of the english translation ( there were four editions in total, in 1783, 1784, 1788 and 1796 ) is a recent acquisition for chawton house library, purchased in 2007. an inscription identifies the unknown female translators for the first time : to the revd chr. hunter from the * editors & translators who were assisted most kindly by him in this their labour. 1783. * mrs watson of essex & her daughters ( of norman house, stansted ) it was not uncommon for translation to be carried out as a group activity in the late eighteenth century : it was a suitable female accomplishment, and an important part of a young girl \u2019 s education, as austen \u2019 s loan of les veillees du chateau to her young niece suggests. like the practice of taking extracts, it turned women \u2019 s reading into an active, rather than what was seen as a dangerously passive, occupation. in the case of adelaide and theodore, three women seemed to have divided the three volumes between them and to have hidden behind the mask of anonymity : the preface to the 1784 edition identifies them only as some ladies, who through misfortunes, too common at this time, are reduced from ease and opulence, to the necessity of applying, to the support of life, those accomplishments which were given them in their youth, for the amusement and embellishment of it. william cowper, the task. london : printed for john sharpe, duke street, piccadilly ; by c. and c. whittingham, chiswick. 1825. according to her brother, cowper was jane austen \u2019 s \u201c favourite moral writer... in verse \u201d ( \u201c biographical notice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.405256211550975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.816554"}
{"text": ", duke street, piccadilly ; by c. and c. whittingham, chiswick. 1825. according to her brother, cowper was jane austen \u2019 s \u201c favourite moral writer... in verse \u201d ( \u201c biographical notice \u201d 330 ), and he was a favorite poet of many british readers throughout the nineteenth century. this copy of the task is too late an edition for austen herself to have read, but it eventually ended up in austen \u2019 s great - nephew \u2019 s library at godmersham and then finally in the library at chawton. austen quotes from or alludes to cowper more frequently than any other poet in her novels and letters. fanny price quotes from the task in mansfield park : \u201c cut down an avenue! what a pity! does not it make you think of cowper? \u2018 ye fallen avenues, once more i mourn your fate unmerited. \u2019 \u201d ( 66 ). the task is also quoted in emma : when [ mr. knightley ] was again in their company, he could not help remembering what he had seen ; nor could he avoid observations which, unless it were like cowper and his fire at twilight, \u201c myself creating what i saw, \u201d brought him yet stronger suspicion of there being a something of private liking, of private understanding even, between frank churchill and jane. ( 373 ). jane austen alludes to the task in a letter of 8 - 9 february 1807 to cassandra : \u201c at my own particular desire he procures us some syringas. i could not do without a syringa, for the sake of cowper \u2019 s line. \u201d the line in question is from \u201c the winter walk at noon \u201d : \u201c laburnum, rich / in streaming gold ; syringa, iv \u2019 ry pure \u201d ( 6 : 149 - 50 ). there are at least four further references to cowper in letters dating from 1798 to 1813. the rev. george austen read cowper aloud to the family in the evenings, as we know from a letter of 1798, and there is little doubt that he was a poet who came to his daughter \u2019 s mind constantly. books from the knight collection the books discussed in this section come from the knight collection. they are all also to be found in the godmersham library catalogue of 1818, and thus are books that would have been available to jane austen when she visited her brother, edward knight, in kent. \u201c library catalogue godmersham park 1818. \u201d 2 vols. godmersham", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3620269358347672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.817477"}
{"text": "in the godmersham library catalogue of 1818, and thus are books that would have been available to jane austen when she visited her brother, edward knight, in kent. \u201c library catalogue godmersham park 1818. \u201d 2 vols. godmersham. c. 1818 - c. 1842. this manuscript catalogue of the library at godmersham park, the main residence of austen \u2019 s brother edward, was presumably started in 1818, the date embossed on the cover. however, there are books listed that were published as late as the early 1840s, so clearly the catalogue was maintained and updated over a number of years. the library would have been built up by succeeding generations ; edward inherited it together with the property, but clearly he continued to acquire new works for the collection. jane austen made extended visits to her brother and his family at godmersham, and she certainly knew the library ; on one such visit, she wrote : the comfort of the billiard table here is very great. \u2014 it draws all the gentlemen to it whenever they are within, especially after dinner, so that my br fanny & i have the library to ourselves in delightful quiet. ( 14 - 15 october 1813 ) the library was clearly central to life at godmersham ; earlier that year, she told cassandra that \u201c we live in the library except at meals \u201d ( 23 - 24 september 1813 ). as is to be expected, most works in the godmersham library date from 1700 onwards, when the number of books being published increased dramatically, but there are a number of seventeenth - century works included and even a handful of books produced in the 1500s : the oldest work listed is a 1523 edition of erasmus \u2019 s moriae encomium. the library includes books in several languages as well as english. there are texts ( usually in the original greek or latin ) by classical greek and roman writers and philosophers, as would befit a gentleman \u2019 s library at this time, including works by plutarch, plato, homer, sophocles, epictetus, euripides, horace, virgil, and ovid. there are a substantial number of french books ( including works by major figures in eighteenth - century french philosophy, such as voltaire and rousseau, and classic works of french fiction such as gil - blas ), several books in italian, and at least one in german. in terms of the subjects included, much of what is in the godmersham library probably reflects the interests of many such country house libraries at the time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4110696526071331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.818362"}
{"text": "such as gil - blas ), several books in italian, and at least one in german. in terms of the subjects included, much of what is in the godmersham library probably reflects the interests of many such country house libraries at the time. there are books on travel ( not just around britain and europe but also much further afield, including journeys to egypt, syria, africa, north america, and india ) ; history books ( mainly english history but there are also histories of europe more generally, and of specific countries or regions such as greece, russia, and the ottoman empire ) ; many works on religion, including books of common prayer, several seventeenth - century bibles, and a significant number of collections of sermons by various authors ; examples of conduct literature, such as works by jane west, hester chapone, and hannah more ; books about architecture and painting ; parliamentary records ( more than one owner of godmersham park was an mp ) ; works on science and medicine ; dictionaries ( including two editions of samuel johnson \u2019 s ) and works on grammar ( not just english but also greek ) ; and a selection of periodicals, such as a 1758 - 1791 run of the annual register. unsurprisingly, given that this is the library of landed gentry, there are books on farming, agriculture, and horsemanship, as well as gardening and landscape, and there are also a number of books on kent and the local area. a glimpse into godmersham leisure pursuits is offered by a short treatise on the game of whist ( by edmund hoyle, 1746 ), and chess analysed ( f. d. philidor, 1773 ). in terms of literature, as one would expect, there are works by many of the major figures, including shakespeare ( three editions of the complete works ), milton, dryden, and pope. there are also a significant number of novels in the library : austen \u2019 s favorite, according to her family, samuel richardson \u2019 s sir charles grandison ( 1810 edition ) ; henry fielding \u2019 s joseph andrews ( 1742 ) and tom jones ( 1749 ) ; laurence sterne \u2019 s tristram shandy ( 1760 ), and jonathan swift \u2019 s travels... by lemuel gulliver ( 1726 ). there are, in addition, many titles that are much less well - known today : for example, thinks - i - to - myself by robert nares ( 1812, 2nd ed. ) and the placid man : or,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43311905577352416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.819239"}
{"text": "1726 ). there are, in addition, many titles that are much less well - known today : for example, thinks - i - to - myself by robert nares ( 1812, 2nd ed. ) and the placid man : or, memoirs of sir charles beville, by charles jenner ( 1770 ). the novel collection includes a number of novels by women \u2014 works by the well - known and popular writers frances burney and maria edgeworth, and others : harriet and sophia lee \u2019 s canterbury tales ( 1804, 4th ed. ) ; sarah scott \u2019 s millenium hall ( 1762 ) and the history of sir george ellison ( 1766 ) ; frances brooke \u2019 s the history of lady julia mandeville ( 1763 ) ; catherine parry \u2019 s eden vale ( 1784 ) and jane porter \u2019 s the pastor \u2019 s fire - side ( 1817 ) are some examples. there are several novels by french women writers, testimony to the importance and popularity of these writers in eighteenth - century england. these works include letters written by a peruvian princess by francoise d \u2019 issembourg d \u2019 happoncourt de grafigny ( or graffigny : both spellings are used, and no less than two english editions of this hugely popular and influential novel appear in the catalogue, as well as one in the original french ) ; lettres de milady juliette catesby, a milady henriette campley, son amie by marie jeanne de heurles laboras de mezieres riccoboni ( 1760, 4th ed. ), and, as previously discussed, stephanie - felicite de genlis \u2019 s adele et theodore, ou, lettres sur l \u2019 education ( 1782 ). the implication is that the family at godmersham ( or at least some members ) were not only novel - readers, but also valued their novels enough to retain them, accommodate them on the library shelves, and document them in the catalogue along with the rest of the collection. at the end of the godmersham library catalogue, underneath the entries for self - control, marmion, and several other works austen may have read, a small number of books are recorded as having been \u201c removed to the drawg. room \u201d from the library. presumably these were family favorites or those books that were to be given pride of place. among these treasured books are the history of sir charles grandison, works by maria edgeworth, frances burney, and robert southey \u2014 and, of course, all six novels by austen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4011252460290745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.821359"}
{"text": "those books that were to be given pride of place. among these treasured books are the history of sir charles grandison, works by maria edgeworth, frances burney, and robert southey \u2014 and, of course, all six novels by austen herself. mary brunton, self - control : a novel. 3rd edition. edinburgh : printed for george ramsay & co. for manners and miller, edinburgh ; and longman, hurst, rees, orme, and brown, london. 1811. in april of 1811, jane wrote to cassandra that she had \u201c tried to get self - controul, but in vain. \u2014 i should like to know what [ mrs. knight \u2019 s ] estimate is \u2014 but am always half afraid of finding a clever novel too clever \u2014 & of finding my own story & my own people all forestalled \u201d ( 30 april 1811 ). on 11 october 1813, she wrote from godmersham park, \u201c i am looking over self control again, & my opinion is confirmed of its \u2019 being an excellently - meant, elegantly - written work, without anything of nature or probability in it. i declare i do not know whether laura \u2019 s passage down the american river, is not the most natural, possible, every - day thing she ever does \u201d ( 11 - 12 october 1813 ). the copy shown above is in all probability the very copy that austen was \u201c looking over \u201d in 1813, listed in the 1818 godmersham catalogue. sir walter scott, marmion : a tale of flodden field. 4th edition. edinburgh : printed by j. ballantyne and co. for archibald constable and company, edinburgh ; and william miller, albemarle - street, and john murray, london. 1808. sir walter scott, the lady of the lake, a poem. illustrated edition. london : charles tilt, fleet street. 1839. the knight collection contains three separate editions of the lady of the lake, including the third and fourth ballantyne editions of 1810, both of which austen may have read. we chose to display the later edition, the property of austen \u2019 s niece, for the charming illustrations. on 22 june 1808, jane austen wrote to cassandra, \u201c ought i to be very much pleased with marmion? \u2014 as yet i am not. \u2014 james reads it aloud in the eveng \u201d ( 20 - 22 june 1808 ). although she was not at first impressed, she liked the work well enough to buy a copy for her brother charles in january", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39252315681696653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.828784"}
{"text": "? \u2014 as yet i am not. \u2014 james reads it aloud in the eveng \u201d ( 20 - 22 june 1808 ). although she was not at first impressed, she liked the work well enough to buy a copy for her brother charles in january of 1809, and to appropriate some lines from it to her own purposes in a letter of 1813. describing the first edition of pride and prejudice, she writes : \u201c there are a few typical errors \u2014 & a \u2018 said he \u2019 or a \u2018 said she \u2019 would sometimes make the dialogue more immediately clear \u2014 but \u2018 i do not write for such dull elves / as have not a great deal of ingenuity themselves \u2019 \u201d ( 29 january 1813 ). the actual lines are from marmion : \u201c i do not rhyme to that dull elf / who cannot image to himself \u201d ( 6 : 38 ). she alludes to the lady of the lake in june of 1811, writing : \u201c we began pease on sunday, but our gatherings are very small \u2014 not at all like the gathering in the lady of the lake \u201d ( 6 june 1811 ). these works are also alluded to in persuasion. william shakespeare, the works of shakespeare, volume the second. containing, love \u2019 s labour lost. a midsummer - night \u2019 s dream. the merchant of venice. as you like it. the taming of the shrew. all \u2019 s well that ends well. london : printed for j. tonson, and the rest of the proprietors. two title pages giving different publication dates ( 1635 and 1735 ) ; actual date of publication 1725 [? ]. jane austen frequently quotes or alludes to shakespeare. as henry crawford says in mansfield park, shakespeare is \u201c \u2018 part of an englishman \u2019 s constitution. his thoughts and beauties are so spread abroad that one touches them every where, one is intimate with him by instinct \u2019 \u201d ( 390 - 91 ). a midsummer night \u2019 s dream is quoted by emma woodhouse in emma : \u201c there does seem to be a something in the air of hartfield which gives love exactly the right direction, and sends it into the very channel where it ought to flow. the course of true love never did run smooth \u2014 a hartfield edition of shakespeare would have a long note on that passage. \u201d ( 79 - 80 ). jocelyn harris suggests that this play is a significant intertext in emma : \u201c when emma asserts in defiance of shakespeare that the course of true love can run smooth at hartfield, she reveals not only her enchanting hub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43993458089984006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.829762"}
{"text": "( 79 - 80 ). jocelyn harris suggests that this play is a significant intertext in emma : \u201c when emma asserts in defiance of shakespeare that the course of true love can run smooth at hartfield, she reveals not only her enchanting hubris but a hint that jane austen had at least a scrap of midsummer night \u2019 s dream in her head when she wrote emma. i believe one can say more. just as predecessors provided her with controlling designs and inspiration in earlier works, so this comedy, even more thoroughly, lies behind emma \u201d ( art of memory 169 ). there were several unidentified editions of shakespeare in the library at godmersham in 1818. we do not know which of them she used, but it does not seem likely that austen would have relied on this copy, a gift to her nephew in 1812, when structuring the plot of emma. we chose to include this copy in the exhibition to demonstrate the ways in which books frequently passed between members of the austen family as gifts. the new baronetage of england : containing, as well as a concise genealogical history, as the present state and alliances of the english baronets, and baronets of great britain, from the institution of the order in 1611, to the union with ireland, at the close of the year 1800 ; with their armorial bearings, correctly engraved ; and a list of the baronets of the united kingdom since created. vol ii. london : printed for william miller, old bond - street, and edmund lloyd, harley street. june 1804. this copy has been annotated at the following entries : pp. 489 - 90, p. 498, pp. 566 - 67, pp. 621 - 22, p. 792, p. 864. the entry for bridges, baronets of goodnestone park, goodnestone - next - wingham, kent ( 566 - 67 ), has been heavily annotated. since the notes were made, the pages have been re - trimmed and possibly rebound, resulting in the loss of some of the annotations which refer to marriages, deaths and births within the bridges family. at the bottom of page 567 it is possible to read the following : \u201c x married 1791, edwd. austen esq. [? ] godmersham park, kent. \u201d the rest of the annotation has been damaged by cropping, but it seems to refer to the births of edward ( austen ) knight \u2019 s children. within the entry for bridges, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44300388228820387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.830692"}
{"text": "[? ] godmersham park, kent. \u201d the rest of the annotation has been damaged by cropping, but it seems to refer to the births of edward ( austen ) knight \u2019 s children. within the entry for bridges, the entry \u201c elizabeth born may 23, 1773 \u201d has been highlighted by lines drawn above and below and what appears to be a cross ( x ) at the end. this highlighting neatly ties in with the cross ( x ) at the beginning of the annotated entry for edward austen at the foot of the page. it is likely that either elizabeth bridges or edward knight annotated this book. the baronetage features in persuasion : \u201c sir walter elliot, of kellynch - hall, in somersetshire, was a man who, for his own amusement, never took up any book but the baronetage ; there he found occupation for an idle hour, and consolation in a distressed one ;... he could read his own history with an interest which never failed \u201d ( 3 ). there are several copies of the baronetage and the peerage in the knight collection ; austen could have been familiar with any or all of them, including this copy. although we cannot accurately date the annotations, it is possible that the interest in family history demonstrated by the annotations of the bridges entry suggested sir walter \u2019 s additions to the elliot family \u2019 s entry in the baronetage in persuasion. james fordyce, sermons to young women, in two volumes. 8th edition. london : printed for t. cadell in the strand, and j. dodsley in pall - mall. 1775. didactic literature abounds in advice about what young women should and should not read. novels are frequently execrated, while books like fordyce \u2019 s are recommended. jane austen, however, clearly considered fordyce \u2019 s sermons to be a byword for dullness, neither useful nor entertaining. in pride and prejudice she creates a vividly humorous scene where the lumpish mr. collins quite literally judges a book by its cover : mr. bennet was... glad to invite him to read aloud to the ladies. mr. collins readily assented, and a book was produced ; but on beholding it, ( for every thing announced it to be from a circulating library, ) he started back, and begging pardon, protested that he never read novels. \u2014 kitty stared at him, and lydia exclaimed. \u2014 other books were produced, and after some deliberation he chose fordyce \u2019 s sermons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4385804961169501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.831585"}
{"text": "from a circulating library, ) he started back, and begging pardon, protested that he never read novels. \u2014 kitty stared at him, and lydia exclaimed. \u2014 other books were produced, and after some deliberation he chose fordyce \u2019 s sermons. lydia gaped as he opened the volume, and before he had, with very monotonous solemnity, read three pages, she interrupted him.... ( 76 - 77 ) as previously noted, the austen family were \u201c great novel - readers & not ashamed of being so \u201d ( 18 - 19 december 1798 ), and they often borrowed novels from the circulating libraries. the joke is therefore on mr. collins : he is unable to appreciate that a novel might be both entertaining and instructive, and so he bores the girls with a reading from fordyce. sir charles grandison, novel and play samuel richardson, the history of sir charles grandison ; in a series of letters. london : printed for t. payne ; g. robinson ; w. lowndes ; wilkie and robinson ; j. walker ; r. lea ; j. nunn ; lackington and co. ; c. law ; longman, hurst, rees, and orme ; cadell and davies ; j. k. newman ; crosby and co. ; s. bagster ; j. booker ; j. asperne ; and johnson and co. 1810. we have already noted that, according to her brother, her nephew, and other family tradition, sir charles grandison was one of jane austen \u2019 s very favorite novels. she read and re - read it many times. henry austen wrote that \u201c richardson \u2019 s power of creating, and preserving the consistency of his characters, as particularly exemplified in \u201c sir charles grandison, \u201d gratified the natural discrimination of her mind, whilst her taste secured her from the errors of his prolix style and tedious narrative \u201d ( \u201c biographical notice \u201d 330 ). james edward went further in the memoir, claiming that \u201c her knowledge of richardson \u2019 s works was such as no one is likely again to acquire.... every circumstance narrated in sir charles grandison, all that was ever said or done in the cedar parlour, was familiar to her ; and the wedding days of lady l. and lady g. were as well remembered as if they had been living friends \u201d ( memoir 79 ). jane austen certainly referred frequently and familiarly to sir charles grandison and its characters. in september of 1813, she likened a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.39901261426732504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.832555"}
{"text": "of lady l. and lady g. were as well remembered as if they had been living friends \u201d ( memoir 79 ). jane austen certainly referred frequently and familiarly to sir charles grandison and its characters. in september of 1813, she likened a cap of her own to one in the novel : \u201c it will be white sattin and lace, and a little white flower perking out of the left ear, like harriot byron \u2019 s feather \u201d ( 15 - 16 september 1813 ). a month later, she jokingly answered a letter of cassandra \u2019 s as follows : \u201c dear me! what is to become of me! such a long letter! \u2014 two & forty lines in the 2d page. \u2014 like harriot byron i ask, what am i to do with my gratitude? \u2014 i can do nothing but thank you & go on \u201d ( 11 - 12 oct 1813 ). sir charles grandison is a favorite with mrs. morland in northanger abbey, though the vacuous isabella thorpe \u2019 s friend miss andrews considers it heavy going : \u201c it is so odd to me, that you should never have read udolpho before ; but i suppose mrs. morland objects to novels. \u201d \u201c no, she does not. she very often reads sir charles grandison herself ; but new books do not fall in our way. \u201d \u201c sir charles grandison! that is an amazing horrid book, is it not? \u2014 i remember miss andrews could not get through the first volume. \u201d \u201c it is not like udolpho at all ; but yet i think it is very entertaining. \u201d ( 35 ) the book \u2019 s influence can also be seen in a number of pieces from jane austen \u2019 s juvenile writings, most notably in the character of charles adams in \u201c jack and alice. \u201d the copy displayed in the exhibition was from the knight collection, although austen knew the text well before 1810, the date of this edition. \u201c sir charles grandison, \u201d manuscript play in five acts in jane austen \u2019 s hand. five sections of pages of varying sizes, forming five ( perhaps originally four ) small booklets. in this manuscript, the five lengthy volumes of samuel richardson \u2019 s epistolary novel sir charles grandison ( 1753 - 54 ) become a very short five - act play. it was probably designed to be acted in private, in front of an audience who knew the source text well, and thus it provides useful evidence of the late eighteenth - and early nineteenth - century vogue for private theatrical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42989822071845746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.833467"}
{"text": "a very short five - act play. it was probably designed to be acted in private, in front of an audience who knew the source text well, and thus it provides useful evidence of the late eighteenth - and early nineteenth - century vogue for private theatricals, both in the austen household and more widely in europe. the playlet focuses on the harriet byron plot, omitting the sections of the original set in italy. austen family tradition suggested that the adaptation was dictated to austen by her niece jane anna elizabeth ( \u201c anna, \u201d 1793 - 1872 ), the daughter of her eldest brother, james ( 1765 - 1843 ), and a member of the most literary branch of austen \u2019 s immediate family. like the family, scholars are united in agreeing that the handwriting is austen \u2019 s own, although the heavy corrections and crossings - out are unlike those to be found in austen \u2019 s other manuscripts. in 1977, brian southam first made the suggestion that the work was likely to have been written by austen herself. he published his findings in 1980, identifying the work not as \u201c a complete new novel \u201d but something equally unexpected, \u201c sir charles grandison, \u201d \u201c a new play. \u201d southam dates the bulk of the composition at around 1800, when austen would have been twenty - four, and argues that the play was probably started in her youth and picked up at this later date. since his publication, leading austen scholars have expressed both agreement and skepticism. the evidence provided by both the watermarks ( undated paper is used for act one ; later sections are watermarked 1796 and 1799 ) and by other works that austen was composing in her teenage years and by 1800, is in itself open to interpretation. many scholars have relied on the textual evidence, which is simply that \u201c sir charles grandison \u201d is a poorly - written minor work, incompatible with the achievements of a highly accomplished writer who writes better in her teenage years. linda bree and janet todd, the editors of the later manuscripts volume of the cambridge university press edition of austen \u2019 s work, see \u201c no compelling reason \u201d ( cxvi ) to challenge the family tradition \u2019 s attribution of the play to anna. this is not the place to challenge or confirm attribution, or indeed to rehearse the lively critical debate of recent years. as a piece of work that austen was involved with, regardless of how big a role she played in the composition, \u201c sir charles grandison \u201d is an important manuscript for chawton house library \u2014 one of the jewels of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4206402002754618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.834436"}
{"text": "debate of recent years. as a piece of work that austen was involved with, regardless of how big a role she played in the composition, \u201c sir charles grandison \u201d is an important manuscript for chawton house library \u2014 one of the jewels of the collection \u2014 and a charming material object in its own right. its existence provides concrete evidence of the collective nature of the extended austen family \u2019 s reading and says much too about the enjoyment that several generations of this family obtained from reading, rereading, discussing, adapting, lampooning, quoting from, and laughing about canonical eighteenth - century novels. the play was performed, by undergraduate students at the university of southampton, in full costume and with a drawing - room set, in the great hall at chawton house library in december 2007, as part of the bicentennial celebrations of austen \u2019 s arrival in southampton. cast and audience alike were amused by the entertainment, although it is clear that comprehension was impeded by a lack of familiarity with richardson \u2019 s novel : few twenty - first century readers can claim that richardson \u2019 s characters are for them \u201c living friends. \u201d this response is a useful reminder of how different our horizon of expectations is from austen \u2019 s own and from that of her contemporary readers, and of how important an understanding of austen \u2019 s reading is to an understanding of her novels. austen frequently alludes elliptically to the literary works, characters, or authors that she, her family, and her friends knew well, drawing on the powerful potential of shared reading to create a bond between author and reader. katherine mansfield once wrote of jane austen that \u201c every admirer of the novels feels that he or she has become the \u201c secret friend \u201d of the author \u201d ( 304 ). our \u201c friendship \u201d with austen \u2014 in other words, our better comprehension of her novels \u2014 can only be strengthened and deepened when we properly understand her references to the books she read. knight family bookplates the following are some examples of bookplates used by members of the knight family at godmersham and chawton in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and are still to be found in the knight collection today. thomas knight i ( 1701 - 1781 ) thomas knight \u2019 s family name was brodnax, and he was the first member of the family to link the chawton and godmersham estates. in 1727, he changed his name to may in order to inherit the godmersham estate, changing it again to knight in 1738 to inherit the chawton estate. his son,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46191830977472564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.835363"}
{"text": "family to link the chawton and godmersham estates. in 1727, he changed his name to may in order to inherit the godmersham estate, changing it again to knight in 1738 to inherit the chawton estate. his son, also called thomas knight, made edward austen ( later knight ) his heir to the godmersham, chawton, and steventon estates. edward knight ( 1794 - 1879 ) it is unclear if this bookplate relates to edward knight ( 1767 - 1852 ), jane austen \u2019 s brother, or his eldest son who was also called edward ( and whose dates are given above ). like all of the children of jane austen \u2019 s brother edward knight, the younger edward was born austen and took the name knight only when his father did so in 1812. based on the inscriptions in the knight collection copy of byron \u2019 s poetry, it is possible that the bookplate shown here was edward knight junior \u2019 s bookplate as the inscriptions in the book are his. montagu g. knight ( 1844 - 1914 ) montagu knight was the son of jane austen \u2019 s nephew, edward knight. montagu knight was the first of this branch of the family to make chawton his main home. ( edward knight junior sold godmersham in 1874, and montagu inherited chawton on his father \u2019 s death in 1879. ) in 1911 montagu co - wrote a history of the house and estate called chawton manor and its owners. a copy of this book is in the chawton house library collection. montagu used three different bookplates, and shown here are examples of two of them. we are grateful to the trustees of chawton house library for allowing us to curate the original exhibition from material held in the library. particular thanks go to dr. sandy lerner, chair of the board of trustees, whose generous benefaction provided the bulk of the main collection, and to richard knight, whose family collection, the knight collection, is on extended deposit at chawton house library. we would also like to thank jacqui grainger, ray moseley, sarah parry, and helen scott, colleagues past and present at chawton house library, for their generosity in sharing their expertise, both technical and bibliographical. we are grateful to karen attar and olivia murphy for their help in preparing the exhibition guide. austen, henry. \u201c biographical notice of the author. \u201d persuasion. ed. janet todd and antje blank. cambridge : cup, 2006. 326 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.384624219295182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.837778"}
{"text": "we are grateful to karen attar and olivia murphy for their help in preparing the exhibition guide. austen, henry. \u201c biographical notice of the author. \u201d persuasion. ed. janet todd and antje blank. cambridge : cup, 2006. 326 - 32. austen, jane. emma. ed. richard cronin and dorothy macmillan. cambridge : cup, 2005. _ _ _ _ _. jane austen \u2019 s letters. ed. deirdre le faye. 3rd ed. oxford : oup, 1995. _ _ _ _ _. juvenilia. ed. peter sabor. cambridge : cup, 2006. _ _ _ _ _. later manuscripts. ed. janet todd and linda bree. cambridge : cup, 2008. _ _ _ _ _. mansfield park. ed. john wiltshire. cambridge : cup, 2005. _ _ _ _ _. northanger abbey. ed. barbara m. benedict and deirdre le faye. cambridge : cup, 2006. _ _ _ _ _. persuasion. ed. janet todd and antje blank. cambridge : cup, 2006 _ _ _ _ _. pride and prejudice. ed. pat rogers. cambridge : cup, 2006. _ _ _ _ _. sense and sensibility. ed. edward copeland. cambridge : cup, 2006. austen - leigh, james edward. a memoir of jane austen. a memoir of jane austen and other family recollections. ed. kathryn sutherland. oxford : oup, 2002. 1 - 134. barker, gerard a. grandison \u2019 s heirs : the paragon \u2019 s progress in the late eighteenth century novel. london : associated up, 1985. gay, penny. jane austen and the theatre. cambridge : cup, 2002. gilson, david. \u201c jane austen \u2019 s books. \u201d jane austen : collected articles and introductions. privately printed, 1998. 73 - 90. grundy, isobel. \u201c jane austen and literary traditions. \u201d the cambridge companion to jane austen. ed. edward copeland and juliet mcmaster. cambridge : cup, 1997. 189 - 210. halsey, katie. introduction. complete works of jane austen. newcastle : cambridge scholars, 2009. _ _ _ _ _. jane austen and her readers. london : anthem ( forthcoming ). _ _ _ _ _. \u201c reading the evidence of reading. \u201d popular narrative media 2 ( 2008 ) : 123 - 37. harris, jocelyn. jane austen \u2019 s art of memory. 1989. cambridge : cup, 2003. _ _ _ _", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44422273455781525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.839191"}
{"text": "_ _ _ _ _. \u201c reading the evidence of reading. \u201d popular narrative media 2 ( 2008 ) : 123 - 37. harris, jocelyn. jane austen \u2019 s art of memory. 1989. cambridge : cup, 2003. _ _ _ _ _. a revolution almost beyond expression : jane austen \u2019 s persuasion. newark : u of delaware p, 2007. lascelles, mary. jane austen and her art. london : oxford up, 1939. le faye, deirdre. chronology of jane austen and her family. cambridge : cup, 2006. _ _ _ _ _. jane austen : a family record. 2nd ed. cambridge : cup, 2004. mansfield, katherine. novels and novelists. new york : knopf, 1930. moler, kenneth l. jane austen \u2019 s art of allusion. lincoln : u of nebraska p, 1968. richardson, alan. \u201c reading practices. \u201d jane austen in context. ed. janet todd. cambridge : cup, 2005. 397 - 405. southam, brian. jane austen \u2019 s \u201c sir charles grandison. \u201d tr. and ed. brian southam. foreword by lord david cecil. oxford : clarendon, 1980. stabler, jane. \u201c literary influences. \u201d jane austen in context. ed. janet todd. cambridge : cup, 2005. 41 - 50. scott, walter. journal. ed. w. g. tait. edinburgh : oliver, 1939. st. clair, william. the reading nation in the romantic period. cambridge : cup, 2004. sutherland, kathryn. \u201c chronology of composition and publication. \u201d jane austen in context. ed. janet todd. cambridge : cup, 2005. 12 - 22. _ _ _ _ _. jane austen \u2019 s textual lives. oxford : oup, 2005. waldron, mary. jane austen and the fiction of her time. cambridge : cup, 1999.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49557919493979374, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:36f97791-6ecf-4fb5-a3bf-5259d7df13da>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.839917"}
{"text": "| start up capital | | | print | | a leading cause of small business failure is inadequate start - up capital. before you begin your new venture, you must realistically project not only your start - up costs for such things as equipment, renovations, and promotion, but also your cash flow requirements for the early stages of operation. it often takes time to build sales levels, yet rent, utilities and other costs are immediate. during this time, bills are arriving faster than the customers ; cash reserves can help the business survive. funding needed for start - up and operation of a business is available in two forms : ( 1 ) debt capital - borrowed funds ; and ( 2 ) equity capital - funds generated through the sale of stock, or by the investment of the owner. the terms on repayment of debt capital vary and are negotiated between lender and borrower. raising capital through the sale of stock is complex and highly regulated ; you should seek legal advice. more than half of all businesses are started with capital invested by the owner or the owner \u2019 s family. should you decide that your own resources are insufficient, the traditional sources of financing are : banks, local, state and federal agencies, and venture capital firms. start up costs start - up costs are those expenses that you will incur before your business opens. they vary according to the type of business, but there are some common considerations for everyone estimating their start - up costs. the sample worksheet will help you begin the process of assessing your financial needs so that your venture is not undercapitalised at the outset. some of your start - up expenses will also become ongoing monthly costs once your firm is in operation. it is necessary to estimate all of your monthly costs so that you are realistic about the income your firm will need. the following worksheet includes some basic considerations. completing it will help you and your accountant develop cash flow projections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4265406961495378, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4f1b6248-25e8-4fb0-809f-3cf8dbfc1457>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.841901"}
{"text": "france ( formerly called gaul ) : - church laws against jews. - \u2014 roman - gallic epoch : - merovingian period : - decrees of church councils. - under childebert and chilperic. - conversion of jews. - under dagobert. - carlovingian period : - \" king of the jews \" at narbonne. - under charlemagne. - under louis le debonnaire. - agobard ' s account. - amulo ' s \" against the jews. \" - the first capets \u2014 987 - 1137 : - persecution of jews in limoges and rouen. - franko - jewish literature. - the crusades : - r. tam in the second crusade. - blood accusation. - expulsion from france, 1182. - the \" tosafot. \" - centers of rabbinic learning. - in the south. - provencal learning. - halakic studies. - rabad and rambam. - the translators. - thirteenth century. northern france : - recalled by philip augustus, 1198. - innocent iii. - under louis viii. and st. louis. - increased restrictions under st. louis. - disputations between jews and christians. - burning of the talmud. - under philip the bold and philip the fair. - blood accusation and host desecration. - increasing taxation. - exile of 1306. - thirteenth century. southern france : - policy of alphonse of poitiers. - relations with the inquisition. - the schools of paris and elsewhere. - jewish learning in southern france. - polemics and apologetics. - maimonists and anti - maimonists. - dispute about philosophical studies - return of the jews to france, 1315 : - under philip v. - under charles iv. - conditions at tours. - under john the good. - under charles v. - under charles vi. - levi b. gershon. - narboni, kalonymus, and others. - the rest of france. - beginnings of emancipation. - debates in the national assembly. - during the reign of terror. - attitude of napoleon. - the sanhedrin. - the consistories. - after the restoration. - state recognition. - mode of consistorial election. - reform in france. country forming the most westerly part of central europe. church laws against jews. \u2014 roman - gallic epoch : the banishment of archelaus to vienne in gaul in the year 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40473672251194076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.991017"}
{"text": "of consistorial election. - reform in france. country forming the most westerly part of central europe. church laws against jews. \u2014 roman - gallic epoch : the banishment of archelaus to vienne in gaul in the year 6 ( josephus, \" ant. \" xvii. 13, \u00a7 \u00a7 2 - 3 ; idem, \" b. j. \" ii. 7, \u00a7 3 ; dion cassius cocceianus, \" hist. rom\u00e6, \" lv. 27 ; strabo, xvi. 2, 46 ), and that of herod antipas to lugdunum ( lyons ) in the year 39 ( josephus, \" ant. \" xviii. 7, \u00a7 2, but differently in \" b. j. \" ii. 9, \u00a7 6 ), were assuredly not the determining factors in the jewish immigration into the gallic provinces. the immigration was due rather to economic causes and to chance trading - journeys. there is no documentary proof of the presence of jews in this country dating earlier than the fourth century, but they were certainly there before that period. hilary of poitiers ( died 366 ) is praised for having fled from their society ( venantius fortunatus, \" vita s. hilarii, \" iii. ). a decree of the emperors theodosius ii. and valentinian iii., addressed to amatius, prefect of gaul ( july 9, 425 ), prohibited jews and pagans from practising law and from holding public offices ( \" militandi \" ), in order that christians should not be in subjection to them, and thus be incited to change their faith ( \" constit. sirmond. \" vi., ed. hoenel, \" corpus juris antejustin. \" i. 458 ). at the funeral of hilary, bishop of arles, in 449, jews and christians mingled in crowds and wept, while the former sang psalms in hebrew ( honoratus \" vita hilarii, \" 22 ; \" prosperi et honorati opera, \" ed. salinas, p. 304, rome, 1732 ). from the year 465 the church took official cognizance of the jews. the council of vannes ( 465 ) for bade the clergy to partake of the meals of the jews or to invite them to their own, because, christian food being placed under the ban by the jews, the clergy would appear inferior", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4088785705975142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.992139"}
{"text": ". the council of vannes ( 465 ) for bade the clergy to partake of the meals of the jews or to invite them to their own, because, christian food being placed under the ban by the jews, the clergy would appear inferior to them if they accepted jewish food while the jews refused to eat the food which christians offered them ( \" concil. vanet. \" can. 12 ; mansi, \" sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, \" vii. 954 ). in 472 sidonius apollinarius recommended a jew to eleutherius of tournai, saying that \" these people are accustomed to having good causes to plead. \" on two occasions in 473 he made use of the services of a jew named gozolas to send a letter to one of his correspondents. at the same date he recommended another jew, who had been baptized, to nonnechius, bishop of nantes ( \" sidon. apollin. \" ed. baret, iii. 8, p. 252 ; iv. 8, p. 277 ; vi. 8, p. 350 ; viii. 4, p. 410 ). jews were found in marseilles in the sixth century ( gregory of tours, \" historia francorum, \" v. 11, vi. 17 ; gregory the great, \" epistol. greg. \" 1, 47 ; migne, lxxvii. 500 ), at arles ( ib. vii. 24 ), at uzes ( \" vita ferreoli \" ), at narbonne ( gregory of tours, viii. 1 ), at clermont - ferrand ( ib. iv. 12 ; v. 11 ), at orleans ( gregory, \" vit. patr. \" vi. 7 ), at paris, and at bordeaux ( gregory, \" de virt. s. martini, \" 3, 50 ). these places were generally centers of roman administration, located on the great commercial routes, and there the jews possessed synagogues ( for clermont, see gregory of tours, \" hist. franc. \" v. 11 ; for orleans, ib. viii. 1 ). in harmony with the theodosian code, and according to an edict addressed in 331 to the decurions of cologne by the emperor constantine, the internal organization of the jews seems to have been the same as in the roman empire. they appear to have had priests ( rabbis or ha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3957623083910039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.992979"}
{"text": "code, and according to an edict addressed in 331 to the decurions of cologne by the emperor constantine, the internal organization of the jews seems to have been the same as in the roman empire. they appear to have had priests ( rabbis or hazzanim? ), archisynagogues, patersynagogues, and other synagogue officials ( \" cod. theod. \" 4, xvi. 8 : \" hieros et archisynagogos et patres synagogarum et ceteros qui synagogis deserviunt \" ). the jews were principally merchants ( gregory of tours, \" hist. franc. \" iv. 12, 35 ; vi. 5, \" concil. matisc. \" can. 2 ; mansi, ix. 932 ) and slave - dealers ( \" epist. greg. \" 7, 24 ; migne, lxxvii. 877 ) ; they were also tax - collectors ( gregory of tours, \" hist. franc. \" vii. 23 ), sailors ( idem, \" de gloria conf. \" 97 ), and physicians ( idem, \" hist. franc. \" v. 6 ). they probably remained under the roman law until the triumph of christianity, with the status established by caracalla \u2014 on a footing of equality with their fellow citizens. the emperor constantius ( 321 ) compelled them to share in the curia, a heavy burden imposed on citizens of townships ( \" cod. theod. \" 3, xvi. 8 ). there is nothing to show that their association with their fellow citizens was not of an amicable nature, even after the establishment of christianity in gaul. it is known that the christian clergy participated in their feasts ( \" council of agda, \" 506 ) ; intermarriage between jews and christians sometimes occurred ( council of orleans, 533 ) ; the jews made proselytes, and their religious customs were so freely adopted that at the third council of orleans ( 539 ) it was found necessary to warn the faithful against jewish \" superstitions, \" and to order them to abstain from traveling on sunday and from adorning their persons or dwellings on that day. merovingian period : decrees of church councils. during this period the church endeavored to modify existing conditions in the interests of christianity. in the provincial councils the bishops adopted a series of measures for the purpose of creating a chasm between jews and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4166753467293776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.993988"}
{"text": "merovingian period : decrees of church councils. during this period the church endeavored to modify existing conditions in the interests of christianity. in the provincial councils the bishops adopted a series of measures for the purpose of creating a chasm between jews and christians, and of marking the inferiority of the jews. as stated above, the council of vannes prohibited the clergy from taking their meals with them ( \" concil. vanet. \" can. 12 ; mansi, vii. 954 ; compare the action of the council of elvira in 305 ). this prohibition was repeated at the council of agda in 506 ( \" concil. agath. \" can. 40 ; mansi, viii. 331 ), again at the council of epaon in 517 ( \" concil. epaon. \" can. 15 ; mansi, viii. 561 ), and once more at the third council of orleans ( \" concil. aurel. \" iii. can. 13 ; mansi, ix. 15 ). the second council of orleans ( 533 ), that of clermont ( 535 ), and that of orleans ( 538 ) prohibited all intermarriage of jews and christians. christians who would not agree to dissolve such unions were to be excommunicated ( \" concil. aurel. \" ii. can. 19 ; mansi, viii. 838 ; \" concil. arvern. \" can. 6 ; mansi, viii. 861 ; \" concil. aurel. \" iii. can. 13 ; mansi, ix15 ). the council of clermont ( 535 ) forbade the appointing of jews as judges ( \" concil. arvern. \" can. 9 ; mansi, viii. 861 ). the third council of orleans ( 538 ) and again that of macon ( 581 ) decreed that \" since, by the grace of god, we live under the rule of catholic kings, \" the jews should not appear among christians for four consecutive days after good friday ( \" concil. aurel. \" iii. can. 30 ; mansi, ix. 19 ; \" concil. matisc. \" can. 14 ; mansi, ix. 934 ). the fourth council of orleans ( 541 ) decreed among other things that whenever a jew made a proselyte ( \" advena \" ), or reconverted to his religion a jew", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41877994516513045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.994795"}
{"text": "14 ; mansi, ix. 934 ). the fourth council of orleans ( 541 ) decreed among other things that whenever a jew made a proselyte ( \" advena \" ), or reconverted to his religion a jew who had been baptized, or possessed himself of a christian slave, or converted to judaism any one born of christian parents, he should be punished by the loss of all his slaves. if any one born of christian parents became a jew, and obtained his freedom on condition of remaining such, the condition must be considered void, for it was unjust that one living as a jew should enjoy the freedom attaching to christian birth ( \" concil. aurel. \" iv. can. 31 ; mansi, ix. 118 ). the council of macon ( 581 ) reiterated the prohibition against appointing jews as judges, and closed to them also the office of tax - collector, \" in order that christians may not be subjected to those whom god rejects \" ( \" concil. matisc. \" can. 13 ; mansi, ix. 934 ). to the prohibition against appearing in public during holy week were added the obligation to show reverence to ecclesiastics and the interdiction against walking before them. those who broke this law were to be punished by the local magistrates ( ib. can. 14 ; mansi, ib. ). despite the decrees of previous councils, jews living in some of the towns continued to hold christian slaves. the council of macon, therefore, decreed that such slaves were to be ransomed for twelve sous, and either be set at liberty or continue in servitude under their new masters. if the jews refused to free them, the slave, until his master accepted the price of his redemption, should be free to dwell among christians wherever he chose. if a jew succeeded in converting a christian slave to judaism he lost his property rights over that slave and the right of making him an object of testamentary bequest ( ib. can. 16 ; mansi, ix. 935 ). the council of narbonne forbade jews to sing psalms at burials of their own people ; those who transgressed this decree were compelled to pay a fine to the lord of the city ( \" concil. narbon. \" can. 9 ; mansi, ix. 1016 ). the fifth council of paris ( 614 ) prohibited the jews from asking or from exercising civic or administrative rights over christians, unless they and their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4212359096963937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.995653"}
{"text": "\" concil. narbon. \" can. 9 ; mansi, ix. 1016 ). the fifth council of paris ( 614 ) prohibited the jews from asking or from exercising civic or administrative rights over christians, unless they and their families should accept baptism from the bishop of the place ( \" concil. paris, \" v. can. 17 ; mansi, x. 542 ). the same prohibition was renewed at the council of rheims in 624 - 625 ( \" concil. rem. \" can. 11 ; mansi, x. 596 ). this council returned to the question of christian slaves and decreed that if a jew converted or tormented his christian slaves they should revert to the state treasury ( ib. ). under childebert and chilperic. it may be seen that these different measures were not in any way founded upon the supposition that the jews were morally debased, but harmonized rather with the views of theologians and politicians. the church, it will be observed, no longer content with issuing prohibitions concerning the conduct of christians with relation to the jews, now placed jews themselves, in certain cases, under its own jurisdiction, and at the same time made it to the interest of the civil authorities to assist in carrying out its measures. the council found it necessary also to obtain the sanction of the temporal power for its canons, an aim which it pursued unflaggingly and with much success, for the merovingian kings in general showed themselves willing to accept its authority. yet they were not all submissive to the requests of the clergy. pope gregory the great ( 599 ) rebuked queen brunhilda, thierry, king of the burgundians, and theodebert, king of austrasia, for allowing the jews to hold christian slaves. but such resistance was infrequent : the power of the church at that time, in an almost barbarous state, is well known. childebert was the first fanatic king, and he ratified the decisions of the third council of orleans concerning the presence of jews in public during holy week ( \" concil. matisc. \" can. 14 ; mansi, xiv. 836 ; according to boretius, however, it is not certain that the article became a part of the constitution ; ( see \" beitrage zur capitularienkritik, \" p. 21 ). he banished ferreol ( 555", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4156936493613468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.996491"}
{"text": "god forbids it \" ( gregory of tours, \" hist. franc. \" viii. 1 ). clotaire ii., who had been raised to the throne at a prelates ' congress, hastened to legalize ( oct. 18, 614 ) the canon of the fifth council of paris ( oct. 10, 614 ) relating to the jews ( \" chlotar. edit. \" cap. x., ed. boretius, i. 22 ). gondebaud, fourth king of the burgundians, in his struggleagainst clovis ( 500 ) had been exposed to the enmity of the clergy. forced to submit, he agreed to embrace christianity. it was then that what is known as the \" loi gombette \" was drawn up, which among other things forbade all marriage between jews and christians, such unions, in accordance with the law of theodosius ix., being declared adulterous by the \" loi gombette \" ( \" lex rom. burg. \" tit. xix. 4 ; \" monum. germ. ll. \" iii. 609 ). about the year 517 the same gondebaud prescribed, in the law which is attributed to him, that any jew who struck or kicked a christian should be punished by having his hand cut off, though he might compromise by paying a compensation of 75 sous and a fine of 12 sous. for striking a priest the penalty was death and confiscation of property ( \" libr leg. gundob. \" 102, 1 - 3 ; \" monum. germ. ll. \" iii. 573 ). conversion of jews. in order to insure the public triumph of the church, the clergy endeavored to bring the jews to the acceptance of baptism. a certain simon who was converted about the year 350 even became bishop of metz ( \" pauli et petri carmina, \" 25, 25 : migne, \" patrol. lat., poet. lat. carol. \" i. 60 ). the council of agda ( 506 ) determined the conditions on which jews were admitted to baptism. ferreol, bishop of uzes, converted them by living in familiar intercourse with them. having been severely rebuked for this by childebert, ferreol ordered the jews of his diocese to meet in the church of st. theodoric, and preached to them a baptismal sermon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4185390833184133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.998389"}
{"text": "by living in familiar intercourse with them. having been severely rebuked for this by childebert, ferreol ordered the jews of his diocese to meet in the church of st. theodoric, and preached to them a baptismal sermon. some jews abjured their faith ; he forbade the others to remain in the city, and expelled them from his diocese ( 558 ) ( \" vita ferreoli, \" l. c. ). saint germain ( 568 ) converted a jew at bourges named sigerich ( venantius fortunatus, \" vita s. germ. \" cap. 62 ). avitus, bishop of clermont, strove long but vainly to make converts. at length in 576 a jew sought to be baptized. one of his former coreligionists poured fetid oil over his head. the following sunday the mob that accompanied the bishop razed the synagogue to the ground. afterward the bishop told the jews that unless they were willing to embrace christianity they must withdraw, since he as bishop could have but one flock. it is said that five hundred jews then accepted baptism, and the rest withdrew to marseilles ( gregory of tours, \" hist. franc. \" v. 11 ; venantius fortunatus, \" carm. \" v. 5, a poem written at the command of gregory ). the example of avitus was imitated by virgilius, bishop of arles, and by theodore, bishop of marseilles, and it became necessary for pope gregory the great, on an appeal from the jews who were engaged in commerce at marseilles, to enjoin more moderation and the employment of only suasion for the conversion of the incredulous ( \" epist. greg. \" i. 47 ; ed. migne, lxxvii. 509 ). sulpicius, bishop of bourges ( before 644 ), engaged with equal ardor in the work of conversion ( \" vita s. sulpicii, \" i. 14 ). the jews were not unconcerned in the troubles which devastated the country during the struggles with the \" barbarians. \" with their fellow citizens they defended the city of arles, which was besieged in 508 by the franks and the burgundians. when c\u00e6sarius, the bishop, gave evidence of burgundian leanings and one of his kinsmen passed over to the hostile forces, the jews and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3855299190919335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:54.999383"}
{"text": "besieged in 508 by the franks and the burgundians. when c\u00e6sarius, the bishop, gave evidence of burgundian leanings and one of his kinsmen passed over to the hostile forces, the jews and the goths taxed the bishop with treason. according to the historian, he found a jew to open negotiations with the enemy and to propose the surrender of the city ( \" vita s. c\u00e6sarii episc. arelat. \" i., by s. cyprius, bishop of toulouse ; ed. migne, \" patrol. lat. \" lxvii. ). this story has been rightly mistrusted ( see israel levi in \" r. e. j. \" xxx. 295 et seq. ). under dagobert. in 629 king dagobert proposed to drive from his domains all jews who would not accept christianity. he was instigated to this step by heraclius, emperor of the east, to whom astrology had predicted the destruction of his empire by a circumcised people ( fredeg. \" chron. \" 65, ed. monod, p. 147 ; comp. \" gesta dagoberti, \" c. 24 ; bouquet, ii. 586 ). the story, fabulous in itself, was not invented until after the arab conquest in 632. it is known from other sources that the clergy were never so powerful under any merovingian king as under dagobert. from his reign to that of pepin the short no further mention of the jews is found. but in the south of france, which was then known as \" septimania \" and was a dependency of the visigothic kings of spain, the jews continued to dwell and to prosper. from this epoch ( 689 ) dates the earliest known jewish inscription relating to france, that of narbonne ( \" r. e. j. \" xix. 75 ). the jews of narbonne, chiefly merchants, were popular among the people, who often rebelled against the visigothic kings. it is noteworthy that julian of toledo ( \" hist. rebel. adversus wambam insultatio in tyrann. galli\u00e6, \" i. 25 ; ed. migne, xcvi. 797 ) accuses gaul of being judaized. wamba ( 672 - 680 ) decreed that all the jews of his realm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3918533208550372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.000192"}
{"text": "tyrann. galli\u00e6, \" i. 25 ; ed. migne, xcvi. 797 ) accuses gaul of being judaized. wamba ( 672 - 680 ) decreed that all the jews of his realm should either embrace christianity or quit his dominions. this edict, which \" threatened the interests of the country, \" provoked a general uprising. the count of nimes, hilderic ; the abbot ramire ; and guimaldus, bishop of maguelon, took the jews under their protection, and even compelled their neighbors to follow their example. but the insurrection was crushed, and the edict of expulsion was put into force in 673 ( ib. 28 ). the exile of the jews was not of long duration, since in 681 the twelfth council of toledo took cognizance of them, and at the seventeenth, in 694, egica demanded the punishment of relapsed jews, but excepted from this measure those who inhabited the provinces of gaul, in order that they might assist these regions in recovering from the losses they had sustained, and, in general, that the jews who dwelt in the country might help the duke who was its governor and might contribute to the reestablishment of the province by their talent and by their care and industry. but this was always with the understanding that they be converted to the catholic faith ( dom vaissette, \" hist. generale de languedoc, \" ed. privas, i. 750 - 751 ). carlovingian period : \" king of the jews \" at narbonne. from a letter of pope stephen iii. ( 768 - 772 ) to bishop aribert of narbonne it is seen that in his time the jews still dwelt in provence, and even in the territory of narbonne, enjoying hereditary allodial tenure, and being exempt from high taxation in the towns and outskirts by concession of \" the kings of france. \" they owned fields and vineyards and employed christians ( \" stephanipap\u00e6 epist. \" 2 ; ed. migne, cxxix. 857 ). this concession is probably connected with a curious episode in the struggle with the arabs. the \" roman de philomene \" ( dom vaissette, ed. du mege, addit. to iii. 30 ) recounts how charlemagne, after a fabulous siege of narbonne, rewarded the jews for the part they had taken in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4196415152061348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.001070"}
{"text": "roman de philomene \" ( dom vaissette, ed. du mege, addit. to iii. 30 ) recounts how charlemagne, after a fabulous siege of narbonne, rewarded the jews for the part they had taken in the surrender of the city ; he yielded to them, for their own use, a part of the city, and granted them the right to live under a \" jewish king, \" as the saracens lived under a saracen king. meir, son of simon of narbonne ( 1240 ), in his \" milhemet mizwah \" refers to the same story. it is a well - known fact, he adds, that at the siege of narbonne king charles, having had his horse killed under him, would himself have been killed but for a jew who dismounted and gave the king his horse at the cost of his own life, for he was killed by the saracens. a tradition that charles granted to them a third part of the town and of its suburbs ( neubauer, in \" r. e. j. \" x. 98 - 99 ) is partly confirmed by a document which once existed in the abbey of grasse, and which showed that under the emperor charlemagne a \" king of the jews \" owned a section of the city of narbonne, a possession which charlemagne confirmed in 791 ( note of du mege, \" memoires de la societe des antiquaires, \" 1829, viii. 340 ). in the royal letters of 1364 ( doat collection, 53 et seq. 339 - 353 ) it is also stated that there were two kings at narbonne, a jew and a saracen, and that one - third of the city was given to the jews. a tradition preserved by abraham ibn daud, and agreeing in part with the statement of benjamin of tudela, his contemporary, attributes these favors to r. makir, whom charlemagne summoned from babylon, and who called himself a descendant of david ( neubauer, \" med. jew. chronicles, \" i. 82 ). the jewish quarter of narbonne was called \" new city \" ( \" hist. litter. de la france, \" xxvii. 561 ), and the \" great jewry \" ( tournai, \" catal. du musee de narbonne \" ). the makir family bore, in fact, the name \" nasi \" ( prince ), and lived in a building known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.37668767624388366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.001934"}
{"text": ", and the \" great jewry \" ( tournai, \" catal. du musee de narbonne \" ). the makir family bore, in fact, the name \" nasi \" ( prince ), and lived in a building known as the \" cortada regis jud\u00e6orum \" ( saige, \" hist. des juifs du languedoc, \" p. 44 ). the granting of such privileges would certainly seem to be connected with some particular event, but more probably under charles martel or pepin the short than under charlemagne. a similar story of the surrender of toulouse to the saracens by the jews is rejected as a fable by catel ( \" memoires de l ' histoire du languedoc, \" p. 517 ), and also by dom vaissette ( iii. 252 ). under charlemagne. whatever be the amount of truth in these stories, it is certain that the jews were again numerous in france under charlemagne, their position being regulated by law. a formula for the jewish oath was fixed ( \" capit. de jud\u00e6is, \" cap. 4 ; boretius, i. 258 ). they were allowed to enter into lawsuits with christians ( \" capit. miss. aquisgran. alt. \" cap. 13 ; boretius, i. 152 ), and in their relations with the latter were restrained only from making them work on sunday ( ib. ). they must not, however, take in pawn goods belonging to the church ( \" capit. de jud\u00e6is, \" cap. 1 - 3 ; boretius, i. 258 : though it is doubtful whether this paragraph dates from charlemagne ). they must not trade in currency, wine, or corn ( ib. ; also a doubtful paragraph according to boretius ). of more importance is the fact that they were tried by the emperor himself, to whom they belonged ( ib. ). they engaged in export trade, an instance of this being found in the jew whom charlemagne employed to go to palestine and bring back precious merchandise ( \" mon. sangal. \" i. 16 ; \" monum. germ., scriptores, \" ii. 737 ). furthermore, when the normons disembarked on the coast of narbonnese gaul they were taken for jewish merchants ( ib. ii. 14 ; ii. 757 ). they boast, says one authority, of buying whatever they please from bishops and abbots ( \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4004772819771413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.005893"}
{"text": "wrote to the emperor a memoir relating all that the church of gaul and its heads, as well as the bishops, had done to keep the two religions distinct. in the letter to which he here makes allusion he refers to the \" superstitious ideas and absurd beliefs of the jews, \" citing traits which recall the \" shi ' ur komah, \" \" sefer yezirah, \" the talmud, and divers midrashim of late date ( it may be remembered that hai gaon, in \" ta ' am zekenim, \" reports that the french jews boast of possessing mystical works from natronai ). in their books these jews, after their fashion, recount the history of jesus and peter ( he seems to refer to a \" toledot yeshu \" ) ; they pretend that the christians adore idols, and that the powers obtained by the intercession of the saints are in reality secured through the devil. in a letter to nibridius, bishop of narbonne, agobard begs him to work for the separation of jews and christians as he himself is doing, enjoining upon the christians to flee from the society of the jews at lyons and in some of the neighboring towns. promiscuity is dangerous, for as a matter of fact the christians celebrate the sabbath with the jews, desecrate sunday, and transgress the regular fasts. because the jews boast of being of the race of the patriarchs, the nation of the righteous, the children of the prophets, the ignorant think that they are the only people of god and that the jewish religion is better than their own ( \" agobardi opera, \" ed. migne, civ. ; comp. bernhard simon, \" jahrbucher des frankischen reiches unter ludwig dem frommen, \" i. 393 et seq., leipsic, 1874 ). the highly colored picture presented by the letter of agobard shows not only the policy followed by the church \u2014 the separation of jews and christians, and the reproaches then hurled at the jews \u2014 but also the prosperity which the jews enjoyed as merchants ( not usurers ), and the commencement of their literary activity. amulo ' s \" against the jews. \" agobard had a worthy successor in the person of his disciple amulo ( amolon ), who in 846 published a letter ( \" contra jud\u00e6os, \" ed. migne, cxvi. ) which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3862463534619638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.010936"}
{"text": "jews. \" agobard had a worthy successor in the person of his disciple amulo ( amolon ), who in 846 published a letter ( \" contra jud\u00e6os, \" ed. migne, cxvi. ) which took up and carried to completion agobard ' s arguments ; his memoir affords new information on the situation of the jews of his diocese. the people had not yet perceived the danger of intermingling with the jews, and the leaders were afflicted with the same blindness. wine, even for religious purposes, was always purchased from the jews ; christian freemen continued to take service with them, both in the city and elsewhere ; the ignorant still claimed that the jews preached to them better than did the priests. he states that certain converted jews have informed him that in some places jewish farmers of revenue abuse their power by compelling those of little spirit, the weak - minded, to deny jesus. it is in this way that the deacon bodon has been deceived into becoming a jew. on several occasions amulo has ordered his flock to keep aloof from the jews, and has ordered the bishops to come into closer relationship with their charges in order that danger may be averted. amulo likewise denounces the aberrations and superstitions of the jews, who devote themselves entirely to their traditions, which they make the subject of discourses and sermons every saturday in the synagogues. he mentions also the invidious expressions of which they make use to designate the apostles and the gospel, and their arguments in defense of their messianic ideas ( which accord with those of the \" sefer zerubbabel \" and the \" ma ' aseh of r. joshua b. levi \" ). this memoir is contemporary with two synods which met at meaux ( june 17, 845 ) and at paris ( feb. 14, 846 ). at these councils, in which amulo took part, the king was urged in the terms of the \" contra jud\u00e6os \" to observe toward the jews the ancient laws and edicts ( \" concil. meld. \" can. 73 ; labbe, xiv. 836 ). the king, however, paid little attention to the exhortationsof the bishops ( prudentius of troyes, \" annales, \" ed. migne, cxv. 1399 ), and did not ratify the canon on the jews ( \" capitularium sparnaci \" )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4340523995727593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.012081"}
{"text": "the bishops ( prudentius of troyes, \" annales, \" ed. migne, cxv. 1399 ), and did not ratify the canon on the jews ( \" capitularium sparnaci \" ). the attempt had failed once again. according to the legend related in the annals of hincmar ( ad ann. 877 ; \" monum. germ., scriptores \" i. 504, 589 ), charles the bald paid for this imprudence, being poisoned in mantua by his jewish doctor sedecias ( annalista saxo, ib. 584 ). the king also employed jews on foreign missions ( diego, \" historia de los condes de barcelona, \" p. 26 ). the jews, who continued to devote themselves to commerce, differed in their privileges from the christians only in the amount of duty levied on them, paying one - tenth of the value of the goods, while christians paid one - eleventh ( bouquet, vii. 104 : if this capitulary is authentic ). ibn kordadhbeh, who speaks of the southern french jews about 850, depicts them going as far as the indies and china ( \" journal asiatique, \" sixth series, v. 512 ). see commerce. from the middle of the ninth to the twelfth century is certainly an important epoch ; it was then that french society became transformed by the development of the feudal system and the organization of the gilds ; the arbitrary rapacity of the one oppressing the weak \u2014 agricultural serf and jewish merchant alike \u2014 and the jealous exclusiveness of the other prohibiting the exercise of trades by non - catholics, while both invested all things with the religious fanaticism which later expressed itself in the crusades. at the same time it is the epoch in which the rabbinical schools, already mentioned in amulo ' s account, appeared in full light, when hebrew literature in france produced its first works, and when famous rabbis made french judaism illustrious and impressed upon it the character which it was to retain for several centuries. unfortunately, however, but few details concerning this transition period are known ; they are as follows : at sens, about 876, the archbishop ansegise, prelate of gaul, expelled the jews and the friars from his city \u2014 for a certain reason, according to an eleventh - century historian ( odorani, \" chron. \" ad ann. 883 ; bouquet, viii. 237 ). as far as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4077492167627027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.013028"}
{"text": "of gaul, expelled the jews and the friars from his city \u2014 for a certain reason, according to an eleventh - century historian ( odorani, \" chron. \" ad ann. 883 ; bouquet, viii. 237 ). as far as concerned the jews this is, perhaps, the first sign of the triumph of feudalism. in 899 charles the simple confiscated, for the profit of the church at narbonne, all the property held by the jews and subject to the payment of tithes ( vaissette. iii. 63 ). according to saige ( \" hist. des juifs du languedoc, \" p. 9 ), this signifies that the jews might not possess land upon which church tithes were levied, but it did not abrogate their right to hold free land. at any rate, in the eleventh century they were in peaceful possession of their landed property around narbonne. the first capets \u2014 987 - 1137 : persecution of jews in limoges and rouen. according to richer, a historian who, as stated by monod, inspires mistrust, hugh capet, \" whose whole body was covered with sores, \" was killed by the jews in 996 ( \" richeri historia, \" lib. iv., toward the end, p. 308, ed. guadet ). according to guadet, richer merely means by this statement that the jewish physicians were the cause of his death. a hebrew document ( berliner ' s \" magazin, \" iv. ; \" ozar tob, \" p. 49 ) states that a jew of blois, who had been converted to christianity, wished to destroy the limoges community in 996, and accused the jews of employing on three holidays of the year a wax image of the lord of the land, which they pierced in order to bring about his death, just as they did in the case of the host. but since the fable of the pierced host came into existence several centuries later, the story is open to doubt. following the accusation of this convert, a priest appears to have counseled his lord no longer to tolerate the jews in the city. in 1010 alduin, bishop of limoges, offered the jews of his diocese the choice between baptism and exile. for a month theologians held disputations with them, but without much success, for only three or four of the jews abjured their faith ; of the rest some fled into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4089421789902206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.013978"}
{"text": ", offered the jews of his diocese the choice between baptism and exile. for a month theologians held disputations with them, but without much success, for only three or four of the jews abjured their faith ; of the rest some fled into other cities, while others killed themselves ( \" chronicles of adhemar of chabannes, \" ed. bouquet, x. 152 ; \" chron. of william godellus, \" ib. 262, according to whom the event occurred in 1007 or 1008 ). a hebrew text also states that duke robert of normandy having concerted with his vassals to destroy all the jews on their lands who would not accept baptism, many were put to death or killed themselves. among the martyrs was the learned rabbi senior. a rich and esteemed man in rouen, jacob b. jekuthiel, went to rome to implore the protection of the pope in favor of his coreligionists, and the pontiff sent a high dignitary to put a stop to the persecution ( berliner ' s \" magazin, \" iii. ; \" ozar tob, \" pp. 46 - 48 ). robert the pious is well known for his religious prejudice and for the hatred which he bore toward heretics ; it was he who first burned sectarians. there is probably some connection between this persecution and a rumor which appears to have been current in the year 1010. if adhemar of chabannes, who wrote in 1030, is to be believed, in 1010 the western jews addressed a letter to their eastern coreligionists warning them of a military movement against the saracens. in the preceding year the church of the holy sepulcher had been converted into a mosque by the mohammedans, a sacrilege which had aroused great feeling in europe, and pope sergius iv. had sounded the alarm ( \" monum. germ., scriptores, \" iv. 137 ). the exasperation of the christians, it seems, brought into existence and spread the belief in a secret understanding between the mohammedans and the jews. twenty years later raoul glaber ( bouquet, x. 34 ) knew more concerning this story. according to him, jews of orleans had sent to the east through a beggar a letter which provoked the order for the destruction of the church of the holy sepulcher. glaberadds that on the discovery of the crime the expulsion of the jews was everywhere decreed. some were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38227381328090604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.016483"}
{"text": "sent to the east through a beggar a letter which provoked the order for the destruction of the church of the holy sepulcher. glaberadds that on the discovery of the crime the expulsion of the jews was everywhere decreed. some were driven out of the cities, others were put to death, while some killed themselves ; only a few remained in all the \" roman world. \" five years later a small number of those who had fled returned. count riant says that this whole story of the relations between the jews and the mohammedans is only one of those popular legends with which the chronicles of the time abound ( \" inventaire critique des lettres historiques des croisades, \" p. 38, paris, 1880 ). another violent commotion arose about the year 1065. at this date pope alexander ii. wrote to the viscount of narbonne, beranger, and to guifred, bishop of the city, praising them for having prevented the massacre of the jews in their district, and reminding them that god does not approve of the shedding of blood ( \" concil. \" ix. 1138 and 1154 ; vaissette, 355 ). a crusade had been formed against the moors of spain, and the crusaders had killed without mercy all the jews whom they met on their route. franko - jewish literature. during this period, which continues till the first crusade, jewish culture was awakening, and still showed a certain unity in the south of france and the north. its domain did not embrace all human knowledge ; it included in the first place poetry, which was at times purely liturgical \u2014 the echo of israel ' s sufferings and the expression of its invincible hope \u2014 but which more often was a simple scholastic exercise without aspiration, destined rather to amuse and instruct than to move \u2014 a sort of dried sermon. following this comes biblical exegesis, the simple interpretation of the text, with neither daring nor depth, reflecting a complete faith in traditional interpretation, and based by preference upon the midrashim, despite their fantastic character. finally, and above all, their attention was occupied with the talmud and its commentaries. the text of this work, together with that of the writings of the geonim, particularly their responsa, was first revised and copied ; then these writings were treated as a \" corpus juris, \" and were commented upon and studied both as a pious exercise in dialectics and from the practical point of view. there was no philosophy, no natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4335067261630423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.017489"}
{"text": "anjou, and a remarkable talmudist. he left to posterity many fine editions of the rabbinical writings of his predecessors. he was also an excellent poet, and the author of interesting decisions and responsa. liturgical poets, such as joseph b. solomon of carcassonne, benjamin b. samuel of coutances, and elias the elder b. menahem of mans, were numerous. jewish france was so rich in men of learning that she gave some of them to germany, among them isaac ha - levi of vitry, who became head of the school at worms, and isaac b. judah, who became head of the school of mayence. both of these became teachers of rashi. rashi. the great figure which dominates the second half of the eleventh century, as well as the whole rabbinical history of france, is rashi ( solomon b. isaac ) of troyes ( 1040 - 1106 ). in him is personified the genius of northern french judaism : its devoted attachment to tradition ; its naive, untroubled faith ; its piety, ardent but free from mysticism. his works are distinguished by their clearness, directness, and hatred of subtlety, and are written in a simple, concise, unaffected style, suited to his subject. his commentary on the talmud, which was the product of colossal labor, and which eclipsed the similar works of all his predecessors, by its clearness and soundness made easy the study of that vast compilation, and soon become its indispensable complement. his commentary on the bible ( particularly on the pentateuch ), a sort of repertory of the midrash, served for edification, but also advanced the taste for simple and natural exegesis. the school which he founded at troyes, his birthplace, after having followed the teachings of those of worms and mayence, immediately became famous. around his chair were gathered simhah b. samuel, r. samuel b. meir ( rashbam ), and shemaia, his grandsons ; likewise shemaria, judah b. nathan, and isaac levi b. asher, all of whom continued his work. in his biblical commentaries he availed himself of the works of his contemporaries. among them must be cited moses ha - darshan, chief of the school of narbonne, who was perhaps the founder of exegetical studies in france ; menahem b. helbo ; and, above all, joseph car", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.394547462745503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.019547"}
{"text": ". among them must be cited moses ha - darshan, chief of the school of narbonne, who was perhaps the founder of exegetical studies in france ; menahem b. helbo ; and, above all, joseph caro. thus the eleventh century was a period of fruitful activity in literature. thenceforth french judaism became one of the poles of universal judaism. the crusades : the jews of france do not seem to have suffered much during the crusades, except, perhaps, during the first ( 1096 ), when the crusaders are stated to have shut up the jews of rouen in a church and to have exterminated them without distinction of age or sex, sparing only those who accepted baptism ( guibert de nogent, ed. bouquet, xii. 240 ; \" chron. rothomag. \" ; labbe, \" nov\u00e6 bibliothec\u00e6, manuscript lib. \" i. 367 ). according to a hebrew document, the jews throughout france were at that time in great fear, and wrote to their brothers in the rhine countries making known to them their terror and asking them to fast and pray ( anonymous text of mayence, in a. neubauer and stern, \" hebraische berichte uber die judenverfolgungenwahrend der kreuzzuge, \" p. 47 ). happily their fears proved groundless. r. tam in the second crusade. at the time of the second crusade, jacob tam, the grandson of rashi, had cause to lament the actions of the crusaders, who burst into his house, seized his possessions, destroyed a book of the law, and carried him off into the open field with the intention of putting him to death. but perceiving one of the nobles, he called him to his aid and was rescued. ephraim of bonn is the only writer who tells of this incident ; r. tam himself makes no reference to it ( \" judenverfolgungen, \" p. 64 ), and even ephraim adds that in the other communities of france no one was put to death or compelled to abjure his faith. nevertheless, the consequences of the crusades were terrible for the jews, for this great religious movement produced an excitement of the popular imagination which had dire results for them. it was about this time that accusations of ritual murder were bruited ; mere manifestations of a mental malady on the part of majorities intoler", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.443632955833964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.022387"}
{"text": "for this great religious movement produced an excitement of the popular imagination which had dire results for them. it was about this time that accusations of ritual murder were bruited ; mere manifestations of a mental malady on the part of majorities intolerant of the existence of a minority who kept aloof from them. from the economic and social point of view this epoch was destined to be for the jews a turning - point. until that time the jews had been chiefly merchants ; henceforth they become known above all as usurers. st. bernard, abbot of clairvaux, who preached the second crusade, and who intervened with great courage to prevent the massacre of the german jews, asked king louis vii. to prohibit the jews from accepting usurious rates of interest from those who set out for the holy land. moreover, in speaking of their rapacity, and observing that in places where there were no jews the christian usurers were worse in their exactions, he says that on this account the latter might justly be accused of judaizing ( \" epistola, \" 363 ; ed. migne, clxxxii. 564 ). peter the venerable, abbot of cluny, wrote in 1146 to the king that even if he did not counsel the massacre of the jews, they should at least be punished by being despoiled of their ill - gotten gains and thefts, and that the army of the crusaders should not spare jewish treasures ( \" epistola, \" 36 ; ed. migne, clxxxix. 366 ). for having resisted these appeals louis vii. was accused by a contemporary historian of having been moved by cupidity ( \" fragmentum historicum vitam lud. vll. summatim complectens, \" in bouquet, xii. 286 ). pope alexander iii. in a letter to the archbishop of bourges ( 1179 ) addressed to him the same reproach ( bouquet, xv. 968 ). according to ephraim of bonn, the provisions of the bull of pope eugenius iv. exonerating the crusaders from their debts to the jews were carried out in france ( \" judenverfolgungen, \" p. 64 ). blood accusation. the accusation of ritual murder in france was closely connected with the crusades. according to a jewish account of the second crusade ( \" judenverfolgungen, \" p. 62 ), the crusaders, in order", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4057009032953418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.023834"}
{"text": "). blood accusation. the accusation of ritual murder in france was closely connected with the crusades. according to a jewish account of the second crusade ( \" judenverfolgungen, \" p. 62 ), the crusaders, in order to justify their sanguinary exploits, pretended at times that they were punishing the jews for the murder of christians. it was said that the jews committed this crime not because they had need of christian blood for ritual purposes, but in order to repeat the crucifixion of jesus. at pontoise it was said some time before 1171 that they had crucified an adult christian of the name of richard. the dates given vary : it was in 1163 according to lambert waterlos, who died in 1170 ( bouquet, xiii. 520 ) ; in 1179 according to rigord ; in 1156 according to geoffroy of the abbey of st. martial of limoges, who died in 1184 ( bouquet, xii. 438 ; see also \" judenverfolgungen, \" p. 34 ). the body was carried to paris and worked numerous miracles in the church of the holy innocents, where it was interred. similar accusations were made against the jews at epernay and at janville ( department of eure et loire ) about the same time \u2014 that is to say, about the year 1170 \u2014 but no details are known ( \" judenverfolgungen, \" pp. 34 - 35 ). the outburst at blois is the most famous, and cost the lives of 31 persons. the affair was of a most lamentable nature. a man was watering a horse in the loire. frightened at the sight of a jew who was near, the animal reared. this was sufficient to cause the man to return at once and accuse the jew of having thrown into the stream the body of a christian child which had been crucified by the jew ' s coreligionists. he himself had been afraid of meeting the same death, and the horse had instinctively recoiled. thibaut de champagne, count of blois, immediately incarcerated all the jews in the city. a priest suggested that the man should be put to the test by water, and as the test resulted in his favor, the proof of the crime of the jews was regarded as conclusive. having rejected baptism, 31 jews were burned on wednesday, may 26, 1171. jacob tam, who was informed of this sad occurrence, decided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4083389391045872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.024728"}
{"text": "the test resulted in his favor, the proof of the crime of the jews was regarded as conclusive. having rejected baptism, 31 jews were burned on wednesday, may 26, 1171. jacob tam, who was informed of this sad occurrence, decided that this day should be one of fasting, and the communities of france, anjou, and the provinces on the rhine duly observed it as such ( statement of baruch ben meir of orleans ; letters of the notables of orleans ; letter of a jew of tours to r. yom - tob ; \" martyrology of ephraim of bonn \" ; letter of the notables of paris in \" judenverfolgungen, \" pp. 31 et seq. ; robert du mont, in bouquet, xiii. 315 ). robert du mont also says that jews were burned in paris likewise in 1177 for the murder of st. william. the belief in this legend was destined to be most baneful to the jews of the entire kingdom of france. philip augustus, who, in 1180, at the age of fifteen succeeded louis vii., his father, had, according to his historian rigord, often heard the young nobles who were his fellow students in the palace tell how the jews of paris went year by year into subterranean retreats on passover or during the holy week, and sacrificed a christian in order to outrage the christian religion. often during his brother ' s reign ( they said ) the guilty had been seized and thrown into the flames. immediately after his coronation, march 14, 1181, he ordered the jews arrested on a saturday, in all their synagogues, and despoiled of their money and their vestments ( an english chronicler, raoul of dicet [ ii. 14 ], says that he released them for a ransom of 15, 000 silver marks ). the jews, adds rigord, were then very numerous, and many rabbis ( didascali ) had come to sojourn in paris ; they had become enriched to the extent of owning nearly half of the city ; they were engaged in usury ; their patrons were often despoiled of their possessions, while others were kept on parole in the houses ofcertain of the jews. after having consulted a hermit who lived in the vincennes forest, the king released the christians of his domain from all their debts toward the jews, with the exception of one - fifth which he transferred to himself. expulsion from france, 1182. in the following april,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4300258056209062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.025583"}
{"text": "who lived in the vincennes forest, the king released the christians of his domain from all their debts toward the jews, with the exception of one - fifth which he transferred to himself. expulsion from france, 1182. in the following april, 1182, he published an edict of expulsion, but according the jews a delay of three months for the sale of their personal property. immovable property, however, such as houses, fields, vines, barns, and wine - presses, he confiscated. the jews attempted to win over the nobles to their side, but in vain. in july they were compelled to leave the royal domains of france ; their synagogues were converted into churches ( rigord, \" gesta philippi augusti, \" i., vi. 12 - 17 ; ed. delaborde, pp. 14 et seq. ; see also guillaume le breton, \" philippidos, \" i. 389 et seq. ; ed. delaborde, p. 23 ). as may be seen, these successive measures were simply expedients to fill the royal coffers. the goods confiscated by the king were at once converted into cash ( leopold delisle, \" catalogue des actes du regne de philippe auguste, \" 20, 21, 22, 27, 51, 58 ). it is well to add that at that time the royal domains were reduced to a very narrow strip of territory, extending around paris and orleans. during the century which terminated so disastrously for the jews their condition was not altogether bad, especially if compared with that of their brethren in germany. thus may be explained the remarkable intellectual activity which existed among them, the attraction which it exercised over the jews of other countries, and the numerous works produced in those days. the impulse given by rashi to study did not cease with his death ; his successors \u2014 the members of his family first among them \u2014 brilliantly continued his work. research moved within the same limits as in the preceding century, and dealt mainly with the talmud, rabbinical jurisprudence, and biblical exegesis. rabbenu tam, to whom reference will again be made, investigated at least one section of hebrew grammar ; he undertook the defense of menahem b. saruk against dunash b. labrat ; as innovator in another direction he composed a poem on the accents and imitated the versification of the spanish jews, which impelled abraham ibn ezra to ask : \" who is this that has led the french", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36069392513728904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.027846"}
{"text": "following centuries. subtlety did not exclude clearness ; logic never lost its rights ; order ruled in the editing of their notes. the production of tosafot became the dominant and absorbing occupation of this period, and impressed its distinctive character upon the studies of the time. centers of rabbinic learning. the work was participated in by a whole legion of scholars, spread over the north of france, normandy as well as the isle of france, champagne as well as burgundy and lorraine. champagne, however, was the most active center. in these different provinces schools were founded \u2014 at ramerupt after troyes, at dampierre, at auxerre, at sens, at falaise, at paris, etc. to these centers of instruction, just as to the french universities, hastened pupils from distant countries, from slavic lands, from bohemia, and from germany. like the traveling students of that period, the pupils of the rabbis traversed the land, mocking at distance, insensible to privation, going from one master to another in their thirst for instruction. the earliest masters who gave prestige to this form of instruction were members of the family of rashi : judah b. nathan, his son - in - law and the continuer of his commentary on the talmud ; meir, another son - in - law, who became director of the troyes academy after rashi ' s death ; jacob tam ( called commonly \" rabbenu tam, \" the son of meir ) \u2014 the true founder of the school of tosafists, a man of strong will and energetic character, and known to his contemporaries as the supreme authority of french judaism ; his brother samuel ( rashbam ), an excellent exegete, somewhat daring in parts of his biblical commentary ; samuel de vitry, a nephew of r. tam. to the same group belong samuel de vitry, a disciple of rashi, and author of the mahzor vitry ; his great - grandson, isaac b. samuel the elder, the famous \" ri, \" whose name occurs frequently in the tosafot, and who was chief of the school at dampierre ( to be distinguished from isaac b. abraham, known as \" ri ha - bahur \" ( the younger ), who succeeded him ) ; elhanan, son of isaac b. samuel, martyred in 1184. to these names of famous tosafists must also be added the following : jacob of orleans ( died in london in 1189 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3972431834269812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.029997"}
{"text": ", who succeeded him ) ; elhanan, son of isaac b. samuel, martyred in 1184. to these names of famous tosafists must also be added the following : jacob of orleans ( died in london in 1189 ), who was also an exegete ; samuel b. hayyim of verdun, disciple of r. tam ; hoshaiah ha - levi of troyes ; menahem b. perez of joigny, also an exegete ; yom - tob of joigny ( died at york in 1190 ), a liturgical poet and biblical commentator ; samuel b. aaron and simon b. samuel of joinville ; eliezer b. samuel of metz, author of the \" sefer yere ' im \" ; moses b. abraham of pontoise ; simon b. joseph of falaise ; yom - tob ; judah b. yom - tob ; hayyim b. hananel cohen ; the celebrated judah b. isaac, alias sir leeon of paris ; simson de coucy, one of the most learned of the tosafists ; judah of corbeil ; joseph and isaac b. baruch of clisson ; eliezer b. solomon ; and the well - known simson ( b. abraham ) of sens, commentator of the mishnah and the sifra. side by side with these tosafists may be cited a number of scholars renowned for their vast knowledge, such as joseph kara, mentioned above in connection with the history of the previous century ; shemaiah, commentator on the talmud ; joseph b. isaac of orleans, better known under the name of \" joseph bechor schor, \" an ingenious exegete ; solomon b. isaac and eleazar of orleans ; samuel b. jacob of auxerre ; aaron and bender d ' epernay ; eliezer of beaugency, an exegete of authority ; jehiel b. david and jekuthiel b. judah of troyes ; jacob and isaac de bray, who died in 1191 ; david of brienne ; samuel de joinville ; joseph b. solomon de dampierre ; joseph b. joseph de pont audemer ; samuel b. joseph of verdun ; abraham of toul ; moses of saumur ; joseph b. moses and simson of troyes ; david of chateau - thierry ; meshullam b. nathan of melun ; nathan, his son", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37749558610641676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.031080"}
{"text": "b. joseph of verdun ; abraham of toul ; moses of saumur ; joseph b. moses and simson of troyes ; david of chateau - thierry ; meshullam b. nathan of melun ; nathan, his son ; jedidia of the same town ; solomon b. abraham b. jehiel ; mattithiah b. moses ; judah b. abraham ; samuel, moses, and jacob b. samson ; elijah b. judah of paris ; joseph porat of caen ; joseph the saint and samson of corbeil ; joseph b. isaac of chinon ; joseph of chartres, poet and exegete ; moses of saumur ; isaac b. solomon and eliezer of sens. this list could be considerably prolonged if all the learned men of the time were mentioned whose birthplace is not exactly known, although they are certainly french. synods. it is sufficient to know that at a synod held at troyes under the presidency of samuel b. meir and r. tam, rabbis came from troyes, auxerre, the banks of the rhine, paris and its environs, from melun, normandy and the coast, anjou, pontou, and lorraine. these synods are distinctive of the history of northern france in the twelfth century ; in imitation of the local or national councils, and principally at the instigation of r. tam, the heads of the israelite community met several times, without doubt at the time of the champagne fairs, to deliberate upon dubious cases of jurisprudence, or to pass new laws necessitated by changed conditions. thus, they forbade jews to buy or to take in pledge crucifixes, church ornaments, or other objects connected with the catholic form of worship ; to summon their coreligionists to appear before non - jewish judges ; to allow themselves to be nominated by the civil authorities as provost or leader of the community without having been previously proposed for this office by the majority of the community. they also decided that the prohibition of r. gershom against polygamy should be enforced, and that it should not be revoked at any time in the future except under urgent necessity and by a council of at least a hundred rabbis from three different regions \u2014 from france, normandy, and anjou. the command was renewed to excommunicate traitors who brought false charges against their brethren. finally a question connected with the matrimonial laws was settled ( neubauer, \" r. e. j. \" xvi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3846733912139668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.032825"}
{"text": "and anjou. the command was renewed to excommunicate traitors who brought false charges against their brethren. finally a question connected with the matrimonial laws was settled ( neubauer, \" r. e. j. \" xvii. 66 - 73 ; gross, \" gallia judaica, \" pp. 231 et seq. ). in the south. in the south of france the intellectual life of the jews was equally intense, and for similar reasons. never had their situation been more happy ; rulers and people agreed in treating them with kindness. at toulouse and at beziers they had to suffer, it is true, odious restrictions at beziers, on palm sunday, the bishop regularly exhorted the people to take vengeance on the jews, \" who had crucified jesus. \" he even went further and gave them permission to attack the deicides and to raze their houses. this the inhabitants always did with such ardor that it resulted in bloodshed. the attack commenced on the first hour of the saturday before palm sunday, and lasted until the last hour of the saturday after passover. at toulouse, as a penalty for the alleged crime of having, in the time of charlemagne, delivered up the town to the saracens \u2014 a mere legend, since the moors never entered the town \u2014 thrice a year a jew was compelled to present himself before the church to have his ears boxed. but these two customs were justly abolished in the twelfth century ; the latter, at the commencement of the century, was replaced by a fixed payment to the canons of st. saturnin ( vaissete, ii. 151 ) ; that of beeziers in 1160 by a tax to be used in purchasing ornaments for the cathedral ( ib. iii. 813 ). the favor which the jews in general enjoyed at that time may be judged from the fact that they were employed by the counts and inferior lords in the position of \" bailes. \" as such they had the administration of lands dependent directly on their lords ; they also had a large share in the administration of justice. \" above all, they filled the office of farmers of revenue, and were allowed to farm out the tolls, the receipts of the towns and fiefs, and even certain of the revenues of the chapters and bishops \" ( saige, \" les juifs du languedoc, \" pp. 15 et seq. ). but if, as is natural, christian documents impart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40134406551778207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.033854"}
{"text": "has spread through all the land, \" he found there kalonymus, son of the nasi todros, chief of the rabbinical school ; abraham ab bet din, author of \" sefer ha - eshkol \" ; r. judah ; and other learned men, all of whom had numerous pupils. he also found at beziers another school, under the direction of solomon halafta and joseph b. nathaniel ; at montpellier he met reuben b. todros, nathan b. simon, samuel and mordecai b. samuel ; at posquieres, the seat of a famous school, he saw abraham b. david ( rabad ), who was renowned for his knowledge, and who supported poor students at his own expense, and also joseph b. menahem, benveniste, benjamin, abraham, and isaac b. moses ; while at st. gilles was a community comprising about a hundred learned men, with isaac b. jacob, abraham b. judah, eliezer, isaac, moses, and jacob b. levi, and abba mari b. isaac at the head. at arles was a community of two hundred israelites, including moses, tobias, isaiah, solomon, nathan, and abba mari. at lunel, says benjamin, \" is a holy brotherhood which studies the law day and night. the celebrated meshullam b. jacob teaches there ; his five sons, joseph, isaac, jacob ( nazir ), aaron, asher, famous for their wisdom as well as for their wealth, have withdrawn themselves from all worldly interests, pursue their studies unceasingly, and abstain from eating meat. moses b. judah, samuel he - hazzan, solomon ha - kohen, and judah b. saul ibn tibbon, the spaniard, also live there, and pupils are taught and supported gratuitously \" finally benjamin stopped at marseilles, where he saw the wise simon b. anatoli, the latter ' s brother jacob, and several other rabbis. the number of famous rabbis mentioned in this chronicle as living in the same year is worthy of note. to complete the list, however, there still remain to be mentioned meir b. isaac of trinquetailles, author of the \" sefer ha - ' ezer \" ; the famous zerachiah ha - levi, originally from spain and author of the \" sefer ha - ma ' or, \" who lived at lunel ; abraham b. nathan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3991022888567528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.037565"}
{"text": "author of the \" sefer ha - ' ezer \" ; the famous zerachiah ha - levi, originally from spain and author of the \" sefer ha - ma ' or, \" who lived at lunel ; abraham b. nathan ha - yarhi of lunel, author of the \" sefer ha - manhig \" ; the whole kalonymus family at narbonne ; isaac b. merwan ha - levi ; moses b. joseph b. merwan ha - levi ; etc. halakic studies. a new method lent variety to the studies of these talmudists. isaac alfasi of spain had composed a sort of compilation of the talmud, omitting from it all matters not related to jurisprudence. this plan soon found favor with scholars of a methodical frame of mind, and the \" little talmud, \" as the work of alfasi was called, became the object of devoted study in provence. abraham ab bet din was the first scholar there to follow its method and to effect a codification of the contents of the talmud ( \" sefer ha - eshkol \" ). on the other hand, zerachiah ha - levi in his \" ma ' or \" criticised the \" sefer ha - eshkol \" severely. abraham b. david thereupon energetically undertook the defense of his master, and was supported by his disciple, meir of trinquetailles, in his \" sefer ha - ' ezer. \" much as these ardent polemics agitated the south of france, they were to be surpassed by others of which abraham b. david was destined to be the cause. to alfasi ' s summary was due the creation of a veritable \" summa \" of the talmud, the profoundest work and the most methodical that the talmud ever inspired \u2014 the mishneh torah of maimonides, in which for the first time the talmudic rules were classified and elucidated according to a scientific plan. the author, absorbed in philosophy, intended that this \" summa \" should enable students to dispense with a too absorbing study of the talmud. rabad and rambam. rabad, a follower of tradition, was startled by such boldness, for he saw in the book, and perhaps correctly, a mortal danger to the intellectual activity of judaism, and the cessation of those studies which, though narrow, furnished intellectual food for legions of scholars. furthermore, maimonides, a rev", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4513701338616187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.043411"}
{"text": "for he saw in the book, and perhaps correctly, a mortal danger to the intellectual activity of judaism, and the cessation of those studies which, though narrow, furnished intellectual food for legions of scholars. furthermore, maimonides, a reverential pupil of aristotle, and an ardent rationalist, did not hesitate to submit to the judgment of reason the theological opinions of the rabbis of the talmud. everything which implied the materiality of the deity or a belief in the resurrection of the body, and all ordinances having, in his eyes, a superstitious character, were disregarded in the mishneh torah, and philosophic principles were placed at the foundation even of the legal code. it was a revolution ; rabad understood this, and he undertook to arrest it. he submitted the work of maimonides to a criticism, minute, bitter, and sometimes brutal, upholding with all his might the doctrine that absolute faith must be accorded to the teachings of the talmud. it was the battle of free inquiry against the principle of authority, the resistance of the conservative spirit to the audacity of dangerous innovation. learned as this criticism was, and great as was the authority with which rabad ' s incomparable talmudic knowledge and highly esteemed works had invested him, his opposition was powerless against the prestige which maimonides had already gained in provence. there portions of the mishneh torah were received as the work progressed, and its completion was eagerly awaited ( letter to joseph b. aknin ). maimonides, indeed, was consulted as an oracle in provence ; from marseilles came requests for his opinion even in matters of astrology. furthermore, he had written a theological treatise, the \" guide to the perplexed, \" of an audacityremarkable for that time, and in which he applied to the bible the methods of aristotle and sought for a rational explanation of the religious ordinances. the translators. far from being scandalized at this, the communities, such as that of lunel, asked him to translate the work from the arabic into hebrew, in order that they might study it thoroughly ; and at the end of the twelfth century the translation was undertaken by an inhabitant of lunel. such a phenomenon, new to france, is explained by the relationship which existed between the jews there and those across the pyrenees, where free inquiry was eagerly pursued. an event which rendered this spanish influence still more potent was the persecution of the almohades, who drove many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4798282981551577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.047746"}
{"text": "to france, is explained by the relationship which existed between the jews there and those across the pyrenees, where free inquiry was eagerly pursued. an event which rendered this spanish influence still more potent was the persecution of the almohades, who drove many spanish scholars from spain into provence, and thereby brought about in miniature a renaissance similar in its way to that which the conquest of constantinople afterward produced. two families, the ibn tibbons and the kimhis, transplanted into provence the arabic - jewish civilization of spain, and the medium for utilizing the forces thus presented was found in the person of meshullam b. jacob, who desired to play the part of an intellectual m\u00e6cenas, and who may justly claim to have been the author of the scientific movement among the southern jews. he it was who called forth the talent of judah b. saul ibn tibbon, originally from granada, then a fugitive at lunel. meshullam and his son asher insisted that judah should translate the principal works of the jews, which, being written in arabic, could not be read by all. with their assistance judah translated into hebrew bahya ' s \" hobot ha - lebabot, \" solomon ibn gabirol ' s \" tikkun middot ha - nefesh, \" judah ha - levi ' s \" cuzari, \" saadia ' s \" sefer ha - emunot weha - de ' ot, \" and even ibn janah ' s hebrew grammar. judah ibn tibbon became the head of a dynasty of translators who spread through the occident all the sciences cultivated in spain by the arabs and the jews. concurrently with judah ibn tibbon, joseph kimhi, also a refugee from spain, translated the \" hobot ha - lebabot. \" but while the talent of the ibn tibbons was directed to translating, that of the kimhis was on the whole devoted to biblical exegesis and grammar. through joseph kimhi and his sons moses and david were made accessible to provence all those treasures of exegetical and grammatical science of which jewish spain had enjoyed the benefit. the simple haggadic exegesis current in the north of france was replaced by a freer, bolder interpretation of the bible based upon a knowledge of grammar, and made profounder and more rigorous by a comparative study of arabic grammar. the ibn tibbons finished the conquest of provence commenced by abraham ibn ezra. when this bohemian genius entered the country, bringing with him a whiff of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.475249247693763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.051144"}
{"text": "knowledge of grammar, and made profounder and more rigorous by a comparative study of arabic grammar. the ibn tibbons finished the conquest of provence commenced by abraham ibn ezra. when this bohemian genius entered the country, bringing with him a whiff of the free air of spain, and dazzling all with his display of biblical knowledge and with the originality of his interpretation, he was received with enthusiasm ; and his visit was long remembered. beside these two forces \u2014 conservatism on the one side, knowledge freeing itself from tradition on the other \u2014 appeared at this time a third, mysticism, which was destined soon to show itself all - powerful. isaac the blind, son of abraham b. david ( rabad ), was the founder of cabala, and isaac ' s son asher was also a renowned cabalist, while even abraham himself manifested a tendency toward mysticism. the same is true of the family of meshullam b. jacob, whose sons aaron and jacob are likewise reputed to have inclined toward such speculations ( gross, in \" monatsschrift, \" 1874, p. 173 ). thus from north to south french judaism of the twelfth century affords the spectacle of an intense intellectual excitement. thirteenth century. northern france : recalled by philip augustus, 1198. this century, which opened with the return of the jews to france proper ( then reduced almost to the isle of france ), closed with their complete exile from france in a larger sense. in the month of july, 1198, philip augustus, \" contrary to the general expectation and despite his own edict, recalled the jews to paris and made the churches of god suffer great persecutions \" ( rigord ). the king adopted this measure from no good will toward the jews, for he had shown his true sentiments a short time before in the bray affair. but since then he had learned that the jews could be an excellent source of income from a fiscal point of view, especially as money - lenders. not only did he recall them to his estates, but, as has been pointed out by vuitry ( \" etudes sur le regime financier de la france, \" i. 315 et seq. ), he gave state sanction by his ordinances to their operations in banking and pawnbroking. he placed their business under control, determined the legal rate of interest, and obliged them to have seals affixed to all their deeds. naturally this trade was taxed, and the affixing of the royal seal was paid for by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46090191283419646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.053003"}
{"text": "the king ( see brussel, l. c. ). thence - forth they too had a revenue known as the \" produit des juifs, \" comprising the taille, or annual quit - rent, the legal fees for the writs necessitated by the jews ' law trials, and the seal duty. a thoroughly characteristic feature of this fiscal policy is that the bishops ( according to the agreement of 1204 regulating the spheres of ecclesiastical and seigniorial jurisdiction ) continued to prohibit the clergy from excommunicating those who sold goods to the jews or who bought from them. innocent iii. indeed, king and lords even took a firm stand against pope innocent iii. when he protested in 1205 against this new condition of affairs. the pontiff wrote to the king to censure him for his indulgence. if he was to believe what he had heard, the jews by their usurious practises had gotten into their power the goods of the church, they occupied castles, they acted as stewards and managers for the nobles, they had christian servants, and christian nurses on whom they committed abominable crimes. the civil authorities attached more faith to a deed signed by a debtor at the moment of the loan than to the witnesses whom he produced denying this deed. at sens the jews had been permitted to construct a synagogue higher than a church near which it stood, and there they sang so loudly as to disturb the service in the church. on easter day they walked in the streets and offered insults to the faith, maintaining that he whom their ancestors had crucified had been only a peasant. their houses remained open till the middle of the night and served to receive stolen goods ; assassination even occurred, as in the case of a poor scholar who had recently been found dead in the house of a jew ( \" diplome de brequigny, \" ii. 2, 610 ; bouquet, xix. 471 ). the pope wrote in the same spirit to the duke of burgundy and to the countess of troyes and the count de nevers ( 1208 ; bouquet, xix, 497 ). but his efforts were of no avail. eudes, duke of burgundy, having been informed by philip augustus that the pope had taken the crusaders under his protection and had exempted those who set out for jerusalem from the payment of the interest due their creditors, replied that \" the pope can not, without the consent of the king, make any arrangement which may prejudice the rights", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41394837262500017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.057831"}
{"text": "had taken the crusaders under his protection and had exempted those who set out for jerusalem from the payment of the interest due their creditors, replied that \" the pope can not, without the consent of the king, make any arrangement which may prejudice the rights of the king and the barons, \" and he counseled the latter to resist the innovations which would thus be introduced into the kingdom. under louis viii. and st. louis. it is probably at this epoch that the rule was established, \" li meuble au juif le roi sunt au roi, \" or \" li meuble au juif sunt au baron \" ( \" etablissements de st. louis, \" ed. viollet, ii. 249 - 250, ch. 132 - 133, drawn from the \" customs of anjou \" ). louis viii. ( 1223 - 1226 ), in his \" etablissement sur les juifs \" of 1223 ( \" ordonnances, \" i. 47 ), while more inspired with the doctrines of the church than his father, philip augustus, knew also how to look after the interests of his treasury. although he declared that from nov. 8, 1223, the interest on jews ' debts should no longer hold good, he at the same time ordered that the capital should be repaid to the jews in three years and that the debts due the jews should be inscribed and placed under the control of their lords. the lords then collected the debts for the jews, doubtless receiving a commission. louis furthermore ordered that the special seal for jewish deeds should be abolished and replaced by the ordinary one ( petit - dutailles, \" etude sur la vie et le regne de louis viii. \" paris, 1894, in 101st fascicle of the bibliotheque de l ' ecole des hautes etudes ). in spite of all these restrictions designed to restrain, if not to suppress, the operations of loans, louis ix. ( 1226 - 70 ), with his ardent piety and his submission to the church, unreservedly condemned loans at interest. he was less amenable than philip augustus to fiscal considerations. despite former conventions, in an assembly held at melun in december, 1230 ( \" ordonnances, \" i. 53 ), he compelled several lords to sign an agreement not to authorize the jews to make any loan. no one in the whole kingdom was allowed to detain a jew belonging to another,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41994861865354816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.059161"}
{"text": "on the confiscated property, the restitution to be made either to those who had paid it or to their heirs. later, after having discussed the subject with his son - in - law, thibaut, king of navarre and count of champagne, he decided to seize the persons and the property of the jews ( sept. 13, 1268 ). but an order which followed close upon this last ( 1269 ) shows that on this occasion also st. louis reconsidered the matter. nevertheless, at the request of paul christian ( pablochristiani ), he compelled the jews, under penalty of a fine, to wear at all times the \" rouelle \" or badge decreed by the lateran council in 1215. this consisted of a piece of red felt or cloth cut in the form of a wheel, four fingers in circumference, which had to be attached to the outer garment at the chest and back. disputations between jews and christians. the pious zeal of st. louis manifested itself in other ways also. one day, according to joinville ( \" vie de saint louis, \" ed. de wailly, pp. 18 - 19 ), a great disputation between the clergy and the jews was held at the monastery of cluny. a knight, having demanded from the abbot permission to speak first, said to the leader of the jews : \" do you believe that the virgin mary, who bore god in her body and arms, gave birth while a virgin and was mother of god? \" on the reply of the jew in the negative the knight, calling himself a fool for having entered the jew ' s house, struck him. the jews fled, carrying their wounded rabbi with them. when the abbot reproached the knight for his conduct, the latter replied that it was a greater fault to hold such disputations, since good christians, through a misunderstanding of the arguments of the jews, would become infidels. with regard to this, st. louis said to the chronicler : \" no one, unless he be very well instructed, shall be allowed to dispute with them, but if a layman hear the christian law reviled, he shall defend it with his sword, of which he shall force as much into his body as he can make enter. \" these controversies were never sought for by the jews, who were well acquainted with the danger of discussions. but the clergy and the friars were possessed by the desire, not so much to convert the jews", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43003093389711017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.061200"}
{"text": "much into his body as he can make enter. \" these controversies were never sought for by the jews, who were well acquainted with the danger of discussions. but the clergy and the friars were possessed by the desire, not so much to convert the jews, as to let christians see the defeat of the synagogue. the very existence of the jews was a subject which troubled simple souls, and it was well to explain to them that the obduracy \" of those rebels \" was due to the stupidity of their beliefs. with this end in view, various treatises had as early as the twelfth century been composed against the jews, such as \" annulus seu dialogus christiani et judei de fidei sacramentis, \" by rupert ; \" tractatus adversus jud\u00e6orum inveteratum duritiem, \" by pierre le venerable, but attributed wrongly to william of champeaux ; \" tractatus contra jud\u00e6um, \" anonymous ; \" liber contra perfidiem jud\u00e6orum, \" by pierre de blois ( on these works see israel levi in \" r. e. j. \" v. 239 et seq., and isidore loeb, \" la controverse religieuse entre les chretiens et les juifs au moyen age en france et en espagne, \" in \" revue de l ' histoire des religions, \" 1888, p. 17 ). in the thirteenth century such treatises were composed not only in latin but also in french ; e. g., \" de la disputaison de la sinagogue et de la sainte eglise \" ( jubinal, \" mysteres du xve siecle, \" ii, 404 - 408 ), and \" la disputaison du juyf et du crestien \" ( \" hist. litter. de la france, \" 23, 217 ). from hebrew works it is evident that the rabbis were sometimes tormented by the christians, generally by the members of the clergy or of the orders ( geiger, \" proben judischer vertheidigung gegen christ. angriffe im mittelalter, \" in breslauer ' s \" jahrbuch, \" i. and ii., 1850 - 51 ). of interest for the jewish side of the disputations is a curious collection of the thirteenth century containing replies made \" to infidels and christians \" by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.440322255818938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.062310"}
{"text": "s \" jahrbuch, \" i. and ii., 1850 - 51 ). of interest for the jewish side of the disputations is a curious collection of the thirteenth century containing replies made \" to infidels and christians \" by joseph l ' official and several members of his family ( zadoc kahn, \" le livre de joseph le zelateur, \" in \" r. e. j. \" i. 222 et seq., iii. 1 et seq. ). among the christian disputants were some of the most distinguished members of the french clergy : the archbishop of sens, the chancellor of paris, the confessor of the queen, the bishops of mans, of meaux, of poitiers, of angouleme, of angers, of vannes, of st. malo, the abbot of cluny, and the dominican friars. \" the astonishing and extraordinary point in their replies is the free spirit of the christian clergy and the free speech of the jews. \" the \" infidels \" to whom the responses of the jews were addressed were converts who with all the ardor of neophytes showed themselves as the bitter enemies of their former coreligionists. st. louis favored conversions ; several of the proselytes were held at the baptismal font by the king himself, and were named after him. as the property of converts was confiscated because of the loss which resulted to the treasury from the cessation of the payment of the taxes imposed on jews, the king granted them pensions ( tillemont, \" vie de st. louis, \" ed. j. de gaulle, v. 296 et seq. ). in 1239 nicholas donin, a convert from la rochelle, brought before pope gregory a formal accusation against the talmud, charging that it contained blasphemies against jesus, against god, against morality, and against the christians, not to speak of many errors, follies, and absurdities. the pope thereupon addressed bulls to the bishops of france, england, and castile, to the bishop and to the priors of the dominicans and the franciscans of paris, directing that all copies of the talmud should be seized and that an investigation of the contents of this work should be made. in france alone, it seems, was this order obeyed. on march 3, 1240, while the jews were in the synagogues, all copies of the talmud were seized. burning of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43346646365843366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.063856"}
{"text": "investigation of the contents of this work should be made. in france alone, it seems, was this order obeyed. on march 3, 1240, while the jews were in the synagogues, all copies of the talmud were seized. burning of the talmud. on june 12, 1240, a public debate was opened between donin and four representatives of the jews : jehiel of paris, judah b. david of melun, samuel b. solomon ( perhaps sir morel de falaise ), and moses de coucy. the most weighty arguments were advanced by jehiel, who has left a proces verbal of the controversy. after the disputation a tribunal was appointed to pass judgment upon the talmud, among its members being eudes de chateauroux, chancellor of the university of paris ; guillaume d ' auvergne, bishop of paris ; and the inquisitor henri de cologne. after the same rabbis had been heard a second time, the talmud was condemned to be burned. two years after ( in the middle of 1242 ) twenty - four cartloads of hebrew books were solemnly burned at paris. doubtless all the copies had not been found, for in 1244 innocent iv. wrote to st. louis to institute a new confiscation. a little later, while at lyons, the pope listened to the complaints of the jews, and in 1247 he asked eudes de chateauroux to examine the talmud from the jewish standpoint, and to ascertain whether it might not be tolerated as harmless to the christian faith, and whether the copies which had been confiscated might not be returned to their owners. therabbis had represented to him that without the aid of the talmud they could not understand the bible or the rest of their statutes. eudes informed the pope that the change of attitude involved in such a decision would be wrongly interpreted ; and on may 15, 1248, the talmud was condemned for the second time ( isidore loeb in \" r. e. j. \" i. 116, 247 et seq., ii. 248 et seq., iii. 39 et seq. ; a. darmesteter, ib. i. 140 ; noel valois, \" guillaume d ' auvergne, \" paris, 1880 ). this was a fatal blow to talmudic study in northern france, and from that moment it began to decline. under a king so pious and so hostile to the jews as st. louis, the church", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4250034943173081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.066766"}
{"text": "auvergne, \" paris, 1880 ). this was a fatal blow to talmudic study in northern france, and from that moment it began to decline. under a king so pious and so hostile to the jews as st. louis, the church could give free vent to its desire for regulating their condition. never were so many councils occupied with their fate as in his reign : those of narbonne ( 1227 ), chateau gautier ( 1231 ), beziers ( 1246 ), valence ( 1248 ), alby ( 1254 ), montpellier ( 1258 ), and vienne ( 1267 ) all passed decrees affecting the jews ( labbe, xi. 305, 444, 685, 698, 737, 781, 863 ). a comparison of these decrees with the ordinances of st. louis shows that usually the pious king merely sanctioned the measures dictated by the bishops. but at length, in order to bring about the conversion of the jews, st. louis compelled them in 1269 to listen to the famous paul christian ( pablo christiani, a converted jew who had become a dominican ), to reply to the questions which he might put to them pertaining to religion, and to show him whatever books they had ( le nain de tillemont, v. 294 ; ulysse robert in \" r. e. j. \" iii. 216 ). according to a hebrew text ( neubauer in \" j. q. r. \" v. 713 ), a controversy appears to have taken place at paris in 1273 between this paul ( wrongly called \" cordelier \" ) and some french rabbis having at their head abraham b. solomon of dreux ; some of the sessions were held at the court of st. louis ' successor, philip the bold ( 1270 - 85 ), and some at the monastery of the franciscans, the archbishop of paris and high dignitaries of the church being present. the disputation appears to have provoked the massacre of more than a thousand persons, but even this failed to effect the conversion of any of the jews. no christian text has recorded this occurrence. under philip the bold and philip the fair. philip the bold continued to treat the provisions of the canonical law as though they were a part of the common law. he reminded the royal officers that by the terms of the ordonnance of 1269 the jews were compelled to abstain from all usury and to wear on their coats a colored badge (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3865596770360351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.067798"}
{"text": "as though they were a part of the common law. he reminded the royal officers that by the terms of the ordonnance of 1269 the jews were compelled to abstain from all usury and to wear on their coats a colored badge ( \" ordonnances, \" i. 312 ). at the parliament of pentecost in 1280, in accordance with a resolution adopted by the councils of 1279 and 1280, a new statute was passed prohibiting jews from keeping christian servants in their houses. and finally, in his ordinance of april 19, 1283, the king ordered the bailes to carry out the law preventing the jews from repairing their synagogues and from possessing copies of the talmud ( langlois, \" philippe le hardi, \" p. 298 ). with philip the fair the jews reached the nadir of their misfortune. it was not for nothing that the wearing of the badge was required, and that accusations of sorcery had been made ( ordonnance on the improvement of morals of 1254 ) ; and now the belief in ritual murder was to reappear. since the previous century it had been scarcely mentioned in france. at valreas, however, in 1247 it had caused several jews to be sentenced to torture ( \" r. e. j. \" vii. 304 ) ; at pons in saintonge jews seem to have been accused of the same crime, but at what date is not known ( \" joseph le zelateur \" in \" r. e. j. \" iii. 15 ) ; and at troyes on april 25, 1288, for the pretended murder of a christian child thirteen jews chosen from among the richer members of the community were condemned by the inquisition to perish in the flames. several elegies, and a very fine french ballad written in hebrew characters, commemorate this last event ( a. darmesteter in \" r. e. j. \" ii. 199 et seq. ). blood accusation and host desecration. two years later at paris a jew and his wife living in the rue des billettes were burned together, but this time on a new charge, that of piercing the host. the heinous crime was discovered by the clots of blood which sprang from the host and which nothing could stop. ballads perpetuated the story of this miracle ; the stained - glass windows of many churches commemorated it ; and later, in the controversies between catholic and protestant theologians concerning the real presence,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4405588817471139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.069073"}
{"text": "of blood which sprang from the host and which nothing could stop. ballads perpetuated the story of this miracle ; the stained - glass windows of many churches commemorated it ; and later, in the controversies between catholic and protestant theologians concerning the real presence, it furnished an argument for the former in favor of their thesis. even to - day the \" miracle of the rue des billettes \" is recalled each year in the church st. jean - st. francois, rue charlot, paris ( bouquet, xx. 658 ; xxi. 127, 132 ; xxii. 32 ). but it was not superstition which guided philip the fair, who was a very practical politician. even before ascending the throne, as vuitry justly remarks ( new series, i. 91 ), he had perceived the value of the jews from a financial standpoint. in taking possession of champagne in 1284 in the name of his wife, he received 25, 000 livres as a gift from the jews of that province, in return for which he confirmed their terms of settlement. in 1288 he even claimed that in his royal capacity all the jews belonged to him ; but he was compelled to recognize the right of the lords to the possession of some of them ( boutaric, \" la france sous philippe le bel, \" p. 300 ). submitted to his caprices, the jews were by turns protected and persecuted, according to the interests of the moment. in 1288, considering that they were a fruitful possession for his demain, he refused to allow them to be imprisoned upon the requisition of the church without the seneschal or the baile being informed ( \" ordonnances, \" i. 317 ). increasing taxation. advised in 1302 that the inquisitors wished to inquire into certain cases concerning the jews, on the plea that charges of usury and sorcery were involved, he forbade the officers and royal judges to arrest or even disturb any jew at the request of the inquisitors ( ib. 346 ). nevertheless in 1290 he had expelled all the jews coming from gascony and england ( ib. 317 ), doubtless to avoid all dispute with his powerful neighbor, the english king. in 1292 he levied, through the agency of the jew manasseh of croise, an extra tax on the jews ( boutaric, p. 300 ) ; in 1295 he arrested them all, ordering that an inventory of their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4709460848864293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.074307"}
{"text": "in 1292 he levied, through the agency of the jew manasseh of croise, an extra tax on the jews ( boutaric, p. 300 ) ; in 1295 he arrested them all, ordering that an inventory of their goods should be drawn up, and that they should not be released without a special order from him. their money was to beturned over to receivers ; objects of value which had been left in pawn with them might be repurchased by their owners during a period of eight days, after which they would be sold for the benefit of the treasury ( boutaric, p. 301 ). but this was only a threat to compel the jews to satisfy the royal demands. in 1299 the king imposed on them another tax, and at the same time renewed the edict of 1230 ( \" ordonnances, \" i. 333 ; brussel, p. 609 ). again in 1303 he imposed a tax upon them ; but the jews alleged this time that since they had not been able to obtain the payment of moneys due to them, they were not in a position to pay the new tax punctually. the king thereupon ordered his officers to compel the debtors of the jews to pay their debts ( \" ordonnances, \" i. 545 ). thenceforth, although the jews found themselves unable to meet any further exactions, the demands of philip the fair became more imperious. exile of 1306. toward the middle of 1306 the treasury was nearly empty, and the king, as he was about to do the following year in the case of the templars, decided to kill the goose that laid the golden egg. he condemned the jews to banishment, and took forcible possession of their property, real and personal ( bouquet, xxi. 27 ; \" continuation de nangis, \" p. 355 ). their houses, lands, and movable goods were sold at auction ; and for the king were reserved any treasures found buried in the dwellings that had belonged to the jews. that philip the fair intended merely to fill the gap in his treasury, and was not at all concerned about the well - being of his subjects, is shown by the fact that he put himself in the place of the jewish moneylenders and exacted from their christian debtors the payment of their debts, which they themselves had to declare. furthermore, three months before the sale of the property of the jews the king took", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41682272109344887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.077095"}
{"text": "that he put himself in the place of the jewish moneylenders and exacted from their christian debtors the payment of their debts, which they themselves had to declare. furthermore, three months before the sale of the property of the jews the king took measures to insure that this event should be coincident with the prohibition of clipped money, in order that those who purchased the goods should have to pay in undebased coin. finally, fearing that the jews might have hidden some of their treasures, he declared that one - fifth of any amount found should be paid to the discoverer ( vuitry, \" etudes, \" new series, i. 91 et seq. ; simeon luce, \" catalogue des documents du tresor des chartres relatifs aux juifs sous le regne de philippe le bel \" ). it was on july 22, the day after the ninth of ab, that the jews were arrested. in prison they received notice that they had been sentenced to exile ; that, abandoning their goods and debts, and taking only the clothes which they had on their backs and the sum of 12 sous tournois each, they would have to quit the kingdom within one month ( \" r. e. j. \" ii. 15 et seq. ; saige, pp. 27, 28, 87 et seq. ). speaking of this exile, a french historian has said : \" the expulsion of 1306 was, taking all things into account, practically the revocation of the edict of nantes issued by the louis xiv. of the middle ages [ i. e., philip the fair ]. in striking at the jews philip the fair at the same time dried up one of the most fruitful sources of the financial, commercial, and industrial prosperity of his kingdom \" ( simeon luce in \" r. e. j. \" ii. 16 ). although the history of the jews of france in a way began its course again a short time afterward, it may be said that in reality it ceased at this date. it was specially sad for them that during the preceding century the kingdom of france had increased considerably in extent. outside the isle of france, it now comprised champagne, the vermandois, normandy, perche, maine, anjou, touraine, poitou, the marche, lyonnais, auvergne, and languedoc, reaching from the rhone to the pyrenees \u2014 provence, as the jews called it. the exiles could not take refuge anywhere except in lorraine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41013255370890345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.080338"}
{"text": ", touraine, poitou, the marche, lyonnais, auvergne, and languedoc, reaching from the rhone to the pyrenees \u2014 provence, as the jews called it. the exiles could not take refuge anywhere except in lorraine, the county of burgundy, savoy, dauphine, roussillon, and a part of provence. it is not possible to estimate the number of fugitives ; that given by gratz, 100, 000 ( \" gesch. \" 3d ed., vii. 245 ), has no foundation in fact. the fate of the jews of the south in the course of the thirteenth century by no means resembled their previous experience. it was a period of reaction. the coalition of the pope, the church, and the enemies of the counts of toulouse now forced the counts, who with their vassals had a century before protected the jews so efficaciously, to yield to the intolerance of the times. the crusade against the albigenses had partly for its cause the fact that raymond vi. and his vassals had confided certain public offices to the jews ; and this wrong was one of those for which the count of toulouse and a dozen of his principal vassals made the amende honorable at the council of st. gilles ( 1209 ), by swearing not to entrust public or private offices to jews in the future ( vaissette, iii. 162 - 163 ). in his territory they were not allowed even to lease the tolls, imposts, or other revenues. at narbonne, however, they continued to act as brokers down to 1306. their condition became worse when in 1229 raymond vii. had to give up to blanche of castile, mother of st. louis, the portion of lower languedoc extending from carcassonne to beaucaire ; and still more precarious when, after raymond ' s death in 1249, his daughter jeanne, wife of alphonse of poitiers, the brother of st. louis, inherited the remainder of his dominions. alphonse of poitiers ' policy toward the jews was similar to that of his brother, with this difference, however, says boutaric, his biographer ( p. 318 ), that, while st. louis undertook to drive usury out of his kingdom, alphonse desired to enrich himself. as count of poitou, in 1249 he granted to the inhabitants of la rochelle the privilege of no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42444604972664324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.082296"}
{"text": "318 ), that, while st. louis undertook to drive usury out of his kingdom, alphonse desired to enrich himself. as count of poitou, in 1249 he granted to the inhabitants of la rochelle the privilege of no longer harboring jews in their city. he even agreed to expel the jews from poitiers, st. jean d ' angely, niort, saintes, and st. maxient, on condition that those cities indemnify him for his loss. but the jews apparently offered larger sums in order to be allowed to remain ; in a record dated 1250 it is in fact noted that the jews of poitou had made a partial payment of 1, 000 livres. alphonse, like his brother, ordered the jews to wear the circular badge ( 1269 ), but he subsequently sold them exemption from this law ( archives nationales, j. j. 24d, fol. 720 ). being in need of money, in 1268 he again followed his brother ' s example and arrested all the jews in his domains, sequestrating their property. he desired to do the same in the territory of the barons, but the latter protested, since they had received large sums from the jews in return for permission to dwell there ; and alphonse was obliged to yield ( boutaric, pp. 320, 321 ). the arrest of the jews proved so obnoxious that the count consented to liberate the poor, the sick, the children under fourteen years, and all those that agreed to declare the amount of their possessions. the seneschals received orders to promise the prisoners liberty in return for a ransom, and to bid them send two of the wealthiest among them to the count, who would confer with them directly. a number of the jews who had made false statements in regard to their property were kept close prisoners. others, weary of confine ment, turned informers. one of these reported to the seneschal of poitou that certain treasures had been hidden in cellars. this report proved true, and the success of the search soon reached the ears of the other seneschals. one of the informers incurred the enmity of jews and christians to such an extent that he did not dare remain in the territory of the count. the jews were finally liberated on payment of large sums, which those under each seneschal ' s jurisdiction undertook to pay jointly, as follows : those of poito", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37167210825265246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.083872"}
{"text": "to such an extent that he did not dare remain in the territory of the count. the jews were finally liberated on payment of large sums, which those under each seneschal ' s jurisdiction undertook to pay jointly, as follows : those of poitou 8, 000 livres, of saintonge 6, 000 livres, of rouergue 1, 000 livres, and of auvergne 2, 000 livres. those of toulouse promised to pay 3, 500 livres, alphonse having estimated their possessions at only 1, 300 livres, but he now ordered them to pay 5, 000 livres ( ib. ). this spoliation was not as profitable as the count had expected, for his agents filled their own pockets with the sums extorted from the jews. in 1270 alphonse again harassed the jews, commanding them to return to their debtors all sums which they had received as usury. he himself derived the benefit of this procedure, for the pope had authorized him to devote such sums to defraying in part the expenses of the crusade. on the death of alphonse of poitiers his estates came into possession of philip the bold, and the jews of these provinces now shared the fate of their coreligionists of the north, whose history has been recounted above. ( on the relation of the jews to the local seigniors, see saige, passim. ) relations with the inquisition. the inquisition, which had been instituted in order to suppress the heresy of the albigenses, finally occupied itself with the jews of southern france also. the popes complained that not only were baptized jews returning to their former faith, but that christians also were being converted to judaism. in march, 1273, gregory x. formulated the following rules : relapsed jews, as well as christians who abjured their faith in favor of \" the jewish superstition, \" were to be treated by the inquisitors as heretics. the instigators of such apostasies, as well as those who received or defended the guilty ones, were to be punished in the same way as the delinquents. it was in accordance with these rules that on jan. 4, 1278, the jews of toulouse, who had buried a christian convert in their cemetery, were brought before the inquisition for trial, and their rabbi, isaac males, was condemned to the stake ( vaissette, original ed., iv.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40601655619044597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 55, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.085924"}
{"text": "1278, the jews of toulouse, who had buried a christian convert in their cemetery, were brought before the inquisition for trial, and their rabbi, isaac males, was condemned to the stake ( vaissette, original ed., iv., documents, col. 5 ). philip the fair, as mentioned above, at first ordered his seneschals not to imprison any jews at the instance of the inquisitors, but in 1299 he rescinded this order ( see israel levi, \" les juifs et l ' inquisition dans la france meridionale, \" 1891 ; lea, \" history of the inquisition, \" ii. 96 ). the schools of paris and elsewhere. when the edict of exile was suddenly pronounced in 1306, the intellectual decadence of the jews of northern france was already far advanced. but down to the time of the burning of the talmud, that is, down to the first half of the thirteenth century, the rabbinical schools flourished and preserved their prestige. talmudic scholars continued the work of the tosafists ; the school of sir leon ( d. 1224 ) at paris attracted many disciples, and flourished still more under his successor, jehiel b. joseph, alias sir vives of meaux. among the 300 pupils that the latter gathered around him were isaac of corbeil, his son - in - law ; perez b. elijah, of the same city ; judah ha - kohen, probably of mayence ; and the celebrated meir of rothenburg. on account of jehiel ' s eminence he was chosen to direct the disputation relating to the talmud, referred to above. after the condemnation of that work, however, the school of paris declined. jehiel even sent an emissary to palestine to collect subsidies for his academy ; he finally left france ( c. 1260 ) to end his days in the holy land. a part of his tosafot, consultations, and decisions have been preserved. jehiel ' s school ceased to exist after his departure. samuel of evreux, a distinguished tosafist, and a contemporary of jehiel, taught at chateau - thierry. hiselder brother, moses of evreux, was the author of the \" tosafot of evreux. \" samuel b. solomon of falaise, alias sir morel, who took part in the disputation of paris, also conducted a famous school ; he was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3862164983282075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 56, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.090008"}
{"text": "of the times induced the rabbis to be content with merely collecting the work of their predecessors, so that the talmudists of the second half of the thirteenth century, in contrast to those of the preceding century, were chiefly compilers. nor can the bible commentaries of this century compare with those of the preceding century ; the tosafot to the torah, aaron b. joseph ' s \" gan \" ( 1250 ), isaac ha - levi b. judah ' s \" pa ' aneah raza, \" and hezekiah b. manoah ' s \" hazkunni \" ( 1240 ) are interesting compilations, in which are contained many ingenious interpretations, but in which the haggadah, and to a greater degree gematria, occupy a too prominent place. berechiah ha - nakdan stands out from among these men of somewhat limited views ; he was interested in theologic questions, translated a lapidary and adelard of bath ' s \" qu\u00e6stiones naturales, \" and composed a charming collection of fables in rimed prose intermixed with verse ( i. l\u00e6vi, in \" r. e. j. \" xlvi. 285 ). jewish learning in southern france. the jews of the south of france were meanwhile studying not only the talmud, the bible, and questions pertaining to the ritual, but also the humanities ; and they even cultivated poetry. science was introduced in the form of translations from the arabic. samuelibn tibbon ( flourished 1199 - 1213 ) translated into hebrew maimonides ' \" guide \" and several of his smaller writings, aristotle ' s \" meteorology, \" a philosophical treatise of averroes, and various medical works ; and also wrote original theses on these subjects. his son - in - law, jacob b. abba mari b. anatoli, who stood in friendly relation with michael scot, may be said, with the latter, to have introduced averroism into the west. he was also the first to apply the rationalism of maimonides to the interpretation of the bible. his \" malmad ha - talmidim \" is a collection of philosophic - allegorical homilies on the bible and the haggadah. an advanced thinker, he attacked christianity and mohammedanism, as well as in general the belief in miracles, the monastic life, and the ignorance and hypocrisy of his time. in his explanations of the text of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4913737338566628, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 58, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.095057"}
{"text": "apologetics. controversy was introduced into provence by the kimhis. although northern france had the work of joseph the zealot, this is merely a collection of brief discussions entered into in connection with certain verses of the bible. southern france, on the other hand, produced regular treatises in defense of judaism against the attacks of christianity. joseph kimhi, who wrote the \" sefer ha - berit \" ( book of the covenant ), was followed by meir b. simon of narbonne with his \" milhemet mizwah \" ( holy war ), which contains much information concerning the unfortunate condition of the jews of that time. mordecai b. yehosifya, in his \" mahazik emunah, \" defends judaism against the attacks of paul christian. but the kimhis, curiously enough, could not introduce into provence the severe and grammatical exegesis which they hadbrought from spain ; for the advanced exegetes, like jacob anatoli, nissim of marseilles, and levi of villefranche, mentioned above, went further than the kimhis in their free treatment of the text, and, dominated by a boundless admiration for maimonides, could permit no other than the allegorical interpretation of the scriptures. the talmud continued to be assiduously studied by numbers of scholars ; but they were not leaders in the intellectual world, and even their principal works contain nothing particularly striking. nevertheless, the following may be mentioned : meshullam b. moses of beziers, with his \" sefer ha - shelamah \" ; abraham ha - levi b. joseph b. benvenisti, with his novell\u00e6 and his \" bedek ha - bayit, \" a criticism of solomon b. adret ' s \" torat ha - bayit \" ; and menahem b. solomon meiri ( don vidal solomon ), with his commentaries on the talmud and his \" bet ha - behirah, \" an introduction to the commentary of abot, and interesting for the information it gives concerning the rabbis of the time. the novell\u00e6 ( \" hiddushim \" ), which were characteristic of provence, no longer showed any originality. there was a fundamental difference between the new learning originating with maimonides and the traditional learning centering in the talmud ; and this difference, as was to be expected, soon led to controversies, which form one of the most interesting chapters in the history of the jews, not only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4421586046312919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 60, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.097536"}
{"text": "the new learning originating with maimonides and the traditional learning centering in the talmud ; and this difference, as was to be expected, soon led to controversies, which form one of the most interesting chapters in the history of the jews, not only of southern france, but of entire judaism. maimonists and anti - maimonists. the publication of maimonides ' mishneh torah had aroused the indignation of abraham ibn daud, as well as of the spanish talmudist meir b. todros abulafia ha - levi, nasi of toledo. the latter wrote his impressions to one of maimonides ' correspondents, jonathan cohen of lunel : he was especially scandalized by the way in which maimonides had juggled with the doctrine of the resurrection ; it had disturbed the jews, and was leading them to an absolute denial of the future life. aaron b. meshullam of lunel came to the defense of maimonides, answering the spanish scholar with much warmth. as meir felt that his views were not finding favor at home, he turned to the rabbis of northern france, and made solomon of dreux, simson of sens, simson of corbeil, david of chateau - thierry, abraham of touques, eliezer b. aaron of bourgogne, and others, judges in the dispute. they sided with meir, but their discussions were confined to an exchange of letters, the dates of which are not known, though they must have been written at least before 1210, since aaron b. meshullam died in that year. but after samuel ibn tibbon translated maimonides ' \" guide of the perplexed, \" the popularity of the works of the jewish philosopher thoroughly aroused the orthodox rabbis of southern france, who regarded the dissemination of maimonides ' rationalism as dangerous to judaism. the talmudist solomon b. abraham of montpellier, assisted by two of his pupils, david b. saul and jonah of girona, threatened to excommunicate any one who should read maimonides ' works. this was the first time within judaism that such a step had been taken ; the rabbis were doubtless influenced by the example of the inquisition, which then held sway in that region. the jews of southern france, who had been taught from infancy to admire maimonides, considered it presumptuous to treat him as a heretic, and no rabbi of provence was found willing to join solomon of montpellier in uttering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4368762637462805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 61, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.098865"}
{"text": "region. the jews of southern france, who had been taught from infancy to admire maimonides, considered it presumptuous to treat him as a heretic, and no rabbi of provence was found willing to join solomon of montpellier in uttering the ban. the latter, at the instance of meir abulafia, appealed for cooperation to the french rabbis, who were known for their unswervable attachment to tradition ; he sent judah of girona to them, and he obtained their promise to support the sentence of excommunication. thereupon all the jews of provence rose in protest ; the rabbis of lunel, beziers, and narbonne, and following them those of all the communities of that region, answered in kind, excommunicating solomon and his two disciples. the quarrel spread across the pyrenees, and the communities of aragon and castile sided with maimonides ( 1232 ). the community of toledo alone did not respond ; this alarmed solomon ' s opponents, and one of them, the famous david kimhi, who had at first been suspected of rationalism by the rabbis of northern france, but had succeeded in convincing them of his true position, set out for spain in order to bring the community of toledo into line. but before reaching that city he learned that its foremost scholar, judah b. alfakar, with whom he had previously corresponded, had published a letter in which he sided against maimonides, declaring that the doctrine of judaism had nothing in common with the philosophy of aristotle. this letter had already provoked many replies. but david kimhi received at the same time the astounding news that solomon b. abraham, abandoned by almost all his followers, had, seemingly in a fit of madness, denounced to the inquisition in montpellier the \" sefer madda ' \" ( the introduction to the mishneh torah ) and the \" guide \" of maimonides. the whole city of montpellier, where the partizans and adversaries of solomon had carried their quarrels even into the streets, was filled with consternation when the books of the famous jewish theologian were solemnly burned ( 1234 or 1235 ). the adversaries of maimonides were confounded by their triumph. some, including jonah, repented of their action in public ; the vanquished heaped scorn upon the victors. it even seems that jaime, seignior of montpellier, who was greatly attached to two partizans of maimonides, caused to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.452175703288793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 62, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.102014"}
{"text": "repented of their action in public ; the vanquished heaped scorn upon the victors. it even seems that jaime, seignior of montpellier, who was greatly attached to two partizans of maimonides, caused to be arrested and condemned for calumny those who had attacked maimonides and his followers. the excitement in southern france was not allayed for a long time, and later, when the contest took place between the liberal and orthodox parties, although it too was based on maimonides ' teachings, no one dared mention his name or attack his opinions. the quarrel was in fact renewed in 1303 by abba mari b. moses b. joseph ( also known as \" en astruc \" ) of lunel, assisted by simon b. joseph ( \" en duran \" ) of lunel. dispute about philosophical studies in several letters addressed to solomon b. adret of barcelona, the foremost rabbinical authority of the time, abba mari pointed out the errors of the philosophical school, which interpreted as allegories not only passages of the talmud, but also bible stories. thus abraham and sarah were taken to signify the union of matter and form ; the twelve tribes to mean the twelve planets ; etc. furthermore, the writer complained that instead of praying andreciting the psalms, the people read aristotle and plato ; and that on sabbaths and festivals the young people studied works devoted to dangerous interpretations. he declared that steps must be taken to check this peril, and that the books dangerous to the faith must be excommunicated. although solomon b. adret shared the views of his correspondent, he did not dare to take the initiative in so grave a matter, but desired to wait until the communities interested in the question should force the action upon him. abba mari then took the matter into his own hands, and wrote successively to most of the rabbis of provence. levi of villefranche, a scholar who was visiting samuel sulami, was charged with having interpreted the scriptures allegorically, and his host no longer dared to keep him in his house. soon the communities were again divided. a letter from barcelona, signed by solomon b. adret and fourteen other rabbis, and threatening with excommunication any one who should engage in philosophic studies before the age of thirty, was brought to montpellier. this letter was not published immediately, as the community desired to examine it first. after long discussions abba mari, in spite of the opposition of the famous jacob b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4679279257134634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 63, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.105944"}
{"text": "engage in philosophic studies before the age of thirty, was brought to montpellier. this letter was not published immediately, as the community desired to examine it first. after long discussions abba mari, in spite of the opposition of the famous jacob b. machir, one of the ibn tibbons, finally decided to read it in the synagogue of montpellier. but because many of the faithful rallied to the support of jacob b. machir, abba mari was forced to abandon the matter. the quarrel between the orthodox and the liberal factions became ever more bitter, and both sides wrote to the rabbis of barcelona explaining the state of affairs. solomon b. adret, frightened by the attitude of his adversaries, did not dare to take part openly against them, but asked abba mari to reconsider the matter, being himself disposed to rest satisfied with the open repentance of levi of villefranche, the only guilty one. solomon took this stand in consequence of the increasing number of protests that reached him. that sent by jacob b. machir, imperious in tone, defended philosophic studies and taxed solomon b. adret with duplicity. adret was hard pressed by abba mari and the other rabbis, and finally, in the month of ab, 1305, the interdiction against studying \" greek \" books before the age of twenty - five, and against interpreting the scriptures allegorically, was pronounced in the synagogue of barcelona. the liberal party of montpellier, headed by solomon of lunel, instead of confessing itself defeated, applied to the governor of montpellier, without whose authorization the sentence of excommunication could not be uttered against the jews of the city ; and solomon then pronounced an anathema upon all who should forbid their children the study of science. the quarrel continued, and rabbis from all parts of provence took sides for or against the sentence of excommunication pronounced by solomon b. adret. the poet jedaiah penini wrote a strong letter to the rabbi of barcelona, entreating him for the honor of judaism and in the interest of science to revoke his sentence of excommunication. at this point the edict of philip the fair put a sad end to the quarrel. return of the jews to france, 1315 : nine years had hardly passed since the expulsion of 1306 when louis x. ( 1314 - 16 ) recalled the jews. in an edict dated july 28, 1315, he permitted them to return for a period", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47231403287496115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 64, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.107206"}
{"text": "jews to france, 1315 : nine years had hardly passed since the expulsion of 1306 when louis x. ( 1314 - 16 ) recalled the jews. in an edict dated july 28, 1315, he permitted them to return for a period of twelve years, authorizing them to establish themselves in the cities in which they had lived before their banishment. he issued this edict in answer to the demands of the people. geoffroy of paris, the popular poet of the time, says in fact that the jews were gentle in comparison with the christians who had taken their place, and who had flayed their debtors alive ; if the jews had remained, the country would have been happier ; for there were no longer any money - lenders at all ( bouquet, xxii. 118 ). the king probably had the interests of his treasury also in view. the profits of the former confiscations had gone into the treasury, and by recalling the jews for only twelve years he would have an opportunity for ransoming them at the end of this period. it appears that they gave the sum of 122, 500 livres for the privilege of returning. it is also probable, as vuitry states, that a large number of the debts owing to the jews had not been recovered, and that the holders of the notes had preserved them ; the decree of return specified that two - thirds of the old debts recovered by the jews should go into the treasury. the conditions under which they were allowed to settle in the land are set forth in a number of articles ; some of the guaranties which were accorded the jews had probably been demanded by them and been paid for. they were to live by the work of their hands or to sell merchandise of a good quality ; they were to wear the circular badge, and not discuss religion with laymen. they were not to be molested, either with regard to the chattels they had carried away at the time of their banishment, or with regard to the loans which they had made since then, or in general with regard to anything which had happened in the past. their synagogues and their cemeteries were to be restored to them on condition that they would refund their value ; or, if these could not be restored, the king would give them the necessary sites at a reasonable price. the books of the law that had not yet been returned to them were also to be restored, with the exception of the talmud. after the period of twelve years granted to them the king might not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4101662728048132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 65, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.109766"}
{"text": "would give them the necessary sites at a reasonable price. the books of the law that had not yet been returned to them were also to be restored, with the exception of the talmud. after the period of twelve years granted to them the king might not expel the jews again without giving them a year ' s time in which to dispose of their property and carry away their goods. they were not to lend on usury, and no one was to be forced by the king or his officers to repay to them usurious loans. if they engaged in pawnbroking, they were not to take more than two deniers in the pound a week ; they were to lend only on pledges. two men with the title \" auditors of the jews \" were entrusted with the execution of this ordinance, and were to take cognizance of all claims that might arise in connection with goods belonging to the jews which had been sold before the expulsion for less than half of what was regarded as a fair price. the king finally declared that he took the jews under his special protection, and that he desired to have their persons and property protected from all violence, injury, and oppression ( \" ordonnances, \" i. 604 ; brussel, p. 617 ; vuitry, l. c. p. 98 ). under philip v. philip v. the tall ( 1316 - 22 ) at first continued the policy of louis x. with regard to the jews. by his decrees of april, 1317, and feb., 1319, he grantedthem certain privileges, and somewhat ameliorated their social status ; but the financial consideration that induced these measures is apparent. the king modified the sentences that might be pronounced upon them ; exacted the wearing of the circular badge only in the cities ; placed the jews under the jurisdiction of their own bailiffs ; determined and regulated the financial operations in which they might engage ; and even authorized them to own houses ( \" ordonnances, \" i. 646, 682 ; vuitry, l. c. 101 ). but while he decreed that they should no longer be subject to mortmain, and that their estates were to descend to their families, still the same general rule obtained as in the time of st. louis, that the property of the jews belonged to the seignior within whose domains they dwelt ; and the king expressly declared that they were to remain subject to tallage and to pay taxes in proportion to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4494637713946591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 66, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.111808"}
{"text": "in the time of st. louis, that the property of the jews belonged to the seignior within whose domains they dwelt ; and the king expressly declared that they were to remain subject to tallage and to pay taxes in proportion to the amount of their fortunes. while they were enjoined to sell only merchandise of a good quality, they were to indemnify the treasury, and not the deceived buyer, in cases of fraud. unfortunately for the jews, this was a period of physical and intellectual misery. in 1320 appeared the pastoureaux, a band of peasants and herdsmen, mostly less than twenty years of age, eager for battle, adventure, and pillage. they were led by unscrupulous men \u2014 a priest driven from his church on account of his misdeeds, and an unfrocked monk \u2014 and they were reenforced by hordes of miscreants and bandits. to the number of 40, 000 they overran languedoc, attacking principally the jews, whom no one dared to protect. five hundred of the latter sought refuge in the fortress of verdun - sur - garonne, and defended themselves valiantly ; but, seeing their efforts useless, they decided that the eldest among them should put the others to death ; he was aided in this work of martyrdom by a vigorous youth, and soon all had perished except the children, who had not been given to the sword ; these were baptized. the governor of toulouse, attempting to check this band of brigands, imprisoned some in that city, but they were liberated by the mob, who then turned to massacre the jews. the pastoureaux were everywhere supported by the mob, and sometimes by the citizens, who either encouraged the massacre or were afraid to protect the jews. at alby the consuls tried to stop the horde at the city gates, but the pastoureaux forced their way in, shouting that they had come to kill the jews ; the populace received them as friends and brothers, \" for the love of christ, against the enemies of the faith. \" under charles iv. at lezat the consuls made common cause with them. even the officials sometimes shared the popular fanaticism. the progress of the pastoureaux was arrested only in the district of the seneschal of carcassonne ( p. lehugeur, \" hist. de philippe le long, \" 1897 ; gratz, \" geschichte, \" 3d ed.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38666781253472515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 67, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.113024"}
{"text": "pastoureaux was arrested only in the district of the seneschal of carcassonne ( p. lehugeur, \" hist. de philippe le long, \" 1897 ; gratz, \" geschichte, \" 3d ed., pp. 255 et seq. ). charles iv. subsequently appointed commissioners to inquire into the affair in the districts of the seneschals of toulouse, perigord, and carcassonne ; but his action was taken only because the royal treasury had suffered as a result of the riots ; the cities in which the troubles had occurred were sentenced to pay a fine. various instances show both the weakness of the authorities and the prevalent hostility toward the jews. at chateau - thierry in 1318 the synagogue was entered, the tabernacle broken open, and the scrolls of the law carried off ( \" actes du parlement de paris, \" 5230 ). in 1319 certain impostors traversed the country, and, pretending to be the king ' s agents, searched the houses of the jews, and despoiled them in the name of the law. at troyes the jews were accused of having entered the churches, and also of having shouted so loudly in their synagogues as to disturb divine services in the churches ; philip the tall thereupon ( feb. 26, 1320 ) directed the bailiff of troyes to punish the jews so severely that in future they would cease committing such outrages ( \" bibliotheque de l ' ecole de chartres, \" 1849, p. 414 ). on july 12, 1317, the king had ordered the arrest of several persons on suspicion of having killed a child, and two jews of chinon had been hanged on this charge. in puy the jews were similarly accused ( mandet, \" hist. du velay, \" iv. 117 ). according to one historian, \" the people of that time were seized with a delirium that begat epidemics of frenzy. the public mind was disturbed by imaginary terrors ; common gossip treated of nothing but compacts, witchcraft, and magic \" ( fleury, \" hist. eccl. \" ch. 92 ). in their excitement the people of guienne imagined that the lepers had formed a conspiracy to destroy their countrymen, either by leaving the infirmaries in order to infect the healthy, or by poisoning the wells and fountains. thereupon they seized some of these unfortunates,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39485830572739544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 68, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.114545"}
{"text": "kaufmann in \" r. e. j. \" xxix. 298 ). doubtless other massacres took place in languedoc, and records of them have been preserved in kalonymus b. kalonymus ' \" eben bohan \" ( written in 1322 ). at vitry le brule forty jews, imprisoned and facing death, commissioned two of their number to kill the remainder. in many places, as at tours, chaumont, and vitry, the jews, like the lepers, were put on the stand ( a fact of which kalonymus bitterly complains ), and were asked to denounce their accomplices ( duples - agier, \" rev. de l ' ecole de chartres, \" 1857, p. 267 ; lehugeur, l. c. ; l. lazard, in \" r. e. j. \" xvii. 210 ; vaissette, x. 616 ; \" continuation de guillaume de nangis, \" bouquet, xx. 628 - 629 ; \" continuatio chronici gerardi de fracheto, \" xxi. 56 ; jean de saint victor, xxi. 674 ; \" chron. de saint louis, \" xx. 704 ; \" chron. anonyme, \" xxi. 140, 152 ; mandet, \" hist. du velay, \" iv. 117 ; labbe, \" collectio concil. \" xxv. 568 ; brussel, p. 607 ; \" actes du parlement, mandement du 8 fevrier, 1322 \" ). the entire chronology of these occurrences is obscure. charles iv., who succeeded philip the tall in 1322, undertook to collect the fine which the jews had been sentenced to pay. while discussing this affair with the seneschals of languedoc on feb. 20, 1322, he foresaw that certain of the jews would desire to leave the country ( vaissette, x. 616 ). in fact, such an exodus took place ; but, according to brussel, it was not a voluntary one. they were expelled on june 24, 1322. in 1324 the property of jews was confiscated, either as a consequence of their expulsion, or as indemnity for the non - payment of the fine ( brussel, p. 623 ). however this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40031503926584955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 70, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.116671"}
{"text": "june 24, 1322. in 1324 the property of jews was confiscated, either as a consequence of their expulsion, or as indemnity for the non - payment of the fine ( brussel, p. 623 ). however this may be, there were no jews in france between 1322 and 1359 ( see isidor loeb in \" gratz jubelschrift, \" pp. 51 et seq. ). under john the good. after the disaster at poitiers ( 1356 ) and the captivity of john the good, france was in dire straits. the ransom of the king had been fixed at 3, 000, 000 ecus in gold. soldiers plundered everywhere ; there were fields that had not been tilled for three years ; the silver mark was worth 102 livres. it was then that the regent, duke charles of normandy, negotiated with manassier of vesoul for the recall of the jews to france ; they were to remain for a period of twenty years, were to pay an entrance fee of 14 florins gold for each family, and of one florin and two tournois for each child or servant, and a yearly tax of seven florins for each family, and of one florin for each child or servant ( \" ordonnances, \" iii. 468, 469 ). the charter granted to them by the dauphin charles, and ratified march 1, 1360, by king john ( \" arch. nat. \" j j 89, folios 316 - 320 ), was very liberal, the jews taking precaution to guard against the ills and injustices from which they had suffered on previous occasions. even two guardians of these privileges were appointed for them, robert of outreloue for languedoc, and the count of etampes for the kingdom of france proper ( \" ordonnances, \" iii. 351, 352, 471, 472 ). as the jews who returned to france at that time were chiefly engaged in money - lending, the privileges accorded to them bear chiefly on that calling ; they were permitted to lend on interest at the rate of four deniers in the pound per week. that the jews were few in number is clearly shown from the fact that between 1359 and 1394 there is scarcely any trace of jewish intellectual activity. while john was in the south of france ( dec. 27, 1362 ) he permitted the jews to practise medicine and surgery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4337823986847828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 71, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.117595"}
{"text": "is clearly shown from the fact that between 1359 and 1394 there is scarcely any trace of jewish intellectual activity. while john was in the south of france ( dec. 27, 1362 ) he permitted the jews to practise medicine and surgery, provided that they had passed an examination before christian instructors ( \" arch. nat. \" j j 93, 163 ; comp. \" ordonnances, \" iii. 603 ). but with his well - known duplicity he declared, in oct., 1363, that the privileges had been abused which had been granted, and were therefore annulled. further, he compelled them to wear the circular badge again, and in defiance of the charter of 1360 made them subject to the common courts in whatever district they were living ( \" ordonnances, \" iii. 603, 641 ). under charles v. charles v. ( 1364 - 80 ), however, kept the contract that he had made as regent. the count of etampes interposed frequently in the parliament of paris and in other civil and ecclesiastical tribunals, on behalf of the jews, to secure their freedom from the general jurisdiction. meanwhile the jews of paris lived quietly in the district of st. antoine, near the dwelling of hugues aubriot, the grand provost of paris, who protected them. aubriot ' s enemies subsequently explained this good will by saying that he was fond of the beautiful jewesses. he was also reproached with having restored to the jews children that had been baptized ( \" chronique des quatre premiers valois, \" p. 295 ). thefts committed against the jews were promptly and severely punished, even when the offenders belonged to the nobility ( simeon luce, \" rev. hist. \" vii. 362 et seq. ). but this state of affairs excited jealousy, and the creditors of the jews, among whom were some of the noblemen of the highest rank, again endeavored to have them expelled from the kingdom. thus toward the end of 1367 or the beginning of 1368 king charles issued a decree of banishment, but revoked it before it had been put into effect ( \" mandements de charles v. \" ed. delisle, no. 430, pp. 216, 217 ). in languedoc, where the distress was very great and the rate of interest necessarily higher than in other parts of the country, the jews were more bitterly hated. attempts were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4433146445871413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 72, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.118537"}
{"text": "to make their request. this being granted, they retired ; whereupon certain of the nobles, who had joined the crowd, proposed that the expulsion of the jews be demanded. only a short time before, the right of remaining had been granted to the jews on the payment of certain sums. as the chancellor did not send an immediate reply, the people gathered in the streets and seized the records and the money in the public treasury. then they rushed into a district where the jews occupied forty houses, pillaging and plundering on all sides. in this work they were encouraged by the nobles and the bourgeoisie, who had joined the mob in order that they might seize such of their notes as were held by the jews. pillaging was followed by slaughter ; all the jews met were killed ; such as escaped fled to the chatelet, where they asked to be confined with the prisoners and thus be saved from the fury of the mob. the king did not yield to the people ; the next day he ordered the jews to return to their homes, and commanded, under severe penalties, the restoration of their property. but very few obeyed the royal order ( \" chron. des religieux de st. denis \" ; \" chron. de charles vi. \" i. 53 - 57, in \" documents inedits de l ' hist. de france \" ). in consequence of this riot several jews left paris, while others accepted baptism ( felibien - lobineau, \" hist. de paris, \" iii. ). in 1382 there was another disturbance, known as the \" riot of the maillotins. \" this was caused also by the exigencies of the treasury, a new tax having been levied at the rate of a twelfth of the value of all commodities. the rioters, armed with mallets, fell upon the appraisers, and then attacked the houses of the jews, which they pillaged for four days ( \" arch. nat. \" j j 122, fol. 55 ; 136, fol. 114 ). the mob looked upon the jews as accomplices of the treasury ; indeed, as a matter of fact, a large part of the usury which they exacted went into the public coffers. this riot was followed by others outside paris. when the news came to mantes the inhabitants of that town, incited by the soldiers, who assured them of the king ' s consent, pillaged the jewish quarter ( \" arch. nat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.392477623740369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 74, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.127340"}
{"text": ". the judiciary, however, jealous of its privileges, and dissatisfied with having them set aside by the king to further his own interest, imprisoned in the conciergerie such jews as had been guilty of exacting compound interest. in return for another subsidy the king delivered the jews once again from persecution in 1394 ( \" ordonnances, \" vii. 643 ). then, according to the chronicler of st. denis, an incident occurred that brought matters to a crisis. the jews of paris were accused of having induced denis machault of ville - parisis, who had accepted baptism, to return to judaism. the case was tried before the provost of paris, assisted by various lawyers and theologians, and seven jews who had been arrested were condemned to be burned at the stake. but the parliament changed this sentence, ordering that the jews should be publicly flogged on three successive saturdays, and should then be banished, and that their property should be confiscated ( felibien - lobineau, \" hist. de paris ; pieces justificative, \" iv. 546 ; joannes galli, in \" sauval, \" ii. 524 ). expulsion. on sept. 17, 1394, charles vi. suddenly published an ordinance in which he declared, in substance, that for a long time he had been taking note of the many complaints provoked by the excesses and misdemeanors which the jews committed against christians ; and that the prosecutors, having made several investigations, had discovered many violations by the jews of the agreement they had made with him. therefore he decreed as an irrevocable law and statute that thenceforth no jew should dwell in his domains ( \" ordonnances, \" vii. 675 ). according to the \" religieux de st. denis, \" the king signed this decree at the instance of the queen ( \" chron. de charles vi. \" ii. 119 ). the decreewas not immediately enforced, a respite being granted to the jews in order that they might sell their property and pay their debts. those indebted to them were enjoined to redeem their obligations within a set time ; otherwise their pledges held in pawn were to be sold by the jews. the provost was to escort the jews to the frontier of the kingdom. subsequently the king released the christians from their debts. levi b. gershon. the banishment of the jews from languedoc and languedoil put an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43386666622684217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 76, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.130784"}
{"text": ". the provost was to escort the jews to the frontier of the kingdom. subsequently the king released the christians from their debts. levi b. gershon. the banishment of the jews from languedoc and languedoil put an end to a condition that had long been precarious, and the number of them that went into exile was probably not large. no references to this exodus have been preserved in jewish literature, yet many traces exist to show the decline of judaism during the thirty - six years that elapsed between their return and their expulsion. at the time of the return there were not more than five or six talmudists within the limits of old france. mattithiah b. joseph treves, who was acknowledged as rabbi by charles v. and as such exempted from wearing the circular badge ( \" responsa of isaac b. sheshet, \" pp. 270 - 272 ; \" ordonnances, \" v. 498 ), endeavored to found a school in paris, but trained only eight rabbis. on his death his son johanan was called upon to resist the claims of a competitor, isaiah b. abba mari ( astruc of savoy ), who, with the approbation of meir b. baruch ha - levi of vienna, claimed the sole right of ordaining rabbis in france. johanan was obliged to apply to the spanish rabbis, hasdai crescas, isaac b. sheshet, and moses halawa, for aid in maintaining his rights, for at that time languedoc had neither scholars nor rabbis of authority, and writers were found only in the comtat venaissin, in provence proper, and in roumillon. nevertheless, jewish science and literaturecontinued to prosper in provence during the first half of the fourteenth century. the ban that had been laid upon scientific studies had stimulated, instead of arrested, their progress. rationalism was never more potent, and philosophy was never more eagerly listened to. levi b. gershon ( ralbag ) was a peripatetic who had attended the school of averroes, and, as munk has pointed out ( \" melanges, \" p. 497 ), was the most daring of jewish philosophers \u2014 he even admitted the eternity of the world. few scholars of the middle ages had such encyclopedic learning ; he wrote commentaries to most of the works of averroes, and at the same time to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47138094797495883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 77, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.131736"}
{"text": "most daring of jewish philosophers \u2014 he even admitted the eternity of the world. few scholars of the middle ages had such encyclopedic learning ; he wrote commentaries to most of the works of averroes, and at the same time to the bible ; he wrote on theology, into which he introduced astronomy ; he invented an instrument for observation \u2014 the \" staff of levi. \" at the request of philip of vitry he composed a treatise on harmony ; he was the author of works on arithmetic, trigonometry, algebra, and geometry ; he was known for his medical skill ; and at the same time he gained the respect of rabbinical authorities by his knowledge of the talmud. his biblical exegesis is remarkable, being largely philosophical and ethical. the stories of the bible he regards as lessons which he loves to cite and develop. ecclesiastes is a statement of various propositions from among which the reader has the right to make his choice. narboni, kalonymus, and others. moses narboni of perpignan was hardly less daring in his conclusions ; he also explained philosophically the ethical treatises of the bible, commented on averroes, wrote on philosophy, theology, medicine, and the exact sciences ; but he veiled his thoughts more skilfully, and selected the commentary as his vehicle for expressing them. kalonymus b. kalonymus, who lived somewhat earlier than these two scholars, was also one of the representatives of jewish civilization in southern france. his relations with king robert of naples are well known. he continued the work of translation, and turned into hebrew many scientific works written in arabic, including works on medicine, geometry, mathematics, cosmography, astronomy, and various commentaries to averroes. he wrote also many original works on philosophy and arithmetic. but among jews he is most famous for his satirical treatise on morals, in which he derided the vices not only of the world in general, but also of the mystics, astrologers, grammarians, poets, and talmudists ; and for his parody on the treatise megillah, in which he reviewed all the eccentricities of mankind. averroes was then in vogue, and his commentaries were often translated, as by moses of beaucaire, kalonymus b. david b. todros of arles, samuel b. judah, or miles of marseilles ( who was imprisoned at beaucaire in 1322 in connection with the affair of the le", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44409820828795354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 78, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.134423"}
{"text": "moses of beaucaire, kalonymus b. david b. todros of arles, samuel b. judah, or miles of marseilles ( who was imprisoned at beaucaire in 1322 in connection with the affair of the lepers ), and the prolific translator todros todrosi. a number of others translated ghazzali and arnault of villeneuve. joseph b. abba mari, don bonafoux of argentiere ( 1279 - 1340 ), was one of the most prolific writers of the time, a thinker of moderate views, opposed to the exaggerations of the school of allegory, but a firm supporter of science. his commentaries to the bible, his treatises on grammar and lexicography, his philosophic notes to the scriptures, his interpretation of the \" moreh \" are clear and often apt, without pretending at originality. to the same school belong david of roquemartine, abba mari b. eligdor, sen astruc of noves, david of estella \u2014 all disciples of maimonides. remembering the controversies of 1303 - 06, they did not touch upon the burning questions of biblical history or legislation, but dealt rather with the wisdom series \u2014 proverbs, job, and ecclesiastes \u2014 which lend themselves more easily to philosophic speculations. nor was there a lack of scientists ; such were the physicians abraham caslari ; isaac lattes, who was also a theologian and talmudist ; immanuel b. jacob of tarascon, called \" bonfils, \" a mathematician and astronomer, author of the treatise \" shesh kenafayim \" on conjunctions and eclipses, and the translator of a story of alexander ; isaac b. todros, the hygienist ; and jacob bonet, son of david bonform, the astronomer. there were, however, fewer talmudists. the most famous, such as aaron b. jacob ha - kohen of narbonne, the author of the ritual collection \" orhot hayyim, \" and jeruham, the author of a similar work, \" toledot adam we - hawah, \" left france in 1306. among those who remained \u2014 not in the territory of the king, but in the neighboring provinces \u2014 were simson b. isaac of chinon, the author of the \" sefer keritut, \" an introduction to the talmud, and isaac b. mor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4621782795163326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 79, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.135582"}
{"text": "who remained \u2014 not in the territory of the king, but in the neighboring provinces \u2014 were simson b. isaac of chinon, the author of the \" sefer keritut, \" an introduction to the talmud, and isaac b. mordecai kimhi, or petit of nyons. it should be noted that all these authors either wrote before the expulsion of 1322 or did not live in france proper. the country beyond the rhone and the pyrenean provinces that had not yet been incorporated with france were the refuge of jewish science and of its last french representatives. and soon the comtat venaissin, which formed part of the pontifical states, was to be their last shelter ; for the jews were expelled in succession from every new province acquired by the french crown. see the articles brittany ; champagne ; dauphine ; provence ; savoy. - aronius, regesten ; - bedarride, les juifs en - france, en italie et en espagne, paris, 1867 ; - begin, histoire des juifs dans le nord - est de la france, in revue orientale, vols. i. and ii. ; - beugnot, les juifs d ' occident, ou recherches sur l ' etat civil, le commcrce et la litterature des juifs en france, en espagne et en italie, paris, 1824 ; - de boissi, dissertations pour servir a l ' histoire des juifs, paris, 1785 ; - bouquet ( dom martin ), recueil des historiens des gaules et de la france, 23 vols., paris, 1738 ; - carmoly, biographie des israelites de france, frankfort - on - the - main, 1868 ; - depping, les juifs dans le moyen age, paris, 1834 ; - geiger, parschandatha, die nordfranzosische exegetenschule, leipsic, 1855 ; - gratz, gesch. ; - gross, gallia judaica, paris, 1897 ; - gudemann, gesch. i., vienna, 1880 ; - ordonnances des rois de france de la troisieme race, paris, 1723 - 1849 ; - pertz, monumenta germani\u00e6 historica, 1826 - 74 ; - renan - neubauer, les rabbins francais, paris, 1877 ; - labbe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42579301952485427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 80, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.140507"}
{"text": "france de la troisieme race, paris, 1723 - 1849 ; - pertz, monumenta germani\u00e6 historica, 1826 - 74 ; - renan - neubauer, les rabbins francais, paris, 1877 ; - labbe, collectio conciliorum, paris, 1671 ; - renan - neubauer, les ecrivains juifs francais, paris, 1893 ; - steinschneider, hebr. uebers. berlin, 1893 ; - vaissette ( dom ), histoire generale de languedoc ; - weiss, dor ; - winter and wunsche, die judische litteratur, vols, ii. and iii., treves, 1893 - 96 ; - zunz, literaturgesch. berlin, 1855 ; - idem, z. g. berlin. 1845. the edict of banishment of charles vi. was enforced with the utmost severity. nobles whose interests were injured by the expulsion were nevertheless compelled to obey the order. the duke of foix, who was favorably inclined toward the jewish community of pamiers, endeavored, though unsuccessfully, to maintain them in the duchy. an exception was made in the case of dauphine, because in ceding this province to charles vi. count louis ii. of poitiers expressly stipulated that the jews should be allowed to continue there and to retain their accustomed privileges. the jews of dauphine remained undisturbed until the end of the sixteenth century, when the edict of expulsion was extended to that province also. however, most of them had emigrated before louis xi. ( 1461 - 83 ) had been long on the throne ; for, charging them with excessive usury and with dealings with his enemies while he was in flanders, he had imposed upon them a fine too heavy for them to pay. seventeen years after the annexation of provence ( 1481 ) an edict of banishment was issued against the jews of that province. this edict, which probably had not been carried out with extreme severity, was renewed by louis xii. in 1501. after this date, with the exception of marseilles, where they succeeded in maintaining themselves until 1758, there were no jews in provence. portuguese and spanish maranos indeed settled in the sixteenth century at bordeaux, bayonne, and in some other localities ; but they were tolerated only as \" new - christians \" ; they began to profess judaism openly only after 1730. in the beginning of the seventeenth century jews began again", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40470195439984474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 81, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.141573"}
{"text": "settled in the sixteenth century at bordeaux, bayonne, and in some other localities ; but they were tolerated only as \" new - christians \" ; they began to profess judaism openly only after 1730. in the beginning of the seventeenth century jews began again to penetrate into france. this necessitated a new edict ( april 23, 1615 ), in which louis xiii. forbade christians, under the penalty of death and confiscation, to shelter jews or to converse with them. the regency was no less severe. in 1683 louis xiv. expelled the jews from the newly acquired colony of martinique. in annexing alsace and lorraine, louis was at first inclined toward the banishment of the jews living in those provinces, but thought better of it in view of the benefit he could derive from them ; and on sept. 25, 1675, he granted them letters patent, taking them under his special protection. this, however, did not prevent them from being subjected to every kind of extortion, and their position remained the same as it had been under the austrian government. while the alsatian jews were thus laboring under barbarous legislation, the condition of those of comtat venaissin ( see avignon ; carpentras ; cavaillon ), which belonged to the holy see, became unbearable. all the additional measures devised against them by the councils during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were applied to the letter in the second half of the seventeenth century and afterward. beginnings of emancipation. in the course of the eighteenth century the attitude of the authorities toward the jews was modified. a spirit of tolerance began to prevail, which corrected the iniquities of the legislation. the authorities often overlooked infractions of the edict of banishment ; a colony of portuguese and german jews was tolerated at paris. the voices of enlightened christians, like dohm, who demanded justice for the proscribed people, began to be heard. an alsatian jew named cerf berr, who had rendered great service to the french government as purveyor to the army, was the interpreter of the jews before louis xvi. the humane minister malesherbes summoned a commission of jewish notables to make suggestions for the amelioration of the condition of their coreligionists. this commission included cerf berr and eminent representatives of the portuguese jews from bordeaux and bayonne, like furtado, gradis, isaac rodrigues, lopez dubec, etc. the direct result of the efforts of these men was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40296595830869586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 82, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.142864"}
{"text": ". this commission included cerf berr and eminent representatives of the portuguese jews from bordeaux and bayonne, like furtado, gradis, isaac rodrigues, lopez dubec, etc. the direct result of the efforts of these men was the abolition, in 1784, of the degrading poll - tax and the permission to settle in all parts of france. shortly afterward the jewish question was raised by two men of genius, who subsequently became prominent in the french revolution \u2014 count mirabeau and the abbe gregoire, the former of whom, while on a diplomatic mission in prussia, had made the acquaintance of mendelssohn and his school, who were then working toward the intellectual emancipation of the jews. in a pamphlet, \" sur moses mendelssohn et la reforme politique \" ( london, 1787 ), mirabeau refuted the arguments of the german anti - semites like michaelis, and claimed for the jews the full rights of citizenship. this pamphlet naturally provoked many writings for and against the jews, and the french public became interested in the question. on the proposition of roederer the royal society of science and arts of metz offered a prize for the best essay in answer to the question : \" what are the best means to make the jews happier and more useful in france? \" nine essays, of which only two were unfavorable to the jews, were submitted to the judgment of the learned assembly. the prize was awarded jointly to three essays, written respectively by salkind hurwitz, a polish jew, interpreter at the royal library of paris ; thierry, a member of parliament for nancy ; and the abbe gregoire. of these three the most important for the jews was the essay of the abbe gregoire, because of the character of the author. debates in the national assembly. meanwhile the revolution broke out. the fall of the bastile was the signal for disorders everywhere in alsace. in certain districts the peasants attacked the dwellings of the jews, who took refuge in basel. a gloomy picture of the outrages upon them was sketched before the national assembly ( aug. 3 ) by the abbe gregoire, who demanded their complete emancipation. the national assembly shared the indignation of the prelate, but left undecided the question of emancipation ; it was intimidated by the anti - semitic deputies of alsace, especially by a certain rewbell, who declared that the decree which granted the jews citizens ' rights would be the signal for their destruction in alsace. on dec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4520915972001664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 83, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.143917"}
{"text": "this body was not, however, inclined to enact restrictive laws against all the jews because of the misdeeds of some usurers. influential persons, among whom was the minister of the interior, champagny, endeavored to bring napoleon to a better opinion of the jews. they called to his attention how quickly they had become proficient in the arts and sciences, in agriculture and handicrafts. persons were mentioned who had been decorated with the order of the legion of honor for courage in war. but napoleon, on may 30, 1806, issued a decree by which he suspended for a year the execution of the judgments rendered in favor of jewish money - lenders in alsace and in the rhenish provinces. by the same decree he summoned an assembly of jewish notables, ostensibly to devise means whereby useful occupations might be made more general among the jews, but in reality to question the representatives of the jews concerning the moral character of the mosaic law. among the 111 notables chosen, somewhat arbitrarily, by the prefects, were well - known men like berr isaac berr, his son michel berr, abraham furtado, sinzheim, abraham vita di cologna, and many others, who were fully aware that they were called to defend judaism before the world. from the first sitting ( saturday, july 26, 1806 ), presided over by abraham furtado, they disarmed the ill will of napoleon by their tact and manifestation of patriotism. although advocating various religious opinions, harmony did not cease to reign between the members, and they were unanimous in their answers to the twelve questions put before them by the commissioner of the government, the reactionary mole ( see sanhedrin, french ). the chief point of the question was whether the jewish civil and matrimonial laws, the prescriptions concerning the relations between jews and non - jews, and the regulations in regard to usury were in accordance with the spirit of modern times. the sanhedrin. on sept. 18, 1806, the commissioner mole announced to the assembly that the emperor was satisfied with the answers and that he intended, in order to give a religious sanction to the principles expressed therein, to call together a sanhedrin. like the sanhedrin of old, this sanhedrin was to be composed of seventy - one members, two - thirds rabbis and one - third laymen, having at their head one president and two vice - presidents. the consistories. on feb.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39216705744944425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 86, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.147410"}
{"text": "sanhedrin of old, this sanhedrin was to be composed of seventy - one members, two - thirds rabbis and one - third laymen, having at their head one president and two vice - presidents. the consistories. on feb. 9, 1807, four days after the dissolution of the assembly of notables, the sanhedrin, under the presidency of david sinzheim, held its first meeting in a hall of the hotel de ville, especially decorated for the occasion. the answers of the assembly of notables were the main subject of its discussions. after several sittings they were all approved anddrawn up in french and in hebrew. thenceforth the principles laid down by the assembly of notables were to have legal force for all the jews of the french empire. but who was to see to the enforcement of these decisions? hitherto the jewish inhabitants of every town formed a separate community which had its own administration, without any connection with the government. napoleon therefore, in consonance with his general centralizing tendencies, conceived the idea of organizing the jewish community on a legal basis, and of placing corporate bodies and hierarchical functionaries at its head. by a decree issued from madrid on march 17, 1808, he instituted the system of consistories which is still in force in france. the spirit by which the emperor was guided in this is seen in the formula of oaths which the members of the first consistories had to take : \" i vow and promise before god, on the holy bible, to show obedience to the constitutions of the empire and loyalty to the emperor. i promise also to make known anything that i may hear contrary to the interests of the sovereign or of the state. \" by another decree the jews were invited to adopt family names. they were not allowed, however, to take names of towns or biblical names. these decrees, gratifying as they were to the jews, were unfortunately followed by another, of the same date, which restricted for ten years their commercial freedom. according to the terms of this last decree no foreign jew was allowed to settle in the german departments, nor one from those departments in any other district. no french jew was to engage in any trade without the permission of the prefect, which permission was to be granted only on the testimony of the civil magistrates and the consistory as to the good character of the applicant. contracts of jews who could not show a patent were to be null and void. no jew drafted into the army was to be allowed to procure a substitute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4013368381936494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 87, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.148445"}
{"text": "the testimony of the civil magistrates and the consistory as to the good character of the applicant. contracts of jews who could not show a patent were to be null and void. no jew drafted into the army was to be allowed to procure a substitute. owing to the numerous complaints made by the jews and to the favorable reports of the authorities, however, exemption from these restrictions was shortly afterward granted to the jews of paris, of leghorn, of the department of the lower pyrenees, and of fifteen other districts in france and italy. at the end of the ten years the restrictions were not renewed, despite the efforts of certain enemies of the jews. after the restoration. the restoration of louis xviii. did not bring any change in the political condition of the jews. such of their enemies as cherished the hope that the bourbons would hasten to undo the good work of the revolution with regard to the jews were soon disappointed. since the emancipation the french jews had made such progress that the most clerical monarch could not find any pretext for curtailing their rights as citizens. they were no longer poor, downtrodden pedlers or money - lenders, with whom every petty official could do as he liked. many of them already occupied high positions in the army and the magistracy, and in the arts and sciences. and a new victory was won by french judaism in 1831. state recognition. of the faiths recognized by the state, only the jewish had to support its ministers, while those of the catholic and protestant churches were supported by the government. this legal inferiority was removed in that year, thanks to the intervention of the duke of orleans, lieutenant - general of the kingdom, and to the campaign led in parliament by the deputies rambuteau and viennet. encouraged by these prominent men, the minister of education, on nov. 13, 1830, offered a motion to place judaism upon an equal footing with catholicism and protestantism as regards support for the synagogues and for the rabbis from the public treasury. the motion was accompanied by flattering compliments to the french jews, \" who, \" said the minister, \" since the removal of their disabilities by the revolution, have shown themselves worthy of the privileges granted them. \" after a short discussion the motion was adopted by a large majority. in january, 1831, it passed in the chamber of peers by 89 votes to 57, and on feb. 8 it was ratified by king louis philip, who from the beginning had shown himself favorable to placing judaism on an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4513302061135976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 88, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.149499"}
{"text": "adopted by a large majority. in january, 1831, it passed in the chamber of peers by 89 votes to 57, and on feb. 8 it was ratified by king louis philip, who from the beginning had shown himself favorable to placing judaism on an equal footing with the other faiths. shortly afterward the rabbinical college, which had been founded at metz in 1829, was recognized as a state institution, and was granted a subsidy. the government likewise liquidated the debts contracted by various jewish communities before the revolution. assimilation. strangely enough, while the jews had been thus placed in every point the equals of their christian fellow citizens, the oath \" more judaico \" still continued to be administered to them, in spite of the repeated protestations of the rabbis and the consistory. it was only in 1846, owing to a brilliant speech of the jewish advocate adolphe cremieux, pronounced before the court of nimes in defense of a rabbi who had refused to take this oath, and to a valuable essay on the subject by a prominent christian advocate of strasburg, named martin, that the supreme court ( cour de cassation ) removed this last remnant of the legislation of the middle ages. with this act of justice the history of the jews of france merges into the general history of the french people. the rapidity with which many of them won affluence and distinction in the nineteenth century is without parallel. in spite of the deep - rooted prejudices which prevail in certain classes of french society, many of them occupy high positions in literature, art, science, jurisprudence, the army \u2014 indeed, in every walk of life. among them there were men whose fame extended beyond the boundaries of their own country, as, for instance, adolphe cremienx, fould, goudchaux, and raynal, in politics ; fromenthal halevy, samuel david, jonas waldteufel, leonce cohen, and ernest cahen, in music ; solomon munk, joseph and hartwig derenbourg, michel breal, jules oppert, h. weill, solomon and theodore reinach, arsene and james darmesteter, and joseph halevy, in classical philology and oriental languages and literatures ; m. loewy, albert levy, and gabriel lippmann, in astronomy and science ; bedarrides, a. bloch, and lyon - caen, in jurisprudence ; georges hayem and germain see, in medicine ; adolphe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47238809271844695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 89, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.150463"}
{"text": ". loewy, albert levy, and gabriel lippmann, in astronomy and science ; bedarrides, a. bloch, and lyon - caen, in jurisprudence ; georges hayem and germain see, in medicine ; adolphe franck and h. l. bergson, in philosophy ; emile soldi, emmanuel hannaux, and z. astruc, in sculpture ; emile levy, jules worms, e. brandon, edouard lievre, alphonse hirsch, and fribourg, in painting ; joseph hirsch, maurice levy, and l. bachman, in engineering ; albert wolff, blowitz, joseph reinach, arthur meyer, catulle mendes, henri avenel, and henri michel, in literature and journalism ; ad. d ' ennery, abraham dreyfus, ernest blum, hector cremieux, albin valabregue, and eugene manuel, in drama ; rachel, amelie hirsch, rosine bloch, worms, and berr as actors and actresses. in the last decade of the nineteenth century the reactionaries, having failed in every attempt to overthrow the republic, had recourse to anti - semitism, by means of which they maintained a persistent agitation for over ten years. the jews were charged with the ruin of the country and with all the crimes which the fertile imagination of a drumont or a viau could invent ; and as the accused often disdained to answer such slanderous attacks, the charges were believed by a great number of people to be true. a campaign was started against jewish army officers, which culminated in the celebrated dreyfus case. this unhappy affair, which brought france to the brink of ruin, opened the eyes of the republicans to the plans of the reactionists ; and the heyday of anti - semitism in france is now fast disappearing. in compliance with the decree of march 17, 1808, the jewish population of france was divided into seven consistories, which contained a total of 46, 160 inhabitants. of this number 16, 155 belonged to the department of the lower rhine, 10, 000 to that of the upper rhine, and 20, 005 to the rest of france. the seats of the consistories were : paris, strasburg, wintzenheim ( later colmar ), metz, nancy, bordeaux, and marseilles. with the increase of the jewish population new consistories were established at lyons ( 1857 ) and at bayonne ( 1859 ). in 1845 three consistories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49718951181514515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 90, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.224158"}
{"text": "wintzenheim ( later colmar ), metz, nancy, bordeaux, and marseilles. with the increase of the jewish population new consistories were established at lyons ( 1857 ) and at bayonne ( 1859 ). in 1845 three consistories were established in algeria. through the franco - prussian war of 1870, french judaism lost the three most populous consistories of alsace and lorraine ; but, owing to the great number of jews who retained french nationality and emigrated from those provinces to france, they were replaced by three new ones established at vesoul, lille, and besancon. at present ( 1903 ) the twelve consistories comprise 89 jewish congregations, divided among 33 rabbis, with a total population of about 100, 000 persons, of whom about 60, 000 live in paris. mode of consistorial election. since the establishment of the consistories the method of recruiting their members has undergone many changes. at first they were chosen by the civil authorities of the various departments ; in 1844 the right of election was extended to the various municipal and state functionaries ; finally, a law was passed in 1846 by virtue of which every jew who had attained the age of twenty - five was placed on the list of electors. in every congregation there exists an administrative committee or synagogue administration, consisting of five or six members elected either by the consistory, as is the case in the district of paris, or by the suffrages of the congregation. according to the terms of the decree of 1808, rabbis may be appointed only to congregations numbering at least 200 members. where several congregations in separate towns do not possess the number of jewish inhabitants required by law, they may join together for the purpose, and the seat of the rabbi is fixed in the most important communities. since 1872 the election of rabbis is confided to the departmental consistories, which are assisted by a certain number of delegates from the various congregations. when the choice is made the name of the candidate is sent to the central consistory of paris. the latter body, after confirming the selection, submits it to the government for final ratification. at the head of each departmental consistory stands the departmental chief rabbi. the supreme chief of the rabbinical hierarchy of france is the rabbi of the central consistory of paris ( le grand rabbin du consistoire central des israelites de france ), who is elected by a college composed of the twelve members of the central consistory and two delegates chosen by universal suffrage from each of the twelve departmental consistories. this office has been held in succession by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42707175126816577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 91, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.227911"}
{"text": "consistoire central des israelites de france ), who is elected by a college composed of the twelve members of the central consistory and two delegates chosen by universal suffrage from each of the twelve departmental consistories. this office has been held in succession by the following : segre d. sinzheim, abraham vita di cologna, emmanuel deutz, marchand ennery, ulmann, isidor, and the present ( 1903 ) rabbi zadoc kahn. reform in france. the reform movement, which between 1830 and 1840 divided german judaism into two hostile camps, found but a feeble echo in france. the attempts at reform made by o. terquem, who in a series of pamphlets, called \" lettres zarfatiques, \" attacked all religious institutions and traditions, failed to produce any effect. this is due partly to the indifference of the french public to logical discussion and partly to the spirit of toleration which is innate in the most devout in france. however, jewish ritual ceremonies and prayers have been given a more modern form. as early as 1831 the central consistory had prohibited the preaching of sermons in any other language than french. in 1856 ulmann summoned to paris all the rabbis of the consistories to discuss the reorganization of the ritual for french judaism. among the innovations introduced by this assembly the most noteworthy are : the permission to employ the organ in the synagogue ; the bringing of new - born children to the synagogue to receive the benediction of the rabbi ; the religious initiation ; the covering of coffins with flowers, the placing of hangings at the entry of the mortuary, and the employment of more luxurious hearses ; the adoption of an official dress for rabbis resembling that of the catholic priest, with the slight difference that the band is of white. besides these innovations the assembly revised the prayer - book and suppressed some of the prayers. - gratz, gesch. xi., passim ; - jost, neuere geschichte, passim ; - theodore relnach, histoire des israelites, pp. 305 et seq. ; - abraham cahen, les juifs dans les colonies au xviii siecle, in rev. et. juives, iv. 127, 236 ; v. 68, 258 ; - leon bardinet, antiquite et organisation des juiveries du comtat venaissin, i. 262, vi. 1, vii. 139 ; - brunschwicg, les juifs de nantes et du", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4419027267904343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:427e6fd9-50d3-4fb9-a8bb-ca3e43939166>", "chunk_index": 92, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.230823"}
{"text": "jewish europe between the wars if we could use one word to characterize the political, social and economic situation of jews in europe between the world wars that word would be \u201c turmoil. \u201d it is hard for people who live in a politically stable society to imagine what it is like to live in an unstable society, one that is so dangerous that no one knows what tomorrow will bring. that, in effect, is a description of the jewish world in the 1920s and 1930s in europe. the destruction of european jewry really began with the first world war : the uprooting of millions of jews, the destruction of old communities, the breakdown of religious infrastructure, habits and social observances, etc. all of that was accelerated by what happened after the war. the russian revolution in 1917 changed all the foundations upon which jewish russia was built. in fact, the revolution proved to be one of the great disasters in jewish history, even though the full impact of the disaster did not become apparent until decades later, and is perhaps still not fully known. the bolsheviks \u2013 the russian communists \u2013 were disproportionately jewish by birth. jews were committed to the revolution because they thought it would solve all the problems of humanity, as well as all the problems of the jews. although they dropped and vehemently repudiated their judaism in actuality they transmuted a latent religious fervor into fervor for communist ideals. centuries of energy and genius that had been funneled into the study of torah and the jewish religion was now transferred to and infused into pursuit of the communist utopia. a civil war between communist russians ( the red army ) and anti - bolshevik russians ( the white army ) raged for four years between 1917 and 1921. the average jew was caught in between. to the reds he was \u201c white \u201d and to the whites he was \u201c red. \u201d the anti - bolsheviks saw communism as the judaization of their country. it was taking holy mother russian \u2013 russian orthodoxy \u2013 and making it jewish. therefore, the white army perpetrated terrible atrocities upon the jewish communities they encountered. it is estimated that 75, 000 - 100, 000 jews were slaughtered by them. jewish villages were decimated, jewish property taken and hundreds of thousands of jews became refugees. it was little better when the red army regained the territory. its policy was that anyone who was around where the whites had been was automatically assumed to be infected by their anti - revolutionary ideas. and the best way to deal with such hopelessly deluded people was to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45530578581489123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0003d055-27b5-4443-8ad7-c9e38be68ce7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.240998"}
{"text": "better when the red army regained the territory. its policy was that anyone who was around where the whites had been was automatically assumed to be infected by their anti - revolutionary ideas. and the best way to deal with such hopelessly deluded people was to kill them. jews quickly had to choose sides. most chose the side of the reds. if they could have really chosen sides they probably would have left. but they couldn \u2019 t leave. neither side would let them, and there was no place to go to. they were trapped. when the reds finally gained the upper hand they set about with a vengeance to make sure the surviving jews were going to be bolsheviks like them. to do so they established a bureau of the communist party devoted to jewish affairs. this section became known as yevsektsia ( alternative spelling : yevsektsiya \u2014 the acronym of the department name in russian ) and was run by jews. these jewish communists were incredibly ruthless in stamping out any type of religious activity by fellow jews. they killed rabbis, closed the yeshivos and synagogues, banned all religious practices, and enforced it by getting friends to turn in neighbors, children to turn in parents and send them to siberia for observing the religion. it was the yevsektsia more than anything else that destroyed the jewish community in russia. at the same time, the jewish socialists in russia, especially those members of the bund, came to a sad and appropriate end. the yevsektsia said they did not need a second organization to help them in their \u201c sacred \u201d task and forced the bund into the communist party. then, to insure that it would not continue, they killed its leaders, thereby guaranteeing the subservience of the jewish people to the soviet regime. as time went on, jewish communists themselves were slowly crowded out of all of the offices in the communist party and russian government. the infamous purges of stalin tended to target jews more than others. therefore, from the time of the second world war onward, with few exceptions, there were no jews in any sort of influential position in the soviet union. this represented a major shift, because at the beginning of the movement, during lenin \u2019 s time and the beginning of stalin \u2019 s, jews occupied positions of high influence and power. jews invested an incredible religious - like fervor in the communist revolution, and would get nothing in return. in poland, the jews counted between 10 - 12 % of the population, the largest proportion of jews to non", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4529748628779338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0003d055-27b5-4443-8ad7-c9e38be68ce7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.242060"}
{"text": "of high influence and power. jews invested an incredible religious - like fervor in the communist revolution, and would get nothing in return. in poland, the jews counted between 10 - 12 % of the population, the largest proportion of jews to non - jews in any european country. this visibility did not bode well for them. poland had been recreated after the war as an independent republic. but it soon turned into a dictatorship. marshal pilsudski, the military leader who won the wars for them, became the political leader. he was a nationalistic, right wing, roman catholic anti - semite who had a false vision about the greatness of poland. this false vision pervaded the polish army for a long time. based on their victory of lithuania the poles really thought that they could hold off hitler in 1939. poland was living in a bubble on many levels. the president of poland was a renowned pianist. as such, arguably more than anything else, he symbolized poland \u2019 s flight from reality. poland did not need piano music. it needed sober leadership. it had a sick economy and was surrounded by very powerful enemies who would not long suffer its existence. instead of dealing with their problems the poles they were convinced that their problems were because of the jews, and as time went on anti - semitism grew. the jews were prominent in three industries : liquor, textile and tobacco. all of those industries were taken away from the jews by the government with little or no compensation. they did so in many ways, including passing laws forbidding retail establishments from being open on sunday or christian holidays, which in effect decimated the jewish shops, most of which were closed on saturday. thousands and thousands of jews found themselves on the streets unemployed. the laws legislated by the polish government to destroy jewish economic life grew itself laws against the jewish religion. for instance, the polish government passed a law against kosher meat. the attack against kosher laws is one of the oldest anti - semitic attacks in history. it is the foot in the door to anti - semitism. and it did not stop with kosher meat. they levied special taxes against jews. similarly, there were all sorts of laws meant to stunt the jewish religion, including one that made it forbidden to build a sukkah ( booth for the festival of sukkos ). they levied special taxes and / or fines on lulavs and esrogs, the species needed for the festival of sukkos. these and other laws were passed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.465222302052931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0003d055-27b5-4443-8ad7-c9e38be68ce7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.243587"}
{"text": "a sukkah ( booth for the festival of sukkos ). they levied special taxes and / or fines on lulavs and esrogs, the species needed for the festival of sukkos. these and other laws were passed expressly to diminish jewish life. worse than the laws themselves was the climate of anti - semitism they bred. when hitler came he found a ready climate of anti - semitism that made it easy for the nazis to disenfranchise the jews. jews in western europe jews in germany between the wars were in turmoil. a great section of the german people refused to admit that they had been defeated in the first world war. they said the only reason they lost was because someone sold them out. the \u201c someone \u201d who sold them out was of course the jews. one of the men who signed the armistice was a jew and he was soon assassinated. even though his assassins were known they were never arrested. the weimar republic, which was the new democratic government set up after the war, was very weak and ineffective. germany was wracked by tremendous inflation. there are famous photographs of germans going to shop with wheelbarrows full of cash. a person needed millions and millions of marks just to buy a loaf of bread. the general german culture in the 1920s was strongly anti - semitic, but the jews nevertheless lived there with a false sense of security, believing that nothing would ever come of it. they did not realize the potential for disaster that was just under the surface. during the 1920s, until the time of hitler, intermarriage between jews and non - jews reached new heights. combined with jewish deaths in the first world war and a steep decline in the jewish birth rate, jewish life weakened markedly. there was also a large defection of jews from the jewish religion. it is hard to know why it happened. on one hand, it could have been because of persecution and anti - semitism, and on the other hand it was because of assimilation. but, whatever the cause, there was a flood of defections. the closing door it would be incorrect to say that the jews did not want to leave europe. they did. however, there was virtually nowhere to go and no way to get there. from 1920 to 1926 almost a million jews left europe. about 60 % came to the united states, 25 % went to palestine and the rest to various places all over the world. in 1926, the united states closed its doors and made it much more difficult for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45814764909526506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0003d055-27b5-4443-8ad7-c9e38be68ce7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.245467"}
{"text": "for our project to understand pigmentation genetics in archaic humans, we had to find a good comparative sample of sequence data from recent humans. the original publication on the draft neandertal genomes compared them to five low - coverage genomes from different old world populations, along with the publicly available genomes from craig venter and others. the first publication on the denisova genome added an additional handful of genomes to these comparisons. some of these handful of genomes from living people are more similar to the neandertal and denisova genomes than others. that simple fact is the proof that some living people have neandertal and denisovan ancestors. but until now, the comparison has been limited to a very small number of human genomes. that became a focus for critics of the neandertal and denisovan results. how could three or four genome sequences possibly provide an adequate representation of human variability? we could imagine scenarios in which the similarities between neandertal and humans could be explained by some unsampled population, for example, northeast africans. denisova does not present the same problem, because african population structure cannot possibly explain its resemblance to populations in wallacea, australia, and oceania. but to compare either of these genomes, we should seek a broader sampling of genomes from living people. as i wrote yesterday, my students and i have been working to understand pigmentation genetics of the archaic human genomes ( \" pigmentation of archaic humans : introduction \" ). i ' ve emphasized the need to break the analysis into small steps. for this question, we need to examine whether the pattern of introgression around pigmentation genes is characteristic of the genome as a whole. if genes involved in pigmentation have systematically higher or lower levels of neandertal ancestry, that will tell us a lot about the evolutionary history of pigmentation in recent and archaic humans. for this, we need a good comparative sample, and the 1000 genomes project provides the best sample available. the first step in assessing the pattern of introgression for pigmentation genes is to characterize the pattern of introgression across the whole genome. yes, a whole - genome introgression analysis sounds awfully big for my \" small steps \" concept. but actually this is simpler than it might sound. here ' s a teaser : the figures in this post are not from a whole - genome analysis ; they include data from eight chromosomes that we prioritized because of our pigmentation analysis. i am licensing all of them under a creative commons share", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5269273332274992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cf31ae4-d4d1-47f6-b440-8e89d8b3e409>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.272410"}
{"text": ". here ' s a teaser : the figures in this post are not from a whole - genome analysis ; they include data from eight chromosomes that we prioritized because of our pigmentation analysis. i am licensing all of them under a creative commons sharealike license so that anyone can use them anywhere. update ( 2011 - 12 - 10 ) : i finished the whole genome analysis and am updating this post and figures accordingly. the results are the same throughout, with the exception of the europe - east asia comparison, which now shows these populations to be significantly different across the genome as a whole. i have partially updated the figures and will finish these later today. the value of sequences the 1000 genomes project data have been updated several times in the last year, as both sequencing and analysis of the genomes have progressed ( more information on 1000 genomes project website ). we downloaded a release of snp genotype calls from 1094 individuals, based on the low - coverage ( average 4x ) sequencing that has been carried out on the sample. a snp ( single nucleotide polymorphism ) is a nucleotide site with at least two alleles present in the global human sample. these sites represent only one kind of genetic variation in today ' s populations. many of the differences between people ' s genes are caused by insertions, duplications, deletions, transpositions, or inversions. but those kinds of polymorphisms can be challenging to study in low - coverage genomes, and we already understand quite a lot about snps in human populations from the earlier hapmap project. the hapmap provided the data underlying our 2007 paper on the acceleration of recent human evolution ( \" why human evolution accelerated \" ). the drawback of earlier snp variation projects is that they examined only a subset of snp variation in a sample of people. to design a microchip that could provide a million or more snp genotypes from a saliva sample, somebody first had to discover where in the genome snps could be found. so they took small samples of people, sometimes only a single person ' s two copies of the genome, and sequenced. adding together snps found by several methods, they could get a representation of snp variation across the whole genome in a population. but this process introduced a bias : the snps were ascertained in a sample that inevitably could not represent humans in other samples with the same accuracy. initially, snp samples were heavily biased", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5331907211333814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cf31ae4-d4d1-47f6-b440-8e89d8b3e409>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.273340"}
{"text": "we could tell whether incomplete lineage sorting is a credible explanation for any particular site. i ' ll leave that point for another post. in the meantime, if we pretend that we know nothing at all about the ages of alleles, we must find some other way to tell whether incomplete lineage sorting can explain neandertal similarities. reich and colleagues recognized that incomplete lineage sorting from ancient pre - neandertal ancestors ought to be distributed equally among living people. if we look at every site in the genome where we have data from neandertals, we should find that one living human genome should look like the neandertal just as often as another. this insight led to their test. take a pair of humans, count the number of times sequence a is like the neandertal and sequence b is like a chimpanzee, and then do the inverse \u2014 b then a. abba - baba. why a chimpanzee? in most cases the chimpanzee allele will represent the ancestral state for humans. living people can inherit ancestral alleles from neandertals as well as derived ones, but the derived ones tend to be rarer and younger within human populations. if one living genome shares an ancestral allele with the neandertal genome, we don ' t need incomplete lineage sorting or introgression to explain the pattern. for all we know, such a mutation originated after neandertals were already gone. so we need to pay attention to the derived mutations, ones that are present in neandertals but not in chimpanzees. do a count of these across the genome, and if you find a living genome with significantly more than another, you ' ve found evidence for introgression. ed green, david reich and colleagues did a comparison of every possible pair of genomes in their modern human sample. these sequence data were gappy, so that sequence a might share different coverage with b than with sequence c. so it was necessary to consider each pair separately, counting all the sites where both human sequence and the neandertal and chimpanzee sequences had data. the 1000 genomes project sample reports genotypes for every snp for every sampled individual. so in principle, every pair of sequences should have data for every one of these sites. again, we have to be cautious about the nature of the sequencing, attending to the possibility of systematic biases due to low coverage. but we really don ' t have to take the time - consuming step of comparing every possible pair", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.520645212082928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cf31ae4-d4d1-47f6-b440-8e89d8b3e409>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.276640"}
{"text": "of these sites. again, we have to be cautious about the nature of the sequencing, attending to the possibility of systematic biases due to low coverage. but we really don ' t have to take the time - consuming step of comparing every possible pair of the 2188 resulting haploid genomes. we can just find the derived snp alleles that are present in neandertals and count how many of them are in each of the human sequences. if one sequence has significantly more neandertal derived alleles than another, it had to get them somehow. that magic three percent the figure at the top of the post represents that count. every individual in the 1000 genomes project dataset has two copies of the autosomal genome. separating these two copies of the genome ( basically arbitrarily ) and counting up the shared derived features between each of those copies and the genome of vindija 33. 16, we obtain the histogram. here it is again : the african genomes in the 1000 genomes sample include yoruba from nigeria and luhya from kenya. the asian populations sampled are japanese and chinese, including people of han chinese ethnicity in beijing and southern china. the european ancestry samples include the ceu sample from utah, as well as british, tuscan, spanish and finn samples. the histogram shows that asian and european genomes have significantly more neandertal derived snp alleles than do the african genomes. the averages for the asian and european samples are around 3 % higher than the average for the african samples. whatever gave africans some degree of similarity to neandertals, non - africans seem to have gotten around 3 % more of it. green and colleagues assumed conservatively that africans share derived snp alleles with neandertals only because of incomplete lineage sorting from the human - neandertal ancestral population. this fraction should be the same in all human populations, under the assumption that africans were mostly isolated from neandertals for some period of time. the 3 % neandertal bonus outside africa should then represent introgression from neandertals into recent populations outside africa. both previous studies noted that genomes outside africa are not significantly different in the fraction of derived snp alleles shared with neandertals. a genome from china and a genome from france carried the same fraction of shared derived snp alleles with neandertals. here, we ' ve confirmed that basic identity in the level of introgression in these populations. i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49112696606829914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cf31ae4-d4d1-47f6-b440-8e89d8b3e409>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.277621"}
{"text": "some of the 1000 genomes project samples are from populations that represent historically recent admixture of people who trace their ancestry to different parts of the world. for example, the \" asw \" population sample includes african - american people who live in the southwest united states. we know from many other genetic studies that african - americans vary in the fraction of ancestry they derive from europeans and from africans. the average amount of african and european ancestry varies among african - americans who live in different parts of the u. s., as low as 3 % and as high as 20 % or more in some parts of the country. the proportion among individuals varies even more. so when we consider the asw sample, we should expect to see a lot of variation in the number of shared derived snp alleles with neandertals, with a mean higher than african populations. which is exactly what we do see : the asw sample overlaps substantially with the yoruba sample from west africa ( nigeria ) and slightly with the ceu sample, which includes people of european ancestry in utah. the total in the asw genomes is more variable than either the yoruba or ceu population samples. if the higher mean in the asw genomes reflects european ancestry from a population like ceu, the proportion of european ancestry would be around 17 % for that sample of people. it would be hard to tell from these numbers alone how much of the variation in asw is attributable to variation in ancestry fraction, and how much is expected within a population of homogeneous ancestry. as we ' ll see in some other populations, there are some appreciable differences among populations within a given region, and ancestry differences may add to the variation among individuals within populations. we see a similar pattern when we look at the puerto rican sample. individuals in this sample have some ancestry from european, native american and african ancestors. the comparisons by reich and colleagues and green and colleagues suggested that native american populations have the same fraction of neandertal ancestry as other people outside africa. in the comparison with yri and ceu samples, puerto rican ( pur ) genomes are intermediate, with a mean suggesting around 15 % ancestry from the west african population. the two outlier points in the puerto rican sample are the two genome copies from one individual, who we would hypothesize had much higher african ancestry than the average in the sample. this post has taken me much longer than i expected to get to the point of talking about variation among", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4807443207416219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0cf31ae4-d4d1-47f6-b440-8e89d8b3e409>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.279747"}
{"text": "\" populations across the region are much lower than in 2011, \" said ed gorman, small game manager for colorado parks and wildlife. \" this area was stricken by a dry winter in 2011 - 12, and extreme heat and drought during the primary nesting and brood rearing season in the summer of 2012. hunters in northeast colorado will see impacts of drought in the fields this season, in terms of bird numbers and cover availability, but may find better populations of pheasants in the irrigated croplands of the south platte river valley in 2012. \" northeast colorado ( including yuma, phillips, sedgwick, logan, washington, morgan and se weld counties ) experienced a very early spring, yielding good nesting conditions. however, brood habitat was nearly non - existent except in areas with irrigated cropland. reports of hens with no broods or only one or two chicks were common during an early wheat harvest. the severe drought condition resulted in emergency haying and grazing authorization by the united states department of agriculture ' s conservation reserve program ( crp ) lands in mid july, further reducing habitat on the landscape. drought conditions did not recede during the late summer period, resulting in little re - growth of crp and scarce weed growth in wheat stubble fields. the south platte river corridor ( eastern morgan, washington, logan, sedgwick counties ) appears to have improved bobwhite quail populations over 2011. this year is the second season since flooding, which generally improves quail habitat. hunters should expect less cover within the river itself due to drought, but there are some indications that quail numbers are better than the last few years. hunters in east central colorado ( southern yuma, kit carson, cheyenne, kiowa counties ) face much lower populations than in 2011, due to the scorching dryness and vast amounts of haying and grazing of crp, severely reducing the amount of available habitat. pheasant densities will increase within the areas that provide sprinkler irrigation fields. expect populations to be at least 50 percent lower, at a minimum, than in 2011. it ' s important to note that many wia areas in kiowa county are enrolled primarily for light goose hunting, including some fields that offer little cover for pheasants and quail. quail populations are present within the extreme southern reaches of this area, whereas few bobwhites or scaled quail exist in the northern counties of kit carson and cheyenne. finally, hunting in the extreme southeast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37145935450836076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc0568cd-53b8-421c-9283-c4830960b339>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.287785"}
{"text": "pheasants and quail. quail populations are present within the extreme southern reaches of this area, whereas few bobwhites or scaled quail exist in the northern counties of kit carson and cheyenne. finally, hunting in the extreme southeast colorado counties ( baca & prowers counties ) could provide opportunity due to nearly normal precipitation in some areas. haying and grazing of crp lands within the area was very common during the summer of 2012. expect that pheasant populations to be higher in areas with sprinkler irrigation systems. quail populations in the extreme southeast may be slightly higher than in 2011, although both bobwhites and scaled quail were reduced by the severe winter of 2006 - 07 and by a drastically dry 2008 and 2010. the degree of recovery is difficult to assess at this point, although the general feeling is that quail populations are still low in the area, with very small areas that are better than expected. colorado ' s pheasant and quail seasons open one - half hour before sunrise on saturday, nov. 10. the seasons run through jan. 31, 2013 east of i - 25. hunters must have a colorado small game license and must have completed hunter education to participate in the seasons. small - game hunters in colorado are also required to register for the harvest information program ( hip ) before hunting. hunters can register and receive a hip number by going on - line to http : / / colohip. com or by calling toll - free at 866 - colo - hip ( 866 - 265 - 6447 ). hunters take note : due to the severe drought, wildfire danger is very high. please do not park on or drive through vegetation. refrain from smoking while in the field. also note that wia sprinkler corners are closed to wia hunting when the landowner is harvesting the associated crop. this closure is in effect to allow harvesters to work efficiently, and to minimize safety concerns for hunters and harvesters. corners are posted with closure signs in addition to wia boundary signs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38951222628821436, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc0568cd-53b8-421c-9283-c4830960b339>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.288707"}
{"text": "twentieth - century america was the era of civil rights. the national american woman suffrage association was formed in 1890 by the merger of several smaller predecessors. in 1906, a group of german jewish americans came together to advocate on behalf of russian jewish pogrom victims. this was the beginning of the american jewish committee. following the springfield race riots of 1908, w. e. b. du bois and others founded the national association for the advancement of colored people. the national urban league was founded in 1911 to ameliorate the living conditions of newly urbanized african americans and, in 1913, during the leo frank rape case, the anti - defamation league was established by the b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith. these and other subsequent organizations changed the nature of america by challenging america to live up to its ideals. prior to these organizations \u2019 efforts, america was a white - male - protestant christian - led country, in which everyone else was a more - or - less tolerated guest of the dominant group. during the course of the past century, first one group and then another broke through the legal barriers that discriminated against them. american jews and american jewish organizations played prominent roles in every civil rights struggle during this period. american jewish organizations determined that \u201c the best way to protect jewish populations in danger would be to work toward a world in which all peoples were accorded respect and dignity, \u201d according to the ajc web site. the age - old fight against anti - semitism thus became part of the larger fight against all forms of bigotry and in support of ( american ) democratic ideals and the protection of civil rights for all. by the approximate end of the 20th century, america truly was on the verge of reaching a benchmark for the ideals set forth, but not necessarily anticipated, by the founding fathers. geraldine ferraro, joseph lieberman and barack obama are proof of our having formally reached our country \u2019 s highest aspirations, even if a broader application of universal equality still lies ahead in a hopefully not - too - distant future. but what do the persecution, oppression and legal discrimination of the 20th century mean to a younger generation that didn \u2019 t have to endure and transcend such suffering? and, with israel playing the role of regional superpower rather than that of a fledgling state beset on all sides, will its concerns resonate with a group that did not witness its traumatic birth and its struggle to survive? what issues will captivate and motivate our future leaders and community members? and what of these organizations that championed a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47623286244456475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17993659-d914-45db-8688-72dc9ef2ee08>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.291570"}
{"text": "what is the best book for identifying british butterflies and moths? unfortunately there is no single book that covers the subject, but i can recommend two, one on butterflies and one on moths. the best reference book for butterflies is, in my opinion, \" the butterflies of britain & ireland \" by jeremy thomas and richard lewington. this is published in association with the national trust and costs \u00a316. 99. for moths there is the \" field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland \" by paul waring and martin townsend, with illustrations by richard lewington. this costs \u00a329. 95. until i got this book two years ago i used to struggle with moth identifications ( and still do but to a far lesser extent! ). apart from that, there is also \" colour identification to the moths of the british isles \" by bernard skinner. this costs around \u00a340, and is useful for showing details of the under wings, whereas the waring and townsend book shows the moths at rest, with their wings folded, just as you will encounter them. what kind of trap do you use? i use a robinson trap, which many people consider to be the rolls - royce of moth traps. the downside is that it costs the best part of \u00a3400, though it is sometimes possible to purchase one much cheaper through the internet. there are other traps, the skinner and the actinic. the skinner works on the same principle as the robinson and though less efficient is a much cheaper trap. the actinic uses a low light emission lamp and has the advantage of portability, since it is relatively small and can be operated from a car battery. the other two require mains electricity or a generator. are the moths harmed by the traps? certainly not! trapping moths is in order to study and record them, not destroy them. what happens is that they are attracted to the light and then go inside the trap to roost. they will ( usually! ) remain there until daybreak or until the light is switched off, then they make their way out. after the identification and counting process is completed, they are placed under cover so that they remain protected from predators, especially birds, and can leave in their own time, though most will stay put until the early evening before departing. so you don ' t kill them and use pins to stick them on boards? again, certainly not! it is true that sometimes moths are forwarded for an inspection for scientific reasons that can, unfortunately, entail them being killed, but personally i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4225904917364938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59e1a065-33e2-4b1a-899f-65e3a5a1119f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.298714"}
{"text": "so you don ' t kill them and use pins to stick them on boards? again, certainly not! it is true that sometimes moths are forwarded for an inspection for scientific reasons that can, unfortunately, entail them being killed, but personally i have never done this. if you want to \" collect \" moths and butterflies, do it with the camera. how many moths do you get in the trap? the highest number i have ever had is over 600, but that is unusual. during the peak period from july to september a normal count would be between 1, 000 and 250. but you have to be prepared for nights when you get nothing at all. generally speaking, warm, humid summer nights are when the highest numbers occur. what is the highest number you have ever trapped of a single species? i had 237 large yellow underwings one night in september 2005. that was higher than normal, but around here to get over 100 of this species is not uncommon. do moths only fly during the night? definitely not. there are several day - flying species of moth, in fact one of the most common moths i get asked to identify is the six - spot burnet, which is a very common day - flying moth found along the north downs in kent. another, though not yet seen in kent, is the jersey tiger, which has started to colonise counties in the south - west as far inland as gloucestershire. i saw dozens of them in the gardens of hidcote manor some years ago, which were proving a great puzzle to other visitors striving to identify this strange \" butterfly \". what is the best way to attract butterflies into my garden? there is a whole range of suitable plants that will certainly attract butterflies ( and moths ) of certain species, but what they really like are places that have been left untended. many modern species of plants are totally unsuitable for butterflies because they either do not provide the nectar or because it is there but the butterflies can ' t reach it. some plants they find unattractive, perhaps because they are the wrong colours. for an example, the cultivated buddleias in my garden get a fraction of the butterflies on them compared with one growing wild just a few hundred yards away. the royal horticultural society publishes a booklet on some of the plants that you can grow, which you may find a help. there seem to be a lot less butterflies around than there were when i was younger. is this really the case? unfortunately it is. butterflies and moths have been on the decline for many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.416796999110136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59e1a065-33e2-4b1a-899f-65e3a5a1119f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.299694"}
{"text": "plants that you can grow, which you may find a help. there seem to be a lot less butterflies around than there were when i was younger. is this really the case? unfortunately it is. butterflies and moths have been on the decline for many years, not helped by recent weather patterns in which we have had a series of cold springs and autumns. this has had a detrimental effect on butterflies such as the small tortoiseshell and red admiral, which hibernate and emerge to lay their eggs in the spring, the butterflies from which, in their turn, are the generation that lays the eggs for the later brood hibernating the following winter. thus they suffer at both ends of the cycle. even more important than numbers is the sharp decline in the variety of butterfly species. within the last couple of years it is likely that the pearl - bordered fritillary, which was just hanging on in woods near canterbury, has finally become extinct in kent. two others, the wall and the grayling, are now only seen in the very south - east part of the county along the coast in diminishing numbers, while others, the duke of burgundy fritillary, heath fritillary and silver - spotted skipper are confined to just a few enclaves. several others are becoming increasingly rare, among them the grizzled skipper, small copper, dark green fritillary and small heath. what camera do you use? i use a fujifilm s5000 digital camera. although not an ideal camera in several respects it is affordable and with a little perseverance can take superb photographs. the main drawback is that it switches itself off automatically while you are waiting to take a picture, and then has to be turned on again. when taking photographs of any form of wildlife this can be a constant irritation as the subject can choose that moment to take off so you miss your chance. another is that you get a shadow at the bottom of the picture when using flashlight for close - ups ( and hence i rarely try to use it ). also, the zoom does not give such good results in macro mode ( or maybe that is just me being inept? ). are there any special tips for photographing butterflies and moths? yes - take lots of photos while you have the chance and, where possible, try changing the background and the position with respect to the light. i have sometimes taken 50 or more photos in order to get the one excellent one you see on the website. another is to inspect the photos you have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.433182295539536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59e1a065-33e2-4b1a-899f-65e3a5a1119f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.300598"}
{"text": "the chance and, where possible, try changing the background and the position with respect to the light. i have sometimes taken 50 or more photos in order to get the one excellent one you see on the website. another is to inspect the photos you have just take immediately afterwards, because can be quite infuriating to find they are all out of focus after the moth has flown away. do butterflies and moths make easy subjects for photography? well yes and no! most moths are fairly docile during the day and will readily submit to being picked up on a pencil gently inserted beneath their body and deposited on a suitable surface. others are just the opposite and will either fly away if disturbed, or, in the case of moths, immediately head for cover. a moth has many enemies and to survive it has keep still and to try to blend in with its background or it has to hide. i have seen a caterpillar with a big sting on the tail - is this harmful? no, but you and any potential predators are encouraged to think that it is! these are the caterpillars of the hawk - moths and it is an appendage meant to look just like a sting. it certainly worked in your case. you are far more likely to be \" stung \" by other caterpillars, some of which can secret a liquid that causes skin irritations. as a rule of thumb, avoid using your bare hands to pick up caterpillars with lots of yellow markings. is the main difference between butterflies and moths that butterflies close their wings vertically and moths close them flat? you might expect that to be the case but it is not true. skipper butterflies do not close their wings vertically, instead they rest with the upper wing open at an angle of around 30o. on the other hand, several moths of the geometrid family, which is the one closest to butterflies in many respects, can close their wings vertically and in many other ways including colour can resemble butterflies. hence why i am sometimes asked about the big green butterfly that has been seen, which, of course, is a large emerald moth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44518038345654365, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59e1a065-33e2-4b1a-899f-65e3a5a1119f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.301369"}
{"text": "uk germination toolbox - about the database the millennium seed bank partnership has successfully collected and stored seed samples from around 90 % of the united kingdom \u2019 s native seed plant species, as a hedge against extinction and as a conservation resource. the \u2018 missing \u2019 species produce either no seeds at all ; or seeds that cannot be stored conventionally ; or are too rare, or fruit too infrequently for seed collections to have been made without threatening their survival. as well as further collecting to increase bio - geographic and genetic coverage of those species already in the bank, efforts are also continuing, to locate and bank collectable samples from those last few, elusive species. in this database, the naming and definition of uk native species follows the plantatt database ( hill, preston and roy, 2004 ) ; and includes species designated there as native ( n ), native endemic ( ne ) or archaeophyte ( ar ; introduced before 1500ad ) \u2013 1442 species. at present casuals, aliens and more recent introductions are not included. germination tests are central to the routine management of seeds collected for the purpose of their conservation. as well as being the most useful means of monitoring seed viability over time in storage ; they also provide essential information towards the propagation of new plants. ultimately, seeds in a bank, even though they may be perfectly viable, will be of little use if we do not know how to grow new plants from them. the msbp aims to promote conservation by enabling the sustainable use of seeds in the bank, not least for the re - introduction of native species and restoration of degraded natural and semi - natural vegetation. consequently, this database is intended as a resource for all those who need to propagate uk native species from seed : researchers ; conservationists attempting to restore native species and vegetation ; horticulturalists, including those commercial nurseries specialising in growing and supplying uk native species. it will also be useful for researchers in comparative and evolutionary ecology, seeking germination trait data. the \u2018 toolbox \u2019 is comprised of information on germination from up to three available sources. 1. msb germination tests the main purpose of this database is to share the msb \u2019 s germination data on uk species with potential users. so, wherever they are available, a search returns a summary of the conditions applied in successful msb germination tests. by and large the conditions ( mostly temperatures ) returned by a search for a particular species will be those that resulted in at least 75 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48950756930942696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18c9526c-1895-4c2e-804e-a442f3f31d81>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.308614"}
{"text": "wherever they are available, a search returns a summary of the conditions applied in successful msb germination tests. by and large the conditions ( mostly temperatures ) returned by a search for a particular species will be those that resulted in at least 75 % germination ( i. e. the msb viability standard is passed ). the tests \u2018 accepted \u2019 by the msb are usually those that are easiest to apply and repeat ; wherever possible avoiding complicated temperature regimes, or the application of dormancy - breaking chemicals, for example. please note that the successful germination conditions presented almost always do not result from designed experiments with controls. thus, they do not exclude other potentially equally successful conditions that have not been tried ; nor are unsuccessful conditions reported at present. in a few cases the successful germination conditions result from tests on collections of species native to the uk, but originating elsewhere, usually in europe. 2. information from published literature despite the msb \u2019 s high coverage of uk native species, successful germination conditions are not yet available for some of them. this is sometimes due to as yet intractable dormancy problems in certain species \u2013 and research continues on these. more frequently, the collections currently held of those species are too small ( < 500 seeds ) to commit any of them to germination testing, without jeopardising the value of the conservation collection. in such cases, where there is published information available, the database will return a summary of the conditions found to be successful in other laboratories. this part of the database currently relies heavily on the extensive compilation and analysis of published literature by baskin & baskin ( 1998 ), with further updates to 2001 kindly provided by the authors ( cf. baskin & baskin, 2003a ). updates beyond that date are from the msb \u2019 s own literature searches, which are ongoing, and will be added to the database in due course. some published germination treatments for uk native species is for material not collected in the uk. 3. predicting likely successful temperature regimes worldwide, around one third of all wild species studied are not exacting in their germination requirements ; and this is probably also true of uk species. so long as they have sufficient moisture and a broadly favourable temperature, they are relatively easy to germinate fully. the remainder possess varying degrees of several different kinds of dormancy, presumed to result from evolution to ensure that seedlings emerge when they are most likely to survive, and often also to ensure that emergence is spread over time (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5082605895690493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18c9526c-1895-4c2e-804e-a442f3f31d81>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.309675"}
{"text": "to germinate fully. the remainder possess varying degrees of several different kinds of dormancy, presumed to result from evolution to ensure that seedlings emerge when they are most likely to survive, and often also to ensure that emergence is spread over time ( \u2018 bet hedging \u2019 ). synchronous germination to a high percentage is often quite difficult to achieve for these species. however, optimal germination temperature and dormancy breaking conditions are often related to local climatic conditions ; and these can suggest likely successful germination conditions. for example ; seeds of tropical dry - land species, shed at the beginning of the dry season, often require an extended period of relatively high temperature in the dry state before germination occurs in the subsequent rainy season. this requirement appears to be an adaptation to avoid germination in response to sporadic, unreliable rainfall during the dry season, when emerging seedlings would probably be killed by drought. similarly, cool temperate species shed in autumn may delay germination until temperatures begin to rise in the early spring, by having a requirement for an extended period at low temperature ( \u2018 cold stratification \u2019 ) before germination can occur, mimicking the passage of winter and the risk of frost damage to sensitive seedlings. application of temperature regimes related to seasonal climate cycles forms the basis of \u2018 move - along \u2019 experiments ( e. g., baskin & baskin, 2003b ) ; in which seeds, imbibed on a moist substrate, are transferred between a succession of incubators, running at temperatures that approximate to local conditions at the source of the seeds. the start point in the temperature regime is set at the conditions pertaining when seeds are shed naturally ( \u2248 collected ) in the field. to help users predict likely successful temperature sequences, they are able to enter the latitude and longitude of the source of their seed collection ( if known ; input restricted to decimal degrees at present ), as well as month of collection. the system will return the monthly mean minimum and maximum as well as corresponding median temperatures. this facility is mainly to allow users to make predictions of likely germination conditions in the absence of information from msb germination tests msb. however, they can also be used in conjunction with msb records and published data, where they exist. the temperature values are provided by \u2018 worldclim \u2019 ( hijmans et al., 2005 ) ; which uses an algorithm to compute interpolated, or modelled, temperature and rainfall data from real data compiled from weather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5006260710040138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18c9526c-1895-4c2e-804e-a442f3f31d81>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.310694"}
{"text": ", where they exist. the temperature values are provided by \u2018 worldclim \u2019 ( hijmans et al., 2005 ) ; which uses an algorithm to compute interpolated, or modelled, temperature and rainfall data from real data compiled from weather station records worldwide, at high ( 1km ) spatial resolution. properties of the algorithm and uneven distribution of climate stations mean that uncertainty is highest for small islands and mountainous regions. the database currently does not return interpolated monthly rainfall amounts for uk locations, as rainfall appears to have very limited value in predicting germination period in the uk. especially in seasonal climates, rainfall amounts can give an indication of relatively dry periods ( when germination would be less likely ) ; or relatively moist periods, when seedling emergence is likely to take place in the field. rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year in the uk ; and though observed mostly in spring and autumn, newly emerged seedlings of some species can be seen at any time of the year, even during mild weather in winter. worldwide, observations of species \u2019 seedling emergence timing are scarce or mostly non - existent ; whereas it is often quite well documented for uk species ( e. g. ecoflora ). keep up to date with events and news from kew", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4980222099523398, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:18c9526c-1895-4c2e-804e-a442f3f31d81>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.311241"}
{"text": "staff picks : books staff - recommended reading from the buddha, jesus, aristotle, and stoicism reading some of the passages from the dhammapada ( collected wisdom of the buddha ), i found some interesting parallels : ( 1 ) \u201c by one \u2019 s self the evil is done, by one \u2019 s self one suffers ; by one \u2019 s self evil is left undone, by one \u2019 s self one is purified. the pure and the impure stand and fall by themselves, no one can purify another. \u201d this sounds exactly like the stoicism of marcus aurelius, but also jesus in the gospels : \u201c by your own words you shall be judged... by what measure you measure others, shall be measured unto you. \" ( 2 ) \u201c let a man, after he has discerned his own duty, be always attentive to his duty. \u201d again, classic stoicism, but this sounds like immanuel kant ' s moral philosophy, who was obsessed with the concept of duty. philosophy is finding out, by reason, what our duties are ; and the truly good person does their duty for the sake of duty alone. which reminds me of a much older saying : \" know thyself, and do thy duty \" [ who said that? ]. ( 3 ) \u201c the virtuous man is happy in this world \u2026 \u201d sounds like aristotle, who thought the only road to true happiness was contemplating and practicing virtue constantly. the wisdom of the buddha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4863813882343061, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:347d2403-0597-4059-9254-624ad8db52c4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.312911"}
{"text": "dalai lama fast facts here is a look at the life of his holiness, the 14th dalai lama tenzin gyatso, spiritual leader of the people of tibet. personal : birth date : july 6, 1935 birth place : taktser, amdo province, tibet birth name : lhamo dhondrub, renamed jetsun jamphel ngawang lobsang yeshe tenzin gyatso father : choekyong tsering mother : dekyi tsering education : geshe lharampa degree ( doctorate of buddhist philosophy ), 1959 other facts : the dalai lamas are the manifestations of the bodhisattva ( buddha ) of compassion, who chose to reincarnate to serve the people. this dalai lama, the 14th dalai lama tenzin gyatsois, is the 74th manifestation of avalokiteshvara bodhisattva, the enlightened buddha of compassion. tibetans normally refer to his holiness as yeshe norbu, the wishfulfilling gem, or simply kundun - the presence. his holiness has continuously emphasized the need to further democratize the tibetan administration and has publicly declared that once tibet regains independence he will not hold political office. has traveled to numerous countries with a message of religious and cultural tolerance and peace. winner of the 1989 nobel peace prize. timeline : 1938 - is taken from his family in taktser and taken to the kumbum monastery after a delegation of monks looking for the new dalai lama find him. february 22, 1940 - enthronement ceremony takes place in lhasa, tibet. november 8, 1950 - chinese soldiers of the people ' s liberation army invade tibet at lhasa. november 17, 1950 - assumes full political power as tibetan head of state and government almost 2 years ahead of schedule. investiture is moved up from eighteenth birthday ( was to be july 6, 1952 ) as a result of china ' s invasion of tibet. 1954 - 1959 - participates in unsuccessful peace talks in beijing with chinese leaders including mao tse - tung, chou en - lai and deng xiaoping. in 1959, the talks end when the chinese army forces 80, 000 tibetan refugees into exile. march 17, 1959 - goes into exile ; leaves lhasa for india dressed as a soldier. april 21, 1959 - officially takes up residence in exile in mussoorie, india. 1960 - dharamsala, india, becomes home to the dalai lama and headquarters of the government -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41711715370783686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef6905bc-4dc0-416e-9c69-ffdda9407bb5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.318249"}
{"text": "lhasa for india dressed as a soldier. april 21, 1959 - officially takes up residence in exile in mussoorie, india. 1960 - dharamsala, india, becomes home to the dalai lama and headquarters of the government - in - exile of tibet. 1963 - enacts a new tibetan democratic constitution based on buddhist principles and the universal declaration of human rights. september 30, 1973 - meets with pope paul vi at the vatican, the first ever meeting of a pope and a spiritual leader of tibetan buddhists. may 1977 - the chinese government makes the dalai lama a conditional offer, the opportunity to return to tibet after acceptance of chinese rule over tibet. the offer is rejected. august 3, 1979 - arrives in the united states for a 49 day tour. february 2, 1986 - meets with pope john paul ii in new delhi. september 1987 - attends the congressional human rights caucus in washington, dc, and proposes a five point peace plan for tibet ' s future. 1989 - shares the nobel peace prize with mikhail gorbachev. april 16, 1991 - white house meeting with george bush, the first ever between the spiritual leader and a president of the united states. may 6, 1993 - meets with president bill clinton and vice - president al gore at the white house. september, 1995 - tours the united states urging government involvement with talks with china over tibetan autonomy. march 27, 1997 - meets with president lee teng - hui of taiwan in taipei. december 25, 1997 - disney, through touchstone pictures, releases the biopic \" kundun, \" directed by martin scorsese. november 10, 1998 - requests assistance in opening official negotiations with china regarding the future of tibet at a meeting of senior government officials in washington, dc, including president clinton. the dalai lama says that the distrust between himself and china is too great to re - open the talks. may 2001 - meets with president george w. bush, congressional leaders and secretary of state colin powell, among others in washington, dc. 2002 - speaks out against china, stating that china should embrace democracy if the country is to be a major world power in the coming years. - he also criticizes the united states - led war on terrorism, saying that the use of force to override terrorists overlooks the underlying problems that lead to terrorism. september 2003 - begins a 16 - day tour of the u. s. in san francisco. other cities include new york, boston, bloomington, indiana and washington dc, meeting again with president bush and colin powell.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4328056738055315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef6905bc-4dc0-416e-9c69-ffdda9407bb5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.319313"}
{"text": "underlying problems that lead to terrorism. september 2003 - begins a 16 - day tour of the u. s. in san francisco. other cities include new york, boston, bloomington, indiana and washington dc, meeting again with president bush and colin powell. september 19 - 22, 2004 - tours south florida and gives a series of public and private lectures on peace and religious and cultural harmony. lecture sites include miami university and florida international university. november 8, 2005 - meetings with president george w. bush and secretary of state condoleezza rice in washington. september 11, 2006 - receives honorary canadian citizenship in a ceremony held at vancouver ' s gm place stadium. february 5, 2007 - the dalai lama is named a presidential distinguished professor at emory university in atlanta. june 22, 2007 - appears in a documentary titled \" ten questions for the dalai lama, \" a 2001 interview done in india that shows some of the life and teachings of the dalai lama. october 9 - 31, 2007 - visits north america. october 17, in washington, dc, is awarded the congressional gold medal by president bush. october 20 - 22, visits emory university, in atlanta, georgia, for a conference and installation as a presidential distinguished professor. january 2008 - calls for peaceful protests during the upcoming beijing olympics, in order to highlight the plight of tibet. march 18, 2008 - states during an interview that he would step down as leader of tibetan exiles if violence in tibet were to get out of control. april 13, 2008 - arrives in the us for a ten - day tour that makes stops in seattle, ann arbor, michigan, and hamilton, new york. april 21, 2008 - the dalai lama is made an \" honorary citizen \" of paris, over the objections of french president nicolas sarkozy ' s political party. may 23, 2008 - meets with british prime minister gordon brown in london. june 12, 2008 - urges his supporters not to cause trouble when the olympic torch passes through tibet ; he also reiterates a general plea for his supports not to target the torch or the olympic games. october 6, 2009 - house speaker nancy pelosi awards the inaugural lantos human rights prize to the dalai lama, honoring his commitment to ending global injustices. march 10, 2011 - announces he plans to devolve political power to an elected leader of the tibetan exile movement. may 29, 2011 - approves amendments to the exiled constitution, formally removing his political and administrative responsibilities. july 16, 2011 - meets with president barack obama at the white house. may 14,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46768185711287646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef6905bc-4dc0-416e-9c69-ffdda9407bb5>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.321037"}
{"text": "a relatively obscure drug used to treat mouth sores has made obese mice thin - - and the mice didn ' t have to eat less or exercise more, according to a study at the university of michigan. doctors at the university will begin studies in human beings later this year. hopes are high, even though many drugs that work in mice do not work in humans. \" it is a tour de force and offers a new and potentially exciting opening for developments of new anti - obesity drugs - - something which is badly needed, \" says dr. george bray, chief of the division of clinical obesity and metabolism at pennington biomedical research center at louisiana state university. in the study at the university of michigan, researchers gave mice a high - fat diet, and they became obese. they then injected the animals with a drug called amlexanox, which has been on the market for more than 15 years to treat canker sores. the mice lost weight, even though they kept eating the same number of calories. when they were taken off the drug, the mice gained all the weight back. if amlexanox works in humans - - and that ' s a big if - - bray said it could become like the story of viagra, which was originally developed to treat one condition, chest pain, but serendipitously was later found to treat a different condition, erectile dysfunction. \" it could well be that what works for one disease will turn out to work for another, even though that wasn ' t the original intent, \" he said. the researchers screened several drugs and found that amlexanox, used in an ointment to treat canker sores, changed the action of genes that control metabolism. when injected in mice, the drug worked by increasing metabolism, not by suppressing appetite. \" one of the reasons that diets are so ineffective in producing weight loss for some people is that their bodies adjust to the reduced calories by also reducing their metabolism, so that they are ' defending ' their body weight, \" says dr. alan saltiel, the lead researcher at the university of michigan. \" amlexanox seems to tweak the metabolic response to excessive calorie storage in mice. \" the findings were published sunday in the journal nature medicine. clinical trials are expected to begin later this year to test the drug ' s effectiveness in humans.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41444901448332594, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:392224cf-b951-4224-8e44-f3aaa12d060a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.323508"}
{"text": "this place we now call kansas was \" unorganized \" territory prior to 1854. it was the home of numerous indian peoples including the plains tribes and less nomadic indians such as the kansas, pawnees, and osages. as part of \" indian country, \" this land was shared after 1830 with about 20 different tribes from east of the mississippi river, resettled west of missouri under the federal government ' s indian removal policy. with the ever - increasing desire for further westward expansion, however, the federal government commenced the negotiation of another indian removal in 1853. the u. s. congress passed the kansas - nebraska bill in may 1854. by the fall of that year, the tide of euro - american settlement was rolling over the prairies of eastern kansas \u2014 displacing the native population. these emigrant tribes were, in large measure, removed to lands in the remaining indian country, which later became oklahoma. at mid 19th century, the sectional division within the nation was becoming more and more pronounced. the kansas - nebraska act, which repealed the missouri compromise ' s ban on slavery in the northern portion of the old louisiana territory, sought yet another compromise to facilitate expansion. in the name of popular sovereignty, settlers themselves, not the u. s. congress, were to decide the slave question. to the chagrin of senator stephen a. douglas and other champions of this concept, the \" compromise \" settled nothing ; indeed, it exacerbated an already tense situation by creating a competitive arena focused on the slavery question. immediately, partisans on both sides of the mason - dixon line targeted kansas and the question whether it would be slave or free. as the settlers came, this \" kansas question \" became the centerpiece of an emotionally charged national debate. in the territory soon called \" bleeding kansas, \" the two sides squared off in a sometimes - violent contest. many historians have pointed to the events in kansas at the time as the place where the civil war began. a substantial number of the early contestants came from the proslavery state of missouri. david rice atchison, missouri ' s senior senator from platte city, and the brothers stringfellow, john h. and benjamin f., \" urged their people to resist the abolitionist plot to surround their state with free territory, \" and helped establish the proslavery town of atchison. leavenworth was founded about the same time, and proslavery partisans gained the early advantage. soon, however, antislavery forces organized to contest the area. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4088869000893278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:570005f3-3449-4a79-99b9-79e43861769c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.330120"}
{"text": "and helped establish the proslavery town of atchison. leavenworth was founded about the same time, and proslavery partisans gained the early advantage. soon, however, antislavery forces organized to contest the area. the new england emigrant aid company and other groups formed to promote and support free - state settlement. the first organized band of new englanders arrived in the territory in july 1854 and founded the city of lawrence. before the end of the year, cyrus k. holliday and company established the present city of topeka. although kansas has been referred to as a \" child of new england, \" most of kansas ' territorial settlers were not \" yankees. \" the majority came neither from the \" north \" nor the \" south, \" but from the \" border. \" nearly 60 percent of kansas ' population hailed from the northern ( illinois, indiana, ohio, etc. ) and southern ( missouri, kentucky, tennessee, etc. ) border states. most of these folks were more concerned about bettering their economic situation and about available land rights than with settling their nation ' s slavery question. likewise, the territory ' s first governor, andrew h. reeder, could be characterized as ambivalent with respect to the issue of slavery. events would soon force him to throw his lot with free state partisans, but upon his arrival in 1854, he directed his energies toward the business of land speculation and government. by early 1855 the first territorial census revealed a population of 8, 500. the governor called a legislative election for march 30. on that day the infamous \" border ruffians \" appeared on the scene, crossing the border from missouri to \" help \" the legitimate electorate make the \" correct \" political choices. the result was the so - called \" bogus legislature. \" the freestaters ' belief that this missouri - dominated government was illegitimate led to the establishment of the topeka movement, a shadow government that adopted its own constitution and elected its own legislature until its side took control of the federally recognized government in the fall of 1857. the political turmoil that emerged from the passage of the kansas - nebraska bill caused serious conflict in kansas. at the national level, the perception about what was going on in the territory was more important than the reality. eastern newspapers gave sensational attention to \" bleeding kansas. \" in fact, kansas was not nearly so bloody as the appellation implies, notwithstanding the violent exploits of abolitionist john brown, proslavery sheriff sam jones, and others. the print media did", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40062377766557505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:570005f3-3449-4a79-99b9-79e43861769c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.331115"}
{"text": "gave sensational attention to \" bleeding kansas. \" in fact, kansas was not nearly so bloody as the appellation implies, notwithstanding the violent exploits of abolitionist john brown, proslavery sheriff sam jones, and others. the print media did, however, fan the flames. the kansas imbroglio changed the complexion of national politics. the republican party emerged in 1854 to oppose the expansion of slavery in the territories, and soon replaced the whig party as the main opposition to the democratic party. during the course of the kansas struggles, two events of special significance involving the western territories occurred in 1857. both had a profound impact on the country ' s apparent inevitable journey toward civil war. the first was the dred scott decision, handed down by the u. s. supreme court on march 6. this ignoble ruling held that slaves were not citizens of the united states, residency in a \" free \" state did not alter their status, and that congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories. the missouri compromise was therefore unconstitutional. the second 1857 event of note was the controversy surrounding the lecompton constitution and kansas ' second constitutional convention. this convention was authorized by the proslavery territorial legislature. it met at lecompton in the fall of that year. in december the convention submitted a document to the voters. the vote of the people was to be on a special slavery article only : a choice between \" the constitution with slavery \" or \" the constitution without slavery. \" because a vote \" for the constitution without slavery \" meant kansans could keep the slaves they already owned, freestaters refused to participate, and the \" constitution with slavery \" won 6, 266 to 559. months of controversy followed, featuring a bitter national debate that split the democratic party. in the meantime, however, kansans elected a new free - state legislature on october 5, 1857, ultimately defeated the lecompton constitution at the polls, and wrote and ratified the free - state wyandotte constituton in the summer and fall of 1859. as a matter of law, because of the dred scott decision, slavery remained legal in kansas territory until admission to the union in 1861. by the time delegates assembled in wyandotte, however, the central issue was all but decided, so the decision to make kansas \" free \" was no surprise. to their credit, the delegates did not adopt a clause excluding any racial groups from participation, but they failed to remove \" white \" from several significant parts of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44624502254687326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:570005f3-3449-4a79-99b9-79e43861769c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.332107"}
{"text": "was all but decided, so the decision to make kansas \" free \" was no surprise. to their credit, the delegates did not adopt a clause excluding any racial groups from participation, but they failed to remove \" white \" from several significant parts of the document. thus, the new constitution reflected the common prejudices of 19th - century america in a racially \" conservative \" document. in other areas, too, the delegates moved forward cautiously for political and ideological reasons. women, for example, were not granted equal voting rights, but the wyandotte constitution allowed them to participate in school district elections, granted them the right to own property, and instructed the legislature to \" provide for their equal rights in the possession of their children. \" the joy over the adoption of the wyandotte constitution and the imminent prospects for statehood were tempered somewhat in late 1859 and 1860 by a severe drought and famine. the big day of admission to the union, january 29, 1861, was clouded by the prospects of war on the national horizon. the battle for kansas was finally over, but the conflict, which for the past six years had caused bleeding in kansas, now engulfed an entire nation. territorial era primary sources from the kansas historical society are available online in the bleeding kansas portion of kansas memory and on a cooperative web site ( territorial kansas online ) with the kansas collection, university of kansas. entry : kansas territory author : kansas historical society author information : the kansas historical society is a state agency charged with actively safeguarding and sharing the state ' s history. date created : april 2010 date modified : march 2013 the author of this article is solely responsible for its content.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4328857601818308, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:570005f3-3449-4a79-99b9-79e43861769c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.332792"}
{"text": "the hottest field in science this past decade has been neuroscience. that explosion in research, and our understanding of the human brain, was largely fueled by a new technology called functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ) that became widely available in the 1990s. well look out! another technology - based neuroscience revolution is in the making, this one perhaps even bigger. the term to watch for in 2013 is \" optogenetics. \" it ' s not a sexy term, but it is a very sexy technology. the heritage of optogenetics goes way back to 1979, when nobel laureate francis crick, co - discoverer of the structure of dna with james watson and rosalind franklin, suggested that neuroscientists should seek to learn how to take control of specific cells in the brain. well, that certainly would seem to be an advance with great potential. imagine being able to turn the neurons in an animal ' s brain on and off from the outside. sounds like you ' d be turning the creature into a robot, sounds like science fiction. right? well, flash forward thirty - some years, and guess what, optogenetics is a reality! here ' s how it works... roughly. an obvious approach would be to stick a tiny electrode into an animal ' s brain and stimulate the cells using electricity. today we have tiny microelectrodes, but they are still too crude for the job. crick speculated that light could be the tool to use. that turned out to be true : optogenetics involves inserting fiber - optics tools into an animal ' s brain, in order to control the target neurons using pulses of light as a trigger. learning to shine light on a neuron is not the whole answer, though. in order for the method to work, the neurons have to be re - engineered so that they react to the light. that was made possible by the amazing discovery of a kind of protein that can be used to turn neurons on and off in response to light. the exotic light - sensitive protein is not present in normal neurons, so scientists designed a way to insert it. that is accomplished through a type of gene engineering called \" transfection \" that employs \" vectors \" such as viruses to infect the target neuron, and, once there, to insert genetic material that will cause the neuron to manufacture the light - sensitive protein. put it all together, and you have that sci - fi - sounding technology : genetically - engineered neurons that you can turn on and off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5887558489200644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d045c920-7580-45d0-b615-e9d8f2c37d52>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.337377"}
{"text": "and, once there, to insert genetic material that will cause the neuron to manufacture the light - sensitive protein. put it all together, and you have that sci - fi - sounding technology : genetically - engineered neurons that you can turn on and off at will, inside the brain of a living and freely - moving animal. it is the combined use of optics and genetics that give optogenetics its name, but it ' s not the \" how \" that makes optogenetics exciting, it is the \" what. \" scientists didn ' t really develop it to \" take over \" a creature ' s brain. they developed it, like fmri, to learn about the brain, and how the brain works, in this case by studying the effect of stimulating specific types of neurons. the technology is already beginning to pay off, and despite its recent invention, the word on the street is that a nobel prize isn ' t far off. in one application of optogenetics, scientists investigated how neurons that make dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, may give rise to feelings of reward and pleasure. that work may help scientists understand the pleasure - related pathologies involved in clinical depression. in another application, scientists selectively stimulated brain cells in animal models of parkinson ' s disease, a disease that involves the disruption of information - processing in the brain. that research gave new insight into the circuitry involved in the disease, and the way that the therapies we currently prescribe for it operate. it has also suggested new directions for therapeutic intervention. schizophrenia is another disorder that involves information processing issues in the brain. the illusion of hearing voices, for example, may arise from the failure of an internal mechanism for notifying a person when his or her thoughts are \" self - generated. \" optogenetics has been employed to better understand a kind of brain activity called \" gamma oscillations \" that appear abnormal in schizophrenia - - and also in autism. today, we are a long way from the era when a single person working with an assistant or two can make a revolutionary technological breakthrough. it took, instead, decades of work in many fields, which came together, only very recently, to bring crick ' s vision to fruition. but now that it ' s here, optogenetics is destined to change the way we treat mental illness, and eventually, even, the way we understand ourselves as human beings. follow us on twitter @ cnnopinion join us on facebook /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5727531760702269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d045c920-7580-45d0-b615-e9d8f2c37d52>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.338725"}
{"text": "unlike many exercise programs, yoga practice does not take energy away from the system ; instead, it puts energy back into the system. contrary to most exercise programs that leave you exhausted, your yoga exercise period will leave you refreshed and renewed. when yoga exercises are combined with breathing and meditation techniques, the chronic fatigue syndrome patient has a daily support system that makes a normal, productive life possible. here ' s how it works : physical and emotional tension and fatigue lodge in muscle tissue, making it knotted, hot, and the circulation sluggish. yoga exercises systematically stretch and relax the major muscle groups and push fresh blood / oxygen through the tissues, which releases the tension and allows the muscles to relax and cool. the exercises are done slowly, and the breathing patterns with each exercise allow for maximum oxygen intake and for the release of toxins. poor circulation also means the brain and other vital organs get less blood and important nutrients. yoga exercises improve all - over circulation by limbering the spine, by movements which improve elasticity in the blood vessels, and by selected inverted poses, which use compression to pump more oxygen throughout the body. breathing techniques improve concentration and awareness, and help to reduce stress reactions. extreme reactions to stress - especially when they are triggered by a past event or a future fear, or by a situation that cannot be changed - cause energy demands to increase rapidly. your breathing techniques put you in touch with an unlimited source of energy that lies within you. by constantly returning the mind to the present moment, you allow the body to deal with what ' s happening now. relaxation and meditation teach conservation of energy and build self - confidence. the student learns to completely relax every muscle in the body and then to forget about the body while turning attention toward the mind in meditation. in meditation you simply stop all thought momentarily, allowing the strength within you to express itself. courtesy of the american yoga association", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5149898085025153, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3f06630-9bd0-403c-9c90-ec742486afa0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.340897"}
{"text": "the lancet, volume 359, issue 9318, page 1675, 11 may 2002 doi : 10. 1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 02 ) 08603 - 8cite or link using doi smoking outside still causes second - hand smoke exposure to children research has shown that exposure to second - hand or environmental tobacco smoke ( ets ) can be detrimental to a young child ' s health. but even if a parent smokes outside the home, children could still face a high level of ets exposure, us researchers reported at the 2002 pediatric academic societies ' annual meeting ( baltimore, md, usa ; may 4 \u2014 7 ) judith groner ( columbus children ' s hospital, oh, usa ) and colleagues assessed the extent of ets exposure by analysing hair cotinine concentrations in 327 chi... this article is made available free of charge, as a service to our users. please login to access the full article, or register if you do not yet have a username and password. already registered? please login new to thelancet. com? thelancet. com is the online home of : - the lancet - the lancet diabetes & endocrinology - the lancet infectious diseases - the lancet neurology - the lancet oncology - the lancet respiratory medicine please register to access selected articles for free, personalize and interact with this site. registration is free, takes no more than two minutes, and offers you many benefits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47365236617735457, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bff4bc88-5230-4e0f-8f1c-774a42afb3e4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.342340"}
{"text": "without any of the trappings of a hollywood premiere, a documentary made by university of miami law students in the historic black church program ' s oral history project had its first public screening at a coconut grove school that is at the heart of the film ' s real - life story. the documentary, titled \" g. w. carver : a community school, \" focuses on carver from its inception more than a century ago to its integration in the wake of the civil rights act. the film \u2013 made in collaboration with the coconut grove ministerial alliance, ransom everglades school and the university of miami school of communication \u2013 features a number of notable african - american figures who attended carver and went on to leave a lasting impression not only on miami ' s coconut grove community but the nation. the premiere, hosted by miami law ' s center for ethics and public service, took place on thursday, april 5, at 6 p. m. at the g. w. carver middle school, 4901 lincoln drive. ceps ' historic black church program oral history project uses filmed documentaries to compile historical archives for church congregations and ministries. students conduct videotaped interviews with congregants and ministers, edit the film, and organize panel discussions on the subjects at issue. two earlier films focused on the history of the west grove and the west grove churches. g. w. carver \u2013 which includes elementary and middle schools \u2013 can trace its history to 1899, when it was known at the little schoolhouse. in 1943, the year george washington carver died, it was named after him. carver was a scientist, botanist, educator and inventor who is believed to have been born into slavery in missouri in 1864. carver was the first black student and faculty member of iowa state college. he later became director of agriculture at tuskegee normal and industrial institute, where his pioneering research of 300 uses for the peanut led to multi - crop farming that saved the south ' s economy. for decades, the carver school ' s students lived under jim crow laws, segregated from whites in all aspects of everyday life, the school ' s website says. carver was desegregated in 1970 by court order. ceps ' historic black church program is headed by law professor anthony v. alfieri, director of the center for ethics and public service, which for more than a decade has been immersed in helping the distressed areas of the coconut grove community. cynthia mckenzie is the program ' s manager. the documentary project had as collaborators the um school of communication ' s kim grinfeder, an assistant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4225350869715597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:23639a3d-6baa-479c-aae7-2ba563d37655>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.344867"}
{"text": "international criminal law although we can trace the roots of international criminal law to the nuremburg and tokyo war crimes trials held after world war ii, the field has experienced remarkable growth in the past 15 years. the international community has created a range of new international criminal tribunals to investigate and prosecute international crimes, and national courts now also exercise criminal jurisdiction over international or transnational crimes that have occurred in countries thousands of miles away. the substantive criminal law has expanded, and notions of individual responsibility for international crimes have also evolved, extending the reach of international criminal law. at the same time, new debates have emerged about the suitability of using criminal justice mechanisms to respond to mass atrocity situations, and some increasingly question the legitimacy of vesting the international community, rather than the affected states, with responsibility for addressing such offenses. this course will explore legal and institutional responses to transnational and international crime. it will consider traditional forms of international cooperation to address \" transnational \" crimes and the concept of universal jurisdiction that provides a basis for treating certain crimes as \" international. \" it will study the range of institutions created to punish international criminals, including the nuremburg and tokyo tribunals, ad hoc tribunals such as the international criminal tribunals for the former yugoslavia and rwanda, \" mixed \" international / domestic tribunals such as the special court for sierra leone and the cambodia war crimes tribunal, and the recently - created permanent international criminal court. in doing so, it will examine both institutional and substantive law developments. it will also look at alternative institutional arrangements and options for responding to international crimes, such as truth commissions and amnesties. it will also consider enforcement of international criminal law through trials by national courts of countries with no or limited connection to the underlying offenses, such as the pinochet case. themes running throughout the course include : ( 1 ) the moral and political goals that do and should motivate responses to international crimes ; ( 2 ) the role of international politics and foreign policy considerations in shaping responses to international crimes ; and, ( 3 ) the suitability of different institutional models for addressing international crimes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4651316670943382, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:041f841e-0455-4f0f-9fa3-9d1262f9c186>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.347269"}
{"text": "life science : session 1 session 1. what is life? during this session, you will have an opportunity to build understandings to help you : - distinguish between living, dead, and nonliving - define the characteristics of life what is life? this question at first seems deceptively simple \u2014 we all know how to recognize what is living and what is not. or do we? what are the characteristics of all living things, and how do we know if an object really possesses those characteristics? this session explores how the concept \u201c life \u201d can be defined. error - unable to load content - flash we open with a look at environments where you wouldn \u2019 t expect to find life and pose the question : if you are looking for life, what do you look for? dr. herbert thier, representing the science curriculum improvement study ( scis3 + ), emphasizes the importance of building understandings of the concept \u201c life \u201d in the early elementary grades as a foundation for the development of ideas in life science throughout the elementary school years and beyond. the program continues as children in grades two and three are presented with a challenge : group objects as living, dead or nonliving. in what is called the \u201c science studio, \u201d the children are observed and interviewed in a clinical setting to uncover their ideas about these three concepts. throughout the course, the science studio is a place where research on children \u2019 s ideas is brought to life. in brooklyn, new york, we visit laurajo kelly and her second - grade students as they generate their own definitions of living, dead, and nonliving and proceed to design experiments to test whether a \u201c mysterious \u201d object is alive. an interview with dr. gary ruvkun, who is leading a team of researchers to determine whether life exists on mars, tells us what he considers to be the best sign of life. our search for an answer to the question \" what is life? \" leads us to consider five characteristics that are shared by all living things. one characteristic \u2014 cells \u2014 introduces us to the fundamental unit of life. we also look more closely at the matter that composes life and see the role played by organic molecules, such as the hereditary molecule dna. finally, dr. paul williams introduces us to an ongoing web site - based activity \u2014 bottle biology \u2014 that is meant to provide you with an opportunity to apply ideas addressed during this session as well as act as a resource for k - 6 classroom activities. | next : a closer look |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5914409306955348, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:aed078fd-7ec7-4a33-9f68-3e55a22da49c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.349703"}
{"text": "we \u2019 ve already exhausted the \u2018 march hare mad - hatter - ness \u2019 pun on this blog a few years ago, but lewis carroll is making basketball news during the college playoffs! his contributions to bracketology were discussed at length at the wall street journal in two articles : in addition to writing \u201c alice in wonderland, \u201d lewis carroll was a mathematician who was offended by blind draws in tennis tournaments. so carroll devised a method to ensure that the most skilled players would survive to the latest rounds. so in the spirit of adventure, the wall street journal put carroll \u2019 s radical format to the ultimate test : this year \u2019 s ncaa men \u2019 s basketball tournament. if we assigned the 64 - team field randomly, then played out the tournament based on the ncaa selection committee \u2019 s overall ranking for each team, what would happen? would the teams that got unlucky draws or suffered early upsets still make it through to the late rounds? and would there be enough surprises to keep people entertained? [ continue reading ] then bachman expanded the idea into a printed wsj article : when the wall street journal undertook a search to figure out who invented the concept of the tournament bracket, nobody had any idea where the search might lead. it \u2019 s fair to say nobody imagined it would bring us to the same neighborhood inhabited by alice, the white rabbit and the mad hatter. after our march 17 story, in which we speculated that an 1878 pairings list from wimbledon was among the first brackets used in sports, we received a number of letters offering fresh leads. the most intriguing one came from a longtime reader, joel chinkes, who lives in luna county, n. m. chinkes had in his possession a version of an 1883 monograph written by charles lutwidge dodgson, a 19th - century english mathematician better known by his pen name, lewis carroll. carroll, as you may recall, is the author of alice in wonderland. chinkes thought we should have a look at the monograph. the monograph, \u201c lawn tennis tournaments, the true method of assigning prizes with a proof of the fallacy of the present method, \u201d is just about what it seems to be : a proposal for a better way to conduct a sports tournament. let \u2019 s get one thing straight : carroll didn \u2019 t invent the bracket. in writing this nine - page plan, his only goal was to make it better. [ continue reading... ] - rachel bachman, from \u201c a bracket through the looking glass, \u201d wall street journal,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5200047950158325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:48aca69c-574c-466b-b4cd-69fc16d9f843>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.352357"}
{"text": "definition of phytolaccaceae 1. noun. chiefly tropical herbaceous plants ( including shrubs and trees ) with racemose flowers : genera phytolacca, agdestis, ercilla, rivina, trichostigma. generic synonyms : caryophylloid dicot family group relationships : caryophyllales, chenopodiales, order caryophyllales, order - chenopodiales member holonyms : genus phytolacca, phytolacca, agdestis, genus agdestis, ercilla, genus ercilla, genus rivina, rivina, genus trichostigma, trichostigma click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term : phytolaccaceae images lexicographical neighbors of phytolaccaceae literary usage of phytolaccaceae below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and / or classical literature : 1. an illustrated flora of the northern united states, canada and the british by nathaniel lord britton, addison brown ( 1913 ) \" phytolaccaceae lindl. nat. syst. ed. 2, 213. 1836. pokeweed family. herbs ( some tropical species shrubs or trees ) with alternate entire mostly exstipulate... \" 2. systematic anatomy of the dicotyledons : a handbook for laboratories of pure by hans solereder ( 1908 ) \" 3, t. iii, 1887, p. 238 and pi. i. \u2014 volkens, in naturl. pflanzenfam., iii. teil, abt. ia, 1893, p. 135. phytolaccaceae.... \" 3. scientific and applied pharmacognosy : intended for the use of students in by henry kraemer ( 1915 ) \" phytolaccaceae ), a perennial herb ( fig. 85 ) indigenous to eastern north america, and naturalized in the west indies and southern europe.... \" 4. edinburgh new philosophical journal, exhibiting a view of the progressive by robert jameson, sir william jardine, henry d rogers ( 1838 ) \" carpels 1 or 3 or 5 or more ( some phytolaccaceae ), free from the calyx ( exc. some chenopodiaceae ), more or less connate with each other ( exc. some... \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49982827114314193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1fa37c2c-aafb-4511-a19d-42de1ff838d6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.355338"}
{"text": "if someone you love has had a stroke, or \" brain attack, \" in which a blood vessel in the brain was blocked or damaged, you may wonder what lies ahead. a stroke can cause problems with speech, vision, memory, balance, or coordination. it can leave part of the body weakened or paralyzed, among other physical problems. your loved one may have to relearn how to walk, talk, or do daily activities. it may help to know that rehabilitation can help people regain life skills and learn new ways to do tasks. according to the national institute of neurological disorders and stroke, post - stroke rehabilitation provides a way a person can make significant progress to overcome disabilities resulting from a stroke. a comprehensive program also addresses the person ' s personal goals. here are some of the physical and mental problems that a stroke can cause : weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, or in one arm or leg muscle stiffness or muscle spasms balance or coordination problems difficulty speaking or understanding speech being unaware or ignoring one side of the body, or being unaware of the stroke ' s effects memory, thinking, or learning problems pain, numbness, or odd sensations bowel or bladder control problems how much can be accomplished in rehabilitation depends on the amount of brain damage the stroke caused, and also the area in which the stroke is located. these are other factors that influence the success of rehab : the rehab team ' s skill support of family and friends the timing of rehab each person ' s recovery after stroke is unique. this is because a stroke can affect different people in different ways and to different degrees. stroke rehab should start as soon as possible after a stroke to give the person the best chance to recover skills and abilities. stroke rehab programs can be found at a rehab hospitals and long - term care facilities. they also are offered on an outpatient basis and in the home. specialists who may be involved in stroke rehab include : physiatrists, neurologists, internists, geriatric specialists, and family practice doctors rehab nurses, who are trained to assist people with disabilities physical therapists, who help with movement, balance. and coordination problems occupational therapists, who help with daily living skills speech - language pathologists, who help with language skills social workers, who help the stroke patient return home or to a new living place psychologists, who help with mental and emotional issues therapeutic recreation specialists, who help stroke patients return to recreational activities they once enjoyed it ' s natural to want quick results from rehabilitation. while immediate intervention following a stroke", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48298596513023817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc7578f9-54d7-47d2-9d2c-fb42587359fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.358031"}
{"text": "showing their \u2018 grit \u2019 ( page 3 of 4 ) \u201c we need to develop an alternative energy source that is environmentally friendly, \u201d said chen, who conducted his research at the garcia center at suny stony brook under the direction of dr. miriam rafailovich. presumptions about what bullies looks like and why they act the way they do led kay to this topic. \u201c there are preconceptions society has about bullying, then there is what we really see, \u201d he said. \u201c on tv the bully in the playground is a big, brawny kid. in my school there \u2019 s a different perspective : everyone bullies because, from my perspective, everyone is competing for social and sexual advantages. \u201d kay didn \u2019 t have to leave his home during sandy, but dealt with a loss of power for close to two weeks. he surveyed ninth - through 12th - graders at hewlett high, and found that stress, anxiety, frustration and disappointment facilitate bullying. his project mentor, dr. patricia nardi, a hewlett science teacher, said that kay \u2019 s work underscored the importance of both enabling and motivating factors in bullying behavior. \u201c when investigating bullying from this perspective, it isn \u2019 t difficult to realize that bullying behavior is a more commonplace behavior than it is typically believed to be, \u201d she said. people like to be scared sullivan was impressed that sosnowik could make horror films the focus of an academic study. saying that \u201c it doesn \u2019 t make sense to like horror films, \u201d she showed clips of scary movies to teenagers, who then answered questions about their emotional responses. her most surprising find? \u201c people who are the most afraid gain the most pleasure from the horror film, \u201d said sosnowik, whose favorite scary movie is \u201c scream. \u201d she had to scramble to get her project done by the deadline because her family \u2019 s house in lawrence was without power after sandy, and she was staying at her uncle \u2019 s house in queens for nearly two weeks. intel alumni have made unique contributions to science and been awarded more than 100 of the world \u2019 s most coveted science and math honors, including the nobel prize and the national medal of science.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4925442346358263, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f22211df-d10c-4c89-b57e-fe39c8f526d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.360200"}
{"text": "references : cltl p. 160 edit history : v1 9 sep 1988, david gray ( initial version ) v2 19 sep 1988, david gray ( delete first alternative ) the optimize declaration provides a way to tell the compiler how important various qualities are in order to guide which optimizations are done. there is another quality, however, that is not mentioned, but is an important consideration for the compiler : how much information should be included in the object code to facilitate debugging. this includes both annotation added to enable a debugger to display more information to the user, and also suppression of optimizations that would confuse debugging by making it harder to connect the object code with the in the description of the optimize declaration, add an additional quality named debug, described as \" ease of debugging \". since ease of debugging is an issue that the user will be concerned with, and is an issue that the compiler needs to consider, this provides a clear way for the user to control the amount of debugging information placed in the object module, with debug = 0 meaning none and debug = 3 meaning \" as much no current implementation of this is known. cost to implementors : all would have to update their handling of optimize declarations to accept the new quality. cost to users : one more little feature to learn. some problems may result from the addition of the symbol debug to the lisp package. provides users a standard way to control the interaction between the compiler and debugger, and saves implementors from having to invent costs of non - adoption : continued confusion about how debug information should be controlled. concern has been raised that there is already a problem with the non - orthogonality of speed, safety, and space that would be made even worse with debug added, since users tend to be perplexed by the interactions of these qualities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4898419423880263, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3b8f771d-44c3-49a1-812e-12c2b07fef78>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.362160"}
{"text": "sometimes after an accept method has read some input from the user, it may be necessary to insert a modified version of that input back into the input buffer. the following two functions can be used to modify the input buffer : arguments : stream new - input start end buffer - start rescan summary : replaces the part of the input editing stream stream ' s input buffer that extends from buffer - start to its scan pointer with the string new - input. buffer - start defaults to the current input position of stream. start and end can be supplied to specify a subsequence of new - input ; start defaults to 0 and end defaults to the length of new - input. replace - input queues a rescan by calling queue - rescan if the new input does not match the old output, or if rescan is t. the returned value is the position in the input buffer. arguments : stream object type view buffer - start rescan query - identifier for - context - type summary : like replace - input, except that the new input to insert into the input buffer is obtained by presenting the object object with the presentation type type and view view. buffer - start and rescan are as for replace - input, query - identifier is as for accept, and for - context - type is as for present. if the object does not have a readable representation ( in the lisp sense ), presentation - replace - input may create an \" accept result \" to represent the object and insert it into the input buffer. for the purposes of input editing, \" accept results \" must be treated as a single input gesture. the following two functions are used to read or write a token ( that is, a string ) : input - wait - handler pointer - button - press - handler click - only summary : reads characters from the interactive steam stream until it encounters a delimiter, activation, or pointer gesture. returns the accumulated string that was delimited by the delimiter or activation gesture, leaving the delimiter unread. if the first character of typed input is a quotation mark ( will ignore delimiter gestures until another quotation mark is seen. when the closing quotation mark is seen, will proceed as discussed previously. if the boolean click - only is t, then no keyboard input is allowed. in that case, read - token will simply ignore any typed characters. input - wait - handler and pointer - button - press - handler are as for stream - read - gesture. refer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45397061313891385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a85e519-a243-4e87-bf4d-d1e98e5b31d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.364609"}
{"text": "review by lada ray with profound knowledge and great style, j. j. collins sets out to explore the creation of the american constitution and the birth of the american republic, as well as the people behind these events. this is not a very long book, but it packs a wallop of information, at the same time managing to convey the feel, texture and attitudes of that era. we get to meet not only james madison himself, but also the other greats of american history : george washington, thomas jefferson and alexander hamilton, among others. the author takes us to the historic 1787 constitutional convention in philadelphia where we witness first - hand the process of creation of the constitution. the uncharted territory that was the american constitution made it difficult to reconcile all the varying opinions and interests in order to arrive at one document, which would unite the whole country. james madison and others were heavily influenced by the philosophy of the european era of enlightenment. in turn, the american constitution would later become the symbol of freedom and the fight against tyranny in europe and elsewhere. ironically, some of the most shameful moments of american history were also enshrined in the constitution, including the justification of slavery and the fact that each slave was considered only 3 / 5 of a white man, as well as the creation of the electoral college \u2013 the us presidential election \u2019 s unfair and archaic indirect voting system, which still persists today. the book proceeds to describe the era of the british / french war, the french revolutionary wars starting at the end of the 18th century, a struggle for the usa to remain neutral to european conflicts, and the ever deepening bitter political divisions between federalists and jeffersonian republicans \u2013 the former revolutionary buddies. we follow james madison \u2019 s life and career, from the post of the secretary of state to being elected the fourth president of the united states, and later, to his death. it was the era of great statesmen, not mere politicians, the kind of people we only wish we could see in the white house today. their intellect, knowledge, erudition and profound concern for their country and fellow man \u2013 moderated with reason and wisdom \u2013 led them to create the foundation on which america functioned successfully for many years. they passionately debated the issues of individual \u2019 s rights, state vs. federal power, unjust enrichment, monopoly, separation of legislative and executive powers, establishment of a national bank, and equitable taxation. they developed laws, which at that time in history resulted in the most advanced society on earth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46155457469243144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:93ef5847-24ae-4583-a108-d6159f52ad21>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.367516"}
{"text": "ancient lizard missing front limbs remains from a 95 - million - year - old marine creature with nubs for legs is clarifying how some lizards shed their limbs as they crept through evolutionary time and morphed into slinky snakes. described in the current issue of the journal of vertebrate paleontology, the snake - like lizard had a small head and willowy body. extending 10 to 12 inches from snout to tail, the aquatic creature also sported a lengthy neck and relatively large rear limbs. missing were all the bones of its forearms, including the hands and digits found in modern lizards. the oddball creature, adriosaurus microbrachis, is a member of a lineage of lizards thought to be snakes ' closest relatives. \u201c it adds to the picture we have of what was happening 100 million years ago, \u201d said lead researcher michael caldwell, a paleontologist at the university of alberta, in canada. \u201c we now know that losing limbs isn ' t a new thing and that lizards were doing it much earlier than we originally thought. \u201d the new fossil reveals the earliest record of this limb - shedding in a lizard and gives scientists a rare glimpse back to the time when terrestrial lizards evolved to be limbless and returned to their watery origins. in fact, the ancestors of all animals lived in aquatic and marine environments. steps to limb loss body parts once used in an animal \u2019 s evolutionary past but tossed aside or morphed via natural selection to provide another function are called vestigial limbs. \u201c it has been clear for centuries that snakes are tetrapods ( four - legged vertebrates ) that lost their limbs, \u201d caldwell told livescience. \u201c the process and pattern of this limb - loss has remained a mystery for a long time. \u201d fossils of lizards in transitional states \u2014 as the four - legged critters begin to evolve into snakes \u2014 have been rare. \u201c what we have not had to this point is a fossil record of vestigial limbs in lizards, \u201d caldwell said. \u201c this is the first. \u201d scientists initially collected the fossil during the 19th century from a limestone quarry in slovenia. for nearly 100 years, the little lizard remained in a collection bin at the natural history museum in trieste, italy, before caldwell and a colleague found it in 1996 during a visit to europe. the scientists were surprised to find the lizard \u2019 s forelimbs were too small to be useful for walking, while its hind limbs appeared to be functional. \" for some oddball reason, the forelimbs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42401229004484814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2180f703-0e56-4b1e-8b4a-ccf7838a1334>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.371090"}
{"text": "what can cause a travel thrombosis long, immobile sitting, such as in aircraft, restricts the flow of blood to the heart, which active muscle movement promotes. this can result in deposits of liquid, mostly in the lower leg. increased pressure on the tissues causes for its part a reduction of the blood circulation. in rare cases, involving ' risk ' persons, a blood clot can develop on the wall of the vein. this is described as a thrombosis, which impedes the flow of blood much more. in very rare cases, part of the blood clot can break off and be carried to the lungs by the flow of blood. by blocking a blood vessel this can result in considerable reduction of the heart ' s pumping performance. this is called an embolism of the lung, which in an extreme situation can lead to sudden heart failure. special risk groups - people over 60 - persons who have already suffered from thrombosis - overweight people - pregnant women - people with a malignant ailment - women who take a contraceptive pill and also smoke - people who recently had an operation - people with a hereditary blood coagulation disorder what you can do to prevent a thrombosis by wearing compression stockings ( best of all, compression panty hose ), you can greatly reduce the liquid deposits in your legs. people in high - risk groups should have compression stockings fitted individually. try to get some exercise during your flight, such as taking an active part in the lufthansa flyrobic program offered on your video screen on long - haul routes. make sure you drink enough on the flight in order to help your body achieve a sensible liquids balance amid the dry air in the cabin. cut down on alcohol and don ' t take sleeping pills or tranquilizers. we definitely recommend that especially endangered persons should consult their doctor. in some cases, taking a preventive anticoagulant medication can be necessary.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43343822395862147, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2d9e332-aaa2-4a50-b984-f712810087a1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.373159"}
{"text": "infections and immunizations why do people with lupus get infections so easily? an individual with lupus is more susceptible to infection than most people for two reasons : - lupus directly affects a person ' s immune system and reduces his or her ability to prevent and fight infection. - many of the drugs used to treat lupus suppress the function of the immune system and leave the body more prone to infection. effects of medications used in the treatment of lupus cortisone - like drugs ( prednisone ) and cytotoxic drugs such as azathioprine ( imuran ) and cyclophosphamide ( cytoxan ) increase a person ' s susceptibility to infections because they suppress both normal and abnormal immune system function. however, controlling lupus is usually more important than the danger posed by a possible infection due to the use of immunosuppressive medications. the risk of infection parallels the dose and the duration of treatment with steroids : - a daily dose of 20 mg. of prednisone is enough to impose a significant risk of infection - taking steroids every other day ( \" alternate day \" treatment ) decreases the risk and incidence of infections direct effects of lupus on the immune system people with lupus have abnormalities in their immune systems, so they are more likely to develop infections. they are more susceptible to infection even if they do not take corticosteroids. lupus experts such as dr. marian ropes sparingly used steroids in treating her patients in the 1940s and 1950s. yet, the data she published showed that the majority of her patients developed serious infections, even on low - dose steroids. types of infection in sle infections in people with lupus fall into two categories. - the first category includes infections with organisms that can affect persons with lupus and the general population : - streptococcus ( which causes strep throat ) - staphylococcus ( which causes staph infections ). - the second category consists of \" opportunistic \" infections, which are caused by organisms that bring about disease only when the immune system is weakened. most opportunistic infections are one of three kinds :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42460507660791025, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ff12830d-ee54-420d-a1c2-bb20a4680385>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.375189"}
{"text": "how to play sweeper in soccer if you ' re serious about playing, then you need to know how to play sweeper in soccer. in soccer, the sweeper plays a critical role in a diamond - defense formation. learning how to play sweeper in soccer necessitates knowledge of individual responsibility and how to effectively work with two outside backs and a stopper. - know the role. when learning how to play sweeper in soccer, it is important to know that this position is the last line of defense between the opposition and your goalkeeper. if a striker gets by the sweeper, it \u2019 s likely one - on - one with the keeper. - know the formation. understand that in a diamond formation the sweeper plays directly behind the stopper and in between the outer backs. - know the movement. note that the sweeper \u2019 s role largely necessitates patrolling horizontally along the defensive wall. knowing how to play sweeper in soccer will mean moving up and down field as the run of play moves, but largely staying back, tracking horizontally and staying in the center of the field. - pinch opponent \u2019 s angles. a key element of learning how to play sweeper in soccer is knowing how to direct the opposition away from the center of the field : especially the center of the penalty box. if a player is attacking from the left side of the penalty box, the sweeper would be positioned just inside, making space for the player to move towards the touchline but giving no room to cut closer inside to goal. - defend against dribbling. learning how to play sweeper in soccer means being able to defend the dribble. if an opponent is a superior dribbler, giving that player too much space to move might cost your team a goal. mark or attack the player closely. - beware of the through ball. dealing with midfielders passing balls through your defense to a quick striker poses real problems. in addition to closing off the striker \u2019 s angle towards the center of the field, the sweeper will have to contend with someone who is purely faster. in this case, anticipation will play a role. as a pass is delivered, move towards and slightly bump into the striker, then run back for the ball. this will knock the striker off balance temporarily, giving the sweeper the advantage. - don \u2019 t mark an opponent. to learn how to play sweeper in soccer it will be important to understand that marking an opponent man - to - man is only a last choice tactic. the sweep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40548159799711303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3abd87c1-fb14-451f-888e-060815d6cdb4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.377503"}
{"text": "fermilab scientists find evidence for significant matter - antimatter asymmetry batavia, ill. \u2014 scientists of the dzero collaboration at the department of energy \u2019 s fermi national accelerator laboratory announced friday, may 14, that they have found evidence for significant violation of matter - antimatter symmetry in the behavior of particles containing bottom quarks beyond what is expected in the current theory, the standard model of particle physics. the new result, submitted for publication in physical review d by the dzero collaboration, an international team of 500 physicists, indicates a one percent difference between the production of pairs of muons and pairs of antimuons in the decay of b mesons produced in high - energy collisions at fermilab \u2019 s tevatron particle collider. \" this exciting new result provides evidence of deviations from the present theory in the decays of b mesons, in agreement with earlier hints, \" said dmitri denisov, co - spokesperson of the dzero experiment, one of two collider experiments at the tevatron collider. last year, physicists at both tevatron experiments, dzero and cdf, observed such hints in studying particles made of a bottom quark and a strange quark. dim lights embed embed this video on your site when matter and anti - matter particles collide in high - energy collisions, they turn into energy and produce new particles and antiparticles. at the fermilab proton - antiproton collider, scientists observe hundreds of millions every day. similar processes occurring at the beginning of the universe should have left us with a universe with equal amounts of matter and anti - matter. but the world around is made of matter only and antiparticles can only be produced at colliders, in nuclear reactions or cosmic rays. \u201c what happened to the antimatter? \u201d is one of the central questions of 21st \u2013 century particle physics. to obtain the new result, the dzero physicists performed the data analysis \" blind, \" to avoid any bias based on what they observe. only after a long period of verification of the analysis tools, did the dzero physicists look at the full data set. experimenters reversed the polarity of their detector \u2019 s magnetic field during data collection to cancel instrumental effects. \u201c many of us felt goose bumps when we saw the result, \u201d said stefan soldner - rembold, co - spokesperson of dzero. \u201c we knew we were seeing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6266746954130082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39b773f0-e015-4c3d-82d8-f87b7ad7d8f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.381023"}
{"text": "detector \u2019 s magnetic field during data collection to cancel instrumental effects. \u201c many of us felt goose bumps when we saw the result, \u201d said stefan soldner - rembold, co - spokesperson of dzero. \u201c we knew we were seeing something beyond what we have seen before and beyond what current theories can explain. \u201d the precision of the dzero measurements is still limited by the number of collisions recorded so far by the experiment. both cdf and dzero therefore continue to collect data and refine analyses to address this and many other fundamental questions. \u201c the tevatron collider is operating extremely well, providing fermilab scientists with unprecedented levels of data from high energy collisions to probe nature \u2019 s deepest secrets. this interesting result underlines the importance and scientific potential of the tevatron program, \u201d said dennis kovar, associate director for high energy physics in doe \u2019 s office of science. the dzero result is based on data collected over the last eight years by the dzero experiment : over 6 inverse femtobarns in total integrated luminosity, corresponding to hundreds of trillions of collisions between protons and antiprotons in the tevatron collider. \u201c tevatron collider experiments study high energy collisions in every detail, from searches for the higgs boson, to precision measurement of particle properties, to searches for new and yet unknown laws of nature. i am delighted to see yet another exciting result from the tevatron, \u201d said fermilab director pier oddone. dzero is an international experiment of about 500 physicists from 86 institutions in 19 countries. it is supported by the u. s. department of energy, the national science foundation and a number of international funding agencies. fermilab is a national laboratory funded by the office of science of the u. s. department of energy, operated under contract by fermi research alliance, llc. the popular movement for reconciliation \" mussalaha \" grows or to know syria is to love syria. recentnews read more 1581 read more 2678 read more 3994 read more 3683 cia mililtary and covert operations in libya from 80s - secret cia base files by ralph mcgehee recentnews read more 2947", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6147275757596223, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:39b773f0-e015-4c3d-82d8-f87b7ad7d8f0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.381939"}
{"text": "| description : map of san diego county showing the major towns, highways and much more. | | disclaimer | as per the san diego county map it is located at the southwestern part of california, usa. the coastline of this californian county is 70 miles long. san diego : san diego is the second biggest city of california and the eighth biggest city of usa. it is situated in southern california along the coast of the pacific ocean. it is well known for its year round mild climate, the natural deep water harbor and a long relation with us navy. chula vista : chula vista is the second biggest city in the san diego metropolitan area besides being the seventh biggest city in southern california. it is also the 14th biggest city in california. the city is at a distance of 7 miles from downtown san diego and 7 miles from the mexican border at the south bay region of the metropolitan area. oceanside : oceanside is a coastal resort city, which is located on the south coast of california. it is the third biggest city in san diego county and the 15th biggest city in southern california. it has an estimated population of 183, 095 and forms a tri city area along with vista and carlsbad. escondido : escondido is located to the north of san diego. it is situated on a low valley that is surrounded by rocky hills. it was established in 1888 and is among the oldest cities of san diego county. the city has an estimated population of 147, 514 and has a total area of 36. 5 sqaure miles. vista : vista is located in northern san diego county. it was incorporated on 28th january 1963 and became a charter city on 13th june 2007. it is nine miles away from the pacific ocean and has a mediterranean climate. it has more than 25 educational institutes and a business park that houses more than 800 companies. | california county maps |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3970955438018977, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fd8f6aa5-7ad5-4a85-a376-983ea0e2b36c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.385643"}
{"text": "| ways of working | there are differences between cities and countries in how the decisions are made, the services produced and strategies and policies implemented. the category ways of working helps to understand the different ways of actions in different countries and provides a possibility to learn from others. the category contains general information about the functions of the city. ways of working tells about the principles of decision making, organisation, service production, and strategies and policies which have an effect on health promotion. the category is divided into following sub - categories : decision making presents the principles of city level decision making and explains the processes behind it. in the sub - category you can also find information about the roles and responsibilities of the city and its different departments in wellbeing production. the sub - category also clarifies the role of the healthy cities steering group in the city structure. organisation explains the administrative structure of the city, with text and images. service production describes how the wellbeing services are organised in the municipal level and how these services support health promotion. the topic explains the wellbeing production responsibilities of the city. strategies and policies tells about the different strategies and policies which affect health and wellbeing in the city, and explains their purposes and goals. | last updated on friday, 22 february 2008 13 : 29 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47723663136126987, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:69a072d7-edce-41f5-a2bc-7941f07c2f4c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.387025"}
{"text": "1800 - u. s. schooner experiment captures french schooner diana. 1844 - naval observatory headed by lt matthew fontaine maury occupies first permanent quarters. 1874 - supply corps purser, lt j. q. barton, given leave to enter service of new japanese navy to organize a pay department and instruct japanese about accounts. he served until 1 october 1877 when he again became a purser in the u. s. navy. in 1878, the emperor of japan conferred on him the fourth class of rising sun for his service. 1880 - john phillip sousa becomes leader of marine corps band 1928 - first class at school for enlisted navy and marine corps radio intercept operators ( the \" on the roof gang \" ) 1937 - patrol aviation transferred to aircraft scouting force, a reestablished type command. with change five patrol wings were established as separate administrative command over their squadrons. 1946 - truculent turtle lands at columbus, ohio, breaking world ' s record for distance without refueling with flight of 11, 235 miles. 1949 - military sea transportation service activated. 1955 - commissioning of uss forrestal ( cva - 59 ), first of postwar supercarriers 1979 - president jimmy carter awards the congressional space medal of honor to former naval aviators neil armstrong, capt charles conrad, jr., usn ( ret. ), col john glenn, usmc ( ret. ), and radm alan shepard, jr., usn ( ret. ) 1980 - uss cochrane ( ddg - 21 ) rescues 104 vietnamese refugees 620 miles east of saigon 1990 - uss independence ( cv - 62 ) enters persian gulf ( first carrier in persian gulf since 1974 ) ( source : navy news service )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43707656632455294, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f00096d9-a165-41cf-8c09-2d2a15d38913>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.388699"}
{"text": "- join over 1. 2 million students every month - accelerate your learning by 29 % - unlimited access for just \u00a34. 99 per month investigation to show how elastic bands behave under load. the first 200 words of this essay... investigation to show how elastic bands behave under load the aim of the investigation is to determine how elastic bands behave under load. before i begin the investigation i will carry out a preliminary experiment into the behaviour of a spring, which i believe will not act in the same way as the elastic band. in the preliminary investigation a spring was put under load and the results were as follows : from previous knowledge of hooke ' s law, which explains, extension is proportional to load until elastic limit is reached. the preliminary experiment with the spring shows, that they obey hooke ' s law up until the point of found what you ' re looking for? - start learning 29 % faster today - over 150, 000 essays available - just \u00a34. 99 a month not the one? we have 100 ' s more waves & cosmology ( view all ) - how much will a elastic band stretch after adding weights? - what affects the voltage output of a solar panel? - how does the extension of two or more springs in series or p... - investigate the effect of mass on the extension of a spring. - my aim is to find out the total extension of a rubber band w... \" \" oliver baldesare. national sports diploma. btec student. \" \" m singh. english. a level student.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5258879909930387, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3877d457-9891-4649-b8d9-c9933edad943>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.390139"}
{"text": "e - learning teams are noticing and becoming aware of the immense potential of uxd ( user experience design ) practices in addition to the learning design methods used until now. \" this article is an early attempt to define the elements of learning experience design or lxd and to explain the importance of information architecture and information design in this new emerging scenario. \" knowledge of information architecture and information design can help e - learning teams look into providing enhanced learning experiences. \" information architecture ( ia ) and information design ( id ) are two fields that are taking the web experience to a new level. they form the foundations of what is now widely known as user experience design ( uxd ). at its core, information architecture deals with the structure of a website. it has strong connection to the library sciences. if you have a large website handling many documents, then the task of easily finding, browsing and navigating these documents is the responsibility of the information architect. typically this would entail building labeling systems, creating taxonomies and controlled vocabularies, designing the navigation and optimizing the searching of documents. \" information design addresses high level information problems to provide the most possible clarity, understanding and effectivenessa\u20ac\u00a6 in order to achieve that ambitious end, information design must be open to any and every discipline or field of thoughta\u20ac\u00a6 information design must actively encourage and participate in research that increases our understanding of information and the effect that it has : how and why people respond to information, how the human brain processes information and builds knowledge, as well as how humans organize knowledge and convert it into improved behavior and operation. better understanding of these factors will enable us to create the best possible information, interfaces and communications. \" ( dirk knemeyer, chief design officer at thread inc. : )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5239162178904821, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:63515858-e213-4644-9b49-c38e56709523>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.393482"}
{"text": "we are moving! the latin grammar pages are moving. visit me at http : / / econrad. net for more information. the pages hosted at math. ohio - state. edu ( or math. osu. edu ) won ' t be maintained and may expire at any time. welcome to the latin grammar pages. here you will find paradigms for the five noun declensions and four verb conjugations, as well as examples number of irregularities. ( yes, pronouns are declined as well. ) and examples - - yes lots of examples to help you in your study of latin grammar and syntax. table of contents ( proemium ). a few general comments followed by some important remarks about the notation used. ( pronuntiatio latina ). classical latin, ecclesiastical ( church ) latin, anglo - latin, and perhaps others. - parts of speech ( partes - nouns ( nomina ) - verb conjugation if you think the four ( or five or six ) regular verb conjugations are different, you might want to take a look at how similar they if you have that suspicion that they are more alike than different, this is the page for you! - first conjugation or - are - second conjugation or - ere - third conjugation or - ere verbs - fourth conjugation or - ire - irregular verbs a modest collection at best... other latin resources. ( links ) occasionally asked questions. ( oaq ) these links change faster than i can maintain them. let me know of any errors. ( all links checked on september 25, 2007. ) - latin texts and english translations. please use these as a tool to learn, and not as a tool to cheat on latin homework. online resources, electronic text center, university of virginia. ( ovid ' s metamorphoses and boethius ' consolatio philosophiae in both latin and history and archaeology, bruce j. butterfield. ( english translations of caesar ' s de bello gallico and tacitus ' history of rome and links to ancient - the euler archive. an online archive of the works of leonhard euler ( mathematician and physicist, 1707 - 1783 ). most of the works collected were written in latin. - whitaker ' s words, a latin - to - english ( basically it ' s a cleverly written ascii text file which is formatted for easy use with computer programs for latin grammar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5063823711080562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d09a5702-b66a-4c5c-9512-6004db3b5499>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.402792"}
{"text": ". most of the works collected were written in latin. - whitaker ' s words, a latin - to - english ( basically it ' s a cleverly written ascii text file which is formatted for easy use with computer programs for latin grammar analysis and aid translation from latin to english. ) resources for greek and latin classics : http : / / www. loc. gov / rr / main / alcove9 / classics. html. greenough ' s new latin grammar [ obsolete link ] ( better links to this textbook : [ ag1 ] the \" perseus \" project version : http : / / www. perseus. tufts. edu / cgi - bin / ptext? doc = perseus % 3atext % 3a1999. 04. 0001 [ ag2 ] searchable version provided by professor william harris of middlebury college : http : / / www. middlebury. edu / ~ harris / ag _ 1. html sanae mentis. latin study links. latina. the latin edition of wikipedia. florilegium ( lots of links! but unfortunately you ' ll need to paste them into your browser ' s location window. ) ( online latin and greek language learning resources. ) tests various online grammar and vocabulary tests. - free commercial sites and latin. maintained by a company that does translations for a fee, these pages are mainly useful to find links to yourdictionary. com \u00ae ( dictionaries and grammar forecasts in latin ( mostly ), courtesy of the weather underground, inc. reasonably fast. - google \u00ae directories latin resources list ( directory reorganization tends to change these links faster than i maintain them! : - ) yahoo! \u00ae ( latin resources list. ) reasonably - online radio in latin ( from finland, of course! ) http : / / www. yleradio1. fi / nuntii / - hines, welch and hopkinson. our latin - moreland and fleischer. latin : an - humez and humez. latina pro populo. - wilson. essentials of latin grammar. - goldman and szymanski. latin grammar for students of english. - prior and wohlberg. 501 latin verbs. - traupman. the new college latin and - guralnik, editor. webster ' s new world college edition, 1968. - morris, editor. the american heritage college edition, 1981. - lewis and short. a latin dictionary. - j. mor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4593970051510259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d09a5702-b66a-4c5c-9512-6004db3b5499>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.405813"}
{"text": "no portable text - based way of writing macrons in html. a4 : ( revised technical ) it would be too much trouble to put them in - q : my teacher says caesar is pronounced \" kai ' - sar \", my priest says \" chay ' - sar \" and my parents say \" see ' - zer \". who ' s a : it depends. if you want a good approximation of ancient roman pronunciation, then your teacher is correct. for liturgical purposes, your priest is correct. if you ' re talking about caesar in english, then your parents are correct. - q : why do academic types always answer a simple question with \" it depends. \"? a : it depends. - q : why do academic types always answer a question with a a : why shouldn ' t they? - q : how many academic types does it take to change a light a : choose one : - it depends on the study that you consult. - what kind of lightbulb? - one to measure the household voltage, one to determine the alternating current frequency, one to determine the right kind of lightbulb based on the voltage and frequency, three to argue over the wattage, one to get to get a graduate assistant to buy the lightbulb, one to get a graduate assistant to put the lightbulb in the socket, and, of course, three to turn the building around. one more is needed to hire the research assistant needed to count the number of academic types required, and yet another is needed to ponder the underlying combinatorial paradox. - q : how many latin teachers does it take to change a light a : light bulbs weren ' t invented in roman times. - q : when will the latin version of this oaq be ready? a : see question ( 2 ). - q : what ' s an oaq? a : see the section heading. latin version ( versio latina ) | | q : ubi sunt oaqes? r : hoc vide. | | q : ubi sunt faqes? r : hoc vide. | | q : ubi sunt ioci orbum lucis? r : hoc vide : http : / / www. google. com / search? q = lightbulb + jokes. et hic : http : / / www. florilegium. org / files / uncat / jokes - msg. html ] | | q : ubi sunt tabulae additionum multiplication", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4955792943125593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d09a5702-b66a-4c5c-9512-6004db3b5499>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.408213"}
{"text": "= lightbulb + jokes. et hic : http : / / www. florilegium. org / files / uncat / jokes - msg. html ] | | q : ubi sunt tabulae additionum multiplicationumque? r : [ imperfecti sunt! ] hic : | | q : ubi est numerus nihil? r : insanus esne? quae notio barbara, probabiliter indica! nos romani sapientores sumus! nihil [ est ] thanks to those who have reported errors in these pages. a special mention in this regard goes to perry rapp. also a tip of the hat to russell ham for catching the error ( now fixed ) in the page title! ( alas, russell, it was merely an oversight on my part and not more error corrections - - thanks to konstantin rybakov, mark brader, dorota patricia schneider, david wilkinson, celia king, g. leo sahakian, gaylard, alicia alexander, michael newman, paul provence, joel tigran aivazian, john moore, robert faulkner, reinhard gruhl ( for setting me straight about plebs ), matthew kostovny, andrew usher, e. b. connelly, dennis lubbs, mary grady, frankie correctly pointed out that what i called the past tense properly be called the imperfect tense. i have made the changes to the verb conjugation paradigms and added a few words of that i hope will help those of us who speak english to understand the distinction between imperfect and perfect. ( alas! our to have made a royal mess of this part of the english tense and thanks to mark mandel who believes strongly that the distinction between \" forbearance \" and \" forebears \" should be maintained in the spelling of the first syllable. and even though oed may sloppiness on my part, mark, i do agree with you. alas! i marco cimarosti found one instance where i talked about \" person \" rather than \" declension \". ( 1000 apologies and 1001 stephan ' s keen eye found an instance of a sentence missing its verb. i cannot blame the gods for this lacuna in the text. ) and louise cole found a problem in the evening. in addition to those who have alerted me to errors, these pages have been greatly improved by the many suggestions that i have received over the years. thanks to eduard eberbach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5489159703421123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d09a5702-b66a-4c5c-9512-6004db3b5499>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.409115"}
{"text": "in the text. ) and louise cole found a problem in the evening. in addition to those who have alerted me to errors, these pages have been greatly improved by the many suggestions that i have received over the years. thanks to eduard eberbach for some wonderful links to guides to ecclesiatical latin pronunciation. ( the web is not eternal - - some of those links have passed on. ) for suggestions for the phrases page, thanks be to graham dugas, alex, anne gilliland, katie and \" wownnnn \". ( a few more dicta that i do intend to add are still in an email folder... ) and thanks to randy lewis for noting that the praeneste fibula ( the source of the old latin inscription manios med fhefhaked numasioi ) is now generally believed to be a nineteenth century fake. ( and yes, it is dicta [ nominative plural of dictum ], and not thanks and a tip of the hat to teemu peltonen for directing me to the yle ( finland ) latin internet radio site. ( log date : march 15, 2010 ) the internet archive wayback engine has its first version of this page archived with a date of october 16, 1997. the page itself says \" last updated : tuesday, september 16, 1997 \". so these pages have been present on the web for over twelve years. mail comments, criticisms, corrections ( including misspellings ), puzzles and flames to eric ( back to eric ' s home page! ) wed feb 9 13 : 06 : 00 est 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47032660330196674, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d09a5702-b66a-4c5c-9512-6004db3b5499>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.409726"}
{"text": "it would not take many genetic changes to turn bird flu into a catastrophic human killer, researchers confirmed. also this week : pertuzumab boosts overall breast cancer survival, but by how much? bird flu could easily become pandemic only a few mutations stand between current strains of h5n1 avian influenza and a virus that could easily pass between humans, potentially killing hundreds of millions of people, researchers said. published last week in science, the research by ron fouchier, phd, of erasmus medical center in rotterdam, the netherlands, and colleagues - - as well as that of similar studies by yoshihiro kawaoka, phd, of the university of wisconsin madison, and others - - had been temporarily suppressed while the authors, journal editors, and a government advisory board wrangled over whether the papers would tell terrorists how to craft a highly lethal bioweapon. kawaoka ' s group published their results in nature last month. fouchier and colleagues determined that five mutations in a h5n1 bird flu isolate made it highly transmissible in mammals via airborne droplets. another group of researchers, also writing in science last week, said they had found h5n1 strains in poultry that already carried two of the mutations identified by fouchier ' s team, meaning that only three more were needed to create a potential worldwide catastrophe. current h5n1 bird flu strains pass easily among birds, but the efficiency of infection in mammals is very low. among the several hundred humans who have become infected, there have been no confirmed cases of human - to - human transmission. pertuzumab extends breast cancer survival final results from the so - called cleopatra study of pertuzumab ( perjeta ) in her2 - positive metastatic breast cancer showed that the drug prolonged overall survival when added to trastuzumab ( herceptin ) and docetaxel, its manufacturer said. roche did not provide any numerical data, however, leaving clinicians and patients to wait for an unspecified future conference presentation to learn how long overall survival was extended. pertuzumab was recently approved on the strength of cleopatra results reported last year that showed median progression - free survival was boosted to 18. 5 months with the three - drug combination, compared with 12. 4 months in patients receiving a standard trastuzumab - docetaxel regimen. roche fails to report adverse drug events some 80, 000 reports of possible adverse drug effects, collected by roche", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49006469263938074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa680e48-1931-4a56-a2a7-054daadcee09>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.418231"}
{"text": "three - drug combination, compared with 12. 4 months in patients receiving a standard trastuzumab - docetaxel regimen. roche fails to report adverse drug events some 80, 000 reports of possible adverse drug effects, collected by roche ' s patient support programs in the u. s. over the past 14 years, were never reported to regulators, the company acknowledged. the reports were discovered by the european medicines agency during a routine inspection. what should have happened, but didn ' t, according to roche officials, was for the patient support programs to pass the event reports over to the company ' s drug safety section. the latter never knew about the reports and hence did not investigate them or send them to regulators as required. the reports included more than 15, 000 patient deaths. the ema said it had told the fda of its findings. roche, meanwhile, promised to fix its internal communication problems. test to aid spinal muscular atrophy treatment doctors may soon be able to identify infants with spinal muscular atrophy who will respond to valproic acid, researchers suggested. the issue is that the drug appears to be highly effective in relieving symptoms in about one - third of babies, but the other two - thirds either fail to respond or show worsened symptoms. reporting at the european society of human genetics meeting in nuremberg, germany, a group led by lutz garbes, md, of the university of cologne in germany, indicated that responses to the drug in patient - derived fibroblasts in vitro reliably predicted the patients ' clinical responses. the studies also identified expression of the cd36 protein on neurons as key to suppressing beneficial responses to valproic acid. hcv drug resistance looming? bristol - myers squibb quietly altered the protocol in an ongoing trial of a novel hepatitis c antiviral, daclatasvir, in a way that suggests viral resistance may be a bigger problem than previously believed. originally, the so - called command - 3 trial - - comparing the bms drug with telaprevir ( incivek ) in combination with interferon and ribavirin - - was recruiting patients with hcv genotype 1. but its clinicaltrials. gov listing recently indicated that the patient sample was being narrowed to genotype 1b, which is the minority subtype within genotype 1. although the company has not explained the change, outside analysts speculated that it had found that the treatment was ineffective in genotype 1a. earlier studies had found that the drug was highly effective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4479762266710804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fa680e48-1931-4a56-a2a7-054daadcee09>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.419160"}
{"text": "adenoid removal is surgery to take out the adenoid glands. the adenoid glands sit behind your nose above the roof of your mouth. air passes over these glands when you take a breath. the adenoids are often taken out at the same time as the tonsils ( tonsillectomy ). adenoid removal is also called adenoidectomy. the procedure is most often done in children. adenoidectomy ; removal of adenoid glands your child will be given general anesthesia before surgery. this means your child will be asleep and unable to feel pain. the surgeon places a small tool into your child \u2019 s mouth to keep it open. the surgeon removes the adenoid glands using a spoon - shaped tool ( curette ). or another tool that helps cut away soft tissue is used. some surgeons use electricity to heat the tissue, remove it, and stop bleeding. this is called electrocautery. another method uses radiofrequency ( rf ) energy to do the same thing. this is called coblation. absorbent material, called packing material may also be used to control bleeding. your child will stay in the recovery room after surgery. when your child is awake and can breathe easily, cough, and swallow, you will be allowed to take your child home. this is usually a few hours after surgery. why the procedure is performed a doctor may recommend this procedure if : enlarged adenoids are blocking your child \u2019 s airway. symptoms in your child can include : seth schwartz, md, mph, otolaryngologist, virginia mason medical center, seattle, washington. also reviewed by a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., editorial team : david zieve, md, mha, david r. eltz, stephanie slon, and nissi wang.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41471827670973127, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c7290893-3bb5-439c-bc37-be8fb7b36d8b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.423652"}
{"text": "tea \u2019 s noble birth \u2014 true serendipity tea \u2019 s birth story is infused with a blend of myth and fact and coloured by ancient concepts of spirituality, and philosophy. according to ancient legend in china, the story of tea began in 2737 b. c. when the chinese emperor shen nong, a skilled ruler and scientist, accidentally discovered the tea. while boiling water in the garden, a leaf from an overhanging wild tea tree drifted into his pot. the emperor enjoyed drinking the infused water with its unusual and delicious flavour. he felt invigorated and refreshed. as a scientist, this serendipitous event compelled him to further research the plant whereby he found tea to have medicinal properties. and so, the first cup of tea, generated by the mighty leaf, was created by accident. indian history attributes the discovery of tea to prince bodhi - dharma, an indian saint who founded the japanese zen school of buddhism. in 520 a. d., he left indian to preach buddhism in china. to prove some zen principles, he vowed to meditate for nine years. towards the end of his meditation efforts he fell asleep. upon awaking he was so distraught that he cut off his eyelids. a tea plant sprung up from where his bloody eyelids hit the ground to sanctify his sacrifice. traditional tea culture in china and japan whatever the legend, tracing tea \u2019 s original roots proves difficult. it is probable that the tea plant originated in the region of southwest china, tibet and northern india. chinese traders may have traveled throughout these regions often and encountered people chewing tea leaves. from these journeys, the chinese learned tea \u2019 s use. early on, people primarily used tea for medicinal purposes. not until the tang dynasty ( 618 - 907 ad ), often referred to as the classic age of tea, did consumption become widespread and characterized as china \u2019 s national drink. an imposition of a government imposed tea tax further evidences the beverage \u2019 s growing popularity. during that time, compressed bricks of tea leaves were first softened by fire and then grated into boiling water. a buddhist monk, lu yu ( 733 - 804 ) composed the ch \u2019 a ching or classic of tea treatise. he described types of tea, uses and preparation and the benefits of drinking it. more importantly, he imbued the writings with a spiritual aesthetic that reflected buddhist, taoist and confucian religious thought of the time. the tea ceremony served as a metaphor for expressing the harmony and simplicity that not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4465655834747576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:573236bf-2d0f-43a6-b875-9f9c66636577>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.433763"}
{"text": "the benefits of drinking it. more importantly, he imbued the writings with a spiritual aesthetic that reflected buddhist, taoist and confucian religious thought of the time. the tea ceremony served as a metaphor for expressing the harmony and simplicity that not only ordered but also streamed throughout the entire universe. later, in the sung dynasty ( 960 - 1280 ad. ), known as the romantic age of tea, poetry and artistic references to tea abounded. a precursor to the japanese tea ceremony or cha no yu to come, the most popular method of preparation involved grinding delicate tea leaves into a green powder in a stone mill and whipping it into hot water with bamboo whisks. during this period, chinese culture significantly influenced and impacted art, politics and religion in the far east. consequently, around the early 9th century, a japanese buddhist monk, saicho, is credited with introducing tea to japan. while studying in china, saicho became exposed to tea and brought back seeds to start growing at his monastery. other monks over time followed suit, and soon small tea plantations sprouted up at secluded monasteries. however, due to the isolation, tea ' s popularity did not blossom until the thirteenth century. at this time, like in china people only drank tea in powdered form. inspired by buddhist spiritual philosophy, this marks the origin of the japanese tea ceremony or \" chanoyu \". the modern tea steeping custom emerges not until the ming dynasty ( 1368 - 1644 ) was tea prepared by steeping leaves in water, like it is today. instead of compressing tea leaves into bricks, the leaves were dried, rolled and then heated in iron woks. brewing simply involved steeping leaves in hot water. the chinese government further established a hold on tea trade by opening a bureau of tea and horses. they introduced laws regulating interactions on the frontier, where people traded tea for horses. from 1644 to 1911, the qing dynasty ruled china and eventually abolished duties on tea, a testament to how essential tea had become to everyday life and the economy. in the 17th century, a chinese monk traveling in japan brought the new rolled form of tea that had replaced powdered tea in china. a tea merchant in uji, kyoto, nagatani soen invented a new japanese method of steaming, drying and rolling green tea during the 18th century. this tea and style of processing became known as sencha. the custom of drinking sencha tea daily lives on today. tea entices the west although europeans first started importing tea in the 17th century,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4870923400855274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:573236bf-2d0f-43a6-b875-9f9c66636577>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.434761"}
{"text": "rolling green tea during the 18th century. this tea and style of processing became known as sencha. the custom of drinking sencha tea daily lives on today. tea entices the west although europeans first started importing tea in the 17th century, it appeared earlier in the west. traders, missionaries and explorers traveling back and forth between europe and the orient became exposed to the budding tea traditions in china and japan. around the 9th century, references in arab trade documents refer to the process of boiling bitter tea leaves. later marco polo ( 1254 - 1324 ) alludes to tea in his travel writings about the east. tea finally arrived in the west during the 16th century - a portuguese missionary is attributed with bringing tea to europe while caravanning back and forth between portugal and china. tea was not seriously traded though until dutch merchants entered the picture. in 1610, the first shipments of japanese and chinese tea arrived in europe via ships charted by the dutch east india company. tea also flowed into russia early on via camel trains that came from china on part of the famous silk road. the popularity of tea spread to cities including amsterdam, paris and london, however, its high price limited consumption to europeans royal classes and aristocrats. tea drinking, a novelty at the time, allowed the wealthy to partake in a bit of eastern adventure during the age of exploration and discovery. the birth of an english love affair the english did not gravitated towards tea immediately. coffee remained the preferred drink in coffee houses frequented mainly by men. the tea fad caught on slowly with women who perceived it as a genteel drink. in 1657, the first shop to sell tea in england opened, run by thomas garraway. the shop sold tea imported by the dutch. tea \u2019 s popularity began to spread and consumption rose in london \u2019 s cafes and coffee houses. the drink gained further legitimacy when charles ii married catherine of braganza, a portuguese royal, who adored tea and introduced the concept of tea time to the court. soon thereafter, the british east india trade company ( also known as the john company ), who was competing with the dutch for tea trade, established their first foothold in the east by securing a tea factory in macao. a tea monopoly - the british east india company by the early 1700s, the british east india company established via itself as the dominant trading power and would go on to monopolize the tea trade with china. trading stations sprung up in india, including hubs in bombay, bengal and madras.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42136777260876823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:573236bf-2d0f-43a6-b875-9f9c66636577>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.435809"}
{"text": "by the early 1700s, the british east india company established via itself as the dominant trading power and would go on to monopolize the tea trade with china. trading stations sprung up in india, including hubs in bombay, bengal and madras. the company, acting as an imperial arm of england would exercise significant political power in helping to create a wealthy and powerful british empire. this included not only trading but also the right to annex land, direct troops and dictate british laws. the british would exploit the tea trade for profit and political power over the next century. however, geo - political change involving new american colonies abroad and the french and indian wars in 1763 began to threaten the british east india company \u2019 s privileged position. in addition, the company would struggle burdened by financial mismanagement, corruption and growing tea smuggling operations. tea plantations in india despite the company \u2019 s dominance, interestingly enough, up until the mid 1800s, china remained the sole source of tea for western demand. looking to discover the tea growing secrets and to end their reliance on chinese tea, the british tea committee sent robert fortune, an english botanist, on an undercover mission to china. disguised as a chinese merchant he traveled around the country learning about farming and processing techniques. most importantly, he sent back tea samples and brought back chinese tea experts who played an important role in enabling british tea planting and experimentation in india. in around 1823, a british army major robert bruce stumbled upon indigenous tea bushes growing in the northeast region of assam, india. with this discovery, the british east india company seized the opportunity to experiment with growing tea in not only assam but in darjeeling, a region in northeastern india at the foot of the himalayas. an east india company employee, dr. campbell, first planted darjeeling tea seeds in his garden at beechwood, darjeeling. the planting proved so successful that in 1847 the british government began developing tea estates in the area this marked the beginning of a new tea industry in india and an end to reliance on chinese grown tea. with tea plantations springing up all over parts of india and the advent of the industrial revolution, the tea trade in india would flourish. tea in north america tea initially came to america in the mid 1600s via the dutch who started a settlement in new amsterdam, which after acquiring the colony, the english renamed it new york. a favorite of colonial women and wealthy colonists, a heavily taxed tea trade flourished between the colony and england. to bolster up the company \u2019 s failing financial position,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4192180541896036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:573236bf-2d0f-43a6-b875-9f9c66636577>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.437747"}
{"text": "new amsterdam, which after acquiring the colony, the english renamed it new york. a favorite of colonial women and wealthy colonists, a heavily taxed tea trade flourished between the colony and england. to bolster up the company \u2019 s failing financial position, it had convinced the english parliament to enact the tea act, which allowed them to ship tea duty - free directly to the colonists and profit by excluding the colonial merchants. the general notion of taxation without representation brewed great dissent among the colonists. political tensions came to a climax with the boston tea party, as colonists protested england ' s high taxes by dressing as native americans and dumping tea into the water off east india company ' s trading boats. this act provided an impetus for the american colonies fight for independence in 1776. although the american revolution set back the company, it managed to survive due to its immense size. but, when richard twining and thousands of independent tea merchants organized a campaign to reveal the company \u2019 s corrupt practices and pressured the english government to end their monopoly, it would eventually crumble. clipper ships and the american tea trade american clipper ships began importing tea directly from china to america starting in the 1850s. in the wake of the company \u2019 s downfall and the repeal of the navigation acts, which dictated that all tea must be shipped directly from england to colonist ports, clipper ships quickly became the preferred method for transporting tea. these graceful and sleek vessels with three masts easily outdated trading ships. built for speed, the british and americans raced clippers back and forth between china and england bringing the best teas for auction. american tea inventions during the 19th century, tea drinking played an important role in social life, from tea parties to afternoon tea in both england and america. new tea traditions began to develop in america as the beverage \u2019 s popularity grew. iced tea originated in 1904 at the worlds fair in st. louis, missouri. a tea merchant and plantation owner from abroad had intended to provide visitors with free hot tea samples. however, due to the unusually hot weather, it was not a big hit. to promote sales, he asked a nearby ice cream vendor for some ice. the american iced tea tradition was born when he dumped the ice into the hot brewed tea. today, ice tea sales make up at least 80 % of the entire u. s. tea market. the original tea bags were handmade, hand stitched muslin or silk bags, much like mighty leaf \u2019 s handcrafted, artisan tea pouches. patents for tea bags", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44988697813101786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:573236bf-2d0f-43a6-b875-9f9c66636577>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.439160"}
{"text": "why we get bored boredom, it turns out, is likely our fault, since it may stem from a difficulty in paying attention to stimuli that is associated with a satisfying activity. thu, sep 27 2012 at 8 : 11 am scientists are taking on boredom. no, they aren ' t working on a cure just yet, but they have written a new definition of boredom and outlined the mental processes behind ennui. the researchers, led by psychological scientist john eastwood of york university in ontario, canada, define boredom as \" an aversive state of wanting, but being unable, to engage in satisfying activity, \" which springs from failures in one of the brain ' s attention networks. the findings, detailed in the september issue of the journal perspectives on psychological science, may speak to many americans : in a large survey of high - school students across 26 u. s. states reported in 2007, researchers found two out of three students said they were bored in class every day. a 2003 national survey found 91 percent of young americans polled said they experienced boredom, according to eastwood and his colleagues. and while seemingly benign, though little understood, boredom can be a chronic condition that may lead to issues like binge eating, drug and alcohol abuse and gambling problems. boredom at work could even cause serious accidents for truck drivers, hospital workers and other employees whose vigilance matters. [ 7 thoughts that are bad for you ] to get a better handle on boredom and its causes, eastwood ' s team looked at past research on attention and boredom. german psychologist theodor lipps proposed one of the earliest definitions of boredom in 1903, saying, \" boredom is a feeling of unpleasure arising out of a conflict between a need for intense mental activity and lack of incitement to it, or inability to be incited, \" the researchers note in their paper. other similar definitions suggested bored individuals longed for mental engagement, though these descriptions did not require awareness of the blase feelings. to be bored, some scientists reasoned, \" is to be in a state of longing for activity but unaware of what it is that one desires and to look to the world to solve the impasse, \" eastwood and colleagues write. attention and awareness, however, seem to be key to this aimless state. the new review suggests we get bored when we have difficulty paying attention to the internal information, such as thoughts or feelings, or outside stimuli required for taking part in satisfying activity ; when we ' re aware of the fact that we ' re having difficulty paying attention ; and when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5324997793619816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0110c669-8396-442c-b533-c98d125ada5e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.443200"}
{"text": "play and predatory aggression cats are predators. it is in their instinct to hunt down and kill. even though you provide a gourmet diet for kitty, he still needs to practice his hunting skills whether you like it or not. predatory behavior is often characterized by long periods of lying in wait and stalking followed by an explosion of activity - the attack. it ' s common for a cat to creep up to a sleeping owner and playfully attack them in bed. some cats sit quietly, staring at a wiggling toe then with lightening speed, they pounce and attack. other cats lie in wait under furniture until a foot passes by, then their claw reaches out and grabs. cat play is an extension of their predatory nature. it provides the cat with the opportunity to develop and sharpen its hunting skills, even if it never needs to go out and catch its own dinner. although your cat may be playing, playful bites can still hurt and cause injury. fear and anger aggression cats that have not been adequately gentled and socialized during kitten hood are generally suspicious and fearful of people. if they don ' t like being approached, touched, handled or picked up, they often tell you so by biting and scratching. even cats that are socialized can become angry or frightened in certain situations. maybe they don ' t like being picked up by a stranger ( the vet ) and getting jabbed with a needle ( routine vaccination ). some cats are fine until its bath time. every cat has its limits. the more gentling and socialization kitty receives during kitten hood, the less likely a situation will come up that will frighten or anger the cat. once a cat learns that its aggressive display is successful at warding off the perceived threat, the more likely the cat will act aggressive again. in other words, the cat is rewarded for acting aggressive because the threat or annoyance goes away. in this case, we have unintentionally trained the cat to be aggressive. if i reached out to pet a cat and it aggressively struck out at me, i most certainly would obediently withdraw. i don ' t want to get scratched or bitten. now the behavior becomes even more difficult to cure and the cat more dangerous to handle. this almost sounds like a no - win situation, but never fear, remedies for this type of behavior will be covered, so read on! territorial and protective aggression this type of aggression is usually very specific and the result of lack of socialization. if a cat had been socialized with people coming", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4196061376293759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29bf6a0d-e839-4b4a-a3de-c443a16a87a2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.456872"}
{"text": "never fear, remedies for this type of behavior will be covered, so read on! territorial and protective aggression this type of aggression is usually very specific and the result of lack of socialization. if a cat had been socialized with people coming and going into his space - but never had another animal trespass onto his territory in his presence, he will fight ferociously and furiously for their territory. a mother cat may also fight or attack to protect her kittens over stimulation and excitement aggression an often perplexing case history involves a cat that one moment lies peacefully purring on the owner ' s lap, happily accepting affection ; and the next moment, erupts into a rage of claws and teeth. the owner is shocked by the sudden attack. it ' s actually normal behavior for cats to have quick reversals of mood and behavior. there ' s a fine line between enjoyable petting and irritating handling. once the petting reaches a certain threshold, the cat will reject any further touching. the cat says, \" stop it! \" by biting or scratching. perhaps a sensitive or painful area was unknowingly touched. continuous pleasurable stimulation can overexcite the cat causing aggressive behavior. the cat becomes sexually excited and the resulting aggression is a part of normal sexual behavior. sometimes a cat will suddenly act aggressive for medical reasons. any abnormal behavior or sudden change in behavior should be checked out by your veterinarian as soon as possible. if you spend time with your cat and get to know him, you will notice any changes in his behavior and habits right away. if there is a sudden change, don ' t assume your cat is misbehaving. check with your veterinarian first. if kitty gets a clean bill of health, then look at it from the behavioral viewpoint. remedies for aggression and cat biting when trying to solve any problem, especially with cats, it is important to be realistic and patient. don ' t push your cat beyond his limits then get frustrated because he isn ' t living up to your expectations. give him some considerations and don ' t expect him to necessarily change to suit you. if your cat often becomes over - stimulated with 5 minutes of petting and stroking, then stop at 3 minutes. don ' t push him over the edge and then wonder why he bit you! in this type of situation, cats usually give other warning signs that they are going to bite. watch your cat and notice his body language when he gets over stimulated or irritated. usually the ears will flatten,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4331584106790136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29bf6a0d-e839-4b4a-a3de-c443a16a87a2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.457979"}
{"text": "and then wonder why he bit you! in this type of situation, cats usually give other warning signs that they are going to bite. watch your cat and notice his body language when he gets over stimulated or irritated. usually the ears will flatten, he will turn and stare at you, or his tail will start to flick. if your cat has lived all his life in a quiet, private home and you suddenly bring in a bus load of noisy, rambunctious children, don ' t expect your cat to accept this. training a cat to stop play biting is relatively easy with both adult cats and kittens. however, training a cat not to bite in fear and anger is best and most easily accomplished in kitten hood. if you have an older cat who has been biting for many years, it is going to take much more time and energy to cure it. but this doesn ' t mean you shouldn ' t start. many older cats can be taught to accept situations without reacting aggressively. it just takes longer and requires more of your patience. however, the payoff is tremendously gratifying. no biting allowed play sessions provide the best opportunity to teach your cat not to bite, scratch or play - attack you. playtime is the best time to teach your cat that he must be careful and gentle. the cat is only allowed to play using his paws, not his claws. he should learn never to bite you. start by enticing kitty into a gentle game of play fighting. continuously praise the cat all the time he remains gentle. gradually increase the excitement and intensity of the game, keeping your eyes glued to kitty. as soon as you see that the cat is getting too excited or he begins to expose his claws or teeth, immediately freeze and \" play dead. \" this usually causes a cat to calm down and retract its claws. if kitty complies, then resume playing. if not, the play must not resume until kitty calms down and retracts his claws. if kitty bites hard or scratches you, sharply scream \" ouch, \" immediately stop playing, walk away and ignore him. cats, especially kittens, love to play. abruptly ending a play session is an extremely powerful reprimand. with a few repetitions, kitty will learn that it is his own overly rambunctious or aggressive behavior that brings an end to all the fun. while your cat is learning not to bite and claw you, it is equally as important that you provide kitty with something he can pounce on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.381882309437397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29bf6a0d-e839-4b4a-a3de-c443a16a87a2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.458928"}
{"text": "that it is his own overly rambunctious or aggressive behavior that brings an end to all the fun. while your cat is learning not to bite and claw you, it is equally as important that you provide kitty with something he can pounce on, attack, grab with his claws and sink his teeth into. unless your cat has real prey to hunt, you are going to have to provide the play prey. if you simply toss a few toys on the floor, your cat may give them a few swats then quickly lose interest. it is up to you to make the toys fun. play should be an interactive game between you and your cat. tie a toy to the end of a length of string. drag it around your house with kitty in pouncing pursuit. pet stores are full of both inexpensive and exotic toys for your cat. use your imagination and create your own toys. the idea is to stimulate your cat ' s interest and participation. two 15 minute play sessions a day will work wonders in venting your cat \u2019 s excess energy as well as fulfilling his predatory instincts. if you do not want your cat to be fearful of or aggressive towards people ( including children ), other cats or even dogs, it is best to socialize them as kittens. socialization in kitten hood has a pronounced and long lasting effect on the cat ' s personality. if a kitten is raised in a large active home with several children, other pets and frequent visitors coming and going, then as an adult, it will readily accept strangers. if the cat grows up in a quiet home with a single owner, then as an adult, it will most likely react adversely when approached and touched by strangers. if you want your cat to socialize freely and happily, you must give it plenty of opportunity as a kitten to socialize and play with different people, friendly cats and dogs. most kittens are not threatened by strangers, so socializing them is easy. it is essential that these early experiences are fun and rewarding. if your cat has a terrifying experience as a kitten, then it will most likely remain fearful of these events into adulthood. don ' t wait until your cat is in emergency need of veterinary attention before getting it used to a veterinary exam. don ' t wait until your cat ' s hair is matted before getting it used to being groomed. start socializing and getting your cat used to being touched and handled before your cat has any unpleasant experiences. to assure that your cat doesn ' t become permanently frightened of strangers, vet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43177535631637937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29bf6a0d-e839-4b4a-a3de-c443a16a87a2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.459878"}
{"text": "s hair is matted before getting it used to being groomed. start socializing and getting your cat used to being touched and handled before your cat has any unpleasant experiences. to assure that your cat doesn ' t become permanently frightened of strangers, vet exams, grooming procedures, etc., make sure that it learns to enjoy these experiences early in life. take time to acquaint kitty with being touched and handled everywhere. teach your cat to enjoy being picked up and hugged. first these exercises need to be done by the adult owners of the cat. then the exercises need to be done by other friendly adults. when the cat is comfortable with being touched, examined and hugged by strangers, it is now time to teach children how to touch and handle the cat under your supervision. for adult cats that already feel threatened by the presence of strangers, the socialization process is much more time consuming. adult cats must be given more time to familiarize themselves with strangers. if your cat is nervous around people, don ' t let these people approach your cat. they will just further frighten him. you should also not force your cat to meet strangers. instead, give your cat the opportunity to approach the stranger on his own. it may take hours, it may take weeks. but until your cat approaches on his own terms, and finds that nothing bad happens, he will not develop his own confidence to trust people. you can speed up the process by starting with a hungry cat and a trail of extremely tasty treats leading up to the stranger. each step the cat takes toward the person is rewarded with a treat. with this set up, you and the other person should sit quietly and let the cat approach. the hungrier the cat and the better the treat, the quicker the cat will approach and overcome its fear. however, if the cat is so fearful that it is inhibited from eating in front of the stranger, then the person should be several rooms away while the cat is eating its treats. food treats should only be available when a visitor is in the house. as the cat becomes used to eating with someone else in the house, then the cat and person can slowly be brought closer and closer together. the first week they are 3 rooms away from each other, the second week they are 2 rooms away, and so on until they can both be present in the same room. then you can start to trail the treats up to the visitor. once your cat is comfortable with the presence of strangers, the next step will be to accustom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4462616284395342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29bf6a0d-e839-4b4a-a3de-c443a16a87a2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.460979"}
{"text": "rooms away, and so on until they can both be present in the same room. then you can start to trail the treats up to the visitor. once your cat is comfortable with the presence of strangers, the next step will be to accustom your cat to being touched. the ultimate goal is to ensure that your cat will never react badly when handled or restrained. begin the exercises when your cat is relaxed and content. start off by handling the cat in ways that it already finds pleasurable, such as scratching the top of the head or on its back at the base of the tail. as the exercise proceeds, the stroking, touching and petting should become more vigorous and include more of the cat ' s body. all the time the cat remains relaxed, praise him profusely. work slowly and gradually increase the area of the cat ' s body that is touched. you can continue the handling exercises whenever your cat is hungry. offer a special treat in exchange for the cat allowing you to give his teeth a quick examination. offer another treat in exchange for the cat allowing you to peek inside his ear. examine between kitty ' s toes then immediately reward him with another of his special food treats. when your cat is in a playful mood, incorporate handling and touching with a play session. convince kitty that being touched is all part of the fun and games. he should not be able to distinguish between play and grooming or between affection and restraint ( hugging ). if at anytime kitty objects to these exercises, you simply deny the treat or stop the play session. eventually your cat will learn to enjoy being touched and handled. this will happen extremely quickly with a kitten. it will take more time with an adult cat and even more time and patience with an already fearful cat. again, first work on developing your cat ' s trust and confidence in yourself. then introduce adult strangers, then children under your supervision. when introducing your cat to another pet, make sure the other cat or dog is one that is already friendly and well socialized with cats. copyright 1995 - 2004 gwen bohnenkamp, perfect paws", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.457059927612762, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29bf6a0d-e839-4b4a-a3de-c443a16a87a2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.461941"}
{"text": "home > news > nanotechnology holds key to longer life : research december 12th, 2007 nanotechnology holds key to longer life : research american scientists seem to have found the secret to extending the lifespan of brain cells, thus spawning hope for a longer life. a molecular biologist and a nanoscientist at the university of central florida have found that nanomaterials developed for industry have an unexpected and potentially revolutionary side effect : they can triple or quadruple the life of brain cells. the result is people could live longer and with fewer age - related health problems. beverly rzigalinski, assistant professor in the department of molecular biology and microbiology and at the biomolecular sciences center, and sudipta seal, associate engineering professor at the advanced materials processing and analysis center and the department of mechanical, materials and aerospace engineering, will receive 1. 4 million dollars from the national institutes of health, national institute on aging to study the reasons behind the reaction and possible future applications. sound waves precisely position nanowires june 19th, 2013 scientists use nanotechnology to increase thermal stability of essential oils june 19th, 2013 production of bioactive material for quick treatment of bone damages june 19th, 2013 nanometrics announces participation in 5th annual ceo investor summit : accredited investor and publishing research analyst event to be held concurrently with semicon west and intersolar 2013 in san francisco june 19th, 2013 conceptual nanomedical lipofuscin removal strategy april 29th, 2013 utsandiego. com november 22nd, 2012 nanoparticles against aging october 3rd, 2012 frost & sullivan hosts webinar : can we live forever? gauging the future trajectory of medical technology development march 24th, 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5337986913050482, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7eebfc2-feb2-454e-af25-541f8305be7b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.463775"}
{"text": "child abuse and neglect often occur in families under stress, in the middle of a crisis or at the \" end of the rope. \" child maltreatment can include the following : physical abuse - the non - accidental injury to a child. sexual abuse - any act of a sexual nature upon or with a child. neglect - the failure to act on behalf of a child. more information for mandated reporters is also available. physical abuse indicators : unexplained, chronic or repeated bruising other unexplained or repeated injuries behavioral extremes ( withdrawal, aggression, regression ) excessive fear of the parent or caregiver unusual shyness, wariness of physical contact attempt to hide injuries depression, excessive crying antisocial behavior, such as substance abuse, truancy or running away sexual abuse indicators : somatic complaints, including pain and irritation of genitals sexually transmitted diseases bruises or bleeding from external genitals, vagina or anal region torn, stained or bloody underclothes frequent, unexplained sore throats, yeast or urinary infections poor peer relationships, inability to relate to children of the same age regressive behaviors, such as thumb sucking, bedwetting, fear of the dark sudden changes in behavior promiscuity or seductive behavior aggression or delinquency reluctance to participate in recreational activity recurrent nightmares, disturbed sleep patterns or fear of the dark sudden decline in school performance in young children, preoccupation with his / her sexual organs, his / her parents ' or other chidren ' s chronic uncleanliness or poor hygiene including lice, scabies, or severe or untreated diaper rash untreated illness or injury unsuitable clothing, missing key articles of clothing such as socks, shoes or a coat height and weight significantly below age level chronic hunger, tiredness or lethargy begging or collecting leftovers unusual school attendance ( frequent or chronic absence, lateness, coming to school early or leaving late ) assuming adult responsibilities vandalism or delinquency lack of food, heat or utilities in the house parent / caregiver uses food stamps to buy drugs the child is outside late at night while the parent is under the influence of drugs or alcohol the child is left home alone without supervision if a child indicates that they are afraid to return home, call the appropriate children services agency or the local police immediately. for all other cases, follow the procedures below. when making a report you should try to include the following information, although it is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5182712853974316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a7b3bf1-43a1-4870-a3c2-46573b2fe5b4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.467118"}
{"text": "a child indicates that they are afraid to return home, call the appropriate children services agency or the local police immediately. for all other cases, follow the procedures below. when making a report you should try to include the following information, although it is not required : the name and address of the child you suspect is being abused or neglected the age of the child the name and address of the parents or caretakers the name of the person you suspect is abusing or neglecting the child and the address if available the reason you suspect the child is being abuse or neglected any other information which may be helpful to the investigation with this information, contact the appropriate children services agency, which is determined by the county in which the custodial party resides. click here for a directory of agencies by county. in case of an emergency, dial 911. in non - emergency situations, you should contact your local public children services agency to make a report about the abuse. view a directory of agencies by county in ohio. if you need additional help determining what to do in the case of suspected abuse, call the center for family safety and healing at nationwide children ' s at ( 614 ) 722 - 3278. how to respond to an abuse victim choices ( link ) offers a wide range of services for victims and survivors of domestic violence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3848444473485613, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a7b3bf1-43a1-4870-a3c2-46573b2fe5b4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.467649"}
{"text": "recent studies demonstrate beyond any reasonable doubt that there is a strong statistical association between exposures to magnetic fields of intensities greater than 4 mg1 and an increase risk of contracting a number of deadly diseases. the california department of health concludes it is likely that this statistical association is due to the fact that the magnetic fields cause the deadly diseases. a major new study published in the british medical journal looked at cancer data in england and wales between 1962 and 1995, for children aged up to 15 years old. the study found that children whose birth address was within 200 meters of an overhead power line had a 70 % increased risk of leukemia. these and other alarming headlines have been reported recently by power line healthy facts. this is why it has become important to address the issues surrounding exposure to electromagnetic radiation. furthermore, it is important to understand that the term \u201c electromagnetic radiation \u201d refers to three different components along the electro - magnetic spectrum, i. e. electric field, magnetic field and radio frequency. each component has it \u2019 s own set of characteristics, measuring devices and guidelines for exposure and, while there are many technologies we have no control over, this is one we can influence. you can take steps to reducing your exposure to electromagnetic pollution by either eliminating or creating distance from the source. this becomes increasingly important as it pertains to the sleeping area. why? the average person spends 1 / 3 of their life sleeping. while sleeping the human body has the ability to repair itself. because the human body is composed of water with high mineral content, it is electrically conductive. it is these electrical impulses, generated by the brain, that create intercellular communication. when these impulses are disturbed by exposure from external sources, i. e. electric wiring in walls, electric bedside lamps and clocks, radio and tv sources in the bedroom, electrical blankets etc., it influences the body \u2019 s ability to communicate and restore itself. reducing exposure to electro - pollution just makes sense. five recommendations published by the international institute for bau - biologie\u00ae and ecology for creating a sleeping sanctuary are : - use battery clocks near bed. - turn off bedroom - affecting circuits. - eliminate or shield from radio frequency, i. e. cell phones and wireless devices. - use beds without metal. - make sure there are no elevated magnetic fields. 1 - current standard baubiologie\u00ae method of testing : weak field not to exceed 1mg.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5306446916759686, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8eeacca4-e68d-4383-9936-2130d81ca127>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.472495"}
{"text": "some doctors are studying \u2014 and employing \u2014 music to help regulate erratic heartbeats, boost hormone production, lower blood pressure and ease other ailments. as victor fabry napped in his hospital bed, a quiet symphony filled his room. the steady pulse of a cardiac monitor marked the progress of his mending heart. over that beat, the swaying strains of a brazilian guitarist pumped nearly nonstop from a cd player on the shelf. for nine days after his surgery at the gagnon cardiovascular institute in morristown, n. j., fabry soaked up that tranquil, wordless strumming. and while he praised his surgeon, he raved about the musical score that accompanied his recovery. his heart literally fell in rhythm with guitarist tomaz lima. the music became his medicine. \u201c very restful, very soothing, \u201d said fabry, 68, now almost two years removed from the surgery. immediately after his operation, a live harpist also played at his bedside. \u201c the mind influences your recovery. anything that quiets your anxiety is powerful. \u201d listen carefully and you \u2019 ll hear the same refrain at a rising number of hospitals. from massachusetts general to the mayo clinic, patients are hearing the first strains of a harmonious movement \u2014 the infusion and inclusion of music in the treatment of ailments, from brain disorders to cancer. this goes beyond the psychological smile favorite songs can induce. doctors are increasingly studying \u2014 and employing \u2014 the physiological dance music does with the body \u2019 s neurons and blood - carrying cells. \u201c we \u2019 re in the infancy, \u201d said dr. ali rezai, director of the center for neurological restoration at ohio \u2019 s cleveland clinic. during a surgery called deep brain stimulation \u2014 performed while patients with parkinson \u2019 s disease are awake \u2014 rezai and his team play classical compositions and measure the brain \u2019 s response to those notes. \u201c we know music can calm, influence creativity, can energize. that \u2019 s great. but music \u2019 s role in recovering from disease is being ever more appreciated. \u201d using music to help the ill has been used for thousands of years, even though modern medicine is just starting to understand how it works, said dr. claudius conrad, a senior surgical resident at harvard medical school and, himself, a gifted pianist. he is set to launch the first study of music \u2019 s impact on the sleep cycles of acute - care patients. \u201c research has already shown that if you play a piece \u2014 like mozart \u2014 at a certain slow beat, the listener will adapt their heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4463356918483167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e75f464a-181f-42b4-94c0-93f0dd0f7578>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.478715"}
{"text": "he is set to launch the first study of music \u2019 s impact on the sleep cycles of acute - care patients. \u201c research has already shown that if you play a piece \u2014 like mozart \u2014 at a certain slow beat, the listener will adapt their heart beat to the beat of the music. \u201d from musical notes to hormone stimulation the anatomical route musical notes take through the body is indeed a busy highway celebrated in many songs, from head to heart. based on interviews with neurologists and cardiologists, the journey from an instrument string to your heart strings goes something like this : sound waves travel through the air into the ears and buzz the eardrums and bones in the middle ears. to decode the vibration, your brain transforms that mechanical energy into electrical energy, sending the signal to its cerebral cortex \u2014 a hub for thought, perception and memory. within that control tower, the auditory cortex forwards the message on to brain centers that direct emotion, arousal, anxiety, pleasure and creativity. and there \u2019 s another stop upstairs : that electrical cue hits the hypothalamus which controls heart rate and respiration, plus your stomach and skin nerves, explaining why a melody may give you butterflies or goose bumps. of course, all this communication happens far faster than a single drum beat. before jetting through the blood stream, the signals are converted again \u2014 to hormones. at the university of munich, conrad was able to show that critically ill patients required fewer sedative drugs when they listened to one hour of mozart piano sonatas. as expected, the patients \u2019 blood pressures and heart rates eased with the music. but what surprised conrad is that the patients also showed a 50 percent spike in pituitary growth hormone, which is known to stimulate healing. today, at massachusetts general hospital, conrad asks his patients ( or their families ) in the surgical intensive care unit what music they \u2019 d like to hear ; if neither is can provide an answer, he often plays mozart. healing dose of lady gaga? classical is a common pick among doctors and therapists who use melody as a healing tool. the vibrations of stringed instruments in particular are said to mesh with the energy of the heart, small intestine, pericardium, thyroid and adrenal glands, according to a soon - to - be - published study by researchers at gagnon cardiovascular institute in new jersey. but what about rock or hip hop? country or house? does the body react as positively to lady gaga as it does bach? do you heal faster with beethoven or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5025296355477147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e75f464a-181f-42b4-94c0-93f0dd0f7578>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.479751"}
{"text": "to - be - published study by researchers at gagnon cardiovascular institute in new jersey. but what about rock or hip hop? country or house? does the body react as positively to lady gaga as it does bach? do you heal faster with beethoven or a dose of miley cyrus? \u201c i recommend listening to joyful music as part of an overall prescription for maintaining good heart health, \u201d said dr. michael miller, director of the center for preventive cardiology at the university of maryland medical center. joyful? \u201c music that brings out a natural high in order to maximize endorphin release, \u201d explained miller, whose research ( presented last november to the american heart association ) showed that hearing your favorite song can cause tissue in your blood vessels to dilate, increasing blood flow. miller examined 10 healthy, non - smoking volunteers before and after they grooved to tunes of their choice and measured a 26 percent jump in the diameter of their upper arm blood vessels. ( conversely, after wincing through music they hated, the volunteers \u2019 blood vessels narrowed by six percent. ) prescription for helping brain injuries heal? at cleveland clinic, rezai and other neurosurgeons collaborate with the cleveland orchestra to compose classical pieces to play for patients during brain operations. rezai then gauges how individual neurons fire when the head hears those foreign chords and cadences, and he compares that reaction to how the neurons behave when familiar songs fill the operating room. hair - sized sensors placed in the brain translate those signals to an amplifier. study results are expected in three to six months. the firing of a neuron \u201c may sound like static to some, but it \u2019 s music to my ears, \u201d said rezai. patients tell him when the music soothes them, and rezai can hear the corresponding changes in a single neuron. the research, he said, can serve as a keystone for other studies of music \u2019 s potential in treating people with traumatic brain injuries, stroke, multiple sclerosis and severe depression. but some of the oldest healing music may still be the most potent. frescos painted around 4, 000 b. c. depict harp - playing priests. today, live harpists can be heard at gagnon, at the university of rochester medical center and at least five other hospitals. \u201c this gentle but powerful instrument goes to the deepest places of the body that need to be healed, \u201d said tami briggs, a pioneer in \u201c harp therapy \u201d who has played at the bedsides of hundreds of patients, including many at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47975095848710353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e75f464a-181f-42b4-94c0-93f0dd0f7578>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.480747"}
{"text": "derived smooth geometry there are two important classes of algebraic groups whose intersection is trivial ( the identity group ) : linear algebraic groups and abelian varieties. any algebraic group contains a unique normal linear algebraic subgroup such that their quotient is an abelian variety. an algebraic group is linear iff it is affine. an algebraic group scheme is affine if the underlying scheme is affine. another important class are commutative algebraic - groups whose underlying variety is projective, namely the abelian varieties ; in dimension these are precisely the elliptic curves. if is a perfect field and an algebraic - group, the theorem of chevalley says that there is a unique linear subgroup such that is an abelian variety. an abelian variety of dimension is called an elliptic curve. some of the definitions of the following classes exist more generally for group schemes. ( see also more generally unipotent group scheme. ) an element of an affine algebraic group is called unipotent if its associated right translation operator on the affine coordinate ring? of is locally unipotent as an element of the ring of linear endomorphism of where \u201d locally unipotent \u201d means that its restriction to any finite dimensional stable subspace of is unipotent as a ring object. among group schemes are \u2018 the infinite - dimensional algebraic groups \u2019 of shafarevich. the affine line without its origin, comes canonically with the structure of a group under multiplication : the multiplicative group. the standard references are m. demazure, p. gabriel, groupes algebriques, tome 1 ( later volumes never appeared ), mason and cie, paris 1970 m. artin, j. e. bertin, m. demazure, p. gabriel, a. grothendieck, m. raynaud, j. - p. serre, schemas en groupes, i. e. sga iii - 1, iii - 2, iii - 3 a. borel, linear algebraic groups, springer ( 2nd edition much expanded ) w. waterhouse, introduction to affine group schemes, gtm 66, springer 1979. s. lang, abelian varieties, springer 1983. d. mumford, abelian varieties, 1970, 1985. j. c. jantzen, representations of algebraic groups, acad. press 1987 ( pure and appl. math. vol 131 ) ; 2nd edition ams math. surveys and monog. 107 ( 2003 ; reprinted 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5626613787626761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6627de79-dc3e-4e95-8a77-87949ae04119>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.483965"}
{"text": "vina, calif. \u2014 a california abbey has been home to cistercian monks since 1955, and it now houses a new chapel built of stones taken from a medieval cistercian monastery in spain. \u201c these stones have come home.... we had a donor event last year because the scaffolding finally came down, and you can see the glory of this vaulted stone chapter house, \u201d the abbot, father paul mark schwan, told catholic news agency jan. 7. \u201c we sang our cistercian \u2018 salve \u2019 at the conclusion of this event. that was the first time since 1835 that these stones had heard the chanting of, as it were, \u2018 their \u2019 cistercian monks, \u201d he added. \u201c it was a very touching moment, not just for our monks, but for the guests who were present for that. \u201d the new chapel for the abbey of new clairvaux \u2014 located in vina, calif. \u2014 is made from stones that had been used for a chapter house created in the late 12th century for spain \u2019 s santa maria de ovila monastery. the monastery was seized by the spanish government in 1835, and from then on the buildings were long used as barns for local farmers. the property was later purchased by william randolph hearst, who had the monastery \u2019 s chapter house disassembled and transported to the united states. the stones ended up languishing in san francisco \u2019 s golden gate park for more than 60 years, but when new clairvaux was founded, they caught the eye of one of the new monks. in 1955, father thomas davis was taken to see the stones, and, according to father schwan, he \u201c thought to himself that these stones need to return to cistercian property.... they \u2019 re our heritage. \u201d father davis became abbot of new clairvaux and had \u201c a vision in his own heart \u201d about bringing the stones to the monastery. after the monastery \u2019 s main building suffered a fire in 1970, he secured about 20 of the stones from golden gate park for the monastery, but they were not enough to be of use. the abbot again tried to obtain all of the stones in the early 1990s, and, in 1994, they were finally awarded to the monastery. the medieval chapter house has now been rebuilt, and it will serve as the monastery \u2019 s chapel when it is completed. classic cistercian architecture the medieval chapter house is a classic example of cistercian architecture, showing the transition from romanesque", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38730442146183686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655516ec-952d-4bed-b37f-09cea7b9d9ac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.488894"}
{"text": "monastery. the medieval chapter house has now been rebuilt, and it will serve as the monastery \u2019 s chapel when it is completed. classic cistercian architecture the medieval chapter house is a classic example of cistercian architecture, showing the transition from romanesque to gothic styles, father schwan said. it has taken around $ 7 million to complete the building process, and the monastery needs another $ 2 million to complete the church. the monks are looking forward to a permanent chapel, as the monastery \u2019 s current chapel was built in 1960 and was only expected to last some 10 years. they also hope to raise an additional $ 5 million to build a much - needed infirmary, as well as an administration and formation center for their novices. their fundraising has been assisted by sierra nevada brewing company, located in nearby chico, which in 2010 began brewing a series of belgian - style ales called \u201c ovila abbey \u201d beers. sierra nevada agreed to donate a portion of the proceeds from the series to the monastery \u2019 s building projects. the monastery also produces its own wines, and its winery is known as new clairvaux vineyard. the community numbers 23 and is \u201c doing very well for vocations, \u201d father schwan said. new clairvaux has one postulant and one novice, and it received three solemn professions last year. the community is part of the order of cistercians of the strict observance, also called trappists. they observe the rule of st. benedict and spend much of their time chanting the liturgy of the hours. while the efforts to rebuild the medieval chapter house and transform it into a chapel have put the usually obscure monks \u201c in the limelight, \u201d father schwan said that \u201c it helps us to treasure all the more our vocation and move more inward in our hearts and protect that inner silence and solitude which is so characteristic of our way of life. \u201d father schwan noted that the community is very pleased that the stones which had been long - neglected in golden gate park can again be home to the monks for whom they were first hewn. \u201c that \u2019 s why we feel so strongly about these stones. they \u2019 re not just stones ; they \u2019 re stones that held cistercian life, held christian monastic life for over 600 years.... there \u2019 s an element of justice in it. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38103954195033307, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655516ec-952d-4bed-b37f-09cea7b9d9ac>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.489858"}
{"text": "summary of nctet event on using technology in the classroom nctet discusses technology in the classroom stephanie lovell ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ) november 11, 2010 on wednesday, the national coalition for technology in education and training ( nctet ) held an event on, \u201c 21st educators : using technology to improve student achievement, \u201d to highlight the use of technology in schools and to raise awareness that america needs an influx of long - term, dedicated teachers. hillary goldman, nctet board member and director of government affairs at the international society for technology in education, welcomed the panel and explained that this is a timely conversation as secretary of education arne duncan released the u. s. department of education ' s plan for transforming american education through technology on tuesday. \u2022 kristen orndoff, 5th grade teacher, t. s. colley elementary magnet school, lake charles, la \u2022 eric sheninger, principal, new milford high school, new millford, nj \u2022 tom carroll, president, national commission on teaching and america \u2019 s future kristen orndoff began her presentation by detailing her approach to teaching. she values teaching to standards rather than to tests and believes that knowledge gained and ability to synthesize information should be the focus of assessment instead of demonstrating retention of facts. orndoff \u2019 s school has received an enhancing education through technology grant for the past few years which gives orndoff the opportunity to provide technological devices and products, such as computers and camcorders, to her students. she spoke about the need to \u201c inspire students, \u201d and the instrumental role technology plays in doing so. orndoff underscored the importance of connecting class work to the \u201c real world, \u201d and stated that it is important that students are not expected to abandon their native technology prior to entering school. technology \u201c opens doors \u201d and allows for students to become producers who will be better prepared to join the workforce after graduation. she argued that technology should begin to be utilized by the youngest americans and offered that head start programs would be an excellent place to start. eric sheninger spoke about the frustration of understanding that technology is key to the success of 21st century educators and learners but also experiencing a lack of funding to provide access to new technology. he stated that his goal as a principal is to \u201c change the learning culture of the entire school, \u201d so that everyone embraces technology and uses it to the fullest potential. in his school, sheninger focuses on introducing free technology, such as facebook, twitter, googledocs and poll everywhere,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45111486882639423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bff4bed-5893-4c17-ac24-f31c7ad36646>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.493520"}
{"text": "change the learning culture of the entire school, \u201d so that everyone embraces technology and uses it to the fullest potential. in his school, sheninger focuses on introducing free technology, such as facebook, twitter, googledocs and poll everywhere, to teachers. he works hard to provide funds to motivated teachers who best utilize technology in the classroom in order to encourage the educators to be 21st century teachers. he echoed orndoff in saying that technology inspires students and creates a connection to the real world. sheninger also meets with students once a month to find out what ideas they would like see implemented within the school. he advocated for educators who need support from administration, modeling of new technology uses and flexibility to implement new ideas in their classrooms in order to promote 21st century learning. the final panelist, tom carroll, declared \u201c we are in a learning age, where all jobs require continuous learning, and students and educators are learning from and teaching each other. \u201d he emphasized that it is necessary to transition from viewing schools as places of teaching to places of learning. he also agreed that the education system should emulate the real world that students will encounter after graduation. carroll raised the concern that 1. 8 million american teachers are approaching retirement, and there are not enough teachers to replace them. he indicated individuals who have joined the teacher workforce since 2001 are likely to remain in the profession for three years or less, which has led to a dramatic decrease in the number of teachers in the field. he urged that longevity is necessary to promote an \u201c open learning ecology \u201d that will lead students to become successful adults in college and beyond. for more information, visit http : / / www. nctet. org /.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48574937025636267, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bff4bed-5893-4c17-ac24-f31c7ad36646>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.494254"}
{"text": "why is our town called nederland? our area has undergone many changes in the 150 years as a settlement and town. first in the area were native american groups who hunted and traveled through here for generations. in the mid - 19th century the first white homesteaders who settled here gave it a variety of names. first known as dayton, then brownsville, and in 1871, when the first post office was located here, it was called middle boulder. that was the same year abel breed bought the silver - rich caribou mine and decided to bring his ore from caribou hill to the \u00acwarmer ' climate of middle boulder for milling. it was also the same year the boulder canyon road was completed, though it would be nearly forty years before the first automobile ( a stanley steamer ) would make the difficult trip up from boulder in 1910. in 1873, breed sold the caribou mine to the mining company nederland from holland. breed ' s caribou mill in middle boulder became known among the miners as \u00bf the netherlands, i meaning \u00bf low landsi ( which it is compared to the town of caribou at 10, 000 ' elevation ). in 1874 when the town incorporated, the people chose nederland as the new name. the mines at caribou soon declined, however, and the dutch company pulled out just a few years later. by 1890, there was little ore to be milled and nederland became another mountain ghost town, with only a handful of families living here year round. a second mining boom began just after the turn of the century. sam conger, who had discovered the caribou silver mine, found tungsten in areas to the north and east of nederland, and he knew its value in making steel. the old silver mill in nederland was converted to process tungsten. by 1916, nederland had a population of nearly 3, 000, about twice its present number. in addition, the town of lakewood grew north of nederland and the town of tungsten sprung up at the foot of barker dam. an unnaturally flat area on the south side of the canyon road just below the dam is scant evidence of the town that still appears on some area maps. though there were short - lived revivals of tungsten mining during world war ii and in the early 1950s, the area ' s mining fortunes gradually faded since world war i and nederland evolved into a refuge from the heat of the plains and from the angst of city life. good folks from all over the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37221828435275506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:624feddd-6589-4347-84a3-d6d4bd92463e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.496737"}
{"text": "from the cherry to the green coffee there are three methods used to transform the coffee cherries into beans and these have a direct impact on the cost and quality of a coffee. the methods involve removing the waste from the crop and removing the layers of the cherry to reveal the bean. this is how the green coffee is obtained, which is the generic term given to coffee after it is processed and before it is roasted. the wet method favoured by nespresso, which requires more investment and care, results in coffee with a more complex aromatic profile. the wet method the wet method intensifies the aromatic flavours of the coffee, and reduces its bitterness. coffees processed using the wet method are described as \u2018 washed \u2019. they are almost always hand - picked arabicas, and washed arabicas are also referred to by the name \u2018 milds \u2019. \u2022 the beans are submerged in a water bath for 16 to 36 hours until they have expanded and softened. \u2022 a machine separates the bean from the pulp using friction. \u2022 the beans are placed into concrete water tanks to ferment for up to 36 hours. the fermentation process breaks down any viscous substances remaining on the beans after depulping. \u2022 the coffee beans are forced against a water current to free them from any remaining pulp or impurities. the ripest beans are the heaviest beans. they sink to the bottom of the water tanks where they can be collected easily by the sorters. \u2022 at this stage the coffee is known as \" parchment coffee \". it is dried in the sun for up to threee weeks either on huge racks on rails that can be closed quickly in case of rain or spread over large tables made of fine - mesh wire netting. \u2022 the remaining outer layers of the bean are then removed by the hulling process. we are left with green coffee that is now ready to be put into sacks and exported. the dry method coffees processed with the dry method are referred to as \" unwashed \" or \" natural \" coffees. dry processing is a much quicker, easier and less expensive method than wet processing. the dry method consists of drying the cherries on large surfaces in the fresh air for three weeks to a month. \u2022 with this method the pulp isn ' t removed before drying. the coffee cherries left to dry are regularly turned over using a rake to prevent their fermentation. this technique leads to a loss of aromas and the migration of sugary substances from the pulp into the bean. the result in the cup is milder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4594123443506481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a30d464c-3791-4f9b-bb44-c93dd29fd0ec>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.499450"}
{"text": "health care reform update : national health care reform \u2014 officially known as the patient protection and affordable care act ( aca ) \u2014 is the most ambitious piece of health care legislation since the establishment of medicare and medicaid in 1965. passed in 2010, we \u2019 re only eight months away from many of the law \u2019 s major provisions coming online. the legislation aims to expand access to health care coverage to uninsured americans through : \u00b7 an individual mandate requiring adults to have health insurance or pay a fine ; \u00b7 an employer mandate requiring firms with 50 or more employees to offer coverage or pay a fine ; \u00b7 a requirement that each state establish a health insurance exchange or accept a federally established exchange in which individuals and small businesses can buy coverage ; and \u00b7 an expansion of medicaid eligibility to cover greater numbers of lower - income people. another major goal of the aca is to implement new health delivery reforms that would bend the health care cost curve down and reduce costs over time. supporters believe realigning the delivery system to drive out inefficiencies in the health care system will reduce costs and improve quality of care. the five areas for system reform included in the law are 1 ) payment reform 2 ) primary and preventive care 3 ) measuring and reporting quality 4 ) administrative simplification 5 ) health information technology but how will these changes affect military and va beneficiaries? by law, tricare ( including tricare for life ) beneficiaries and veterans enrolled in the va health care system are exempt from the direct impacts of the aca. tricare and va health care meet the minimum essential health care coverage requirements, and in general the aca does not affect the administration, health care benefits, eligibility, or cost to beneficiaries of these two systems. however, the sweeping changes made by aca could still impact tricare and va beneficiaries in the future. roughly 32 million uninsured americans are expected to become insured as a result of the aca. how will this influx of covered individuals impact access to health care? especially in the absence of a permanent fix to the annual medicare / tricare physician reimbursement rate cut \u2014 now estimated to be at 30 percent \u2014 which was critically left out of the aca. reforming an industry that accounts for more than 17 percent of our nation \u2019 s economy is bound to have unforeseen consequences. [ source : moaa leg up 17 may 2013 ] commission on america and its veterans : there are a number of ways for policy makers to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42519938317257056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c1ba948-a72e-4fa4-9927-ec752c8c4655>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.506133"}
{"text": "accounts for more than 17 percent of our nation \u2019 s economy is bound to have unforeseen consequences. [ source : moaa leg up 17 may 2013 ] commission on america and its veterans : there are a number of ways for policy makers to sensibly address the glaring needs of post \u2013 september 11 veterans, who are suffering from a true crisis of posttraumatic stress disorder, unemployment and suicide. congress can increase funding for the department of veterans affairs, extending job training and unemployment insurance that veterans \u2019 receive, increasing tuition support, and so on. but there are deeper problems that are much more difficult to solve \u2014 the damaged mentality, perhaps, of a country that is essentially indifferent to the traumas of the thousands of citizens sent to fight and die over the past decade. to that end, representatives jim mcdermott and walter jones have introduced h. r. 1492 that would create one of the more fascinating congressional commissions in recent history : the commission on america and its veterans ( cav ). they describe it as an effort to \u201c heal the psychic wounds of war \u201d \u2014 a kind of truth - and - reconciliation effort to bridge the gap between a battered combat force and the now - indifferent citizenry that ordered them to fight. \u201c the united states has waged wars, but not all are involved in fighting those wars, and the united states needs to be more deeply and regularly connected with members and their experiences in war and returning from war, \u201d the preamble to h. r. 1492 reads. \u201c the nation needs a whole - of - society approach to improving the veteran \u2019 s position in society. \u201d mcdermott and jones gathered in a small room on capitol hill last week to announce their proposal, to a small crowd that contained relatively few reporters \u2014 except the ones at the podium. sebastian junger, the documentarian behind restrepo, which told the story of a platoon serving in afghanistan, was on hand, along with karl marlantes, a vietnam veteran who wrote the book what it is like to go to war. junger and marlantes have been working with mcdermott to help formulate the commission, and tried to describe what the group envisions during last week \u2019 s press conference. \u201c we \u2019 re going to try to change the consciousness of this country. it \u2019 s not about dollars, it \u2019 s not about whether the war was right or wrong, it \u2019 s about : does this nation actually share the burden of the killing? \u201d marlantes said. \u201c the whole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4314078394483044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c1ba948-a72e-4fa4-9927-ec752c8c4655>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.507291"}
{"text": "consciousness of this country. it \u2019 s not about dollars, it \u2019 s not about whether the war was right or wrong, it \u2019 s about : does this nation actually share the burden of the killing? \u201d marlantes said. \u201c the whole nation builds the rifle \u2014 pays the taxes, puts it together, and decides through its representative body how that rifle will be used. the veteran is the person who pulls the trigger, \u201d he said. \u201c but what happens is that when the veteran comes home, it \u2019 s like the veteran was the only one that did the killing. we \u2019 ve got to change that attitude. they wonder why veterans feel alienated. if there \u2019 s an unconscious feeling on the part of the country that, \u2018 well, you did it \u2019 \u2014 that \u2019 s going to go a long way to making that veteran \u2019 s healing way more difficult. \u201d the commission would have a few general goals : \u00b7 first, it would hold meetings across the country to kick off a dialogue between post \u2013 september 11 veterans and their communities, where the vets would tell their stories and try to share their burden. \u00b7 it would also push for a national day of remembrance when the war in afghanistan finally ends, for veterans of both that conflict and the war in iraq. \u201c we cannot end twelve years of war without marking it. it \u2019 s sort of like, well, is it business as usual to go to war? \u201d marlantes said. \u201c no, it should not be business as usual. so when we \u2019 re done with it, we need to have a solemn way of marking it. \u201d \u00b7 there would be eighteen members of the commission, appointed by leaders of both parties from the house and senate. the legislation says the members cannot be employees of the federal government \u2014 and junger wants to think outside the box. \u201c we think there should be a psychologist on the commission. there should be maybe a poet. poets know how to turn life into words so that everyone can understand, \u201d he said last week. \u201c maybe there should be an anthropologist. i mean, imagine, a formal cross - cultural study about how cultures throughout the world have dealt with combat trauma. \u201d he also recommended that members of the clergy be part of the commission, including a sioux shaman he knows. \u201c we \u2019 re trying to be both effective and creative at the same time, \u201d junger said. \u201c when people go to war, that means that you are going to kill other people. and right or wrong, it causes an enormous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.434685859688656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c1ba948-a72e-4fa4-9927-ec752c8c4655>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.508274"}
{"text": "knows. \u201c we \u2019 re trying to be both effective and creative at the same time, \u201d junger said. \u201c when people go to war, that means that you are going to kill other people. and right or wrong, it causes an enormous moral burden on anybody \u2014 on everybody. the community shares that burden in an organic culture. in this culture, it doesn \u2019 t. \u201d throughout the press conference last week, all parties involved stressed that it would be a nonpartisan commission that wouldn \u2019 t focus on whether the post \u2013 september 11 wars have been wrong or right. that \u2019 s a stark contrast to what, for example, former representative dennis kucinich repeatedly proposed : a truth - and - reconciliation effort of a different sort, wherein the political process that led to needless combat was thoroughly interrogated, and the political leaders behind it punished. but junger \u2014 who opposed the iraq war \u2014 stressed that he believed that for this particular effort to succeed in truly integrating recent veterans into society, it had to step outside politics. he related the story of a recent veteran he knew that was struggling with having accidentally killed innocent civilians during combat. the soldier told junger he would try to work through his burden with friends, but that left - wing friends would respond with disgust : \u201c you killed civilians, that \u2019 s on you. \u201d right - wing friends would tell him to brush it off : \u201c you did your job, you did your duty, thank you. \u201d the soldier, according to junger, was deeply frustrated by both responses. \u201c why won \u2019 t anyone have an adult conversation with me about what war is about? it \u2019 s their war, \u201d he told junger. \u201c they asked us to fight it, and we did it as well as we could. why are they pretending it \u2019 s our war? we were just there. \u201d [ source : the nation | george zornick | 14 may 2013 ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.421912785686819, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3c1ba948-a72e-4fa4-9927-ec752c8c4655>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.509001"}
{"text": "the following are measures that studies suggest may reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections. these may be appropriate for people, especially women, with recurrent infections : - do not delay urination when it is necessary. - cleaning the urethral meatus ( the opening of the urethra ) after intercourse has been shown to be of some benefit ; however, whether this is done with an antiseptic or a placebo ointment ( an ointment containing no active ingredient ) does not appear to matter. - it has been advocated that cranberry juice can decrease the incidence of uti ( some of these opinions are referenced in external links section ). a specific type of tannin, called a type proanthocyanidin, found only in cranberries and blueberries prevents the adherence of certain pathogens ( eg. ' ' e. coli ' ' ) to the epithelium of the urinary bladder. a review by the cochrane collaboration of randomized controlled trials states \" some evidence from trials to show cranberries ( juice and capsules ) can prevent recurrent infections in women. many people in the trials stopped drinking the juice, suggesting it may not be a popular intervention \". over the counter products are in development that deliver a strong dose of a type proanthocyanidin. even in the minimal prophylactic effects observed in females, the total cost of the cranberry tablets and juice exceeded $ 2000 per annum. it should be noted that there would be considerable difficulty in establishing compliance in a standard randomized double - blind study if the participants were required to bear this cost personally. - often long courses of low - dose antibiotics are taken at night to help prevent otherwise unexplained cases of recurring cystitis. - acupuncture has been shown to be effective in preventing new infections in recurrent cases. one study showed that urinary tract infection occurrence was reduced by 50 % for six months. however, this study has been criticized for several reasons. all of the studies are done by one research team without independent reproduction of results. - studies have shown that breastfeeding can reduce the risk of utis in infants. - keeping the foley catheter from clogging with biofilm will prevent stasis of urine in the bladder, which serves as a culture medium for bacterial growth. this article is licensed under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license. it uses material from the wikipedia article on \" urinary tract", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47556442635530777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59c98302-7f04-4cef-be1b-20c3ce3628ed>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.511473"}
{"text": "the world economic forum ' s latest global competitiveness report, which assesses the economies of 144 countries and ranks them based on more than 100 indicators, had something to say about education. this is hardly surprising since education is a main determinant of economic competitiveness. the question, though, is whether the index - - which relies heavily on business executive assessments for the ranking - - really gets education right. after looking at the country rankings, it ' s difficult not to have doubts. for example, lebanon and qatar were among the top 10 countries in terms of quality of math and science education, quality of primary education, and more generally quality of the educational system. though no doubt a pleasant surprise for lebanese and qataris, this assessment is a significant departure from the results of student achievement tests in every international test lebanon and qatar have participated in. in the international student achievement tests in math and sciences ( timss ) in 2007 and 2011 for grade 8, lebanese and qatari students scored well below the international average of 500. in math, lebanon scored 449 in both 2007 and 2011, while qatar scored 307 in 2007, but 410 in 2011. as for the quality of primary education, available data on student achievement for grade 4 in math and science from timss 2011, and in reading literacy from pirls ( progress in international reading literacy study ) 2011, show qatar ' s scores were significantly below average. lebanon did not participate in these tests, but the performance of grade 8 students in international tests does not suggest that they had a high quality primary education. and there are other problems with the wef assessment of education quality. for example, the percentage of students at the advanced and high levels of achievement in math and science at a certain grade surely reflects the quality of education in those subjects. but in lebanon, only 1 percent of students in grade 8 performed at the advanced level in math and 9 percent at the high level. in qatar, the comparable figures were 2 percent and 10 percent, respectively. in contrast, the percentages of students performing at the advanced level in grade 8 math ranged between 8 percent and 49 percent in the top ten countries in timss 2011. the shortcomings in wef ' s estimation of the quality of education are not restricted to lebanon and qatar. russia, which ranked among the top 10 countries in student achievement in both math and science for grade 8, ranked 52nd in the quality of math and science education in the wef data. russia also ranked 62nd in the wef report on the quality of primary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4767061723750389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8a691aa-3435-454b-b8a8-b6bf33c99bbb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.514680"}
{"text": "which ranked among the top 10 countries in student achievement in both math and science for grade 8, ranked 52nd in the quality of math and science education in the wef data. russia also ranked 62nd in the wef report on the quality of primary education ; the average scores of its grade 4 students in math and science in timss 2011 and in reading in pirls 2011 placed russia among the top 10 of participating countries. in terms of primary education, hong kong was ranked 29th in the wef report despite its grade 4 students receiving the top rank in reading ( pirls 2011 ), third place in math and eighth in science. the united states, meanwhile, was ranked 38th although it was among the top 10 countries in reading, math and science for grade 4. so why these shortcomings in assessing education? the problem is largely the result of the subjective nature of the \" executive opinion survey \" data. respondents were not education experts offering informed opinions, and are therefore more likely to base their opinions on their own personal experiences, perhaps at quality private schools. all this is not to argue that the shortcomings on education would have radically altered the overall results of the competitiveness rankings. but the wef would do well to rethink its dependence on such a potentially subjective source of information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.506108606563909, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8a691aa-3435-454b-b8a8-b6bf33c99bbb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.515202"}
{"text": "panic disorder is characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or abdominal distress. these sensations often mimic symptoms of a heart attack or other life - threatening medical conditions. as a result, the diagnosis of panic disorder is frequently not made until extensive and costly medical procedures fail to provide a correct diagnosis or relief. many people with panic disorder develop intense anxiety between episodes, worrying when and where the next one will strike. fortunately, effective treatments have been developed to help people with panic disorder. heredity, other biological factors, stressful life events, and thinking in a way that exaggerates relatively normal bodily reactions are all believed to play a role in the onset of panic disorder. some research suggests panic attacks occur when a \u201c suffocation alarm mechanism \u201d in the brain is activated, falsely reporting that death is imminent. the exact cause or causes of panic disorder are unknown and are the subject of intense scientific investigation. treatment for panic disorder includes medication, psychotherapy or a combination of the two. cognitive - behavioral therapy, a type of psychotherapy, teaches people how to view panic attacks differently and demonstrates ways to reduce anxiety. appropriate treatment by an experienced professional can reduce or prevent panic attacks in 70 to 90 % of people with panic disorder. most patients show significant progress after a few weeks of therapy. relapses may occur, but they can often be effectively treated just like the initial episode. depression : about half of panic disorder patients will have an episode of clinical depression sometime during their lives. major depression is marked by persistent sadness or feelings of emptiness, a sense of hopelessness and other symptoms. what is more, approximately 20 % of people with panic disorder attempt suicide. substance abuse : about 30 % of people with panic disorder use alcohol and 17 % abuse drugs, such as cocaine and marijuana, in unsuccessful attempts to alleviate the distress caused by their condition. appropriate diagnosis and treatment of other disorders, such as substance abuse or depression, are important to successfully treat panic disorder. simple phobias and agoraphobia : people with panic disorder often develop irrational fears of specific events or situations that they associate with the possibility of having a panic attack. fear of heights and fear of crossing bridges are examples of simple phobias. as the frequency of panic attacks increases, the person often begins to avoid situations in which they fear another attack can occur or places where help would not be immediately available. this avoidance may eventually develop into agoraphobia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5360281734283087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6da148d1-cdd6-4a75-b75f-58041a58839b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.520797"}
{"text": "examples of simple phobias. as the frequency of panic attacks increases, the person often begins to avoid situations in which they fear another attack can occur or places where help would not be immediately available. this avoidance may eventually develop into agoraphobia, an inability to go beyond known and safe surroundings because of intense fear and anxiety. generally, these fears can be resolved through repeated exposure to the dreaded situations, while practicing specific techniques to become less sensitive to them. social phobia : social phobia is a persistent dread of situations in which the person is exposed to possible scrutiny by others, and fears acting in a way that will be embarrassing or humiliating. social phobia can be treated effectively with therapy or medications, or both. obsessive - compulsive disorder ( ocd ) : in ocd, a person becomes trapped in a pattern of repetitive thoughts and behaviors that are senseless and distressing but extremely difficult to overcome. such rituals as counting, prolonged handwashing, and repeatedly checking for danger may occupy much of the person \u2019 s time and interfere with other activities. like panic disorder, ocd can be treated effectively with medication and / or psychotherapy. physical symptoms : people with panic disorder may also have irritable bowel syndrome, characterized by intermittent bouts of gastrointestinal cramps and diarrhea or constipation, or a relatively minor heart problem called mitral valve prolapse, which can trigger panic attacks in some people. in fact, panic disorder often coexists with unexplained medical problems, such as chest pain not associated with a heart attack or chronic fatigue. the content of this fact sheet was adapted from material published by the national institute of mental health.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5104761731376698, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6da148d1-cdd6-4a75-b75f-58041a58839b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.521851"}
{"text": "s school was hard - pressed to meet the requirements set by the state. norman was also pressured to meet state consolidation requirements. as a result, dr. barr and the presbyterian synod leased the high school building to norman school district # 28, for a period of 49 years. the entire lease price was one dollar. it was understood that bible would continue to be taught, but no such stipulation was set forth in the lease. the school closed at midterm 1972, after further consolidation combined caddo gap with norman and a new school was constructed at caddo hills, half way between the two towns. the last nhs graduating class was in 1971. however, the class of 1972 was issued senior rings bearing the norman high school emblem, and a diploma bearing the caddo hills name. graduation exercises were held in the norman gym. the beautiful old masonry and fieldstone building went into private ownership after the school moved to caddo hills, and for the past 30 plus years it has been left to the elements. on october 15, 2001, a nonprofit corporation, ( norman historic preservation program, inc. ) made up of former nhs students, purchased the building. they are currently working to restore it for use as an educational / cultural center. the school complex has been listed on the national register of historic places. this listing consist of the administration building ( nhs ), the home economics building, and the gymnasium. it does not include the old lunchroom. however, the corporation only owns the administration building. norman historic preservation program, inc. needs your help in renovating the old caddo valley academy administration building, ( norman high school ) and in making our dream of an educational / cultural center come true. before the programs at the center can be undertaken the building must be renovated. we have come a very long way in the past six years, but our most immediate need ( bathrooms ) has yet to be met. we are in need of financial assistance, we have received no grant money. become a member of n. h. p. p., inc. ( $ 30 per year ) and with your dues you will help preserve the best of the past for the future. come by for a guided tour and learn how you can help.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42664055571299353, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:743d2f2a-50e4-4274-8198-f99530a53d51>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.527855"}
{"text": "for most applications of alginates, the molar mass ( molecular weight ) is an important parameter determining the functionality of the alginate for that specific application. aqueous solutions of alginates are viscous, the observed solution viscosity being dependent on molar mass, concentration of alginate, temperature, and potentially also presence of salts and other compounds in the formulation. viscosity measurements are often used as a simple measurable parameter of changes in the molar mass of a polymer, and thereby can be used as a stability indicating parameter. depolymerization of alginates will occur in solution and in the solid state due to a variety of mechanisms. smidsr\u00f8d et al ( 1963 ) observed that the presence of oxygen affected the stability of non - purified alginates in solution due to the presence of phenolic reducing substances that gave rise to oxidative - reductive free radical depolymerization ( ord ). on the other hand, holme et al. ( 2003 ; 2008 ) have shown that purified alginates in the solid state and in solution are depolymerized primarily by acid catalyzed hydrolysis and alkaline catalyzed mechanisms. the highest stability was observed in a ph interval of 5 to 8. increased temperature will increase the rate of depolymerization for all mechanisms mentioned above ( holme et al. 2003 ; 2008 ). in vivo data on the kinetics and mechanism of depolymerization of alginates are scarce. there are no mammalian enzymes that are active towards alginates, however, even in mammals, one must expect random depolymerization mechanisms like the ones described above to occur. this document reports on the stability, shelf - life and storage conditions for pronova up sodium alginate powders. click here to download more information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5271859751769422, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0fd75093-7b28-4823-9245-4b9f94e42605>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.529722"}
{"text": "let ' s face facts the first step toward a solution is recognizing there ' s a problem. in this issue ' s cover story, we alert you to a serious problem that you may not be aware of : our environment is pervaded by hundreds - - perhaps thousands - - of man - made chemicals known as endocrine disruptors, so named because they interfere with the endocrine system, the hormones that regulate our metabolism, sexual development, fertility, and brain function. scientists are now discovering that these synthetic chemicals can mimic, block, or otherwise alter the activity of hormones in animals and humans alike. these compounds can be found in food cans, baby bottles, and cosmetics ; in the air, in farm fields, and in streams ; in cattle and birds, in polar bears in the arctic, and in us, even in breast milk. in both wildlife and laboratory studies, researchers have observed malformed sexual organs, impaired sexual reproduction, gender reversal ( female fish, for example, that develop male sex organs ), and behavioral abnormalities. when theo colborn, a pioneering researcher, first placed this issue on the public radar in 1996, she was mocked as a fringe scientist obsessed with a phantom hazard. but during the past 10 years, her dogged research has inspired many other scientists, who collectively have uncovered a chemical time bomb that we must urgently address. it is impossible not to feel urgency about many things these days. an environmental magazine like ours has to work hard not to get trapped by the chicken little syndrome. the key is this : articles like daly ' s should spur us to action, rather than tempt us into despair. still, the first step is to acknowledge that there is a problem. so the sky is not falling. but it is getting warmer. only during the last year has it seemed that we as a society have begun to grapple in earnest with the greatest environmental challenge of our lifetimes. even if you were not directly hit by hurricane katrina, rita, or wilma, you could not help but realize that something large and portentous was happening. climate change - - in the form of warmer oceans that generate fiercer storms - - has suddenly become, for many people, less a matter of theory and more a matter of firsthand experience. we all live now in a post - katrina world. can we still change the course of events? the answer is always yes, and action sometimes comes from unexpected quarters. read, for instance, in living green about the construction of the world ' s greenest skyscraper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4975578367946278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4348c068-cec5-4cc7-af55-9750451edf97>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.532720"}
{"text": "supercapacitors could be key to a green energy future john chmiola, a doctoral student at drexel university, is doing groundbreaking work on supercapacitors july 30, 2008 everything is \" green \" these days. from buying green to living green, the term has become short - hand for environmentally friendly. concern for the environment is one thing that ' s fueling interest in alternative sources of energy. the staggering increases in the cost of oil and everything that depends on oil are other factors. john chmiola may have found a way for us to power our devices and still live green. chmiola is a doctoral student at drexel university and his advisor is yury gogotsi, chair of the university ' s a. j. drexel nanotechnology institute. chmiola ' s groundbreaking work is on high efficiency energy storage devices known as supercapacitors. \" now that gas costs $ 4. 25, i ' d like to think that my work is essential, \" chmiola says. these days, more people may be thinking about buying a hybrid car. if so, remember this word : supercapacitors. some researchers believe that these energy storage devices will be the best alternative to gas - fueled automobiles. possible uses extend beyond cars. supercapacitors have attracted researchers ' attention for use in \" many applications where batteries are being misused, \" chmiola notes. what ' s this greener energy alternative all about? supercapacitors - - most commonly used in backup power applications because of their infinite lifespan - - are electronic devices that have an unusually high energy density when compared to common capacitors. a common capacitor is an electrical device that can deliver energy in the electric field between a pair of conductors or plates. capacitors can be compared to batteries in that they both deliver electrical energy, but batteries can produce and deliver energy. a capacitor only delivers it. supercapacitors, well, can deliver more energy. \" unlike batteries and fuel cells that harvest energy stored in chemical bonds, supercapacitors exploit the electrostatic separation between electrolyte ions ( an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge ) and high surface area electrodes, typically carbon, \" chmiola explains. electrochemical capacitors, ultracapacitors, electrical double layer capacitors \" were immediately fascinating to me because of their apparent simplicity and properties complimentary to batteries, \" he notes. when chmiola first started research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5448169710735148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:afd629a1-a565-4b1d-8b73-842f3bebebc8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.538567"}
{"text": "- derived carbon ( cdc ) structures and chmiola ' s on electrochemistry led to the steps to develop the electrochemical capacitors experiment. this turned from a one - year undergraduate project into chmiola ' s doctorate thesis project. an international collaboration with the group of professor patrice simon of the universite paul sabatier in france was the needed catalyst \" to make the synergy complete, \" chmiola says. chmiola ' s discovery was featured in the aug. 18, 2006, edition of the journal science. furthermore, reports about his work have appeared in the journal nature and other print and online international publications. how important are supercapacitors to our everyday lives? supercapacitors are valued for their infinite energy lifespan. traditional power sources and batteries, essential to our personal electronic devices and automobiles, don ' t store that much energy. due to their high storage energy capacity, supercapacitors are finding increased usage in portable electronic devices like mp3 players, mobile phones and palm pilots. other benefits, like short charging times and high performance in low temperatures, could lead to new applications. supercapacitors, as an energy efficient alternative, have limitations in both cost and performance. \" obviously all the pieces are not in place yet to put electrochemical capacitors ( ec ) in every future automobile, \" chmiola asserts, \" but helping to advance the understanding and develop the knowledge base necessary to make this revolution happen is what keeps me going. \" his team has some out - of - the - box ideas to make supercapacitors better, and results are promising, \" but it ' s a bit too early for publication, \" chmiola adds. integrative graduate education and research traineeship program # 0221664 igert : nanoscale engineering and science : one campus, two - university approach nano materials group : http : / / nano. materials. drexel. edu / science magazine : http : / / www. sciencemag. org / cgi / content / abstract / 1132195 nature journal : http : / / www. nature. com / nature / journal / v442 / n7105 / full / 442850a. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5701279050391289, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:afd629a1-a565-4b1d-8b73-842f3bebebc8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.540594"}
{"text": "2011 state poverty data underscore the need to protect programs for low - income women new data from the census was just released, and nwlc \u2019 s calculations show that many women and their families around the country are still struggling in the wake of the great recession. though poverty stabilized between 2010 and 2011, protecting low income programs remains absolutely critical for women. in 2011, more than one in five women was poor in mississippi ( 22. 3 percent ) and louisiana ( 20. 6 percent ). only one state, new hampshire, had a poverty rate of less than ten percent for women, at 8. 9 percent. in the other 47 states and the district of columbia, between 10 and 20 percent of women lived below the poverty line. in 2011, more than half of female - headed families with children were poor in kentucky ( 51. 3 percent ), louisiana ( 50. 3 percent ), mississippi ( 51. 8 percent ), and west virginia ( 51. 6 percent ). in eight more states ( al, ar, id, mi, nm, oh, sc, and tn ), their poverty rates were 45 percent and above. what about women of color? in eleven states, about a third or more of black women were poor ( ia, in, la, me, mi, mn, ms, sd, wi, wv, and, vt ). roughly a third of hispanic women were poor in six states ( in, ms, nc, pa, ri, tn ). yet again, these numbers underscore the importance of federal and state programs for low - income people. we \u2019 ve talked about this before, but with poverty rates at record highs, programs like social security, medicare, the supplemental nutrition assistance program ( formerly food stamps ), and the earned income tax credit, among others, are essential for keeping millions of women and families above the poverty line. we know that women disproportionately rely on these programs, making the message from the state poverty data clear : programs for low - income families and individuals must be protected. we sincerely hope congress is taking note. articles by topic join the new reproductive health campaign go to thisispersonal. org to get the facts and tools you need to help protect women ' s reproductive health.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4253600501934418, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bdeb2041-c205-41ff-9b83-25f9ab6f731e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.542744"}
{"text": "inscription : recto, pencil annotation at l. l. ( \" h. 31 \" ) ; verso, baumfeld ' s stamp at l. l. provenance : zeitlin and ver brugge, los angeles ; rudolf l. baumfeld, los angeles scope and content : piranesi published numerous suites of prints, celebrating the grandeur of rome in archaeologically precise views of existing monuments or in imaginary scenes combining real and invented elements. among his most renowned publications are the vedute di roma ( 1748 - 78 ), the carceri d ' invenzione ( first edition, 1749 - 60 ), and le antichita romane ( 1756 ). piranesi had numerous patrons among the papacy, clergy, and aristocrats of rome and others throughout europe, especially in england, and sets of his prints were frequently purchased by connoisseurs and collectors who visited rome. ponte salario was part of the vedute di roma series, which featured 135 views of the main tourist sights of rome and a few views outside of the city. the series, begun in 1748, occupied piranesi until his death in 1778 and in many ways documents the evolution of his artistic career. in the first phase of the project, from 1748 to 1754, piranesi issued prints exclusively of contemporary rome and of well - known sights such as the great basilicas and piazzas. in the second phase ( 1754 - 60 ), however, he focused on individual monuments of ancient rome. ponte salario is characteristic of the second phase of the series and takes as its subject the ancient roman bridge that crossed the aniene river near its confluence with the tiber. in contrast to the smaller, more impressionistic portrayals of ancient monuments in piranesi ' s antichita romane de ' tempi della repubblica series, the ponte salario is rendered on a large scale, with striking contrasts of light and shade that heighten the dramatic impact of the monument. to further enhance its grandeur, piranesi rendered the bridge from an oblique angle, thereby showing the monument in its entirety.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42857240869568997, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:12b7b260-794a-4b27-bb58-764f88f16831>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.544847"}
{"text": "oceans of fun can visit your school and provide unique hands - on activities, discussions, and games designed for interactive learning. choose one of our classroom series designs for your specific grade level or we can tailor a program to compliment your classroom \u2019 s curriculum. all classroom programs include a teacher \u2019 s guide equipped with goals, objectives, background information and pre / post activities to supplement the outreach program of your choice. program price : must book a minimum of 2 programs 2 programs : $ 200. 00 3 programs : $ 275. 00 4 programs : $ 350. 00 5 programs : $ 400. 00 program size : small group maximum of 35 students per program. program length : 45 minutes - flippers, fins, and fun ( grades k - 2 ) journey into the world of seals and sea lions with an introduction to marine life, habitats, and environmental conservation. students will play interactive games to explore adaptations and challenges that animals face in the wild. - pinniped pals ( grades 3 - 4 ) dive into a pinniped experience! develop an understanding of aquatic animal adaptations, the intricacy of the food chain and the dangerous effects of pollution. students will explore the differences between seals, sea lions and walruses and investigate predator \u2013 prey relationships. - wild wisconsin : water environments ( grades 3 - 6 ) get ready for a journey into wisconsin \u2019 s habitats! learn about wisconsin \u2019 s aquatic habitats, animal classification and ways to help protect the environment. students will explore the four elements of a habitat and challenges animals face in the wild. - protect our earth ( grades 5 - 6 ) looking for a class on conservation and preservation of the environment? this class teaches kids about the importance of preserving ocean habitats and the environment around us. students will learn about watersheds, point and non - point source pollution and actions to help protect our earth. - animal training ( grades 7 - 9 ) explore the exciting world of animal training with this hands - on program! learn to train like the pros using positive reinforcement training techniques and discuss the benefits of animal training. students will also learn about current conservation issues affecting marine life in the wild. - trainer \u2019 s forum ( grades 10 - 12 ) get an inside look of the field of exotic animal care and training! students will actively discuss animal training techniques, marine science careers and the importance of zoos and aquariums to promote conservation education. want to learn what it takes to work in the animal care field? discuss careers in marine mammal science and animal care with a marine mammal trainer. explore animal training", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4480229834701991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:079b5c7b-6098-4b48-9eb0-88446be0ff26>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.548616"}
{"text": "this is a video looking at public and private sector pay differences. the public and private sectors are different which means there is often difficulty in comparing the public and private sector in terms of earnings. for example, there is a different skill mix of jobs, different sizes of businesses, as well as, a different percentage of men and women working within them. also the average number of hours worked differs, and so does the age and pay distribution. starting with the differences in skill levels between the two sectors we will use this example to illustrate the problems in comparing two groups. here are two groups, a and b, and here are 40 people who are paid \u00a39 per hour and they all do exactly the same job, which we will call ' high skill '. here are another 40 people all doing a lower skilled job being paid \u00a36 per hour. if we move these people into the two groups, here we have 25 high skill and 15 low skill people in group a and 15 high skill and 25 low skill in group b. the total pay for group a is \u00a3315, with an average of \u00a37. 88 per hour. the total pay for group b is \u00a3285, or an average of \u00a37. 13 per hour. so taking the pay difference between the two groups gives us a gap of 10. 5 per cent, suggesting that group a is better paid than group b. however, this is because of the different skill mix of the two sectors. so let \u2019 s look at the skill mix of jobs between the public and private sector using information from the annual survey of hours and earnings, in april 2011, and looking firstly at low and lower - middle skill jobs, there is a higher percentage in the private sector. for the upper - middle and high skill jobs there are a higher percentage in the public sector. the importance of these differences is that earnings tend to increase as the skill level of the job increases. so, considering the previous example, it would be expected that on average the public sector would earn more than the private sector because of the differences in the types of jobs. now looking at the age of employees in both sectors, here is the percentage of employees in both sectors up to around the mid 30s and here the percentage for the other years of age. we can see the private sector is made up of a higher percentage of younger employees. looking at those aged older, we see the public sector has a higher percentage of older employees. removing these bars and changing the axis to \u00a3 per hour, we will now look at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43960458883709164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62289c6d-5b6a-48f6-86bc-fb529de1b2aa>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.558554"}
{"text": "the private sector is made up of a higher percentage of younger employees. looking at those aged older, we see the public sector has a higher percentage of older employees. removing these bars and changing the axis to \u00a3 per hour, we will now look at the average pay for each individual year of age. firstly in the public sector, and now the private sector, and we see that earnings tend to increase most up to the early 30 \u2019 s, before falling off in the mid - 50 \u2019 s as it is likely that those being paid the most leave the labour market earlier. as earnings increase with age and the public sector has a higher percentage of older workers, again, keeping everything else the same, it would be expected that the public sector earn more, on average, than the private sector. another important thing to note when comparing the pay between the two sectors is the pay distribution of employees. to illustrate this, here is a random selection of people which we will say work in the public sector, and here is another random selection of private sector employees. what we see is that the public sector distribution is more compressed than the private sector. this means that the private sector has more low paid employees but also more high paid employees than in the public sector. we \u2019 ve explained some of the differences between the two sectors which make it difficult to compare the averages in pay between them. to try to account for some of these issues a statistical regression model can be run with the aim of estimating the pay difference, keeping all other things the same. a detailed article explaining this method is on the ons website, with a link in the description of this podcast. we will use this chart to show the estimated pay difference, we see the gap increased from around 2003 to 2005, before falling up to 2007, and then increasing from 2007 to stand at 7. 3 per cent in 2011. another important issue to note at this stage is the importance of the size of the organisation. employees working in large organisations earn more than those in small organisations. a large organisation is defined as having 500 or more employees. using these pie charts we can see that 94 % of public sector employees work in large organisations compared with 49 % of private sector employees. in 2011, people employed in large organisations earned 24. 9 % more than those working in small organisations after running regression analysis to control for other factors. if we now return to the previous chart on the pay gap over the period from 2003 to 2011 we can now analyse the impact that firm size has on the size of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42853192684532265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62289c6d-5b6a-48f6-86bc-fb529de1b2aa>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.559642"}
{"text": "those working in small organisations after running regression analysis to control for other factors. if we now return to the previous chart on the pay gap over the period from 2003 to 2011 we can now analyse the impact that firm size has on the size of the pay gap. as seen earlier the pay gap was 7. 3 % in 2011. if organisational size differences are accounted for, shown by the green line, the size of the pay gap decreases to 2. 2 %. next we will look at the pay gap across the earnings distribution, using this chart. the green line illustrates the pay gap across the earnings distribution when organisation size is accounted for, and the dotted line illustrates the uk average pay gap of 2. 2 %. if we look at the lowest earners, at the 5th percentile, the value at which 5 % earn less and 95 % earn more, we can see that the pay gap is 11. 2 %. now turning our attention to the highest earners, at the 95th percentile, the value at which 95 % earn less and 5 % earn more, the pay gap is - 10. 3 %. this shows that public sector employees earn more at the bottom end of the earnings distribution, and this is partially offset by the fact that private sector employees earn more at the top of the earnings distribution. the blue line here shows the trend when organisational size is not accounted for, and as can be seen, it follows the same pattern as the green line. now we will look at the pay gap across the different regions of the uk, using this chart. the blue horizontal bars show the pay gap across the regions when organisational size differences are accounted for. as can be seen, all areas of the uk have a positive pay gap except for the south east and london, which has a pay gap of - 3. 0 % and - 7. 9 % respectively. the dotted line illustrates the uk average pay gap of 2. 2 %. if we now look at the regional pay gap when organisational size is not taken account of, we can see, that the size of the pay gap, with the bars now illustrated in green, has increased, and the dotted line showing the uk average pay gap has increased to 7. 3 %. the only region now showing a negative pay gap is london. next we will look at the regional pay gap across the earnings distribution, using this chart. the blue line shows the pay gap for the whole of the uk across the earnings distribution. the next three lines illustrate the north", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45191470498510133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62289c6d-5b6a-48f6-86bc-fb529de1b2aa>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.560607"}
{"text": "a negative pay gap is london. next we will look at the regional pay gap across the earnings distribution, using this chart. the blue line shows the pay gap for the whole of the uk across the earnings distribution. the next three lines illustrate the north east, yorkshire and the humber and north west respectively. all three regions have a very similar pattern across the earnings distribution, although it is worth noting that the pay gap in the north east remains positive throughout. the next three lines show the east midlands, east of england and west midlands respectively. all three of these regions follow a similar pattern to that of the uk average. the next three lines show the south west, south east and london respectively. we can see that the pay gap for the south east is lower than the uk average across the whole of the earnings distribution. this final group of regions shows the pay gap across the earnings distribution for northern ireland, scotland and wales. if we bring back the pay gap line for london, since the pattern for london is different to other parts of the uk, we can see that compared to the uk average, the pay gap is higher at the bottom of the earnings distribution in favour of the public sector, and then favours the private sector at the top half of the distribution. lastly it is worth noting that there are other factors that could influence the pay difference, and this analysis does not include other forms of remuneration, for example, pension contributions, company cars, and health insurance. this is because the survey ashe does not collect this information. also ashe does not cover those who are self - employed so it will miss many high paid self - employed, and also some lower - paid.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4463565790041652, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62289c6d-5b6a-48f6-86bc-fb529de1b2aa>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.561264"}
{"text": "why has the fertility rate risen over the last decade in england and wales? 17 - jun - 2013the fertility rate peaked in 2010 with the highest total fertility rate since 1973 babies born in england and wales had a father with an average age of 32. 6 in 2011 12 - jun - 2013fathers tend to be older than mothers 170 years of industrial change across england and wales 05 - jun - 2013this story looks at 170 years of industrial change across england and wales and some of the factors driving it. it draws on data from censuses since 1841 and shows that much of this change has been in the last 100 years. after 170 years of labour market change, now only 1 % of workers are in agriculture 05 - jun - 2013census data to look at how the proportions of people employed in different industries has changed since 1841 video summary : 170 years of industrial change in england and wales 05 - jun - 2013short video from the ons looking at 170 years of industrial change in england and wales. first it looks at which industries people worked in in 1841 and compared it to 2011, as well as, looking at the patterns of change across the whole period. next it covers the key developments that have had an impact on the main industries in england and wales, including the steam locamotive, electric telegraph, nuclear power and the world wide web. lastly it focuses on 2011 and looks at the gender breakdown across the main industries in england and wales. summary : providing unpaid care may have an adverse affect on young carers \u2019 general health 04 - jun - 2013a summary of unpaid care by 5 to 17 - year - olds in england and wales 2001 vs 2011 census - country of birth comparison tool compare the age - sex structures of countries of birth for usual residents in england and wales", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46512252287359845, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d08767eb-4af0-40a0-8cd1-c5e6033bdd1c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.563197"}
{"text": "most media commentators and policy analysts have savaged the united nations and policymakers for their inability to reach a convincing deal at the copenhagen summit on 7 - 18 december 2009. but i came away from two weeks in the danish capital holding a glass half - full \u2013 in part because, luckily for humanity, the climate - change last - chance saloon seems to have no fixed closing - time. many environmentalists whipped up the rhetorical tempo in the months before the conference by using such phrases as the \u201c last chance to save the earth \u201d and the \u201c most important meeting in the history of humanity \u201d. in doing so they both deprived themselves of a narrative in the event of the apocalypse ( which, in their terms, arrived ) and presented themselves with a communications headache. the ill - judged tactic has left work to do to regain public and political momentum. but the news is not all bad. for cop15 was not a one - off, but also just one more stage in the four - decade - long evolution of environmental politics : another step on the road in terms of what it means for humanity to take its habitat seriously as a non - renewable resource. and there are four ways in which it can be considered a positive step. the activist ecology the leading renewables specialist godfrey boyle \u2013 a colleague on the open university delegation at copenhagen - attended the first united nations environment conference in stockholm in 1972. that meeting marked the beginning of a formal renegotiation of the place of the natural world, upon which we all depend, within international politics. the meeting was marked by charges from the developing world that the rich world was seeking to \u201c pull the ladder up behind them \u201d, and halt economic growth in the south in order that elephants and tigers would still have a home to roam in. the first reason for hope lies here. only a few years ago it would have been impossible to imagine china, india, brazil, south africa and the united states sitting down even to start a conversation about how they would all work to contain and ultimately reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases ; yet these were the very parties that tapped out an accord that would give cop15 attendees a modest something to take home. these countries bring very different experiences of the last century to the negotiating table. if the american 20th century is marked by triumphant consumerism and political hegemony, for others this was a period of revolutions, ethnic conflict, jarring post - colonial settlements and massive population movements. in this light, the chinese and indian achievements of 1990 - 2009 in terms of poverty - alleviation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5026466905275262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ba4a145-ba84-47a4-8e67-015d47c7375f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.572445"}
{"text": "and political hegemony, for others this was a period of revolutions, ethnic conflict, jarring post - colonial settlements and massive population movements. in this light, the chinese and indian achievements of 1990 - 2009 in terms of poverty - alleviation and the creation of substantial middle - classes are startling. that political leaders from these countries are taking part in discussion of global restrictions on fossil - fuel use or the control of sovereign forest - resources is even more surprising. however feeble the statements, the fact remains that cop15 saw all the key players sit down and take this topic seriously - collectively - for the first time. the second source of optimism comes from encounters with the \u201c youngos \u201d ( the un acronym for youth ngos ), particularly those from the developing world. the last cop i attended was cop 7 in marrakesh ( 2001 ). there were young folks there from indigenous communities in the north and from the developing world, but there was quite a strong sense that they were being scripted and directed ( and certainly funded ) by northern ngos : part of a staged performance of concern, complete with costumes that would play well with news - media picture - editors to enliven the portrayal of an important but dull un meeting. it was very different this time. i talked with groups ( more accurately networks ) from china and south asia, many of which were meeting for the first time : indicator - species for a much richer ecology of activism, research, learning and entrepreneurialism than i could have dreamed of. all of the young people had really got their head around the science and policy and had a sense that climate change would permeate their personal and professional lives for years to come. they were ambitious, demanding, smart and carefully optimistic. the success of excess the third source of optimism came from a very different generation and category : \u201c bingos \u201d - that is, business ngos. again, the contrast with events of one or two decades ago, when most enviro - business were thick with the odour of fresh green paint, is revealing. greenwash is still prominent, but there is more edge in the business - oriented side these days. it comes in part from an acceptance by the suits that the protestors out on the streets have a very serious point about the state we are in. that intellectual battle has been won amongst a very large portion of the business community, and the signatures of around 1, 000 companies on the copenhagen communique creates vital political space around the issue. but that edge also comes from an emerging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46667290166702224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ba4a145-ba84-47a4-8e67-015d47c7375f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.573740"}
{"text": "are in. that intellectual battle has been won amongst a very large portion of the business community, and the signatures of around 1, 000 companies on the copenhagen communique creates vital political space around the issue. but that edge also comes from an emerging sense of a game - changing transformation of the business environment that goes far beyond home - insulation and lightbulbs. there are very big fortunes to be made ( and perhaps as many to be lost ) if barack obama and his friends really do manage to rewire the political economy of energy. there was a sense at copenhagen that corporations are starting to run some very big thought - experiments about how they might operate and profit in a fossil - fuel - constrained world. the fourth reason for a positive outlook is derived precisely from the chaotic nature of the gathering, from the epic queues ensnaring delegates to the heavy policing. but both elements were some kind of measure of success. protesters had cycled, trained, walked ( and yes, flown ) from all over the world to put some heat under the negotiations. inside the conference - centre the un framework convention on climate change had prepared for 15, 000 - yet 45, 000 turned up. the un, having organised a \u201c conference of the parties \u201d \u2013 a formal procedure for painstaking collaborative development of policy amongst all un member - states - suddenly found that 120 heads of state or government wanted to attend and hold a summit alongside ( on top of? ) the well established policy process. the ties that bind those queues were instructive : live - time not dead - time. in one i passed a fascinating hour with a guy from a us steel firm, a nepali engineer who is working to get micro - renewables into rural communities, a chinese campaigner and a british business consultant. on climate - change science and policy we all had much more to agree about than not. we also agreed that 20th century institutions were struggling with this 21st century problem. the view that many promoted in the run - up to the meeting - that this one event must and would throw up a historic agreement, a turning - point solution \u2013 was always too easy and too lazy. the truth is that we are engaged in a marathon not a sprint. and the events at copenhagen, both inside and outside cop15, suggest that we do seem to be gathering a working global majority in support of a new way of thinking about economy and ecology. the chinese government has had a bad press in the wake of cop15, so i \u2019 ll give the last word to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5193006142240785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ba4a145-ba84-47a4-8e67-015d47c7375f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.574693"}
{"text": "two cannon were discovered on state land off the coast of oregon near arch cape in clatsop county in mid february, 2008. afraid that the cannon might be stolen or suffer from future storm damage ( e. g., uncovered by tide and left to deteriorate through exposure to the elements ), oregon parks and recreation department personnel hauled one of the cannon partially up the beach on february 18 so that both cannon could be easily retrieved the following day. state law ( ors 390. 235 ) dictates that a state archaeological permit is needed to remove any artifacts from an archaeological site on public lands in oregon. the oregon state historic preservation office was contacted and asked to assist in the recovery efforts since public attention had attracted many people to the beach and oprd staff was afraid that the cannon or associated debris from an earlier shipwreck may disappear before or during the recovery efforts. state archaeologist, dennis griffin, joined nehalem bay state park staff on the afternoon of february 19th and assisted with the recovery of the two cannon. the recovery efforts were conducted under state archaeological permit ap - 1089. this report summarizes the recovery efforts and provides recommendations for long - term conservation and exhibition of the recovered cannon. read the full report. ( 1 mb pdf ) ( requires acrobat reader )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4388831110992363, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5c537645-43f8-4ac7-9736-f77e3d3ce926>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.576043"}
{"text": "ai pidgin language based on ontologies and protocols from the first federation era and functional languages from the early information era. its roots can be traced back to the pre - ai programming language lisp developed in 1955 - 1959 c. e. ( old earth reckoning ) by j. mccarthy, often credited as the originator of the term ' ai ', and artificial languages such as loglan. the name is sometimes corrupted into baisic or aisic by bioids. the core ideas of basic is 1 ) no ambiguity, 2 ) universality, 3 ) conciseness and 4 ) functionality. a message in basic should not be ambiguous and be able to express any pre - singularity concepts in a fairly simple way. this is done by making it a functional language, where each ' sentence ' consists of functions / verbs acting on objects, which in turn can be functions themselves. basic is written, spoken or transmitted according to the low - level basic encoding protocols basic 1 - 17. it is traditionally written in bioid - readable form as nested parenthetical expressions ( basic 1 ), while among aioids the datastructure is simply transmitted according to basic 5 - 16. in the following basic 1 will be used. a basic expression consists of ( [ expression ]... [ : modifier [ expression ] ]... ) the verb must be followed by at least one expression ( the exact number depends on the verb ), and can be modified by the optional modifiers at the end. some simple examples are : the universe exists ( gives alice bob message ) alice gives bob a message ( says carol ( gives alice bob message ) ) carol says \" alice gives bob a message \" ( says carol dave ( gives alice bob message ) ) carol says to dave \" alice gives bob a message \" ( says carol dave ( gives alice bob message : past ) ) : mood angrily ) carol says angrily to dave \" alice gave bob a message \" a number of notes : terms such as ' universe ' and ' exists ' are atoms of the language, in themselves taken to be axioms ( basic contains an extensive ontology database of atoms with their interrelations ). ' alice ', ' angrily ' and ' says ' are defined concepts, either defined by previous statements or in the standard database. for example, says is actually derived as a special case of transmit - information where the information medium is sound and angrily is defined as an indeterminate general aggressive bioid emotional state. in a normal basic interchange new terms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5524800290250029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7830e821-caba-49b4-8577-57aff9243dc1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.580453"}
{"text": "or in the standard database. for example, says is actually derived as a special case of transmit - information where the information medium is sound and angrily is defined as an indeterminate general aggressive bioid emotional state. in a normal basic interchange new terms are often defined and used to improve efficiency and abstraction level. the normal form of all verbs is presence, but it can be modified using the rich set of temporal modifiers such as : past, : remote - past, : time, : before, : timeless, : unbound, : unknown, etc. a given verb often exists in a number of forms taking a different number of arguments. ' says ' can take two arguments, meaning that argument1 says argument2 but no recipient ( s ) are defined, three arguments denoting that argument 1 says argument3 to argument2, and four arguments, denoting that argument1 says argument3 to argument2 subject to argument4 conditions. in basic 1 encoding the actor is usually argument1, the object argument2 and so on. there are no limits on the levels of nesting, making more complex basic expressions hard to follow for bioids with limited working memories. special basic interpretation language wiring has been introduced in a number of clades. adjectives are usually interpreted as verbs, acting on expressions and changing their properties. adverbs are instead commonly expressed as modifiers. the concept of self is usually dealt with by using the atom ' this ' which denotes the currently active communicant. it can be redefined with greater or lesser precision if needed, for example to denote the communication subsystem, subpersonalities or general pronouncement on behalf of a group, a polity or all sentients. the beginning of hamlet ' s monologue could for example be expressed as follows ( it should be noted that this is not a poetic translation but a rather literal one ) : ( list ( define question ( choice ( exist this : future ) ( not ( exist this : future ) ) ) ) ( query ( larger ( nobility ( suffer this ( metaphor ( cause ( outrageous fortune ) ( union ( plural sling ) ( nobility ( cause ( and ( metaphor ( take - arms this ( consist sea trouble ) ) ) ( oppose this trouble ) ) ( ending this trouble ) ) ( list ( die this : general : infinitive ) ( ( metaphor sleep ) this : general : infinitive ) ( not ( exist this : general : infinitive ) ) ( plural ( natural shock ) 1000 ) : property ( origin flesh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5671083729074782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7830e821-caba-49b4-8577-57aff9243dc1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.581351"}
{"text": "list ( die this : general : infinitive ) ( ( metaphor sleep ) this : general : infinitive ) ( not ( exist this : general : infinitive ) ) ( plural ( natural shock ) 1000 ) : property ( origin flesh ) ) : mean ( metaphor ( sleep ) ) ( add - property state consummation ) ( list ( die this : general : infinitve ) ( ( metaphor sleep ) this : general : infinitive ) ( imply ( ( metaphor sleep ) this ) ( possible ( dream this ) ) ) ) ( define rub ( ( create problem ) : content ( cause ( and ( imply ( ( metaphor sleep : correspond ( state dead ) ) ( possible ( dream this ) ) ) ( property ( plural ( dream this ) ) unknown ) ) ( hesitation this : general ) ) ) ) ) basic is in general too primitive to work as a proper language between high - order aioids, especially due to its weak context handling and the unavoidable ambiguities. usually it is used for a quick capability probe where the parts negotiate which the most suitable mutually understood language is. it can also be used to transmit languages or agents as needed, defining them in terms of basic. since basic is turing - complete, all languages and computer programs in the church - turing family can be expressed, including complete ais.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5733975918612866, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7830e821-caba-49b4-8577-57aff9243dc1>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.581848"}
{"text": "science recognizes more and more that meditation is helpful in curing dis - ease and resulting pain in the physical body. most pain experienced by the body as a result of tissue damage ( through injury for example ), usually disappears within three to six months. it takes that long for tissues to fully heal. more persistent or chronic pain that goes on even after a physical injury has healed is often the result of a more complex issue, one that stems from sensitivities in our nervous system, including our brain. meditation can help lessen pain intensity and patients can thus bypass medications that mess with the rest of the body while shutting off the pain signals to the brain, and they are highly addictive. as outlined by dr. mercola in one of his recent natural health newsletters, \u201c meditation appears to work for pain relief because it reduces brain activity in the primary somatosensory cortex, an area that helps create the feeling of where and how intense a painful stimulus is. laughter is also known to relieve pain because it releases endorphins that activate brain receptors that produce pain - killing and euphoria - producing effects. \u201d in this video, you can see how to change your approach to pain and apply chronic pain management by retraining the brain and nervous system. dr. mercola further refers to other research that has shown that in people with chronic pain, a front region of the brain cortex mostly associated with emotion never shuts off. the brain region remains in active mode, which eventually wears out neurons and alters the way they connect to one another, potentially leading to permanent damage and pain - related symptoms like depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and problems with decision making. in much the same way that a person can experience phantom limb pain after losing a limb, it \u2019 s thought that our central nervous system \u201c remembers \u201d any pain that lasts more than a few minutes at the neuronal level. the memories can become so vivid that the pain persists even after the injury has healed, or re - occurs when it shouldn \u2019 t, such as from a gentle touch. researchers are actually working on ways to ease chronic pain by erasing neuronal memories using capsaicin, the active ingredient in hot peppers \u2026 but addressing your emotions using mind - body therapies may work just as well. \u201d bhagawati, osho news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4714519278192876, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c454b8b0-179b-4c5a-8fc0-b37197069fdd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.584211"}
{"text": "when i built paludarium 1. 0, i was positive on having solved the water poisoning by not using potting soil anywhere in the landmass. as it turns out, the plants on land rot away leaves and build their own soil inside. very nice for the plants, not so nice for the fish inside. since the water streams through the soil, it picks up a lot of chemicals that aren \u2019 t very healthy for the fish in the aquatic part. for the reason staed above i decided to build paludarium 2. 0 with two completely separated water households : one aquatic and one for the landmass. when i started to think up paludarium 1. 0 way back in 2005, i did not want to add this very complexity ( i was thinking about a brackish aquatic part at the time ). as it turns out, even without a brackish aquatic part, i still need separated water households. in this blogpost i \u2019 ll sketch the first global design on these separated water households. the basic requirements for the separated water households are pretty basic, and these determine the design that i \u2019 ll make : - separate water households for the aquatic and the landmass part ( obviously ) ; - being able to add fresh tap water through reverse osmosis into the aquatic part, and spill any surplus to the landmass household ; - spill any surplus water inside the landmass household directly into the sewer ; - have a small pump for circulating ( not fitering ) the landmass water ; - have a large external filter being able to filter the aquatic water household and stream out into a waterfall ; - the external tubing from and to the aquatic part should be injected just above the aquatic waterline, not though the ceiling of the paludarium ( which is the case with the current setup ). looking at all these requirements, i thought up a system similar to the one depicted below : as you can see, some holes need to be drilled in the paludarium glass walls and bottom to get this working. the way it works : there are two wet zones : the aquatic zone and the manure zone, separated by a glass divider. both store their respective water households. through the blue pipe the water is extracted from the aquatic zone of the paludarium. the water runs through the external filter, and is returned to the aquatic household through the red pipe. the reverse osmosis device delivers clean water which can be injected to the aquatic household through the purple pipe. any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4690402829423028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fcc49a0-567c-4cd1-94fb-2007264515f2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.590812"}
{"text": "zone of the paludarium. the water runs through the external filter, and is returned to the aquatic household through the red pipe. the reverse osmosis device delivers clean water which can be injected to the aquatic household through the purple pipe. any surplus water will spill over this separation wall into the manure water household. the green circulation pump inside this segment will pump up the water all the way to the top of the paludarium, and drizzle it down again along the back, straight back into the landmass water household. finally, any surplus water in the manure water zone is drained using the grey sewer pipe. this pipe is connected directly with the sewer system. heating the system heating is something to be considered. by inserting a heater into the red pipe, the aquatic zone can be heated to the right temperature ( 22 - 28 degrees centigrade ). since this zone is the biggest mass in the paludarium, it will effectively heat the air inside the paludarium to almost the same temperature. secondly, the manure zone will also heat up to acceptable temperatures for plants living above the surface. i am not counting in rain ( which comes from a separate tank kept at 18 - 20 degrees centigrade ). the reverse osmosis device will convert ( the somewhat substandard ) tap water into very clean cold water ( 10 - 15 degrees centigrade ) into the aquatic zone and this might influence the temperature of this zone, possibly harming the fish. also, the water coming from the reverse osmosis device is so pure, that it is actually poisonous to fish. however, the output of this device is rather small. these small amounts of fresh water will mix very gently with the water inside the aquatic zone, so the heater in that same segment should have no trouble heating this to an acceptable level. also, this slow and gentle mixing should allow me to use this pure water because it will mix with the available water in the aquatic segment. if not, i \u2019 d need to inject chemicals to mix down the \u201c overly clean \u201d water into a \u201c healthy \u201d state for the fish inside. should not pose any real problem. controlling it all so now that the basic design is a fact, how do we go about automating this? i can start out simple : both pumps need to run 24 / 7 anyway ( bacteria inside the filter would die if it stopped and the plants above the surface would die if they did not get water from the circulation pump ). heating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.525478027441802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fcc49a0-567c-4cd1-94fb-2007264515f2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.591849"}
{"text": "##mating this? i can start out simple : both pumps need to run 24 / 7 anyway ( bacteria inside the filter would die if it stopped and the plants above the surface would die if they did not get water from the circulation pump ). heating can also be done very simple : the external heating could be set to any \u201c fish friendly \u201d temperature and the entire eco system inside would follow. finally, controlling the reverse osmosis device can be done by hand. when you would normally perform regular water changes in an aquarium, you \u2019 d now just open the valve for a few hours and the water would be changed automatically ( and any surplus water would simply be ditched into the sewer ). a big plus of this approach : the waterlevel is always constant if i leave the tap open a tiny little bit ( in a paludarium you can have massive evaporation ). it would be a nice feature though if i could utilize a channel from the current controllers to control an electric valve which automatically changes the water every x days for a duration of y hours automation in the next level : sending measured data back to the automation unit? in paludarium 1. 0, i never got round to automate up to a level where the controllers inside the paludarium ( which are over 12! ) can send measured data back to the paludarium. so there just was controlling, no data was sent back at all. if i could add this feature ( the electronics should have support in their hardware but this was never tested ) i \u2019 d be able to measure temperature of land and water, and control the heater accordingly. i could even vary it for night and day as i do have this data available ( see the realtime status page ). also, i might be able to measure the conductivity of the water in the aquatic segment to determine how \u201c dirty \u201d it is and control the automatic water changing from there \u2026 definitely something i will be trying to include when i work on the electronics in the future!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5324184326613592, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fcc49a0-567c-4cd1-94fb-2007264515f2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.592630"}
{"text": "nonverbal learning disorder nonverbal learning disorder is a learning disorder that has many traits commonly associated with reference asperger ' s syndrome opens new window. like those with asperger ' s syndrome, children with nonverbal learning disorder usually start to talk around 2 years of age ( the age at which speech normally develops ). they often have excellent memorization skills needed for reading and spelling. also, they share a desire to form relationships but often fail because of poor social skills. but these conditions are not the same. children with nonverbal learning disorder have some distinguishing characteristics. a hallmark trait of the disorder is difficulty learning from the visual environment. although they are poor visual learners, children with nonverbal learning disorder often excel at remembering information they hear. children with asperger ' s syndrome are also good at remembering information they hear. children with nonverbal learning disorder often have difficulty with math, because math is often explained in a visual context and these children lack nonverbal reasoning skills. while many people with asperger ' s syndrome have nonverbal learning disorder, not all do. likewise, many people with nonverbal learning disorder do not have asperger ' s syndrome. although these disorders are separate, they both involve similar differences in processing information and those affected may benefit from the same types of treatment. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference april 5, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference john pope, md - pediatrics reference fred volkmar, md - child and adolescent psychiatry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45729721636432785, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6bba8f68-0671-4277-88d2-29dd49d324bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.594183"}
{"text": "pesticide action network updates service ( panups ) a weekly news update on pesticides, health and alternatives see panups updates service, for complete information. november 16, 2006 who official calls for ban on organophosphate pesticides to prevent suicides : the world health organization coordinator of mental and brain disorders, jose bertolote, presented studies that implicate pesticides, especially organophosphates \u2014 a class of highly acutely toxic chemicals, as a leading cause of preventable suicides. \" we have very good studies interviewing people between the act of ingesting pesticides and their deaths. more than 95 % are desperate when they learn they are going to die, \" according to bertolote. people who attempt suicide with pesticides \u201c tend to be rural folk who would have died by the time their families get them to hospital, \u201d reported reuters. \" if in despair you drink pesticide ( s ), you die in three hours and \u2026 the vast majority of these people did not have the intention to die and they did not know it would be so lethal... all they wanted was some attention, \" said bertolote. china has the highest number of suicides in the world, with 250, 000 cases a year, while sri lanka has the highest rate at 36. 2 suicides per every 100, 000 people. in both countries more than 60 % of suicides are committed using pesticides. bertolote called on governments to ratify treaties eliminating organophosphate pesticides. india \u2019 s cotton economy threatened ; pesticide - related suicides increase : with an expensive and chemically intensive industrial agricultural system thrust upon small farmers in india, many are so overwhelmed with debt that they find their only way out by committing suicide ; drinking the very pesticide they purchased as part of the process that ruined them financially. the hindustan times tells the story of vasant pimpre, a cotton farmer in his thirties who recently took his own life while in despair from the debt he carried. globalization and a failing cotton industry is wreaking havoc on 1. 7 million farmers there. despite a jump in cotton exports from india, the times reports that the cotton economy is on the verge of collapse. new york bans pesticide mister : state attorney general eliot spitzer banned a mosquito misting system that dispensed pyrethrin pesticides in consumers \u2019 backyards. \u201c pesticides are toxic chemicals that should not be blindly released into the air by automatic misting systems. we need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4552651649453898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da1822de-2a29-454f-982a-73c0e043f92a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.597992"}
{"text": "general eliot spitzer banned a mosquito misting system that dispensed pyrethrin pesticides in consumers \u2019 backyards. \u201c pesticides are toxic chemicals that should not be blindly released into the air by automatic misting systems. we need to work to reduce the public ' s exposure to pesticides, and this agreement will help accomplish that important goal, ' ' spitzer told the albany times. about a dozen \u201c buzz - off \u201d mister systems were sold, with prices ranging from $ 2, 000 - $ 20, 000. now they can no longer be sold in new york. the company has to pay a $ 25, 000 fine and offer full refunds to customers. spitzer becomes governor of new york in january. controversy over pesticide neighbor notification law : residents of ulster county, new york, argued over an impending vote on a law that would require pesticide applicators to notify residents when using pesticide chemicals within 48 hours prior to spraying near the area being sprayed. at a hearing last week, citizen \u2019 s groups debated the ulster county neighbor notification law with professional pesticide applicators. the midhudson news reports on the debate. the county legislature vote will likely occur in december. farmworkers harmed by pesticides in chile win key legal ruling : in 2004, 19 women working on el descanso farm in pelarco were hospitalized with burns on their skin and other health effects including dizziness and nausea. the court ruled that the employer was negligent and allowed unsafe working conditions for the day laborers. the legal battle took two years, with the supreme court upholding the health department \u2019 s original finding. the santiago times reports that there have been over 700 cases of pesticide poisonings documented with agricultural workers in the region during the last several years. november 18th is buy local day : many experts agree that the best way to buy healthy food is to buy locally and to know the farmers in your region who grow the healthy food you like to eat. large chain stores based out of your region take their profits out of your community. join others across the nation on november 18th to focus on supporting local farmers and local businesses with your dollars. find out more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4475622116715301, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:da1822de-2a29-454f-982a-73c0e043f92a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.598839"}
{"text": "you can find out more about npf ' s national medical director, dr. michael s. okun, by also visiting the npf center of excellence, university of florida center for movement disorders & neurorestoration. the recent publication, in the american journal of epidemiology, addressing metal emission and urban incidence of parkinson \u2019 s disease underscores the public \u2019 s growing concern that manganese, copper, and other metals may play a role as an environmental cause of parkinson \u2019 s disease. willis et. al. in the investigated the relationship between copper, lead, or manganese emissions and parkinson \u2019 s disease. the study covered nearly 30 million medicare beneficiaries, and ultimately concluded that urban parkinson \u2019 s disease incidence was greater \u201c in counties with higher reported industrial releases with copper or manganese. \u201d the authors cited several weaknesses of their own study including other unaccounted for risk factors, and no direct environmental metal measurements. furthermore, there was no way to determine whether patients had actual parkinson \u2019 s disease or just symptoms similar to parkinson \u2019 s ( i. e. parkinsonism ). the dramatic rescue of thirty - three chilean miners was all over the news last month. miners have been known to have an increased risk of exposure to manganese, and this has led to the question as to whether miners and welders carry a higher risk of developing parkinson \u2019 s disease. controversy has swirled around this issue in both medical and in legal circles, with several class action lawsuits, and one paper reporting the results of exposures in patients pursuing litigation ( racette, 2005 ) ). it is therefore important to inform the public about the differences between typical ( also known as \u201c idiopathic \u201d ) parkinson \u2019 s disease and parkinsonism due to manganese exposure. parkinson \u2019 s disease is an entity that is usually diagnosed by an experienced neurologist following a detailed clinical history and examination that may reveal motor ( tremor, stiffness, slowness, gait, balance difficulties, etc. ) and also possibly non - motor dysfunction ( loss of smell, depression, anxiety, cognitive decline, sleep disorder, bladder and bowel symptoms, sexual dysfunction etc. ). patients with idiopathic parkinson \u2019 s disease usually respond well to levodopa or dopamine agonists. brain mri scans in parkinson \u2019 s disease are usually normal. manganese exposure ( in welders or in miners ), in contrast, is known to have a largely different acute and chronic presentation. manganese toxicity and parkinson \u2019 s disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.506863426341847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae6f1c94-2517-4b15-83ef-953fde577775>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.604328"}
{"text": "area in the future. for more information, read the 11 / 11 / 10 article in medscape today : urban exposure to manganese, copper may raise parkinson ' s risk willis aw, evanoff ba, lian m, galarza a, wegrzyn a, schootman m, racette ba. metal emissions and urban incident parkinson disease : a community health study of medicare beneficiaries by using geographic information systems. am j epidemiol. 2010 oct 19. epub. racette ba, tabbal sd, jennings d, good l, perlmutter js, evanoff b. prevalence of parkinsonism and relationship to exposure in a large sample of alabama welders. neurology. 2005 jan 25 ; 64 ( 2 ) : 230 - 5. jankovic j. searching for a relationship between manganese and welding and parkinson ' s disease. neurology. 2005 jun 28 ; 64 ( 12 ) : 2021 - 8. lucchini rg, martin cj, doney bc. from manganism to manganese - induced parkinsonism : a conceptual model based on the evolution of exposure. neuromolecular med. 2009 ; 11 ( 4 ) : 311 - 21. epub 2009 dec 10. review. acknowledgement : a special thanks to joseph jankovic, m. d. for providing critical edits to this article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5163503561055265, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae6f1c94-2517-4b15-83ef-953fde577775>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.605948"}
{"text": "| thanks to our \u201c innate immunity \u201d a system which is part of our natural biological makeup we are able to withstand a daily onslaught of tens of thousands of potentially pathogenic microbes in air, food and water, and in our interactions with other people and animals. but our innate immunity can sometimes get over - stimulated, leading to inflammation of tissue and even sepsis a deadly infection of blood or tissue. understanding the balance between infection resolution and inflammation is the goal of the new pathogenomics of innate immunity genome canada competition iii project. dr. robert e. w. hancock, professor of microbiology and immunology at ubc, and dr. lorne babiuk, professor of veterinary microbiology at the university of saskatchewan, are leading the pi2 project, which will draw upon many of the unique research findings of a previous genome canada project, the functional pathogenomics of mucosal immunity program. the pi2 project will advance our understanding of immune responses in humans and animals. specific genes will be knocked out in mouse embryonic cells and in mice derived from these cells, and the cells and mice will then be challenged with the important human food - borne pathogen, salmonella, which causes intestinal infections and diarrhea. a range of genes representing key pathways and decision points in innate immunity will be targetted for knocking out. human and bovine cells will also be targetted using sirna methods, which use a class of short ( 20 - 25 nucleotides long ) rna molecules that interfere with gene expression. by knocking out specific genes, project investigators will be able to determine their relevance in human and animal infections. bringing together a team of world - class scientists from canada, the wellcome trust sanger institute in britain, trinity college dublin and the national university of singapore, drs. hancock and babiuk aim to increase our knowledge about important infection - fighting mechanisms of immunity. at the same time, it is expected that the pi2 project will provide the basis for new methods of fighting infections in humans and animals. this project is supported by genome british columbia, genome prairie and genome canada, a not - for - profit organization which is leading canada ' s national strategy on genomics with $ 600 million in funding from the federal government. \u00a9 2006 pathogenomics of innate immunity : a genomebc project | return to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5276294784552981, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:324aad6f-bcab-462a-927f-09bd8c17b5ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.608252"}
{"text": "school lunch report card shows some improvement pcrm \u2019 s seventh annual school lunch report card finds many school cafeterias improving, but more meatless meals are still needed to fight childhood obesity. the report card grades the nation \u2019 s major school districts on how well schools promote the benefits of healthy eating to students. this year, pcrm dietitians analyzed the lunches served to elementary school students in 20 school districts across the country. pcrm dietitians were looking for schools that offer a healthful vegetarian entree daily and a cholesterol - free vegan option daily, serve a fresh fruit or a low - fat vegetable side dish, provide a nondairy beverage to all students, and offer programs that promote healthful eating habits. to receive a high grade in pcrm \u2019 s school lunch report card, schools must go above and beyond u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) requirements. many nutrition experts, including pcrm, agree that these requirements are inadequate and outdated because they continue to permit schools to serve high - fat, high - cholesterol meals on a regular basis and do not have requirements for fiber content or plant - based meals. this year \u2019 s report card showed several positive trends. there are an increasing number of healthful vegetarian and vegan options available for students, and 100 percent of schools participating this year offer a nondairy beverage, up from 73 percent in 2007 and 67 percent in 2006. the majority of school food service programs offer some form of nutrition education. despite these positive changes, there remains a wide disparity between school districts. while seven school districts in this year \u2019 s report received an a - or higher, six districts lagged behind with d ' s and f ' s. the lowest - scoring districts had menus heavy on grilled bratwurst, pepperoni pizza, and other high - fat, high - cholesterol items and light on low - fat meatless meals. the results of this year \u2019 s school lunch report card are especially timely, as the usda is currently seeking recommendations from the public on ways to improve the child nutrition act, which regulates the national school lunch program and provides federal assistance for school lunches. pcrm doctors and other experts have actively sought improvements to the child nutrition act, which will come before congress for reauthorization in 2009, by attending usda - sponsored \u201c listening sessions. \u201d during these sessions, pcrm and its members asked the usda to increase access to low - fat, cholesterol - free vegetarian foods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44234588670077357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59d1ab84-af13-4423-8dfd-1df83ae465dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.610715"}
{"text": "- health library - petmd u rhabdomyosarcoma is a very rare type of malignant and metastasizing ( spreading ) tumor derived from stem cells, or originating in the striated muscle that surrounds the developing mullerian or wolffian ducts. mullerian ducts begin as two ducts in the female embryo, developing into the vagina, uterus and oviducts. wolffian ducts begin in the male embryo, developing into the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles through the penis ( vas deferens ). rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder may also be reported as botryoid rhabdomyosarcomas due to their tendency to take on the appearance of grape clusters. they often spread to the internal organs, and to the lymph nodes. you will need to provide a thorough history of your dog ' s health leading up to the onset of symptoms. your veterinarian will perform a complete physical exam on your dog, with a blood chemical profile, a complete blood count, a urinalysis and an electrolyte panel. if rhabdomyosarcoma is in fact present, the urinalysis will show bloody urine, and a cytologic ( microscopic ) examination of urine sediment will indicate rhabdomyosarcoma. the bladder may be internally examined using ultrasound, or double - contrast cystourethrography imaging ( which uses an injection of dye into the bladder and urethra to show the structures more distinctly ). an intravenous pyelography can also be used for examining the kidney and bladder, to evaluate any trigonal mass, and to assess the ureters ( the tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder ), and the renal pelvis ( the center of the kidney where the urine funnels into the ureters ). this method also uses the injection of a dye to visually examine the internal structure of these organs. a definitive diagnosis can be made from an examination of the diseased tissue ( histopathology ) using tissue samples ( biopsies ) obtained from exploratory surgery, or from cystoscopy \u2013 an examination of the bladder and ureters, performed by inserting a tube through the urethra. an in - depth examination of the properties of urine ; used to determine the presence or absence of illness a tube found between the bladder and the outside of the body ; used to assist in urination. also referred", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45586632314870734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2ae43940-c99a-4e07-a2a4-1b6674b6804e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.614925"}
{"text": "hypoglycemia in cats the blood sugar, or glucose, is a main energy of source in an animal ' s body, so a low amount will result in a severe decrease in energy levels, possibly to the point of loss of consciousness. the medical term for critically low levels of sugar in the blood is hypoglycemia, and it is often linked to diabetes and an overdose of insulin. however, there are different conditions, other than diabetes, that can also cause blood sugar levels to drop to dangerous levels in cats. in most animals, hypoglycemia is actually not a disease in and of itself, but is only an indication of another underlying health problem. the brain actually needs a steady supply of glucose in order to function properly, as it does not store and create glucose itself. when glucose levels drop to a dangerously low level, a condition of hypoglycemia takes place. this is a dangerous health condition and needs to be treated quickly and appropriately. if you suspect hypoglycemia, especially if your cat is disposed to this condition, you will need to treat the condition quickly before it becomes life threatening. - loss of appetite ( anorexia ) - increased hunger - visual instability, such as blurred vision - disorientation and confusion \u2014 may show an apparent inability to complete basic routine tasks - weakness, low energy, loss of consciousness - seizures ( rare ) - anxiety, restlessness - heart palpitations these symptoms may not be specific to hypoglycemia, there can be other possible underlying medical causes. the best way to determine hypoglycemia if by having the blood sugar level measured while the symptoms are apparent. there may be several causes for hypoglycemia, but the most common is the side effects caused by drugs that are being used to treat diabetes. cats with diabetes are given insulin to help control the condition, but an overdose of insulin, or higher does of insulin given when blood glucose levels are higher than normal can cause the body to process too much glucose, bringing the levels of glucose in the blood to levels that are too low for the body ' s needs. this is when a state of hypoglycemia may occur, and if it is not treated quickly, the brain may be damaged irreparably, leading to death. if you notice any of the symptoms of hypoglycemia in your cat, it is advisable to see a veterinarian immediately. if your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4678447285883252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae9715a9-1270-4364-b464-bb1a727b2c0a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.618796"}
{"text": "treated quickly, the brain may be damaged irreparably, leading to death. if you notice any of the symptoms of hypoglycemia in your cat, it is advisable to see a veterinarian immediately. if your cat has already lost consciousness, or is visibly at the point of collapsing, you will need to call your veterinarian for instructions on immediate at - home treatment, followed by a visit with the doctor. even if you are able to treat your cat at home during the episode of hypoglycemia, you will still need to see your veterinarian so that blood work can be done. your veterinarian will need to do a complete blood profile, a chemical blood profile, a complete blood count, and a urinalysis. you will need to give your veterinarian a thorough history of your cat ' s health, onset of symptoms, recent diet and any medications you have been giving to your cat. there are two types of treatments for hypoglycemia, one of which is given when the episode is occurring, to raise blood sugar levels immediately, and the other to treat the underlying condition, to prevent hypoglycemia from recurring. the initial treatment for hypoglycemia would largely depend on the symptoms. some of the early symptoms can be treated by consuming glucose or sugar in any form. however, for serious symptoms that impair the ability to take sugar through the mouth, you will need to inject glucagons or give intravenous glucose. your veterinarian will need to identify the underlying cause and treat it in order to prevent recurrent hypoglycemia. according to the underlying conditions that are found to be causing your cat ' s blood glucose levels to drop, the treatments could include medications or tumor treatment. your doctor will only know which treatment plan to pursue once the laboratory tests have returned and have been analyzed. living and management diet and management are the only way to control hypoglycemia and prevent recurrences. prevention, and being prepared should the condition arise, are the best steps you can take in maintaining your cat ' s health status. an in - depth examination of the properties of urine ; used to determine the presence or absence of illness a hormone created by the pancreas that helps to regulate the flow of glucose to mechanically introduce a substance into a living thing low amounts of glucose in the blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45936162055159613, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae9715a9-1270-4364-b464-bb1a727b2c0a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.619928"}
{"text": "students, stories, and the ' silent service ' an oral history project at independence seaport museum in partnership with the national park service, maritime academy charter school, the delaware valley chapter of the united states submarine veterans of world war ii and the united states submarine veterans, inc. the united states department of veterans affairs estimates that world war ii veterans are dying at a rate of 1, 056 a day \u2013 more then 385, 000 a year. of the approximately 16 million americans who served in the armed forces during wwii, estimates are that fewer than 4 million are alive today. as these individuals slip away so does the opportunity to capture their unique stories. in an effort to collect, preserve and honor these fading memories a partnership was formed between the national parks service, maritime academy charter school, the delaware valley chapter of the united states submarine veterans of world war ii ( ussvwwii ), the united states submarine veterans, inc. ( ussvi ) and independence seaport museum to create students, stories, and the ' silent service ' \u2013 an oral history project focusing on the personal experiences of submariners. these stories have been placed in the museum ' s archives and library and are being used to enhance the visitor experience on board the uss becuna, the museum ' s wwii and cold war balao - class submarine. as the second largest artifact in the collection at independence seaport museum, the uss becuna is 307 feet long and carried 10 officers and 80 enlisted men. built in new london, connecticut and launched in 1944, the submarine becuna ( ss - 319 ) completed five wartime patrols in the pacific ocean and is credited with sinking 3. 5 japanese merchant ships during wwii. after it was modernized in 1951, the uss becuna ' s cold war missions often found her in the atlantic, trailing soviet submarines with eavesdropping equipment aboard. the becuna was decommissioned in 1969 and has been part of independence seaport museum ' s historic ship zone since 1996. the project students, stories, and the ' silent service ' began by pairing students in grades nine through twelve from maritime academy charter school who had completed a three - day workshop about wwii, the cold war and the process of conducting an oral history with submarine veterans from the delaware valley chapter of the ussvwwii and the ussvi. students asked the veterans questions they had crafted in groups prior to the interviews about life onboard the submarine, the experience of war and what the veterans went on to do after they completed their service. students also had the opportunity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4355041146810432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6be22b3c-6953-4920-b484-430b50d78d06>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.623720"}
{"text": "##wii and the ussvi. students asked the veterans questions they had crafted in groups prior to the interviews about life onboard the submarine, the experience of war and what the veterans went on to do after they completed their service. students also had the opportunity to learn and use audio and visual equipment and act as both the rundown operator and the director for interviews conducted by their peers. the complete set of videos and transcriptions is collected in ism ' s archives & library department. one of the most positive outcomes of the project was the interaction between the two diverse groups ; young high school students began to realize and appreciate the service aging submarine veterans gave to their country and to future generations. in a letter written after her participation in the program, tiearra sampson stated, \" the program was a real learning experience for me. before, wwii didn ' t come to mind often but now thanks to the program i have so many questions and thoughts in general about it \u2026. \" what ism museum staff discovered upon completion of the program was that the oral history project did not just touch the lives of those participating. cindy floyd, a parent of a student participant wrote, \" \u2026 this was an important and invaluable experience, one i as a parent will treasure and one as an educator i too have learned from \u2026. \" students, stories, and the ' silent service ' goes far beyond simply recording the stories of wwii and cold war veterans. independence seaport museum has placed a video presentation aboard the uss becuna, expanding the public ' s understanding of wwii and the cold war as well as the men who served in the submarine force. this will ensure that this history is never \" silent, \" and will make the uss becuna come alive. this video is also available on our website. \u2022 learn more about becuna on independence seaport museum ' s uss becuna webpage \u00bb \u2022 visit the united states submarine veterans ( ussvi ) website \u00bb \u2022 visit the maritime academy charter school website \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4547006415091101, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6be22b3c-6953-4920-b484-430b50d78d06>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.624509"}
{"text": "the renewable energy boom by jenny jedeikin the new frontier to explain the evolution that is currently underway in the clean energy industry, many people in \u201c the know \u201d like to make an analogy about what is happening ; they compare the ramp - up in the renewable energy industry to the technological transformation that hit personal computers and cell phones throughout the last two decades. \u201c if you have a [ smart phone ], you \u2019 re holding the confluence of a whole new industry in the palm of your hand, \u201d says joel makower, chairman and executive editor of greenbiz group. \u201c we \u2019 ve transformed how we do lots of things, in ways we couldn \u2019 t have imagined even five years ago. now that same kind of technological confluence is coming to much bigger and slower moving industries, like energy, buildings and vehicles. they \u2019 re coming together to create a whole new wave of technologies that are going to be dramatically more efficient while creating whole new things we can all do. \u201d makower, who writes about this topic on his high - traffic website, greenbiz. com, says that as the world shifts away from energy that relies on carbon - emitting fossil fuels, energy systems are going to become more complex and varied. \u201c what \u2019 s interesting about the world of energy right now is that there is not going to be just one winner, \u201d makower says. \u201c we \u2019 re going from a mono - culture of energy sources ( coal and gas ) to a much more interesting array. it \u2019 s no longer one size fits all. there \u2019 s going to be lots of sources serving different types of applications. \u201d right now the united states relies on fossil fuels and natural gas to supply 93 percent of our energy needs. only 7 percent comes from renewable energy. with growing concern about the environmental consequences of fossil fuels, as well the increasing expense of relying on foreign petroleum, the last five years have seen a dramatic shift in money and resources being poured into alternative energy sources and research. earlier this year, president obama made the announcement that by 2035, 80 percent of america \u2019 s energy will come from clean energy sources. renewable energy frontrunners but what will those sources likely be? vipin gupta, a systems engineer and a principal member of the technical staff at sandia national laboratories, breaks renewable energy into five areas \u2014 hydro : energy from water ; solar : energy from the sun ; biofuel : energy from waste ; geothermal : energy from the earth ; and wind : energy from wind. \u201c one of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47054063262440304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6677dc1e-18ec-4fb6-a7d3-e558689a6a52>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.631029"}
{"text": "national laboratories, breaks renewable energy into five areas \u2014 hydro : energy from water ; solar : energy from the sun ; biofuel : energy from waste ; geothermal : energy from the earth ; and wind : energy from wind. \u201c one of the main impediments to renewable energy has been that it \u2019 s expensive. it hasn \u2019 t been cost competitive with fossil fuels. well, that \u2019 s changing, \u201d says gupta. at sandia national laboratories, gupta is working on new photovoltalic solar systems that will cost four times less to make and use 10 times less photovoltalic material than current models, yet produce the same amount of energy as what is currently available. \u201c we \u2019 re developing solar technology that can be readily integrated into things we are already familiar with, such as windows, or unrolled like carpet onto a flat roof. \u201d additionally, makower talks about billion - dollar projects in southern california \u2019 s mojave desert ( as well as in china and india ) to build enormous utility - sized solar plants, called concentrated solar plants. \u201c these cells don \u2019 t turn photons into electrons the way a portable panel on your roof would do, \u201d makower says. \u201c they basically concentrate the sunlight and focus it on a tower filled with some kind of special liquid that is used to boil water to make steam to run a turbine. \u201d gupta also points to innovative technologies happening in wind power. makani power is a company that is designing kite - like devices that fly up in the sky to harness wind energy. the higher up you go, the stronger and the steadier the wind and the more energy you can grab. \u201c these new, advanced type of wind energy technologies are becoming cheaper to deploy and can be deployed faster, \u201d says gupta. but in order for these projects to succeed, gupta says, our old - fashioned electric grid \u2014 the physical network that is currently utilized to send power to homes and businesses \u2014 has to be restructured. \u201c the electric grid was designed to do one - way flow of electricity from a centralized power plant to the end use, your electric dryer or your tv. that \u2019 s it, \u201d he says. gupta predicts a future power grid where you have a two - way flow, or multiple flows of electricity from various sources. for example, at your home or business you could be generating electricity on your roof, which then circulates on the grid and goes someplace else a few blocks down where it is used by someone else at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5205443862642526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6677dc1e-18ec-4fb6-a7d3-e558689a6a52>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.631979"}
{"text": "or multiple flows of electricity from various sources. for example, at your home or business you could be generating electricity on your roof, which then circulates on the grid and goes someplace else a few blocks down where it is used by someone else at a dry cleaners. job opportunities in renewable energy \u201c the thing that \u2019 s really fascinating about this opportunity, \u201d explains gupta, \u201c is that electricity is something that is not readily imported. we can \u2019 t get whole bunches of electricity from china, india or elsewhere. we have to generate it and use it in the united states. consequently, these are jobs that will be filled by americans. and that \u2019 s in contrast with the oil industry. it \u2019 s a huge difference. \u201d so what kinds of jobs are going to be created? \u201c the good news is that there \u2019 s [ a ] need for everybody, \u201d says makower. \u201c there \u2019 s a need for power engineers and biochemists and physicists, and there \u2019 s also a need for accountants, lawyers, writers and technicians of every description. when we talk about green jobs, the possibilities are limitless. \u201d gupta adds to the list a need for heavy lifters : \u201c for building all these things, for installing solar panels on rooftops, for putting up wind towers, for drilling geothermal wells, all these require people in the construction industry. you also need people with business degrees, with accounting and with legal [ degrees ] in order to craft agreements on how power is going to be purchased from these different types of distributive renewable power plants. \u201d hinrich eylers, the dean of the college of natural sciences at university of phoenix, couldn \u2019 t agree more. \u201c this country is in search [ of ] a new basis for our economy, \u201d says eylers, who grew up in germany. \u201c the united states used to be based on retail and housing, and that \u2019 s not happening now ; we need something new, and i think renewable energy has a good chance of being the new basis for job growth. \u201d when alternative goes mainstream the transition to renewable is not going to happen tomorrow. \u201c it \u2019 s going to take a while to get the technologies into place to replace an economy that is so totally and fully dependent on carbon fuel, \u201d how long will it take? \u201c how fast all of this grows and when exactly it is going to go mainstream is hard to predict, \u201d says gupta. \u201c one thing is clear \u2014 in contrast with coal, natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.506166476758418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6677dc1e-18ec-4fb6-a7d3-e558689a6a52>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.633033"}
{"text": "fully dependent on carbon fuel, \u201d how long will it take? \u201c how fast all of this grows and when exactly it is going to go mainstream is hard to predict, \u201d says gupta. \u201c one thing is clear \u2014 in contrast with coal, natural gas and petroleum \u2014 if you look at renewables, the price of generating renewable electricity is continuing to decline year after year. we are going to see at least one or two of these [ types of energies ] go mainstream within our generation. \u201d for gupta and his colleagues, that \u2019 s a real blessing. \u201c everyone working in this field feels that one day renewable energy will become mainstream and fossil fuels will become the alternative. \u201d jenny jedeikin is a freelance writer and director of communications for national nonprofit cooltheearth. org. renewables around the world | biofuel in kristianstad, sweden this innovative swedish city with a population of 80, 000 uses no fossil fuels or gas, and instead burns wood, waste and scraps from flooring factories to power an underground district heating grid and provide fuel for cars. | small - scale solar systems in kiptusuri, kenya in rural kenya where 85 percent of people still live without electricity, villagers can now purchase small - scale solar systems for $ 80 to power their cell phones and lighting. as small - scale renewable energy becomes cheaper and more reliable, these tiny systems are playing a transformative role in people \u2019 s lives. | wind and hydropower in lisbon, portugal with rising living costs and no national source of fossil fuel, portugal was motivated to restructure its entire energy system to draw electricity from its abundant wind and hydro power. now, in cities such as lisbon, wind - driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period ; then the water flows downhill by day, generating electricity. | geothermal power in the philippines this southeast asian country already receives 20 percent of its energy from wells drilled deep into the earth. the wells tap steam or hot water that can power turbines. in the philippines, geothermal heat is used directly for fish processing, salt production and drying coconuts and fruit. | tidal power in scotland deals are currently being brokered in the united kingdom to build the first commercial - scale tidal power systems, which will deliver enough energy to power more than 700, 000 homes in scotland within the next four years. tidal energy relies on large underwater turbines to capture the kinetic motion of the ebbing and surging of ocean tides in order to produce electricity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43681354375488707, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6677dc1e-18ec-4fb6-a7d3-e558689a6a52>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.634044"}
{"text": "there are certain materials which produce electric current when light falls on these items. this is known as the photovoltaic effect. these materials if made into plat panels would be able to convert direct sunlight into a huge amount to electricity. the photovoltaic solar power that can be generated in one square meter of land is 1 kilowatt however, that would vary depending on the cloud cover and angle of the sun. edmond becquerel first discovered it in 1839. the electrolytic cell set up by him produced more electrical energy when it got direct sunlight. you would see that silicon mixed with other elements if kept under direct sunlight would directly convert the energy of light into electricity. the amount of electricity generated by photovoltaic solar power, which uses thin sheet of silicon in solar cells, is 10 to 50 milliamps in bright sunlight. there are solar panels as well, which consists of several solar cells. these are attached in a common frame and are joined with wires electrically. this combination of several solar cells in one solar panel can produce a lot of electricity. it is very important to clean the panels that produce photovoltaic solar power in order to get better performance and electricity. this would also save your money from hiring utility company, which is quite expensive. you must clean dust and pollen once in two months at least so that it operates in its full potential. you can use a soft handled long brush in order to clean the dirt and debris with the help of a ladder. if there are stubborn stains, you need to use a garden hose along with dish soap, mild detergent or biodegradable household cleaner to keep it clean. also, clean the mounting brackets and support as well while ensuring that all the connections are tight. in order to clean the snow from the solar panels you need to use roof rake. if the panel is covered with then the cells would not be able to provide adequate photovoltaic solar power to your house. the roof rakes can be purchases from any home utility store and you should use it carefully so that you do not damage the panels. if you can spend some money, you can also opt for self - cleaning system. many companies manufacture cleaning systems, which will maintain the panels in a proper way. this system can be attached with your water lines or water sources like rain barrels. this is mainly used for solar panels, which are placed on high roof and cannot be reached at all times. in order to acquire and store photovoltaic solar power it is essential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5131362291429387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:29900687-c0bc-4adf-942f-4edac4bd73bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.636784"}
{"text": "this guide begins by describing the problem of animal cruelty and reviewing factors that increase its risks. it then identifies a series of questions to help you analyze your local animal cruelty problem. finally, it reviews responses to the problem and what is known about these from evaluative research and police practice. animal cruelty is but one aspect of the larger set of problems related to animals. this guide is limited to addressing the particular harms created by animal cruelty. related problems not directly addressed in this guide, each of which requires separate analysis, include the following : nuisance or hazardous animals harm to animals incidental to other motives some of these related problems are covered in other guides in this series, all of which are listed at the end of this guide. for the most up - to - date listing of current and future guides, see www. popcenter. org. animal cruelty includes many kinds of mistreatment, from temporarily failing to provide essential care to the malicious killing or repeated torturing of an animal. every state defines animal cruelty differently, both in terms of the specific actions that are prohibited and the categories of animals that are protected. for example, hunting is exempted from animal cruelty laws and livestock are not protected, even though in both cases the animals are killed and quite often suffer. laws in some states protect wild animals from frivolous harm ( e. g., \u201c thrill killing \u201d ), although most animal cruelty laws are designed to only protect \u201c companion animals \u201d or pets. animal cruelty cases tend to span the jurisdictions of several state and local agencies and departments, and the agency officially responsible for handling animal cruelty cases varies. some jurisdictions have sophisticated programs within animal welfare organizations ( e. g., humane societies, societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals, animal control ) with specially trained staff who respond to all complaints of animal cruelty. they may be called animal cruelty enforcement agents, humane law enforcement agents, cruelty investigators, or animal control officers, and while they may have the legal authority to investigate and enforce animal cruelty laws, the public often grants them less legitimacy than police. 1 in some jurisdictions, animal cruelty enforcement agents collaborate with police. in places without local animal welfare organizations, police may be solely responsible for enforcing all animal - protection laws. 2 where local humane agencies exist, police tend to refer complaints of animal cruelty to these agencies, even though they often lack the funding, expertise, and resources to investigate animal cruelty cases. 3 the intense public reaction to animal cruelty cases covered by the media suggests that the public is concerned about the treatment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48817249519310824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655eded7-fcbf-402f-a6ca-002668515b36>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.647926"}
{"text": "to refer complaints of animal cruelty to these agencies, even though they often lack the funding, expertise, and resources to investigate animal cruelty cases. 3 the intense public reaction to animal cruelty cases covered by the media suggests that the public is concerned about the treatment of animals and believes animal cruelty to be a social problem worthy of police attention. 4 because police routinely come into contact with people at their homes where their animals are ordinarily kept, the officers are in an ideal position to identify warning signs of animal cruelty and neglect. while some cases will be arduous, involving lengthy investigations, search warrants, and complex crime scenes, most cases of animal cruelty are not particularly complicated. particularly in cases of simple neglect, police who identify the signs of animal cruelty can offer information, suggestions for improving animal care, or warnings, which will usually rectify the situation before a serious tragedy occurs. 5 the following types of animal cruelty exist : while specialized training is desirable, particularly for complicated hoarding cases or cases of physical abuse that will be prosecuted, most police officers need only a basic familiarity with animals \u2019 health and normal states of being to identify the warning signs of animal cruelty. these signs may include the following : 7 national crime - reporting systems do not monitor animal cruelty. doing so would be very difficult, because enforcement authority is scattered across thousands of state and local agencies, laws vary across states, and standardized reporting structures have not been developed. the two major efforts to collect data on the prevalence of animal mistreatment rely primarily on media reports, rather than enforcement records, as the source. \u2020 one survey of school - aged children in the united states found that 30 percent admitted to committing some form of animal cruelty. 8 another survey found that 14 percent of the population had witnessed someone \u201c intentionally or carelessly inflicting pain or suffering on an animal in the past year. \u201d 9 this translates to over 15 million incidents of animal cruelty in a single year. over half of the respondents stated they reported the incident to a law enforcement or humane organization. one study estimated that approximately 5, 000 cases of hoarding are reported each year, with roughly 40 animals involved in each case. 10 despite the lack of national data, most researchers agree that cases of neglect constitute the vast majority of animal cruelty cases. 11 however, unless the neglect is extreme or involves a large number of animals, these cases are rarely discussed by the media. as a result, the public may not fully understand the prevalence and nature of animal cruelty. 12 \u2020 until 2004, the humane society of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46875958063445644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655eded7-fcbf-402f-a6ca-002668515b36>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.649088"}
{"text": "unless the neglect is extreme or involves a large number of animals, these cases are rarely discussed by the media. as a result, the public may not fully understand the prevalence and nature of animal cruelty. 12 \u2020 until 2004, the humane society of the united states collected data on animal cruelty cases covered in the media. it discontinued the project because of excessive demands on staff ( lockwood 2008 ). press clippings were also used build the animal abuse registry database administration system ( aardas ), a private system which was launched in 2002. while the website includes a search engine and crime - mapping capabilities, it includes only those cases with a media reference or that proceeded to court. as of april 18, 2011, the database included over 17, 000 cases in six countries. the most obvious harm caused by animal cruelty is the pain and suffering endured by the animal. in contrast to what is often presented by the media, happy endings in cases of physical cruelty are rare : the abuse is often ghastly and victim animals are rarely returned to good health or adopted by a loving family. 13 particularly in hoarding cases, severe crowding and a lack of socialization create health and behavior problems that may leave animals unadoptable and at risk of euthanasia. 14 one study of animal cruelty cases in the media in 2003 found that 62 percent of the animal victims were either killed by the perpetrator or euthanized because of their injuries. 15 long - term outcomes are better for victims of mild neglect, provided their owners change their approach to the animal \u2019 s care. in addition to the animal suffering inflicted in even the least sensational cases, the more complicated hoarding cases also generate significant public health concerns. homes of hoarders are generally filthy, with an accumulation of animal feces and urine on the floor, sometimes several inches deep. the resulting ammonia gas creates toxic air. utilities and major appliances usually do not work, and most of the basic activities for a functional and sanitary household ( e. g., showering, sleeping in a bed, preparing food ) are impaired. carcasses of dead animals are often found in hoarding locations, many of which are eventually condemned. 16 while animal cruelty is a serious social problem in its own right, interest in its association with other forms of violence has motivated a great deal of research. groups of researchers in both the united states and the united kingdom assert that people who harm or kill animals are at high risk of interpersonal violence. 17 these researchers assert that people who mistrea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4859864738423826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655eded7-fcbf-402f-a6ca-002668515b36>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.650097"}
{"text": "other forms of violence has motivated a great deal of research. groups of researchers in both the united states and the united kingdom assert that people who harm or kill animals are at high risk of interpersonal violence. 17 these researchers assert that people who mistreat animals will do so habitually and are likely to be violent to their partners and children. further, they claim that victims of child abuse are likely to harm animals and are more likely to be violent toward humans as they mature. most of these studies examined the prevalence of animal cruelty among incarcerated, violent offenders. however, citing methodological flaws in the research and overly broad generalizations, a few researchers believe the link between animal cruelty and interpersonal violence has been overstated. 18 given that most people who have been cruel to animals have not gone on to commit increasingly violent acts towards humans, these researchers worry that assuming a direct link will cast the net too wide and result in misdirected resources. 19 the same set of external factors ( e. g., stress, poverty, substance abuse ) may underlie multiple forms of violence. however, cruelty to animals, alone, is not a particularly influential predictor of interpersonal violence, and animal cruelty may precede or follow other types of violent offenses. 20 understanding the factors that contribute to your problem will help you frame your own local analysis questions, determine effective measures in response, recognize key intervention points, and select appropriate responses. dogs and cats are the most frequent victims of neglect and physical cruelty, although birds, hamsters, gerbils, rabbits, and reptiles are sometimes abused. most victims of animal cruelty are pets, not wild animals. 21 a survey of veterinarians \u2019 experience with abused animals and suspected abusers revealed that offenders may physically abuse younger animals ( age 7 months to 2 years ), who are full of energy and sometimes difficult to train. 22 wild animals ( e. g., raccoons, possums, deer ) may be brutally attacked by poachers who intentionally hit the animal with a car or beat them with a club or bat. 23 the animals are killed not for their meat, but rather for sport or the thrill of causing harm. neglected animals are often found in households where residents have alcohol and drug problems and where residents are overwhelmed and have difficulty meeting their own basic needs. 26 further, some pet owners are simply ignorant of animals \u2019 basic needs and how to train them effectively. 27 even though their cruelty is unintentional, owners who lack this essential knowledge may severely neglect their animals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4909026070675251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655eded7-fcbf-402f-a6ca-002668515b36>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.651117"}
{"text": "difficulty meeting their own basic needs. 26 further, some pet owners are simply ignorant of animals \u2019 basic needs and how to train them effectively. 27 even though their cruelty is unintentional, owners who lack this essential knowledge may severely neglect their animals. although a few studies have shown that a small proportion of violent adult criminals were chronic animal abusers as children, most children who are cruel to animals commit mild, infrequent acts of cruelty and eventually grow out of it. 28 their cruelty is motivated by curiosity, peer pressure, boredom, or a lack of knowledge about animals. 29 perpetrators are most likely to be older adolescents or young adults. males commit intentional acts of cruelty toward animals more often than females. 30 while abuse occurs at all socio - economic levels, it is concentrated in lower socioeconomic households. 31 physical cruelty is often motivated by unrealistic expectations about how animals should behave, and offenders cause pain and distress in an effort to control or retaliate against the animal. they may also express anger about other situations by abusing the animal. 32 in domestic violence situations, offenders may abuse animals in an effort to intimidate or control their human victims. 33 although far less common than physical abuse or simple neglect, hoarding has attracted a disproportionate amount of research. as a result, the profile of a typical hoarder is far more specific. hoarders are most frequently single females who live alone, do not work outside the home, and are socially isolated. however, hoarding cases also involve single males and couples of varying ages and living arrangements. research has identified several types of hoarders, including the following : 34 regardless of the motivation, without adequate treatment and limits on future pet ownership, nearly all hoarders reoffend. 35 research has not examined the specific locations where physical abuse or simple neglect occurs. we do know that although animal cruelty occurs at all socioeconomic levels and in all communities, it is concentrated in households of lower socioeconomic status. 36 media accounts suggest that animal cruelty occurs in or around private residences ( when a pet is the victim ) or in isolated public spaces ( when the victim is a wild or stray animal ). although research describes the characteristics of the households in which hoarding occurs, we do not know the geographic concentrations of hoarding cases. 37 although the seasonal patterns of animal cruelty have not been researched in depth, the research implies that simple neglect ( e. g., inadequate shelter ) may be more prevalent during seasons with extreme temperatures. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4855556767000896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655eded7-fcbf-402f-a6ca-002668515b36>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.652097"}
{"text": "know the geographic concentrations of hoarding cases. 37 although the seasonal patterns of animal cruelty have not been researched in depth, the research implies that simple neglect ( e. g., inadequate shelter ) may be more prevalent during seasons with extreme temperatures. the co - occurrence of animal cruelty with other forms of violence compounds the harms associated with it. although the link between the physical abuse of animals and interpersonal violence is unlikely to be as causal as some research suggests, the occurrence of either type of violence should cue police to check whether other forms of mistreatment may also be present. 38 the underlying conditions that create the opportunity for animal cruelty to occur ( e. g., stress, deprivation, aggression, mental illness, prior victimization, drug and alcohol use ) mirror the risk factors for interpersonal violence. as a result, people who abuse animals may be at risk of committing interpersonal violence, and vice versa. while presuming that people who abuse their pets also abuse their children or spouses is inappropriate, being vigilant about the potential co - occurrence of various forms of violence is only prudent. women in domestic violence situations may delay leaving a violent partner, in part because they are concerned about pets that would be left behind. 39 most domestic violence shelters do not accommodate animals. the social isolation and limited financial resources of domestic violence victims can prevent them from leaving their pets with family members, friends, or at a kennel. many women in shelters report that their pets have been threatened, injured, or killed by their abusive partners. batterers harm pets to exert control, prevent the victim from leaving, or coerce the victim to return. 40 finally, the chaos and filth that characterize hoarding locations have grave consequences for the health of the human inhabitants. hoarders generally have poor hygiene and limited access to a sanitary environment for eating, bathing, and sleeping. these problems with self - care are often compounded by untreated mental illnesses. you may order free bound copies in any of three ways : phone : 800 - 421 - 6770 or 202 - 307 - 1480 allow several days for delivery. send an e - mail with a link to this guide. error sending email. please review your enteries below.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4752599914685761, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:655eded7-fcbf-402f-a6ca-002668515b36>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.653412"}
{"text": "princeton - led team finds secret ingredient for the health of tropical rainforests posted december 9, 2008 ; 09 : 00 a. m. a team of researchers led by princeton university scientists has found for the first time that tropical rainforests, a vital part of the earth ' s ecosystem, rely on the rare trace element molybdenum to capture the nitrogen fertilizer needed to support their wildly productive growth. most of the nitrogen that supports the rapid, lush growth of rainforests comes from tiny bacteria that can turn nitrogen in the air into fertilizer in the soil. until now, scientists had thought that phosphorus was the key element supporting the prodigious expansion of rainforests, according to lars hedin, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at princeton university who led the research. but an experiment testing the effects of various elements on test plots in lowland rainforests on the gigante peninsula in the barro colorado nature monument in panama showed that areas treated with molybdenum withdrew more nitrogen from the atmosphere than other elements. \" we were surprised, \" said hedin, who is also a professor in the princeton environmental institute. \" it ' s not what we were expecting. \" the report, detailed in the dec. 7 online edition of nature geoscience, will be the journal ' s cover story in its print edition. molybdenum, the team found, is essential for controlling the biological conversion of nitrogen in the atmosphere into natural soil nitrogen fertilizer, which in turn spurs plant growth. \" just like trace amounts of vitamins are essential for human health, this exceedingly rare trace metal is indispensable for the vital function of tropical rainforests in the larger earth system, \" hedin said. molybdenum is 10, 000 times less abundant than phosphorus and other major nutrients in these ecosystems. the discovery has implications for global climate change policy, the scientists said. previously, researchers knew little about rainforests ' capacity to absorb the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. if molybdenum is central to the biochemical processes involved in the uptake of carbon dioxide, then there may be limits to how much carbon that tropical rainforests can absorb. the biological enzyme, nitrogenase, which converts atmospheric nitrogen into soil fertilizer, feeds on molybdenum, the researchers found. \" nitrogenase without molybdenum is like a car engine without spark plugs, \" said alexander barron, the lead author on the paper, who was a graduate student in he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4975929443671031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4bf9483-5912-46b6-89f3-db185f426d2d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.658021"}
{"text": "feeds on molybdenum, the researchers found. \" nitrogenase without molybdenum is like a car engine without spark plugs, \" said alexander barron, the lead author on the paper, who was a graduate student in hedin ' s laboratory and earned his ph. d. in ecology and evolutionary biology from princeton in 2007 and who now is working on climate legislation in congress. other authors on the paper from princeton include : anne kraepiel, an associate research scholar in the department of chemistry ; nina wurzburger, a research associate in the department of ecology and evolutionary biology ; and jean philippe bellenger, an associate research scholar in the princeton environmental institute. s. joseph wright, who earned his bachelor ' s degree in biology from princeton in 1974 and now is a staff scientist at the smithsonian tropical institute in panama, is also a contributing author. molybdenum, a lustrous, silvery metal, is found in soil, rock and sea water and in a range of enzymes vital to human health. traces of the element have been found in japanese swords dating back to the 14th century. in modern times, its high strength, good electrical conductivity and anticorrosive properties have made molybdenum desirable as an element of rocket engines, radiation shields, light bulb filaments and circuit boards. the research was conducted with support from the national science foundation, the andrew w. mellon foundation, the smithsonian scholarly studies program, the smithsonian tropical research institute student fellowship program and the environmental protection agency student fellowship program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5225845250040759, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d4bf9483-5912-46b6-89f3-db185f426d2d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.658695"}
{"text": "weak land reform in south africa - - a failure the democratically elected south african government ( led by the african national congress ) committed itself to undertake broad and sweeping efforts to reverse the deprivations institutionalized by apartheid. these efforts were outlined in the reconstruction and development programme ( rdp ). the rdp is a policy framework developed through extensive consultation between the african national congress, its tri - partite alliance partners ( congress of south african trade unions and the south african communist party ) and other mass organizations in the broader civil society. three years after the promulgation of the reconstruction and development programme, its implementation has been both a spectacular success and an abysmal failure. the successes of the rdp can be measured in several accomplishments that concretely improve the health and well - being of south africa ' s poorest citizens. free healthcare has been instituted for women and children ; a nutrition program now reaches over 12, 000 schools ; over 550 new health clinics have been built and nearly 2500 have been or are in the process of being upgraded. more than 1. 3 million new electrical connections have been made and the one - millionth water connection was completed in early 1997. taken together, these are staggering accomplishments for a nation that teeters with one foot in the developing world and one foot in the developed. in sharp contrast to the rdp success stories stands the nation ' s experiment with land reform. the rdp ' s land reform goals had three broad thrusts. the first was the strengthening of tenure rights for the rural poor. second, land restitution was to be made to those who could prove that their or their family ' s land had been stolen under apartheid. and third, the nation was to redistribute 30 % of agricultural land to the rural poor. all three goals were to be achieved before the year 2000. to date, south africa is not on its way to achieving any of these goals. after two years of parliamentary wrangling, new laws were passed to protect the tenure rights of the rural poor but the government is finding them almost impossible to enforce. white farmers who fear the increased legal rights being given to those who they once dominated with impunity have turned to violence and intimidation. tens of thousands of labor tenants ( basically sharecroppers ) have found themselves illegally evicted. when they turn to the government for help they often find a bureaucrat who was appointed during the apartheid regime. many of these apartheid bureaucrats were allowed to keep their jobs so the new government wouldn ' t lose the intellectual capital of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4769863376200787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ef872f9-7ea5-4f06-96cf-d6f7fc2d3fa6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.667829"}
{"text": "themselves illegally evicted. when they turn to the government for help they often find a bureaucrat who was appointed during the apartheid regime. many of these apartheid bureaucrats were allowed to keep their jobs so the new government wouldn ' t lose the intellectual capital of their administrative expertise. that decision now haunts the rural poor who find that the face who is supposed to protect their tenure rights from unscrupulous white farmers is the same face who denied their very humanity under apartheid. the land restitution program has bogged down under the sheer weight of the task it is charged with. beginning with the 1913 natives land act, non - white south africans were subjected to periodic waves of land confiscations. by the time of the democratic transition in 1994, approximately 60, 000 white farmers owned over 80 % of agricultural land while 11 million non - whites lived in rural poverty. the department of land affairs estimates that over 3. 5 million people and their descendants were victims of racially - based land dispossession and forced removal during the apartheid era. currently the commission on restitution of land rights estimates it could take up to 15 years to complete the adjudication of the 13, 000 pending land claims affecting more than one million people. the final component of the rdp ' s land reform program is land redistribution. the rdp targeted 30 % of land for redistribution to the rural poor before the year 2000. as of june 1997, less than 2 % has changed hands. although the rdp calls for land expropriation \" where appropriate, \" only. 29 % of land has been transferred to the poor though this mechanism. instead, the government has relied upon a \" willing - buyer / willing - seller \" mechanism for land redistribution. the settlement / land acquisition grant is the primary instrument that the government relied upon to facilitate the land transfer visualized in the rdp. the grant program provides a 20 % subsidy for the purchase of land by the poor. this program has failed to effectuate its design because the rural poor have found it quite difficult to come - up with the other 80 % of the purchase price and even more difficult to find a willing seller of prime agricultural land. if the white farmers were content to own the farms while the non - white landless were forced by economic depravation to work for them under the apartheid system, why would they wish to change that relationship after the dismantling of apartheid? indeed, very few have. the willing - buyer / willing - seller approach to land reform is dependent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4600824673047176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ef872f9-7ea5-4f06-96cf-d6f7fc2d3fa6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.693041"}
{"text": "economic depravation to work for them under the apartheid system, why would they wish to change that relationship after the dismantling of apartheid? indeed, very few have. the willing - buyer / willing - seller approach to land reform is dependent upon the willingness of white farmers to divest themselves of their land. however, for the most part today ' s white farmers are the children and grandchildren of the white farmers who actively supported the apartheid policies that drove non - whites off of their land. such forced removals benefitted these white farmers by opening - up land for them to farm and providing an agricultural labor pool composed of the now landless non - whites. given the dismal results from the willing - buyer / willing - seller approach to land reform, it is clear that adhering to this approach is unrealistic if the goals of the rdp are to be achieved. as a broad policy framework, the rdp provides a wide channel through which the african national congress can steer the ship of state. however, so far the government ' s land reform efforts have steered well to the right. the rdp explicitly acknowledges that reliance upon market forces will not remedy the unjust wealth distribution created by apartheid and the government should amend its land reform program to acknowledge this reality. tepid market interventions such as providing 20 % subsidies on land acquisition are wholly inadequate to alter the maldistribution of agricultural capacity that is the result of apartheid. even if there is a willing - seller, the government may find that its subsidies simply contribute to land price inflation leading to further enrichment of the current property holders and providing little net benefit to the landless millions. the current stage of social transformation in south africa is ideal for land expropriation and redistribution. the populace is eager for substantial change. if the government delays this fundamental prerequisite to a successful land reform program, they may miss their chance to institute such a program with the minimum of negative consequences. domestic and foreign investors are made nervous by instability. however, everyone expects that fundamental economic restructuring will be necessary to fully dismantle apartheid. the time for such fundamental change is now. five to ten years in the future, land expropriation will not be perceived by the international community as the correct and just remedy for apartheid land policies. instead, delayed land expropriation will be perceived as destabilizing and threatening to international investment. there are currently 500, 000 subsistence farmers and an additional 11 million rural poor who are the potential beneficiaries of a successful land", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49173497578769537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6ef872f9-7ea5-4f06-96cf-d6f7fc2d3fa6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.707285"}
{"text": "brains of people who suffer from schizophrenia may attempt to repair damage caused by the disease, suggesting an adult brain ' s capacity to change and grow. professor cyndi shannon weickert, dipesh joshi and their colleagues from neuroscience research australia studied the brains of 38 schizophrenic people and 38 normal people, focussing on one of the hardest - hit regions - - the orbitofrontal cortex, the part of the brain involved in regulating emotional and social behaviour. most neurons, brain cells that transmit information, are found in tissue near the surface of the brain. however, in the brains of people with schizophrenia, the team found a high density of neurons in deeper areas, the journal biological psychiatry reports. \" for over a decade, we have known about the high density of neurons in deeper brain tissue in people with schizophrenia. researchers thought these neurons were simply forgotten by the brain and somehow didn ' t die off like they do during development in healthy people, \" says weickert, according to a neuroscience statement. \" what we now have is evidence that suggests these neurons are derived from the part of the brain that produces new neurons, and that they may be in the process of moving. we can ' t be sure where they are moving to, but given their location it is likely they are on their way to the surface of the brain, the area most affected by schizophrenia, \" weickert concluded.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5057979191246785, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ae4b1ae0-154b-4976-9af9-2d0fca26e14f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.716446"}
{"text": "the museo della laguna ( museum of the lagoon ) constitutes a collection of findings, starting from the 1970s, which later merged with a small antiquarium and which is nowadays in the interior of the museum. the exhibition collection includes over five hundred articles, for the most part unparalleled, which were recovered, some by chance, in various localities in the lagoons of marano and grado, as well along the coastal stretch behind the lagoons. through the neolithic, bronze and roman ages, through to the middle ages and to the renaissance, the visitor is guided to rediscover the most important stages of the settlement ' s development, and of the landscape changes of the peri - lagoonar strip. an introductory section illustrates the geological evolution of the laguna di marano ( marano lagoon ) and the distribution within the territory of the ancient settlements. a glass showcase dispays findings datable to pre - and proto - history originating from two main sites : bonifica di muzzana and ara del gorgo. the bronze age is represented by an interesting winged axe, datable to the later phase of the medium bronze age ( 1700 - 1350 b. c. ), and by a nucleus of fragments of ceramic vases of different shapes and functions, datable to the recent bronze age ( 1350 - 1200 b. c. ). it includes numerous artefacts which are evidence of daily life in that time : from eating and cooking ceramics to oil lamps, from glassware to objects of common use in bronze, and coins.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47271682385626285, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d28e9b7f-3374-4200-9c5d-4beb9d374c91>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.721105"}
{"text": "traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder our returning military veterans remind us dramatically of the importance to consider traumatic brain injury ( tbi ) as a potential comorbid illness in cases of posttraumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ). the common causes of comorbid tbi and ptsd are assault and battery to the head, head trauma ( personal or work - related injuries ), civilian or military explosions, inflicted head trauma in children, motor vehicle accidents, and suicide attempts by jumping. prevalence figures for comorbid tbi and ptsd historically have been lacking. this article discusses the association between tbi and ptsd with a review of the possible mechanisms that link tbi and ptsd. strategies for assessing and treating ptsd are also provided. tbi and comorbid psychiatric disorders the american neuropsychiatric association committee on research recently published a critical review of the literature and noted that psychiatric disorders frequently complicate recovery and rehabilitation from tbi. 1 this study reviewed the literature from 1978 to 2006 on psychosis, depression, ptsd, mania, and aggression following nonpenetrating tbi. studies included in that report were reviewed using the american academy of neurology \u2019 s criteria for classification of articles on diagnostic methods ( i is the highest classification ; iv, the lowest ). of the 66 studies reviewed, none was found to be class i or ii ; the majority were class iv. there are significant gaps in the literature on post - tbi psychiatric conditions with respect to nosology, epidemiology, and risk factors. larger multicenter prospective studies using standardized diagnostic instruments are needed to further clarify these topics. 1 bombardier and colleagues2 studied the rate at which ptsd symptoms developed without other psychiatric illness during the first 6 months after tbi in a group of 124 civilians. the cumulative incidence of meeting partial dsm - iv - tr criteria for ptsd at 6 months was 11 % and of meeting full criteria, 5. 6 %. prevalence peaked at 1 month ( 10 % ). a large percentage of the participants ( 86 % ) had another psychiatric disorder ; 29 % had a history of ptsd. a recent prevalence study from the cdc found that symptoms consistent with severe ptsd increased from 11 % at 6 months to 16 % at 12 months after the injury. the cdc concluded that regardless of severity, survivors with tbi are at risk for symptoms consistent with ptsd. amnesia regarding the injury event did not protect against the development of these symptoms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45254317691793255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0399a7b7-6a1e-4474-affd-1853c12f8cb4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.730579"}
{"text": "at 6 months to 16 % at 12 months after the injury. the cdc concluded that regardless of severity, survivors with tbi are at risk for symptoms consistent with ptsd. amnesia regarding the injury event did not protect against the development of these symptoms. 3 clearly, it is difficult to accrue large cohorts of civilians with comorbid tbi and ptsd to study prevalence of the disorders. however, findings from a comprehensive study of a large military population with comorbid tbi and ptsd were reported by hoge and colleagues. 4 in the study, 4618 soldiers in 2 brigades of the us army were offered an anonymous neuropsychiatric questionnaire : 2714 soldiers ( 59 % ) completed the questionnaire. of the 2525 soldiers who met inclusion criteria for the study, 124 ( 4. 9 % ) reported an injury with loss of consciousness that lasted between a few seconds to 3 minutes after injury ; 260 ( 10. 3 % ) reported an injury with altered mental status not involving loss of consciousness ; 253 soldiers said they had been dazed, confused, or saw stars after an injury. four additional soldiers reported loss of consciousness lasting longer than 30 minutes. ptsd was strongly associated with mild tbi. overall, 43. 9 % of soldiers who reported loss of consciousness following an injury met the criteria for ptsd, compared with 27. 3 % of those reporting altered mental status. after complex statistical analysis, only loss of consciousness and combat intensity remained significantly associated with ptsd compared with other physical injuries at multiple anatomical locations ( odds ratio for loss of consciousness, 2. 98 ). overall, nearly 15 % reported an injury during deployment that involved loss of consciousness or altered mental status. these findings were defined as mild tbi. the soldiers who had mild tbi were significantly more likely to report high combat exposure and blast mechanism of injury than were the 17 % of soldiers who reported other injuries. those with mild tbi reported significantly higher rates of physical and mental health problems than did soldiers with other injuries. mild tbi was significantly associated with psychiatric symptoms, notably ptsd. this association remained significant after combat experiences had been controlled for. 4 the data indicate that a history of mild tbi in the combat environment, particularly when associated with loss of consciousness, reflects exposure to an intense traumatic event that threatens loss of life and significantly increases the risk of ptsd. 5 the authors of that study concluded that the mechanisms between mild tbi and ptsd are complex. 4 studies have not confirmed any direct causative link between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49591396046473946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0399a7b7-6a1e-4474-affd-1853c12f8cb4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.731621"}
{"text": "an intense traumatic event that threatens loss of life and significantly increases the risk of ptsd. 5 the authors of that study concluded that the mechanisms between mild tbi and ptsd are complex. 4 studies have not confirmed any direct causative link between ptsd and injury to brain tissue from the concussion itself, although this is an important area of research. there is evidence that implicit processing of traumatic memories and fear conditioning, both mechanisms for the development of ptsd, occur even in persons with severe tbi who have amnesia about the traumatic event. 6 biomechanics and pathophysiology of tbi as it relates to ptsd at the time of impact, the kinetic energy of blunt force trauma, or blast - overpressure trauma, produces a mechanical loading. this loading is dynamic to the head. brain deformation caused by tissue strain is the proximate cause of injury whether induced by massive inertia or by contact. the strain to tissue is a result of compression, tension, and shear. characteristically, the brain withstands strain better if the tissue is deformed slowly rather than quickly. therefore, the velocity of mechanical loading covaries positively with the level of tissue injury. 7 the 4 pillars of cellular damage that cause injury are presented in table 1. cellular brain damage is a dynamic and evolving process that occurs over several hours and may go on for a few days. 8 the 4 pillars of cellular damage cause enzyme modulation and gene modulation in brain tissue, which results in apoptosis ( programmed cellular death ), necrosis, or if gene modulation is sufficient, repair. either apoptosis or necrosis leads to cellular death. 8 many mechanisms are likely to underlie ptsd, but specific pathophysiology is not yet clear. exposure to extreme stress activates the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis and increases autonomic reactivity, stress responses produce a reactive cell - mediated immune response, sleep physiology is disturbed, and perception of symptoms is psychologically altered. 4 functional mri studies have shown that trauma modulates the amygdala and medial prefrontal areas as a response to consciously attended fear. 9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5412756502979886, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0399a7b7-6a1e-4474-affd-1853c12f8cb4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.732468"}
{"text": "chapter 9 : conformity to social norms ( pp. 309 \u2013 314 ) - what is the influence of other group members ' opinions on the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of an individual? - what is the difference between privately and publicly conforming? - are there cultural differences in the views on conformity and the degree of conformity? in this topic - the formation of social norms ( pp. 309 \u2013 312 ) public versus private conformity ( pp. 312 \u2013 314 ) - conformity and false confessions in the interrogation room - conformity and culture the formation of social norms groups have influence on ambiguous ( sherif, 1936, see sp p. 309 ) and unambiguous situations ( asch, 1951, 1955, see sp p. 310 ) ; people often adopt the opinion of other group members and converge to social norms. these social norms reflect group evaluations of what is right and wrong. as a result of converging to groups ' opinions, people become more alike when interacting in groups. public versus private conformity conformity is the term used for the convergence of individuals ' thoughts, feelings, and behavior towards a group ' s norms. private conformity occurs when people truly believe that the group is right and even occurs in the absence of group members. public conformity occurs when we are pressured and feel we do not have a choice other than to conform to group norms. when publicly conforming, people pretend to agree, but privately think the group is wrong. conformity and false confessions in the interrogation room uncertain people are more likely to conform, even when it means confessing to a crime. public conformity is more likely to occur when a witness also agrees. people can privately conform without realizing it. conformity and culture in individualistic cultures, conformity is seen as something negative ; whereas in collectivistic cultures, conformity is seen as a social glue. accordingly, the degree of conformity is higher in collectivistic cultures than it is in individualistic cultures. case study : conformity and culture so what does this mean? people conform to the opinion of other group members and converge to social norms, because of their need to master the world and the need to be connected by others. private conformity occurs when people truly believe that the group is right, whereas public conformity occurs when we are pressured to conform to group norms. when publicly conforming, people still privately think the group is wrong. the degree of conformity is higher in collectivistic cultures, where they view conformity as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.574827489179092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3b4cc0e-db5d-4233-8c01-ac75423f97a6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.743621"}
{"text": "telomeres are the protective caps on chromosome ends found in eukaryotic cells. they consist of dna and associated proteins that are essential for chromosome integrity and stability. in human chromosomes, but also in other species, the telomeres consist of thousands of copies of 6 base repeats ( ttaggg ) or very closely related repeats. broken chromosomes lacking telomeres undergo fusion, rearrangement and translocation. in somatic cells, telomere length is progressively shortened with each cell division, both in vivo and in vitro due to the inability of the dna polymerase complex to replicate the very 5 ` end of the lagging strand of dna. in humans, telomerase, the enzyme that maintains the ends of chromosomes, is absent from the majority of somatic cells but is present and active in most tumors. telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that synthesises and directs the telomeric repeats onto the 3 ` end of existing telomeres using its rna component as a template. telomerase activity has been shown to be specifically expressed in immortal cells, cancer cells, and germ cells, where it compensates for telomere shortening during dna replication and thus stabilises telomere length. these observations have led to a hypothesis that telomere length may function as a mitotic clock to sense cell aging and eventually signal replicative senescence or programmed cell death. therefore, expression of telomerase activity in cancer cells is seen as a necessary and essential step for tumor development introduction of the telomerase catalytic protein component into normal telomerase - negative human cells may result in restoration of telomerase activity and extension of cellular life span. human cells with introduced telomerase maintain a normal chromosome complement and continue to grow in a normal manner. therefore induction of telomerase activity is nowadays used to immortalize cell lines. telomerase - induced manipulations of telomere length may thus be important not only for cell and tissue engineering but also for dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying inherited genetic diseases, as well as defining the genetic pathways leading to cancer. because almost all human tumors express telomerase activity, inhibition of telomerase may result in gradual erosion of telomeres and eventual cessation of cell proliferation or induction of apoptosis. thus telomerase may also be a promising target for cancer therapy. trap assay \u2013 the development of a sensitive and efficient pcr - based telomerase activity detection method, trap ( telomeric repeat amp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5597859507069707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:28a8f352-39d8-45ba-9c61-8722eb0bcf93>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.747145"}
{"text": "\" rebound exercise is the most efficient, effective form of exercise yet devised by man. \" a. carter summarized a nasa study in 1979, a study which nasa published in 1980 in the journal of applied physiology. nasa says, \"... for similar levels of heart rate and oxygen consumption, the magnitude of the bio mechanical stimuli is greater with jumping on a trampoline than with running, a finding that might help identify acceleration parameters needed for the design of remedial procedures to avert deconditioning in persons exposed to weightlessness. \u201c when rebounding, three natural forces are at work : gravity, acceleration and deceleration. in the up and down movement of bouncing, your body is subjected to these three forces and each time you bounce into the mat ( at its deepest point ) your body comes into a g - force ( gravity force ) of two to three. as a consequence, literally each cell of your body experiences a g - force which is two or three times stronger than normally. it is as if your weight would double or triple for a fraction of a second when you hit the deepest point of the rebounder mat. this exposure to a higher g - force is what strengthens the body ; and as it is only for a fraction of a second, this does not fatigue the body.. during the movement up to the highest point of your bounce, you come to nearly weightlessness and your body can relax completely.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.506164807510041, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b9ed4e8-7d92-4409-a84a-144915251c98>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.748646"}
{"text": "the \u2018 arab spring \u2019 of early 2011 brought about a dramatic change to the political landscape of the middle east. in tunisia, egypt, and libya, longstanding dictators were forced out of office by popular uprisings fueled by civil discontent. the fall of these regimes were historic moments, marking the end of a long reign of oppression and political stagnation. however, the governmental transitions which followed, and which continue to this day, are vitally important in determining the political future of these countries and the ultimate result of the \u2018 arab spring \u2019. for many in the middle east and across the world, the overthrow of autocratic regimes offers the hope for democracy and new freedoms. those who have guided and participated in these transitions have espoused democratic ideals and voiced commitments to the creation of new, democratic states. the circumstances and reality of the situation, however, means that these transitions have faced and will continue to face challenges and struggles in their attempt to bring about the creation of liberal democracy. tunisia, egypt, and libya each have a set of issues which could hinder, slow, or even prevent the formation of functional, liberal democracy, and these issues need to be addressed and resolved in order to guarantee long - term political stability. while these issues are unique to their countries in their characteristics, they are not without parallels. past democratic transitions in other regions of the world have suffered problems comparable to what the middle east does today and have struggled through their own difficulties in forming democracy. thus, by looking at the successful development of these other democracies possible solutions to the problems being faced now can be found and applied. additionally, it is possible to derive from the democratic development of these other regions a prediction as to what the result of transitions in the middle east may produce. the political situation in tunisia, egypt, and libya holds great promise for the development of democracy, but only if these difficult issues and challenges can be dealt with and solved. prior to discussing the challenges facing these transitions, it would be useful to analyze whether democracy has any requisites required for its formation and, if so, whether they have any bearing on the development of middle eastern democracy. democracy grows best when begun and incubated in a country which possess institutional mechanisms such as the acceptance of rule of law, a functional civil society and culture, impartial administrative bodies, open news media, and a viable education system1. prior to the \u2018 arab spring \u2019, the conditions in egypt, libya, and tunisia appeared, compared to these requisites, antithetical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47633535745380573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.779097"}
{"text": "society and culture, impartial administrative bodies, open news media, and a viable education system1. prior to the \u2018 arab spring \u2019, the conditions in egypt, libya, and tunisia appeared, compared to these requisites, antithetical to the formation and development of democracy : civil society was weak and thus an ineffective champion of democracy, labor unions were empty shells, literacy rates were low, economic control was in state hands, islam is presumed to be inhospitable to democracy, and the region was remote from the epicenter of democratization2. according to this reality and the stated requisites for democracy, the \u2018 arab spring \u2019 revolutions lacked the basis for democracy and, accordingly, any democratic experiment was doomed for failure. this is, however, an unsatisfying and, according to historical precedent, incorrect assumption. the middle east isn \u2019 t unique in its poor endowment with the prerequisites of democracy. other regions facing similar difficulties nonetheless managed to successfully begin and complete transitions to democracy. in sub - saharan africa, civil society is notoriously weak but yet 23 of 42 countries carried out some measure of democratic transition between 1988 and 1994 ; poverty and inequality as well as geographic remoteness from a democratic epicenter plagued india, yet it managed to fully embrace democracy ; catholicism has at times been accused of incompatibility with democracy yet did not prevent countries in latin america and southern europe from democratizing3. this indicates that democratization is an outcome so complex that no variable will prove to be universally necessary for it. while failure to achieve the perquisites of democracy might undermine the consolidation of it, it cannot explain a failure to carry out democratic transition. as such, it should not and cannot be assumed that the democratic transitions in tunisia, egypt, and libya are doomed to failure because their societies failed to meet perquisites for democracy. it is true they face significant hurdles and issues in their transitions, in part because of this failure, but the resolution of these issues can lead to full democratization as it has in countries with similar circumstances in the past. what issues, then, do these transitions face? what challenges lay ahead which tunisians, egyptians, and libyans will need to deal with in order to develop and solidify liberal democracy? in order to draw parallels to the transitions in the middle east and those in other regions, the problems facing the new arab democracies should be studied and understood. some issues apparent in all of these countries include economic problems, the role of islam in the political system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4735810536175591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.780116"}
{"text": "draw parallels to the transitions in the middle east and those in other regions, the problems facing the new arab democracies should be studied and understood. some issues apparent in all of these countries include economic problems, the role of islam in the political system, security concerns, and a lack of experience with democracy. of course, there also exist further problems whose characteristics and presence are unique to each of these countries. before any solution to these problems can be found, the problems must be studied and analyzed. tunisia was the first country in the arab world to witness the protests of the \u2018 arab spring \u2019, and was also the first to witness the overthrow of a regime. since then, the transition in tunisia has brought about free and fair elections in october 2011 and the seating of a constituent assembly in january 2012. many of the possible worst - case outcomes of the early transition, such as the reemergence of an autocratic regime, ideological polarization, or mass unrest have been avoided. still, there are a number of issues ahead which tunisia must deal with before it can ensure stability in its new democracy4. first, tunisian society is highly depoliticized. this depoliticized nature of tunisian society is a result to the political reality prior to the revolution where outcomes were largely preordained and many tunisians disenfranchised5. this electoral manipulation led to a disaffection among tunisians with politics which has and will continue to complicate the political transition, as it impedes the function of civil society and participation. a new tunisian government will need to change the political culture of tunisians and their perceptions of their role in the democracy, which will be a long and difficult task. an additional concern is of the role of political islam in tunisia. al - nahda, the dominant islamist party within tunisia, has frightened many tunisian seculars and liberals who are uneasy with the prospects of a more islamic government. in october 2011, it won 88 of the 217 seats in tunisia \u2019 s constituent assembly that will draft tunisia \u2019 s constitution6, demonstrating its popularity among many tunisians and greatly increasing its clout. as such, it is in a position to influence the direction of the transition and determine the nature of the new state. at the root of the debate are questions of how tunisia \u2019 s new democracy will interpret certain democratic principles in relation to islamic tenets and the role of sharia in the judiciary. whether the tunisian political system will incorporate an islamist party and whether all tunisians will accept a more islamic version", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4691154455002032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.781169"}
{"text": "questions of how tunisia \u2019 s new democracy will interpret certain democratic principles in relation to islamic tenets and the role of sharia in the judiciary. whether the tunisian political system will incorporate an islamist party and whether all tunisians will accept a more islamic version of government remains to be see, but the issue is that it could lead to a polarization of tunisian society between two competing visions for tunisia and fragment the government. fortunately, al - nahda has thus far demonstrated moderation in its islamic orientation, and has stated that it won \u2019 t seek too heavy of an incorporation of sharia into the tunisian constitution7. tunisians must also contend with a sprawling internal security apparatus built by the previous regime which has been associated with repressive practices and is perceived by the public as an instrument of regime control. tunisian police have continued to utilize heavy - handed responses since the revolution, and this suggests that the changing of mentalities and culture within the security apparatus will be a slow process8. it is necessary, however, to bring the security forces under governmental oversight and force them to exercise reasonable practices in order to preserve the rule of law and to ensure the function of safe and free society. the status of the economy within tunisia is also a major concern and issue. for many tunisians, the 2011 uprising was motivated by socioeconomic grievances as much as a desire for political change9. since the revolution, however, youth unemployment, regional disparities in wealth, and growing personal indebtedness has continued unabated10. poor economic conditions could remain a source of political restiveness in tunisia, and a failure by the new government to improve the economy could weaken its legitimacy and thus the transition as a whole. this mismatch between the hopes of tunisians during the revolution and the difficult reality of the present economy will be perhaps the biggest challenge to stability in tunisia going forward11. it should be noted that, despite these challenges, tunisia \u2019 s success so far in its democratic transition has brought it across the threshold of becoming an electoral democracy. if these issues can be resolved and democracy deepen in tunisia, it will serve as a model for the other transitional governments and the rest of the arab world. the revolution in libya took much longer and was a much bloodier struggle than in egypt and tunisia. mummar gaddafi was overthrown and killed following months of civil war and an international intervention on the side of the rebels. still, following his fall the country has begun its own transition into democracy. nevertheless, as a result of gaddafi \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4952046015487806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.782336"}
{"text": "and tunisia. mummar gaddafi was overthrown and killed following months of civil war and an international intervention on the side of the rebels. still, following his fall the country has begun its own transition into democracy. nevertheless, as a result of gaddafi \u2019 s rule and the manner of his ouster, the challenges facing libya in its development of democracy are markedly different than those of its neighbors. first, libya faces a severely weakened internal cohesion as a result of its population \u2019 s tribal nature and because of regional splits between east and west. leaders from the east and south of libya seek a more decentralized state, while those from the west favor centralization12. this, coupled with strong regional identities, could potentially cause a split in the country or turn regions against each other in a fight to determine the nature of the future government. of course, the issue about what level of centralization the new libya will possess demonstrates that there are mutually exclusive competing visions for its future, and this could lead to instability or struggles down the road. even more worrisome is that there exists an array of militias that are tied to different tribes and locales, each of which claims ownership of the revolution and demands a share of the political spoils. ethnic divisions between berbers and arabs are surfacing as well13. such divisions could reinforce ethnic and regional loyalties at the expense of national identification, and thus harm the social and civil cohesiveness of the national state. going forward, libya \u2019 s leaders will need to negotiate some sort of balance between the role of the central government, its power, and the role of regional administrations. they will also need to foster the development of national identity and dispel regional and ethnic identification ; otherwise, the function of a national democracy seeking to represent all libyans will be severely hampered. another major challenge facing libya is building a democratic state in a country systematically depoliticized by the former regime. gaddafi \u2019 s rule saw the absence of competitive elections, political parties, and creation of tight regulations on civic life14. this had depraved libyans of any avenue for genuine political participation, and its effects have and will continue to be felt. having lacked any experience with civil society or any institutions for it, the new libyan state and libyan people will need to create fresh mechanisms for democratic participation and learn civil culture. this, of course, will be a difficult endeavor, and will necessarily take some time15. until then, libyan democracy will be shaky at best and undoubtedly fail to encompass the entire libyan population", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4482127175808114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.783487"}
{"text": "to create fresh mechanisms for democratic participation and learn civil culture. this, of course, will be a difficult endeavor, and will necessarily take some time15. until then, libyan democracy will be shaky at best and undoubtedly fail to encompass the entire libyan population. another massive difficulty facing the libyan transition is the tenuous state of security in the country. tens of thousands of armed revolutionaries form a patchwork pattern of control over various parts of the country. the libyan transitional government has tried to reign in these militia groups and incorporate them into security forces or integrate them into local governments16. still, armed groups not under oversight by the libyan government pose a direct challenge to the transition and its ability to keep security and stability during a tenuous time. the proliferation of arms from the civil war means that organizations seeking to subvert the government or who disagree with the direction of the transition could inflict damage or forcefully impede its progress. this is especially dangerous as a national, government controlled army and security apparatus is still in formation and is dwarfed by the number of armed rebels and the territorial size of libya17. despite the difficulties that lay in the way of a successful transition, there is optimism to be had about the prospects of a democratic libya : tribal and regional differences are less virulent than the sectarian and ethnic divisions that have fueled prolonged conflict in some other regions of the middle east, libya \u2019 s geopolitical environment is fairly positive, there is a widespread pride in gaddafi \u2019 s overthrow, and there is the fact that libya has a copious oil revenue which, if properly managed, can help to rapidly rebuild and form state and national institutions18. on february 11th, 2011, president hosni mubarak of egypt was forced to cede power, making him the second arab leader to be ousted in less than a month because of sweeping protests. his swift ouster marked the beginning of what promised to be a much longer and more difficult political transition. on june 24th, 2012, mohamed morsi won the egyptian presidential elections, marking a significant step forward in egypt \u2019 s transition. however, the challenges it faces going further are significant. one of the largest issues facing egypt now is the overreach of egypt \u2019 s dominant political party, the islamist muslim brotherhood19. egypt now has only two nationally elected bodies, the presidency and the upper house, both of which the brotherhood controls. furthermore, the brotherhood has control in the constituent assembly, the body tasked with drafting a new constitution. there is serious concern that the muslim brotherhood could build itself a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46633014658664795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.784558"}
{"text": "nationally elected bodies, the presidency and the upper house, both of which the brotherhood controls. furthermore, the brotherhood has control in the constituent assembly, the body tasked with drafting a new constitution. there is serious concern that the muslim brotherhood could build itself a monopoly on the system and guarantee its supremacy. if it does, democracy in egypt could very well take on an illiberal tint and one form of dictatorship be replaced with another. a similar concern is of the growing powers of the egyptian presidency. on the 22nd of november, morsi made a decree that placed him above oversight of any kind, including the courts20. this move sparked massive protests, demonstrating that it faces significant opposition, but the potential for morsi morphing the egyptian presidency into a dominant office, one that enjoys powers even more substantial than under mubarak, is worrisome for those who fear the return of authoritarianism. related to these issues is the role of political islam within egypt. the muslim brotherhood and other islamic parties have a control of egyptian politics during the formative period of the new egyptian state. this is especially worrisome for liberals and seculars in egypt, groups which participated in the revolution and ouster of mubarak but who now are being pushed out of the process of drafting a constitution and thus out of the formation of the new state. this represents the struggle between competing visions for egypt \u2019 s future, and there are concerns among some egyptians that an islamic government would be hostile to liberal democracy or roll back freedoms21. indeed, it is unclear whether the results of this islamist hegemony over the egyptian transition may produce or if it will satisfy the aspirations and hopes of the protesters who filled tahrir square last february. a disconnect between results and the initial vision could lead to a return to street politics and an erosion of domestic stability22, and the recent protests against morsi indeed does demonstrate this. an additional major concern for egypt is status of the economy, which has regressed significantly since the revolution. while many of the economic issues the \u2018 new \u2019 egypt faces are challenges it inherited such as high unemployment, an education system ill - suited to the job market, and wealth inequality, the additional challenges of the revolution have exacerbated these issues and the prospect for future growth is austere23. if economic decline continues, the new government could face serious issues of legitimacy and could face public anger over the differences between hopes at the beginning of the revolution and the economic reality of the present. indeed, there are fears that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4363219557236565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.785622"}
{"text": "is austere23. if economic decline continues, the new government could face serious issues of legitimacy and could face public anger over the differences between hopes at the beginning of the revolution and the economic reality of the present. indeed, there are fears that continued economic decline could lead to a reversion to authoritarianism or force the government to rush to fulfill populist economic demands with little consideration of their long term economic consequence24. egypt \u2019 s democratic transition thus faces a number of significant and dangerous challenges, and some of these have come to a head in the very recent past. as one of the leading arab states, the ultimate results of the egyptian transition will undoubtedly play a significant role in shaping and influencing the future of the broader arab political environment. it should be remembered that, despite their current conflict, the disparate groups which seek to influence the direction of the transition and the future of the egyptian government have come together in past in order to oust mubarak. with that in mind, there is hope that national reconciliation between these groups can happen in the future and a liberal egyptian democracy can form. as can be seen, the issues facing the transitions in tunisia, egypt, and libya are numerous and significant in the challenges they pose. solutions to these problems can be found and implemented, but that does not mean that they necessarily will, or whether the \u2018 proper \u2019 solution can be found. furthermore, unexpected events, circumstances, or issues may arise which could also jeopardize the formation of liberal democracy in these countries. thus, as a result of these challenges and the unpredictable nature of democratic transitions, the changes currently underway in the arab world may indeed lead to various possible destinations that differ from liberal democracy. nevertheless, an analysis of past experiences with democratic transitions from throughout the world can provide examples of how the arab experience might proceed and what some possible results of the current transitions could be. additionally, these past experiences can provide lessons for the current arab transitions and solutions to the problems which they currently posses. a brief history of the recent \u2018 third wave \u2019 of democratic transition should be thus be provided. the \u2018 third wave \u2019 of democratic transitions began in southern europe in the mid 1970s, continued in latin america in the 1980s and into the 1990s, and spread throughout eastern europe and the post - soviet \u2018 sphere \u2019 following the breakup of the soviet union in 198925. in southern europe, spain experienced a regime - initiated transition whose speed and success hinged on a high degree of consent and consensus. greece was eased into its transition with considerable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.449786540615703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.787530"}
{"text": "- soviet \u2018 sphere \u2019 following the breakup of the soviet union in 198925. in southern europe, spain experienced a regime - initiated transition whose speed and success hinged on a high degree of consent and consensus. greece was eased into its transition with considerable and recent experience with democratic rule. in portugal, a transition was slowed because of political and ideological divisions26. the southern european countries had an important advantage in that they were eligible for membership in european institutions, which provided a framework and incentive for the transitions as well as a yardstick for measuring progress towards the establishment of democratic rule. in latin america, the argentine government was delegitimized and brought down because of the falklands war and guided by the military through a democratic transition. in chile, the democratic transition was carried out within a constitutional framework set up by an authoritarian regime with past experiences with democracy27. these transitions reflected strong continent - wide trends towards democratic governance, the free market, and trade liberalization. these trends strengthened the role of civil society and elected officials while transforming the political role of the military28. in eastern europe, the regime changes in hungary and poland represented examples of regime - initiated transitions which were characterized by considerable consensus and compromise. civil society and independent institutions had developed well before the onset of these transitions, which facilitated the ease of transition. romania and kyrgyzstan were examples of society - initiated transition. they both lacked well - developed civil society and the transition process was characterized by considerable social unrest and turmoil29. the transitions in romania and kyrgyzstan are perhaps most similar to the transitions in the arab world, as they came from pressures from society rather than from the regime to launch reforms. additional parallels exist, such as the repressive nature of the regimes, the failure for civil society or independent institutions to develop, and the presence of a limited circle of aristocrats who enjoyed the benefits and spoils of rule30. additional comparisons between the arab transitions into democracy and other democratic transitions exist. popular expectations and continued pressure among revolutionaries and the public will be more important to the outcomes of the arab spring than in some previous transitions. in egypt, for example, protesters have continuously put pressure against those managing the transition to maintain momentum towards democracy, and this is especially evident in the recent protests against morsi \u2019 s decree. in contrast, transitions in southern europe, latin america, and eastern europe were generally sustained by elite consensus, developed before the transitions opening or in its early stages, and the populations were less abrasive with their demands. a result of popular protests and \u2018 transition from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4812530001141175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.788914"}
{"text": "transitions in southern europe, latin america, and eastern europe were generally sustained by elite consensus, developed before the transitions opening or in its early stages, and the populations were less abrasive with their demands. a result of popular protests and \u2018 transition from below \u2019 may force the transitions to move more quickly than those initiated from above, such as in latin america31. on the other hand, in the absence of the elite and intergroup consensus which helped push forward transitions in some latin american and european countries, the egyptian, libyan, and tunisian transitions may remain contested for protracted periods of time. what lessons and past experiences, then, can be derived from these other transitions and applied to the arab transitions? are there solutions to the problems which inhibit the development of liberal democracy in the middle east? first, the role of islam in arab politics can be examined. with the rise of democracy, parties and espousing islamic views either came into existence or began to operate within the political system, and the powerful performance of various islamist parties such as the muslim brotherhood in egypt and al - nahda in tunisia demonstrates that islamism will play a significant role in the future of these states. the question is whether these parties will be able to develop political and social agendas within a democratic system alongside parties with secular orientations, and whether transitional leaders can integrate islamist parties and values into largely secular conceptions of the state. it is possible that the transitions will follow paths similar to turkey and indonesia, where socially conservative muslim parties play active roles in electoral politics within the democratic system32. past experience with religion in transitions have demonstrated that it need not necessarily be an issue or be incompatible with liberal democracy. the evolution of the catholic church in latin america demonstrates how religious actors can evolve to operate within new political paradigms. throughout much of history, it was considered antithetical to democracy, but following vatican ii the catholic church came to be widely regarded as a champion of democracy and human rights, especially in brazil and chile \u2019 s democratic transitions33. the question whose answer remains to be seen is whether the arab states in transition will be able to reinterpret their islamic traditions and whether the more conservative or radical elements will moderate their positions once integrated into the system. if they do not, a significant concern is that the deep schisms between secular groups and islamic groups will fracture the new democratic systems or spark conflict over the future of the state. despite this concern, previous democratic transitions demonstrate that the threat to democratization that social cohesion problems pose comes less from the problems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5057752201832311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.789979"}
{"text": "schisms between secular groups and islamic groups will fracture the new democratic systems or spark conflict over the future of the state. despite this concern, previous democratic transitions demonstrate that the threat to democratization that social cohesion problems pose comes less from the problems themselves, in this case the role of islam, and more from how the government responds to them34. they test a government \u2019 s capacity and commitment to responding in way that are consistent with norms associated with democracy, and poor responses to cohesion problems could manifest or reinforce weakness in democracy. polarization is brought to the surface in the democratization process by enabling parties that reflect differing views to wield new influence. lack of consensus on the nature of the state can be an obstacle in constitutional negotiations, law reform, establishment of new governance structures, and setting of policy priorities35. these, however, are all issues with the conduct of government, and the government does not need to let these societal cohesion problems create these issues. previous transitions have demonstrated that this is possible : in indonesia, the government successfully brokered agreements between muslim and christian communities and responded to violence between these groups with police deployment and negotiations, and in spain an escalation of violence linked to basque and catalan nationalism threatened to derail the transition process, but the government negotiated autonomy arrangements so that the problem was defused. on the other hand, turkey \u2019 s transitional example demonstrates a government \u2019 s response that can weaken or reflect weaknesses in its democracy. the turkish government responded to kurdish nationalism with repressive measures directed at segments of its own population and resistance to cultural and political autonomy for the kurdish area36. thus, societal cohesion problems such as the split between seculars, liberals, and islamists need not necessarily thwart the development and consolidation of democracy, but the way the government responds to these problems could. another important lesson from past democratic transitions is that few cases of successful democratic transitions have not suffered from turbulence such as this, indicating that political instability and turbulence alone does not derail democratization, and that the difficulty of managing high popular expectations or perceptions about future direction after regime change was not a prominent factor in the reversal of transitions. indeed, romania \u2019 s transition process was prolonged and disorderly, with ideological differences rife between segments of society. nevertheless, romania managed to successfully democratize, demonstrating that tumult early in a transition does not doom the democratic process, provided that there are sufficient countervailing forces to keep democratization on track. 38 rather, a failure to reform institutions, insufficient commitment to democrat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5116545259918029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.791048"}
{"text": "to successfully democratize, demonstrating that tumult early in a transition does not doom the democratic process, provided that there are sufficient countervailing forces to keep democratization on track. 38 rather, a failure to reform institutions, insufficient commitment to democratization on the part of leaders, and other internal power struggles were more powerful factors39. outcomes can hinge on whether the regime change involved the rejection of the former political system, not just the rejection of the former regime. thus, the role of political islam itself might not be of concern, but instead the way that the transitioning states form their governments to cope with or incorporate it could be. tunisia and libya could, therefore, overcome their issues and still develop liberal democracies : tunisia \u2019 s has rejected the mechanisms of ben \u2018 ali \u2019 s state and has developed new democratic institutions, and libya has begun the process of developing a new democratic framework from scratch. in egypt, however, the consolidation of power under the muslim brotherhood and morsi \u2019 s grabbing of power for the office of the presidency is similar to tactics used by past dictatorial regimes and could pave the way for the reappearance and entrenchment of authoritarianism, thus potentially spelling disaster for the prospect of a democratic egypt. of course, the protests in response to morsi \u2019 s decree and the growing clout of the muslim brotherhood represents a significant countervailing pressure, and thus perhaps the tumult that egypt is experiencing will, like in the case of romania, not derail the long term democratic transition. the economic conditions in tunisia, libya, and egypt are of major concern because of the difficulties they present to the transitions. poor economic conditions were a trigger for the \u2018 arab spring \u2019, and they were as well in many countries which have experienced political transitions in the past. eastern european regimes had based their legitimacy on ensuring satisfactory standards of living, for example, and saw it fracture when undermined by poor economic performance. chile \u2019 s 1982 financial crises reinforced a trend towards gradual democratization. a major lesson from these transitions, however, is that failure to improve living standards has not caused democratization to fail40. spain suffered sharp economic deterioration after regime change, but democratization proceeded and enjoyed strong public support. in argentina, a dire economic situation during the regime change prompted the new civilian government to adopt an austerity program, and while strong public backlash led to the new president \u2019 s early resignation it did not dissolve the political transition. thus, economic problems, however troublesome for government leaders,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4706008129741927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.792335"}
{"text": "the regime change prompted the new civilian government to adopt an austerity program, and while strong public backlash led to the new president \u2019 s early resignation it did not dissolve the political transition. thus, economic problems, however troublesome for government leaders, are not necessarily determinative of the course of democratization. of course, the transitions in the arab world are especially fragile and could be more vulnerable to economic strains than in many past cases. considering that the main motivator for revolution was poor economic conditions, it is entirely possible that failure to improve the economy could delegitimize these new regimes and damage the democratic framework which the transitions are trying to produce. if anything, these lessons learned from previous transitions demonstrate that the arab transitions, though facing many issues and challenges, are not facing an impossible task in developing liberal democracy. the emergence of a democracy in tunisia, whose transition has gone by largely successfully, could increase the probability of reform and successful transitions in the other arab countries. after all, the transitions in latin america demonstrate that regional factors and diffusion about the role of democracy influenced democratization more than any other factor41. furthermore, though the current situation in these transitioning states may appear fragile, that does not mean that they are doomed. the climate for democratization in latin america during the 1970s was also similarly \u2018 negative \u2019, and few would have predicted that these states would have developed liberal democracies over the long term42. history has proven that, if the transitions in the arab states are able to overcome their issues and struggles, then it is entirely possible that democracy will be built and consolidated over the long term. whether they will, however, remains to be seen. still, arab democracy should not be disavowed just yet. 1. david sorenson. \u201c some democratic requisites \u201d, transitions in the arab world, spring or fall? strategic studies quarterly, accessed november 25, 2012. http : / / www. au. af. mil / au / ssq / 2011 / fall / sorenson. pdf 2. eva bellin. \u201c prerequisites : a useful approach? \u201d, the robustness of authoritarianism in the middle east : exceptionalism in comparative perspective. comparative politics, accessed november 25, 2012. http : / / www. jstor. org / stable / 4150140? seq = 3 4. maria paciello. \u201c tunisia : changes and challenges of political transition \u201d, sustainable development, medpro technical papers, accessed november 26, 2012. http :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43999261918235305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.793314"}
{"text": ". jstor. org / stable / 4150140? seq = 3 4. maria paciello. \u201c tunisia : changes and challenges of political transition \u201d, sustainable development, medpro technical papers, accessed november 26, 2012. http : / / www. ceps. eu / book / tunisia - changes - and - challenges - political - transition 5. lisa miller et al. \u201c the regime transition in tunisia and emerging challenges \u201d, democratization in the arab world. national defense research institute, accessed november 25, 2012. http : / / www. rand. org / content / dam / rand / pubs / monographs / 2012 / rand _ mg1192. pdf 7. alexis arieff. \u201c islam, politics, and the state \u201d, political transition in tunisia. congressional research service, accessed november 26, 2012. http : / / www. fas. org / sgp / crs / row / rs21666. pdf 8. lisa miller et al. \u201c the regime transition in tunisia and emerging challenges \u201d, democratization in the arab world. national defense research institute, accessed november 25, 2012. http : / / www. rand. org / content / dam / rand / pubs / monographs / 2012 / rand _ mg1192. pdf 9. alexis arieff. \u201c the economy \u201d, political transition in tunisia. congressional research service, accessed november 26, 2012. http : / / www. fas. org / sgp / crs / row / rs21666. pdf 10. lisa miller et al. \u201c the regime transition in tunisia and emerging challenges \u201d, democratization in the arab world. national defense research institute, accessed november 25, 2012. http : / / www. rand. org / content / dam / rand / pubs / monographs / 2012 / rand _ mg1192. pdf 12. paul salem. \u201c federalism and decentralization \u201d, libya \u2019 s troubled transition. carnegie endowment for international peace, accessed november 26, 2012. http : / / carnegieendowment. org / 2012 / 06 / 14 / libya - s - troubled - transition / bzw4 # 13. lisa miller et al. \u201c implications for libya, yemen, and syria \u201d, democratization in the arab world. national defense research institute, accessed november 25, 2012. http : / / www. rand. org / content / dam / rand / pubs / monographs / 2012 / rand _ mg1192. pdf 16", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4767627837309111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.794193"}
{"text": "democratization in the arab world. national defense research institute, accessed november 25, 2012. http : / / www. rand. org / content / dam / rand / pubs / monographs / 2012 / rand _ mg1192. pdf 16. paul salem \u201c the security challenge \u201d, libya \u2019 s troubled transition. carnegie endowment for international peace, accessed november 26, 2012. http : / / carnegieendowment. org / 2012 / 06 / 14 / libya - s - troubled - transition / bzw4 # 17. \u201c resurrecting the governments forces \u201d ibid 19. thomas carothers. \u201c the real danger for egyptian democracy \u201d, carnegie endowment for international peace, accessed november 28, 2012. http : / / www. carnegieendowment. org / 2012 / 11 / 12 / real - danger - for - egyptian - democracy / eg5z # 20. leila fadel. \u201c is morsi morphing into authoritarian he opposed? \u201d npr, accessed november 28, 2012. http : / / www. npr. org / 2012 / 12 / 03 / 166426850 / is - morsi - morphing - into - authoritarian - he - opposed 21. david sorenson. \u201c might arab transitions change the politics of religion? \u201d, transitions in the arab world, spring or fall? strategic studies quarterly, accessed november 28, 2012. http : / / www. au. af. mil / au / ssq / 2011 / fall / sorenson. pdf 22. lisa miller et al. \u201c the regime transition in egypt and emerging challenges \u201d, democratization in the arab world. national defense research institute, accessed november 28, 2012. http : / / www. rand. org / content / dam / rand / pubs / monographs / 2012 / rand _ mg1192. pdf 24. ibrahim saif. \u201c challenges of egypt \u2019 s economic transition \u201d, carnegie endowment for international peace, accessed november 29, 2012. http : / / carnegieendowment. org / 2011 / 11 / 09 / challenges - of - egypt - s - economic - transition / 8kir 25. \u201c how does arab spring compare to third wave transitions? \u201d, democracy digest, accessed december 1, 2012. http : / / www. demdigest. net / blog / 2012 / 07 / how - does - arab - spring - compare - to - third - wave - transitions / 26. lisa miller et al. \u201c southern europe \u201d, democratization in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4738633484212773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.795070"}
{"text": "/ / www. demdigest. net / blog / 2012 / 07 / how - does - arab - spring - compare - to - third - wave - transitions / 26. lisa miller et al. \u201c southern europe \u201d, democratization in the arab world. national defense research institute, accessed december 1, 2012. http : / / www. rand. org / content / dam / rand / pubs / monographs / 2012 / rand _ mg1192. pdf 27. \u201c latin america \u201d, ibid 28. \u201c how does arab spring compare to third wave transitions? \u201d, democracy digest, accessed december 1, 2012. http : / / www. demdigest. net / blog / 2012 / 07 / how - does - arab - spring - compare - to - third - wave - transitions / 29. lisa miller et al. \u201c eastern europe and the post - soviet space \u201d, democratization in the arab world. national defense research institute, accessed december 2, 2012. http : / / www. rand. org / content / dam / rand / pubs / monographs / 2012 / rand _ mg1192. pdf 31. \u201c lessons from past transitions and policy implications \u201d, ibid 33. david cortright, \u201c is islam the issue? \u201d, the tipping point : transitions to democracy in latin america and the middle east \u201d, kellogg institute for international studies, accessed december 2, 2012. http : / / kellogg. nd. edu / about / tipping % 20point - arab % 20spring. pdf 34. lisa miller et al. \u201c lessons from past transitions and policy implications \u201d, democratization in the arab world. national defense research institute, accessed december 2, 2012. http : / / www. rand. org / content / dam / rand / pubs / monographs / 2012 / rand _ mg1192. pdf 41. david cortright, \u201c conclusion? \u201d, the tipping point : transitions to democracy in latin america and the middle east \u201d, kellogg institute for international studies, accessed december 2, 2012. http : / / kellogg. nd. edu / about / tipping % 20point - arab % 20spring. pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45283355334373404, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:acb58a5b-be70-4e7a-844b-cb7c4e209e68>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.795902"}
{"text": "atlanta ( ap ) - - don ' t pet the pigs. that ' s the message state and county fair visitors got thursday from health officials who reported a five - fold increase of cases of a new strain of swine flu that spreads from pigs to people. most of the cases are linked to the fairs, where visitors are in close contact with infected pigs. this flu has mild symptoms and it ' s not really spreading from person to person. \" this is not a pandemic situation, \" said dr. joseph bresee of the centers for disease control and prevention. but any flu can be a risk for some people, and people should be cautious when they can, he added. the case count jumped from 29 a week ago to 158 this week, thanks to a wave of new cases in indiana and ohio, said bresee, the agency ' s chief of influenza epidemiology. most of the infected patients are children - - probably because many were working closely with raising, displaying and visiting pigs at the agricultural fairs, bresee said. the recent cases include at least 113 in indiana, 30 in ohio, one in hawaii and one in illinois, bresee said in a conference call with reporters. the count is changing rapidly. indiana health officials on thursday afternoon said they had seven more confirmed cases than bresee noted. that would raise the grand total to 165 so far. also, diagnosis of cases has become quicker in the last week. cdc no longer must confirm a case with its own lab. now states are using cdc test kits to confirm cases on their own on, speeding the process along. the newly reported cases were likely infected a week or two ago. the cdc has been tracking cases since last summer. a concern : the new strain has a gene from the 2009 pandemic strain that might let it spread more easily than pig viruses normally do. the good news is the flu does not seem to be unusually dangerous. almost all of the illnesses have been mild and no one has died. two of the recent cases were hospitalized, but both recovered and were discharged, bresee said. more good news is that all of the recent cases appear to have spread from pigs to humans, meaning it ' s not very contagious, at least between people. but there probably will be more cases in the weeks ahead, and it won ' t be surprising if at least a few of them involve person - to - person transmission, bresee said. pigs spread flu virus just like people do, with coughing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41959728762302734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e484229-180b-4e5b-9803-7a787d3f5380>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.798709"}
{"text": "thousands face delay in medical tests by liz szabo thousands of patients in the usa may face delays in getting key medical tests because of a global shortage of radioactive tracers, which are used to perform bone scans and to assess blood flow to the heart, experts say. the radiotracer in short supply, mo - 99, is mostly used to observe blood flow to the heart and in bone scans that assess the spread of cancer, says robert atcher, president of the society of nuclear medicine. used in 80 % of nuclear medicine procedures, the drug also is used to measure kidney function and to gauge whether cancers have spread to the lymph nodes during some breast cancer surgeries. the impact on patients is \u201c very serious, \u201d atcher says. about half of the 20 million nuclear medical scans performed in the usa each year are for urgent needs, he says. in some cases, cancer patients may safely delay the tests for a few days or weeks. but others, such as those who have had heart attacks, may not be able to wait and may have to have more invasive procedures, such as angiograms, says atcher of the los alamos national laboratory in new mexico. the shortage stems from the shutdown of three of the world \u2019 s six facilities that make radioisotopes, according to an article by the british nuclear medicine society in the current british medical journal, or bmj. reactors in france and belgium have closed for scheduled maintenance, while a dutch reactor unexpectedly shut down in late august because of a problem in its cooling system. the dutch reactor, which supplies about half of the usa \u2019 s supply of mo - 99, isn \u2019 t expected to reopen until late october. mo - 99 has a half - life of less than three days, so it can \u2019 t be stockpiled or stored for very long. half - life is the time required for a radioactive substance to lose 50 % of its activity by decay. the shutdown of a canadian reactor in november and december last year delayed exams for about 50, 000 patients in the usa, which has no facilities to make mo - 99, according to the bmj article written by alan perkins, andrew hilson and john hall. all the reactors that make nuclear medicines are about 40 years old, the article states. as the reactors age, shortages could become more common. ( c ) copyright 2008 usa today, a division of gannett co. inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4556857107422662, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7df9fd22-19b6-48de-8f11-a379c18db94d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.801130"}
{"text": "cooperating comes easy to elephants in a series of tests in thailand, researchers learned that elephants can cooperate to solve a problem, as reported in monday \u2019 s edition of proceedings of the national academy of sciences. \u201c elephants are socially complex, \u201d lead researcher joshua m. plotnik, study leader from the university of cambridge explained to ap, \u201c they help others in distress. \" \u201c they seem in some ways emotionally attached to each other, so you would expect there would be some level of cooperation. \u201d however, he added, \u201c i was surprised how quickly they learned. \u201d six pairs of elephants were tested 40 times over two days and every pair figured it out, succeeding on at least eight of the last 10 trials. the tests involved food rewards placed on a platform on the ground connected to a rope with the elephants behind a fence. the elephants, to get the food closer to them, had to pull the two ends of the rope at the same time to drag the platform under the fence. pulling one end resulted in nothing but rope. in another experiment, the researchers left only one end of the rope within reach of the elephants, with the other end coiled on the table. the elephants didn \u2019 t bother to pull the rope, seeming to recognize that it wouldn \u2019 t work if their partner couldn \u2019 t pull the other end. it is hard to draw a line between learning and understanding, the researchers concluded, but the elephants did engage in cooperative behavior and paid attention to their partner. adam stone, elephant program manager at zoo atlanta, told ap it was significant that the elephants learned quickly. \u201c we \u2019 re learning about the amazing mind of the elephant, \u201d he said. it was long thought that learning and cooperation were limited to primates, and \u201c it \u2019 s interesting to see that these other species are on the ball, \u201d stone explained. associate director of animal care science at the smithsonian \u2019 s national zoo, don moore, explains that observations of elephants have suggested that they cooperate, but it hadn \u2019 t been experimentally tested before. \u201c elephants are big, they \u2019 re social, they live long lives and they \u2019 re really, really smart, \u201d he said. the youngest elephant in the study quickly learned that she did not have to do any pulling to get a treat. \u201c she could just put her foot on the rope, so her partner had to do all the work, \u201d said dr. plotnik. many scientists, photographers and film - makers have documented remarkable behavior by wild elephants, including \u201c targeted helping \u201d of other elephants that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44849661589034295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f06b727-e343-48a6-af64-b0aff1cb6534>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.805657"}
{"text": "that americans love their cars or that our infrastructure is built around them isn \u2019 t something people argue with, but what to do about it is a source of debate. in their book, creating green roadways : integrating cultural, natural, and visual resources into transportation, james l. sipes, asla, and matthew l. sipes offer up practical construction, design advice on how we might begin to move beyond basic transportation. sipes and sipes, a landscape architect and engineer respectively, haven \u2019 t just written a book about roads. as they say in their introduction, they \u2019 ve written a book about \u201c pedestrians and bicycle facilities, streetscapes, community character ; protecting cultural and natural resources and ensuring creatures large and small can cross the road safely. it is about multimodality, natural processes, and energy efficiency. \u201d with common language, thorough research and numerous case studies, the sipes provide the reader with sound arguments for making our roadways green. they define green roadways as highways and roads that are site specific, that respect both the visual character of the place as well as plant and animal life. green roadways work with a site \u2019 s watershed, maintain green corridors, and protect open spaces. it is possible, the authors maintain, to create roads that both meet traditional engineering standards and minimize their impact on the environment. more than that, though, green roadways are about getting people out of their cars \u2013 walking, biking and using public transportation. they contend that the time is ripe for this green conversion, citing quite a few scary statistics : 33 percent of our nation \u2019 s roadways are in \u201c poor or mediocre \u201d condition ; 36 percent of our major urban highways are congested ; and 26 percent of bridges are \u201c structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. \u201d they point to the collapse of the i - 35 w bridge over the mississippi in minneapolis as an example of what might happen if we don \u2019 t make these changes. and not to put too fine a point on it, since the book has gone to press, yet another bridge has collapsed, this time on i - 5 over the skagit river in washington state. the number of cars on our roads has quadrupled from 65 million cars and trucks in 1955 to 246 million today, and where in 1970 vehicles in the us traveled 1 trillion miles per year, in 2010 that number had increased to 3 trillion miles per year while the amount of paved roads increased only 1. 97 percent. these numbers are staggering, and the basic argument that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47694073877430027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:caab912a-aa97-4a01-9505-58d5316dc029>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.864695"}
{"text": "where in 1970 vehicles in the us traveled 1 trillion miles per year, in 2010 that number had increased to 3 trillion miles per year while the amount of paved roads increased only 1. 97 percent. these numbers are staggering, and the basic argument that the sipes make is that building more roads won \u2019 t solve these problems. after all, how will laying down more roadways provide a solution when we can \u2019 t maintain what we have? instead, their book makes a strong case for integrating roads, bridges, trails, walkways and other elements so they become assets, not liabilities. as they say, \u201c roads and highways have such an impact on our communities that we need to start thinking about them in terms of quality of life. \u201d in urban and suburban areas, especially on local and neighborhood roads, the move should be on \u201c de - emphasizing roads. \u201d they should be narrowed and their visual impact lessened, sidewalks widened, and opportunities for sociability increased. the use of rain gardens and bioswales rather than a reliance on drains also lessens the environmental impact of roads. greener roundabouts can be used to slow traffic, and in the case of the roundabout in normal, illinois, it was designed as a community gathering places as well as a system for underground storm water collection. our interstates can be retrofitted to allow for wildlife crossings, either as land bridges or underpasses, which protect habitat and wildlife populations that live around highways. the authors note that the average cost of repair to a vehicle after a crash involving an animal is $ 2, 900, a figure that certainly makes these changes worthwhile. both sipes, who do believe there is still a place for pleasure driving, especially along the nation \u2019 s scenic and historic roads, provide the reader with examples of roads that are done well. they also offer recommendations for protecting the environmental, cultural and historical resources along these roadways. the authors are dedicated to turning our transportation systems to assets, not liabilities, and have written a book to help guide this transformation. this guest post is by heidi petersen, student asla, asla 2013 summer intern and master \u2019 s of landscape architecture candidate, illinois institute of technology ( iit ) image credits : ( 1 ) island press, ( 2 ) portland library streetcar stop / j. sipes, ( 3 ) atlanta \u2019 s 15th street / edaw, ( 4 ) portland green street rain garden / kevin robert perry, city of portland, ( 5 ) normal, illinois roundabout / city of normal, illinois", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4505364582709543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:caab912a-aa97-4a01-9505-58d5316dc029>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.865756"}
{"text": "streetcar stop / j. sipes, ( 3 ) atlanta \u2019 s 15th street / edaw, ( 4 ) portland green street rain garden / kevin robert perry, city of portland, ( 5 ) normal, illinois roundabout / city of normal, illinois, ( 6 ) proposed wildlife crossing / washington department of transportation, ( 7 ) stone retaining wall / depositphotos. com, ( 8 ) blue ridge parkway linn cove viaduct / wikipedia commons the dirt has initiated a new bi - weekly feature highlighting news stories from around the web on landscape architecture. for more la in the news, check out land, asla \u2019 s newsletter. if you see others you \u2019 d like included, please email us at \u201c in 1996, when developers proposed a residential community atop the slag heaps that for decades had greeted parkway travelers at the inbound entrance to the squirrel hill tunnel, a dream once envisioned by famed landscape architect frederick law olmstead but long thwarted by the demands of the steel industry would finally become possible. \u201d \u201c as many metropolitan areas around the midwest begin to reap the benefits of a downtown resurgence that has graced cities from cincinnati to chicago, cleveland plans to turn its lackluster public square into a 10 - acre park in the heart of downtown. \u201d \u201c a new \u2018 toolbox \u2019 is put together annually by the danish organization sustainia, aiming to differentiate itself from other sustainability awards by focusing exclusively on solutions that are available today. by highlighting trends as well as the solutions that already exist to capitalise on them, sustainia aims to create an army of world - changing ideas. \u201d \u201c the curving benches are a tip of his cap to jens jensen, the early 20th - century danish - american landscape architect who brought the feeling of the prairie, and native american traditions, to chicago \u2019 s parks and countless public and private landscapes across the country. \u201d these articles were compiled by phil stamper, asla public relations and communications coordinator image credit : mountain laurel at brooklyn botanic garden / randy harris for the new york times. i have been under stress watching the recent events taking place in my native turkey. these events began with peaceful demonstrations on may 29 by environmentally - minded citizens who wanted to preserve one of the last remaining green spaces in istanbul. they did not want to see a planned demolition and privatization of a public park known as gezi ( promenade ) park in a major public open space in the district of taksim. however, excessive use of force by the riot police \u2014 with their use of water cannons, rubber bullets,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4535459956651125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:caab912a-aa97-4a01-9505-58d5316dc029>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.868139"}
{"text": "demolition and privatization of a public park known as gezi ( promenade ) park in a major public open space in the district of taksim. however, excessive use of force by the riot police \u2014 with their use of water cannons, rubber bullets, and tear gas to disperse the demonstrators \u2014 quickly brought more protesters, who then introduced an anti - government agenda. public gatherings in support of the gezi park as well as anti - government demonstrations quickly spread over to other major cities and 78 of turkey \u2019 s 81 provinces. the use of excessive force by police to disperse the protestors in istanbul, the capital city of ankara, and the third largest city izmir, has been clearly documented by the international media. as a result, prime minister recep tayyip erdogan and his religious - based conservative government are looking vulnerable for the first time in his ten - year administration. despite significant economic successes under his leadership, this episode has the potential to tarnish the international image and reputation of turkey, a majority muslim country with a strongly secular tradition. i believe these sad developments can be linked to the top - down planning style of the prime minister, who once again took center stage to explain his vision for this public square and park during these tragic events. furthermore, instead of trying to calm the protestors and approve the requested dialog for public participation, the pm sent in his supporters in addition to riot police. the announced plans by the istanbul city government, which were strongly promoted by the pm, initially called for razing the park to build a shopping mall inspired by a demolished ottoman military barracks. based on initial protests, the pm backed off plans for a shopping mall on the site, but there are still plans to remove the existing park and building \u201c something \u201d there. for the rest of the taksim square, the pm calls for removing several stores to bring an existing church into the open and build a \u201c major mosque \u201d on the other side of the street, in a location that used to be a private theater for musical performances. this is proposed under the guise of open dialog and respect for both religions. as for the proposed plans and designs : the overall plan, which calls for the removal of the park, calls for several underground tunnels to alleviate traffic congestion that currently plagues the square. they would add very large turf areas in the shape of tulips, which are a revered flower in turkey and also known to have religious symbolism referring to the prophet muhammad. the pm \u2019 s statement suggesting that \u201c something \u201d will be built", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43709327597272174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:caab912a-aa97-4a01-9505-58d5316dc029>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.873246"}
{"text": "square. they would add very large turf areas in the shape of tulips, which are a revered flower in turkey and also known to have religious symbolism referring to the prophet muhammad. the pm \u2019 s statement suggesting that \u201c something \u201d will be built there proves that there is no design thought given either to the master plan or the street - level designs ( see videos below ) : as an educator, i would call the proposed overall plan for the square and the park sophomoric at best. this park has been the subject of many of my projects when i was an undergraduate student in late 1970s. over the years the park has been encroached upon along its edges and has received minimal maintenance and care ; an occasional bench replacement is about that seems to be done. despite their neglect, trees have matured and provide the only shaded area and refuge from the highly - motorized greater taksim square. the current state of the park reminds me of bryant park in new york city prior to its most recent renovations. it \u2019 s true that something needs to be done to take advantage of this wonderful green oasis in the sea of cars dominating taksim square. however, the proposed removal of the park to establish a private shopping center or \u201c something \u201d is not what is needed. the use of earlier ottoman military barracks as an inspiration for the proposed shopping center ( or some other type of building ) is also highly questionable. these barracks were the scene of one of the bloodiest uprisings by mullahs, who wanted religious laws enacted during the last decades of the ottoman empire ( similar to those used in iran or by the taliban today ). ataturk ( father of turks ), the founder of today \u2019 s modern turkey, was the ottoman military commander who quashed these uprisings in the late 1800s and consequently ordered the destruction of the barracks after the establishment of turkey in 1923. the promotion of the image of these barracks by the pm as a back drop to the proposed developments begs the question : how much respect does the current government have for the strong secular traditions of the country? the proposed plans do not seem to give even a cursory thought to the needs of pedestrians. they do not offer any significant design elements for the human scale. perhaps another unstated objective of the pm is to minimize and eventually remove the monument to the independence war, which houses sculptures of ataturk, his commanders, and the unknown soldiers during the final days of the occupied ottoman empire. the videos released by the metropolitan city government of the proposed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44656737482581377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:caab912a-aa97-4a01-9505-58d5316dc029>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.877188"}
{"text": "pm is to minimize and eventually remove the monument to the independence war, which houses sculptures of ataturk, his commanders, and the unknown soldiers during the final days of the occupied ottoman empire. the videos released by the metropolitan city government of the proposed development make this meaningful landmark look as insignificant as an ant. pm erdogan \u2019 s government owes some of its economic successes to the privatization of many government institutions, holdings, and services. some of these privatization efforts were perhaps necessary to encourage private financing and development. but selling national treasures is highly questionable. the government has sold parts of the first model farm in ankara established by ataturk to international clients to establish a private resort. at the present, there is extensive clear cutting in the ataturk farm. let me explain the significance of this : could you imagine the u. s. government selling president jefferson \u2019 s monticello? similarly, how would the american public react if the u. s. government or the national parks service were to sell some of much - cherished open fields not covered by memorials in the national mall in washington, d. c. for a private shopping mall development? this is exactly what is happening in istanbul and other cities in turkey. all of these tragic events could have been avoided if either the pm erdogan or his representatives were to institute a public hearing system in their planning and design process. instead the pm is more concerned with the demonstrators questioning his authority and calls them \u201c capulcu, \u201d meaning marginal and extreme. at other times, he \u2019 s called these concerned citizens of turkey \u201c terrorists. \u201d this is quite ironic considering that it \u2019 s the pm \u2019 s government who is holding talks with a convicted killer and the head of the internationally recognized terrorist group pkk ( kurdish separatists ). prime minister erdogan pm and all of his representatives must recognize they are elected to represent the people. these people have shown up in unprecedented numbers to express their opinions and represent themselves. if the pm and his government continue to ignore the voice of the people, they may not be re - elected as the peoples \u2019 representatives. finally, mr. erdogan needs to make up his mind if he wants to be the prime minister of turkey, the mayor of city of istanbul, or an urban designer. if the prime minister has no intention of going back to school, then he should let the real design professionals do their job and concentrate on managing the government in a way that will make all turkish citizens proud. this guest post is by professor sadik", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.437947258091438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:caab912a-aa97-4a01-9505-58d5316dc029>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.881686"}
{"text": ". if the prime minister has no intention of going back to school, then he should let the real design professionals do their job and concentrate on managing the government in a way that will make all turkish citizens proud. this guest post is by professor sadik artunc, fasla, rla, head of the department of landscape architecture, mississippi state university. a native of turkey, professor artunc has a bs and ms in forestry and forest engineering from the university of istanbul and an mla from the university of michigan. prior to arriving in the united states in 1975, he worked in turkey as a forester for the ministry of forestry, as a recreation planner in the central planning office, and as the planning director of the olympus national park for the department of national parks. image credits : ( 1 - 2 ) turkish revolution, ( 3 ) the huffington post, ( 4 - 5 ) taksim square / wikipedia the national building museum \u2019 s summer mini - golf is back, this time with two courses of nine holes each. each hole was constructed around the theme \u201c building the future \u201d and was designed by a variety of architects, landscape architects, designers and contractors. a group of four of us played through both courses ; the highlights, favorites and frustrations of which are detailed below. perhaps the coolest looking hole on either course was holograph hole on the green course. designed and built by architecture firm skidmore, ownings & merrill with help from students at catholic university \u2019 s school of architecture, this hole featured a 3 - d virtual cityscape in glowing holographic green. calling attention to the digital tools that architects now use, this hole highlights how 3 - d technology is also changing the design process. par was 2. half of our crew scored on par, the other half a 3. is it an acceptable excuse to say the sci - fi surroundings were a bit distracting because they were just so awesome? foreward thinking, hole 6 on the green course, was built and designed by studios architecture, under the premise that we can be sustainable by revitalizing old buildings. common materials came together in the construction of this hole, along with two separate paths, one of which was up a ramp and down a xylophone. this route was, of course, not the direct route. par was 3, which our group easily made, with the exception of yours truly, who got stuck trying unsuccessfully to use the xylophone. this resulted in 2 over par, though the invitation to draw on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48404193134019613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:caab912a-aa97-4a01-9505-58d5316dc029>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.889235"}
{"text": "course, not the direct route. par was 3, which our group easily made, with the exception of yours truly, who got stuck trying unsuccessfully to use the xylophone. this resulted in 2 over par, though the invitation to draw on the chalkboard walls took away some of the sting. hole 8 on the green course, capital rivergreen, designed by shalom baranes associates and built by winmar construction, showcases d. c. \u2019 s relatively new yards park, which runs along the anacostia river. depending on where you stand, panels line up to create large pictures of the landscape in and surrounding the park. play is directed around a tiny navy yard metro sign and over the park \u2019 s iconic bridge rendered in miniature. enjoyment of this hole has to do with an interest in community green space and not just because of a score of 2 on a par 3. our merry band of mini golf players made it through the \u201c easy \u201d green course, which was par 25, with a respectable 24 and 25, as well as a slightly less than respectable 26 and 28. but who \u2019 s judging? we \u2019 re just having fun. on to the blue course, which, you guessed it, was the \u201c hard \u201d course. some of the holes on this course seem nearer to impossible than hard, but again, who \u2019 s judging? first up was mount vernon triangulation, which at first blush is deceptively simple \u2013 lines of light form triangles on a flat rectangle with a straight path to the hole. then you step on it and realize that where you stand affects the shape of the putting green. designer, e / l studio, and builders, think make build ; flor ; and independent custom metalworks, want to teach participants about triangulation, which is a process that determines a location by using other known and fixed points. upon closer inspection, the lines of blue lights also form a map of the mount vernon triangle. it is possible to direct the ball by jumping from side to side and changing the shape of the course rather like a game of pinball, but no need, we were all off to a good start scoring on par or below on this hole \u2019 s par 3. the evolution of the office, hole 2, which was designed by determined by design and built by davis construction, reminds us that technology has fundamentally changed how, and where, we work. our laptops and smartphones give us the opportunity to take our work from the office to the park bench. this,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45673536151976823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:caab912a-aa97-4a01-9505-58d5316dc029>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.891886"}
{"text": "designed by determined by design and built by davis construction, reminds us that technology has fundamentally changed how, and where, we work. our laptops and smartphones give us the opportunity to take our work from the office to the park bench. this, like many holes on the blue course, provides the player with two routes, generally one more direct than the other. not wanting to say no to challenge, i chose the route over the desks and back around the park bench. the angle is a bit awkward and high off the ground, so it seemed like a good idea to use the club like a pool cue. that is until the ball went flying off the bench and landed on the other side of the room. this resulted in a score of 4, 2 over par, with my mini - golf associates scoring at par, or 1 over. you might guess who chose the direct route. hole 4, the future \u2019 s looking up!, designed by bonstra i haresign architects and built by monarc construction, shows the player the latest in green roof technology. play is a straight shot uphill, once you get past the drainage elements and round the chimney. but don \u2019 t get too confident, or you \u2019 ll end up in the roof \u2019 s gutter which sends you back down the hill. par was 3, though only one in our group scored that, with the rest of us scoring a very sorry and disappointing 6. tomorrow \u2019 s water, hole 5, sponsored by the american society of landscape architects ( asla ) and designed and built by students at virginia tech \u2019 s washington - alexandria architecture center is not only arguably the most beautiful hole on either course, it is without question one of the most difficult. carved in layered wood, this hole shows in topographic detail d. c. \u2019 s watershed and forces the player to confront something that few of us ever consider in our day - to - day lives : where does storm water go and how does it get there? par is 3, though if it weren \u2019 t for witnessing a hole in one, one might argue par should be nigh impossible. unlike water which flows where it will, there is one route that will lead you directly to the hole, but beware falling off the edge. if that happens, you might have to call it at 6 strokes rather than admitting the 15 strokes you took to try and get back on track. the blue course \u2019 s hole 7 provides a much needed respite after the frustrations of some of the earlier holes on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4627065325384791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:caab912a-aa97-4a01-9505-58d5316dc029>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.896641"}
{"text": "might have to call it at 6 strokes rather than admitting the 15 strokes you took to try and get back on track. the blue course \u2019 s hole 7 provides a much needed respite after the frustrations of some of the earlier holes on the course. imagination powers the future, designed and built by hargrove, inc., is whimsical, colorful, and a direct shot with a par 3. this hole is based on the idea that imagination and creativity make the world a better place. we were all happy to make it under par, with one in the group getting a hole in one. the last hole on the blue course, participatory terrain, designed by d. c. - based landscape architecture firm, landscape architecture bureau ( lab ), built by harkins builders, and sponsored by the jbg companies, requires the player to choose a side on a yes or no question, and by placing a pink plastic rod on the side of their answer, decide themselves how to change the route to the hole. the question our group confronted, \u201c should we prepare for an asteroid to hit the earth? \u201d was split pretty evenly between the yes and no camps, something that may have helped direct the ball neatly to the hole, under the par 3, with one of us scoring a hole in one. come back each week for a new question, and new challenge. blue course \u2019 s par was a 26, and proved for most of us to be as much of a challenge as it was billed to be. we scored a 29, a 31 ( uffda, that \u2019 s yours truly ), a 23 ( show - off ), and a 28. at $ 5 per course per person, this is truly a fun time. come down and show off your mad mini - golf skills and prove you \u2019 re up for the challenge. this guest post is by heidi petersen, student asla, asla 2013 summer intern and master \u2019 s of landscape architecture candidate, illinois institute of technology ( iit ) image credits : ( 1 ) mini golf clubs / anne mcdonough photography, ( 2 ) holograph hole / kevin allen photography, ( 3 ) foreward thinking / emily clack photography, ( 4 ) capital rivergreen / kevin allen photography, ( 5 ) mount vernon triangulation / emily clack photography, ( 6 ) the evolution of the office / anne mcdonough photography, ( 7 ) the future \u2019 s looking up! / kevin allen photography, ( 8 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.496193510280353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:caab912a-aa97-4a01-9505-58d5316dc029>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.897635"}
{"text": "welcome to honolulu no one knows for certain when honolulu was founded. hawaiian oral histories and modern archeology indicate a settlement in honolulu about 1100 a. d., but it may have been settled earlier as the first polynesian migrants arrived nearly 2, 000 years ago. king kamehameha i, who conquered oahu in a decisive battle fought the length of nuuanu valley, moved his court from hawaii island to waikiki in 1804. he relocated to what is now downtown honolulu five years later. the royal housing complex site is under the marin building built next to nimitz highway at queen and bethel streets. the monarchs also maintained official residences in kailua on hawaii and lahaina on maui. when honolulu ( meaning sheltered harbor ) was named is unclear. the old name for honolulu is said to be kou, a district roughly encompassing the area from nuuanu avenue to alakea street and from hotel street to queen street ( then the edge of the waterfront ) which is the heart of the present downtown district. honolulu harbor, known also as kulolia, was entered by the first foreigner, captain william brown of the english ship butterworth, in 1794. he named the harbor fair haven. other foreign captains then referred to it as brown ' s harbor. the name honolulu ( with numerous variations in spelling ) soon came into use. in the 1800s, the city of honolulu was the area near the harbor which is now referred to as downtown honolulu. honolulu became the most important shipping point in hawaii. it flourished with the sandalwood export and then as a supply port for whalers. sugar, pineapples, light manufacturing, tourism and defense installations followed as economic mainstays and the last two remain so to this day. seamen, colonizers, adventurers, merchants and missionaries from america and europe westernized the hawaiian islands. probably the greatest influence was by the group of missionaries who arrived from new england in 1820. they left a lasting imprint in fields of religion, education, economics and politics. later, immigrants from asia brought other cultural values and practices that helped to fashion the unique hawaiian culture of today. in 1850, kamehameha iii proclaimed honolulu the capital city of his kingdom. it is still the capital and dominant city of the nation ' s 50th state.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3755066566977812, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1a5d6818-8d31-453f-9f8d-513041d2b8be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.900770"}
{"text": "october 21, 2008 the new times ( kigali ) by edwin musoni the washington - based, u. s. national press club together with the pneumococcal awareness council of experts ( pace ) will on friday this week recognize and honour the ministry of health for its ground - breaking efforts to introduce a pneumococcal vaccine in africa. pneumococcal is a bacteria that causes meningitis. rwanda was the first african country to introduce the pneumococcal vaccine in africa and has since been leading the way on the continent. [ see note. ] before the introduction of the vaccine, rwanda had one of the highest rates of pneumococcal infections in the world and to date the country has one of the strongest immunization programs in africa. according to a press statement, as countries around the world consider the inclusion of pneumococcal vaccines in their immunization programs, this event will demonstrate the global need and broad international support for increased efforts to prevent pneumococcal disease. when contacted on the day \u2019 s arrangements, newly appointed permanent secretary in the ministry of health, dr. agnes binagwaho, said that she was not in a position to comment on anything before she is officially sworn in. meanwhile scientific study indicates that pneumococcal disease is a leading cause of serious illness in children and adults throughout the world and is caused by a common bacterium called pneumococcus which can attack different parts of the body. science indicates that when pneumococcus bacteria invade the lungs, they cause the most common form of community - acquired bacterial pneumonia ; when bacteria invade the bloodstream, they cause bacteremia ; and when they invade the covering of the brain, they cause meningitis. pneumococci may also cause middle ear infection called otitis media and sinusitis. currently there are more than 90 known pneumococcal types ; the ten most common types account for approximately 62 percent of invasive disease worldwide. note : the pneumococcal awareness council of experts ( pace ) has contacted allafrica to clarify that rwanda has not yet introduced the pneumococcal vaccine but that thanks to the collaborative efforts of the government of rwanda and gavi alliance, the rwanda ministry of health expects to introduce the pneumococcal vaccine into its national immunization program in january 2009. this will make rwanda one of the first two countries in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47693720251332516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5e6cdee6-6991-42cf-a0e1-5550e890af7e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.907525"}
{"text": "the traditions of the hopi, by h. r. voth,, at sacred - texts. com long ago the badger and the small gray mice ( tucan homihtci ) were hopi, but they were very bad and hence became these two animals. they were both doctors. the badger doctor cured people mostly by herbs, of which he made decoctions and lotions, etc. the mice effected their cures by singing, rattling, rubbing, and by kneading the bodies, scraping the skins, and by other means of sorcery. these two were rivals, and the badger doubted whether his rival, the mouse, really knew anything about diseases and medicine, so he decided to try him. one time he fasted for four days and four nights, and when he had become very weak he sent for his rival, the mouse. the latter brought with him a rattle, a buckskin, in which he had some medicines wrapped up, and also a small medicine bowl. in the latter he made a mixture containing different medicines. this he placed beside the couch where the old man badger was lying and then sang the following song, accompanying it with his rattle : uma wurz, tusan - homihtci, you, of course, a small gray mouse, badger old man, the tucan mouse a medicine man heart ( that ) something ( in order ) to find out, four days ( you ) fasted. aayoooo, ayoayo, ayoayo. after he was through singing he told his rival, the old man badger, that he should eat well and then he would get well, and then laughingly left. the old man badger was astonished and said to himself : \" i did not know that he could look inside of me. he is certainly a great doctor. \" hereupon he ordered something to eat and got well. 228 : 1 told by lomavantiwa ( shupaulavi ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48263635785423775, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f79342f9-c38e-4712-827a-a80aa344208d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.909654"}
{"text": "the meaning of this word has always been in dispute and must remain a matter of sheer conjecture. there are four references in the text. i. l. 59. ' oh boyan, hadst but thou sung of these hosts... weaving together from both ends of this epoch, racing down the path of troyan! ' ii. l. 209. ' there have been the ages [ or, reading on the authority of karamzin,, the affrays ] of troyan, the years of yaroslav have passed by, there have been the regiments of oleg. ' iii. l. 288. contumely arose in the forces of dazbog ' s descendant [? russia, the civilizing power ; compare a curious passage in \u0438\u043f\u0430\u0442. 1114 where a myth is told at length of a king of egypt, dazbog, who civilized men and was succeeded by the sun ], stepped like a maiden in the land of troyan... ' iv. l. 569. ' in the seventh age of troyan, vseslav cast his lot for a maiden dear to him. ' \u2020 in this last passage e. reads \u0437\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438. if my view holds good that troyan is derived from \u0442\u0440\u0438 three, this would be a natural eror ; in the original ms. all numbers were designated by cyrillic letters ; and were copied by musin - puskin as arabic numerals : hence the original may have had f\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438, which was copied out as \u0437\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438 by the clerk and then taken for \u0437\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438. if, again, on reading these passages, it appears that by substituting ' russia ' for ' troyan, ' a simple and satisfactory sense is obtained, the last passage is an amplification of the first, and it will be found there are exactly seven generations between vseslav and rurik, the founder of the dynasty. it is evident that the phrase is highly poetical, and that it is associated with boyan, the range of whose verse is set out in the very corrupt passage at the end, \u0440\u0435\u043a\u044a \u0431\u043e\u044f\u043d\u044a \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u043a\u0434\u044b... l. 745 [ v. the note on this passage ]. there have been very many speculations. 1. ( 1 ) geographical. that the land and path of troyan refer to some country either east or west of medieval russia, anyhow in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5059080564028329, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d85fb0a8-4e0f-4243-b087-369288f3cdbe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.925461"}
{"text": "745 [ v. the note on this passage ]. there have been very many speculations. 1. ( 1 ) geographical. that the land and path of troyan refer to some country either east or west of medieval russia, anyhow in polovsk territory. there is a town called troitsk in orenburg on the river \u0443\u0438 and \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0430 ; a place \u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u043d\u044a in bulgaria in the lobec district on the river osma whence roads lead to lovec, teteren and selvi. sederholm states that the country between the pruth and the ister was called provincia traiani in the geographia antiqua of cellarius. in the historical map for the year 895 there is a spot in the danube near lat. 44\u00b0 long. 40\u00b0, marked pons traiani. - - this is the district identified with the \" trojan \" country by other theorists. to these facts may be added a town troyan in smolensk, south of krasny, and troyanovka in poltava [ dubenski ], and troilov on the river don near the kagalnik or kayala. no doubt other names can be traced. ( 2 ) weltmann altogether rejects \u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u043d\u044a and substitutes \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f\u043d\u044a the border land, this is very violent and does not explain all the passages. ii. that the word stands for trajan, the roman emperor. this theory is not altogether fantastic ; for trajan built a road and a wall in dacia ; the road running from varhely along the river strey ( which falls into the maros ) thence to karlsburg and so north to torda ( salinum ) where it divided one branch leading to kolosvar and the other north east. there is some evidence that the name of trajan survived in legend. sederholm quotes a topical \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 of the reign of catherine ii commemorating a turkish war. on this theory boyan ' s mind soared back very far to the oldest, prehistoric battle - fields of the slavs. in south russia there is a long wall \u0431\u0430\u043b\u044a \u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044a connected with traditions of \u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u043d\u044a \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043a\u0456\u0438 [ \u0440\u0438\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0456\u0438 ] and coins of trajan have been found by his walls on the danube", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45640709967281556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d85fb0a8-4e0f-4243-b087-369288f3cdbe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.926358"}
{"text": "connected with traditions of \u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u043d\u044a \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043a\u0456\u0438 [ \u0440\u0438\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0456\u0438 ] and coins of trajan have been found by his walls on the danube. lastly, as evidence of the permanence of trajan ' s name, a miracle, of clement, pope of rome, commences thus. \u043a\u044a \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u044a \u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0437\u0438\u043c\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u044a \u0445\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u044a \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0443 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044c. [ \u0438\u0437\u0432. \u043e\u0442\u0434. \u0440\u0443\u0441. \u044f. \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441. - - vi \u0441\u043f\u0431. 1903 ]. iii. the possibilities of this flexible root are still unexhausted. the word has been taken, mainly by petrusevic and vyazemski, to mean trojan, to be the russian tradition of homer ; and in this connection the maiden is construed as the evil star of helen, as the blood - thirsty artemis of tauris, whose rites were recorded both by euripides and by strabo. [ v. note ]. this school tries to prove a russian tradition, similar to that which obtained in england, france and germany, of tracing ancestries back to hector of troy. it is argued that the lower danube country was called dardania in strabo ' s time. this land would have served as a mart for interchange of the thoughts of the east and the west. but granting these facts - - and very much of the vast erudition brought to bear on them is quite irrelevant to russia - - it is difficult to see how the land - locked state of medieval russia could have imported very much of this lore. the incessant warfare internal and external, the barring of the road to constantinople by the polovtsy and bolgars, and the hostility of the catholic powers to the north west, have made russian medieval productions peculiarly native ; and it is difficult to discern any connection with ancient greece, even in its medieval garb. rambaud ( la russie epique ) whose authorities are vyazemski, kireyevski and others, also supports the theory of classical origin. iv. troyan has also been taken to be a pagan god of slavdom. for this theory there is fairly strong", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48751799770804083, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d85fb0a8-4e0f-4243-b087-369288f3cdbe>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.927720"}
{"text": ") whose authorities are vyazemski, kireyevski and others, also supports the theory of classical origin. iv. troyan has also been taken to be a pagan god of slavdom. for this theory there is fairly strong external evidence. miklozis cites from vostokov of the ancient slavs ; - - \" believing in many gods, in perun, and khors, div and troyan, who were men of past days ; perun amongst the greeks, khors in cyprus, troyan an emperor at rome... ' it has been supposed that troyan was the god of the dead, but i cannot find any proof. in ' the virgin ' s descent into hell ' [ leo wiener ' s translation ]. ' these are they who did not believe in the father.... they changed troyan, khors, veles, perun to gods.... ' as a supernatural being, troyan is found in several serbian legends. buslayev [ \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d\u044a 1842 no. 11 ] quotes karadzic and says ; there was once a city of troyan on mount tsera near dvorissa where tsar troyan lived. every night he drove to srem [ sirmia ], to see a maiden he loved. he went by night because he feared the day as it might heat him. when he arrived at srem, he gave his horses oats and at cock ' s crow [ \u0434\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u044a v. l. 595 ] returned. but one day the husband of the maiden put sand into the manger instead of oats and slit all the cocks ' tongues. the tsar was kept waiting and stayed too long. the sun had already risen. he fled and hid behind a hayrick, but the cows came along and tore it down and so the tsar melted. ' further [ \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 1865 moscow vol. i \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044b ] in the \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0435 \u0441\u0432. \u0430\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044a, xvi. troyan is recorded amongst the pagan gods, the passage, apparently being the one first quoted. in serbian and bulgarian traditions of troyan or troim [ vuk stepanovic 1852 2nd edition ] troyan appears as a nocturnal being who fears daylight, may have three heads [?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45977039338267456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d85fb0a8-4e0f-4243-b087-369288f3cdbe>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.930799"}
{"text": ", the passage, apparently being the one first quoted. in serbian and bulgarian traditions of troyan or troim [ vuk stepanovic 1852 2nd edition ] troyan appears as a nocturnal being who fears daylight, may have three heads [? false etymology from \u0442\u0440\u0438 ] and wings which melted in the sun ; and in further development as a midas with goat ' s ears. there are bulgarian songs of a town troyan the inhabitants of which believed in gold and silver. it therefore appears that the southern slavs had legends of a nocturnal gnome who bore this name. to attach this tale to vseslav and to translate \u0434\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u044a by cock ' s crow would be ridiculous and out of style with the poem. v. it remains to sum up and, if possible, extract something coherent from this nebulous being. i take it that troyan is a name for russia, derived from the significant number three, and that it was thus written in the lost ms. there were the three scandinavian brothers who arrived at kiev [ v. nestor 6370 ], rurik, sineus and truvor. as the hills of kiev came into sight they asked : \" whose is this town? \" the reply was ; - - \" there were three brothers kii, scek and khoriv [ i. e. the ancestors of kiev, cechs and croatians ] who built this little town, and they perished and we sit here paying tribute to the khozars. \" - - it was always the same tradition of the subject slavs. - - druhenski states that all the slavs use the word \u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u043d\u044a as a nickname ; that it means the third, and generally the third son. - - he proceeds to support his argument for \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438 and \u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435 as a play on numbers ; [ v. notes on these words ]. thus the land of rurik, of the third brother, may have been a poetical name ; the exactness of the seven generations ( l. 568 ) seems to me conclusive proof. the word next acquired alien import ; the traditions of trajan who was worshipped in his lifetime, and who, after his death, was long remembered for his great road and wall, tendered this title of russia more imperial and more dignified. there also existed a belief in a subterranean god troyan, a gnome ar sprite, condemned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4892834429410378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d85fb0a8-4e0f-4243-b087-369288f3cdbe>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.932762"}
{"text": "americans ' collective $ 16 trillion national debt, with about one - third of it piled up during just the past three and one - half years under president barack obama, has become a major issue in this year ' s presidential election. but the amount we owe as a nation is just part of americans ' debt burden. before he took office, obama promised to reduce unemployment dramatically. he has failed signally to accomplish that. one ramification of obama ' s failure has been that many young americans graduating from college can ' t find jobs and, in desperation, go back to school. many others enroll in higher education for the first time, also in attempts to make themselves marketable to potential employers. that has resulted in an explosion of debt among students and their parents. when obama took office, the total student loan debt in the united states was $ 579 billion. it now stands at $ 914 billion - an increase of more than 50 percent. when obama took office, only about 15 percent of u. s. households owed student loan debt. the percentage has gone up to 19 percent. analysts say there is no doubt part of the increase in student loan debt is because of high unemployment. so yes, the nation ' s debt has increased dramatically because of obama ' s policies - but so has the debt owed personally by millions of american students and their families.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38425202680622816, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5eb8e752-b275-4288-91d6-8fc7639ff64a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.936475"}
{"text": "the indigenous religion of japan is shinto ( \u795e \u9053 ), the \" way of the gods \". the central text of shinto is the kojiki ( \u53e4 \u4e8b ), which outlines the ancient mythology whereby japan ' s ancestral gods and lands were born. if you ' ve ever taken a course in world religions, you know how crucial myths are to any culture. core myths explain why we do what we do ; why we live like we live. for example, the judaeo - christian creation story explains such things as why humans differ qualitatively from animals, why there is evil and death in the world, and why we get weekends off from work to sit around watching japanese movies. similarly, the japanese creation story, contained in the kojiki provides the central ancient explanation as to why japanese do what japanese do, etc. it should be no surprise that contemporary publications of the kojiki include manga versions aimed at educating and entertaining japanese youth ( and cartoon - loving gaijin ). the following are scans of a manga version i picked up in ikebukuro. the following is taken from kojiki : kumon no manga koten bungakukan published by kumon shuppan in 1990. western readers can purchase it online here, but as you can see from this exercise, the text is japanese and is without translation. japanese manga ( and books ) are generally read from right to left ( in other words : right top to right bottom, then left top to left bottom. ). the numbering system i added to the manga frames will help you, but remember, this \" r - to - l \" principal also applies to the speech balloons within any given frame. the translations below are my own. they are accurate but occasionally embellished for emphasis. ( thus, just for the record, \" biotch \" and \" punk ass \" are not necessarily literal translations of the ancient, sacred kojiki... ) in terms of context, what you see below is chapter one of a total of nine ( manga ) chapters. but while this is just the introductory portion of a much ( much ) larger story, this is by far the most famous and well - known episode, explaining and introducing the central characters within the ancient shinto cosmology. one last note : for those of you diligently ( and wisely ) comparing the original japanese dialogue with my own translation, please note that i have chosen to ignore purely expressive gestures when unaccompanied by any other (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5139246938745197, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4239da24-d59b-4ce9-810f-0f0089c7dc50>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.968436"}
{"text": "##ami ( female ) : you are such a great man. izanagi ( male ) : and you are very beautiful. izanagi : now we are wonderfully man and wife! 12. narrator : but, their union produced only stillborn children. izanami : ( crying ) why? why?? 13. voice from heaven : izanami!!. izanagi : ame - no - minaka - nushi - no kami!! 14. ame - no - minaka - nushi - no kami : during your wedding ceremony you committed a grave error by speaking first. return and repeat the ceremmony correctly!! ( see notes below ) 15. izanagi and izanami : yes, we will obey! 16. narrator : following this, the couple had many divine children, one after the other. 17. narrator : of these children, the eight islands ( of japan ) were born. 18. narrator : following these, izanami gave birth to thirty four gods. the god of homes, the god of rivers, the god of sea, the god of argriculture, the god of mountains... 19. narrator : during the brith of the thirty - fifth child... izanami : ( screaming ) the pain!! the pain!! izanagi : izanami! whats wrong!? 20. izanagi : the god of fire!! 21. izanagi : izanami!! don ' t die!!! 22. izanagi : you!!! for your day of birth i give you this!! 23. narrator : as soon as he cut the god of fire, the ( far more turbulent ) gods of sword and dragon were born. 24. narrator : while mourning the death of izanami, izanagi buried her beneath the ground. 25. izanagi : i must see you again!! i cannot abandon you!! 26. izanagi : in order to meet with you once again, i will descend into the realm of the dead. 27. narrator : the bottom of the world... here the souls of the dead live on, in what is known as yomi - no - kuni ( \u56fd / land of yellow sulfur ). 28. izanagi : ( pounding on the door of yomi ) izanami!! izanami!! i want to see you once more. i have come", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44595180417944763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4239da24-d59b-4ce9-810f-0f0089c7dc50>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.980726"}
{"text": "- kuni ( \u56fd / land of yellow sulfur ). 28. izanagi : ( pounding on the door of yomi ) izanami!! izanami!! i want to see you once more. i have come this far to see your form once again. 29. izanami : ( from behind the door ) izanagi! i cannot go back [ to the land of the living ], for i have already eaten from the food of hell ( yomi no kuni / \u56fd ). 30. izanami : ( from behind the door ) please wait here while i go ask the god of this land. while you are waiting you must promise not to try to look at my form. 31. narrator : but no matter how long he waited, izanami did not return. izanagi : so slow!! 32. izanagi : i ' ll light this comb tooth and just take a quick look inside. 33. izanagi : izanami! are you in here? 34. izanagi : izana... 35. izanami ( demonically changed ) : you have broken your promise!! izanami! are you in here? 36. izanami ( demonically changed ) : you have come to see!! so now that you have seen this form of mine, you may never leave this land again! 37. izanagi : help me!!! 38. izanagi : i ' ll give you this! narrator : izanagi took the band from his hair made of vine and threw it to the ground, where it changed into a ripened grape vine. izanagi ( running while demons gobble up the grapes ) : my chance to flee! 39. demon : huh? wait!! izanagi : they won ' t give up! 40. narrator : next, izanagi threw down teeth from his bamboo comb which suddenly grew into bamboo hearts ( a delicacy ). demon 1 : delicious! demon 2 : you ' re eating mine! izanagi : here they come again. aahh! a peach tree! ( izanagi throws fresh peaches on the ground which explode. ) izanagi : i can see the exit!! 41. izanami : izanagi!! izanami : i will never forgive you for seeing me this way! 42. izanami : let us live here together in this land, just like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4511630917095657, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4239da24-d59b-4ce9-810f-0f0089c7dc50>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.983087"}
{"text": "i can see the exit!! 41. izanami : izanagi!! izanami : i will never forgive you for seeing me this way! 42. izanami : let us live here together in this land, just like we once did. izanagi : no way biotch!! don ' t come near me! you are not the same izanami i once knew! 44. ( izanagi rolls a massive stone over the entrance to hell. ) izanami ( from behind the boulder ) : izanagi! remove this stone! why must you be so cruel to me? 45. izanami ( from behind the boulder ) : you!! listen to me now! every single day from this day forth, i will kill 1, 000 living souls in your land!! 46. izanagi : if that is the case, izanami, i will give birth to 1, 500 children each day, in front of your very eyes!! 47. izanagi : aahh! the dawn! your light was a tremendous help! 48. izanagi : i was a fool for traveling to the land of hell ( yomi no kuni / \u56fd )! here at this water let me wash off the impurity ( of my encounter with the land of the dead ). 49. izanagi : what the?! 50. narrator : from the splashing ( of izanagi ' s purification in the ) water, three gods were born. 51. izanagi : i have given brith to many children, but you, my last children are by far the most superb! 52. izanagi ( to the female ) : to you i give the name amaterasu ( \u5929 ) and in my place you shall occupy the high plain of heaven. amaterasu : yes, father. 53. izanagi : your name will be tsukuyomi ( \u6708 \u898b ) and you shall occupy the land of evening. tsukuyomi : i obey. 54. izanagi : and you, susanoo ( \u4e4b \u7537 ), shall occupy the plain of the sea. 55. izanagi : susanoo! susanoo : yes, i understand! izanagi wondering to himself : what ' s up with his punk ass? 56. narrator : in this way the lands of the heaven, evening and seas were entrusted to these three gods. first, go back and take a close look at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4315706734771025, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4239da24-d59b-4ce9-810f-0f0089c7dc50>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.984862"}
{"text": "! izanagi wondering to himself : what ' s up with his punk ass? 56. narrator : in this way the lands of the heaven, evening and seas were entrusted to these three gods. first, go back and take a close look at the marriage ceremony depicted here ( 10 - 16 ). did you catch what the inital transgression was regarding their ceremony, resulting in izanami ' s inability to give birth? it was because the woman spoke before the man. thus here, just as in the judaeo - christian creation story, woman is viewed as divinely subordinate to man. and to this day, gender inequality is a very evident ( and protected ) aspect of contemporary japanese culture. second, notice how death turns the beloved goddess izanami into a terrifying demon. from this principal myth is drawn the common cultural conclusion that departed souls tend to change radically from their former selves. loved ones may indeed become terrifying apparitions if not properly placated. this, of course, fuels more than a gazillion good japanese ghost stories. and third, if you haven ' t already guessed, the last goddess, amaterasu is the most prominent of all the shinto deities. her name literally means the \" shining one of heaven \". in common western parlance she is known as the \" sun goddess \". according to later chapters of this tale ( in both the kojiki and nihongi ), the first human emperor of japan, jimmu, derives his lineage from amaterasu and is thus himself of divine origin. this tradition was carried through centuries of japanese cultural history, even into the modern era, so much so that japan ' s 1945 post - war constitution, written by mcarthur, contains a clause which explicitly decalres the emperor to be purely human and not divine. to this day, the image of amaterasu, the bright red sun, is the national symbol of japan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4803251464296956, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4239da24-d59b-4ce9-810f-0f0089c7dc50>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:55.993300"}
{"text": "under the sea - grades : 3 \u2013 5 - unit plan : - locate and use the table of contents, index, and glossary, in non - fiction books. - sort ocean animals into different categories according to ecosystem and / or classification. - overhead projector or chart paper to record responses for kwl ( what students know, what they want to know, what they have learned ) - markers or pens - a selection of non - fiction books to read aloud on ocean animals - colored sentence strips - index cards ( 40 ) - tape or magnets - cart of books on ocean animals - bookmark forms with name, animal name, page number, index, table of contents, and glossary printed on them - task card set up and prepare - make kwl chart on chart paper or a plastic, overhead sheet. make three columns : what students know, what they want to know, and what they have learned. - post chart paper or get an overhead projector - select students who will copy animal names off the chart and onto the blank index cards ( one name per card ). day 1 step 1 : assess prior knowledge \" now that we have learned so much about the ocean and its importance to us, it ' s time to study specific animals and their ecosystems in the ocean. you will be learning how to do research on an ocean animal of your choice. can anyone name some animals that live in the ocean? \" record student responses on the kwl chart. ( to save teacher time, i usually have a few students write the names of the animals on index cards as i write them on the chart. ) once everyone that would like to participate has contributed, lead the class into a discussion about what they would like to know about the various animals listed. record these responses on the kwl chart. keep the kwl chart hanging in the room and add new information as it is found. step 2 : introduce research materials \" where are we going to find information about these amazing creatures? \" ( the students will have lots of ideas, such as the library, internet, or textbooks. ) \" non - fiction picture books are one of my favorite resources. i have some beautiful big books by melvin berger about the coral reefs and sharks. some of you might think that big books are for younger children, but wait until you see these! i think you ' ll change your mind. \" read aloud and discuss the two big books. see our best books for teaching this unit for other good books. any book about the topic will do. define", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4817088311995511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f295b9ac-3e1a-4928-960c-3c4d8bdbf1c2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.066341"}
{"text": "children, but wait until you see these! i think you ' ll change your mind. \" read aloud and discuss the two big books. see our best books for teaching this unit for other good books. any book about the topic will do. define and use the table of contents, index, and glossary. show several examples. explain that these tools will come in handy when students are trying to find a book that has information about the ocean animal they have chosen to research. day 2set up and prepare : - have a system to quickly divide students into small groups of 3 - 4. - have students who finish class - work early, or are willing to stay in at recess time, help you find a book that mentions each animal that you have on index cards. use the index card as a bookmark for the page in the book that talks about the animal. - prepare enough books so that each group will have at least four books. each set of books can be placed in a tub for easy distribution. - place task card in computer center in the classroom. - write the classes of ocean animals ( fish, mammal, reptile, crustacean, mollusk, amphibian ) on one set of sentence strips. - on sentence strips of a different color or white sentence strips with a different colored marker, write the following ocean zones : the sunlit zone which includes the coral reef, the tide pool, the rocky ocean floor, and the sandy ocean floor ; the twilight zone ; the deep ocean ; and the abyss. - duplicate bookmark forms ( enough for the class plus fifteen ). - get an overhead projector. step 3 : categorizingdivide the class into small groups of three or four students. the names of the animals that the students brainstormed have been printed on index cards and the index cards have been placed in books that have information on that animal. give a set of books or a tub of books to each group. have students remove the cards from the books. on the board, post the sentence strips with the animal classifications on them. ( mammal, fish, reptile, amphibian, crustacean, mollusk, etc. ) give the student groups a couple of minutes to decide which classification fits each of their animals named on the index cards. tell the students that they will each be responsible for one animal and that they should be able to support their classification decisions based on prior instruction. have the group agree on each member ' s answer. then have each student, coming to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49640303433412764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f295b9ac-3e1a-4928-960c-3c4d8bdbf1c2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.080047"}
{"text": "index cards. tell the students that they will each be responsible for one animal and that they should be able to support their classification decisions based on prior instruction. have the group agree on each member ' s answer. then have each student, coming to the board with his or her group, post an animal card under the classification heading where he or she feels it belongs. \" are there other ways to group these animals? what about where they live? what is that called? \" ( students should be able to provide you with \" environment \" or \" ecosystem. \" ) \" either way of grouping the animals is helpful to scientists, whether it ' s by classification or ecosystem. \" this is important because the students will need to be able to classify both ways when they choose an animal for their research. ask the students to come and get the index cards they posted and take them back to their seats. change headings from classifications to ecosystems, posting sunlit zone ( which includes different areas such as the coral reef, sandy ocean floor, tide pools, etc. ), twilight zone, deep ocean, and abyss. ask the students, by group, to take the same animals they posted by class and post them again where they might live in the ocean. point out to students that knowing about an animal ' s ecosystem and classification can lead them more quickly to information about a specific animal. if they are looking for a gray whale, they won ' t have to look in any of the books about fishes, because whales are mammals and don ' t belong to the fish group. \" i will call you up by groups to retrieve your index card. after you get your cards, you will look for this same animal in one of the books i have placed with your group. you will fill out a bookmark like this one ( use the overhead to show what the bookmark form looks like and to help kids track ). it has a place for your name, the animal ' s name, the number of the page you found in the book where your animal is discussed, and how you found that page. did you look in the glossary, the index, or the table of contents? if you cannot find your animal in any of the books at your group, raise your hand and i will let you come to the book cart to see if you can find a better book. once you find a reference to your animal, complete the answers on the bookmark. next, read about your animal. when you are finished, put your bookmark and index card in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.520261221026038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f295b9ac-3e1a-4928-960c-3c4d8bdbf1c2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.085592"}
{"text": "the book cart to see if you can find a better book. once you find a reference to your animal, complete the answers on the bookmark. next, read about your animal. when you are finished, put your bookmark and index card in the book on the page that talks about your animal. \" during the class period for teaching reading / language arts, have students practice using the table of contents, glossary, and index of their reading books. homework : students will choose two animals from two different categories ( either two different classifications or two different environments ) and in one or two simple sentences explain why these animals fit into two different categories. ( students could not choose a narwhale and sperm whale since they are part of the same mammal classification and same environment. they could choose viperfish and clown anemonefish, since one lives in the deep ocean and the other lives in the sunlit zone of the ocean. ) did the children enjoy the activities? did they stay engaged? where were the problem areas? what do you need to review? do students know where to look for the glossary, index, and table of contents? circulate and check that students have correctly found information. ask students if they read anything about classification or ecosystem. note the students who seem to be having difficulty. have ready extra animal index cards to give to students who finish quickly. have them fill out another bookmark form.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49042619897379536, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f295b9ac-3e1a-4928-960c-3c4d8bdbf1c2>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.090159"}
{"text": "oct. 31, 2009 a collaborative research team from the uniformed services university of the health sciences ( usu ), australian animal health laboratory and national cancer institute, a component of the national institutes of health, reports a major step forward in the development of an effective therapy against two deadly viruses, nipah virus and the related hendra virus. nipah and hendra viruses are found in pteropid fruit bats ( flying foxes ) and are characterized by their recent emergence as agents capable of causing illness and death in domestic animals and humans. in experiments carried out in ferrets at the australian animal health laboratory in geelong, victoria, australia, where there is a high - level safety and security facility for working with live nipah and hendra viruses, the team of researchers demonstrated that giving an anti - virus human monoclonal antibody therapy after exposure to nipah virus protected the animals from disease. \" these findings are extremely encouraging and clearly suggest the potential that a treatment for hendra virus infection in a similar manner should be possible, given the very strong cross - reactive activity this antibody has against hendra virus, \" said deborah middleton, d. v. m., ph. d., who directed the animal experiments at the australian animal health laboratory. recent earlier work at the national cancer institute and usu resulted in the discovery and development of a human monoclonal antibody, m102. 4, which could attack a critical component of both the nipah and hendra viruses. antibodies - - proteins found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates - - are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize viruses and bacteria. the study ' s corresponding authors are christopher c. broder, ph. d., professor of microbiology at usu, and katharine bossart, ph. d., a usu alumna, now an assistant professor in the department of microbiology, boston university school of medicine and an investigator at the national emerging infectious diseases laboratories institute in boston. the pair led a team of researchers to test the effectiveness of the new antibody therapy in animals. the experiments were supported in part by the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases, nih. the henry m. jackson foundation for the advancement of military medicine, inc. provides research support and management capabilities to the research team. \" we now have good evidence that this antibody could save human lives and the insights offered about how it works also could potentially provide a starting point to developing tools for targeting other diseases, \" said study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4890593966122385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbbf73bc-68c5-4df1-b8a3-6065b3293843>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.128030"}
{"text": "provides research support and management capabilities to the research team. \" we now have good evidence that this antibody could save human lives and the insights offered about how it works also could potentially provide a starting point to developing tools for targeting other diseases, \" said study co - author dimiter s. dimitrov, ph. d., senior biomedical research scientist at the national cancer institute. nipah and hendra viruses, members of the henipavirus family, are highly infectious agents that emerged from flying foxes in the 1990s to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in australia, bangladesh, india, malaysia and singapore. recent outbreaks have resulted in acute respiratory distress syndrome and encephalitis, person - to - person transmission, and up to 75 percent case fatality rates among humans. additionally, these properties could allow the viruses to be used as bioterror weapons. initial experiments by the researchers using ferrets found that m102. 4 was well tolerated, exhibited no adverse effects and retained high neutralizing activity. the findings suggested that m102. 4 could potentially be used as a preventive or post - exposure agent, a diagnostic probe or a research reagent. hendra virus re - emerged again in august 2009, resulting in the death of several horses and one human. during the outbreak, in a compassionate attempt to save a human life, an available low dose of m102. 4 was administered to an individual with advanced encephalitic disease. although there were no adverse side effects, the patient did not improve as the irreversible damage by the virus had already been done. like other antimicrobials, the clinical success of this antibody will depend on dose and time of administration. as hendra and nipah viruses cause severe disease in humans, a successful application of this antibody as a post - exposure therapy will likely require early intervention. \" in order to make clinical use of this therapeutic antibody against hendra or nipah virus, larger amounts will need to be prepared under proper manufacturing guidelines, carefully evaluated again in animal models and safety tested for human use \" said dr. broder. dr. bossart noted, \" we hope this demonstration of anti - viral activity will foster some immediate activities to facilitate further development for future use in humans. \" \" there are currently no licensed and approved vaccines or therapeutics for prevention and treatment of disease caused by these viruses for humans or livestock, \" said dr. broder. \" this fully - human monoclonal antibody", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.467020905170625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbbf73bc-68c5-4df1-b8a3-6065b3293843>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.140731"}
{"text": "for future use in humans. \" \" there are currently no licensed and approved vaccines or therapeutics for prevention and treatment of disease caused by these viruses for humans or livestock, \" said dr. broder. \" this fully - human monoclonal antibody is the first antiviral agent against the nipah and hendra viruses that has a genuine potential for human therapeutic use. \" \" the generation of these antibodies as therapeutics could help control outbreaks in geographical regions susceptible to henipaviruses, and could turn information from a deadly pathogen into a benefit for mankind, \" said dr. dimitrov. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by henry m. jackson foundation for the advancement of military medicine, via eurekalert!, a service of aaas. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - bossart et al. a neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protects against lethal disease in a new ferret model of acute nipah virus infection. plos pathogens, 2009 ; 5 ( 10 ) : e1000642 doi : 10. 1371 / journal. ppat. 1000642 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4531927929142663, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbbf73bc-68c5-4df1-b8a3-6065b3293843>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.142194"}
{"text": "jan. 26, 2012 it comes as a surprise to many that male house mice produce melodious songs to attract mates. unfortunately for us, because the melodies are in the ultra - sonic range human ears cannot detect them. through spectrographic analyses of the vocalizations of wild house mice, researchers at the university of veterinary medicine, vienna have found that the songs of male mice contain signals of individuality and kinship. their results appear in the journal physiology & behavior and in the journal of ethology. it has been known for some time that house mice ( mus musculus ) produce ultrasonic vocalizations ( usvs ) during courtship but it has generally been assumed that these are no more than squeaks. however, recent spectrographic analyses have revealed that usvs are complex and show features of song. although the vocalizations are inaudible to human ears, when playbacks of recorded songs are slowed down their similarity to bird song becomes striking. frauke hoffmann, kerstin musolf and dustin penn of the university of veterinary medicine, vienna \u2019 s konrad lorenz institute of ethology aimed to learn what type of information is contained in males \u2019 songs for the discerning ear of the female mouse to detect. their initial studies, the first to study song in wild mice, confirmed that males emit songs when they encounter a females \u2019 scent and that females are attracted to males \u2019 songs. additionally, the scientists discovered that females are able to distinguish siblings from unrelated males by their songs \u2013 even though they had previously never heard their brothers sing. in their recent studies, penn \u2019 s group recorded and analysed the courtship calls of wild - caught male house mice for the first time, using digital audio software to examine parameters such as duration, pitch and frequency. they found that males \u2019 songs contain \u201c signatures \u201d or \u201c fingerprints \u201d that differ from one individual to another. moreover, they confirmed that the songs of siblings are very similar to one another compared to the songs of unrelated males, which helps explains how females can distinguish unrelated males. this finding could potentially lead us to understand how female mice avoid inbreeding. interestingly, in some species of birds the males with the most complex songs appear to be most successful at attracting females. further studies are needed to determine whether the complexity of male mouse vocalizations has an effect on females that is similar to that of \u201c sexy syllables \u201d in birds. the vocalizations of wild house mice differ significantly from those of inbred strains of laboratory mice. wild male mice produce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5067596794881307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9084d93-e4c5-4620-a7ae-f46ba921d8ad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.146756"}
{"text": "whether the complexity of male mouse vocalizations has an effect on females that is similar to that of \u201c sexy syllables \u201d in birds. the vocalizations of wild house mice differ significantly from those of inbred strains of laboratory mice. wild male mice produce more syllables within high frequency ranges than laboratory mice, a result that is consistent with other studies that find genetic effects on mouse song. \u201c it seems as though house mice might provide a new model organism for the study of song in animals, \u201d says dustin penn. \u201c who would have thought that? \u201d other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - frauke hoffmann, kerstin musolf, dustin j. penn. spectrographic analyses reveal signals of individuality and kinship in the ultrasonic courtship vocalizations of wild house mice. physiology & behavior, 2012 ; 105 ( 3 ) : 766 doi : 10. 1016 / j. physbeh. 2011. 10. 011 - frauke hoffmann, kerstin musolf, dustin j. penn. ultrasonic courtship vocalizations in wild house mice : spectrographic analyses. journal of ethology, 2011 ; 30 ( 1 ) : 173 doi : 10. 1007 / s10164 - 011 - 0312 - y note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4940911221776131, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9084d93-e4c5-4620-a7ae-f46ba921d8ad>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.147988"}
{"text": "dec. 14, 2012 all a question of timing : when bushcrickets mate, the male attaches a sticky package, the so - called spermatophore, to the female ' s abdomen. alongside the sperm themselves, this ' bridal present ' consists of a protein - rich mass that the female eats after mating. it then takes several hours for the sperm to find their way into the female ' s reproductive tract. but, who decides when that will happen? a study by the bielefeld biologists professor dr. klaus reinhold and dr. steven ramm suggests that it is the male who determines the dynamics of this process even when he has long ' hopped off ' somewhere else. they published their results at the beginning of december in the online first version of the journal behavioural ecology and sociobiology. in contrast to direct sperm transfer, the use of a spermatophore could grant the female more influence over the fertilization or non - fertilization of her eggs. however, the results of the bielefeld study cast doubt on this assumption. they suggest a high degree of male control over this decisive stage in reproduction. for their study, professor dr. klaus reinhold and dr. steven ramm from bielefeld university paired males and females from two subspecies of the bushcricket poecilimon veluchianus in whom the time between pairing and sperm transfer differ. whereas in the subspecies poecilimon veluchianus minor, sperm are transferred within the first three hours, the transfer in poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus starts only after four hours. if the two subspecies are interbred - - the researchers thought - - then the number of transferred sperm after three hours would indicate whether it is the male or the female who determines how long this transfer takes. the researchers mated nine to twelve pairs in each of the four possible combinations of poecilimon veluchianus minor and poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus. three hours after mating, they examined how many sperm they could find in the female ' s reproductive tract. the result : the sperm from the males of the ' faster ' subspecies poecilimon veluchianus minor could be found in the females of both subspecies. in contrast, the males in the ' slower ' sub - species poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus had transferred almost no sperm at all to either type of female. the researchers conclude from this experiment that the males control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49472248933938134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8ac5898-68a2-4483-988a-19efcfb719bf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.156952"}
{"text": "subspecies. in contrast, the males in the ' slower ' sub - species poecilimon veluchianus veluchianus had transferred almost no sperm at all to either type of female. the researchers conclude from this experiment that the males control the speed of transfer over the sperm package. however, this does not automatically lead to the conclusion that the female is powerless. females can also influence whether sperms are transferred by how quickly they eat the spermatophore. in addition, the larger the male, the larger the size of the sperm package, and this influences how long the females need to consume the protein. as a result, the sperm have more time to transfer to the female - - and the female ' s eggs have a greater chance of being fertilized by a ' high - quality ' male. professor reinhold stresses, ' our findings show that the females do not determine the transfer - - not that they could not do so. ' other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - klaus reinhold, steven a. ramm. male control of sperm transfer dynamics in a spermatophore - donating bushcricket. behavioral ecology and sociobiology, 2012 ; doi : 10. 1007 / s00265 - 012 - 1459 - 4 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5000615538603672, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8ac5898-68a2-4483-988a-19efcfb719bf>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.158892"}
{"text": "anancus sp., photo : michael lahanas the jaw of anancus, an extinct gomphotheriid elephant. anancus is an extinct genus of gomphothere that lived in the late miocene and early pleistocene, from 3 to 1. 5 million years ago. their fossils have been found in africa, europe, and asia. anancus stood around 3 metres ( 9. 8 ft ) tall, and closely resembled a modern elephant. it had two tusks, whereas most other gomphotheres had four. aside from its somewhat shorter legs, anancus was also different from modern elephants in that its tusks were much longer, up to 4 m ( 13 ft ) in length. the tusks were probably defence weapons. the molars were not composed of lamellae like those of true elephants, but had cusps, like tapir and pig molars ; anancus appears to have lived in forests, eating from trees and shrubs and digging out tubers and roots in the forest floor, and it died out when these forests gave way to grasslands. although not as famous, anancus was at least as big as its cousins the mammoths. 1. ^ a b palmer, d., ed ( 1999 ). the marshall illustrated encyclopedia of dinosaurs and prehistoric animals. london : marshall editions. p. 241. isbn 1 - 84028 - 152 - 9. * benes, josef ( 1979 ). prehistoric animals and plants. prague : artua. p. 263. source : wikipedia, wikispecies : all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4151011000196331, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c4e7ff79-e77e-45f7-be8a-21847ce9b4ea>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.163135"}
{"text": "what is scientology? scientology definiton : scio ( latin ) \u201c knowing, in the fullest sense of the word, \u201d logos ( greek ) \u201c study of. \u201d thus scientology means \u201c knowing how to know. \u201d developed by l. ron hubbard, scientology is a religion that offers a precise path leading to a complete and certain understanding of one \u2019 s true spiritual nature and one \u2019 s relationship to self, family, groups, mankind, all life forms, the material universe, the spiritual universe and the supreme being. scientology addresses the spirit \u2014 not the body or mind \u2014 and believes that man is far more than a product of his environment, or his genes. scientology comprises a body of knowledge which extends from certain fundamental truths. prime among these are : man is an immortal spiritual being. his experience extends well beyond a single lifetime. his capabilities are unlimited, even if not presently realized. the aims of scientology written by l. ron hubbard in september 1965. a civilization without insanity, without criminals and without war, where the able can prosper and honest beings can have rights, and where man is free to rise to greater heights, are the aims of scientology. first announced to an enturbulated world in 1950, these aims are well within the grasp of our technology. nonpolitical in nature, scientology welcomes any individual of any creed, race or nation. we seek no revolution. we seek only evolution to higher states of being for the individual and for society. within the vast amount of data which makes up scientology \u2019 s religious beliefs and practices there are many principles which, when learned, give one a new and broader view of life. knowing the tone scale, for instance, a person can see how best to deal with a grumpy child, mollify an upset friend or get an idea across to a staid employer. these principles amount to a huge area of observation in the humanities. it is a body of knowledge there for the learning. there is nothing authoritarian in it. it is valuable purely as a body of knowledge. frequently asked questions since the forming of the first church of scientology in 1954, the religion has grown to span the globe. today, more than 10, 000 scientology churches, missions, related organizations and affiliated groups minister to millions in 165 countries. and those numbers are constantly growing ; in fact, scientology \u2019 s presence in the world is growing faster now than at any time in its history. who was l. ron hubbard? l. ron hubbard was an author, philosopher, humanitarian and founder of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5452637106475877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e93e8e02-d268-47c1-953c-4e033d9212f5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.171809"}
{"text": "and those numbers are constantly growing ; in fact, scientology \u2019 s presence in the world is growing faster now than at any time in its history. who was l. ron hubbard? l. ron hubbard was an author, philosopher, humanitarian and founder of the scientology religion. he was born march 13, 1911, in tilden, nebraska, and passed away january 24, 1986. his long and adventurous road to discovery began at an early age. under the tutelage of his mother, a thoroughly educated woman, he was reading well beyond his years : shakespeare, greek philosophy and an array of later classics. yet his early years were far from bookish and with his family \u2019 s move to helena, montana, he was soon breaking broncos with the best of the local wranglers. l. ron hubbard quote : \u201c for nearly a quarter of a century, i have been engaged in the investigation of the fundamentals of life, the material universe and human behavior. such an adventure leads one down many highways, through many byroads, into many back alleys of uncertainty, through many strata of life \u2026 \u201d dianetics : understanding the mind the dianetics symbol uses the greek letter delta as its basic form. the green stripes stand for growth, the yellow stripes are for life. the four green stripes represent the four subdivisions of man ' s urge to survive which are delineated in dianetics. dianetics : dia ( greek ) through, nous ( greek ) mind or soul. to understand exactly how scientology is used, something should be known of the track of research l. ron hubbard traveled and the antecedent of scientology \u2014 dianetics. dianetics is a methodology which can help alleviate unwanted sensations and emotions, irrational fears and psychosomatic illnesses ( illnesses caused or aggravated by mental stress ). it is most accurately described as what the soul is doing to the body through the mind.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46287562861228004, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e93e8e02-d268-47c1-953c-4e033d9212f5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.173959"}
{"text": "| richard warburton, coos bay, oregon | in 1999, richard warburton had his prostate removed as treatment for prostate cancer. at that time, his surgeon realized his lymph nodes were enlarged and he was diagnosed with indolent chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( cll ). leukemia is a cancer that disrupts the normal development of blood cells. inside most of your bones is a soft spongy material called bone marrow where blood stem cells ( immature blood cells ) are made. a blood stem cell becomes one of two types of stem cells : myeloid or lymphoid, which mature into different kinds of blood cells. myeloid stems cells become red blood cells that carry oxygen to and from the tissues in your body ; platelets that help your blood to clot to control bleeding ; and infection - fighting white blood cells known as granulocytes. lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblasts, which mature into b lymphocytes ( b cells ), which produce antibodies that identify and destroy bacteria and viruses ; t lymphocytes ( t cells ), which fight against viruses and stimulate b cells to produce antibodies ; and natural killer ( nk ) cells, which kill tumor cells and disease - carrying microorganisms. with cll, lymphocytes stop maturing and don \u2019 t die off like normal lymphocytes. as a result these abnormal white blood cells slowly start to crowd out healthy red and white blood cells and platelets, preventing them from doing their jobs, which makes the person become anemic, or contract infections, and bleed easily. \u201c cll is essentially an indolent b - cell non - hodgkin lymphoma, \u201d says dr. ajay gopal, a medical oncologist at seattle cancer care alliance. \u201c cll has more of a blood / marrow manifestation. so, you \u2019 ll often hear cll ( chronic lymphocytic leukemia ) called small lymphocytic lymphoma ( sll ). \u201d \u201c i didn \u2019 t receive any treatment initially, \u201d richard recalls. \u201c but i had my white blood cell count checked periodically and noticed that my counts were increasing about 2. 3 percent per month, doubling in two years. by 2005, my counts were up to 200, 000 ( normal white blood cell counts are 4, 500 to 10, 000 ). \u201d richard began to experience headaches, nausea, and hot flashes at night. treatment for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48084791162488005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c35d2e6-5fa6-4f5c-9b11-0bb89ce1ce26>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.180884"}
{"text": "doubling in two years. by 2005, my counts were up to 200, 000 ( normal white blood cell counts are 4, 500 to 10, 000 ). \u201d richard began to experience headaches, nausea, and hot flashes at night. treatment for cll starts with \u201c watchful waiting, \u201d especially when there are no symptoms, as was with richard \u2019 s case. chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation, and bone marrow transplantation are currently used to treat cll once it moves out of the \u201c indolent \u201d phase. but these options didn \u2019 t appeal to richard because of their risk of side effects. so, he began looking online for information about cll treatments. he searched the cll topics web site ( www. clltopics. org ), a non - profit organization that was created to help disseminate information about this disease. it was on this web site that richard found dr. ajay gopal, who was conducting a clinical trial for the treatment of cll. clinical trial for cll fred hutchinson cancer research center protocol 6071 ( also known as nci protocol 6957 ) is a phase i - ii trial of a drug called fenretinide and rituximab for people who have b - cell lymphoma. the goal of this study, among other things, is to determine the response rates of fenretinide and rituximab in patients with this disease ( and in richard \u2019 s case, cll ) and then to be able to estimate the overall survival, progression - free survival, time to progression, disease - free survival, and pet responses of patients treated on this study. richard contacted seattle cancer care alliance and was evaluated by dr. gopal who signed richard up for this study in april 2007. \u201c in less than three months, my white blood cell count was down to 100, 000, \u201d richard says. \u201c my symptoms went away and my physical abilities seemed to increase. without treatment my white blood cell count could have risen to 400, 000 by now ( from the 200, 000 it was at the start of the trial ). \u201d the treatment richard received began with fenretinide. the rituximab was added a few months later and caused his white blood cell count to bounce high and low a little before stabilizing at 35, 000, where it has remained for the past two years, back to the levels richard had in 2001. \u201c most patients tolerate the therapy well with much fewer side effects than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44941942392703316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c35d2e6-5fa6-4f5c-9b11-0bb89ce1ce26>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.181843"}
{"text": "cell count to bounce high and low a little before stabilizing at 35, 000, where it has remained for the past two years, back to the levels richard had in 2001. \u201c most patients tolerate the therapy well with much fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy, \u201d says dr. gopal. \u201c and some patients have had prolonged disease control. \u201d as of 2009, richard takes rituximab every three months and fenretinide pills on a reduced dose three times a week. his white blood cell count continues to decline and his bone marrow biopsies, which he receives quarterly, have not changed. \u201c my cll appears to be more indolent than before, \u201d richard says. overall his health is good. his psa \u2019 s are immeasurable since his surgery, so his prostate cancer is no longer a concern. and his cll is under control and hasn \u2019 t affected his lifestyle, so richard is happy. \u201c dr. gopal couldn \u2019 t have done a better job. he \u2019 s very forth - coming and provided excellent care. i would have preferred a complete cure, but at 75 years old, i \u2019 m happy to get 10 more years. \u201d richard \u2019 s advice to other cll patients is to be an advocate for yourself and be part of the decision - making process. his primary oncologist in his oregon hometown hadn \u2019 t heard of dr. gopal \u2019 s trial. the current treatments for cll come with side effects that he has not experienced on his current treatment course. \u201c dr. gopal is the only doctor i talked to who knew about cll. org and the company and what they are doing, \u201d richard says. \u201c i might not have known about or been able to participate in this trial otherwise. \u201d as of may 2012, richard is doing well. on march 9, 2011 however, he had his left breast removed after a diagnosis of paget ' s nipple disease, a rare type of cancer involving the skin of the nipple and areola. he had chemotherapy and radation after that until january 2012 and now takes tamoxifen daily. \" for the last few months, my blood counts have been normal, as the the cytoxan for my breast cancer really cleaned up my cll at the same time, \" richard says. richard will keep us posted... * this study is funded by the nci and in part by cll topics. it is not limited to cll and the nci supplies the fenreitini", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41657070221335585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c35d2e6-5fa6-4f5c-9b11-0bb89ce1ce26>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.182908"}
{"text": "summarized with assistance from shannon ingram, siecus program research intern source : anil chaturvedi et al., \u201c human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the united states, \u201d journal of clinical oncology ( october 2011 ). the u. s. has experienced a noteworthy rise in the number of cancers of the throat and mouth over the past 25 years. a team of cancer researchers studied 271 cancerous tissue specimens from three different national registries to determine whether human papillomavirus ( hpv ) played a role in this rise. 1 until now, evidence has been lacking. the tissue samples had been obtained from patients over a 20 - year period ( 1984 - 2004 ). the researchers also projected the future burden of oropharyngeal cancers through the year 2030, along with other head / neck and cervical cancers. \u00b7 the overall rise in throat and mouth cancers from 1984 - 2004 was strongly associated with hpv infection ; by contrast, the incidence ( i. e. rate of new cases ) of such cancers caused by tobacco and alcohol use declined over the same time period. \u00b7 hpv prevalence in throat / mouth tumors increased from 16. 3 % in the 1980s to 72. 7 % in the 2000s. \u00b7 the increase in throat / mouth tumors caused by hpv \u201c perhaps arises from increased oral sex and oral hpv exposure. \u201d 2 \u00b7 by 2020, the number of hpv - positive throat and mouth cancers in the u. s. is expected to surpass the number of cervical cancers. \u00b7 people with oropharyngeal cancers associated with hpv infection have \u201c substantially better survival \u201d compared to those with similar cancers linked to tobacco and alcohol use. prevention of hpv infection is a key objective of any sexual health promotion program. the researchers have demonstrated a link between hpv and cancers of the throat and mouth. however, the researchers did not set out to demonstrate the cause of these hpv infections and further research is necessary to better understand the role that oral sex plays in the rise of hpv - positive oropharyngeal cancers in the u. s. research is also needed to determine whether an hpv vaccination can protect against infection of the throat and mouth. sexuality educators should include these findings in discussions of sexual health risks, while carefully explaining to learners that much remains unknown about oral sex and hpv transmission. 1 chaturvedi ak, engels ea, pfeiffer rm, hernandez by, xiao w, kim e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4558717651898615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9d7b2bf1-a1a3-4edb-8d78-01bfa38e9a25>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.186127"}
{"text": "under the collaborative umbrella of the archaeology education clearinghouse ( aec ), representatives from the society for historical archaeology ( sha ), society for american archaeology ( saa ), and archaeological institute of america ( aia ), came together at the national council for the social studies ( ncss ) conference to share archaeology education resources with social studies educators from around the nation. ncss is a national organization for all sorts of educators concerned with social studies, including classroom teachers, administrators, college and university educators, and those who specialize in curriculum and policy. over the course of two november days in seattle, over 300 people stopped by the aec vendor booth. over half of the folks who stopped by the aec booth engaged in conversations with meredith langlitz, christy pritchard, or mary petrich - guy. these archaeologists spoke with educators, shared information, and, demonstrated the engaging utility of archaeology as a tool for meeting curriculum requirements. in addition to the vendor booth, pritchard, assisted by langlitz, led a session for 35 classroom teachers, \u201c archaeology and social studies : making the past come alive in your classroom! \u201d the range of archaeology lesson plans available through aec impressed conference attendees. many washington teachers were familiar with the state organizations listed on a state resource flyer, such as the burke museum, but were unacquainted with the abundance of teaching resources accessible through the aec. even educators weighed down by the barrage of promotional materials enthusiastically picked up the \u201c ultralight \u201d aec flyer to take home and access the web of archaeology teaching materials. educators can then use the materials from the sha, saa, and aia in classrooms and interpretive settings to meet national and state curriculum standards. in its fifth year, the aec provides a point of access to all three organizations \u2019 k - 12 education materials ranging in focus from what is archaeology, prehistoric, historic, and classical archaeology, to careers in archaeology. a range of lesson plans compiled by the three organizations cover the ten themes of social studies in national curriculum : 2. time, continuity, and change 3. people, places, and environments 4. individual development and identity 5. individuals, groups, and institutions 6. power, authority, and governance 7. production, distribution, and consumption 8. science, technology, and society 9. global connections 10. civic ideals and practices though the utility of archaeology as a social studies teaching tool may be clear to archaeologists, and some teachers are big fans, many conference attendees asked questions like, \u201c i teach u.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4693598082639514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fdcc5cf-8b04-480c-8d9b-1308d91fb9cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.191034"}
{"text": "technology, and society 9. global connections 10. civic ideals and practices though the utility of archaeology as a social studies teaching tool may be clear to archaeologists, and some teachers are big fans, many conference attendees asked questions like, \u201c i teach u. s. history, how does that relate to archaeology? \u201d luckily, representatives from each society were able to connect with teachers across the broad spectrum of social studies topics and had example lesson plans on hand. to reinforce the idea that social studies teachers already use archaeological information in the classroom, aec representatives passed out \u201c i teach archaeology \u201d stickers. designed for conference nametags, these handy visuals are also potential conversation - starters beyond the vendor \u2019 s booth. overall, the attendance of the aec at the ncss conference was a success. archaeologists engaged in hundreds of conversations with educators and armed them with great a great point of contact to access hundreds of educational resources. it was a pleasure to connect with so many fabulous educators. next year \u2019 s ncss conference is in st. louis and attendance is expected to be even greater! national council for social studies 2012 national curriculum standards for social studies : chapter 2 \u2013 the themes of social studies. national council for social studies, silver spring, md. < http : / / www. socialstudies. org / standards / strands > accessed 10 december.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5035448639101466, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7fdcc5cf-8b04-480c-8d9b-1308d91fb9cb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.191578"}
{"text": "1929 september 16 daily globe, ironwood, well in hand wounded in the encounter ( at the siaboka rabbinical college at hebron ) in which the jewish dead numbered 45... and the moslem dead was estimated at 40. it ran the total casualties for the three days sanguinary battling between the races in jerusalem and lesser cities in palestine to more than 70 jews and probably as many arabs... \" the well armed, well trained condition of the arabs, and charges have been made their attacks have had inspiration other than past racial animosities... \" \" the grand mufti, head of the supreme council, was warned by the palestine government saturday he would be held responsible for any well trained and well armed? sounds alot like the armed palestinian arab terrorists from palestinian arab occupied gaza, palestinian west bank, palestinian jordan and palestinian continue in full \" meanwhile the moslem fury against the jews began to spread in lands bordering upon palestine. it was reported from beirut, syria that 10, 000 demonstrat ( ors ), in sympathy with their moslem brethren in palestine, paraded through the streets yesterday, carrying crosses and moslem banner ( s ) bearing anti - zionist inscriptions and shouting \" palestine for the arabs. \" \" french cavalry accompanied the paraders, who were headed by the grand mufti and by the bishop... \" \" similar demonstrations were have taken place in other syrian towns... \" \" it was reported from damascus that the leader of one of the principal tribes was preparing to advance upon jerusalem ' to protect the mosque has been is what will be, and what has been done is what will be done, and there is nothing new under the sun there were anti semitic christians in name only then, just as there are today. gettysburg times, gettysburg to holy war, \" moslem arabs throughout the holy land and the bordering states are being called upon by highly inflammatory propaganda to revolt and move against the government of palestine. \" \" floods of this propaganda were said today to have eminated from cities inhabited by moslem people and to have been instrumental in the smouldering discontent which some regard as dangerous. \" \" one of the proclamations in circulation among the arabs heralded a ' holy war ' and called upon all arabs to help their people in palestine. \" \" although jerusalem was quiet today british troops continued their incessant clashes with bands of tribesmen who have penetrated palestine \" one automobile which yesterday attempted to cross to palestine was found to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41186061564778675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:148dd808-e534-43d6-a036-88becf91957c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.195734"}
{"text": "' and called upon all arabs to help their people in palestine. \" \" although jerusalem was quiet today british troops continued their incessant clashes with bands of tribesmen who have penetrated palestine \" one automobile which yesterday attempted to cross to palestine was found to contain 14 rifles with 1000 cartridges. reports persisted despite official denial that skirmishes with bedouins have occurred near beersheba. \" \" jews who hailed the first proclamation of the british high as aiding their cause were not so joyful today over a second proclamation which announced constitution of special courts. \" 1 : 9 what has been is what will be, and what has been done is what will be done, and there is nothing new under the sun we have a call for holy war, we have arms smuggling across the borders. we have calls from neighboring countries for armed revolt. and we have floods of propaganda that some regard as dangerous. what year is it again? 02 april 1930 british commission outlines cause of palastine outbreaks on april 1, 1930 a british commission issued a report on the causes of the 1929 outbreaks of violence. as reported in the edition, between arabs and jews, fear by the arabs that they were to be dispossessed from their lands, and inability of the leaders of the two warring races to compromise were the fundamental reasons for the murderous outbreaks in palestine last august... the outbreak from the beginning \", said the report, \" was caused by the attack by arabs on the jews, for which no excuse in the form of earlier murders by the jews is established... but the disturbances were mostly vicious attacks by arabs on the jews, accompanied by wanton disregard of jewish property. a general massacre of the jewish community at hebron was narrowly averted \" arabs and jews, inability to compromise \", yasser / uncle haj : stand still so i can kill you all palestinian jews : no \" massacre narrowly averted \" hundreds wounded and killed isn ' t a massacre. oh yeah, i forgot, a massacre in israel is 10, 000 palestinian jews, or 2 palestinian and please notice how the moslems most of the time refer to their fellow brethren in neighboring lands. thats because they came from the neighboring lands themselves. to get a better perspective of the jewish influx into palestine, how they settled a barren and desolate land, and how they purchased the these news clippings clearly show the miserable conditions of the land. charleston daily mail, charleston, west virginia pact refused by arabs \" the hebrew newspaper doar hayom said it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.445876843953189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:148dd808-e534-43d6-a036-88becf91957c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.196944"}
{"text": "graphology : sexual deviations as seen in handwriting, by marie bernard, a german born artist, psychologist and graphologist, who wrote on a usually not much dealt with topic. the large and thick tom demonstrates through many samples of famous people how sexual deviations can be recognized through their handwriting. sexual conflicts, problems, deviations, disturbances and feelings of one ' s own self in relation to sexuality can be detected through handwriting and the reader can learn something about what are the tell tale signs and graphic syndromes. it is important to note that while the book was written, homosexuality was still treated as deviation, while today it is no longer understood to be that way by the dcm iv, the \" catalogue \" of psychiatric disorders. marie bernard herself recognizes this by an opening remark about how it is not important whom we love, but how well we do. many of the samples, which include well known figures, artists, poets of the past as well as of unknown writers, do belong to homosexuals ; hence the term \" deviation \" has better be ignored. instead the reader is advised to simply learn how homosexuality, just like any other human personality dynamic and structure, is seen through the handwriting. names to be found in the books along with many photos, samples and even work of arts are maurice bejart the famous dancer and french ballet and opera director and choreograph, nijinsky the famous ballet dancer, the painter john singer sargent, the american writer nethaniel hawthorne, the french writer collette, the singer liberace, marcel proust the french writer and even michealangelo. marie bernard uses the to show how indeed sexuality in its quirkiness and differences finds expression in the handwriting, an ultimate show of mental and physical expression. marie bernard deals with her subjects with wisdom and love without undue judgement and prejudice. published by the whitston publishing company, 1990 ny", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5301131112661995, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b406b4d0-e1bf-4c10-87a5-b0ffd3aa1ec2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.199067"}
{"text": "the healing property of silver is a distinct part of the folklore in many cultures. in fact, silver has been used for centuries in many cultures to disinfect the eyes of new born babies. it is for this reason that people used silver milk pails and threw silver coins into wells. the recent scientific studies have proved most of them to be true, thus sparking a renewed interest in the medical benefits of silver. silver sol is one of the first revolutionary products to have capitalized on the anti microbial power of silver. this anti - microbial solution comprises 0. 001 % elemental silver that roughly equals to 10 parts in one million and 99. 999 % pure water. the laboratory tests conducted with silver sol spray have proved the efficacy of this solution in killing even the drug - resistant bacterial strains and preventing the replication of virus beyond doubt. in addition to that, it has provided positive test results with regards to some other powerful health benefits when applied topically on an injury. the best part about this solution is that it produces no side - effects whatsoever and works like magic when it comes to healing or treating infectious conditions. this can be used for prevention of infections as well, especially if one is required to travel to an area with high risk of contagion. silver sol \u2019 s novel method of action and unique silver compositions has already earned it a united states patent in the year 2006. this is quite an achievement considering the fact that the last time a liquid silver anti - microbial product received a patent, it was in the 1920s. the properties and health benefits of this product have been listed in greater details in the following paragraphs. anti - bacterial properties of silver sol this product has strong anti bacterial properties and can exterminate or at least hinder the growth of various types of pathological bacteria. this includes the drug resistant staphylococcus aureus atcc baa - 44 ( mrsa ) that has become a source of concern in the medical fraternity. to top it all, silver sol \u2019 s formulation has proved extremely effective in terminating the following bacteria \u2013 haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumonie, enterobacter aerogenes, shigella boydii, klebsiella pneumoniae, escheria coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa. in fact, you will be astounded to know that till date this anti microbial solution has achieved 100 percent success when it comes to unleashing its lethal effect on all types of pathogenic bacteria", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49390500517361396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80ad7767-4922-4c39-a283-a6d528dc39cf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.202376"}
{"text": "st. john school has resided in historic north square adjacent to the paul revere house on boston ' s freedom trail 1843 a large brick warehouse on moon street is purchased and converted to the \u201c free church \u201d of st. john the baptist to meet the need of the irish immigrants and poor people of the city. 1862 the congregation of st. john the baptist moves to st. stephens church. moon street property is used as a chapel and a hall for parish functions. 1872 st. stephens sells the property for $ 18, 712. bishop williams sends for two sisters of notre dame de namur from cincinnati to open a small school, chapel and parish hall. 1880 - 94 under the effort of rev. michael moran, 20 classrooms and an auditorium named st. john \u2019 s hall is contracted with an italian - style campanile tower. 1895 st. john \u2019 s parochial school officially registers 300 boys, 500 girls. many of whom are newly arriving immigrants from the south of italy. 1896 rose fitzgerald ( kennedy ), the future mother of a u. s. president, is enrolled as a student. 1911 the congregation of the sisters of st. joseph are commissioned to st. john school. 1912 the school was added to the parish of sacred heart and the first commencement under the sisters of st. joseph was on june 22 with 12 graduates. 1937 kindergarten class is initiated. 1946 the war and economical situation of the 40 \u2019 s saw deterioration and finally the removal of the entire third floor auditorium and tower. 1950 the next two decades saw a new wave of immigration in the north end. young families support three local parochial schools, including st. john \u2019 s. 1976 st. mary \u2019 s school closed due to demographic changes in the city \u2019 s population. st. john school welcomes the new students. 1982 st. anthony \u2019 s school closes. st. john \u2019 s has the distinction of being the only parochial school in the north end as well as boston proper. 1995 st. john school celebrates its 100th anniversary. 2000 st. john school embraces the new millennium with the latest technology and traditional educational values. 2004 sacred church / parish was dissolved and became a chapel. sacred heart parish merges with st. leonard parish and becomes one parish : st. leonard parish. 2010 st. john school will celebrate 115 years in existence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38236700379593275, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8da52124-78ab-49f3-84fa-aad350c98073>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.205777"}
{"text": "melasma is also called the mask of pregnancy and choasma faciei and is a condition that is more frequently found in pregnant women and women under oral and patch contraceptives, as it is caused by the presence of high amounts of estrogen and progesterone. the condition causes darker spots on the surface of the skin and may affect the facial area or the forearms. melasma and pregnancy melasma occurs mostly during pregnancy, as it is a result of the presence of female sexual hormones ( estrogen and progesterone ). these hormones will stimulate the melanocytes, which will produce more pigments than usual, resulting in dark patches. however, these patches occur only if the skin is exposed to sun. the condition is more common in women with a fairer complexion or a light brown skin type. there are also women who are genetically predisposed to developing melasma. stress and thyroid dysfunctions may contribute to the occurrence of melasma. symptoms of melasma melasma manifests through irregularly shaped dark patches which are most visible on the forehead, cheek, nose, lips or the upper lip. the discoloration is typically gradual and may evolve, so the patches will become darker. there will be no other symptoms such as pain or itchiness. a melasma may be detected by using the wood \u2019 s lamp, which is a device that employs light with wavelength between 340 and 400 nm. the lamp will reveal the presence of excess melanin on the skin. the melanoma will typically disappear without treatment after delivery. this may happen a few weeks to a few months after giving birth, as the estrogen and the progesterone will get back to normal levels. however, there are a few treatments that may lighten the melasma including : - topical ointments that will lighten the pigmentation such as hyrdoquinone ( hq ), which shouldn \u2019 t be used in concentrations over 4 % ; hq inhibits the production of an enzyme known as tyrosinase, which contributes to the formation of melanin - a diluted solution of azelaic acid ( in concentration of up to 20 % ) may decrease the production of melanin - different facial chemical peels that employ alpha or beta hydroxyacids - glycolic acid peels - laser treatments such as fractional resurfacing or the fraxel treatments - treatment with mandelic acid ( i. e. trilum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46745658886459224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2adc466-20a1-4829-bd38-8ff11f7e0ac3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.208498"}
{"text": "flaky skin is most commonly skin that \u2019 s too dry, although it can occasionally be a sign of another skin condition called seborrheic dermatitis. most cases of flakiness come from skin that lacks moisture. dry, flaky skin is especially common in the winter months when the air is dry and people spend more time indoors where their skin is exposed to dry heat. dry, flaky skin is caused by a lack of moisture in the outermost layer of the skin called the epidermis. the epidermis consists of clusters of skin cells that are held together by lipids. these lipids help to prevent loss of water from the surface of the skin. some people don \u2019 t have enough of these lipids or the lipid layer is damaged, which makes it difficult for their skin to hold on to moisture. when this is the case, skin cells in the epidermis aren \u2019 t shed in an orderly manner. instead, they build up and cause skin to look flaky and feel rough to the touch. some people are genetically prone towards dry skin. for others, the lipid layer that protects the skin from moisture loss becomes damaged when they use harsh soaps and cleansing products. damage can also come from bathing frequently in hot water or exposing skin to dry conditions and temperature extremes. some medical conditions, medications and dietary deficiencies, especially a low - fat diet, can contribute to dry skin. skin needs essential fatty acids to make lipids that protect the skin against moisture loss. to reduce flakiness, it \u2019 s important to treat the underlying problem - dry skin. people who live in a dry home will benefit from getting a humidifier to add moisture to the air. other simple ways to reduce moisture loss is to avoid using soaps and harsh cleansers that damage the delicate layer that protects skin from dryness. choose a product that gently cleanses and removes surface dirt and debris without stripping skin of its natural protective oils. look for added ingredients that gently loosen and exfoliate dead skin cells that cause skin to look rough and flaky. after cleansing, apply a gentle moisturizer formulated for dry skin. many products contain natural botanicals that help to soothe dry skin and restore moisture balance. many also contain antioxidants that protect skin against damage. always apply a sunscreen with an spf of at least 30 that protects against uva and uvb rays for added protection against the sun \u2019 s damaging rays. sun exposure can worsen dryness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45712911720257976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a67b5c8f-fbdb-4438-9374-3470d6ba8815>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.211916"}
{"text": "antioxidants that protect skin against damage. always apply a sunscreen with an spf of at least 30 that protects against uva and uvb rays for added protection against the sun \u2019 s damaging rays. sun exposure can worsen dryness and flakiness. select a nourishing sunscreen with antioxidant vitamins that \u2019 s specifically formulated to meet the needs of very dry, flaky skin. gentle exfoliation instantly removes dead skin cells that cause skin to look flaky. some people use exfoliating pads, but these can be too rough for some skin types. a gentler alternative is skin polishers which contain very fine particles of jojoba to lift away dead skin cells that cause flaking and reveal the healthier skin underneath. look for ingredients like allantoin to reduce skin irritation and redness. exfoliate once or twice a week in addition to your regular cleansing and moisturizing program to help skin look smoother and less flaky. most skin flakiness comes from the build - up of dead skin cells in the outer layer of the skin. this happens when the protective lipid layer is damaged and skin loses too much moisture. fortunately, this problem can be corrected by using a gentle cleanser made for dry skin and applying a moisturizer formulated for the special needs of dry, dehydrated skin. using a skin polisher like skinmedica skin polisher once or twice a week also helps to keep flakiness in check.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4369415078725817, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a67b5c8f-fbdb-4438-9374-3470d6ba8815>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.212475"}
{"text": "exe file extension the exe file extension is a common filename suffix indicating an executable file ( a program ) working in the dos, microsoft windows, os / 2, openvms and symbian operating systems. there exist several formats of executable files : dos - 16 - bit dos mz executable - that is the original dos executable file format, which can be identified by \" mz \" in the ascii. - 16 - bit new executable - this format was introduced with multitasking ms - dos 4. 0, these can be identified by the \" ne \" in ascii. this format was never popular or useful for dos and cannot be run by any other version of dos - 32 - bit linear executable - introduced with os / 2 2. 0, this format can be identified by the \" lx \" in ascii. they are only able to run in os / 2 2. 0 or higher and they are also used by some dos extenders. - mixed 16 / 32 - bit linear executable - also introduced with os / 2 2. 0, these can be identified by the \" le \" in ascii. this format is not used for os / 2 applications anymore, but its instead used for vxd drivers under windows 3. x and windows 9x, and by some dos extenders. - 32 - bit portable executable - introduced with windows nt, this is a very complex format which can be identified by the \" pe \" in ascii. these can be run by all versions of windows nt, and also windows 95 and higher, partially also in dos using hx dos extender. they are also used in beos r3. - 64 - bit portable executable - file format introduced by 64 - bit versions of windows, these are pe files with a cpu type corresponding to a 64 - bit instruction set such as x86 - 64 or ia - 64. these can only be run on 64 - bit machines. an executable file does contain a program, set of tasks or any other instructions to start a program on computer. how to open exe files : you can open, view or decompile it with developer software tools. you can start it ( open ) it by double clicking on it in windows explorer. do not start unknown executables as it can often be a virus or some other malicious program. try to visit computer processes library and search for additional information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4870126768005627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:076cec58-f952-4eed-abd9-bae081b8051c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.216691"}
{"text": ". you can start it ( open ) it by double clicking on it in windows explorer. do not start unknown executables as it can often be a virus or some other malicious program. try to visit computer processes library and search for additional informations about your executable, before you execute it. how to convert file with extension exe : there is no way, how to convert exe executable files in to another file format. related software to exe file extension find foreign keys. effortless data models. sql made simple. - windows setup installer maker setup maker tool combines all program files into single self extracting exe file - setup installer software setup extractor tool generates install uninstall packages for windows program - msi to exe setup creator. exe installer maker software to create executable files from msi format - msi to exe package setup creator msi to exe converter software to create installer package executable setup file - screen flash pro the easiest and most effective tool for demonstrating your software product... - setup generator setup generator utility provides install, uninstall feature in software package - setup installation package creator setup installer creator application generate windows exe installation packages - application setup creator software setup maker utility creates executable. exe setup file for your windows software - msi to exe maker utility msi to exe maker utility convert. net framework msi file into exe installer file links to exe file extension - audio files - backup files - binary files - compressed files - configuration files - dangerous and malicious files - data files - database files - developer files - disk files - document files - emulator files - encrypted files - executable files - font files - game files - image files - plugin files - setting file - system files - temporary files - text files - video files - web files - other files - 3d - cad - cam - cae files", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.395901769213775, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:076cec58-f952-4eed-abd9-bae081b8051c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.217435"}
{"text": "reviewed by r. z. ( age 11 ) the food supply was low, so a few children went down to the river where some food was hidden. one of the children fell into an underground cave. the children looked at the cave and thought it would be big enough to hold 15 children to hide from the nazis. the nazis were in the area so the children went to live in the cave with little food and water to live on. when i read about the man that came to the school, i wondered if he was really a german and wanted to see if they would hide the jewish boys and girls. i felt sad for the children to be without any parents. i wondered how long they would be hiding in the cave and if they would have enough supplies. my favorite part was when the nazis had to leave for the normandy front. the hidden children were rescued from the cave by a ladder and taken back to the school house, safe from the nazis. i liked the book because it had to do with historical events. it told about events of children who lived during wwii. i recommend this book for boys because it has to do with periods in world war ii, and they can get an idea of what it was like for the jewish people. pretty much anybody above third grade could read it easily.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47938924553644835, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f11ef868-030c-4133-80ae-b9b46873ea07>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.221310"}
{"text": "is popular among young people. voting, however, is not popular among young people. participating in politics is important. those who don ' t vote must watch while politicians divvy up the available money and services without their input. what better way to use technology is there than to enable more young people to vote and be politically aware? of voting online isn ' t new ; it ' s similar to voting by mail except that the ballots are submitted via keystroke rather than via the postal service. there are concerns that people with more wealth and better education - - who tend to use the internet in greater numbers - - would skew online elections. however, the point is missed that, due to the present election structure, richer people already have a disproportionate say in who is elected. cannot add any more weight to a seesaw that already has one side on the ground, but it can induce more people to participate. already, dozens of candidates and organizations have web sites with much more in - depth information than any 30 - second commercial can include. from the knight - ridder news service included the point that \" californians could be voting over the internet in five years with a computerized system that could revolutionize the state ' s voting process and boost sagging voter turnout. of state bill jones is recruiting silicon valley ' s high - tech companies to study how to make such a system private and secure from fraud. momentum is already building nationwide from a pilot project that would let some overseas military personnel cast votes over the internet in the november 2000 election. \" is already under development. again, modifying the secure servers that have enabled e - commerce to flourish in the last few years will allow honest elections to be held online. janelle brown, technology correspondent for salon, said in an interview that the necessary technology could be available within the next five companies are working on election server technology including votehere, which was profiled in the new york times this spring. \" as president of votehere. net, a start - up company that builds secure internet voting systems, jim adler hears the same question from investors again and again. they don ' t ask about politics or security. they want to know what would happen if microsoft moved into the election business. adler has a ready reply : ' do you think the justice department would let microsoft run elections in this country? ' are focusing their efforts on building the trust of election officials in their products and reputations. votehere. net is new to the industry, but most of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5053035307890941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70d50256-4def-4b34-8025-a9b8069f5f7e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.225928"}
{"text": ": ' do you think the justice department would let microsoft run elections in this country? ' are focusing their efforts on building the trust of election officials in their products and reputations. votehere. net is new to the industry, but most of these companies are already in the election business, selling voting machines and computer equipment for reading ballot results, and they are anticipating demand for internet concern with online voting boils down to trust. kim alexander, president of the non - profit california voter foundation, said that personal, not technical, issues were the key stumbling block toward acceptance of online voting. \" a cvf survey showed that members were supportive with caution, \" alexander said in an interview. \" i see online voting supplementing polling places. it will be a generation before there is more confidence. the state should provide more information to ease fears. \" \" there is little trust in what is online, \" she said. \" there is a lack of familiarity. people don ' t trust interaction with a machine. it ' s not something they ' re familiar with. \" comes to using a computer to vote, brown predicted that people will initially be reticent, but it will pass with time. brown nor alexander believed that the democrats or the republicans would be helped or hurt by internet voting. alexander ventured that more independent voters might participate. described a school of thought that believes \" voting should be difficult. \" that thinking certainly is consistent with america ' s voting history, starting with the constitution, which permitted only white, middle - aged men with property to vote. therefore, it is odd that critics of internet voting cite a lack of access as an issue. from grandfather clauses to literacy tests to poll taxes, suffrage has expanded only slowly and grudgingly. even more reason to provide more opportunity to express their views. the technology, when it is available, must be allowed to operate effectively. education, not fear, must be the impetus behind improving political participation. thanks to kim alexander and janelle brown for their time and assistance. taken from \" californians might soon be voting online \" an article by deborah kong, knight - ridder news service, dated aug. 8, 1998. taken from \" casting ballots through the internet \" an article by rebecca fairley raney, new york times on the web, dated may 3, \u00a9 2000 tyson chaney all rights reserved is executive director of the millennium 3 foundation, a non - profit, non - partisan political research and education organization. he is writing a book, millennium 3 : political theory in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47260333177571767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70d50256-4def-4b34-8025-a9b8069f5f7e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.226939"}
{"text": "kom heill og sell! you can donate money via amazon. com to the american red cross disaster relief fund by clicking here this page is a collection of links mostly concerning or related to asatru, the reconstruction of an ancient polytheistic religion of northern european origin. asatru is faith in the \u00e6sir and the vanir, the gods and goddesses of the pre - christian germanic peoples ( goths, saxons, frisians, angles, danes, swedes, norwegians, franks, burgundians, allemanni, etc. ) isatrs is also known by several other names including : the elder troth, the heathen religion, germanic heathenry, forn sisr, forn itrsnasr, heisinn sisr, heisindomr. the majority of the gods and godesses of asatru are most recognisable by their norse names, among the best known are : o\u00f0inn ( odin ), frigg, \u00feorr ( thor ), njor\u00f0r ( njord ), freyr, freyja, \u00ferudr, sif, hel, bragi, heimdallr, tyr, loki, baldr, nanna, saga, ullr, forseti, sjofn, gefjon, i\u00f0unn ( idun ). the tradition of asatru has come down to us from many sources, including the prose edda of snorri sturlusson, the elder edda, the norse and icelandic sagas, skaldic and anglo - saxon poetry, the contemporary observations of those from other cultures, folklore, and archaeological evidence. still, much has been lost. asatru is very much a reconstructed religion of the north adapted to modern life. asatru is not a monolithic religion. there is no centralised and universally accepted authority on interpretation or reconstruction of the elder troth. the links below represent diverse viewpoints. please don ' t assume that because a link is listed here that i or any other practitioner of asatru agrees with everything said. unfortunately, i must also make a brief mention of the ugly issue of racism. a small vocal group of people defile the troth by associating the \u00e6sir and the vanir with a racist and homophobic political agenda. these nithings cloak their bigotry and fear with the trappings of asatru and have no place in our community. check", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48950564215217307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c13a0dc-85d2-482e-8e81-133cf3608863>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.229715"}
{"text": "troth by associating the \u00e6sir and the vanir with a racist and homophobic political agenda. these nithings cloak their bigotry and fear with the trappings of asatru and have no place in our community. check out my list of translations into english of old norse sagas and eddas. if you enjoy the sagas and can afford it, you can purchase the complete sagas of the icelanders. this is a wonderful set of translations of the old icelandic sagas. \" bsis arki as ausnu til hvers sem draga vill. \" - - brennu - njils saga \" ges a wyrd swa hio scel! \" - - beowulf you are visitor number since 15. december, 1997 email - firstname. lastname @ example. org ( pgp keys ) squirrel. com home page useful tools for sun workstations and solaris of the niebelung webring site is owned by squirrel. com asatru page. click for the [ next page | skip it | next 5 | random site ] want to join the ring? click here for info. this site is best viewed with netscape communicator. download netscape now!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4791746138876563, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7c13a0dc-85d2-482e-8e81-133cf3608863>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.230153"}
{"text": "currently we test and support the following browsers : please note that this is not intended to be an exhaustive list of browsers that support web standards, nor a test of browser compliance, nor a side - by - side comparison of various manufacturers \u2019 browsers. suzanne jackowski, phd part of a cellular mechanism that regulates the folding of new proteins into their proper shapes also includes a genetic response that enlarges the factory where both protein folding and packaging of proteins occurs. this finding, from researchers at st. jude children \u2019 s research hospital, loyola university ( chicago ) and kyoto university ( kyoto, japan ), are published in the oct. 15 issue of the journal of cell biology. the link between protein folding and factory construction ensures that the two processes are coordinated when the cell is called upon to quickly make, fold and secrete large amounts of specific proteins. the investigators discovered that the cell makes a molecule called xbp1 in response to an increased demand on the protein - folding machinery. this increased demand for folded proteins triggers the so - called unfolded protein response ( upr ), as well as the expansion of the factory where proteins are folded and packaged so they can be secreted from the cell. the upr also prompts the cell to make molecules called chaperones, which do the actual task of protein folding. xbp1 triggers the cell to make phosphatidylcholine, the major building block of the rows of membranes that make up much of the factory, which is called the endoplasmic reticulum ( er ). membranes in the er serve as envelopes to package the folded proteins. after leaving the er, the envelope fuses with the inside face of the membrane that surrounds the cell itself. once fused to the cell \u2019 s membrane, the envelope pops open, ejecting the protein out of the cell. \u201c by linking chaperone production to the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, xbp1 coordinates the processes of building and equipping new er to increase the cell \u2019 s capacity for folding and shipping proteins, \u201d said suzanne jackowski, phd, a member of st. jude infectious diseases. jackowski is an author of the journal of cell biology report. the study explains how the cells are able to rapidly meet the need for increased production of specific proteins by coordinating the tasks of folding and packaging them. the need for close coordination of protein processing and packaging is especially critical in the case of antibody production, according to joseph w. brewer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5468044107895871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7859c402-dc75-4bcb-bce5-69987de887dd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.233636"}
{"text": "cells are able to rapidly meet the need for increased production of specific proteins by coordinating the tasks of folding and packaging them. the need for close coordination of protein processing and packaging is especially critical in the case of antibody production, according to joseph w. brewer, assistant professor in the department of microbiology and immunology at loyola university medical center. the cells that make and secrete antibodies \u2014 the b cells \u2014 must synthesize, fold and release thousands of these proteins per minute, in response to an infection. brewer is senior author of the paper. the researchers made their findings in mouse cells called fibroblasts. they inserted the gene for xbp1 into a virus and used the genetically modified virus to transfer the gene into the fibroblasts. the xbp1 gene triggered an increase in the activity of key enzymes involved in membrane production. because it is already known that upr triggers activation of the xbp1 gene, findings of the current study suggest that xbp1 links the expansion of er to the increased ability to fold and package newly made proteins for secretion. other authors of this paper are rungtawan sriburi ( loyola university ) and kazutoshi mori ( kyoto university ). this work was supported in part by the national institutes of health, a cancer center ( core ) support grant and alsac. last update : january 2005", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5059577571658289, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7859c402-dc75-4bcb-bce5-69987de887dd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.234224"}
{"text": "we each have our own cultural history. here is part of mine. my mother \u2019 s family members were immigrants to the united states. my grandparents and eldest aunt came over first ; then my mother and three of her siblings were born here. english was my mom \u2019 s second language, which she started learning in school. she was very proud of her english and critical of her friends who never got rid of their family accents. she never taught me her native language and today i regret that. i envy those who still have that language connection to their cultural heritage. this was western pennsylvania. the country my family came from is poland, but our background is actually not polish but a mix of czech, yugoslavian, iranian / persian, and french! my mom was been born in 1933. and i grew up in the sixties. my parents at that time were not very tolerant people. i remember them making disparaging remarks about other immigrant groups, other races, and other religions. why did i not adopt all those prejudiced attitudes of my parents towards other groups of people? i think it \u2019 s partly because when several other minority families ( african americans, south and latin americans, asians ) moved into my neighborhood, my parents could not afford to move away as they wanted to. living as neighbors with people my parents had previously disliked and feared helped break down many barriers. my parents ( and i ) came to respect and care for many families in our neighborhood, who, it turned out, were not so very different from us. that was a past time in western pennsylvania and this is 2009 in philadelphia where i live. the minorities have changed, but the dynamics remain similar. we are still studying, working, and living alongside some folks who are different from us. there are differences in skin color, language, religion, food, and country of origin. in addition to our personal cultural history, each of us has had certain experiences, teachers or books that have shaped our tolerance for people different from ourselves. it \u2019 s time to share our stories with each other and with our children. i \u2019 m hoping that parents will take some time to reflect on their own levels of tolerance and think about what your children are learning from your words, attitudes, actions, and family stories. and if it seems too complicated as you \u2019 re teaching your children how to get along with their diverse classmates and neighbors, just check in with any elementary students. they \u2019 ll tell you the simple truth. we should all treat others respectfully, the way we each want to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4512264651235785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6a0dd278-4d98-4799-9763-a8139cd887e9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.238609"}
{"text": "hypoglycemia is a condition that occurs when your blood sugar ( glucose ) is too low. blood sugar below 70 mg / dl is considered low. blood sugar at or below this level can harm you. insulin shock ; low blood sugar hypoglycemia occurs when : - your body ' s sugar ( glucose ) is used up too quickly - glucose is released into the bloodstream too slowly - too much insulin is released into the bloodstream insulin is a hormone that reduces blood sugar. it is produced by the pancreas in response to increased glucose levels in the blood. low blood sugar is most commonly seen inpeople with diabetes who are taking insulin or other medicines to control their diabetes. babies who are born to mothers with diabetes may have severe drops in blood sugar. hypoglycemia in people who do not have diabetes may be caused by : - drinking alcohol - insulinoma - a rare tumor in the pancreas that produces too much insulin - lack ( deficiency ) of a hormone, such as cortisol or thyroid hormone - severe heart, kidney, or liver failure or a body - wide infection - some types of weight - loss surgery symptoms you may have when your blood sugar gets too low include : - double vision or blurry vision - fast or pounding heartbeat - feeling cranky or acting aggressive - feeling nervous - shaking or trembling - tingling or numbness of the skin - tiredness or weakness - trouble sleeping - unclear thinking sometimes your blood sugar may be too low, even if you do not have symptoms. if your blood sugar gets too low, you may : - have a seizure - go into a coma exams and tests home monitoring of blood sugar with a fingerstick sample will show readings lower than 70 mg / dl on your glucose monitor. a blood glucose test in a blood sample taken from your veins will be low. treatment depends on the cause. people with diabetes will need to learn how to treat and prevent low blood sugar levels. if hypoglycemia is caused by an insulinoma ( insulin - releasing tumor ), surgery to remove the tumor is the best treatment. severe hypoglycemia is a medical emergency that may cause seizures and permanent brain damage. severe hypoglycemia in which you become unconscious is also called insulin shock. when to contact a medical professional if signs of low blood sugar do not improve after you have eaten a snack that contains sugar : - get a ride to the emergency room, or - call a local emergency number ( such as 911", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5557733977558557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b251ad5b-2f99-4424-9477-6cb690d2038f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.241577"}
{"text": "architecture images - sydney architects barnet, james johnstone ( 1827 - 1904 ) born : 1827 scotland. died : 1904. james johnstone barnet was clerk of works at the university of sydney 1854 - 1860. in 1860 barnet joined the office of the colonial architect, becoming its permanent head in 1865 after acting in the position for two years. as colonial architect barnet was responsible for many of sydney ' s significant public buildings until his departure in 1890. | \" the greatest of all colonial architects \" james barnet was born in scotland and studied drawing, design and architecture in london before he sailed for sydney with his wife amy in 1854. he lived all his australian years in glebe ( derwent street in 1865 ) and forest lodge ( braeside, now demolished ). in 1860, barnet joined the colonial architect ' s office. in 1865, he became colonial architect and served in this position for 25 years. barnet ' s work in sydney signalled its maturation from a georgian town to a victorian city. his work contributed to a sense of stability and civic pride and includes : the australian museum ( 1864 ) the gpo in martin place ( 1866 - 90 ) the colonial secretary ' s building ( 1878 ) the lands department building ( 1876 - 81, 1888 - 93 ) further afield, barnet designed 169 post and telegraph offices, 130 courthouses ( including the glebe courthouse ( 1889 ) ) and many other public buildings across the state. glebe courthouse with the police station in the background. barnet was ' a promoter of new technologies, used concrete and fire - resistant materials, introduced electricity into his buildings and was first to install a telephone in a government office. ' chris johnson, the current government architect, states that barnet was the colonial architect who most significantly affected the shaping of sydney. james barnet has left sydney a legacy of iconic and much - loved victorian buildings. he died at forest lodge aged 78 on 16 december 1904 and was buried at rookwood cemetery. johnson, chris, shaping sydney, 1999 herman, morton, the architecture of victorian sydney, 1964 lawrence, joan and warne, catherine, balmain to glebe, 1995 macdonnell, freda, the glebe : portraits and places, 1975 smith, bernard and kate, the architectural character of glebe, 1989 special thanks to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37784595209687133, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8df30cd3-112c-409d-bdbd-2490aecf59ef>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.243918"}
{"text": "this sort ( matching game ) has 3 parts and 4 levels level 1 : the graphs and equations are only translations : horizontal, vertical, or both. this level includes graphs, equation, and descriptions of the translations. students can match equations to graphs, graphs to descriptions of the shifts, or a combination of the 3 level 2 : the graphs and equations show translations and reflections across the x - axis. this level includes graphs, equation, and descriptions of the translations. level 3 : the graphs and equations show translations, reflections across the x - axis and dilations ( stretching and shrinking ). this level includes only graphs and equations. level 4 : uses the same graphs as set a2 but the equations must be rewritten before graphing. this matching sort is designed to reduce chances of getting it right by guessing. the cards are very similar. for instance, 1 card shifts to the right 4, another to left 4, another up 4, and another down 4. students must know which direction to shift based on the equation and not because it was the only one that moved 4 units. also i have switched some values around to make sure student understand where the shift is up or to the right ( right 2 up 3 or right 3 up 2 ). you will have a good idea if students understand the concept after they have completed the matching exercise. great for differentiated instruction. as a class you may be on reflections, but some students are still struggling with translations. so when the class is doing the level 2 sort, those students can be completing the level 1 sort. as far as everyone is concerned they are completing the same assignment, they dona\u00a2i \u00bf \u00bdi \u00bf \u00bdt realize that they are working at different levels. having students work at their own level increases their confidence. - review station for test - math station for student that have completed their work - mid - lesson practice - end of lesson check for understanding - alternative to homework", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5532830820915308, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ef8f0ced-4e80-4132-baa0-850306adc81c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.246628"}
{"text": "archive for august, 2004 for teachers who have attempted a digital story project in the classroom, you have undoubtedly faced the snarly challenge of explaining how a script for a digital story is different from any other type of written story. the most widely used approach seems to be to focus on the classic elements of effective composition : description, character, setting, and dialogue. but is this the best approach for creating a digital story that seems to rely more on the synthesis of images and voice? when i used the composition approach, i would get a few students who wrote extensively detailed stories, four pages in length, complete with analogies. fortunately, there were only a few 500 word stories that i had to help students revise. it didn \u2019 t seem to make sense to push the students for two weeks to write, revise, add more detail and dialogue and then tell them they could only use a fraction of what they had written. i had a hunch i would run into this problem and when it came time to cross that bridge, i sped on to the production parts of the project. i still believe that strong composition skills are an important part of the digital story process for young students, not so much for adults. i started using ds in the classroom because i wanted to prove that multimedia production enhanced student \u2019 s literacy development. in general, i have plenty of data to support that claim, but when you take a closer look at the specific writing skills that can be evaluated that \u2019 s when you see how writing a script for a digital story differs from writing a detailed piece that will meet your english teacher \u2019 s standards. i had a brief conversation with storyteller jay o \u2019 callahan, who recently embarked on writing his first book, about how writing a story differs from creating a story to be performed. i can only remember that he said that the two processes are very different. i think the same is true of writing a digital story script. what \u2019 s the most effective approach for teaching the most important part of the digital story process? how does the approach differ for teaching students or those with little to no \u2018 story \u2019 background? what can we learn from video production classes and photography writing classes? it \u2019 s been over a month since my tour of europe, meeting a bunch of really cool folks doing really cool things in the field of digital storytelling. for those whose brows wrinkle at the sight of the term \u201c digital storytelling, \u201d the capture wales project is a good place to start for a clear example of the end product. how did i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46765526710520644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91402648-564f-4e68-97df-d9a25a357b93>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.251196"}
{"text": "really cool things in the field of digital storytelling. for those whose brows wrinkle at the sight of the term \u201c digital storytelling, \u201d the capture wales project is a good place to start for a clear example of the end product. how did i get involved with the digital storytelling community? back in \u2019 98, i was working on a masters in creative arts and learning. i wanted to develop a \u2018 multimedia storytelling \u2019 approach that i could use in the 4th grade classroom i was teaching at the time. i found on the web a multimedia live storytelling performance called next exit by a man named, dana atchley, co - founder of the center for digital storytelling. later that year, i saw his last performance at the annual digital storytelling festival and began working with joe lambert and the folks from the center. what did i do as an intern with cds inpolverigi, italy? cds uses a workshop model where each participant completes a 3 - 4 minute digital story over the course of 3 days. i assisted with story development, image manipulation, editing in premiere, post - production and general trouble - shooting. after a month in italy, joe sent me on a tour of europe to meet people he \u2019 s met over the years who are working in the digital storytelling field. where did i go after polverigi? ( after seeing the ancient cities of assisi, florence, siena and rome ) first stop : stockholm, sweden second stop : malmo, sweden third stop : amsterdam, netherlands henk \u2013 waag : society for old and new media fourth stop : halverston, netherlands frank \u2013 teleac : school tv \u201c > fifth stop : copenhagen, denmark sixth stop : bristol, uk seventh stop : cardiff, wales", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4680548762781811, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91402648-564f-4e68-97df-d9a25a357b93>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.251889"}
{"text": "story : otago places page 4 \u2013 otago harbour port chalmers, with neighbouring careys bay, sawyers bay and roseneath, had a population of 2, 619 in 2006. 14 km north - east of dunedin, it is on the north side of otago harbour at the end of state highway 88. the locality, known to maori as koputai, is where local ngai tahu sold the otago block to the new zealand company in 1844. a european town was founded there when otago was settled in 1848. it was named after thomas chalmers, the free church of scotland leader who had died the previous year. the union steam ship company started in 1875, and one early building \u2013 a pumphouse \u2013 survives at port chalmers. in 1882 the first frozen meat shipped from new zealand to the northern hemisphere left from the port. port chalmers became a borough in 1866, and part of dunedin city in 1989. a tale of two ports from 1881, when the otago harbour board opened the dredged victoria channel from port chalmers to dunedin, the \u2018 port \u2019 and \u2018 city \u2019 factions fought over which would be the main port. port chalmers finally won that battle when it became the lower south island \u2019 s deep - water container port ( opened in 1977 ). it became a major forest products export port, and hosts cruise ships through the summer. buildings and monuments the town centre has an impressive combined town hall and library building, and a scenic road follows the coast. the headland flagstaff and signal station is above the port ; nearby campbell buchanan lane commemorates a young port chalmers sailor who died in action in the solomon islands in january 1943. the hotere garden oputae has four sculptures, including one by ralph hotere which was previously at the artist \u2019 s nearby studio. iona presbyterian church was built in 1883. the scott memorial, commemorating the ill - fated british antarctic expedition of 1910 \u2013 12, sits high above the town on the road to waitati. nearby roseneath, on another promontory, is purely residential, but sawyers bay has industry as well. careys bay, north of the port, has a historic hotel and a tradition of alternative lifestylers. also known as st martin island, the island was first used for quarantine purposes in 1863, when the victory arrived with a smallpox case on board. buildings from the quarantine years remain. a small settlement of cribs ( holiday houses ) north - west of port chalmers, aramoana had a permanent population of around 260 in 2006. in 1996", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3517023968880853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8fadc82-d544-4901-a6b0-8d3597fc3538>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.256577"}
{"text": "arrived with a smallpox case on board. buildings from the quarantine years remain. a small settlement of cribs ( holiday houses ) north - west of port chalmers, aramoana had a permanent population of around 260 in 2006. in 1996 the christchurch press interviewed 88 - year - old lina davis, a long - time aramoana resident, about defeating the aluminium smelter proposal. \u2018 people came here for the peace and the bracing air and sea. they did not want a giant factory at their backdoor, she says. they did not want the birdlife, fish, wetlands and beaches threatened. \u2019 1 in the later 1970s a proposal to site an aluminium smelter at aramoana met with vigorous \u2013 and successful \u2013 opposition from locals, conservationists and economists. on 13 and 14 november 1990 local recluse and gun collector david gray murdered 13 people, four of them school children, in a shooting rampage before being killed by police. a natural world inland of the sandspit on which aramoana is sited is an extensive salt marsh. it is a haven for kingfishers, godwits and other wading birds, and a habitat for plants that relish the salty environment \u2013 sarcocomia quinquefiora, shore pimpernel, saltmarsh musk, sedges, jointed rush and others. in 1998 aramoana was gazetted a protected area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3653012804375867, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a8fadc82-d544-4901-a6b0-8d3597fc3538>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.257144"}
{"text": "one ring to log in all the yubikey is a device that adds a layer of security to logging into online accounts. google engineers are experimenting with yubikeys and other schemes for added protection. credit : from \" yubikey neo - world ' s first nfc enabled one - time password tokenm \" by yubico on youtube google is working on small devices \u2014 including one designed as a ring \u2014 that people would need to log onto all of their online accounts, wired reported. such devices could add a layer of security to online email, banking and other accounts, but they could also add another necessity for people to carry around in their purses or wallets. google ' s security team are experimenting with extra log - in hardware because they thought passwords aren ' t enough to deter hackers anymore, wired reported. because of the increasing sophistication of hacks, everything that is now password - protected might in the future require some kind of personal key, too, the google researchers thought. google has experimented with yubikey, a small card that plugs into computers ' usb ports. they also imagined that tomorrow ' s internet keys could be built into rings or smartphones, which would eliminate the need to carry around an extra device. the jewelry and smartphone - based keys could work with a tap. one of the major challenges now is to convince other websites to agree to a unified log - in system. google ' s ideas for increasing the security of online accounts are alternatives to another popular idea, adding biometrics such as iris or fingerprint scans to people ' s personal devices.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5809737245921358, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8ac816dd-908f-4856-a48b-eb92a1dd3960>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.258776"}
{"text": "the contents of your closet not only shape your style and individuality, but also have a profound impact on the planet. ethical fashion means a lot of things \u2026 ethically designed, upcycled, recycled, sharing, swapping, second hand, locally made, locally purchased from vintage or second hand shops. words like fair trade \u2013 though it might travel far it supports people in marginalized countries to make a living wage, organic \u2013 no pesticides used which supports the earth and worker \u2019 s health. the bottom line is to be conscious, ask questions, make thoughtful and sustainable decisions for the earth, and higher quality purchases when you buy new so they last. support designers and businesses that are supporting you and the planet! the process of making clothing poses environmental, health, and social justice concerns. your choices can ensure humane working conditions and labor rights, sustainable and planet - friendly materials, repurposed and recycled materials, safe processing and manufacturing, waste minimization, earth friendly packaging and shipping, and proper recycling and disposal. don \u2019 t sacrifice style for sustainability designers have proven that stylish clothing can be made from sustainable materials like organic cotton, bamboo, hemp, and silk. more big companies are adding eco fashion - forward options to their collections! and, buying local vintage, second hand, and repurposed items are as eco as it gets, lighter footprint and eco - nomical! check out this link. check out sites like ebay green and yerdle. post some of the ways you are becoming an eco fashionista on our fb page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4409410950342, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0a1e9e9c-c238-4627-9114-9eaa10e977f1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.260483"}
{"text": "office of the dean 1803 n. broad street 400 carnell hall philadelphia, pa 19122 mark feitelson, professor in the department of biology and co - director of the temple university biotechnology center at temple since 2007, focuses his research on the hepatitis b and c viruses and their role in engendering liver cancer. the hepatitis b virus ( hbv ) is among the most common infections in the world. transmitted through bodily fluids, it has infected approximately 2 billion people \u2014 roughly one third of the earth ' s population \u2014 mostly in developing countries in asia and africa. more than 350 million people are chronically infected, including about 110 million chinese people, or 10 % of the nation ' s population. hepatitis b doesn ' t appear on any list of the world \u2019 s deadliest diseases because the infection itself is rarely fatal. but long - term hbv and hepatitis c virus infections result in chronic liver disease ( hepatitis ), cirrhosis ( end - stage liver disease ) and liver cancer, the third most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. one product of the virus, known as the hepatitis b x antigen ( hbxag ), plays a major role in the life cycle of hbv and is an important contributor to the development of liver cancer. hbxag has been the focus of feitelson ' s research since 1983. hbxag stimulates the production of virus proteins that are involved in enlisting the cell to create more viruses. during chronic hbv infection, it also protects infected liver cells from destruction by the immune system. the immune system ' s response to the virus, stymied by the actions of hbxag, results in the development of inflammatory liver disease ( chronic hepatitis ) without eliminating the virus - infected cells. sustained virus replication and progressive chronic liver disease are major risk factors for the appearance of liver cancer. over the years, the focus of feitelson ' s research has been how hbxag promotes the survival of virus - infected cells which, like cancer cells, often survive despite the persistence of immune responses that would otherwise eliminate such cells. his lab has also identified events triggered by hbxag that are important contributors to cancer development. in effect, the hepatitis b and c viruses cause their host cells to acquire the quick growth and resistance to immune elimination characteristics of cancer cells in the course of promoting their own survival. liver cancer itself often follows. the current model for managing aggressively mutating viral infections is combination therapies, or \" drug cocktail", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4827806631140457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:152f8671-2a4b-4279-ba8d-37e28fa0383b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.264697"}
{"text": "to acquire the quick growth and resistance to immune elimination characteristics of cancer cells in the course of promoting their own survival. liver cancer itself often follows. the current model for managing aggressively mutating viral infections is combination therapies, or \" drug cocktails. \" highly successful in treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ), this approach uses drugs aimed at multiple chemical targets on the virus to suppress replication to such low levels for such a long time that the virus cannot reach the critical mass of mutated forms required to repopulate around the drugs. feitelson thinks hbxag might be a good additional target for hbv drugs. continuously funded by the national institutes of health ( nih ) since 1988, feitelson recently received a grant to develop combination therapies for hbv. he is currently working on a total of three nih - funded projects and has received funding from industry and foundations over the years for multiple translational and applied research projects. one such industrial contract is from the chinese company hec, which has enlisted feitelson to test a promising new hbv drug with a new target in his lab. hbv receives relatively little attention in the west due to the low infection rates in europe and the americas and the delayed impact of the virus on the health of infected people. but hbv - associated diseases are a national priority in china, and feitelson has formed strong ties with the hbv research community there as he helps to fight these diseases. many of his graduate students are from china and he often travels there for conferences and consultations. he has been a visiting professor at five different chinese universities, including the elite fudan university in shanghai. feitelson has even formed a small company in china called usino to aid in accomplishing one of his goals ; helping china to develop their own drugs for hbv, which could then be made available at affordable prices. usino is presently helping to standardize clinical testing throughout china, laying the groundwork for advanced drug development, but the company also facilitated the hec contract. feitelson earned a bs in biology from the university of california, irvine in 1974 and a phd in microbiology and immunology from the ucla school of medicine in 1979 before becoming an american cancer society postdoctoral fellow in the department of medicine at stanford university from 1980 - 1982. he was then recruited to fox chase cancer center by nobel laureate baruch blumberg, who discovered hbv and developed the test and vaccine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5220866688351395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:152f8671-2a4b-4279-ba8d-37e28fa0383b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.265974"}
{"text": "hydrocephalus is a buildup of fluid inside the skull, leading to brain swelling. hydrocephalus means \" water on the brain. \" water on the brain causes, incidence, and risk factors : hydrocephalus is due to a problem with the flow of cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ), the liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. the fluid brings nutrients to the brain, takes away waste from the brain, and acts as a cushion. csf normally moves through areas of the brain called ventricles, then around the outside of the brain and the spinal cord. it is then reabsorbed into the bloodstream. buildup of csf can occur in the brain if its flow or absorption is blocked or if too much csf is produced. this buildup of fluid puts pressure on the brain, pushing the brain up against the skull and damaging or destroying brain tissues. hydrocephalus may start while the baby is growing in the womb. it is commonly present with myelomeningocele, a birth defect involving incomplete closure of the spinal column. genetic defects and certain infections that occur during pregnancy may also cause hydrocephalus. in young children, hydrocephalus may also be associated with the following conditions : - infections that affect the central nervous system ( such as meningitis or encephalitis ), especially in infants - bleeding in the brain during or soon after delivery ( especially in premature babies ) - injury before, during, or after childbirth, including subarachnoid hemorrhage - tumors of the central nervous system, including the brain or spinal cord - injury or trauma hydrocephalus most often occurs in children, but may also occur in adults and the elderly. see : normal pressure hydrocephalus the symptoms depend on the cause of the blockage, the person ' s age, and how much brain tissue has been damaged by the swelling. in infants with hydrocephalus, csf fluid builds up in the central nervous system, causing the fontanelle ( soft spot ) to bulge and the head to be larger than expected. early symptoms may also include : - eyes that appear to gaze downward - separated sutures symptoms that may occur in older children can include : - brief, shrill, high - pitched cry - changes in personality, memory, or the ability to reason or think - changes in facial appearance and eye spacing - crossed eyes or uncontrolled eye movements - difficulty feeding - excessive sleepiness - ir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.535357326650765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68475c01-a171-4dc4-ac5e-804d99c61820>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.272956"}
{"text": "brief, shrill, high - pitched cry - changes in personality, memory, or the ability to reason or think - changes in facial appearance and eye spacing - crossed eyes or uncontrolled eye movements - difficulty feeding - excessive sleepiness - irritability, poor temper control - loss of bladder control ( urinary incontinence ) - loss of coordination and trouble walking - muscle spasticity ( spasm ) - slow growth ( child 0 - 5 years ) - slow or restricted movement signs and tests : when a health care provider taps fingertips on the skull, there may be abnormal sounds that indicated thinning and separation of skull bones. scalp veins may appear stretched or enlarged. part or the entire head may be larger than normal. enlargement is most commonly seen in the front part of the head. head circumference measurements, repeated over time, may show that the head is getting bigger. the eyes may look \" sunken in. \" the white part of the eye may appear above the colored part of the eye, given the eyes a \" setting - sun \" appearance. reflexes may be abnormal. a head ct scan is one of the best tests for identifying hydrocephalus. other tests that may be done include : - brain scan using radioisotopes - cranial ultrasound ( an ultrasound of the brain ) - lumbar puncture and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid ( rarely done ) - skull x - rays the goal of treatment is to reduce or prevent brain damage by improving the flow of csf. the blockage may be surgically removed, if possible. if the blockage cannot be removed, a shunt ( flexible tube ) may be placed within the brain to allow csf to flow around the blocked area. the shunt tubing travels to another part of the body, such as the abdomen, where the extra csf can be absorbed. antibiotics are given if there are signs of infection. severe infections may require the shunt to be removed. another option is endoscopic third ventriculostomy ( etv ), which relieves pressure without replacing the shunt. removing or burning away ( cauterizing ) the parts of the brain that produce csf may reduce csf production. follow - up examinations generally continue throughout the child ' s life. these are done to check the child ' s developmental level and to treat any intellectual, neurological, or physical problems. visiting nurses, social services, support groups, and local agencies can provide emotional support and assist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5059794316598182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68475c01-a171-4dc4-ac5e-804d99c61820>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.273917"}
{"text": "generally continue throughout the child ' s life. these are done to check the child ' s developmental level and to treat any intellectual, neurological, or physical problems. visiting nurses, social services, support groups, and local agencies can provide emotional support and assist with the care of a child with hydrocephalus who has significant brain damage. untreated hydrocephalus has a 50 - 60 % death rate, with the survivors having varying degrees of intellectual, physical, and neurological disabilities. the outlook for treated hydrocephalus depends on the cause. hydrocephalus that is caused by disorders not associated with infection has the best outlook. persons with hydrocephalus caused by tumors usually do very poorly. most children with hydrocephalus that survive for 1 year will have a fairly normal life span. approximately a third will have normal intellectual function, but neurological difficulties may persist. shunt placement may lead to blockage. symptoms of such a blockage include headache and vomiting. surgeons may be able to help the shunt open without having to replace it. there may be other problems with the shunt, such as kinking, tube separation, or infection in the area of the shunt. other complications may include : - complications of surgery - infections such as meningitis or encephalitis - intellectual impairment - nerve damage ( decrease in movement, sensation, function ) - physical disabilities calling your health care provider : seek immediate medical care if your child has any symptoms of this disorder. go to the emergency room or call 911 if emergency symptoms occur, which include : - breathing problems - extreme drowsiness or sleepiness - feeding difficulties - high - pitched cry - no pulse ( heart beat ) - severe headache - stiff neck you should also call your health care provider if the child has been diagnosed with hydrocephalus and the condition gets worse and you are unable to care for him or her at home. protect the head of an infant or child from injury. prompt treatment of infections and other disorders associated with hydrocephalus may reduce the risk of developing the disorder. kinsman sl, johnston mv. congenital anomalies of the central nervous system. in : kliegman rm, behrman re, jenson hb, stanton bf, eds. nelson textbook of pediatrics. 18th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 592. golden ja, bonnemann cg. developmental structural disorders. in : goetz cg, eds. textbook of clinical neurology. 3rd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46736862325232764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:68475c01-a171-4dc4-ac5e-804d99c61820>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.276046"}
{"text": "the use of prescribed fire as a land management tool has deep and ancient roots in south carolina \u2019 s heritage. however, conducting prescribed burns is becoming increasingly challenging due to a variety of factors, according to a state wildlife biologist and forester. johnny stowe, s. c. department of natural resources ( dnr ) representative to the south carolina prescribed fire council and a certified wildlife biologist and forester, said properly conducted prescribed burns ( also called \u201c controlled burns \u201d ) have multiple benefits. stowe is also a landowner who burns his own land. prescribed fires help restore and maintain vital habitat for wildlife, including bobwhite quail and other grassland birds, wildprescribed burn turkeys, white - tailed deer, gopher tortoises, and red - cockaded woodpeckers. besides the many wildlife species that require fire - dependent habitat, many plants thrive only in regularly burned forests. the demise of the longleaf pine forest and associated grasslands, which once made south carolina one of the best quail hunting states, is tightly correlated to the decrease of woods - burning. also, plants like the insectivorous pitcher plants, sundews, and venus \u2019 fly trap \u2014 as well as many other plant species, some of them rare \u2014 require frequent fire. \u201c fire - maintained lands also have a special unique beauty, \u201d stowe said. \u201c the open, park - like vistas of properly burned lands appeal to many of us. \u201d stowe can be reached via e - mail at stowej @ dnr. sc. gov or by calling 803 - 419 - 9374 in columbia. for more information on prescribed burning assistance, call your local s. c. forestry commission office or visit the south carolina prescribed fire council. prescribed fire enhances public safety, according to stowe, by reducing or even eliminating fuel loads, thereby making wildfire on that area impossible or unlikely for some time afterwards. and wildfires are usually less destructive on areas that have been prescribed burned. wildfires often either lose intensity or go out when they reach areas that have been prescribed burned. prescribed fire is also, along with hunting and agriculture, an essential part of the heritage and character of the south. every culture that has ever lived in the south has had an ancient tradition of woods burning. the indians transformed the southern landscape for thousands of years with fire, and the africans and europeans brought with them from the old world the time - tested practice of using fire to mold the land to their needs. sadly,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3914373955884758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3a813bd-3a06-461b-91cc-603b5b061896>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.279996"}
{"text": "an ancient tradition of woods burning. the indians transformed the southern landscape for thousands of years with fire, and the africans and europeans brought with them from the old world the time - tested practice of using fire to mold the land to their needs. sadly, one of the main threats to prescribed burning is the legacy of smokey bear. \u201c smokey is one of the best - known icons in the united states, \u201d stowe said, \u201c and while part of smokey \u2019 s message always has been, is, and always will be wise \u2014 that no one should carelessly or maliciously use fire under any circumstances \u2014 smokey \u2019 s legacy is that several generations of americans view forest fires as universally destructive. \u201d another key threat to the southern tradition of prescribed burning as a land management tool is south carolina \u2019 s increasingly urban population. many south carolinians now come from backgrounds that did not expose them to rural land management activities such as burning, hunting and agricultural operations, according to stowe. often these folks do not appreciate the multiple benefits to society that these practices provide, nor the long - standing role that they play in the state \u2019 s natural and cultural history. noted conservationist aldo leopold correctly observed that one of the dangers of not living on a farm is that you may get the idea that heat comes from the furnace and food from the supermarket. stowe said that one of the many public benefits of the dnr \u2019 s heritage preserves and wildlife management areas is that they provide folks with a chance to see on - the - ground land management \u2014 how it works and why it is vital to protecting the state \u2019 s natural landscapes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4518036962308903, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b3a813bd-3a06-461b-91cc-603b5b061896>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.280653"}
{"text": "on the relative well - being of the nonmetropolitan poor : an examination of alternate definitions of poverty during the 1990s. 1. introduction understanding the geographic distribution of poverty is important to help target poverty - reduction policies. throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the proportion of people living in poverty in the united states poverty in the united states refers to people whose annual family income is less than a \" poverty line \" set by the u. s. government. poverty is a condition in which a person or community is deprived of, or lacks the essentials for, a minimum standard of well being and life. was significantly greater in nonmetropolitan than in metropolitan areas. in the 1980s the average incidence of poverty was 4. 4 percentage points larger in nonmetropolitan areas than in metropolitan areas, and in the 1990s the average difference was 2. 6 percentage points. ( 1 ) although it is well documented that the incidence of poverty, also called the head count index, has been higher in nonmetropolitan areas, there is very little research that examines whether poverty is deeper or more severe in nonmetropolitan areas. zheng zheng ( zheng ), n a chinese term for an acupuncture diagnosis achieved by thoroughly examining and interviewing a patient., cushing cush \u00b7 ing, harvey williams 1869 - 1939. american surgeon known for his innovations in the field of neurosurgery and for his studies of the pituitary gland., and chow ( 1995 ) note that the u. s. federal government uses the proportion of poor as virtually the only indicator of poverty. ( 2 ) similarly, much of the academic research on poverty is also focused on the incidence of poverty and does not examine distribution - sensitive measures of poverty. ( 3 ) for example, hanratty and blank ( 1992 ) compare u. s. and canadian canadian ( k\u0259na ` de\u0259n ), river, 906 mi ( 1, 458 km ) long, rising in ne new mexico. and flowing e across n texas and central oklahoma into the arkansas river in e oklahoma. poverty rates from 1970 to 1986 and provide an explanation for why the canadian poverty rate improved dramatically relative to the u. s. rate. sawhill ( 1988 ) presents a comprehensive review of poverty measurement in the united states united states, officially united states of america, republic ( 2005 est. pop. 295, 734, 000 ), 3, 539, 227 sq mi ( 9, 166, 598 sq km ), north america", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.530858605493184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.342914"}
{"text": "measurement in the united states united states, officially united states of america, republic ( 2005 est. pop. 295, 734, 000 ), 3, 539, 227 sq mi ( 9, 166, 598 sq km ), north america. the united states is the world ' s third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. and proposes explanations for why there was so little change in poverty from the mid - mid - middle : midbrain. 1960s to the mid - 1980s. using a consumption - based measure of poverty, rather than the official income - based measure of poverty, slesnick ( 1993 ) counters that there was significant progress made in reducing poverty during this time period. in all cases, however, when the authors discuss poverty, they are referring to the incidence of poverty and never to any sort of distribution - sensitive measure. understanding the depth and severity of poverty, in addition to the incidence, may provide information on important differences in the qualitative nature of poverty that would suggest different types of poverty - reduction policies for the different area types. the purpose of this paper is to examine nonmetropolitan poverty relative to metropolitan and other geographic areas of the united states during the 1990s. this paper extends on the current literature in two ways. first, the analysis considers three different measures of poverty : the head count, poverty - gap, and squared poverty - gap indices. these measures belong to the foster - greer - thorbecke ( 1984, hereafter in the future. the term hereafter is always used to indicate a future time \u2014 to the exclusion of both the past and present \u2014 in legal documents, statutes, and other similar papers. referred to as fgt fgt female genital tract ) family of poverty indices and have been widely used in the international poverty literature. ( 4 ) the head count is the standard measure used and provides a measure of the incidence of poverty. the poverty - gap index provides a measure of the depth of poverty, and the squared poverty - gap index is sensitive to the income distribution of the poor and provides a measure of the severity of poverty. the usefulness of these measures can be illustrated by considering a transfer of money from a rich person to a poor person that is not large enough to push the poor person over the poverty line. this transfer has no effect on the head count index, but the poor person is better off and this welfare improvement is reflected in a reduction of both the poverty - gap and squared poverty - gap indices. as another example,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5112175781916057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.343977"}
{"text": "person over the poverty line. this transfer has no effect on the head count index, but the poor person is better off and this welfare improvement is reflected in a reduction of both the poverty - gap and squared poverty - gap indices. as another example, a transfer of income from a poor person to a poorer person will not alter either the head count or the poverty - gap index, but it improves the distribution of income of the poor, and this change is reflected by a reduction of the squared poverty - gap index. ( 5 ) these examples point to an important reason to consider the poverty - gap and squared poverty - gap indices in addition to the commonly reported head count index. a frequently stated goal of many programs is the reduction of poverty, but the policies that are appropriate to attain tiffs goal will vary depending on which poverty measure is considered. if policy makers are focused on the head count index, then the most efficient way to reduce poverty is through assistance to the least poor. if, on the other hand, policy makers are concerned about the overall welfare of the poor and not just on reducing the number of persons living in poverty, then the appropriate measure is one that captures the depth and severity of poverty. the second way in which this paper extends on the literature is that the statistical tests for differences in poverty are corrected for features of the sample design. ( 6 ) most nationally representative data sets, particularly those from which poverty estimates are formed, are not based on pure random draws from the population ; rather they are frequently based on stratified stratified / strat \u00b7 i \u00b7 fied / ( strat\u00b4i - fid ) formed or arranged in layers. arranged in the form of layers or strata. and multistage mul \u00b7 ti \u00b7 stage 1. functioning in more than one stage : a multistage design project. 2. relating to or composed of two or more propulsion units. sample designs. as one example, the sample used for the current population survey ( cps ( 1 ) ( characters per second ) the measurement of the speed of a serial printer or the speed of a data transfer between hardware devices or over a communications channel. cps is equivalent to bytes per second. ) is drawn from a census frame using a stratified, multistage design. howes howes can refer to : people in zoning law, an official permit to use property in a manner that departs from the way in which other property in the same locality. an example from jolliffe, datt datt defense attache", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5388604511649017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.345026"}
{"text": "howes howes can refer to : people in zoning law, an official permit to use property in a manner that departs from the way in which other property in the same locality. an example from jolliffe, datt datt defense attache datt department of aviation trades training datt data access temporary table, and sharma sharma is one of the most common brahmin surnames among hindus in india, nepal and other countries. meaning of the surname sharma is derived from the sanskrit ' sharman ' which means teacher. according to sanskrit scholar dr. ( in press ) shows that in the case of poverty indices for egypt egypt ( e ` jipt ), arab. misr, biblical mizraim, officially arab republic of egypt, republic ( 2005 est. pop. 77, 506, 000 ), 386, 659 sq mi ( 1, 001, 449 sq km ), ne africa and sw asia., falling to adjust for the characteristics of the sample design would result in an underestimate of the correct standard errors by 187 - 212 %. the remaining part of this paper proceeds as follows. section 2 covers poverty measurement issues, which includes a discussion of the data, poverty line, poverty indices, and the estimates of sampling variance. section 3 provides a discussion of the results. examining only the incidence of poverty provides the result that poverty is worse in nonmetropolitan areas during all 10 years of the 1990s. when looking at the depth of poverty, this difference in poverty is only statistically significant in six of the 10 years ; and when examining the severity of poverty, the difference is only statistically significant in three of the 10 years ( at the 95 % confidence level ). this section also establishes that there are important nonmetro - metropolitan differences in the distribution of income of the poor and provides further geographic decompositions and some economic explanations for the differences. section 4 provides a brief conclusion. 2. poverty measurement the 1991 - 2000 current population survey ( cps ) and the u. s. poverty thresholds the poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living. in practice, like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in developed the data used in this paper are from the 1991 - 2000 march supplement to the cps, which is conducted by the by the bureau of the census noun 1. bureau of the census - the bureau of the commerce department responsible for taking the census ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5314153947678707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.346057"}
{"text": "the data used in this paper are from the 1991 - 2000 march supplement to the cps, which is conducted by the by the bureau of the census noun 1. bureau of the census - the bureau of the commerce department responsible for taking the census ; provides demographic information and analyses about the population of the united states census bureau for the bureau of labor statistics bureau of labor statistics ( bls ) a research agency of the u. s. department of labor ; it compiles statistics on hours of work, average hourly earnings, employment and unemployment, consumer prices and many other variables.. the cps data are the basis for the official u. s. poverty estimates and provide information on approximately 50, 000 households in each year. the march supplement, also called the annual demographic survey of the cps, collects information on income and a variety of demographic characteristics. the reference period for income - related questions is the preceding calendar year, and therefore the 1991 - 2000 cps data provide poverty estimates for 1990 - 1999. the sample is representative of the civilian, noninstitutionalized adj. 1. not committed to an institution ; - op people. opposite of institutionalized nt >. adj. 1. noninstitutionalized - not committed to an institution noninstitutionalised population and members of the armed forces either living off base or with their families on base. the sample frame is based on housing structures and not individuals, so all individuals who are homeless at the time of the interview are excluded from the sample. estimates of the number of homeless range from a 1990 bureau of census bureau of census a division of the federal government of the united states bureau of commerce that is responsible for conducting the national census at least once every 10 years, in which the population of the united states is counted. estimate of 250, 000 to a 1987 urban institute estimate of up to 600, 000 service - using homeless individuals. ( 7 ) the exclusion of homeless persons an individual who lacks housing, including one whose primary residence during the night is a supervised public or private facility that provides temporary living accommodations ; an individual who is a resident in transitional housing ; or an individual who has as a primary residence a from the sample frame is noteworthy for poverty analysis, as this is a group that has a very high incidence of poverty, and it is noteworthy for a geographic analysis of poverty as homeless persons are disproportionately dis \u00b7 pro \u00b7 por \u00b7 tion \u00b7 ate out of proportion, as in size, shape, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5138805199509657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.347206"}
{"text": "has a very high incidence of poverty, and it is noteworthy for a geographic analysis of poverty as homeless persons are disproportionately dis \u00b7 pro \u00b7 por \u00b7 tion \u00b7 ate out of proportion, as in size, shape, or amount. dispro \u00b7 por located in metropolitan areas. ( 8 ) because the homeless are disproportionately located in metropolitan areas, their exclusion from the sample biases the estimates in the direction of increasing the estimated gap between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan poverty rotes. relative to the population of poor persons ( estimated at 33. 6 million in 1990 ), the homeless population is small, and this sample - selection bias will not significantly affect the estimated proportion of persons living in poverty. this statement is tempered, however, by noting that the homeless are most likely living in extreme poverty, and their exclusion has a greater impact on the poverty measures that are sensitive to the distribution of income. a primary finding of this paper is that distribution - sensitive measures of poverty reveal that the relative nonmetrometropolitan difference in poverty is smaller than what is indicated by comparing the incidence of nonmetropolitan and metropolitan poverty. if the homeless were included in this analysis, they would reinforce this finding. the geographical poverty comparisons considered in this paper are primarily between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. ( 9 ) nonmetropolitan is often referred to as rural, but these terms define different geographic areas. ( 10 ) the office of management and budget the office of management and budget ( omb ), formerly the bureau of the budget, is an agency of the federal government that evaluates, formulates, and coordinates management procedures and program objectives within and among departments and agencies of the executive branch. ( 2002 ), which issues federal standards for defining statistical areas, states that a metropolitan area is any county that contains a city with a population of at least 50, 000, a county with an urbanized area as defined by the bureau of census, or a fringe fringe ( optics ) one of the light or dark bands produced by interference or diffraction of light. distances between fringes are usually very small, because of the short wavelength of light. county that is economically tied to a metropolitan area. ( 11 ) nonmetropolitan areas are all areas outside the boundaries of metropolitan areas. the measure of welfare used in this paper is income as it is defined for federal poverty rates. this definition includes all pretax income pretax income reported income before the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5106403500113708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.348337"}
{"text": "##metropolitan areas are all areas outside the boundaries of metropolitan areas. the measure of welfare used in this paper is income as it is defined for federal poverty rates. this definition includes all pretax income pretax income reported income before the deduction of income taxes. pretax income is sometimes considered a better measure of a firm ' s performance than aftertax income because taxes in one period may be influenced by activities in earlier periods., but does not include capital gains or any noncash benefits such as public housing, medicaid medicaid, national health insurance program in the united states for low - income persons ; established in 1965 with passage of the social security amendments and now run by the centers for medicare and medicaid services., or food stamps food stamp a stamp or coupon, issued by the government to persons with low incomes, that can be redeemed for food at stores. noun 1.. the poverty thresholds used in this paper are the u. s. federal government poverty lines, which were developed in 1965 following a cost - of - basic - needs methodology that sets the poverty line at the value of a consumption bundle considered to be adequate for basic consumption needs. basic needs, in this context, represent a socially determined, normative nor \u00b7 ma \u00b7 tive of, relating to, or prescribing a norm or standard : normative grammar. nor minimum for avoiding poverty. for more details on this methodology and other methods of drawing poverty lines, see ravallion ( 1998 ). the u. s. poverty line set in 1965 was based on the cost of the u. s. department of agriculture ' s ( usda ' s ) economy food plan, a low - cost diet determined to be nutritionally adequate. in addition to the cost of this food plan, the poverty line includes an allowance for nonfood non \u00b7 food of, relating to, or being something that is not food but is sold in a supermarket, as housewares or stationery. expenditures that was twice the value of the cost of the usda usda, n. pr see united states department of agriculture. economy food plan. ( 12 ) to account for inflation, the poverty lines set in 1965 are adjusted each year using a price index. ( 13 ) the latest poverty line used in this study is from 1999, and it is set at $ 8, 667 for an individual under 65 years of age ; $ 11, 483 for a two - person family with one child", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5082685167806853, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.349264"}
{"text": "index. ( 13 ) the latest poverty line used in this study is from 1999, and it is set at $ 8, 667 for an individual under 65 years of age ; $ 11, 483 for a two - person family with one child and one adult ; and $ 19, 882 for a family with two adults and three children. for a listing of 1999 poverty lines for various family sizes, see dalaker and proctor a person appointed to manage the affairs of another or to represent another in a judgment. in english law, the name formerly given to practitioners in ecclesiastical and admiralty ( 2000 ). ( 14 ) poverty measures and standard errors the previous section describes the measure of welfare and poverty lines used to identify who is poor. the next step is to aggregate this information into a scalar scalar, quantity or number possessing only sign and magnitude, e. g., the real numbers ( see number ), in contrast to vectors and tensors ; scalars obey the rules of elementary algebra. many physical quantities have scalar values, e. g. measure of poverty. to examine the sensitivity of estimated poverty levels to the choice of a poverty index, i consider three measures that belong to the fgt family. the first is the head count index ( [ p. sub. 0 ] ), which is the percentage of the population living in families with family income less than the poverty line. the second measure is the poverty - gap index ( p0, defined by the mean distance below the poverty line ( expressed as a proportion of the poverty line ), where the mean is formed over the entire population and counts the nonpoor as having zero poverty gap. the third measure is the squared poverty - gap index ( [ p. sub. 2 ] ), defined as the mean of the squared proportionate pro \u00b7 por \u00b7 tion \u00b7 ate being in due proportion ; proportional. tr. v. pro \u00b7 por \u00b7 tion \u00b7 at \u00b7 ed, pro \u00b7 por \u00b7 tion \u00b7 at \u00b7 ing, pro \u00b7 por \u00b7 tion \u00b7 ates to make proportionate. poverty gaps. the fgt class of poverty indices, also referred to as [ p. sub. [ alpha ] ] can be represented as ( 1 ) [ p. sub. [ alpha ] = 1 / n [ summation summation n. the final argument of an attorney at the close of a trial in which he / she attempts to convince the judge and / or jury of the virtues of the client ' s case. ( see : closing argument )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5238208913905578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.350218"}
{"text": "n [ summation summation n. the final argument of an attorney at the close of a trial in which he / she attempts to convince the judge and / or jury of the virtues of the client ' s case. ( see : closing argument ) over ( i ) ] i ( [ y. sub. 1 ] < z ) [ [ ( z - [ y. sub. 1 ] / z ] [. sup. [ alpha ] ], where n is the sample size, i subscript ( 1 ) in word processing and scientific notation, a digit or symbol that appears below the line ; for example, h2o, the symbol for water. contrast with superscript. ( 2 ) in programming, a method for referencing data in a table. is the family or individual, y is the relevant measure of welfare, z is the poverty line, and i is an indicator function in mathematics, an indicator function or a characteristic function is a function defined on a set that indicates membership of an element in a subset that takes the value of one if the statement is true and zero otherwise. when [ alpha ] = 0, the resulting measure is the head count index, or [ p. sub. 0 ]. when [ alpha ] = 1, the fgt index results in the poverty - gap index, or [ p. sub. 1 ], and the squared poverty - gap index ( [ p. sub. 2 ] ) results when [ alpha ] = 2. in order to answer the question of whether poverty is higher in nonmetropolitan than metropolitan areas, or more generally most any question regarding whether poverty has changed over time or varies over some geographic or demographic characteristic, estimates of the sampling variance for the indices are required. kakwani ( 1993 ) provides two asymptotic estimates for the variance of the fgt poverty indices that are easy to calculate and frequently used. the kakwani formula for the variance of p0, the head count index, is [ p. sub. 0 ] ( 1 - [ p. sub. 0 ] ) / ( n - 1 ), where n is the sample size. the formula for all other variance estimates of the fgt indices is ( [ p. sub. 2 [ alpha ] ] - [ p. sup. 2. sub. [ alpha ] ]. ) / ( n - 1 ). the primary disadvantage of the kakwani estimates is that they assume the sample was collected using a simple random draw from the population. as noted in the introduction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5949595225344654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.351128"}
{"text": "n. sub. j ] is the size of each subgroup, and z is again the poverty line. by treating each observation as a subgroup, the estimate of poverty is the weighted mean of the individual - specific measures of poverty and the sampling variance of the poverty measure is the variance of this mean, or ( 3 ) [ mathematical expression not reproducible in ascii ] where i subscript is the individual. the next step is to incorporate the sample design information, which typically requires that the researcher has access to not only unit record data, but also data identifying the characteristics of the sample design. in the case of the cps data, the sample design information that identifies the strata and primary sampling units ( psus ), has been censored cen \u00b7 sor 1. a person authorized to examine books, films, or other material and to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable. 2. from the public - use files to maintain respondent in equity practice, the party who answers a bill or other proceeding in equity. the party against whom an appeal or motion, an application for a court order, is instituted and who is required to answer in order to protect his or her interests. confidentiality. to compensate for the missing design information, the u. s. bureau of census ( 2000, appendix c ) provides detailed notes on how to approximate design - corrected standard errors for a limited set of poverty estimates. an important shortcoming short \u00b7 com \u00b7 ing a deficiency ; a flaw. a fault or weakness noun 1. of this method is that parameter ( 1 ) any value passed to a program by the user or by another program in order to customize the program for a particular purpose. a parameter may be anything ; for example, a file name, a coordinate, a range of values, a money amount or a code of some kind. estimates are only provided for the head count index ; there are no corrections provided for any other measures of poverty. ( 15 ) in addition to the issue that the census does not provide sample - design corrections for either the poverty - gap or squared poverty - gap indices, there is the additional problem that the recommended method appears to be significantly less precise for nonmetro - metropolitan comparisons. the proposed correction for all nonmetropolitan statistics provided by the u. s. bureau of census ( 2000, appendix c ) is to multiply mul \u00b7 ti \u00b7 ply 1. to increase the amount, number, or degree of. 2. to breed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5004634666072816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.354099"}
{"text": "nonmetropolitan statistics provided by the u. s. bureau of census ( 2000, appendix c ) is to multiply mul \u00b7 ti \u00b7 ply 1. to increase the amount, number, or degree of. 2. to breed or propagate. the design - correction coefficients by 1. 5. the implication of this correction is that for all statistics the ratio of the design effects for metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas is constant. another factor likely to affect the accuracy of this correction is that it has not been updated in the last 20 years, whereas the design - correction coefficients for all other characteristics are frequently updated. ( 16 ) given that the census - recommended method does not provide corrections for the sampling variance of [ p. sub. 1 ] and [ p. sub. 2 ], and that the adjustment factor for nonmetropolitan areas appears to be a rough approximation approximation / ap \u00b7 prox \u00b7 i \u00b7 ma \u00b7 tion / ( ah - prok? si - ma\u00b4shun ) 1. the act or process of bringing into proximity or apposition. 2. a numerical value of limited accuracy., i abandoned this method. instead, i followed an approach based on replicating aspects of the cps sample design by creating synthetic variables for the strata and clusters that induce in \u00b7 duce 1. to bring about or stimulate the occurrence of something, such as labor. 2. to initiate or increase the production of an enzyme or other protein at the level of genetic transcription. 3. similar design effects. a more detailed description of the approach, and simulation results suggesting that it provides useful approximations, are provided in jolliffe ( 2001 ). the first step of the synthetic design approach for this analysis of poverty is to sort the data by income. ( 17 ) then each set of four consecutive housing units is assigned as \u00b7 sign tr. v. as \u00b7 signed, as \u00b7 sign \u00b7 ing, as \u00b7 signs 1. to set apart for a particular purpose ; designate : assigned a day for the inspection. 2. to a separate cluster. the purpose of the sorting is to induce a high level of intracluster correlation, and the choice of four matches, on average, the actual cps cluster size. i select the four regions of the united states as synthetic strata to capture the geographic aspect of the cps stratification stratification ( lat., = made in layers ), layered structure formed by the deposition of sedimentary rocks. changes between strata are interpreted as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5189040925186474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.355058"}
{"text": "of the united states as synthetic strata to capture the geographic aspect of the cps stratification stratification ( lat., = made in layers ), layered structure formed by the deposition of sedimentary rocks. changes between strata are interpreted as the result of fluctuations in the intensity and persistence of the depositional agent, e. g.. the appendix provides a summary table from jolliffe ( 2001 ) illustrating that the synthetic design approach matches the estimates provided by the census bureau noun 1. census bureau - the bureau of the commerce department responsible for taking the census ; provides demographic information and analyses about the population of the united states bureau of the census for the head count index. with the selection of the synthetic strata and clusters, one can then directly obtain design - corrected estimates of sampling variance based on equation 3. following kish kish, ancient city, mesopotamia kish, ancient city of mesopotamia, in the euphrates valley, 8 mi ( 12. 9 km ) e of babylon and 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the modern city of hillah, iraq. ( 1965 ) and noting from above that [ p. sub. [ alpha ] ] can be considered a sample mean, the estimated sampling variance of the fgt poverty indices from a weighted, stratified, clustered sample is given by ( 4 ) [ mathematical expression not reproducible in ascii ] where the h subscripts each of the l strata, i subscripts the cluster or psu psu - power supply unit in each stratum stratum / stra \u00b7 tum / ( strat\u00b4um ) ( stra\u00b4tum ) pl. stra\u00b4ta [ l. ] a layer or lamina. stratum basa\u00b4le, and j subscripts the ultimate sampling unit ( usu usu usually usu utah state university ( logan, ut ) usu uniformed services university usu ural state university ( ekatherinburg, russia ) usu universidade santa ursula ), so [ w. sub. hij ] denotes the weight for element j in psu i and stratum h. the number of psus in stratum h is denoted by [ n. sub. h ], and the number of usus in psu ( h, i ) is denoted by [ m. sub. hi ]. ( 18 ) nonmetro - metropolitan poverty comparisons the purpose of this paper is to examine whether there is more to be learned about the difference between nonmetrop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5249929908451315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.355937"}
{"text": "psu ( h, i ) is denoted by [ m. sub. hi ]. ( 18 ) nonmetro - metropolitan poverty comparisons the purpose of this paper is to examine whether there is more to be learned about the difference between nonmetropolitan and metropolitan poverty than by what is revealed in an analysis of the incidence of poverty ( [ p. sub. 0 ] ). the incidence of poverty is insensitive in \u00b7 sen \u00b7 si \u00b7 tive 1. not physically sensitive ; numb. a. lacking in sensitivity to the feelings or circumstances of others ; unfeeling. b. to the income distribution of the poor, whereas [ p. sub. 1 ] and [ p. sub. 2 ], on the other hand, are distribution sensitive and will reflect differences in well - being. in order to anticipate what the [ p. sub. [ alpha ] ] analysis will reveal, it is useful to first examine average income and inequality inequality, in mathematics, statement that a mathematical expression is less than or greater than some other expression ; an inequality is not as specific as an equation, but it does contain information about the expressions involved. of the poor to determine if there are differences in the well - being of the poor by area. the cps data indicate that when considering the sample of all persons, average nonmetropolitan income is approximately 25 % less than metropolitan income throughout the 1990s. in contrast, table 1 shows that when restricting the analysis to poor persons, average nonmetropolitan income is greater than average metropolitan income in eight of the 10 years. this difference in area means is not qualitatively large in any year, with the greatest difference at 5 % in 1990, nor are any of the differences statistically significant. nonetheless, this suggests that although overall, nonmetropolitan persons may be worse off, on average the nonmetropolitan poor appear to be as well off as the poor living in metropolitan areas. table 1 also reports the theil measure of inequality for the nonmetropolitan and metropolitan poor. dasgupta, sen, and starrett ( 1973 ) show that for a fixed total level of income, any transfer of income that reduces the level of inequality will increase social welfare if the social welfare function is schur - or quasi - concave. this result illustrates that social welfare can be written as a function of two elements - - average income ( or the average level of whatever metric is used for welfare ) and the distribution of income. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5127743713751881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.356829"}
{"text": "function is schur - or quasi - concave. this result illustrates that social welfare can be written as a function of two elements - - average income ( or the average level of whatever metric is used for welfare ) and the distribution of income. the theil measure of inequality can be expressed as ( 5 ) [ mathematical expression not reproducible in ascii ] where y is average income, i subscript is the individual, and n is the sample size. in general, the theil index the theil index, derived by econometrician henri theil, is a statistic used to measure economic inequality. mathematics the formula is 1. involving an entire organ, as when an epileptic seizure involves all parts of the brain. 2. not specifically adapted to a particular environment or function ; not specialized. 3. theil indices have many desirable properties that are described in foster ( 1983 ). ( 19 ) the inequality indices in table 1 suggest that income of the metropolitan poor is more unequally distributed than for the nonmetropolitan poor throughout the 1990s. the nonmetro - metropolitan inequality difference of the poor ranges from a low of 11 % in 1990 and 1992 to a high of 21 % in 1996. estimates of the sampling variance of the indices, based on a bootstrap see boot. ( operating system, compiler ) bootstrap - to load and initialise the operating system on a computer. normally abbreviated to \" boot \". from the curious expression \" to pull oneself up by one ' s bootstraps \", one of the legendary feats of baron von munchhausen. method that replicates the two - stage nature of the sample design, indicate that the observed inequality differences are statistically significant in all years. ( 20 ) the result that average income for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan poor persons is about the same, whereas the level of inequality for the metropolitan poor is worse, suggests that distribution - sensitive poverty measures will indicate a less stark nonmetro - metropolitan difference in poverty than is indicated by the head count index. table 2 lists each of the three poverty indices ( [ p. sub. 0 ], [ p. sub. 1 ], and [ p. sub. 2 ] ) for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. the nonmetropolitan head count index ranges from a high of 0. 17 in 1993, representing 9. 7 million poor people, to a low of 0. 14 in 1999 ( 7. 4 million people ). the metropolitan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4988046913476058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.357970"}
{"text": "provides 60 poverty estimates ( [ p. sub. 0 ], [ p. sub. 1 ], and [ p. sub. 2 ] for each year during the 1990s by metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas ). the design effect ranges from a low of 4. 3 for the 1995 metropolitan estimate of [ p. sub. 2 ] to a high of 5. 8 for the 1994 nonmetropolitan estimate of [ p. sub. 0 ]. for none of the estimates is the design effect less than 4, which means that the design - corrected standard errors are all more than twice as large as those that would be estimated if one ( incorrectly ) ignored the complex sample design. figure 1 plots the nonmetro - metropolitan percentage differences for the three poverty measures. ( 21 ) this figure readily indicates that the largest difference in poverty measurement occurs for the head count index. the incidence of poverty ( [ p. sub. 0 ] ) in nonmetropolitan areas ranges from 16 % to 28 % worse than in metropolitan areas. this nonmetro - metropolitan difference in poverty is lower when considering the depth of poverty ( [ p. sub. 1 ] and diminishes even further when considering the severity of poverty ( [ p. sub. 2 ] ). the poverty - gap index for nonmetropolitan areas ranges from 5 % to 21 % greater than in metropolitan areas, and the squared poverty gap is 1 - 19 % higher in nonmetropolitan than metropolitan areas. [ figure 1 omitted ] figure 1 also plots the test statistic statistic, n a value or number that describes a series of quantitative observations or measures ; a value calculated from a sample. a numerical value calculated from a number of observations in order to summarize them. for whether the percentage difference is statistically different from zero. the right - hand side right - hand side n \u2192 derecha right - hand side right n \u2192 rechte seite f right - hand side n \u2192 lato destro of this figure shows that the diminishing di \u00b7 min \u00b7 ish v. di \u00b7 min \u00b7 ished, di \u00b7 min \u00b7 ish \u00b7 ing, di \u00b7 min \u00b7 ish \u00b7 es a. to make smaller or less or to cause to appear so. b. difference between nonmetropolitan and metropolitan poverty ( when considering the depth and severity of poverty ) is associated with declining statistical significance of the differences, as one might expect. the incidence of poverty is greater in nonmetrop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5200676501805255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.361457"}
{"text": "appear so. b. difference between nonmetropolitan and metropolitan poverty ( when considering the depth and severity of poverty ) is associated with declining statistical significance of the differences, as one might expect. the incidence of poverty is greater in nonmetropolitan areas, and this difference is statistically significant during all 10 years of the 1990s. if statistical significance is based on a p - value p - value, n in statistics, the probability that a random variable will be found to have a value equal to or greater than the observed value by chance alone. this value provides an objective basis from which to assess the relative change in the data. of less than 0. 05 ( or the 95 % confidence level ), then the poverty - gap index is worse in nonmetropolitan areas in six of the 10 years, whereas the squared poverty - gap index is worse in only three of the 10 years. during most of the 1990s, there was no statistically significant difference in the severity of nonmetropolitan and metropolitan poverty. examining tables 1 and 2 together can also provide useful insights into poverty changes during the 1990s. table 1 indicates that nominal, average income of the poor increased in nonmetropolitan areas by 18 % and in metropolitan areas by 21 % between 1990 and 1999. during this same time, table 2 shows that the incidence of poverty fell by 13 % in nonmetropolitan and 12 % in metropolitan areas. these two pieces of information seem to indicate unambiguous improvement in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan poverty. this conclusion, however, is misleading because it ignores important changes in the distribution of income. during the 1990s, table 1 shows that the theil index of income inequality for the poor increased by 27 % in nonmetropolitan areas and by 36 % in metropolitan areas. this substantial deterioration de \u00b7 te \u00b7 ri \u00b7 o \u00b7 ra \u00b7 tion the process or condition of becoming worse. in the income distribution of the poor worked against the gains in average income and decreases in p0. the net result is that the area - specific measures of the severity of poverty, [ p. sub. 2 ], were the same in 1990 as they were in 1999. further geographic examination of nonmetropolitan poverty figure 2 furthers the nonmetro - metropolitan poverty comparison by decomposing the metropolitan area into central cities and those metropolitan areas not in central cities ( hereafter referred to as suburban ). panel a shows that the nonmetro - suburban poverty comparisons are qu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5164748492631906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.362567"}
{"text": "the nonmetro - metropolitan poverty comparison by decomposing the metropolitan area into central cities and those metropolitan areas not in central cities ( hereafter referred to as suburban ). panel a shows that the nonmetro - suburban poverty comparisons are qualitatively similar to nonmetro - metropolitan comparisons, but the differences are much larger. ( 22 ) for all three [ p. sub. [ alpha ] ] measures, nonmetropolitan poverty is significantly greater than suburban poverty. the largest difference is in the incidence of poverty, with nonmetropolitan [ p. sub. 0 ] being on average 78 % greater than the suburban rate. the nonmetro - suburban difference in poverty is lower when considering the depth of poverty ( [ p. sub. 1 ] ) and severity of poverty ( [ p. sub. 2 ] ), but the magnitude of the difference is large. during the 1990s, the nonmetropolitan poverty - gap index is about 69 % greater than the suburban rate, and similarly the nonmetropolitan squared poverty - gap index is approximately 60 % greater. [ figure 2 omitted ] the situation is reversed when considering nonmetropolitan poverty relative to poverty in central cities. for all three [ p. sub. [ alpha ] ], measures, nonmetropolitan poverty is significantly less than poverty in central cities, and the largest difference is in the severity of poverty. [ p. sub. 2 ] is on average 29 % lower in nonmetropolitan areas, whereas [ p. sub. 1 ] is 26 % and p0, 20 %. over all years, the ranking is unchanged, with the largest difference observed for [ p. sub. 2 ], followed by [ p. sub. 1 ] and the smallest difference for [ p. sub. 0 ]. figures 1 and 2 show that when considering the relative well - being of the nonmetropolitan poor, the incidence of poverty is much larger in nonmetropolitan areas relative to metropolitan areas in general, and suburban areas in particular. an examination of distribution - sensitive poverty indices reduces this difference. in contrast, figure 2 reveals that the incidence of poverty is lower in nonmetropolitan areas relative to central cities, and an examination of distribution - sensitive measures increases this difference. to examine nonmetropolitan poverty at a more geographically detailed level, table 3 provides ordinary least squares ( ols ols ordinary least squares ols online library system ols ottawa linux symposium ol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49625096319485956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.363445"}
{"text": "examination of distribution - sensitive measures increases this difference. to examine nonmetropolitan poverty at a more geographically detailed level, table 3 provides ordinary least squares ( ols ols ordinary least squares ols online library system ols ottawa linux symposium ols operation lifeline sudan ols operational linescan system ols online service ols organizational leadership and supervision ols on line support ols online system ) estimates of the [ p. sub. [ alpha ] ] measures for 1999 on three sets of regressors. ( 23 ) as a baseline the horizontal line to which the bottoms of lowercase characters ( without descenders ) are aligned. see typeface. baseline - released version, panel a provides the results from regressing [ p. sub. [ alpha ] ], on just the nonmetropolitan dummy variable this article is not about \" dummy variables \" as that term is usually understood in mathematics. see free variables and bound variables. in regression analysis, a dummy variable. the point estimates from this panel match the information provided in table 2 and show that the nonmetro - metropolitan difference is greatest for [ p. sub. 0 ] and smallest for [ p. sub. 2 ]. panel b interacts the nonmetropolitan dummy sham ; make - believe ; pretended ; imitation. person who serves in place of another, or who serves until the proper person is named or available to take his place ( e. g., dummy corporate directors ; dummy owners of real estate ). with indicators for the four regions of the united states. the po estimates from this panel show that the largest nonmetro - metropolitan differences are found in the south and the west, whereas there is no significant difference in the midwest midwest or middle west, region of the united states centered on the western great lakes and the upper - middle mississippi valley. it is a somewhat imprecise term that has been applied to the northern section of the land between the appalachians. in the northeast, nonmetropolitan [ p. sub. 0 ] is lower than for metropolitan areas. this panel also shows that when considering [ p. sub. 2 ], it is still the case that the nonmetropolitan south and west have higher poverty, but now both the nonmetropolitan midwest and northeast have lower poverty than their metropolitan areas. for a final look at the geographic and demographic pattern of poverty, panel c provides fixed - effects estimates controlling for each of the 50 states ( plus washington washington, town, england washington,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48613045798283594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.364390"}
{"text": "adv. 1. in other words - otherwise stated ; \" in other words, we are broke \" put differently, the ratio of family income to the poverty line ). ( 24 ) the advantage of welfare ratios over income is that they provide measures of well - being that control for age and family - size differences across areas. ( 25 ) this is because they are a function of the poverty thresholds, which are adjusted to reflect different levels of need for families of various size and age. figure 3 provides kernel the nucleus of an operating system. it is the closest part to the machine level and may activate the hardware directly or interface to another software layer that drives the hardware. density estimates of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan welfare ratios for 1990, 1993, 1996, and 1999. for all years, the nonmetropolitan welfare ratio is more peaked near the poverty line, indicating that a larger proportion of the nonmetropolitan poor subsist sub \u00b7 sist v. sub \u00b7 sist \u00b7 ed, sub \u00b7 sist \u00b7 ing, sub \u00b7 sists a. to exist ; be. b. to remain or continue in existence. 2. on greater welfare ratios and are therefore relatively better off. similarly, the nonmetropolitan welfare ratio lies below the metropolitan distribution on the left - side of the distribution, indicating that a larger proportion of the metropolitan poor live in extreme poverty. [ figure 3 omitted ] a candidate explanation for this difference in the relative well - being of the nonmetropolitan poor might be based on the conjecture conjecture. conjectures are ideas or notions founded on probabilities without any demonstration of their truth. mascardus has defined conjecture : \" rationable vestigium latentis veritatis, unde nascitur opinio sapientis ; \" or a slight degree of credence arising from evidence too weak or too that a larger proportion of the nonmetropolitan poor are working but employed in low - wage jobs. this hypothesis, however, appears to be rejected by the data. when considering the 1999 sample of civilian adults, the data indicate that the percentage of the metropolitan poor that are not in the labor force ( 58 % ) is the same as the nonmetropolitan proportion. similarly, 22 % of both the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan poor work full - time full - time employed for or involving a standard number of hours of working time : a full - time administrative assistant. full schedules, and the remaining 20 % (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5163128642447739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.367242"}
{"text": ", 22 % of both the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan poor work full - time full - time employed for or involving a standard number of hours of working time : a full - time administrative assistant. full schedules, and the remaining 20 % ( again the same proportion for both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan ) work part - time part - time for or during less than the customary or standard time : a part - time job. part or are unemployed. the results are modestly different when considering the 1999 sample of all civilians 15 years and older. in this case, 42 % of the nonmetropolitan poor had done some work during 1999, whereas this was true for only 40 % of the metropolitan poor. yet of those persons who worked in the week prior to the survey, the average hours worked during the last seven days by both the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan poor was the same at 34 hours. similarly, both the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan working poor reported working an average of 35 hours per week and over an average of 34 weeks during 1999. although the data do not support the hypothesis that there are significant differences in the proportion of the poor working or the hours they spend working, the data do reveal some important differences in the characteristics of the poor not in the labor force. of the nonmetropolitan poor who did not work during 1999, 31 % reported that they did not work because they were ill or disabled, and 28 % reported that they were retired. these proportions for the metropolitan poor are lower, with 26 % stating that they were ill or disabled, and 23 % that they were retired. in contrast, 22 % of the metropolitan poor reported that they did not work because they were going to school, whereas only 16 % of the nonmetropolitan poor provided this as a reason. the contrasting explanations for not working suggest that there might be differences in the nonmetro - metropolitan age composition. figure 4 shows that the nonmetropolitan age distribution of the poor lies above the metropolitan distribution for higher ages and below for lower ages over the four years considered ( 1990, 1993, 1996, and 1999 ). ( 26 ) this indicates that the nonmetropolitan poor consist of relatively more persons between the ages of 50 and 90, whereas the metropolitan poor consist of relatively more persons between the ages of 15 and 40. ( 27 ) not surprisingly, sources of income indicate similar nonmetro - metropolitan differences in the age composition of the poor. twenty - two percent of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4840922790346176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.368358"}
{"text": "90, whereas the metropolitan poor consist of relatively more persons between the ages of 15 and 40. ( 27 ) not surprisingly, sources of income indicate similar nonmetro - metropolitan differences in the age composition of the poor. twenty - two percent of the nonmetropolitan poor received social security payments in 1999, whereas only 16 % of the metropolitan poor received social security. twelve percent of the nonmetmpolitan poor received supplemental security income supplemental security income a social security program established to help the blind, disabled, and poor. payments, compared with 9 % for the metropolitan poor. [ figure 4 omitted ] by using measures of poverty from the foster - greer - thorbecke family of poverty indices, this paper shows that the magnitude and significance of the nonmetro - metropolitan difference in poverty declines when one examines the depth and severity of poverty. although the incidence of poverty is higher in nonmetropolitan than metropolitan areas throughout the 1990s, the poverty - gap index ( depth of poverty ) is only statistically significantly worse in nonmetropolitan areas during six of the 10 years, and the squared poverty - gap index ( severity of poverty ) is worse in only three years ( at the 95 % confidence level ). this result suggests that the nonmetro - metropolitan differences in poverty during the 1990s ( as measured by the bead bead small object, usually pierced for stringing. it may be made of virtually any material \u2014 wood, shell, bone, seed, nut, metal, stone, glass, or plastic \u2014 and is worn or affixed to another object for decorative or, in some cultures, magical purposes. count index ) are not robust to considerations of distribution - sensitive poverty indices. further, to test for statistical significance, this paper derives sample design - corrected estimates of sampling variance for any additively decomposable poverty index, such as the [ p. sub. [ alpha ] ] indices. design - corrected standard errors are available for the u. s. head count index in dalaker and proctor ( 2000 ), but i am aware of no literature on the united states that reports corrected standard errors for any other poverty measure. this paper illustrates the importance of this by noting that standard errors for all 60 reported poverty indices more than doubled in size when corrected. by examining the ratio of the poverty - gap to the head count index, this paper establishes that the average shortfall of the poor as a fraction of the poverty line is worse in the metropolitan areas during all 10 years of the 1990s. similarly, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49351859144961147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.369618"}
{"text": "by examining the ratio of the poverty - gap to the head count index, this paper establishes that the average shortfall of the poor as a fraction of the poverty line is worse in the metropolitan areas during all 10 years of the 1990s. similarly, the distribution of the welfare ratio ( income divided by the poverty line ) indicates that the nonmetropolitan poor are relatively better off than the metropolitan poor. an exploration of economic differences reveals that approximately the same proportion of the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan poor are active in the labor force and appear to work about the same number of hours per year. a comparison of the poor who are not in the labor force indicates that nonmetropolitan persons not in the labor force are more likely to be disabled and retired, whereas the nonworking, metropolitan poor are more likely to be going to school. this distinction is further supported by the data indicating that nonmetropolitan areas consist of relatively more older poor people, whereas proportionately pro \u00b7 por \u00b7 tion \u00b7 ate being in due proportion ; proportional. tr. v. pro \u00b7 por \u00b7 tion \u00b7 at \u00b7 ed, pro \u00b7 por \u00b7 tion \u00b7 at \u00b7 ing, pro \u00b7 por \u00b7 tion \u00b7 ates to make proportionate. more younger poor people reside in metropolitan areas. these differences are consistent with the supposition that nonmetropolitan areas are relatively cheaper and therefore more attractive to poor persons on fixed incomes. attracting more jobs to these areas or providing job - training programs would presumably pre \u00b7 sum \u00b7 a \u00b7 ble that can be presumed or taken for granted ; reasonable as a supposition : presumable causes of the disaster. help many, but they will be of relatively less value to the retired and disabled. the results on the incidence of poverty support the notion that poverty - reduction policies should include components that target nonmetropolitan areas. the distribution - sensitive poverty measures suggest that different policies may be appropriate for each area. one type of poverty - reduction strategy would be to focus on helping the young and poor get the necessary skills to enhance their opportunities in the labor market labor market a place where labor is exchanged for wages ; an lm is defined by geography, education and technical expertise, occupation, licensure or certification requirements, and job experience. another type of antipoverty an \u00b7 ti \u00b7 pov \u00b7 er \u00b7 ty created or intended to alleviate poverty : antipoverty programs. program would be to simply provide income assistance to help ease the burden of poverty for those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49504806513852273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.370914"}
{"text": "job experience. another type of antipoverty an \u00b7 ti \u00b7 pov \u00b7 er \u00b7 ty created or intended to alleviate poverty : antipoverty programs. program would be to simply provide income assistance to help ease the burden of poverty for those who are retired or unable to work. since many of these people live on fixed incomes, they are not the extreme poor, and a modest supplement to their income would likely increase their income to a level greater than the poverty line. the poor in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas share many similarities and need both types of programs. policies aimed at metropolitan areas, however, would be of more value if they had relatively more focus on mitigating mit \u00b7 i \u00b7 gate v. mit \u00b7 i \u00b7 gat \u00b7 ed, mit \u00b7 i \u00b7 gat \u00b7 ing, mit \u00b7 i \u00b7 gates to moderate ( a quality or condition ) in force or intensity ; alleviate. see synonyms at relieve. to become milder. extreme poverty, whereas nonmetropolitan areas would benefit relatively more from a somewhat greater focus on supplemental income assistance for the elderly and disabled. table 1. income and inequality of the poor, nonmetro - metropolitan comparisons average income level of poor persons year nonmetro metro difference percent 1990 7229 6896 333 5 % ( 153 ) ( 97 ) ( 181 ) 1991 7243 6995 248 4 % ( 150 ) ( 91 ) ( 175 ) 1992 7316 7113 203 3 % ( 153 ) ( 92 ) ( 178 ) 1993 7608 7428 181 2 % ( 145 ) ( 105 ) ( 179 ) 1994 7630 7617 13 0 % ( 163 ) ( 106 ) ( 194 ) 1995 8231 8031 200 2 % ( 212 ) ( 117 ) ( 242 ) 1996 8104 8121 ( 17 ) 0 % ( 202 ) ( 123 ) ( 237 ) 1997 7952 8100 149 - 2 % ( 187 ) ( 130 ) ( 228 ) 1998 8395 8104 291 4 % ( 224 ) ( 123 ) ( 255 ) 1999 8517 8372 145 2 % ( 237 ) ( 145 ) ( 278 ) theil index of inequality for the poor year nonmetro metro difference t - statistic ( a ) 1990 0. 221 0. 247 - 0. 026 2. 00 1991 0. 218 0. 252 - 0. 034 2. 61 1992 0. 233 0. 260 - 0. 028 1. 96 1993 0. 226 0. 278 - 0. 051", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5082454995475917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.371888"}
{"text": "- 0. 026 2. 00 1991 0. 218 0. 252 - 0. 034 2. 61 1992 0. 233 0. 260 - 0. 028 1. 96 1993 0. 226 0. 278 - 0. 051 3. 85 1994 0. 237 0. 271 - 0. 034 2. 20 1995 0. 232 0. 278 - 0. 045 2. 71 1996 0. 226 0. 285 - 0. 059 3. 58 1997 0. 272 0. 314 - 0. 042 2. 17 1998 0. 270 0. 332 - 0. 063 3. 08 1999 0. 281 0. 336 - 0. 055 2. 61 income is in nominal u. s. dollars. the column headed percent lists the difference between nonmetropolitan and metropolitan average income, using metropolitan as the base. standard errors for income measures, in parentheses, are corrected for sample design effects following the synthetic - design approach described in jolliffe ( 2001 ). standard errors for the inequality indices are bootstrap estimates based on 1000 bootstrap samples and a resampling method that replicates the two - stage nature of the sample design. for details, see jolliffe and krushelnytskyy ( 1999 ). ( a ) t - statistic is for the null hypothesis that the nonmetro - metropolitan difference in inequality index is equal to zero. table 2. incidence, depth, and severity of poverty, nonmetro - metropolitan comparisons headcount, [ p. sub. 0 ] poverty - gap, [ p. sub. 1 ] year nonmetro metro nonmetro metro 1990 0. 163 0. 127 0. 066 0. 056 ( 0. 0042 ) ( 0. 0022 ) ( 0. 0021 ) ( 0. 0012 ) 1991 0. 160 0. 137 0. 067 0. 061 ( 0. 0042 ) ( 0. 0023 ) ( 0. 0022 ) ( 0. 0013 ) 1992 0. 167 0. 139 0. 071 0. 063 ( 0. 0042 ) ( 0. 0023 ) ( 0. 0022 ) ( 0. 0013 ) 1993 0. 171 0. 146 0. 072 0. 067 ( 0. 0043 ) ( 0. 0025 ) ( 0. 0022 ) ( 0. 0014 ) 1994 0. 159 0. 141 0. 068 0. 065 ( 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49696605149408657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.372845"}
{"text": "146 0. 072 0. 067 ( 0. 0043 ) ( 0. 0025 ) ( 0. 0022 ) ( 0. 0014 ) 1994 0. 159 0. 141 0. 068 0. 065 ( 0. 0043 ) ( 0. 0025 ) ( 0. 0023 ) ( 0. 0014 ) 1995 0. 156 0. 134 0. 064 0. 060 ( 0. 0049 ) ( 0. 0024 ) ( 0. 0026 ) ( 0. 0013 ) 1996 0. 159 0. 132 0. 067 0. 059 ( 0. 0048 ) ( 0. 0023 ) ( 0. 0025 ) ( 0. 0013 ) 1997 0. 158 0. 126 0. 070 0. 058 ( 0. 0048 ) ( 0. 0023 ) ( 0. 0027 ) ( 0. 0013 ) 1998 0. 143 0. 123 0. 061 0. 057 ( 0. 0046 ) ( 0. 0023 ) ( 0. 0024 ) ( 0. 0013 ) 1999 0. 142 0. 112 0. 060 0. 052 ( 0. 0046 ) ( 0. 0022 ) ( 0. 0025 ) ( 0. 0012 ) squared poverty - gap, [ p. sub. 2 ] year nonmetro metro 1990 0. 039 0. 035 ( 0. 0015 ) ( 0. 0009 ) 1991 0. 041 0. 039 ( 0. 0016 ) ( 0. 0010 ) 1992 0. 044 0. 040 ( 0. 0017 ) ( 0. 0010 ) 1993 0. 044 0. 043 ( 0. 0017 ) ( 0. 0011 ) 1994 0. 043 0. 042 ( 0. 0017 ) ( 0. 0011 ) 1995 0. 039 0. 039 ( 0. 0020 ) ( 0. 0010 ) 1996 0. 041 0. 038 ( 0. 0019 ) ( 0. 0010 ) 1997 0. 046 0. 038 ( 0. 0021 ) ( 0. 0010 ) 1998 0. 039 0. 039 ( 0. 0019 ) ( 0. 0010 ) 1999 0. 039 0. 035 ( 0. 0020 ) ( 0. 0010 ) poverty indices are the foster - greer - thorbecke [ p. sub. [ alpha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49992902547454887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.373444"}
{"text": "0. 0019 ) ( 0. 0010 ) 1999 0. 039 0. 035 ( 0. 0020 ) ( 0. 0010 ) poverty indices are the foster - greer - thorbecke [ p. sub. [ alpha ] ] indices. the incidence of poverty is measured by [ p. sub. 0 ], the depth by [ p. sub. 1 ], and the severity by [ p. sub. 2 ]. standard errors, in parentheses, are estimated following equation 4 using the program described in jolliffe and semykina ( 1999 ). table 3. regression analysis of poverty in 1999 [ p. sub. 0 ] : incidence standard estimate error panel a : baseline nonmetro dummy 0. 030 * * * ( 0. 0050 ) panel b : regional analysis nonmetro northeast - 0. 018 * ( 0. 0096 ) nonmetro midwest 0. 002 ( 0. 0085 ) nonmetro south 0. 058 * * * ( 0. 0080 ) nonmetro west 0. 042 * * * ( 0. 0107 ) panel c : demographic analysis ( a ) nonmetro dummy 0. 052 * * ( 0. 0050 ) age in years / 10 - 0. 039 * * * ( 0. 0017 ) age squared / 1000 0. 033 * * * ( 0. 0020 ) race : black 0. 081 * * * ( 0. 0070 ) husband and wife family - 0. 118 * * * ( 0. 0053 ) single - mother family 0. 093 * * * ( 0. 0082 ) single - father family - 0. 067 * * * ( 0. 0094 ) female individual 0. 057 * * * ( 0. 0067 ) [ p. sub. 1 ] : depth standard estimate error panel a : baseline nonmetro dummy 0. 009 * * * ( 0. 0027 ) panel b : regional analysis nonmetro northeast - 0. 014 * * * ( 0. 0048 ) nonmetro midwest - 0. 004 ( 0. 0042 ) nonmetro south 0. 021 * * * ( 0. 0045 ) nonmetro west 0. 015 * * * ( 0. 0058 ) panel c : demographic analysis ( a ) nonmetro dummy 0. 019 * * * ( 0. 0027 ) age in years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5123463998529207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.374161"}
{"text": "0. 0045 ) nonmetro west 0. 015 * * * ( 0. 0058 ) panel c : demographic analysis ( a ) nonmetro dummy 0. 019 * * * ( 0. 0027 ) age in years / 10 - 0. 014 * * * ( 0. 0009 ) age squared / 1000 0. 008 * * * ( 0. 0011 ) race : black 0. 036 * * * ( 0. 0040 ) husband and wife family - 0. 069 * * * ( 0. 0033 ) single - mother family 0. 040 * * * ( 0. 0051 ) single - father family - 0. 045 * * * ( 0. 0052 ) female individual 0. 021 * * * ( 0. 0043 ) [ p. sub. 2 ] : severity standard estimate error panel a : baseline nonmetro dummy 0. 004 * ( 0. 0022 ) panel b : regional analysis nonmetro northeast - 0. 011 * * * ( 0. 0038 ) nonmetro midwest - 0. 005 * ( 0. 0032 ) nonmetro south 0. 012 * * * ( 0. 0037 ) nonmetro west 0. 009 * ( 0. 0050 ) panel c : demographic analysis ( a ) nonmetro dummy 0. 011 * * * ( 0. 0023 ) age in years / 10 - 0. 008 * * * ( 0. 0008 ) age squared / 1000 0. 003 * * * ( 0. 0009 ) race : black 0. 022 * * * ( 0. 0033 ) husband and wife family - 0. 055 * * * ( 0. 0029 ) single - mother family 0. 018 * * * ( 0. 0044 ) single - father family - 0. 039 * * * ( 0. 0044 ) female individual 0. 015 * * * ( 0. 0039 ) estimates are weighted ordinary least squares ( ols ) and standard errors are corrected for sample design effects as described in the paper. sample size is 133, 710 for panels a and b and 133, 380 for panel c. across all three panels the [ r. sup. 2 ] is less than 0. 11. the intercept is suppressed from the output for brevity. ( a ) estimates control for state fixed effects. * p < 0. 1. * * p < 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5034304108442205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.374839"}
{"text": "the [ r. sup. 2 ] is less than 0. 11. the intercept is suppressed from the output for brevity. ( a ) estimates control for state fixed effects. * p < 0. 1. * * p < 0. 05. * * * p < 0. 01. appendix confidence intervals from synthetic - design and census - recommended corrections, 1999 cps poverty indices estimated 90 % confidence intervals poverty percent reported implied a, b characteristic poor table a by levels percentage persons, total 11. 8 0. 3 0. 33 0. 33 persons, in families 10. 2 0. 3 0. 34 0. 34 race, white persons 9. 8 0. 3 0. 34 0. 33 race, black persons 23. 6 1. 2 1. 20 1. 20 age, under 18 years 16. 9 0. 7 0. 65 0. 65 age, 18 - 64 years 10. 0 0. 3 0. 39 0. 39 age, 65 years + 9. 7 0. 5 0. 53 0. 53 families, total 9. 3 0. 3 0. 33 0. 28 estimated 90 % confidence intervals poverty a, b match a, b synthetic random characteristic ratio categories design sample persons, total * yes 0. 33 0. 16 persons, in families * no 0. 36 0. 17 race, white persons * yes 0. 31 0. 16 race, black persons * yes 1. 24 0. 66 age, under 18 years 0. 66 yes / no 0. 64 0. 37 age, 18 - 64 years * no 0. 30 0. 20 age, 65 years + 0. 53 yes 0. 53 0. 43 families, total 0. 34 yes 0. 32 0. 29 edited table from jolliffe ( 2001 ). confidence intervals are in percentage points, and asterisk denotes an undefined number. the first four columns of confidence intervals are derived from dalaker and proctor ( 2000 ). the bold estimate marks whether the u. s. bureau of census considers the estimate a percentage or ratio. the next column lists whether there is a direct match in characteristics between the poverty estimates and those characteristics assigned a, b coefficients. the estimates from the synthetic cluster approached are listed next, followed by the confidence intervals from assuming that the data are from a weighted, simple random sample. i thank john cromartie cromartie is a fictional character portrayed by owain yeoman and garret dillahunt in the upcoming television series,. he is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4946567578572053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.375704"}
{"text": "from assuming that the data are from a weighted, simple random sample. i thank john cromartie cromartie is a fictional character portrayed by owain yeoman and garret dillahunt in the upcoming television series,. he is a terminator sent back from the future to kill john connor., linda a set of parallel processing functions added to languages, such as c and c + +, that allows data to be created and transferred between processes. it was developed by yale professor david gelernter, when he was a 23 - year old graduate student. ghelfi, robert gibbs robert gibb rsa ( 28 october 1845 - 11 february 1932 ) was a scottish painter who was keeper of the national gallery of scotland from 1895 to 1907 and was painter and limner to the king from 1908 until his death.. craig craig, edward gordon 1872 - 1966. british theatrical producer, director, and designer whose innovative productions and simplified stage designs influenced modern theater. gundersen gundersen is a surname. it may refer to : major general hammond was the head of the usaf ' s stargate command., signe - mary mckernan, tim parker, caroline ratcliffe, laura tiehen, leslie whitener whit \u00b7 en tr. & intr. v. whit \u00b7 ened, whit \u00b7 en \u00b7 ing, whit \u00b7 ens to make or become white or whiter, especially by bleaching. whit, josh josh joshua josh job scheduling hierarchically winicki, conference participants at the southern regional science association, and seminar participants at the urban institute and at the society for government economists for comments. the views and opinions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the economic research service of the u. s. department of agriculture. ( 1 ) nord ( 1997 ) end jolliffe ( 2002 ) show that the incidence of poverty is greater in nonmetropolitan areas. ( 2 ) an exception to this is the census bureau p - 60 series ( for example, dalaker and proctor 2000 ) report of the number of persons with income less than various ratios of the poverty line. ( 3 ) there are some noteworthy exceptions. cushing and zheng ( 2000 ) use distribution - sensitive measures to compare regional poverty differences using 1990 census data. zheng, cushing. and chow ( 1995 ) consider several distribution - sensitive indices and test for change in poverty from 1975 to 1990 ; and bishop, formby, and zheng ( 1999 ) examine regional differences in sen '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.543154530478913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.376745"}
{"text": "differences using 1990 census data. zheng, cushing. and chow ( 1995 ) consider several distribution - sensitive indices and test for change in poverty from 1975 to 1990 ; and bishop, formby, and zheng ( 1999 ) examine regional differences in sen ' s ( 1976 ) distribution - sensitive index from 1961 to 1996. an important methodological difference between these last two articles and the results reported in this paper is that the statistical tests considered in this paper correct for the characteristics of the sample design. ( 4 ) the following all use these three measures : jolliffe, datt, and sharma ( in press ) for egypt, dart dart see blow dart. see blow dart. and ravallion ( 1992 ) cover brazil and india, howes and lanjouw ( 1998 ) use examples from pakistan and ghana, kakwani ( 1993 ) examines cote d ' ivoire, and ravallion and bidani ( 1994 ) examine indonesia. ( 5 ) unlike the sen ( 1976 ) or kakwani ( 1980 ) distribution - sensitive measures of poverty, the squared poverty - gap index also satisfies the \" subgroup consistency \" property, which means that if poverty increases in any subgroup and it does not decrease elsewhere, then aggregate poverty must also increase ( foster and shorrocks 1991 ). ( 6 ) zheng ( 2001 ) provides design - corrected estimates of sampling variance for poverty estimates based on relative poverty lines ( i. e., the poverty line is relative to the distribution of income, such as one half the median income level ). the advantage of the estimates provided in this paper is that they are based on a fixed ( or absolute ) poverty line, which is how poverty is measured in the united states. another advantage is that jolliffe and semykina ( 1999 ) provide a stata stata ( statistics / data analysis ) is a statistical program created in 1985 by statacorp that is used by many businesses and academic institutions around the world. most of its users work in research, especially in the fields of economics, sociology, political science, and program that estimates the standard errors presented in this paper. ( 7 ) for a discussion of measures of homelessness and potential explanations for the rising incidence, see quigley, raphael, and smolensky ( 2001 ) and honig and filer ( 1993 ). ( 8 ) for a discussion of income levels and geographical distribution the natural arrangements of animals and plants in particular regions or districts. see under distribution. see also : distribution geographic of homelessness, see chapter 5 and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49085733207083715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.377803"}
{"text": "and in families. a family is defined as a group of two or more persons residing together and related by birth, marriage, or adoption. families also include any related subfamily subfamily / sub \u00b7 fam \u00b7 i \u00b7 ly / ( sub\u00b4fam - i - le ) a taxonomic division between a family and a tribe. a taxonomic category ranking between a family and a genus. members, where a subfamily is defined as a married couple with or without children, or a parent with single children under 18 years of age. ( 15 ) another shortcoming of the census - recommended method is that corrections are only provided for a limited set of characteristics. for example, u. s. bureau of census ( 2000, appendix c ) provides parameter estimates to adjust the sampling variance for the head count index by several age categories. if the analysis is focused on individuals 15 - 24 years of age, the analyst is provided with parameter estimates. if the relevant subsample sub \u00b7 sam \u00b7 ple a sample drawn from a larger sample. tr. v. sub \u00b7 sam \u00b7 pled, sub \u00b7 sam \u00b7 pling, sub \u00b7 sam \u00b7 ples to take a subsample from ( a larger sample ). is, say, working - age adults, the census does not provide the necessary parameters to estimate standard errors. ( 16 ) personal communication with the census appears to support this assertion that the nonmetropolitan adjustment is less precise : \" the factor of 1. 5 has been used for nonmetropolitan areas as a simple approximation. while the best factor likely varies from characteristic to characteristic, we use 1. 5 for all characteristics, rather than publishing a different factor for each estimate. years ago, someone looked at the data for metro / nonmetropolitan areas and decided that 1. 5 would be a good, and somewhat conservative, estimate for most characteristics. \" ( 17 ) the methodology requires sorting the data on the variable most relevant to the analysis. ( 18 ) the poverty and sampling variance estimates are documented in more detail in jolliffe and semykina ( 1999 ), which also provides a program to estimate equation 4 in the stata software. ( 19 ) in particular, foster ( 1983 ) shows that an inequality index satisfies the axioms this is a list of axioms as that term is understood in mathematics, by wikipedia page. in epistemology, the word axiom is understood differently ; see axiom and self - evidence. individual axioms are almost always part of a larger ax", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5372565293584411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.380298"}
{"text": "is a list of axioms as that term is understood in mathematics, by wikipedia page. in epistemology, the word axiom is understood differently ; see axiom and self - evidence. individual axioms are almost always part of a larger axiomatic system. of symmetry symmetry, generally speaking, a balance or correspondence between various parts of an object ; the term symmetry is used both in the arts and in the sciences., replication in database management, the ability to keep distributed databases synchronized by routinely copying the entire database or subsets of the database to other servers in the network. there are various replication methods. invariance in \u00b7 var \u00b7 i \u00b7 ant 1. not varying ; constant. 2. mathematics unaffected by a designated operation, as a transformation of coordinates. an invariant quantity, function, configuration, or system., income scale independence, decomposability, and the principle of transfers only if it is a positive multiple of the theil index. ( 20 ) the bootstrap estimates are based on 1, 000 replications. for methodology details and the program used, see jolliffe and krushelnytskyy ( 1999 ). lorenz curves the lorenz curve is a graphical representation of the cumulative distribution function of a probability distribution ; it is a graph showing the proportion of the distribution assumed by the bottom y % of the values. are art alternative way to examine inequality, and zheng ( 2002 ) derives asymptotic covariance covariance a measure of the degree to which returns on two risky assets move in tandem. a positive covariance means that asset returns move together. a negative covariance means returns vary inversely. structure for generalized lorenz curves when the sample is based on a complex design. ( 21 ) the relative difference in poverty uses the metropolitan poverty level as the base and can be expressed as [ ( [ p. sub. [ alpha ] nonmetropolitan ] - [ p. sub. [ alpha ] metropolitan ] ) / [ p. sub. [ alpha ] metropolitan ] ]. ( 22 ) all differences listed in figure 2 are statistically significant with p - values less than 0. 01. ( 23 ) i use ols, rather than a censored regression model censored regression models commonly arise in econometrics in cases where the variable of interest is only observable under certain conditions. a common example is labor supply., because the zero values for each of the [ p. sub. [ alpha ] ] indices are the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.658134468454386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.381265"}
{"text": "arise in econometrics in cases where the variable of interest is only observable under certain conditions. a common example is labor supply., because the zero values for each of the [ p. sub. [ alpha ] ] indices are the actual values and do not represent censored values. the estimates are weighted and design corrected. ( 24 ) blackorby and donaldson ( 1987 ), using this terminology, provide an analysis of welfare ratios as an index of well - being in cost - benefit analysis cost - benefit analysis in governmental planning and budgeting, the attempt to measure the social benefits of a proposed project in monetary terms and compare them with its costs.. ( 25 ) for example, in 1999 the average age of a metropolitan poor person was 28 years compared with 32 years for the nonmetropolitan poor. in terms of family size, 16 % of the metropolitan poor lived in two - person families compared with 20 % for the nonmetropolitan poor. ( 26 ) the result that there are systematic differences in the metro - nonmetropolitan age distribution of the poor does not mean that the metro - nonmetropolitan poverty difference is the result of this age difference. in fact, the poverty regressions in panel c of table 3 indicate just the opposite. if the age distribution in nonmetropolitan areas were the same as in metropolitan areas, then the metro - nonmetropolitan poverty difference would be even larger. the relevance of the area difference in age distribution is that it indicates a potential case for slight differences in how poverty alleviation policies are designed for each area. ( 27 ) this difference in the age distribution is also partially evident in family structure characteristics. thirty - nine percent of the metropolitan poor live in single - mother families, whereas 32 % of the nonmetropolitan poor are in single - mother families. bishop. john, john formby, and buhong zheng. 1999. distribution sensitive measures of poverty in the united states. review of social economy 57 : 306 - 43. blackorby, charles, and david donaldson. 1987. welfare ratios and distributionally sensitive cost - benefit analysis. journal of public economics 34 : 265 - 90. cromartie, john. 2000. \" measuring rurality : what is rural? \" economic research service, u. s. department of agriculture. accessed 25 january 2002. available http : / / www. ers. usda. gov / briefing / rurality / whatisrural /. cu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5328290425230489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.382213"}
{"text": ": what is rural? \" economic research service, u. s. department of agriculture. accessed 25 january 2002. available http : / / www. ers. usda. gov / briefing / rurality / whatisrural /. cushing, brian, and buhong zheng. 2000. re - evaluating differences in poverty among central city, suburban, and nonmetropolitan areas of the u. s. applied economics 32 : 653 - 60. dalaker, joseph. and bernadette proctor. 2000. poverty in the united states : 1999. washington, dc : u. s. census bureau. dasgupta, partha, amartya sen amartya kumar sen ch ( hon ) ( bengali : \u0985\u09ae\u09b0\u09a4\u09af \u0995\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u09a8 omorto kumar shen, and david starrett. 1973. notes on the measurement of inequality. journal of economic theory 6 : 180 - 7. datt, gaurav, and martin ravallion. 1992. growth and redistribution re \u00b7 dis \u00b7 tri \u00b7 bu \u00b7 tion 1. the act or process of redistributing. 2. an economic theory or policy that advocates reducing inequalities in the distribution of wealth. components of changes in poverty measures : a decomposition decomposition / de \u00b7 com \u00b7 po \u00b7 si \u00b7 tion / ( de - kom? pah - zish\u00b4un ) the separation of compound bodies into their constituent principles. 1. with applications to brazil and india in the 1980s. journal of development economics 38 : 275 - 95. fisher, gordon. 1997. from hunter to orshansky : an overview of ( unofficial un \u00b7 of \u00b7 fi \u00b7 cial of or being a drug that is not listed in the united states pharmacopeia or the national formulary. ) poverty lines in the united states from 1904 to 1965. u. s. census bureau poverty measurement working paper. foster, james. 1983. an axiomatic ax \u00b7 i \u00b7 o \u00b7 mat \u00b7 ic also ax \u00b7 i \u00b7 o \u00b7 mat \u00b7 i \u00b7 cal of, relating to, or resembling an axiom ; self - evident : \" it ' s axiomatic in politics that voters won ' t throw out a presidential incumbent unless they think his challenger will characterization a rather long and fancy word for analyzing a system or process and measuring its \" characteristics. \" for example, a web characterization would yield the number of current sites on the web, types of sites, annual growth, etc. of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.562334041794897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.383163"}
{"text": "challenger will characterization a rather long and fancy word for analyzing a system or process and measuring its \" characteristics. \" for example, a web characterization would yield the number of current sites on the web, types of sites, annual growth, etc. of the theil measure of income inequality. journal of economic theory 31 : 105 - 21. foster, james, joel greet, and erik thorbecke. 1984. a class of decomposable poverty measures. econometrica 52 : 761 - 5. foster, james, and anthony shorrocks. 1991. subgroup consistent poverty indices. econometrica 59 : 687 - 709. hanratty, maria, and rebecca blank. 1992. down and out in north america north america, third largest continent ( 1990 est. pop. 365, 000, 000 ), c. 9, 400, 000 sq mi ( 24, 346, 000 sq km ), the northern of the two continents of the western hemisphere. : recent trends in poverty rates in the united states and canada. quarterly journal of economics the quarterly journal of economics, or qje, is an economics journal published by the massachusetts institute of technology and edited at harvard university ' s department of economics. its current editors are robert j. barro, edward l. glaeser and lawrence f. katz. 107 : 233 - 54. honig, marjorie, and randall filer. 1993. causes of intercity in \u00b7 ter \u00b7 cit \u00b7 y relating to, involving, or connecting two or more cities : intercity rivalry ; an intercity bus. trademark variations in homelessness. american economic review 83 : 248 - 55. howes, stephen, and jean lanjouw. 1998. does sample design matter for poverty comparisons. review of income and wealth 44 : 99 - 109. jolliffe, dean. 2001. estimating sampling variance from the current population survey : a synthetic design approach to correcting standard errors. economics working paper archive no. ewp - em 0110006. jolliffe, dean. 2002. rural poverty rates stays under 15 percent in 1999. rural america 16 : 39 - 41. jolliffe, dean, gaurav datt, and manohar sharma. in press. robust poverty and inequality measurement in egypt : correcting for spatial - price variation and sample design effects. review of development economics. jolliffe, dean, and bohdan kroshelnytskyy. 1999. bootstrap standard errors for indices of inequality :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6376354913653708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.384106"}
{"text": "measurement in egypt : correcting for spatial - price variation and sample design effects. review of development economics. jolliffe, dean, and bohdan kroshelnytskyy. 1999. bootstrap standard errors for indices of inequality : ineqerr. stata technical bulletin 51 : 28 - 32. jolliffe, dean, and anastassia semykina. 1999. robust standard errors for the foster - greer - thofcecke class of poverty indices : sepov. stain stain ( microbiology ) any colored, organic compound, usually called dye, used to stain tissues, cells, cell components, or cell contents. the dye may be natural or synthetic. the object stained is called the substrate. technical bulletin 51 : 34 - 6. kakwani, nanak. 1993. statistical inference inferential statistics or statistical induction comprises the use of statistics to make inferences concerning some unknown aspect of a population. it is distinguished from descriptive statistics. in the measurement of poverty, review of economics and statistics 75 : 632 - 9. kakwani, nanak. 1980. on a class of poverty measures. econometrica 48 : 437 - 46. kish, leslie. 1965. survey sampling. new york new york, state, united states new york, middle atlantic state of the united states. it is bordered by vermont, massachusetts, connecticut, and the atlantic ocean ( e ), new jersey and pennsylvania ( s ), lakes erie and ontario and the canadian province of : john wiley john wiley may refer to : nord, mark. 1997. rural poverty rate edges downward. rural conditions and trends 8 : 31 - 4. office of management and budget. 2000. standards for defining metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. federal register 65 : 82228 - 38. orshanksy, mollie mollie or molly, new world fish of the genus mollienesia, in the same family as the guppy ( see killifish ). mollies are found from the e and central united states to argentina.. 1965. counting the poor : another look at the poverty profile. social security bulletin 28 : 3 - 29. quigley, john, steven raphael, and eugene smolensky. 2001. homeless in america, homeless in california california ( kal ' ifor ` ny\u0259 ), most populous state in the united states, located in the far west ; bordered by oregon ( n ), nevada and, across the colorado river, arizona (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5484442855281653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.384997"}
{"text": "homeless in america, homeless in california california ( kal ' ifor ` ny\u0259 ), most populous state in the united states, located in the far west ; bordered by oregon ( n ), nevada and, across the colorado river, arizona ( e ), mexico ( s ), and the pacific ocean ( w ).. review of economics and statistics 83 : 37 - 51. ravallion, martin. 1998. poverty lines in theory and practice. world bank living standards living standards npl \u2192 nivel msg de vida living standards living npl \u2192 niveau m de vie living standards living npl measurement study working paper no. 113. ravallion, martin, and benu bidanl 1994. how robust is a poverty profile? world bank economic review 8 : 75 - 102. ruggles, patricia. 1990. drawing the line : alternative poverty measures and their implications for public policy, washington, dc : urban institute press. sawhill, isabel. 1988. poverty in the u. s. : why is it so persistent? journal of economic literature 26 : 1073 - 119. sen, amartya sen, amartya ( born nov. 3, 1933, santiniketan, india ) indian economist who was awarded the 1998 nobel prize in economic sciences for his work in welfare economics and social choice.. 1976. poverty : an ordinal ( mathematics ) ordinal - an isomorphism class of well - ordered sets. approach to measurement. econometrica 44 : 219 - 31. slesnick, daniel. 1993. gaining ground : poverty in the postwar post \u00b7 war belonging to the period after a war : postwar resettlement ; a postwar house. occurring or existing after a war adj. 1. united slates. journal of political economy 101 : 1 - 38. united states bureau of census. 2000. current population survey : annual demographic file, 2000. ann arbor ann arbor, city ( 1990 pop. 109, 592 ), seat of washtenaw co., s mich., on the huron river ; inc. 1851. it is a research and educational center, with a large number of government and industrial research and development firms, many in high - technology fields such as, mi : interuniversity consortium for political and social research. urban institute. 1999. homelessness : programs and the people they serve. washington, dc : urban institute press. zheng, buhong. 2001. statistical inference for poverty measures with relative poverty lines. journal of econo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4455054140114284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:77f6d4b2-18d5-4dca-92f8-673403803ad8>", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.385885"}
{"text": "... and why does the nose make mucus anyway? it was a miserable day and i was, as usual, driving to work with my friend. it was also in the middle of cold and flu season and she had been struck down with the dreaded lurgy. she paused for a brief coughing fit, blew her nose and embarrassed by what had just been expelled from her body apologised and turned to me and said : \u201c this is soooo disgusting \u2026 what makes phlegm and snot green? \u201d i didn \u2019 t have and answer to this, which got me thinking - \" what are they and what do they do? \" both phlegm and snot, or nasal mucus to use its more polite medical term, are names given to mucus produced in the respiratory system. nasal mucus, as the name suggests is produced at the back of the nose, while phlegm is used to describe the mucus from the rest of the respiratory system and is typically used to describe the gloop that is coughed up. contrary to what you might think, mucus is vital for good health. it helps to protect the lungs and also prevents tissues from drying out. it ' s a water - based liquid that contains proteins, carbohydrates, salt and some cells. the primary type of protein are the mucins, which have a sugar coating that enables them to absorb large quantities of water. this gives mucus its characteristic consistency and wetting properties. apart from the mucins, the other proteins present hold the key to the protective functions of mucus. these include antibodies that kick start the body \u2019 s defences against invading pathogens ( disease causing agents such as bacteria, viruses and fungi ) and antiseptic enzymes, such as lysozyme, that can directly kill bacteria. mucus can also protect the lungs because it is sticky meaning that it can trap particles of dust, dirt, bacteria and pollen that could otherwise cause irritation and infection. but once the particles are firmly lodged like this they need to be disposed of and this is achieved by coughing, sneezing and nose - blowing. the average sneeze can propel a mucus missile and its microbial passengers at up to 100 miles per hour, hence the saying \" coughs and sneezes spread diseases \", and as well as sneezing there is of course nose blowing. but much to the disgust of many a reader, the vast majority of our mucus is in fact eaten! our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4463921137249609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19fedcd7-b4b0-4afb-b330-eede84f36bfb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.394062"}
{"text": "the saying \" coughs and sneezes spread diseases \", and as well as sneezing there is of course nose blowing. but much to the disgust of many a reader, the vast majority of our mucus is in fact eaten! our airways are lined with millions of tiny hairs, called cilia. these beat in synchrony to produce waves of movement, a bit like how a mexican wave moves around a football stadium. these waves sweep the mucus to the back of the throat where it is swallowed. stomach acid then takes care of most of the things inside that could be infectious. but if the mucus dries out and hardens before it can be ferried to the throat it can produce an unsightly bogey! within the mucous membrane is a specialised cell type which, due to its characteristic shape, is known as a goblet cell. the sole function of the goblet cell is to produce mucus, although other cells can make it too. the mucin proteins are packaged in small sacks, called vesicles, which then make their way to the edge of the cells. they subsequently fuse with the membrane ( plasma membrane ) that surrounds the cell, enabling the contents to be released. as the mucin is released and soaks up water it can expand up to 600 times, which is potentially a lot of snot! indeed, it is estimated that a healthy nose will pump out more than a pint of mucus a day, although the amount can vary enormously ; for example when you cry most of your tears will run into the nose and mix with the mucus, increasing its volume. this is why crying is often accompanied by a runny nose. also, as one of the roles of mucus is to remove particles, mucus production is stimulated by airway infection and irritation. for example, hayfever sufferers may experience a runny nose as the body attempts to flush out the problem pollen that ' s triggering the effect. rhinitis like this occurs when the body \u2019 s immune system responds to an allergen such as pollen by releasing the inflammatory chemical histamine, which instructs the mucous membranes to increase their mucus production. if you don \u2019 t want to use medicines to help, there are some alternatives. one thing that could help during a cold is to use a humidifier. this increases the amount of water in the air, which in turn increases the water content of the mucus. the result is thinner mucus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43521681641033017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19fedcd7-b4b0-4afb-b330-eede84f36bfb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.395126"}
{"text": "help, there are some alternatives. one thing that could help during a cold is to use a humidifier. this increases the amount of water in the air, which in turn increases the water content of the mucus. the result is thinner mucus that can leave the nose more easily. but don ' t forget the other obvious solution - nose blowing, although there is some evidence to suggest that wiping is better than blowing. this is because the sinuses are normally filled with air and do not produce significant amounts of mucus. however, with nose blowing, sticky gloop can be seen in the sinuses of around 85 % of people with a cold. so how does it get there? scientists from the university of virginia, charlottesville, showed that the pressure built up when blowing your nose is enough to force the mucus into the sinuses. they also showed that this is unlikely to occur as a result of coughing or sneezing. and since, if you have a cold, the mucus is packed with virus particles, vigorous nose blowing could theoretically carry the infection into the sinuses. however, the jury is still out as to whether blowing your nose really does increase this risk. reassuringly, people with colds rarely get acute sinus infections. but, it may still result in increased discomfort and duration of the cold. so maybe the safest solution lies with the frequently preferred choice of children - their index finger ( for nose picking ). so why is snot green? when a part of the body becomes infected it produces signals to alert the immune system to the developing problem. cells and other immune components follow these signals by a process called chemotaxis to home in on the affected area. in the case of colds, white blood cells called neutrophils are amongst the first on the scene and arrive via the blood stream. upon arrival the neutrophils mount an attack. they attempt to engulf ( swallow ) the pathogen ( a virus in the case of colds ) and at the same time they produce antiseptic chemicals that wipe out other pathogens nearby. these chemicals are so potent that even the neutophils don ' t escape and are destroyed, committing suicide to fight the spread of infection. generally, enzymes are responsible for the production of the antiseptic chemicals and it is these that give mucus the green colour. enzymes often require \u2018 helpers \u2019, called co - enzymes, to function properly and it is more specifically the co - enzyme iron ( ferrous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.451310086783201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:19fedcd7-b4b0-4afb-b330-eede84f36bfb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.396102"}
{"text": "nairobi is a bustling city of over 3 million people, many of whom are stuck in traffic for hours each day. one effort to mitigate these wasteful jams involves construction of additional motorways. but with little space specifically reserved for these new arteries, their proposed routes involve some delicate tradeoffs. one such road, the proposed southern bypass, is planned to run along the eastern boundary of nairobi national park. as presently designed, 150 acres of park land would need to be degazetted ( i. e., lost ) to accommodate the new road. several nature conservation organizations have joined together to oppose the project, and a pending legal action has provisionally halted all construction. in passing, one might understand this story as a tale of local conservation organizations banding together to \u201c hold the line \u201d \u2014 protecting a parcel of wilderness from the bulldozers of urban expansion. but in an urban system as complicated as nairobi, context truly matters. managing urban nature requires flexible and forward - looking perspectives, and i argue here that the issue is much more intricate than first meets the eye. in fact, the project presents a rare opportunity, if leveraged aggressively, to expand and strengthen the integrity of park while letting the bypass go forward. nairobi national park : a brief introduction situated just outside kenya \u2019 s capital, the 117km\u00b2 nairobi national park is a relatively small protected area ( iucn category ii ). managed by the kenya wildlife service, this urban protected area is home to a wide range of wildlife, such as lion, leopard, cheetah, buffalo, giraffe, and the critically endangered black rhinoceros. the formally protected area is itself an integral part of a 2000km\u00b2 semi - arid savannah ecosystem, marked by characteristic seasonal wildlife migration from as far south as tanzania. in the dry - season months of june to november, herbivores such as zebra and wildebeest take their annual refuge within park boundaries. from december, when rains return, this wildlife quickly disperses back to the open plains, where food will have become more plentiful and predators are more easily avoided. beyond serving as important habitat for wildlife, these plains south of nairobi are also the traditional home of maasai pastoralists, who have long adapted their practices to the natural rhythms of seasonal migration. for example, these herdsmen judiciously move away from migration routes at times when predators and calving wildlife posed risk to their cattle. back in 1946, when this national park was first established, these migrations were largely undisturbed by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46489702623767926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b3363d7-e9c9-448d-bac4-e6fb681963f8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.409493"}
{"text": ". for example, these herdsmen judiciously move away from migration routes at times when predators and calving wildlife posed risk to their cattle. back in 1946, when this national park was first established, these migrations were largely undisturbed by human activity. the city of nairobi was much smaller then \u2014 about 120, 000 residents \u2014 and the park was an unfenced wilderness somewhat beyond the urban horizon. residential and industrial activity remained largely concentrated around nairobi \u2019 s core, and a wide buffer remained between built - up and protected areas. beyond the boundaries, with but little competition for land, wildlife, pastoralists, and city - dwellers all managed to live together. however, nairobi \u2019 s formerly modest urban center has now grown to a city of over 3 million inhabitants, and the functional distance between park and city has dramatically decreased. residential development has progressively expanded against many of the park \u2019 s edges, including both informal townships and luxury accommodation. especially along the eastern boundary, heavy industrial activity like cement factories and an oil refinery contribute to a noxious environment where neither wildlife nor people can easily flourish. clogged roadways now border the park on several sides, and works are underway to widen these to relieve congested traffic conditions. such intense urban activity just beside the national park has direct impacts for the health of this natural environment. industrial and residential effluent require constant monitoring ; windblown waste and illegal dumping pollute protected habitat ; wildlife are increasingly killed along the heavily trafficked roads that now surround the park ; while fence vandalism, illegal encroachment, and bush - meat poaching are other urban problems faced by park managers. to separate the national park from the urban fabric, electric fences were progressively installed to the west, north, and east. further reinforcing park boundaries, a public - private partnership called nairobi greenline has been working to grow a 50m wide forest of native trees, along 30km of the park \u2019 s eastern edge. as the initiative simple puts it : nairobi national park is under siege \u2014 it \u2019 s time to draw the line. it \u2019 s important to remember that the initial boundaries of the national park were fixed by arbitrary conveniences such as a river, a road, and railway. though only a small portion of the broader ecosystem was included for protection, seasonal wildlife movement was nonetheless able to continue precisely because of the strong connectivity between the park and its wildlife dispersal area. explicitly for this purpose, the southern edge still retains an open border, allowing free movement of wildlife across the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4479125481503557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b3363d7-e9c9-448d-bac4-e6fb681963f8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.410943"}
{"text": "ecosystem was included for protection, seasonal wildlife movement was nonetheless able to continue precisely because of the strong connectivity between the park and its wildlife dispersal area. explicitly for this purpose, the southern edge still retains an open border, allowing free movement of wildlife across the broader landscape. however, the growth of nairobi shows no sign of slowing, and the long - term viability of these migrations is far from certain. fast - growing settlements of rongai and kitengela have respectively become established at the southeast and southwest corners of the park. their persistent expansion continues to consume land that had previously been available for transiting wildlife. similarly, land - speculation along the entire southern boundary is driving land - prices up, increasing the incentive for owners to subdivide. over time, the park is slowly being encircled. because of the deep interdependence between the nairobi national park and the wildlife dispersal area to its south, a southern boundary fence would forever sever the protected area from its ecosystem. though if privately built fences south of the park were to become sufficiently dense \u2014 as they seem on track to become \u2014 wildlife would similarly be inhibited from migrating, and the park would become totally isolated from the broader ecosystem it is supposed to support and protect. in an attempt to preserve the needed migration corridors, several important efforts are ongoing. one initiative, known as the \u201c wildlife lease program \u201d works to identify unprotected parcels of land most important for migration, and pays a nominal rent to the landowners in exchange for their commitment to neither subdivide, nor sell, nor fence the property. the lengthy waiting list of individuals that have applied to participate in the scheme is an indication both of this project \u2019 s potential, as well as just how much of the migration corridor remains unprotected. a more general tool for preserving an unfenced landscape, the kitengela - isinya - kipeto land use management plan is a community - developed planning regulation that restricts the minimum plot - size in much of the dispersal area. here, the interests of the local community align with conservation aims, and collective efforts are underway to implement this scheme which simultaneously supports pastoral activity and wildlife migration. while these and other efforts are laudable, urban pressures continue to increase the potential value of land this land south of the park \u2013 and the area remains especially and increasingly vulnerable to irreversible change. on the importance of boundaries in a sense, the 67 - year history of nairobi national park can be summarized by two observations about its boundaries. first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46506281852064674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b3363d7-e9c9-448d-bac4-e6fb681963f8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.412134"}
{"text": "land south of the park \u2013 and the area remains especially and increasingly vulnerable to irreversible change. on the importance of boundaries in a sense, the 67 - year history of nairobi national park can be summarized by two observations about its boundaries. first, the borders of this national park have proven to be a largely effective barrier to landuse change within the protected area. spatial images illustrate this quite well : the unmistakable growth of urban nairobi abruptly stops precisely where the national park begins. second, however, the area that was protected in 1946 doesn \u2019 t very well correspond to the most vulnerable places in 2013. this should not be surprising. after all, this was kenya \u2019 s first protected area \u2014 and it was designated at a time when the scale of today \u2019 s nairobi was simply unimaginable. as the capital has expanded \u2014 both in terms of its physical footprint and its indirect influence \u2014 the mismatch has become all the more consequential. to secure permanent protection for ecosystem function in this rapidly evolving urban landscape \u2013 a reimagining is in order. the southern bypass : a conservation threat? traffic congestion is a ubiquitous feature of daily life in nairobi. narrow roads are plied each day by an increasing number of private cars, heavy trucks, public busses and mini - van taxis. crossing town can take hours \u2014 wasting human and energy resources, worsening air quality, and generally deteriorating the quality of urban life. the government of kenya is mobilizing many resources to address this problem throughout the nairobi metro region. these efforts include a network of so - called \u201c bypass \u201d roads, providing alternative routes to especially clogged arteries. one of these projects, the \u201c southern bypass, \u201d was approved in 2012 and will run parallel to the boundary of nairobi national park. under kenyan law, this project required an environmental impact assessment and a special license from the national environmental management authority ( nema ). a standard and unsurprising condition of this license is that \u201c the proponent shall not encroach on gazetted parks, \u201d specifically nairobi national park. however, this condition is being tested in two related respects. first, over time, the land just beside nairobi national park has been occupied by a range of different residential and industrial land uses. while a narrow strip remains available for road construction, the proposed route is insufficiently wide. second, in one specific place, the proposed road will run perpendicular to the runway of nairobi \u2019 s domestic airport. there, flight safety regulations require more distance between the bypass than is presently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46325383790571545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b3363d7-e9c9-448d-bac4-e6fb681963f8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.413235"}
{"text": "available for road construction, the proposed route is insufficiently wide. second, in one specific place, the proposed road will run perpendicular to the runway of nairobi \u2019 s domestic airport. there, flight safety regulations require more distance between the bypass than is presently available. together, these reasons have obliged road engineers to design a route that at some points would traverse parts of nairobi national park. accordingly, to comply with the conditions of the nema licence, the kenyan parliament would need to excise about 150 acres from the park. local press reports that the loss would eventually be compensated by some 1. 8 billion shillings ( \u2248 us $ 21 million ). on the surface, transforming national park land into a highway seems like a terrible outcome for nature. to stop this from happening, several local conservation organizations have begun legal proceedings at the national environmental tribunal, and indeed, construction has halted while the appeal is under review. the main arguments of these organizations are as follows : - the road would illegally encroach on the currently gazetted nairobi national park - the project has become much larger than what was evaluated for the eia - the kenya wildlife service has no mandate to negotiate the disposal of park land - the integrity of national park boundaries must be respected, forever. - alternative means could allow road construction without traversing the national park - degazetting park land would set a dangerous precedent and would damage kenya \u2019 s reputation - land has already been allocated for a road ; it must be reclaimed from other users. some of these arguments raise very important issues, especially the substantive questions about how the proposed transportation project is evolving on the ground. others appear more tactical in nature, mobilizing political or procedural claims to prevent the proposed construction from going forward. taken together, their unambiguous objective is to prevent nairobi national park from being harmed. of course, a vigilant and engaged civil society is an important part of conserving nature. with more and more people concentrated in cities, it is only natural that threats to urban protected areas are so vigorously resisted. however, these very same urban places are also subject to much more complex tradeoffs than wilderness settings would require. such tradeoffs are politically delicate, but crucial for effective and adaptive stewardship of urban nature. in this particular case, most arguments against the southern bypass also appear to be rooted in an absolute commitment to protecting the integrity of the park boundaries, no matter what. in light of the ever - growing threats that protected areas face, such a conservative position is often quite justified. but again,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4866634149357837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b3363d7-e9c9-448d-bac4-e6fb681963f8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.414302"}
{"text": "the southern bypass also appear to be rooted in an absolute commitment to protecting the integrity of the park boundaries, no matter what. in light of the ever - growing threats that protected areas face, such a conservative position is often quite justified. but again, context truly matters \u2014 and maintaining pre - existing boundaries isn \u2019 t always the best deal for nature. given how degraded certain sections of the park have become, how arbitrary the initial boundaries seem to have been, and the mismatch between the areas under protection and those essential for ecosystem function \u2014 if leveraged aggressively, this southern bypass could also be seen as a conservation opportunity. the southern bypass : a conservation opportunity? like any policy, nature conservation does not and cannot exist in a vacuum. the hard reality is that, in many respects, the greenline initiative has it right : nairobi national park is under siege. along the urban - facing edges, negative impacts are increasingly degrading the protected habitat ; and along the southern boundary, if the status quo persists, growing pressure from an expanding city will totally isolate this protected area from its natural ecosystem. though the current park boundaries are fairly effective at preventing land use change within them \u2014 the surrounding landscape is evolving in ways that undermine the sense of that protection. when viewed in this way, the proposed southern bypass should be seen not only as a threat to the national park \u2014 but also as a multifaceted opportunity. remaining focused for a moment on the narrow strip of land that might be excised : the traffic congestion in nairobi truly is dire, and resolving this problem is a top urban priority. with virtually no alternative routes available, this land along the nairobi national park boundary is tremendously valuable. it is a true asset, which can shrewdly be leveraged to support the park \u2019 s overall conservation. looking more broadly at edge conditions, decades of relaxed planning regulation seem to have allowed areas beside the national park to be occupied by a land uses that are entirely inappropriate neighbors for a protected area. the negative impacts they cause are in some cases so severe that neither wildlife nor people are able to occupy the areas. with no real hope of moving these industries away from the park, one viable solution for better edge protection is to create a new buffer from existing park land. in some places, the forest proposed by nairobi greenline is an example of how this is being done. in other sections, it \u2019 s worth asking whether and how an appropriately built roadway could serve a similar function. unsurprisingly, the land within protected area boundaries is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47049264074028674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b3363d7-e9c9-448d-bac4-e6fb681963f8>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.415349"}
{"text": "proposed by nairobi greenline is an example of how this is being done. in other sections, it \u2019 s worth asking whether and how an appropriately built roadway could serve a similar function. unsurprisingly, the land within protected area boundaries is often coveted for other uses, and this is not the kind of tradeoff to be made lightly. decisions should be informed by the best available science, and in case of doubt over the conservation value of affected areas, the precautionary principle should prevail. but if it turns out such a bargain would yield significant, permanent gains for conservation it would be foolish to dismiss the opportunity out of hand. from a landscape perspective, the most pressing threat to nairobi national park does not really depend on the exact location of its northern boundaries. rather, the future of this protected area hinges instead on how the area south to its south will develop. as it looks now, the prognosis is fairly bleak. in this light, the real opportunity of the southern bypass is to reimagine the size and shape of nairobi national park \u2014 expanding its protection to the most vulnerable places, thanks to the value of some its most degraded parcels. in so rapidly changing an urban setting \u2014 where events are quickly overtaking the existing conservation geography \u2014 what sense does it really make to tightly preserve the precise locations of historical park boundaries? by virtue of the resources available for constructing this road infrastructure, the proposed southern bypass offers a rare opportunity to broadly renegotiate the form and function of nairobi national park. this opportunity should be seized, and the net gains for conservation should be measured not in terms of individual parcels, but rather, in terms of long - term ecosystem function. - how broad a migration corridor would need protection to permanently facilitate seasonal wildlife movement? - what other benefits would this protection have for the practice of traditional pastoralism in the dispersal area? - would such gains make for a worthwhile tradeoff? for the future health of nairobi national park \u2014 and by extension, the wellbeing of all nairobians \u2014 i \u2019 d strongly suggest that such questions are worth considering.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4770231530785966, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2b3363d7-e9c9-448d-bac4-e6fb681963f8>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.416351"}
{"text": "some of my earliest memories were of my mother threading a needle, tying a not on the end of the double thread and sewing buttons onto an article of clothing. the tiny object that keeps our shirt, coats, waistbands and cuffs together are often taken for granted until one of them falls off. button history and 13 button facts a button is a small disk or knob that is sewn onto a garment to fasten it by being pushed through a buttonhole or other loop made for the button. buttons have been around for a very, very long time. let me tell you a few facts about the button and tell you about the history of the button. - the oldest button ever found was in the indus valley civilization which is now pakistan. the button is made of a curved shell and dates back 5, 000 years! - in 2600 - 1500bce buttons were used as ornamentation instead of as fasteners. - buttons with buttonholes used to keep clothing closed first appeared in 13th century germany. - by the 13th and 14th century, buttons were widespread throughout europe. - ornamental buttons dating back between 2600 - 1500bce have been found in the indus valley civilization, rome and china - during the world wars, the british and u. s. military used button lockets which were buttons constructed like lockets to store compasses. - buttons are made in all shapes and sizes. - flat buttons lie flat and have holes through them. the thread is sewn through the holes to attach the buttons to the fabric. most new sewing machines can sew on a button. - shank buttons have a protrusion on the back with a hole in it. the thread is wrapped around and through the hole to attach the button. - stud buttons are the metal buttons you find on jeans and jean jackets. these buttons are riveted through the fabric with a button on one side and a disc on the other. this type of button is very secure because the fabric is sandwiched between the two metal pieces. - covered buttons are buttons that are covered with a small piece of fabric. the smooth metal button has teeth to grab the fabric around the edges and a shank that is pressed onto the back to hold all the fabric edges in the hollow metal button back. - frogs are knotted strings in an intricate pattern which have a large string knob that is held within the knotted strings like a button and buttonhole. - buttons are made of natural and man made materials. as i was going through stuff today, i came across some clothes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4817975853110842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a1b8c53f-9c60-444e-ae4a-2f3a927738c9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.422118"}
{"text": "csiro mine safety tech becomes archaeological tool zebedee helps map ancient cave etchings a 3d mapping technology announced earlier this year by australia \u2019 s science agency csiro is being used to help map what might be the world \u2019 s oldest cave etchings. during december, csiro scientists undertook an exploration on behalf of the adelaide museum, in which they took the technology known as zebedee into the delicate koonalda cave in south australia. the cave was used as a flint mine by australian aborigines as far back as 30, 000 years ago, the cave includes markings known as \u201c finger flutings \u201d, apparently made by dragging the hand across the soft limestone walls. enter zebedee, a 3d mapping system created by the csiro and licensed to uk company geoslam. the handheld system gathers a real - time point cloud of its surroundings without needing systems like gps as a reference ( handy, since gps doesn \u2019 t work underground ). zebedee consists of a lightweight lidar ( light detection and ranging ) set, along with inertial measurement. and yes, its inventors \u2013 robert zlot and mike bosse of the csiro \u2019 s autonomous systems lab \u2013 say its name was inspired by the character in the magic roundabout. new scientist describes the expedition to map the caves here - and the purpose of the finger flutings still remains a mystery. however, with the 3d maps, researchers can at least examine the cave from their desktop, without the six - hour drive to reach the caves. \u00ae the system uses a 2d lidar that can only detect distances in a plane. the spring is to give it a random pattern to ensure it scans in all directions more - or - less evenly. the readings from the lidar are then combined with the information from the accelerometer / gyroscope ( can ' t remember which ) to produce a 3d map of the environment in which the scan was taken. it ' s basically a lidar - on - a - spring - on - a - stick that you hold while walking around a cave. managed to see them demonstrate it when our robotics class went on a field trip to the autonomous systems lab ( along with a bunch of other cool stuff ) and it was really as simple as walking around while holding it to get a 3d map of an area. we all know how this will end. in an adequate, yet slightly disappointing even though we knew we weren ' t going to get what we were hoping for, trip to a far distant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5196827115549464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:4b8ac9ae-19f5-4717-8146-9959461e9155>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.425928"}
{"text": "would you like to learn how to speed read? it is a skill that has great value in our text based society. regardless of who you are, speed - reading can benefit you. you might be an entrepreneur trying to make more money, or a stay at home mom trying to get by. regardless of your goals or aspirations, the skill can help you persevere and improve. and yes, speed reading can be learned. using the techniques presented in this article, you should be reading 2 times as fast very quickly. a common trend that people have when reading a book is to subvocalize their words. reading is usually conducted using our mental \u201c voice \u201d \u2013 we say it inside our minds. stages of subvocalization include three specific steps : outward vocalization, mouthing the words to ourselves, and then saying them within our minds without any vocalization whatsoever. reading a poem, or the lyrics to a song, are examples of subvocalization. you could be reading to your child before bedtime. subvocalization, sadly, is the slowest way that anybody can read despite its entertainment value. it is sometimes difficult to stop reading in this way, something you will have to force yourself to do. you must stop relying upon hearing the words that are written. you must take what you see and process it in your mind. basically, if you are going to read fast, it is imperative that you stop subvocalizing what you read and process it only through your mind. rereading something you \u2019 ve read once is a habit many people get into. it \u2019 s okay to reread something for clarification, but very often it \u2019 s done simply out of habit. there \u2019 s a tendency to do a lot of rereading out of uncertainty or lack of confidence in our ability to understand the material. this is counterproductive ; even though you \u2019 re doing it to increase your understanding, it does the opposite because you never get into a smooth flow as your read. so, only go back and read something if it is absolutely mandatory. you can learn to read faster by using your index finger as a guide. some people have a bias against doing this because they think it \u2019 s only done by children or poor readers. in fact, everyone can benefit by doing this. your finger helps guide your eyes across the page in a fast and accurate way. another reason this is such a good speed reading tactic is that your eyes will automatically take in words at the pace that your finger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4407324951229886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88981290-2427-4cad-ba95-6923c74c366d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.437451"}
{"text": "fact, everyone can benefit by doing this. your finger helps guide your eyes across the page in a fast and accurate way. another reason this is such a good speed reading tactic is that your eyes will automatically take in words at the pace that your finger is moving. as you can see, the ability to improve your reading speed has little to do with skills or technique. learning how to read fast is only possible if you first remove your old style of reading. once this is done, you can implement your new style of reading, the ability to absorb the information in chunks of useful information instead of just filler. your index finger should be regarded as a friend that is helping you read faster as you guide it along the page. by using the advice that we have just presented in this article, in no time at all, you will be able to read faster than ever before and save time every day. the feedback about this really is usually along the lines of surprise reactions when individuals read about tv aerial, right here. so if it suits your fancy, or need, then you are at your leisure to delve into it and know all about it. one particular glaring side - benefit to pursuing this analysis is all the mundane small points that will genuinely give the glue that binds it all together. what we all naturally do is zero - in on something which is quite related to our scenario and focus on that. beneficial information is there for you if only you \u2019 ve the motivation to appear for it. it is our express want to view you get the kind of enable you to really feel is necessary, so do continue by all implies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4692329247454916, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88981290-2427-4cad-ba95-6923c74c366d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.438307"}
{"text": "friday, may 17, 2013 thursday, may 2, 2013 last week we were rewarded when there was an initial sighting of one monarch caterpillar. we were ecstatic but within days, our sighting of one caterpillar was eclipsed by our sighting of dozens of monarch caterpillars - up to 25 in a single day! so please enjoy some pictures from our monarch party in the titan garden. we feel honored to have assisted with such an amazing journey safe travels, little guys! our students are learning this week that they are all members of the same food chain. and they are also learning that the numbers of each of these animals that exist in nature is critical to the food chain not collapsing. but why do we care about a food chain that doesn ' t involve us? because every action that we take in nature, good and bad, can have consequences on animals that we have never even seen. and in the same way, actions taken on the other side of the world can have consequences on our very own food chain. our titan gardeners have been amazing this year and we are so proud of them for approaching each topic we discuss with such good thoughts. and we hope that our discussion of food chains encourages them to think beyond themselves when they take actions big and small that might affect other living things. friday, april 26, 2013 today our assignment was to find different plant parts and rename them according to what their job is for the plant. we renamed roots to sucker - ground - grabbers ( bridget ). monday, april 15, 2013 there are bugs all around us, especially in the garden, but we often don \u2019 t see them because they are tiny and are masters of hiding. and there are around 5500 species of mammals discovered, there are 1, 000, 000 species of insects discovered. check out the chart below. think about it, 1, 000, 000 species of insects and we estimate that we have only discovered 20 %, which means there could be around 5, 000, 000 species of insects. and 600, 000 species of arachnids ( only 17 % discovered ) are estimated. amazing and helps us put into perspective our place in the garden. we talk to the kids a lot about how they are just visitors in the garden and being respectful of those living things that make their home in the garden. well, we had a wonderful chance to get up close and personal with bugs a few weeks ago when wizzie brown, texas a & m agrilife entomologist, came to talk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49422519826869094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bf061a1-6cab-4e1c-bee4-f4ea56248826>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.441781"}
{"text": "those living things that make their home in the garden. well, we had a wonderful chance to get up close and personal with bugs a few weeks ago when wizzie brown, texas a & m agrilife entomologist, came to talk with the titan garden classes. wizzie discussed and displayed many types of arhtropods including insects, and arachnids. we discussed what kinds of habitats they live in, why they might use venom and how they do the cool things they do ( like walk up a wall of stand on the ceiling ). the kids got to look up close at things they might never see again, like madagascar hissing cockroaches ( above ) and emperor scorpions. they saw the molted skin of a goliath bid - eating tarantula and a lcal texas brown tarantula. they also saw examples of two notorious local spiders, the brown recluse and the black widow, and we discussed how to identify these dangerous spiders and what to do if you see one. yes, some \u201c ew \u201d s and \u201c gross \u201d comments but the kids had wonderful questions about bug behavior. 1st grade and kindergarten even got to try out walking like a bug which different students acting as the different body parts. not an easy task! thanks to wizzie brown for visiting with our titan gardeners and broadening their horizons. friday, march 8, 2013 wednesday, february 20, 2013 it is wonderful to think that the students themselves brought these beautiful flowers to our school, with their jumping and dancing and laughing as they spread the seeds out. the field which will be enjoyed by anyone who drives or walks by our garden for the next few months, the kids will run through it during their garden classes, seeing bees and butterflies having just as good a time. we will talk about native species, pollination, drought tolerance and more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46603084894465774, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0bf061a1-6cab-4e1c-bee4-f4ea56248826>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.442601"}
{"text": "how does a flash drive like pendrive can store such a large amount of data? in a few words i actually want to know the whole setup of pendrive / flash drive which help it to store data in it, in simple and plain language for the person lile me who have no relation with this feild. please help me to come out of this mind boggling question. the flash drive has flash memory chips. the electrons flow from the computer to the flash drive and a signal tells the flash drive to set each memory cell in the flash memory to a certain value, either 1 or 0. that ' s how it stores the data. look it up on google for much more information.... flash memory, or nand memory : is what we call none volatile memory. what it means is. it does not require the memory chip to have a constant feed of electricity to retain the data stored on it, say when you unplug it from the computer once storing the data on it. it is retained, until the data is overwritten by user intervention, data replaced or wiped, deleted from the device, by the user. where as volatile memory : requires a current to constantly keep and store the data that resides in it, cut the power and all is lost in volatile memory. flash memory comes under the section of none volatile memory due to this. but still can ware out through lots of use in reading and writing data operations to the memory chip, mostly down to circuity degradation of the memory chip it ` s self over long time, use or write or read operations preformed by the nand memory chip. that is where it begins to fail to store the data on the memory chip. as said all the data is set up as 1 or 0 on the usb pen drive, in what we call binary format. what the core level of a cpu works at in machine code, and understands. all data is stored in this format, be it on a flash pen drive or the main system memory contained in a computer for data storage, or for an example the hard disk drive of your computer. that may help your home work assignment! just kidding.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48651328999206767, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8cbd3e49-9367-4217-9797-837a6993746e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.444861"}
{"text": "ask pablo : can food in a bpa - lined can still be considered organic? there are really two questions here : whether or not the usda consider food packaged in bpa - lined cans organic and ; whether or not we should consider food packaged in bpa - lined cans organic. first we need to figure out what bpa is for those that have never heard of it, then we need to look at the usda national organic program ' s standards, and finally, we need to answer the question : even if it is allowed for organic food packaging, do we want to feed it to our children, our selves, or even our pets? what is bpa? bisphenol a ( bpa ) is an organic ( by the carbon - containing chemistry definition ) compound that is used in polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and surprisingly, in cash register receipts. bpa is an endocrine disruptor with several proven and suspected health effects, including cancer, obesity, and reproductive issues. bpa has been classified as a toxic substance by canada and has been banned from use in baby bottles in the european union. in the case of canned vegetables, soup and other products, bpa is used in the lining of the can. this lining prevents the corrosion of the can from the inside and keeps the oxidation products of the metal out of the food. unfortunately, the close contact between the food and this liner, means that compounds such as bpa can leach into the product. this can be increased when the can is exposed to heat ( during packaging or in a hot car ) or if it contains acidic foods. does the usda approve of bpa - lined cans for organic food? the usda national organic program regulates the growing and manufacturing processes for products that wish to use the approved usda organic labels. what is not part of this program is the regulation of unintended ingredients, including the leaching of bpa into the product from its packaging. according to the usda : \" the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) approves food packaging materials. any material intended for use in food packaging must be formulated in compliance with fda requirements for its intended use under the federal food, drug and cosmetic act ( ffdca ). \" while it is unrelated to the usda ' s national organic program, the fda does regulate the use of \" food contact substances \" such as bisphenol a, which it does allow. should we accept bpa - lined cans for our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4590390932430096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2acd89c2-3d37-4bf7-a297-d5fdd031a8c1>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.449001"}
{"text": "\" while it is unrelated to the usda ' s national organic program, the fda does regulate the use of \" food contact substances \" such as bisphenol a, which it does allow. should we accept bpa - lined cans for our organic food? like the health impact of cell phone microwaves, or radiation for the nuclear disaster in japan, it will take more time to understand the true health impacts of bpa. according to the national toxicology program expert panel report the average adult consumes 0. 008 - 1. 5 \u00b5g / kg / day, or 253 \u00b5g / year to 0. 0474 g / year for the average american male. measurable amounts of bpa have been discovered in the blood and urine of people for years. however, just the presence of trace amount of anything in our bodily fluids does not automatically equate to health impacts. certainly the precautionary principal is warranted in this case and bpa - containing cans should be avoided. treehugger has identified at least 7 companies you can trust to use bpa - free cans, including eden foods and even general mills. it is recommended that you avoid buying food in bpa - lined cans altogether. if bpa - lined cans are unavoidable, try to stay away from acidic foods, and never heat up your food in the can. if it ' s not organic, should it be? so, is food that is packaged in bpa - lined cans considered organic by the usda national organic program? the answer is yes, because the program regulates the production and manufacture of the foods, not the packaging, or any other environmental impacts ( such as transportation ) for that matter. should it be considered organic? well, there are advocates for stricter organic standards, which would ensure that foods are not only grown in an environmentally conscious way but also delivered to the customer without harmful substances unintentionally added. finally, should you eat food from bpa - lined cans? it is a personal decision, of course. but if you believe in the precautionary principle, it may be better to avoid it until it can be conclusively proven to be safe. you might be waiting for a while. pablo paster is a weekly columnist for treehugger. com and principal environmental consultant at hara software. send your questions to pablo ( at ) treehugger. com or submit the via this form and connect to his rss feed. more treehugger articles on bpa in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.431315415305105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2acd89c2-3d37-4bf7-a297-d5fdd031a8c1>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.450030"}
{"text": "leukoplakia are patches on the tongue, in the mouth, or on the inside of the cheek that occur in response to long - term irritation. leukoplakia patches may also develop on the outer female genitals. hairy leukoplakia ; smoker ' s keratosis ; vulvar leukoplakia causes, incidence, and risk factors leukoplakia mainly affects the mucus membranes of the mouth. it is thought to be caused by irritation, but the cause is not always known. irritation in the mouth may be caused by : - rough teeth - rough places on dentures, fillings, and crowns - smoking or other tobacco use ( smoker ' s keratosis ), especially pipes - holding chewing tobacco or snuff in your mouth for a long period of time the disorder is most common in elderly persons. \" hairy \" leukoplakia of the mouth is a different disorder that is seen mostly in hiv - positive people. it may be one of the first signs of hiv infection. it can also appear in other people whose immune system is not working well, such as after a bone marrow transplant. it is caused by the epstein - barr virus, but is not harmful by itself. the most common symptoms of hairy leukoplakia are painless, fuzzy white patches on the side of the tongue. sores usually develop on the tongue, but they may also appear on the insides of the cheek, or on the outer female genitals. the most common symptoms of hairy leukoplakia are painless, fuzzy white patches on the side of the tongue. the sores are : - usually white or gray - sometimes red ( called erythroplakia, a condition that can lead to cancer ) - thick and slightly raised with a hard surface that can ' t be easily scraped off signs and tests the typical white patch of leukoplakia develops slowly, over weeks to months. the lesion may eventually become rough in texture, and may become sensitive to touch, heat, spicy foods, or other irritation. a biopsy of the lesion confirms the diagnosis. an examination of the biopsy specimen may find changes that indicate oral cancer. the goal of treatment is to get rid of the lesion. removing the source of irritation is important and may cause the lesion to disappear. - treat dental causes such as rough teeth, irregular denture surface, or fillings as soon as possible. - stop smoking or using other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48418764233996736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db95f57e-1ef4-45f1-9d78-7a58b47fb35b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.455854"}
{"text": "rid of the lesion. removing the source of irritation is important and may cause the lesion to disappear. - treat dental causes such as rough teeth, irregular denture surface, or fillings as soon as possible. - stop smoking or using other tobacco products. - do not drink alcohol. you may need surgery to remove the lesion. the lesion is usually removed in your health care provider ' s office using local anesthesia. leukoplakia on the vulva is treated in the same way as oral lesions. leukoplakia is usually harmless. lesions often clear up in a few weeks or months after the source of irritation is removed. rarely, it may become cancer. calling your health care provider call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have any lesions resembling leukoplakia or hairy leukoplakia. stop smoking or using other tobacco products. do not drink alcohol, or limit your number of alcoholic drinks. have rough teeth treated and dental appliances repaired promptly. sciubba jj. oral mucosal lesions. in : cummings cw, flint pw, haughey bh, et al, eds. otolaryngology : head & neck surgery. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2010 : chap 91. last reviewed 7 / 20 / 2011 by david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine ; seth schwartz, md, mph, otolaryngologist, virginia mason medical center, seattle, washington. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. - the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. - a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. - call 911 for all medical emergencies. - links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4162683067442825, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:db95f57e-1ef4-45f1-9d78-7a58b47fb35b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.457446"}
{"text": "posted 03 june 2012 - 17 : 56 however, i have just been out to tend the plants and have found that four of my fifteen tomato plants have been severed through the stem at ground level. there is some evidence that the stems were pulled. they were attached firmly to bamboo cane and were just about 20 inches tall, so it was not the wind. the foliage suggested the plants had not been severed for that long. would this damage be caused by pigeons?. there are many pairs nesting close by, including one pair in the tree above the tomato plants. i also thought that tomato plants are poisonous to some animals and birds, and therefore not susceptible to problems other than spores, milldew, fungus and blight. thanks in antic... posted 03 june 2012 - 18 : 21 wrap a bit of plastic around the base of the others before dark. sounds more feasible, no to be flippant but it would take superstrength pigeons or incredible teamwork to make that particular sort of damage. posted 03 june 2012 - 18 : 53 i have had mice in the compost heap recently, but i baited them and there has been no activity there since. i will carefully lay some bait behind a tub to see if that is what it is. considering rodents. i also have plenty of tree - rats ( squirrels ) living around. again, thanks for quick replies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45663434497339417, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0952db04-141b-4389-98a3-f36b62b6f80a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.458964"}
{"text": "suicide. it \u2019 s tough to talk about, but learning the facts and signs can save a life. students and suicide college students can face serious mental and behavioral health issues, including depression and binge drinking. the challenge for mental health professionals is how to identify and help them ; nationwide, fewer than 20 % of students who die by suicide are past or current clients of their school \u2019 s counseling center. however, students who do connect with services often benefit significantly. umass amherst surveys have shown that over 80 % of those who sought mental health care said services helped them stay in school and improve academic performance. suicide myths and facts - people who talk about suicide won \u2019 t really do it. - if a person \u2019 s going to attempt suicide, nothing will stop them. - people who commit suicide are unwilling to seek help. - anyone who attempts suicide must be psychotic or insane. - talking about suicide may give someone the idea. fact : almost everyone who attempts suicide has given some clue or warning. don \u2019 t ignore suicide statements. fact : most who attempt suicide remain uncertain of the decision until the final moment. most suicidal people don \u2019 t wish for death \u2013 they wish for the pain to stop. fact : studies show that more than half of suicide victims sought professional help within six months of their death. fact : most people who commit suicide aren \u2019 t psychotic, although many are depressed. fact : talking about suicide doesn \u2019 t give someone suicidal thoughts \u2013 the opposite is true. bringing up the subject and talking about it is one of the most helpful things you can do. it helps a suicidal person feel understood and shows you understand the suffering the person \u2019 s experiencing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46277870524847653, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8238ea1d-68cb-4812-944b-b6059e287e43>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.460868"}
{"text": "| 2000 - 2001 handbook contents... | | umsl govt. docs... | | umsl libraries... | | umsl home... | loan officers and counselors nature of the work | working conditions | employment | training, other qualifications, and advancement | job outlook | earnings | related occupations | sources of additional information for many individuals, taking out a loan may be the only way to afford a house, car, or college education. likewise for businesses, loans are essential to start many companies, purchase inventory, or invest in capital equipment. loan officers facilitate this lending by seeking potential clients and assisting them in applying for loans. loan officers also gather information about clients and businesses to ensure that an informed decision is made regarding the quality of the loan and the probability of repayment. loan officers usually specialize in commercial, consumer, or mortgage loans. commercial or business loans help companies pay for new equipment or expand operations ; consumer loans include home equity, automobile, and personal loans ; and mortgage loans are made to purchase real estate or to refinance an existing mortgage. in addition, banks and other lenders are offering a growing variety of loans. loan officers must keep abreast of new types of loans and other financial products and services, so they can meet their customers needs. in many instances, loan officers act as salespeople. commercial loan officers, for example, contact firms to determine the firms demand for loans. if the firm is seeking new funds, the loan officer will try to persuade the company to obtain the loan from their institution. similarly, mortgage loan officers develop relationships with commercial and residential real estate agencies, so when an individual or firm buys a property, the real estate agent might recommend contacting that loan officer for financing. once this initial contact has been made, loan officers guide clients through the process of applying for a loan. this process begins with a formal meeting or telephone call with a prospective client, during which the loan officer obtains basic information about the purpose of the loan and explains the different types of loans and credit terms that are available to the applicant. sometimes, the loan officer assists the client in filling out the application and answers questions about the process. after completing the forms, the loan officer begins the process of analyzing and verifying the application to determine the clients creditworthiness. the loan officer may request a copy of the clients credit history from one of the major credit reporting agencies, or in the case of commercial loans, she or he may request copies of the companys financial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38990791618884224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0666b8e-0d0e-494d-9052-90ad476c800c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.469358"}
{"text": "the application to determine the clients creditworthiness. the loan officer may request a copy of the clients credit history from one of the major credit reporting agencies, or in the case of commercial loans, she or he may request copies of the companys financial statements. loan officers include this information and their written comments in a loan file, used to analyze the viability of the loan vis - a - vis the lending institutions requirements. at this point, the loan officer, in consultation with her or his manager, decides whether to grant the loan. if approved, a repayment schedule is then arranged with the client. a loan that would otherwise be denied may be approved, if the customer can provide the lender with appropriate collateralproperty pledged as security for the payment of a loan. for example, when lending money for a college education, the bank may insist that the borrower offer her or his home as collateral. if the borrower were ever unable to repay the loan, the borrower would have to sell the home to raise the necessary money. once the loan has been granted, loan counselors, also called loan collection officers, may need to contact borrowers with delinquent accounts to help them find a method of repayment to avoid default on the loan. if a repayment plan cannot be developed, the loan counselor initiates collateral liquidation, in which case the collateral used to secure the loana home or car, for exampleis seized by the lender and sold to repay the loan. a loan officer can also perform this function. working as a loan officer usually involves considerable travel. for example, commercial and mortgage loan officers frequently work away from their offices and rely on laptop computers, cellular phones, and pagers to keep in contact with their offices and clients. mortgage loan officers often work out of their home or car, visiting offices or homes of clients while completing loan applications. commercial loan officers sometimes travel to other cities to prepare complex loan agreements. consumer loan officers and loan counselors, however, are likely to spend most of their time in an office. most loan officers and counselors work a standard 40 - hour week, but many work longer, depending on the number of clients and the demand for loans. mortgage loan officers can work especially long hours, because they are free to take on as many customers as they choose. loan officers usually carry a heavy caseload and sometimes cannot accept new clients until they complete current cases. they are especially busy when interest rates are low, triggering a surge in loan applications. loan officers and counselors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4440768446381358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0666b8e-0d0e-494d-9052-90ad476c800c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.471996"}
{"text": "on as many customers as they choose. loan officers usually carry a heavy caseload and sometimes cannot accept new clients until they complete current cases. they are especially busy when interest rates are low, triggering a surge in loan applications. loan officers and counselors held about 227, 000 jobs in 1998. approximately half were employed by commercial banks, savings institutions, and credit unions. others were employed by nonbank financial institutions, such as mortgage banking and brokerage firms and personal credit firms. loan officers are employed throughout the nation, but most work in urban and suburban areas. in rural areas, the branch or assistant manager often handles the loan application process. loan officer positions generally require a bachelors degree in finance, economics, or a related field. most employers prefer applicants who are familiar with computers and their applications in banking. for commercial or mortgage loan officer jobs, training or experience in sales is highly valued by potential employers. loan officers without college degrees usually have reached their positions by advancing through the ranks of an organization and acquiring several years of work experience in various other occupations, such as teller or customer service representative. the american institute of banking, which is affiliated with the american bankers association, offers correspondence courses and college and university classes for students interested in lending as well as for experienced loan officers who want to keep their skills current. the mortgage bankers associations school of mortgage banking also offers classes, both classroom and internet - based, for people involved in real estate lending. completion of these courses and programs enhances ones employment and advancement opportunities. persons planning a career as a loan officer or counselor should be capable of developing effective working relationships with others, confident in their abilities, and highly motivated. for public relations purposes, loan officers must be willing to attend community events as a representative of their employer. capable loan officers and counselors may advance to larger branches of the firm or to managerial positions, while less capable workersand those having inadequate academic preparationcould be assigned to smaller branches and might find promotion difficult. advancement beyond a loan officer position usually includes supervising other loan officers and clerical staff. employment of loan officers and counselors is expected to grow faster than the average for all occupations through 2008. job growth will be driven by an increasing population, expanding economy, and low interest rates, which will lead to more applications for commercial, consumer, and mortgage loans. growth in the variety and complexity of loans, coupled with the importance of loan officers to the success of banks and other lending institutions, should also assure employment growth. although increased demand will generate many new jobs, most openings will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40384097416577036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0666b8e-0d0e-494d-9052-90ad476c800c>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.473178"}
{"text": "consumer, and mortgage loans. growth in the variety and complexity of loans, coupled with the importance of loan officers to the success of banks and other lending institutions, should also assure employment growth. although increased demand will generate many new jobs, most openings will result from the need to replace workers who leave the occupation or retire. employment growth will be tempered by several factors. first, refinancing of mortgages, a major contributor to the recent growth in the number of loan officers, is expected to diminish, because people who needed to refinance have already done so. also, computers, underwriting software, and communication technologies are making loan officers more productive. they can now spend more time in the field with prospective clients, while still keeping in touch with the office. also, qualifying applicants for loans is being made easier with computers performing much of the analysis. the internet is also expected to slightly dampen the demand for loan officers, as a growing number of people apply for loans online. employment of loan officers is subject to the upturns and downturns of the economy. when interest rates decline dramatically, there is a surge in real estate buying and refinancing that requires additional loan officers specializing in mortgage financing. when the real estate market returns to normal, loan officers can be subject to layoffs. the same applies to commercial loan officers whose workloads increase during good economic times, as companies seek to invest more in their businesses. in difficult economic conditions, loan counselors are likely to see an increase in the number of delinquent loans. even in economic downturns, however, loans remain the major source of revenue for banks, so the fundamental role of loan officers will contribute to job stability. moreover, because loan officers are often paid by commission, the bank may retain them simply by paying less compensation. as in the past, college graduates and those with banking, lending, or sales experience should have the best job prospects. median annual earnings of loan officers and counselors were $ 35, 340 in 1998. the middle 50 percent earned between $ 26, 380 and $ 50, 240. the lowest 10 percent had earnings of less than $ 20, 990, while the top 10 percent earned over $ 82, 270. median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest number of loan officers and counselors in 1997 were : the form of compensation for loan officers varies. most loan officers are paid a commission that is based on the number of loans they originate. in this way, commissions are used to motiv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39621550594609567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0666b8e-0d0e-494d-9052-90ad476c800c>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.474209"}
{"text": "the largest number of loan officers and counselors in 1997 were : the form of compensation for loan officers varies. most loan officers are paid a commission that is based on the number of loans they originate. in this way, commissions are used to motivate loan officers to bring in more loans. some institutions pay only salaries, while others pay their loan officers a salary plus a commission or bonus, based on the number of loans originated. banks and other lenders sometimes offer their loan officers free checking privileges and somewhat lower interest rates on personal loans. according to a salary survey conducted by robert half international, a staffing services firm specializing in accounting and finance, residential real estate mortgage loan officers earned between $ 31, 600 and $ 47, 000 in 1998 ; commercial real estate mortgage loan officers, between $ 46, 000 and $ 74, 000 ; consumer loan officers, between $ 30, 000 and $ 49, 000 ; and commercial loan officers, between $ 38, 400 and $ 85, 000. smaller banks ordinarily paid 15 percent less than larger banks. loan officers who are paid on a commission basis usually earn more than those on salary only. loan officers help the public manage financial assets and secure loans. occupations that involve similar functions include securities and financial services sales representatives, financial aid officers, real estate agents and brokers, and insurance agents and brokers. disclaimer : links to non - bls internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement. information about a career as a loan officer or counselor can be obtained from : state bankers associations can furnish specific information about job opportunities in their state. also, individual banks can supply information about job openings and the activities, responsibilities, and preferred qualifications of their loan officers. an industry employing loan counselors and officers that appears in the 2000 - 01 career guide to industries : banking last updated : march 30, 2000 | 2000 - 2001 handbook contents... | | umsl govt. docs... | | umsl libraries... | | umsl home... |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37314970622963106, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e0666b8e-0d0e-494d-9052-90ad476c800c>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.475061"}
{"text": "if your child needs treatment for weight issues for overweight children, the most successful treatment combines healthy lifestyle changes \u2014 improved diet and exercise \u2014 with a focus on changing such behaviors as eating while watching tv. overweight children also need psychological support to deal with the lack of self - esteem and isolation they often face. what about drugs or surgery? most doctors consider them last resorts for severely overweight adolescents with other serious risk factors. if you ' re worried about your child ' s weight, talk with your doctor. depending on your child ' s weight and age, the goal might be simply to stabilize your child ' s weight so that, as he or she gets taller, your child \" grows into \" a more appropriate weight. or, the goal might be to gradually lose and keep off excess pounds. what if your doctor suggests a treatment program? look for a program that involves both you and your child. this is especially important with younger children, because you ' re the one who ' s buying and preparing the food. what to look for experts say a child ' s weight - control program should also : employ a variety of health professionals. the best programs may include registered dietitians, exercise physiologists, pediatricians, family doctors, psychiatrists, and psychologists. evaluate your child ' s medical status. a doctor should review your child ' s weight, growth, and health before enrollment. during enrollment, a health professional should continue to monitor your child ' s weight, height, growth, and health. fit the age and unique capabilities of your child. programs for 4 - year - olds differ from those for 12 - year - olds. they place differing degrees of responsibility on the child and on the parents. focus on behavioral changes. teach your child to select a variety of foods in the right portions. encourage daily activity and limit sedentary activity like watching tv. once your child has achieved a healthy weight, be sue to include a maintenance program to reinforce new behaviors and deal with issues that led to the weight problem in the first place.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.413413691998323, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5a4416a7-7b2c-4012-891f-2a5cf98645fd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.478075"}
{"text": "connecticut lawmakers voted to abolish capital punishment thursday, becoming the 17th state in the nation ( plus the district of columbia ) to eliminate the death penalty for future prosecutions. among several factors influencing personal opinion about death row \u2013 age, life experiences and educational attainment \u2013 the passing of the bill was met with positivity and concerns from college students. trends suggest that young people ages 18 to 29 are more likely than middle - aged and older adults to oppose the death penalty, according to executive director richard dieter of the non - profit death penalty information center. overall confidence in the death penalty has steadily decreased since reaching its high point in the mid - 1990s. approximately 80 percent of survey responders approved of capital punishment for individuals convicted of murder in 1994, compared with just 61 percent in 2011, according to gallup. university of california, san diego, communications senior thieny nguyen said the issues are complex and need to be weighed on case - by - case basis. however, the morality and ethics of killing convicted murderers is questionable and in line with the eye - for - an - eye principle. nguyen used the controversial florida case involving george zimmerman and 17 - year - old trayvon martin as an example : \u201c since ( zimmerman ) murdered trayvon, does that mean we should execute him? it doesn \u2019 t solve underlying societal issues. it doesn \u2019 t fix the crime. \u201d rather than keeping convicted criminals on death row, nguyen said, the humane approach would be to emphasize re - education and rehabilitation programs, especially addressing potential psychological illnesses. for some students, the opposition to capital punishment comes down to money. long - term incarceration for death row inmates demands excessive state funding that could be better served in areas like education or crime prevention in at - risk communities, said feli hernandez, a criminal justice senior at california state university, long beach. according to dieter, it can cost taxpayers $ 1 million to incarcerate an individual for life and $ 3 million per death row inmate for incarceration, trials and the execution, though it should be noted that while many people are on death row, fewer are executed than one might expect. a report by the bureau of justice statistics published in december found that 36 states and the federal bureau of prisons held 3, 158 inmates under sentences of death at the end of 2010. four states \u2013 california, florida, texas, and pennsylvania \u2013 held more than half of all inmates on death row. during 2010, 46 were executed, 20 died by means other than execution and 53 were removed as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4163350325036239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c75fb2c1-5c86-4d11-a9fb-5692caf0340c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.482931"}
{"text": "the report describes a strategy for monitoring, modeling, and research activities to support management decisions to improve water - quality conditions in the mississippi river basin, reduce hypoxia in the northern gulf of mexico, and improve conditions for vanadium and boron were detected at high and moderate concentrations in this area. high concentrations for these constituents were detected almost exclusively in samples collected in the temecula valley study area. overview of klamath ecological research and links to usgs klamath studies on ground water, nutrients, sediment oxygen demand, and fish response to water quality, sucker ecology, publications, bibliographies, and data. a brief definition and explanation of hypoxia with special reference to the gulf of mexico hypoxic zone along the louisiana - texas coast as well as extensive links to usgs and other related information resources. information about the causes and impact of hypoxia with links to usgs and other federal agency information and activities related to nutrients in the mississippi river basin and hypoxia in the gulf of mexico. water from this reservoir will be used more extensively by the city, so we are developing methods of assessing the water quality in real time by measuring characteristics of stream flow that correlate with important water quality data. site on the chlorofluorocarbon laboratory and its analytical services for cfcs, sulfur hexafluoride, dissolved gases including nitrogen, argon, methane, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and helium, and tritium / helium - 3 dating.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5251459477060718, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f4ef0678-ba59-4748-bd04-09495c3d6a6e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.484670"}
{"text": "appendix no. i remarks on the origin and genealogy of the franklin family. the origin of the name of franklin, in england, may perhaps be traced to a different source from the one supposed by dr. franklin. the name francquelin or franquelin, is found in france ; and, while he resided there, be received letters from several persons bearing that name, who claimed relationship, as having the same ancestry. it was said, that the name could be traced back at least to the fifteenth century in picardy, and that the records of the town of abbeville contained the names of john and thomas franquelin, woollen - drapers, who were inhabitants of that town in the year 1521. from this part of france, the emigrations to england at that time and previously were frequent, and it was inferred, that one or more families of the name of franquelin were among the number, and that in england the orthography of the name was changed, according to a common usage. in the absence of direct proof on the subject, this conjecture is perhaps worthy of some consideration. dr. franklin seems to have taken much pains to search out the history of his immediate ancestors. he traced them back four generations to thomas francklyne of ecton, in northamptonshire. his grandfather had nine children, of whom his father, josiah, was the youngest. josiah franklin emigrated to boston, new england, in the year 1684, or in the early part of 1685. by the record of births in boston, it appears, that there was a family by the name of franklin among the early settlers. in 1638 the birth of elizabeth, daughter of william franklin, is recorded. there were other children, one of whom was benjamin, who also had a son of the same name. the descendants of this family were, numerous. it is likewise probable, that one or two other families, of the name of franklin, settled in boston some time afterwards ; but it is believed that no relationship can be traced between any of these families and that to which dr. franklin belonged. when josiah franklin established himself in boston he had three children, born at banbury, in oxfordshire. after the birth of four others, his first wife died. he then married abiah folger, daughter of peter folger, of nantucket, probably in the early part of the year 1690. by this marriage be had ten children, making seventeen in the whole ; ten sons and seven daughters. benjamin was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4754996600797193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d661bf8-0f66-442e-832e-62ce222bf5e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.498323"}
{"text": "married abiah folger, daughter of peter folger, of nantucket, probably in the early part of the year 1690. by this marriage be had ten children, making seventeen in the whole ; ten sons and seven daughters. benjamin was the youngest son, and the fifteenth child, his sisters lydia and jane being younger. all the brothers and sisters of josiah franklin lived and died in england, except benjamin, who emigrated to boston in the year 1715. his son, samuel, a cutler by trade, had preceded him. this benjamin was born march 20th, 1650. at the age of sixteen be began to learn the trade of a silk - dyer, and served an apprenticeship of seven years. he afterwards set up that business in london, and followed it there till he removed to america. he was married to hannah welles, daughter of samuel welles, a clergyman of banbury, on the 23d of november, 1683. in one of the manuscript volumes of poems, mentioned by dr. franklin, is the following printed advertisement. \" wrought things, printed english or india calicos, cloth, silk, and stuff, scoured ; linen, cloth, silk, and stuff, dyed, printed, or watered ; and black cloth, silk, and stuff, dyed into colors ; by benjamin franklin, at the indian queen, in princes - street, near leicester fields. \" he had ten children, six sons and four daughters. they all died young, except samuel, the eldest. his wife died on the 4th of november, 1705. from a brief account of himself, preserved in manuscript, and from some of his pieces in rhyme, he seems to have had many afflictions. poverty, adversity, and sickness pursued him through life. when he left england, his wife and all his children, except his eldest son then in boston, had been dead several years. after his arrival in boston, he lived with his brother josiah four years, till 1719, when be went to reside with his son, who had recently been married and become a housekeeper. the manuscript volumes of poetry, before mentioned, are curious. the handwriting is beautiful, with occasional specimens of short - hand, in which dr. franklin says his uncle was skilled. the poetical merits of the compositions cannot be ranked high, but frequently the measure is smooth and the rhymes are well chosen. his thoughts run chiefly on moral and religious subjects. many of the psalms are paraphrased in metre. the making of acrostics on the names of his friends", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41241742480446864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d661bf8-0f66-442e-832e-62ce222bf5e8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.499340"}
{"text": "ranked high, but frequently the measure is smooth and the rhymes are well chosen. his thoughts run chiefly on moral and religious subjects. many of the psalms are paraphrased in metre. the making of acrostics on the names of his friends was a favorite exercise. there are likewise numerous proofs of his ingenuity in forming anagrams, crosses, ladders, and other devices. the specimens below were written to his nephew and namesake ; the first two, when he was four years and a half old. sent to his namesake, upon a report of his inclination to martial affairs, july 7th, 1710. \" believe me, ben, it is a dangerous trade, the sword has many marred as well as made ; by it do many fall, not many rise, makes many poor, few rich, and fewer wise ; fills towns with ruin, fields with blood ; beside ' t is sloth ' s maintainer, and the shield of pride. fair cities, rich today in plenty flow, war fills with want to - morrow, and with woe. ruined estates, the nurse of vice, broke limbs and scars, are the effects of desolating wars. \" acrostic, sent to benjamin franklin in new england, july 15th, 1710. \" be to thy parents an obedient son ; each day let duty constantly be done ; never give way to sloth, or lust, or pride, if free you ' d be from thousand ills beside ; above all ills be sure avoid the shelf. man ' s. danger lies in, satan, sin, and self. in virtue, learning, wisdom, progress make ; ne ' er shrink at suffering for thy saviour ' s sake. \" fraud and all falsehood in thy dealings flee, religious always in thy station be ; adore the maker of thy inward part now is the accepted time, give him thy heart ; keep a good conscience, it is a constant friend, like judge and witness this thy acts attend. in heart with bonded knee, alone, adore none but the three in one for evermore. \" the following piece was sent when his namesake was seven years old. it would appear that he had received from him some evidence of his juvenile skill in composition. sent to benjamin franklin, 1713. \" tis time for me to throw aside my pen, when hanging sleeves read, write, and rhyme like men. this forward spring foretells a plenteous crop ; for, if the bud bear grain, what will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4395545100046986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d661bf8-0f66-442e-832e-62ce222bf5e8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.500294"}
{"text": "benjamin franklin, 1713. \" tis time for me to throw aside my pen, when hanging sleeves read, write, and rhyme like men. this forward spring foretells a plenteous crop ; for, if the bud bear grain, what will the top! if plenty in the verdant blade appear, what may we not soon hope for in the ear! when flowers are beautiful before they ' re blown, what rarities will afterward be shown! if trees good fruit un ' noculated bear, you may be sure it will afterward be rare. if fruits are sweet before they ' ve time to yellow, how luscious will they be when they are mellow! if first years ' shoots such noble clusters send, what laden boughs, engedi - like, may we expect in the end! \" these lines are more prophetic, perhaps, than the writer imagined. he continued to make verses, and to turn the psalms into rhyme, after he came to new england. the precise time of his death is not known. he was living in 1727, and probably died the year following, at the age of seventy - eight. his son, samuel, had a son of the same name, born october 21st, 1721. he was an only child. he followed the trade of his father, and died in boston, february 21st, 1775, leaving four daughters. 1. eunice, married to benjamin callender. 2. hannah, married to samuel emmons. 3. sarah, married to jerome ripley. 4. elizabeth, married to william clouston. the last three are now living, in 1839. the ancestors of abiah folger, the mother of dr. franklin, emigrated from england to america. in a letter to his sister, dated in london, january 13th, 1772, he says ; \" no arms of the folgers are found in the herald ' s office. i am persuaded it uses originally a flemish family, which came over with many others from that country in queen elizabeth ' s time, flying from the persecution then raging there. \" for the following facts relating to the family in america, i am chiefly indebted to mr. william c. folger, of nantucket, who has made a diligent search in the early records of that island and of martha ' s vineyard. there is a tradition in the family, that john folger, and his son peter folger, ( the name was then written foulger ) crossed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47618288616459803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d661bf8-0f66-442e-832e-62ce222bf5e8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.501209"}
{"text": "diligent search in the early records of that island and of martha ' s vineyard. there is a tradition in the family, that john folger, and his son peter folger, ( the name was then written foulger ) crossed the atlantic in the same vessel with hugh peters, in the year 1635. they came from norwich, in the county of norfolk, england. peter was then eighteen years old, and of course was born in the year 1617. the father and son settled at martha ' s vineyard. the time is not exactly known, but it is supposed to have been very soon after they came to the country. it has not been ascertained whether john folger ' s wife came with him, or whether she had died in england, and he married again in america. the name of his wife, meribell, is mentioned in the records of martha ' s vineyard. he died about 1660. his wife was living in 1663. peter was his only child. in the year 1644, peter folger married mary morrell, who had been an inmate in hugh peters ' s family. he resided at martha ' s vineyard till 1663, when he removed to nantucket, being among the first settlers of that island. he was a man of considerable learning, particularly in mathematical science, and he practised surveying both in the vineyard and nantucket. he was one of the five commissioners first appointed to measure and lay out the land on the island of nantucket ; and it was said in the order, that \" whatsoever shall be done by them or any three of them, peter folger being one, shall be accounted legal and valid. \" this mode of wording the order shows the confidence that was placed in his integrity and judgment. he acquired the indian language, and served as interpreter, both in affairs of business, and in communicating religious instruction to the indians. he rendered assistance in this way to the reverend thomas mayhew, the distinguished missionary at martha ' s vineyard. mr. prince, in his account of mayhew, says, that be had \" an able and godly englishman, named peter foulger, employed in teaching the youth in reading, writing, and the principles of religion by catechizing ; being well learned likewise in the scriptures, and capable of helping them in religious matters. \" \u00d7 he is said to have preached on some occasions. there is a long letter from him to his son - in - law, joseph pratt, containing religious counsel, with much use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39965230013463904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d661bf8-0f66-442e-832e-62ce222bf5e8>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.502193"}
{"text": "in the scriptures, and capable of helping them in religious matters. \" \u00d7 he is said to have preached on some occasions. there is a long letter from him to his son - in - law, joseph pratt, containing religious counsel, with much use of scripture, according to the practice of those times. indeed his poem, entitled a looking - glass for the times, published in 1676, shows that he was not only well informed in theology, but in political affairs, such as they then were in new england. he died in 1690, and his widow in 1704. the children of peter and mary folger were, 1. johannah, who married john coleman. 2. bethiah, married john barnard, february, 1668 - 9. they were both drowned four months afterwards by the upsetting of a boat, while crossing from nantucket. to the vineyard. 3. dorcas, married joseph pratt 4. eleazer born 1648, married sarah gardner. 5. bethshua, married pope. 6. patience, married ebenezer harker. 7. john, born 1659, married mary barnard. 8. experience, married john swain 9. abiah, born august 15th, 1667, married josiah franklin. joseph pratt lived at one time in nantucket, but is supposed to have removed to boston. some of the descendants of pope also lived in boston. john pope was a physician of some eminence. joseph pope was ingenious in mechanics, and constructed the orrery in harvard college. robert pope was a watchmaker, skilful in his art. the other children of peter folger and their descendants have nearly all resided in nantucket. a son of eleazer, of the same name, served as register of probate forty - seven years, and died in 1753, aged eighty - one. he was succeeded by his son frederick, who held the same office thirty - seven years, and died in 1790, at the age of sixty - five. peleg, a brother of frederick, wrote many pieces in prose and verse, and was distinguished for his piety and estimable character ; he died in 1789, aged fifty - five. nathan, another son of the first eleazer, had several children. his son abisha was justice of the peace, and for thirty years represented the town in the legislature. barzillai, another son of nathan, commanded a vessel in the london trade. abisha had a large family of children. among", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4073549092539297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d661bf8-0f66-442e-832e-62ce222bf5e8>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.505297"}
{"text": ". his son abisha was justice of the peace, and for thirty years represented the town in the legislature. barzillai, another son of nathan, commanded a vessel in the london trade. abisha had a large family of children. among them were william, george, and timothy ; the last of whom was justice of the peace and a merchant. he took an active part with the patriots at the beginning of the revolution. there is a portrait of him by copley. barzillai likewise had many children. among them was walter, a man of great strength of mind, of strict probity and honor, a good mathematician, at one time commander of a vessel, and for many years a merchant and ship - owner. he died much respected in 1826, in the ninety - second year of his age. his son, walter folger, known as the astronomer of nantucket, was born in 1765, and is still living ( in 1839 ). many years ago be invented and constructed a very ingenious astronomical clock. he also made a telescope with a magnifying power of about five hundred. the above are descendants of eleazer, the son of peter. his other son, john, had children, from whom have sprung descendants, but they are less known. although dr. franklin ' s grandfather had five sons, and his father five, who grow up to man ' s estate, were married, and together had a large number of children, yet there is not an individual in the male line, bearing the name, now remaining. thomas franklin was the only one in england as long ago as. 1766. dr. franklin found him at lutterworth, in leicestershire, poor and destitute, and contributed to his relief for several years. he supported and educated his only child, sally, till she was married. he was living at lutterworth, very old, in 1791. his daughter died in 1782. there is none bearing the name in america, who descended from this family. dr. franklin ' s brothers, john and james, each had a son, but these died without children. his first cousin, samuel, likewise had a son, but the children of this son were four daughters. dr. franklin ' s eldest son, william, died in london, november, 1813. his wife, whom he married in london, 1762, just after he was appointed governor of new jersey, died in 1777. as he took the side of the loyalists in the revolution, he went to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4800099100814104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d661bf8-0f66-442e-832e-62ce222bf5e8>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.506981"}
{"text": "william, died in london, november, 1813. his wife, whom he married in london, 1762, just after he was appointed governor of new jersey, died in 1777. as he took the side of the loyalists in the revolution, he went to england after the war, received a pension from the king, and remained there till his death. he had an only son, william temple, who died without issue. dr. franklin ' s other son, francis folger, died in childhood. his daughter, sarah, was born september 11th 1744 ; married richard bache, october 29th, 1767 ; died october 5th, 1808. the children of richard and sarah bache, were, 1. benjamin franklin bache, born 1769, married margaret markoe, died 1798, during the yellow fever in philadelphia. 2. william, married catherine wistar, died 1814. 3. elizabeth, married john harwood. 4. louis. 5. deborah, married william j. duane. 6. richard, married the eldest daughter of alexander j. dallas. 7. sarah, married thomas sergeant. their descendants are numerous. it appears by dr. franklin ' s will, that, at the time of his death, there were living descendants of his brothers samuel and james, and of his sisters, anne, sarah, lydia, and jane. he left a small bequest to each of them. the basis of the subjoined genealogical table is a paper supposed to have been drawn up by dr. franklin. it has been enlarged, and in some instances corrected, particularly in the dates, from the record of births in boston, from dr. franklin ' s letters in which he speaks of his family, and from the manuscript volumes of his uncle benjamin, which contain various particulars illustrative of this subject.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4438666025986019, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8d661bf8-0f66-442e-832e-62ce222bf5e8>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.507681"}
{"text": "the federal budget is remarkably complicated and detailed. to bring it down to earth, both president barack obama and republican lawmakers alike, have compared it to a household budget. countless news articles have demystified it in the same way : explaining spending cuts by talking about eliminating gym memberships, for example, or putting deficits in terms of credit card balances. it makes sense, of course, to bring budget discussions of such large magnitude down to size \u2014 whose eyes don ' t glaze over at the astronomically large numbers in any budget breakdown? in addition, the basics of arithmetic of course apply to both homes and the government alike : high spending plus low income equals debt. but thinking about the federal budget in strictly household terms limits how much one can understand about what is at stake in all of the upcoming budget talks. here are three ways that the comparison falls apart. the federal budget is huge it ' s a very duh sentiment, but also an important one. one of the key differences is a simple matter of size and scope, says one expert : \" the federal budget has macroeconomic impacts, \" explains stan collender, a federal budget expert and national director of financial communications at qorvis communications. in part that ' s because government spending is so huge \u2014 even a relatively small increase in federal spending has far greater ripples than a large household purchase, like a car. but he also points out that sometimes, spending beyond its means is absolutely required of the government. \" economic policy is a basic responsibility of the federal government, which means, on the fiscal side, sometimes running surpluses and [ sometimes ] running deficits, \" says collender. spending more when the private sector is flagging \u2014 say, by paying out emergency unemployment benefits \u2014 or to boost an industry via subsidies can be considered a necessary function of the government. meanwhile, if american households do choose to go into debt for profitable investments like student loans or mortgages ( and many are far more indebted than the government, it should be pointed out ), it is neither absolutely required nor ( on an individual basis ) propping up a depressed economy. of course, the government can only run deficits for so long. if the debt gets too large, it could crowd out private investment, in addition to preventing the government from quickly responding to future economic crises. your household doesn ' t have a aaa rating. ok, so the u. s. no longer has a perfect rating from all three major ratings agencies ( thank the 2011 debt ceiling de", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44091535379225777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:946738b1-414c-44db-96e2-34651df166f9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.511352"}
{"text": "addition to preventing the government from quickly responding to future economic crises. your household doesn ' t have a aaa rating. ok, so the u. s. no longer has a perfect rating from all three major ratings agencies ( thank the 2011 debt ceiling debacle and s & p for that ). but even amid economic and budgetary woes, u. s. debt is still considered one of the securest investments out there. the point is that u. s. debt doesn ' t operate in quite the same way that an average person ' s debt does. the nation ' s ability to borrow runs out when markets make borrowing prohibitively difficult. and even with ever - growing debt ( and one downgrade ), markets are still more than fine not only with giving the u. s. plenty more ability to borrow, but to do it at remarkably low rates. no american household has that kind of leeway. after all, they can miss credit card payments once in a while without tanking the economy. the united states, says one expert, simply won ' t do that. \" the u. s. government has never missed a payment. i don ' t believe there ' s any chance we ' re going to miss payments, \" says l. randall wray, professor of economics at the university of missouri - kansas city. your household also doesn ' t have a central bank. let ' s say that in a u. s. household, the family members simply cannot agree on how to spend money and refuse to come up with a budget, even when their times are tough. there is no ben bernanke waiting in the wings to pump stimulus into the \" household economy \" and make borrowing easier. in fact, it ' s hard to even conceptualize what that would look like... not to mention whether every household has enough spare room to house a central banker.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46557853793442844, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:946738b1-414c-44db-96e2-34651df166f9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.512044"}
{"text": "the map & atlas museum of la jolla has added an important new volume to its collection : the 1588 \u201c le voyage de messire francois drake chevalier. \u201d the book ( originally published in english, french and latin ) is a journal of sir francis drake \u2019 s 1585 mission to america. an english privateer ( some would say pirate ), drake was sent west to harass the spanish as war broke out between the two countries. apparently, drake was extremely successful, burning cities in what is now colombia and destroying a fort in what is now st. augustine, florida. the journal includes several maps of his journey engraved by baptista boazio. \u201c there are six known extant copies of the 1588 \u2018 voyage \u2019 with the ( map ) museum holding the only copy in a private collection, \u201d said the museum \u2019 s founder, mike stone, in a statement. \u201c of the six copies, four are in american libraries, with only the huntington and the map museum of la jolla owning copies containing the maps. \u201d stone founded the map museum in 2011 from his own collection of maps, books and artifacts. it contains approximately 500 items dating back at least five centuries. the museum is open 11 a. m. to 4 p. m. wednesdays and thursdays ( although it will be closed dec. 26 and jan. 2 ) and the first and third saturdays. admission is free. call ( 855 ) 653 - 6277 or visit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38983456378352077, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:646633f7-edd3-420c-9102-716cc414d754>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.513560"}
{"text": "click \u201c view \u201d and check \u201c work on this page ( all changes ) \u201d if you have already created a text element and want to edit the content, click the round gear ( formatted text block no header ), then click \" text \" to open the formatted text block. to create a new text block, continue reading. a page consists of containers which hold different types of elements. there are four predefined containers on a page. you may add containers. the container icon is a square. inside the container are elements. the element ( a formatted text block in this illustration ) icon is a circle. these icons are referred to as \u201c gears. \u201d if you are in \" work on this page \" view but do not see the gears on a page, check the three icons under the preview / submit area to make sure they are not grayed out. inside ( under ) the container is a link to \u201c click to insert new element \u201d which will take you to your list of possible elements. there are a few additional elements ( such as a simple form ) which can be turned on for you after additional training. you will use the text elements : formatted text block ( without header ) almost all of the time - even for images. after you have chosen your element and clicked \" next, \" you need to click to define the element. the formatted text block is similar to other rich text editors. use the icons to apply styles that are pre - defined in our style sheets for the uwrf website. if you use text from any source ( copy / paste ), you must first copy it to a text editor ( notepad or textedit ) to convert it to plain text. then copy the plain text into the cms text block. this strips formatting tags that may conflict with the style sheets in the cms. notepad ( pc ) is in all programs > accessories. textedit ( mac ) is in your dock. don ' t copy text from one text block to another text block. use the copy element instead. refrain from using heading 1 and heading 2 on a page. these are applied in the headings for the page ( subsite name is heading 1 and page title is heading 2 ). your first paragraph heading should be heading 3. make sure paragraphs have the paragraph style applied ( and not normal ). you should only see the normal style in bulleted / numbered lists. you also have css styles to choose that will add other features such as : when you are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48178987262879164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:adccdb95-f321-4110-b732-7fa3179fb20e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.517272"}
{"text": "according to existing data, velebit is home to 1854 registered plant species, of which 79 are endemic. such a great many endemic species is why velebit is often called \" the centre of endemism \" of this part of europe. the essential habitats for these endemic plant species are the rocks and \" gulles \" ( western velebit slope ), caves, rivers ( krupa and zrmanja ), as well as alpine meadows and grasslands. among the velebit endemics is the velebit degenia ( degenia velebitica ), the croatian sibbirhaea ( sibiraea altaiensis ssp. croatica ), the velebit bellflower ( campanula velebitica ), the window bellflower ( campanula fenestrellata ), kitajbel ' s primrose ( primula kitaibeliana ), the velebit dianthus ( dianthus velebiticus ) \u2026 the rocky grounds and cliffs of velebit are also home to peculiar and exquisite plant species \u2013 roseroot ( rhodiola rosea ), croatian barberry ( berberis croatica ), twin - flowered violet ( viola biflora ), creeping saxifrage ( saxifraga rotundifolia ), mountain avens ( dryas octopetala ), edelweiss ( leontopodium alpinum ), and others. although forest habitats predominate on velebit, the alpine meadows and grasslands are very important to the conservation of its overall biodiversity. the most widespread forest association in the mountain - vegetation belt, the beech forest with large red dead nettle ( lamio orvalae - fagetum ), inhabits altitudes below 900 meters. at altitudes above 800 m, dwell the dinaric beech and fir forests ( omphalodo - fagetum ). the coastal beech forest with autumn moor grass ( seslerio autumnalis - fagetum ) prevails on the rocky plateaus above 1000 m. subalpine forests of beech and hollyfern ( polystycho lonchitis - fagetum ) inhabit areas from 1100 to 1650 m above sea level that are typically covered in snow, have a shore vegetation period, and are exposed to strong winds. the trees of these forests are bent at their lower section under the weight of the enduring snow. the main features of the top - most landscape are the bare, karst", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39701527198117303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec63a3ef-e3f7-4064-9c5e-5a9a068f9100>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.522896"}
{"text": "codjo cakpo gbokou presents selected dance idioms as they relate to ethnicity in their performance, aesthetics, and history. topics vary. may have studio component. the overall goal of this course is to enable students to become familiar with basic west african dance movements and understand the cultural context in which this dance is practiced. in particular we will focus on movements and rhythms from various traditional dances from benin, and a range of contemporary movements found in modern dance across the west african region. class techniques will focus on \u201c douple \u201d ( knee flexion ), rhythmic undulation of the chest and back, and isolation of shoulders, pelvis, arms and legs. student learning goals demonstrate basic west african dance movements in choreographed series recognize and demonstrate basic west african dance technique such as moving with knees slightly bent ( \u201c douple ), arms and legs moving in time to the drum beat, starting and ending with the \u201c drum call, \u201d and moving in synchronization with other dancers. demonstrate choreographed sets of movements that are typical of specific ethnic dances from benin, or uniquely contemporary movements from west africa. understand the importance of african dance in african culture and give an example of where and when people in west africa might practice the dance that is being taught. to improve the connection between rhythm, tempo and movement, and the harmonious expression of strength and grace. general method of instruction demonstration by the instructor ; student repetition of movements in place and while moving in lines, circles or free - form. explanation and correction by instructor. come with an open mind and ready to dance! class assignments and grading ( 1 ) in - class demonstration, usually in small or large group. ( 2 ) 1 - page / week journal entry : self - reflection on your personal experience learning african dance through this class ( 3 ) periodic readings with short questions to respond to. 80 % effort and integration of concepts as demonstrated through improvement over time. 20 % journal mapping your progress & short narratives in response to distributed readings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48364054836580345, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:11c87568-ffab-4a3b-9a2b-f3773f0e3dbd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.527047"}
{"text": "( reuters ) - with flu season approaching, a canadian study offers more reassurance that children with egg allergies can be safely vaccinated against the virus. because the flu vaccine is grown in chicken eggs, there have traditionally been concerns about the safety of flu shots for people with egg allergies, most of whom are young children. but today ' s vaccine has only tiny traces of egg protein, and studies have been showing that children with egg allergies can be vaccinated without any serious reaction. the researchers, whose findings appeared in the journal of allergy and clinical immunology, followed 367 egg - allergic people, mostly children, who got the flu shot over five years. almost one - third of them had a history of anaphylaxis after eating eggs - that is, serious allergy symptoms such as trouble breathing or a drop in blood pressure. none of the patients, however, had a serious reaction to the flu vaccine, and only 13 of the 367 had mild \" allergy - like \" symptoms, such as itchy skin or hives, within a day of being vaccinated. \" the risk of anaphylaxis appears sufficiently low for patients with egg allergy to be vaccinated like all other individuals, without requiring administration by an allergist, \" wrote lead researcher anne des roches, of hopital sainte - justine in montreal, and colleagues. des roches and her colleagues also reviewed 26 past studies that involved close to 4, 000 egg - allergic people who got the flu shot. none of those patients developed a serious allergic reaction. in general, experts recommend that all children age 6 months or older get an annual flu shot. although the flu causes no more than a week or so of misery in most children, children younger than 5 are at increased risk of complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis and sinus infections. about 1. 5 percent of u. s. children have an egg allergy, according to the american college of allergy, asthma and immunology. it ' s thought that many of them have never gotten the flu shot over worries about an allergic reaction. \" i think parents of children with egg allergy should be reassured about the safety of the influenza vaccine for their child, and understand that the benefits are likely to outweigh any risks, \" said lynda schneider, director of the allergy program at boston children ' s hospital, in an email. source : http : / / bit. ly / ol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42492552542154904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80d00cea-d72a-4df1-a20c-1c1541637ec7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.531991"}
{"text": "css buttons : tutorials and examples creating buttons with css is one of the most experimented - with web design techniques around. examples and tutorials abound. the biggest recent trend in css button design seems to be eliminating images, especially background images, from buttons. but there are plenty of other things designers are doing with buttons, some that do include images. below we \u2019 ve collected more than twenty tutorials, examples, and tools for creating css buttons, most of which use css3. included are buttons to suit virtually every design style. we \u2019 ve tried to focus on newer techniques here, leaving out the long - standing techniques ( like the sliding door method for creating rounded corners ) that most designers are already familiar with. if you have other tutorials or examples you \u2019 d like to share, please do so in the comments! tutorials and articles rediscovering the button element a really helpful article discussing the button element in css, which is often overlooked by designers. it \u2019 s a bit older, but still has tons of useful information on creating more stylish buttons with css. beautiful css buttons with icon set here \u2019 s another article that talks about how to create buttons with icons, though using span classes rather than the build kick - ass practical css3 buttons this video tutorial from nettuts + shows how to create practical css3 buttons that even include what appears to be a twitter bird icon image, but is in fact created entirely with css3. beautiful photoshop - like buttons with css3 while the buttons here aren \u2019 t particularly forward - thinking in terms of look, what is amazing is that they were created entirely using css3, without using an images, and were only based on buttons created in photoshop. better button and navigation interactions this is a great, simple tutorial from darren hoyt on creating better behaviors for your buttons that encourage visitors to interact with your site. super awesome buttons with css3 and rgba this tutorial from zurb covers using css3 and alpha - blending using rgba to create scalable buttons with only a single png image. building beautiful buttons with css gradients a tutorial for building a button using css gradients similar to those used by mozilla for firefox personas. how to design a sexy button using css this tutorial shows how to create a big, vibrant button without using images. realistic looking css3 buttons these are simple buttons, created", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43944839953431886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74994200-5c60-432f-aa6f-149c81475966>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.537690"}
{"text": "those used by mozilla for firefox personas. how to design a sexy button using css this tutorial shows how to create a big, vibrant button without using images. realistic looking css3 buttons these are simple buttons, created entirely with css3, including some pseudo - elements. pretty css3 buttons this tutorial shows how to create a simple, slightly glossy - style button that \u2019 s scalable and can be created in any color without images. css3 buttons without any images a simple tutorial for creating dynamic buttons that use only css3 and no images. there are four states for each button, including disabled, hovered, and clicked states. 5 different tutorials of dynamic css round corners link buttons this is a collection of five different tutorials for creating css buttons with rounded corners. two include the use of images, but the other three don \u2019 t. create a css3 button that degrades nicely until all browsers properly support css3, we \u2019 re going to run into issues when using it to create things like buttons. this tutorial shows how to create great css3 buttons that also look fine in older browsers, like ie6 and 7. apple \u2019 s navigation bar using only css this tutorial shows how to recreate the button - style navigation menu on apple \u2019 s website. it works best in safari 3 +, but still looks fine in other browsers. create a css3 call to action button this tutorial shows how to create a call to action button entirely with css that includes different default and hover states. sexy buttons with css3 this simple tutorial shows how to create nicely - styled buttons with unique hover and active states. the buttons can be scaled and their color can be changed easily. glossy buttons without images using only css3 looking at these buttons, it \u2019 s hard to believe they \u2019 re made without images unless you look very closely. the code is complicated, but the end result looks great, complete with hover effect. css3 buttons with icons this tutorial shows how to create css3 buttons with gradients that also include icon images and are cross - browser compatible. roll your own google buttons this tutorial shows how to make scalable google - style buttons with colored borders. the end results are minimalist and clean. examples and tools 10 awesome css3 buttons to use on your website here \u2019 s a collection of ten buttons you can use on your website. they \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4132268143595571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:74994200-5c60-432f-aa6f-149c81475966>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.539176"}
{"text": "what are the symptoms of brain swelling? symptoms of brain swelling vary, depending on the severity and the cause. usually they begin suddenly. you may notice any of these symptoms : - neck pain or stiffness - nausea or vomiting - irregular breathing - vision loss or changes - memory loss - inability to walk - difficulty speaking - loss of consciousness how is brain swelling diagnosed? the steps used by your doctor to diagnose brain swelling depend on the symptoms and the suspected cause. common exams and tests used in the diagnosis include : - head and neck exam - neurologic exam - ct scan of the head to identify the extent and location of the swelling - mri of the head to identify the extent and location of the swelling - blood tests to check for causes of the swelling what is the treatment for brain swelling? minor cases of brain swelling due to causes such as moderate altitude sickness or a slight concussion often resolve within a few days. in most cases, however, more treatment is needed quickly. the goal is to assure that the brain receives enough blood and oxygen to remain healthy while the swelling is relieved and any underlying causes are treated. this may require a combination of medical and surgical treatments. prompt treatment usually results in quicker and more complete recovery. without it, some damage may remain. treatment for brain edema may include any combination of the following : - oxygen therapy : providing oxygen through a respirator or other means helps make sure that the blood has enough oxygen in it. the doctor can adjust the respirator to help reduce the amount of swelling. - iv fluids : giving fluids and medicine through an iv can keep blood pressure from dropping too low. this helps to make sure that the body - - including the brain - - is receiving enough blood. however, some fluids can make swelling worse. doctors attempt to use the right amounts of the right fluids in someone with brain swelling. - lowering body temperature ( hypothermia ) : lowering the temperature of the body and brain helps relieve swelling and allows the brain to heal. hypothermia as a treatment for brain swelling is not widely used because it is difficult to perform correctly. - medication : in some cases of brain edema, your doctor may start a drug to help relieve the swelling. medication may also be given for other reasons, such as to slow your body ' s response to the swelling or to dissolve any clots. the drugs your doctor gives you depend on the cause and symptoms of brain swelling. - ventriculostomy : in this procedure, a surgeon cuts a small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4944143699508026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f7148559-c18b-4249-b2c1-29d65a3a2394>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.542199"}
{"text": "as a psychologist who has counseled heart patients for more than thirty years, wayne sotile, phd, knows exactly how much they worry about sex after a \" and if they ' re not anxious, believe me, their partner ' s anxious, \" he couples worry about triggering a second heart attack, or even that a patient could die in the bedroom. but sotile and cardiologists tell webmd that sex isn ' t nearly as risky as many patients believe. with a touch of reassurance, heart patients can once... insulin resistance is a condition in which the body produces insulin but does not use it properly. insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps the body use glucose, a form of sugar, for energy. if a person has insulin resistance, his or her body is not converting glucose for use by muscles and other tissues. how is metabolic syndrome diagnosed? according to american heart association guidelines, any three of the following traits in the same person meet the criteria for the metabolic syndrome : abdominal obesity : a waist circumference over 102 cm ( 40 in ) in men and over 88 cm ( 35 inches ) in women serum triglycerides : 150 mg / dl or above, or taking medication for elevated triglycerides hdl ( ' ' good ' ' ) cholesterol : 40mg / dl or lower in men and 50mg / dl or lower in women blood pressure of 130 / 85 or above ( or taking medication for high blood pressure ) fasting blood glucose of 100 mg / dl or above the world health organization ( who ) has slightly different criteria for defining the metabolic syndrome : high insulin levels, an elevated fasting blood glucose or an elevated post - meal glucose alone with at least two of the following criteria : abdominal obesity as defined by a waist to hip ratio of greater than 0. 9, a body mass index of at least 30 kg / m2 or a waist measurement over 37 inches cholesterol panel showing a triglyceride level of at least 150 mg / dl or an hdl cholesterol lower than 35 mg / dl blood pressure of 140 / 90 or higher ( or on treatment for high blood pressure ) how common is metabolic syndrome? quite. approximately 20 % - 30 % of the population in industrialized countries have metabolic syndrome.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49313237400994336, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ebeace79-df39-4aad-8c78-de3b9bce22a9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.544648"}
{"text": "m. 11 feb 1819 m. 30 apr 1840 facts and events from darrell jackson : \" it is known that david ( william ' s father ) was in campbell county by 1830 based on the census records. david is not listed as owning land in carter county, but on 24 april 1824 he along with 3 other citizens of carter county proved ( witnessed? ) a land sale in carter county. since this is 3 years after william r. jackson was born... this is the best evidence of william ' s birthplace. \" from a web page written by darrell : http : / / www. tngenweb. org / morgan / horacejackson. html \" william r. jackson spent his life as a baptist preacher in morgan county. not a remarkable life until you learn among other things that he represented morgan county at the greenville convention in 1861. his brother - in - law joseph alexander cooper who was to become a major general represented campbell county. a total of 30 east tennessee counties participated in this convention in an attempt to prevent secession from the union. the document that these pro - union delegates drew up, signed and delivered to the govenor was called a \" declaration of grievances adopted at the greenville convention. \" \" in a 1908 speech given by william riley cooper he states : \" he [ william jackson ] was a baptist preaacher ; a shoe - maker and a blacksmith and a very useful man in his calling and trades ; a man of benevolent spirit and fine personal appearance. \" \" on 24 october 1857 he recorded the sale of land to david sharp. the land was located on cove creek in campbell co., tn. this was land that his wife mahala cooper inherited from her father. this deed is recorded in the campbell co., tn deed book o ( as in ohio ) on page 184. \" \" his younger brother george, 14 years old, is living with him during the 1860 morgan county census dated 14 jun 1860. they were living in crooked fork, tn. \" \" william is found in the 1870 census of crooked fork, morgan co., tn. only the last nine of his children and his wife are living in the household. \" 1870 census district 1, morgan county, tennessee ( post office : crooked fork ) enumerated 3 june 1870 1880 census district 1, morgan co., tennessee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4189841003095054, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:157c67bd-f74a-4b42-8d4a-8bd1223e2ff9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.547065"}
{"text": "what is science : is science about observation or falsification? by : bruce in previous posts i responded ( or gave other peopleas responses anyhow ) to the ideas that science is primarily about prediction, reductionism, or holism. in those ideas we found some truth, but not the whole truth. another common point of view is that science is really about observation. related to this is the idea that science is primarily about empirical evidence or in other words must be falsifiable. as it turns out, these points of view are somewhat correct, but also misleading. science is not primarily observation i doubt science would have any meaning if we didnat take the ideas of observation and empirical evidence seriously. descarte is rumored to have tried to argue in favor of pure reason, but we know that this doesnat work out in real life. the problem is that our reasoning capacity is too broad. we can think of logical possibilities that just happen to not exist. in a past post ( in the notes ) i hinted at one of these : cartesian dualism a the idea that minds and matter are different things and that minds can exist without matter. ( seemingly contradicted by d & c 131 : 7 ). i can conceive of cartesian dualism, but all the evidence currently points against it. plus cartesian dualism is a classic violation of occamas razor. it only provides explanations by pushing the problems it purports to solve to a new location plus creating new ones. ( this does not rule out the possibility that some form of dualism will turn out to be true, and in fact i believe this will turn out to be the case. but classic cartesian dualism seems a rational non - starter for me. ) therefore we need empiricism and observation to test which of our ideas is correct. observation and empiricism are therefore important parts of science. but the simple truth is that you can have science without these. often you have no choice because the technology hasnat developed yet to observe predictions made by scientific theories. the large hadron collider is a good example of this ; it might cost billions to make an observation. worse yet, some observations may forever be cost prohibitive. furthermore, sometimes the smallest of observations cascade into the largest of ground shaking conclusions. as david deutsch points out, thus observations of ever smaller physical effects have been forcing ever greater changes in our world - view. it may therefore seem that we are inferring ever grander", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6167005050938306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:888799cc-37ab-452e-b4b8-deb53abc5e1d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.555253"}
{"text": "observations cascade into the largest of ground shaking conclusions. as david deutsch points out, thus observations of ever smaller physical effects have been forcing ever greater changes in our world - view. it may therefore seem that we are inferring ever grander conclusions from even scantier evidence. what justifies these inferences? ( the fabric of reality, p. 57 ) but this presents a difficult with defining science through observation. science is not always falsifiable karl popper is famous for having introduced the idea that science should be falsifiable. this is often interpreted as a theory not being ascientifica unless itas possible to falsify it. again, i think this is a powerful idea that has a lot of truth to it. is there any doubt that we should not take freudas non - falsifiable theories seriously any more now that we have better falsifiable psychological theories? a falsifiable theory is automatically better than a non - falsifiable one because the most productive theories make falsifiable predictions so that we can, to a degree, check them for verisimilitude. ( i. e. closeness to reality. ) but i doubt this is what really defines science either. it would seem there are too many counter examples. one of my favorite authors, roger penrose, points out that popper - style falsification is simply not enough to exclude a theory from science. askarl popper provided a reasonable - looking criterion for the scientific admissibility of a proposed theory, namely that it be observationally refutable. but i fear that this is too stringent a criterionas take the example of supersymmetry in modern particle physics. asit is a central ingredient of string theory. it status among theoreticians these days is so strong that it is almost considered to be part of todayas astandarda particle - physics model. yet, it has no ( serious ) experimental supportas the theory predicts asuperpartnersa for all the observed fundamental particles of nature, but none of these has so far been observed. the reason [ given ] as is that a symmetry - breaking mechanism ( of unknown nature ) causes the superpartners to be so massive that the energies needed to create them are still beyond the scope of present - day accelerators. with increased energy capabilities, the superpartners might be foundas but suppose that still no superpartners are actually found. would this disp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6224172745426605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:888799cc-37ab-452e-b4b8-deb53abc5e1d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.556277"}
{"text": "that the energies needed to create them are still beyond the scope of present - day accelerators. with increased energy capabilities, the superpartners might be foundas but suppose that still no superpartners are actually found. would this disprove the supersymmetry idea? not at all. it could ( and probably would ) be argued that there had simply been too much optimism about the smallness of the degree of the symmetry breaking, and even higher energies would be needed to find the missing superpartner. [ so ] we see that it is not so easy to dislodge a popular theoretical idea through the traditional scientific method of crucial experimentation, even if that idea happened actually to be wrong. ( the road to reality, p. 1020 - 1021 ) penrose goes on to use another example. one of our current theories predicts the existence of amonopoles. a imagine a magnet that has only a north or a south pole and not both. if even one exists in the entire universe, this theory has been vindicated. but if we never find any itas not really that shocking because what are the odds weare going to find that one monopole somewhere out there in the entire universe? so here is yet another non - refutable theory. but few would argue it isnat science. even popper seems to disagree with this supposedly popper - inspired idea, or at least he never says something isnat science just because it canat be falsified. rather popper only created a demarcation between what he calls aempirical theoriesa and non - empirical ones. he goes on to say : this criterion of demarcation between empirical and non - empirical theories i have also called the criterion of falsifiability or the criterion of refutability. it does not imply that irrefutable theories are false. nor does it imply that they are meaningless. but it does imply that, as long as we cannot describe what a possible refutation of a certain theory would be like, that theory may be regarded as laying outside the field of empirical science. ( the myth of the framework, p. 88 ) therefore a theory that is not refutable is only outside a category he calls aempirical sciencea not necessarily science in general. in fact, popper points out that one of our most important theories a the theory of evolution a is based on a non - falsifiable core tenant ; namely survival of the fittest : there is a difficulty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6339523972087769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:888799cc-37ab-452e-b4b8-deb53abc5e1d>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.557217"}
{"text": "not necessarily science in general. in fact, popper points out that one of our most important theories a the theory of evolution a is based on a non - falsifiable core tenant ; namely survival of the fittest : there is a difficulty with darwinismas it is far from clear what we should consider a possible refutation of the theory of natural selection. ifas we accept the statistical definition of fitness which defines fitness by actual survival, then the theory of survival of the fittest becomes tautological, and irrefutable. ( myth of the framework, p. 90 ) are we prepared to dismiss the theory of evolution from the realm of science on the grounds that itas central tenet is irrefutable? i would hope not. so we see that asciencea is not primarily either observation nor falsification. popper admits people misuse his epistemology based on faulty understandings of it. using paulias theory of the neutrino as an example, he says : when this theory was first proposed by pauli, it was clearly not testable. it was even said, at one time, that the neutrino is so defined that the theory cannot be tested. about thirty years later the theory was not only found to be testable, but to pass its tests with flying colours. this should be a warning to those who are inclined to say that nontestable theories are meaningless ( a view which has often but mistakenly been attributed to me ) or that they have no acognitive significance. a ( myth of the framework, p. 88 - 89 ) it is my understanding that popper at least partially retracted this quote later. i havenat gotten that far in my reading of him yet. truth be told, i do not think the theory of evolution could be said to be in any way non - falsifiable. but i do tend to agree that asurvival of the fittesta is circular reasoning. but this does not make the theory of evolution not a scientific theory, as popper may have ( at the time ) been suggesting. it just means that we have to test other aspects of it based on that explanation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6119247372645861, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:888799cc-37ab-452e-b4b8-deb53abc5e1d>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.558029"}
{"text": "making medicines and health technologies safe and accessible the bulletin interview with vladimir lepakhin. q : what challenges do we face with health technologies? a : health technologies cover a diverse area : blood transfusion and safety, medical equip\u00acment, diagnostics, surgery, anaesthesia, organ transplantation and so on. who has much experience in blood safety, but started working on transplantation recently. here we advise governments on the technical aspects as well as the ethical concerns relating to organ donation, transplantation and trafficking. q : what is who doing to stop the sale of counterfeit medicines? a : the quality of products on the market in each country is the responsibility of national drug regulatory bodies. we assist and support countries to strengthen their pharmaceutical legislation, drug standards and requirements, national drug regulatory performance at all stages : from production, distribution and sales to their use. quality assurance should be built into the entire process. we have prepared guidelines for countries on distribution and laboratory services. we give workshops in africa and asia and have produced 20 training modules on cd - rom in english, chinese, japanese and spanish. q : are generic medicines less safe or efficient than patented medicines? a : many generic medicines meet all requirements, which means they \u2019 re equivalent to the patented originals, but others do not. the generics industry is highly developed in both industrialized and in some developing countries. q : what are the common misconceptions about your work at who? a : some people think who is a supranational organization that creates and imposes norms and standards. who is an international organization, not a regulatory authority. our role is to combine knowledge, skills and expertise to create international norms and standards and to assist countries in their implementation by providing information, training and capacity building. q : what is who \u2019 s view of traditional and alternative medicines? a : traditional medicines have been used in all countries, some for centuries. self - medication with herbal medicines is popular both in developed and developing countries. in some countries, traditional medicine comprises up to 80 % of primary health care. sometimes traditional medicines are the only ones people can afford. unlike modern medicines, these were often not studied in accordance with today \u2019 s scientific requirements. but without good study and information this can be dangerous, for example, when they interact with other medicines that people may be taking. that \u2019 s why it is who \u2019 s responsibility to evaluate these products and limit any damage by providing reliable information and expertise. q : who has been accused of giving conflicting drug recommendations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5017965387861448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:679e21b1-101b-435b-8117-22d301d1e447>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.561959"}
{"text": "genetically modified organisms by sarah kacso and colin mcmahon ( windsor, on ) \u2013 imagine today was the day that we ended world hunger. in africa, in south america, in downtown metropolises around the world, not a single person was left unfed. certainly, the person or people who accomplished this lofty feat would be celebrated the world over. now imagine that instead of increasing the food supply, we simply decreased the other coefficient \u2013 the human demand. that \u2019 s right \u2013 imagine that the human population was decreased, ensuring enough food supplies for humanity to continue. that \u2019 s a scary thought, and it may, i \u2019 ll admit, sound like a conspiracy theory. but intended or not, that \u2019 s the path that genetically modified foods are beckoning us down. first, a quick biology lesson : dna, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the instruction manual for our bodies. our dna contains building instructions for everything from hair and eye colour to the efficiency of our digestive system to the manufacturing of proteins and hormones. patterns of genes make up the dna instructions, like sentences in a book. when dna is genetically modified, those sentences are rearranged in different orders, or sentences from other \u2018 manuals \u2019 are added to replace deleted ones. suddenly, that instruction manual isn \u2019 t as easy to read. now, imagine that those new \u2018 sentences \u2019 implanted in your instruction manual didn \u2019 t come from the human species, but instead from a virus, a bird, a jellyfish, or a goat. that \u2019 s the idea behind genetically modified organisms. genetically modified organisms, or gmos, have been around for millennia. there is some research that suggests that mitochondria, the \u2018 batteries \u2019 in each and every human cell, were once plant - based, and evolved a symbiotic relationship with animal cells millions of years ago. gmos are not always plants or animals \u2013 one of the first genetic experiments in 1978 using recombinant dna techniques allowed e. coli bacteria to produce human insulin. genetic modification is also used in gene therapy to combat a variety of diseases and disorders. however, the kind of gmos we \u2019 re talking about here aren \u2019 t found in hospitals \u2013 they \u2019 re found in grocery stores. it \u2019 s been estimated that 60 - 70 % of all food found in stores in the us, including packaged food, has been genetically modified. the statistics for canada are likely in the same range. north americans are woefully misinformed about the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47458569798255756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b71afff-3345-4aad-a863-28a6cf339e31>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.567964"}
{"text": "s been estimated that 60 - 70 % of all food found in stores in the us, including packaged food, has been genetically modified. the statistics for canada are likely in the same range. north americans are woefully misinformed about the health and environmental hazards that gmos pose, but it \u2019 s not entirely our fault. money has been spent by corporations to hide the risks, advertise the supposed benefits, and lobby politicians and even the united nations. in europe, it \u2019 s a bit different. some gmo companies do operate there, but there are thousands of pages of legislation governing the growth and distribution of gmo products. most importantly, mandatory package labeling allows consumers to differentiate between products made with gmo crops and those naturally produced, and gmo crops must be grown a certain distance from other crops to prevent the genetically altered pollen from mixing with natural crops. gmo food has not been nearly as successful in europe simply because of the government - mandated transparency. so, just how bad are gmo foods? after all, they haven \u2019 t sparked a global health epidemic \u2026 or have they? consider the case of dr. arpad pusztai, one of the world \u2019 s top gmo safety researchers. dr. pusztai fed supposedly harmless gmo food to lab rats, which caused them to develop cancerous growths, undersized livers, testicles and brains, and damaged livers and immune systems. the russian national academy of sciences also used rats to study gmos, feeding one study group of young rats gmo soy beans and another naturally - produced soybeans. after 3 weeks, 50 % of the rats fed gmo soy had died, compared to 9 % on the natural diet. certainly, these studies have proven that gmo food is not safe for small mammals. but what about humans? only one study on the effects of gmos on humans has ever been released to the public. this study revealed that the foreign genes inserted into the dna of gmo crops transfer to our own cells after we eat the food. this means that when we eat chips made with pest - resistant corn, the bacteria in our digestive systems could start to produce that same pesticide. gmos also impact the environment and peoples \u2019 livelihoods. monsanto ( manufacturer of 90 % of gmo seeds ) has created terminator and traitor seeds. terminator seeds grow crops that are pest - resistant or disease - resistant. monsanto markets them as \u2018 roundup ready \u2019, after the herbicide normally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43349978818163293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b71afff-3345-4aad-a863-28a6cf339e31>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.568974"}
{"text": "##anto ( manufacturer of 90 % of gmo seeds ) has created terminator and traitor seeds. terminator seeds grow crops that are pest - resistant or disease - resistant. monsanto markets them as \u2018 roundup ready \u2019, after the herbicide normally used to banish tough weeds. these crops produce well, but their seeds are sterile. that means that if a farmer grows terminator corn, he can only sell the corn. he cannot save corn kernels to produce more crops the following year. that farmer is forced to buy more seed each year. traitor seeds also make money for patent - holding corporations. in order for traitor seeds to germinate, they must be sprayed with a chemical concoction produced by the patent holder. otherwise, the seeds will not grow. what is our government doing to protect us from these genetic mutations? not much. foods made with genetically altered crops, and the raw fruits and vegetables themselves, fill grocery store shelves. our government does not force producers to label their products gmo, preferring to take the us federal drug administration \u2019 s stance that gmo foods are almost exactly the same as non - gmo, and therefore consumers should not be made aware of the difference. but only after thousands of documents were revealed by a lawsuit did the public learn what fda scientists really knew : gmo crops were too unpredictable and could likely introduce toxins, allergens, diseases, and nutritional problems to the public. the canadian government prefers to cut funding to departments that oversee food safety, and instead is increasingly allowing the industry to police itself. short url : http : / / www. windsorsquare. ca /? p = 9018", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4664961663052525, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9b71afff-3345-4aad-a863-28a6cf339e31>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.570922"}
{"text": "terra / modis color image of copahue eruption plume across south america for the first time since 2000, copahue is erupting, sending an ash plume across southern south america. so far, the eruption is following the same patterns as the activity that ran from july to october 2000. that activity started with phreatic ( water - driven ) explosions, so it will be interesting to see if this eruption has new juvenile magma involved. earlier this year, a study of the summit crater lake suggested new magma was intruding under copahue and the sernageomin report mentioned. that seismicity was rising before today \u2019 s eruption. i grabbed the brand new terra / modis imagery for south america and the plume from the copahue was glorious \u2013 stretching over 350 km across argentina to the east of the volcano. for a sense of scale on the image, the distance between copahue and the embalse los barreales is ~ 225 km. the plume itself has been reported to be over 9. 5 km / 30, 000 feet tall. update 12 / 22 5 pm est : eruptions reader kirby pointed me to the sernageomin webcam pointed at copahue \u2014 check out the eruption live! update 12 / 22 7 pm est : onemi has not called for any evacuations on the chilean side of copahue \u2014 this article also has a nice gallery of pictures from the eruption as well. check out the original post with more details. erik klemetti is an assistant professor of geosciences at denison university. his passion in geology is volcanoes, and he has studied them all over the world. you can follow erik on twitter, where you ' ll get volcano news and the occasional baseball comment. follow @ eruptionsblog on twitter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38722855981434695, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:531a4ccd-c5e2-4850-bc78-faeee15054be>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.573225"}
{"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email commodity money is any form of currency that can serve a purpose other than as money. the best known examples are precious metals such as gold and silver, though other items such as cigarettes or even peppercorns have been or are used for this purpose. it offers benefits like more flexibility for money holders, the possibility of getting rich quick, and a built - in brake on inflation in the economy. it ' s important to note that modern economists argue that these advantages have limitations and are outweighed by drawbacks, which is why this type of money is almost never used as currency in developed economies. there are four main types of money. the most common type is fiat money, a form of currency \u2014 usually coins or bank notes \u2014 that derives its value simply from the fact that the government has declared it as legal tender, meaning it must be accepted for settlement of debts. representative money is where a token such as a note or certificate derives its value from a government promise that it can be exchanged from a commodity such as hold. commercial bank money is the money that exists within the banking system. as banks usually borrow and lend much more money than they have in cash, commercial bank money is considered non - physical. the main advantage of commodity money is simply that it serves an additional purpose. for example, gold can be turned into jewelry, while cigarettes can be smoked. this gives the holder added options ; he can either use or spend the money. this can also be seen as a disadvantage. if cigarettes become an informal currency in prison, for example, smoking a cigarette can become a costly activity. another advantage of this type of money for some people is that it may be possible to acquire money that wasn ' t previously in circulation. for example, if gold is used as commodity money and somebody discovers more of this metal, he or she may be able to get more value from its role as money than from its role as a base for jewelry. of course, this can be a major disadvantage for the economy as a whole, as it will counteract the way money is used in a market economy to ultimately decide how assets are used and allocated. in theory at least, commodity money has a built - in supply limitation ; without a major discovery, the amount of silver, for example, will remain constant. this contrasts to fiat money, where a government can create more money either through technical measures such as quantitative easing, or simply through printing notes. this means that there is a risk of government actions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5309790540594793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:051706f6-624b-4778-9055-1c2123080f3a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.575853"}
{"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. any of numerous, usually bulbous plants of the genus allium in the lily family, having long stalks bearing clusters of variously colored flowers and including many ornamental and food plants, such as onions, leeks, chives, garlic, and shallots. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. the largest genus of plants of the natural order liliace\u00e6, of about 300 species, natives, with few exceptions, of the northern temperate zone. they are bulbous plants, with a peculiar pungent odor, and bear their flowers in an umbel at the summit of a scape. several species have been largely cultivated for food from very early times, including the onion ( a. cepa ), leek ( a. porrum ), shallot ( a. ascalonicum ), garlic ( a. sativum ), chives ( a. sch\u00e6noprasum ), rocambole ( a. scorodoprasum ), etc. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. ( bot. ) a genus of plants, including the onion, garlic, leek, chive, etc. - n. large genus of perennial and biennial pungent bulbous plants : garlic ; leek ; onion ; chive ; sometimes placed in family alliaceae as the type genus - latin, garlic. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c garlic, the most potent member of the family called allium that includes onions, shallots, chives and leeks, known for hundreds, if not thousands of years as a tool to ward off evil, may have gained this reputation for its wide - ranging health benefits. \u201d \u201c it puts forward the idea that earth is a globular allium and \" pain and fear \" are the lachrymatory agents that provoke all the tears. \u201d \u201c when the fire ' s good and hot, run the allium up and down the grates with a fork to remove the residue. \u201d \u201c photograph by tara donne for the wall street journal, food styling by martha bernabe, prop styling by angharad bailey mixing rosemary, dill, mint, white allium and scabiosa step one using a mix of leggy and dense herbs \u2014 rosemary, yellow flowering dill, mountain mint \u2014 build a framework of textures and fragrances. \u201d \u201c step two we added a pop of white with allium scattered throughout the greene", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5026136556615881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efb8fbef-6ec4-4a36-879e-e2efdfd826f0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.580282"}
{"text": "##abiosa step one using a mix of leggy and dense herbs \u2014 rosemary, yellow flowering dill, mountain mint \u2014 build a framework of textures and fragrances. \u201d \u201c step two we added a pop of white with allium scattered throughout the greenery at varying heights. \u201d \u201c chives, shallots, leeks \u2014 they are all considered varieties of onion from the latin allium. \u201d \u201c separately, saute the shallots ( the onion wannabe of the allium world ). \u201d \u201c in an effort to protect her flock, sandrow planted a wide variety of feather - like foliage, ostrich ferns, corkscrew grass, tall flowering balls of purple allium and bristling shrubs of juniper and cyprus that camouflage the birds ' exotic plumage thereby protecting them from the hawks circling above. \u201d \u201c some are small and tight and barely bigger than a golf ball, others sweet and juicy with an altogether softer tone, and some with only the merest hint of allium about them. \u201d \u201c bart ziegler artemisia ' oriental limelight, ' with its plumes of yellow - green leaves ( center ) provides a striking contrast to the purple salvia ( foreground ) and globes of violet allium in my spring garden shown last year, but it threatens to take over the flower bed. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 allium \u2019. words that make other words with the addition of one letter at the beginning. the resulting words are tagged \" behead \". words that evoke magic, mystery, mayhem, magnificence or anything else that glimmers in the grass a list of words whose meanings i am learning, either because a ) i don ' t know the meaning b ) i know the meaning, but could stand to better appreciate certain inflections or secondary meanings or c )... looking for tweets for allium.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47495686380480834, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:efb8fbef-6ec4-4a36-879e-e2efdfd826f0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.581135"}
{"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a solid with six faces, each a parallelogram and each being parallel to the opposite face. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. a prism whose bases are parallelograms. - n. in experimental psychology, an outline drawing of a parallelepiped, with one diagonal drawn in, embodying an illusion of reversible perspective. the figure was published by necker in 1832 : the name \u2018 cube \u2019 properly belongs to a similar figure published by wheatstone in 1838. see illusion. 2. - n. geometry solid figure, having six faces, all parallelograms ; all opposite faces being similar and parallel. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. ( geometry ) a prism whose bases are parallelograms. - n. a prism whose bases are parallelograms - greek parallelepipedon : parallelos, parallel ; see parallel + epipedon, plane surface, from neuter sing. of epipedos, level ( epi -, epi - + pedon, ground ). ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c remember, the volume of a parallelepiped is the area of its base surface times its height. \u201d \u201c but i wish he would have used the more correct and pretentious ' parallelepiped '. \u201d \u201c the house is a 23m x 7m parallelepiped, made of concrete, steel and glass, embedded in the slope of the terrain. \u201d \u201c this describes the diagonal of a rectangular parallelepiped, where length along the respective axes are : \u201d \u201c the class intimations of these images are plain enough, though polidori in his exhaustive effort of preservation did not scruple to include upper - end or highland stretches \u2014 canal street, say, with its two - storied, sometimes stuccoed domiciles set back on lawns, including a pert example of old - fashioned flat - roofed, parallelepiped - pure modernism, with art deco stripes and a little penthouse. \u201d \u201c compressed earth blocks generally have a rectangular parallelepiped format and are full or perforated with vertical and / or horizontal indentations. \u201d \u201c rectangular parallelepiped format with holes or perforations in combination with indentations on its larger faces ( laying face and bed face ). \u201d \u201c the most common format is a rectangular parallelepiped ( or prism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6277128864476036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbd73cb2-9f37-4080-814d-6867481e0711>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.584459"}
{"text": "##s. \u201d \u201c rectangular parallelepiped format with holes or perforations in combination with indentations on its larger faces ( laying face and bed face ). \u201d \u201c the most common format is a rectangular parallelepiped ( or prismatic ) format with a length ( l ), a width ( w ) and a height ( h ). \u201d \u201c full rectangular parallelepiped format with an indentation on one or both of its larger faces ( laying and bed face ). \u201d \u201c non parallelepiped rectangular formats require a fuller description ( cylindrical, conical, hexagonal, wedge - shaped, in the form of a truncated cone, etc. ). \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 parallelepiped \u2019. a list of words that are odd or words that i have looked up. words containing * pipe *. i enjoy collecting words, for i have no fear of them ever running out. the new favourite words of people on twitter. a script searches twitter for \" x is my new favorite word \" and adds it to this list. unfathomably, glice, cuh, fab, ciggaty, doll, thuggin, oxymoronic, pineapple, succubutt, griming, cheeky and 3063 more... these are words that i enjoy because they are unique, rare, long, or just cool. hecko, words! i \u2019 m so happy i \u2019 ve found you. i want to keep you all and never want to lose you again. i hope you like it here. looking for tweets for parallelepiped.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.549799306789597, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dbd73cb2-9f37-4080-814d-6867481e0711>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.585908"}
{"text": "survey of energy resources 2007 assets for future gas market growth less - energy - intensive economies, stringent pressures to reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuels, and political and fiscal measures to increase the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix, have gradually combined to alter the growth prospects of each of the primary energies, and, consequently, their respective weight in the energy balance. although natural gas is a flexible energy, ideally adapted to a number of uses, these ongoing developments are undoubtedly influencing its future growth potential, particularly in the oecd countries. nevertheless, while recent years have seen a globally downward revision of growth prospects for energy demand, natural gas is still the fossil fuel with the strongest potential. several factors underlie a presumption of steady growth in gas demand of the order of 2 % p. a. on average between now and 2020. with anticipated consumption of about 3 850 bcm by then, natural gas would accordingly account for about a quarter of world primary energy demand. a significant growth potential. non - oecd countries certainly harbour the largest potential for growth. driven by steady population growth and strong economic activity, total energy needs should climb at quite a smart pace, providing natural gas with new opportunities for market development. the fast - growing economies in asia ( including china and india ), the middle east, africa and even latin america, promise gas demand growth rates of 3 - 4 % p. a. by 2020. the industrial and power generation sectors will be the powerhouse for future gas requirements. in some asian countries, proactive government policies have fostered significant structural shifts in primary energy supply for power generation, the share of natural gas being boosted to reduce dependence on imported furnace oil, as in pakistan. also in asia ( india, indonesia ), fertiliser production ( urea, ammonia ) will also require growing volumes of natural gas, both as fuel and as raw material. in the middle east, gas will be increasingly used in seawater desalination plants and in industry in general. in africa, besides a growing requirement from the power sector, gas network extensions open up broader country - wide developments, such as in algeria and egypt. in latin america, with the exception of argentina, gas market developments are recent, indicating that gas still has significant potential for growth ( brazil, chile, peru ). in the oecd countries of north america and europe, where the gas share is 24 - 25 % already, this source of energy should continue to grow, albeit at rather moderate annual rates of 1. 6 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4804251789369048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32316f5d-5df8-4dc1-a51d-2592f0cc4a66>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.601092"}
{"text": "brazil, chile, peru ). in the oecd countries of north america and europe, where the gas share is 24 - 25 % already, this source of energy should continue to grow, albeit at rather moderate annual rates of 1. 6 % and 2 % respectively. in the united states and europe, high gas prices have already significantly impacted on demand. in the united states, they prompted the largest industrial users to turn to alternative energies, as in the past, when they chose natural gas because it was a cheaper source of energy. in europe, high gas prices have started to stimulate competition between the different sources of energy. in the power sector, where substitution of one energy by another can be fairly rapid, power producers, in the united kingdom for instance, have recently favoured coal, an abundant resource which, despite recent price increases, still remains cheaper at the plant gate than natural gas, whose price is often indexed to oil products. from a sectoral standpoint, the power sector should further consolidate its position, absorbing about 37 % of marketed gas each year by 2020. while industry should maintain its current 25 % share, the residential and tertiary sectors are likely to decline in importance. a more environmentally - friendly energy. in the world energy mix, natural gas is undeniably the fossil energy whose combustion has the lowest environmental impact. although its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions ( co2 in particular ) cannot be discounted, it definitely plays a minor role in the emission of pollutants : about 30 % less than oil products and 50 % less than coal. in a context of increasingly stringent political and fiscal measures over the course of time, in order to reduce the negative environmental impact of the energy industries, the growing use of natural gas can only favour the fulfilment of kyoto commitments. immense untapped potential. estimates of the volume of gas remaining to be found have been consistently and significantly underestimated. moreover, gas exploration still stands at a significantly lower degree of maturity than oil. the abundance of gas reserves already discovered, and the prospects for a large yet - to - find potential, give natural gas a lifetime probably in excess of 130 years, at the current rate of consumption ( 2 930 bcm in 2006 ). because interest in natural gas was very late in developing, many territories have been only partially explored, if at all. as the recent period suggests, specifically gas - targeted exploration most often yields very prolific discoveries, as witnessed in bolivia and egypt. additionally, improvements in transportation economics are gradually providing access to a potential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5100452601325332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32316f5d-5df8-4dc1-a51d-2592f0cc4a66>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.602064"}
{"text": "many territories have been only partially explored, if at all. as the recent period suggests, specifically gas - targeted exploration most often yields very prolific discoveries, as witnessed in bolivia and egypt. additionally, improvements in transportation economics are gradually providing access to a potential of ' stranded ' gas, remote from consuming zones, onshore and offshore, currently estimated at 30 - 35 tcm, making it marketable at a competitive price. new frontier areas for exploration are also opening up, in deeper and more complex horizons, fold - belt provinces and deep sedimentary basins, technology permitting. the arctic basins in particular present very high potential for hydrocarbons, especially gas. while exploration in fold belts has hitherto focussed on the shallowest objectives, deep exploration has been little undertaken, leaving hopes of future major gas discoveries. accordingly, additional gas resources of 170 - 220 tcm, representing at least as much as current proven reserves, are probably still classed as unproven or yet - to - find. furthermore, conventional gas resources must be augmented by the large potential of unconventional gas. coal - bed methane ( cbm ) resources represent an additional volume estimated at 100 to 250 tcm. gas shales and tight gas sands resources also harbour very high and still largely unidentified potential. the industry has mastered the recovery of coal - bed methane and gas from tight sands or shales. in the united states for instance, cbm and tight gas production currently account for about 30 % of total gas produced every year. although no technique to develop and produce hydrate potential ( 20 000 to 25 000 tcm offshore? ) has been tested on an industrial scale, hydrates are also often touted as a valid alternative, offering a cleaner energy source than hydrocarbons. technologies open up supply routes. the distribution of gas reserves is far from in harmony with the size and growth of the markets. although recent gas discoveries are strewn just about everywhere, affecting all continents and prompting reassessments of reserves in almost all regions, the former soviet union and the middle east together still possess 73 % of proven reserves, including most of the largest fields. as for the oecd countries, they have no more than 10 % of gas reserves, while they consume about 50 % of the volume produced worldwide every year. this creates growing regional imbalances between production and demand, at the continental level, and even more so, at the country level. the steadily increasing length of haul between the world ' s gas - rich regions and consumer zones accordingly foreshadows a powerful expansion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5363728218673756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32316f5d-5df8-4dc1-a51d-2592f0cc4a66>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.604177"}
{"text": "regional imbalances between production and demand, at the continental level, and even more so, at the country level. the steadily increasing length of haul between the world ' s gas - rich regions and consumer zones accordingly foreshadows a powerful expansion in international trade, at an annual rate of about 3. 5 %, to 1 430 bcm by 2020. flows could then account for about 35 - 37 % of marketed production. gas technologies consequently represent a key element in the commercialisation of natural gas. several options, either traditional ( lng, pipeline ) or emerging ( gas to liquids [ gtl ], compressed natural gas [ cng ], gas to wire [ gtw ] etc. ) can be considered. however, the most suitable export route has to be selected by considering issues such as the comparative economics ( field output target, distance to consumer, etc. ) and the end - user markets. pipeline flows ( fig 5 - 2 ) dominate international gas trade. because pipeline technology has been relatively more straightforward, easier and more economic to develop, both onshore and offshore - even over long distances - pipeline deliveries between countries and nearby continents have largely dominated international gas trade. currently 76 % of international flows are in gaseous form by pipelines. however, the bulk ( about 70 % ) of the 675 bcm is transported by international pipelines in north america and in europe. while a densely interconnected network progressively helped to integrate canadian, american and mexican supplies in the vast american market, the construction of trans - european networks gathered speed between 1970 and 1990, following the first oil shock. these pipelines laid the foundations for an extensive interconnected network stretching over more than a million kilometres across europe, from siberia to ireland, from norway to spain, from algeria to portugal and central europe. with its 45 % dependence on external suppliers, europe currently has an annual pipeline import capacity of about 360 bcm, including 100 bcm from norway, 200 bcm from russia, 40 bcm from algeria, and about 8 bcm each from libya and iran. with the exception of latin america, where regionally - traded volumes amount to about 17 bcm / yr, the development of intra - and inter - regional networks in other parts of the world is still rather limited. in asia, the installation of an intra - regional transport network is relatively recent, restricted to singapore ' s import of gas from malaysia and indonesia, and the supply of 9 bcm / yr produced from the yadana and yetagun offshore myanmar fields and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5247595137552283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32316f5d-5df8-4dc1-a51d-2592f0cc4a66>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.605259"}
{"text": ", the installation of an intra - regional transport network is relatively recent, restricted to singapore ' s import of gas from malaysia and indonesia, and the supply of 9 bcm / yr produced from the yadana and yetagun offshore myanmar fields and transported to thailand. in the middle east, gas flows have been confirmed to within the united arab emirates. although the rebalancing of natural gas markets via gas pipelines could increasingly face limitations - owing to technical, economic and even political reasons in relation to transit issues, a number of new long - distance pipelines are on the drawing board in all regions. europe hosts the largest number of projects, with large - capacity pipelines ( 20 bcm / yr or more ) aimed at exporting russian gas to northern europe ( nordstream via the baltic sea ) and southern europe ( bluestream ii ), as well as delivering central asian or middle east gas to central europe ( nabucco project ). to the north, the langeled pipeline, supplying gas from the norwegian ormen lange field to the united kingdom, will be fully commissioned by the end of 2007. from algeria, two new 8 bcm / yr capacity pipelines should be built in the short - to - medium - term to establish a direct link to spain ( medgaz ) and a route to italy via sardinia ( galsi ). in africa, planned export pipeline schemes include a line from nigeria to algeria and another for the expansion of egyptian supplies to jordan, lebanon and syria. the latter proposed line also involves a potential extension to turkey in a later phase. in the middle east, the dolphin project is due to start delivering qatari gas to the united arab emirates shortly. feasibility studies are also under way for building a line from iran to india, through pakistan. besides the long - distance pipeline project from alaska to the lower - 48 us states, new schemesare also planned in northern latin american countries ( between venezuela and colombia ), as well as in the caribbean. in asia, long - distance pipelines are being considered to deliver central asian gas to china, and from russia ' s yakutia to south korea. over the past decade, significant technological achievements have been made in deep - offshore pipe - laying, with the construction of the bluestream linking russia to turkey across the black sea at a water depth of 2 200 metres. in the years ahead, technological advances should provide pipeline trade with new opportunities for growth, while further cutting transportation costs. to fulfil this objective, offshore pipe - laying has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5110955236374501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32316f5d-5df8-4dc1-a51d-2592f0cc4a66>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.606364"}
{"text": "to turkey across the black sea at a water depth of 2 200 metres. in the years ahead, technological advances should provide pipeline trade with new opportunities for growth, while further cutting transportation costs. to fulfil this objective, offshore pipe - laying has led to the introduction of higher pressures, while the use of high - tensile steels ( x80, x100 or x120 ) emerges as the most appropriate option for onshore transportation. lng drives gas market globalisation. ( fig 5 - 3 ) in recent decades, developments in the lng business have been impressive in many respects. however, the most spectacular growth undoubtedly occurred from the mid - 1990s onwards. new players entered the industry, which now numbers 13 exporting and 17 importing countries. liquefaction capacities more than doubled, from 114 bcm / yr ( 86 mt / yr ) in 1996 to about 243 bcm / yr ( 183 mt / yr ) in 2006. simultaneously, regasification capacities grew rapidly from 322 to 496 bcm / yr ( 242 to 373 mt / yr ). the lng tanker fleet expanded massively, with some 220 ships in service last year, compared with 90 ships in 1995. the companies involved have diversified, with power utilities joining their ranks as markets reshape. more generally, asset acquisitions and shareholding diversifications along the overall chain have largely restructured the traditional lng model. competition has intensified as a result of market deregulation procedures. inter - regional trade has expanded rapidly, driven by price arbitrage between the atlantic and pacific basins. contractual forms have diversified and destination clauses have largely been discarded. last but not least, the industry has also established new benchmarks, cutting costs significantly at all stages in the chain, commensurately improving project economics and lng competitiveness. the increasing need for market flexibility, diversification of sources, and reinforced supply security, are some of the reasons why lng will increasingly play a key role in rebalancing gas markets worldwide. cedigaz anticipates a sustained growth of world lng flows, rising from 211 bcm in 2006 to about 510 bcm / yr by 2020, an annual average rate of 6. 5 %. with these growth patterns, lng ' s share of total world gas trade could soar to about 36 %, from the current 22. 5 %. although likely to display glaring contrasts, markets east and west of suez harbour significant growth potential for l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4863578259530285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32316f5d-5df8-4dc1-a51d-2592f0cc4a66>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.607368"}
{"text": "with these growth patterns, lng ' s share of total world gas trade could soar to about 36 %, from the current 22. 5 %. although likely to display glaring contrasts, markets east and west of suez harbour significant growth potential for lng. with an increasingly diversified portfolio of supply sources, lng demand east of suez could reach 220 bcm / yr by 2020. with predicted annual growth of about 3. 6 %, the leading position of markets east of suez in global lng demand is set to weaken rapidly to approximately 45 % of the world total in 2020 ( 64 % in 2006 ). while japan and south korea are likely to continue to provide significant impetus to lng tanker trade in the region, china and india will import increasing volumes to supplement domestic gas. with most gas - short oecd countries concentrated in the atlantic basin, west of suez markets, where lng demand has grown 70 % in the past five years compared with 25 % in the pacific basin, harbour the strongest growth potential. the area could see approximately 9. 5 % growth per year by 2020 to about 270 bcm ( 76 bcm in 2006 ). from the turn of the next decade - while us gas production should continue to grow as a result of unconventional gas developments - the rapid decline of canadian production, combined with increasing local gas needs, should generate a massive call on lng suppliers to restore the north american market balance. europe ' s growing dependence on external supplies could reach some 60 % by 2015. to cover part of the supply gap, traditional operators and new entrants are actively developing and planning new import capacities. while new import pipeline capacities from norway, algeria and russia will help secure a portion of additional demand, europe will need ever more lng. potential lng receiving capacities amounting to 153 bcm / yr are being built and planned. on the supply side, since 2000, additional liquefaction capacity of about 88 bcm / yr has started producing lng, half of it in the atlantic basin. the pacific basin still hosts 41 % of the world ' s capacity. the lng industry is currently going through a sellers ' market. stimulated by the discovery of large gas resources in new areas ( australia, west africa, egypt, peru ) and the growth potential of lng demand, national and international companies are investing massively in the construction of new trains at existing facilities and grassroots plants. liquefaction capacity is therefore slated to climb sharply to some 350 bcm / yr by 2010,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4415509762020554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32316f5d-5df8-4dc1-a51d-2592f0cc4a66>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.608390"}
{"text": "growth potential of lng demand, national and international companies are investing massively in the construction of new trains at existing facilities and grassroots plants. liquefaction capacity is therefore slated to climb sharply to some 350 bcm / yr by 2010, growing at an average annual rate of 8 %. a radical shift in the location pattern of liquefaction capacities is already clearly under way, and by 2010 the middle east and pacific basin should equally share about 70 % of the world total. although new projects are due for commissioning in the coming months in the atlantic basin, at least 57 % of total new capacity will be located in qatar and yemen. qatar already counts as the world ' s largest lng exporter, indonesia relinquishing its leadership. the pacific basin ' s share is bound to shrink further, owing to the rapid growth of new capacity outside this basin and the anticipated drop in indonesia ' s export potential, with which other countries in the region will have to contend. the indonesian government ' s determination to boost gas supplies to its domestic market will limit the nation ' s lng export potential. on the technological front, the industry is intensifying its economy drives, improving project economics by economies of scale. with regard to liquefaction, very large capacity trains are in the offing, as shown by qatar ' s qatargas ii and rasgas ii 10. 4 bcm / yr per train projects, compared to the current world ' s biggest ( rasgas 3rd train ) with a capacity of 6. 3 bcm / yr. major advances are also under way for the new generation of lng tankers. standard tanker size has already increased to 155 000 m3, and several orders have already been placed for ship capacities of 210 000 and even 260 000 m3. improved insulation systems and the adoption of more efficient propulsion modes are among major technological improvements. the trend is towards larger regasification plants, up to 9 bcm / yr, as well as new concepts for offshore receiving terminals ( single - point mooring, gravity - based structures, floating storage regasification unit, floating converted carrier ) to comply with stringent environmental regulations. although each export project has its own specificities, liquefaction plus sea transport often emerges as the most competitive option for commercialising large gas reserves when distances from producer to end - user exceed about 3 200 km. however, in the longer term, few countries will be endowed with sufficient and suitably - located gas resources capable of durably sustaining export capacity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49098160131639335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32316f5d-5df8-4dc1-a51d-2592f0cc4a66>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.609494"}
{"text": "option for commercialising large gas reserves when distances from producer to end - user exceed about 3 200 km. however, in the longer term, few countries will be endowed with sufficient and suitably - located gas resources capable of durably sustaining export capacity and, in most cases, a local market. since offshore areas, where about 40 % of proven reserves are located, offer promising prospects for new gas discoveries, new transportation concepts will become the key to realising reserves from smaller, remote fields. offshore liquefaction plants are emerging as one option, although, up to now, they have not become commercial. mini - lng plants, which are already used for peak - shaving applications in a number of countries, are also part of the possibilities, although the economics have not proved favourable so far. new emerging transportation technologies. an alternative way to export gas, while cutting transportation costs, which remain a major hurdle for the industry, is to convert it into liquid fuels for the transportation sector or chemicals ( oxygenates, methanol and dme [ dimethylether ] ). a new gtl plant was recently commissioned in qatar. however, gtl projects are highly energy - and capital - intensive, and rising gas prices and investment costs currently make these projects rather uneconomic, with the breakeven price of crude now being around us $ 30 / bbl compared to us $ 20 / bbl a few years ago. cng technology provides another alternative to transporting small volumes of gas over shorter distances, at pressures of about 200 bar. this option is aimed at utilising offshore reserves that cannot be produced, owing to a lack of pipeline availability or because the economics do not make lng viable. cng can accommodate small gas fields, even of 1 to 3 bcm. coselle and votrans are two would - be commercial, high - pressure gas storage and transport technologies for cng. transportation technologies enabling gas to enter new outlets also include the conversion of gas into electricity and then its transmission by wire over long distances. although a number of obstacles still remain to be overcome before this option develops significantly, recent advances in semiconductors and insulating materials have reduced transmission costs for high - voltage dc electricity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.526003584740986, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:32316f5d-5df8-4dc1-a51d-2592f0cc4a66>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.610389"}
{"text": "just last week research commissioned by renewable uk, the trade and professional body for the uk wind and marine renewables industries, revealed that two - thirds of britons are in favour of wind power to reduce our dependence on imported fossil fuels and cut carbon emissions. the findings also show that just under half of respondents ( 48 % ) feel wind could provide a secure source of energy and help create jobs. the survey found that the number of people who support the price of funding wind energy through their domestic energy bills ( 43 % ) far outweighed the number who didn \u2019 t ( 19 % ). however, the same day this report was released, national opposition to windfarms, or now, was launched in parliament. the group, sponsored by liberal democrat peer and former montgomeryshire mp lord carlile, says it will oppose wind farms by \u2018 tackling policy \u2019. the group will also be a source of \u2018 collective knowledge and strategic help \u2019 for anti - wind campaigners. the anti - wind backlash now argues that windfarms hurt the environment by reducing landscape value, killing birds and compromising wildlife habitat. it argues that wind power is unreliable and cannot be stored, requiring backup from more controllable energy sources. wind requires costly additional grid infrastructure, it claims, the expense of which would be ultimately passed onto the consumer. and the group also says there is no evidence that wind energy effectively reduces co2 emissions or that they stimulate local industry or employment, and that the subsidies required to get wind projects off the ground are too expensive. the anti - wind movement had been building within parliament for some months. in february it reached a turning point when an open letter signed by over 100 mps was written to david cameron, opposing the government \u2019 s plans for onshore wind energy production as well as the planned \u00a3500 million a year in subsidies paid to the wind industry. \u2018 in these financially straightened times, we think it is unwise to make consumers pay, through taxpayer subsidy, for inefficient and intermittent energy production that typifies on - shore wind turbines, \u2019 the letter reads. investment cooling off the uk had been considered a leader in developing wind turbine technology as early as the 80s and 90s. however, the industry failed to pick up momentum until 2002 when a new scheme, whereby wind generators were rewarded for the energy they produced, helped to get wind projects developed. in 2010 a record 1. 2 gw of onshore and offshore capacity was built. the uk government had planned to build 4, 500 wind turbines in the coming", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4071028423096471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a7487d7-5478-490c-bea6-0ce70fe44f3a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.614208"}
{"text": "wind generators were rewarded for the energy they produced, helped to get wind projects developed. in 2010 a record 1. 2 gw of onshore and offshore capacity was built. the uk government had planned to build 4, 500 wind turbines in the coming years to help meet its emission targets, as well as its eu commitment to meet 20 % of our electricity demand through green sources. major energy companies were planning on - shore wind projects in locations such as kent and hull, which were also hoped to stimulate jobs in local communities. but the growing backlash within government means investment is suffering. many of the companies told the guardian recently that they are \u2018 reviewing their investments \u2019 or seeking clarification and reassurances on future energy policy - effectively putting their plans on hold. potential investors have also expressed concerns over the uk \u2019 s ageing electricity infrastructure, which must be upgraded in order to link the new energy sources to the national grid ; complexities within the planning system which can stall projects for years ; and the lack of engineering skills and resources in the uk. despite the government \u2019 s aggressive targets to reduce emissions and meet demand through green sources, the chancellor \u2019 s tax break to the oil and gas industry in his recent budget can only add to the perceived uk ambivalence towards green energy investment. in addition, david cameron and nicolas sarkozy recently agreed a plan to develop nuclear power, further confusing the uk \u2019 s position. david cameron is scheduled to speak at this week \u2019 s clean energy ministerial, a clean energy summit hosted in london and attended by energy ministers from more than 20 countries. investors may be hoping that he will help clarify and confirm his commitment to grow the green energy industry in the uk, and in doing so help stabilise the investment environment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45617629311531793, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7a7487d7-5478-490c-bea6-0ce70fe44f3a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.615018"}
{"text": "how does it feel : a study in sensory perception sensory stimulation is a chemical process which occurs between the human body and brain. when we experience sensation, our body is exposed to some type of sensory stimulation. the sensory receptors then receive this information, and transmit it to the brain using neural impulses, or neurotransmitters. there it is interpreted into the correct sensation. sensations are the basic building blocks of perception. perception is the process of organizing and making sense of our sensory input. perception allows us to better interpret the information our sensory receptors receive, and form images of the world around us. transduction is what happens when the receptors transform the energies they receive into a form that can be interpreted and utilized by the nervous system. human beings are able to experience various sensations because the nervous system encodes the messages we are receiving and interpreting. in his doctrine of specific nerve energies, johannes muller theorizes that different sensory modes exist because the information received by our sensory receptors stimulates different synapses when traveling back to the brain. this is known as anatomical encoding. this type of encoding determines which sensory organ is activated by a certain type of stimulation, according to which specific neural pathway it travels. ( wade, tavris, 2006 ). anatomical encoding does not totally explain how or why our different sensory modalities exist independently. scientists found it difficult to link specific skin senses to individual neural pathways ; neither does the doctrine of specific nerve energies explain variations of stimulus within a certain sensory experience, i. e. the softness of an animal ' s fur versus the coarseness of sandpaper, or the distinction between the colors light blue and dark blue. a second type of encoding, called functional encoding, is therefore required to make sense of these differentials in our sensory perception. according to wade and tavris, \" functional...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6536695351111343, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af6bbce4-2fbc-4198-b794-a2d8201c7fa8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.616977"}
{"text": "yes! recommends \u2014 zinn education project if we want the world to be a better place \u2014 who would argue with that? \u2014 it is critical for students to rethink from the limited lens of dates, battles, and famous heroes \u2014 to study \u201c a people \u2019 s history. \u201d yes! recommends the brilliant zinn education project and its resources to provoke and engage your students as they try to make sense of race and the role it \u2014 along with class and gender \u2014 has played in shaping society. here you will find a more accurate, complex, and engaging understanding of united states history than is found in traditional textbooks and curricula. so many choices of activities, lessons, and books await you. these free, downloadable resources are searchable by theme or time period. here are four essays that approach race from different perspectives, but all starting from a meeting point of asking questions that get to the heart of the matter. be sure to check out other essays, from immigration to the jacksonian era to social movements. to download the free lessons, you will need to login. registering is free, and please be assured that your email will not be shared. please note that yes! magazine does its best to provide educators with easily accessible teaching tools. we will recommend you register only when we believe the materials are worth your time and effort. nathaniel smith teaches at a pennsylvania high school where over 98 percent of his students are white and 95 percent are middle class. one young man captures the social mindset of smith \u2019 s students when he tells you with conviction that it \u2019 s wrong to judge a person by his color, but also comments, \u201c so damn ghetto \u201d to describe a broken door handle at their school. smith wants to help his students see how their whiteness shapes their lives, how they construct the concept of race through their own sense and vision. read about the series of activities and no - holding - back questions smith uses to help his students understand the concept of race. go to teaching essay : reconstructing race - what white people fear : a white guy tells why he seeks out settings beyond his comfort zone. - my life in black and white : the revolutionary act of telling your story \u2014 and teaching memoir writing to your students. - beyond us and them : very often, what we dislike in others is something that we need to acknowledge, heal, integrate, and empower in ourselves. high school english teacher rick mitchell is a former journalist and music critic. so, it \u2019 s with credibility and enthusiasm that he uses american music", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5194796410158088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a33d2bd7-1e3c-4a0e-9350-7800064e8b3a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.625371"}
{"text": "we dislike in others is something that we need to acknowledge, heal, integrate, and empower in ourselves. high school english teacher rick mitchell is a former journalist and music critic. so, it \u2019 s with credibility and enthusiasm that he uses american music to reveal america \u2019 s greatest contradiction : race. mitchell points out that \" black artists have done the lion ' s share of the innovation, while white artists ( and white - owned labels ) have reaped the lion ' s share of the financial rewards. \" to mitchell, music is just as important as photographs to document what people were thinking and feeling at the time. in this essay, mitchell shares music picks that help his students connect with the times and the literature they \u2019 re reading. you may be inspired to host \u201c hippie day \u201d after reading this essay. put on your love beads and strike up james brown \u2019 s \u201c i \u2019 m black, and i \u2019 m proud. \" go to teaching essay : school days - pete seeger : how can i keep from singing? : a life of music and the power of millions of small changes. - freedom sings : harry belafonte ' s search for the musical roots of black america took him to the music of chain gangs, escaped slaves, early churches, and west africa. - who ' s afraid of music : music can tell truths that otherwise go unheard, inspiring action, and sustaining resistance. when 11th grade teacher wayne wah kwai au asked his literature and history students what images came to mind when he said, \u201c hawai \u2019 i, \u201d he got the ubiquitous responses, like beaches, coconuts, and palm trees. one male student shouted out, \u201c sex, hula, and naked ladies! \u201d that \u2019 s when au knew he needed to expand his students \u2019 perception beyond the glossy brochure photos. au \u2019 s curriculum asks students what kind of hawai \u2019 i is defined by tourist brochures ; to read haunani - kay trask \u2019 s native view ; and to learn about strong activists who have championed native hawai \u2019 ian resistance and survival. so, next time au asks his students what comes to mind when he says \u201c hawai \u2019 i, \u201d it will be more than pineapples, waikiki, and surfing. it will also be about proud and strong natives, lili \u2019 uokalani and sovereignty. go to teaching essay : what the tour guide didn \u2019 t tell me - economic recovery, hawaiian style : what indigenous economies can teach us about abundance. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4602383011588751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a33d2bd7-1e3c-4a0e-9350-7800064e8b3a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.626641"}
{"text": "it will also be about proud and strong natives, lili \u2019 uokalani and sovereignty. go to teaching essay : what the tour guide didn \u2019 t tell me - economic recovery, hawaiian style : what indigenous economies can teach us about abundance. - starting with place : molokai students re - define their education : aka ` ula school students thrive as they research and create positive solutions for environmental issues affecting their own community. what about real, everyday heroes? in unsung heroes, howard zinn and bill bigelow encourage students to reach beyond the ubiquitous list of familiar and famous athletes, pop singers, and actors, and appreciate those who fought for social justice. and to ward off the alienation and gloom that students often feel after learning the real story of racism and exploitation, they are asked to acknowledge the unremembered heroes of the past and the unnoticed of the present. unsung heroes lessons and activities bring to life past and present people who embody values of generosity, solidarity, anti - racism, and democracy. you \u2019 ll also learn how to analyze strategies and aims of social movements \u2014 some don \u2019 t always work. one memorable activity invites students to be unsung heroes at the end of their lives, writing a letter of last reflections on their triumphs and regrets to a child or journalist. go to teaching essay : unsung heroes - climate heroes : kate sheppard interviews people on the front lines of climate action. - diy foreign policy heroes : think foreign policy is just for politicians? about the zinn education project the zinn education project reclaims people \u2014 not dates and events \u2014 as the ones making history and comes up with pedagogy to match. the project is dedicated to the idea that students learn that history is made not by a few heroic individuals, but instead by people \u2019 s choices and actions, thereby also learning that their own choices and actions matter. the project is a collaboration between its founder, a former student of zinn \u2019 s, and nonprofit education organizations, rethinking schools and teaching for change. zinn education project : more about the project. lesson essays by time period, by theme : more essays written by and used by classroom teachers offering activities and curricula on a spectrum of \u201c people \u2019 s history \u201d topics. for middle school grades and up. teacher resources : intelligent and evocative books, teacher guides, films, and more to augment your exploration of social movements and history. howard zinn \u2019 s talk with teachers : bill bigelo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49757994473238504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a33d2bd7-1e3c-4a0e-9350-7800064e8b3a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.627680"}
{"text": "the achilles ' heel of the american dream occupy demonstrations across the united states raise the urgent question : how can outpourings of discontent be developed into creative, community - rooted organizations capable of long - term work to reshape economic, political, and social life? anyone grappling with this task will appreciate amy sonnie and james tracy \u2019 s new book, hillbilly nationalists, urban race rebels, and black power. it makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of radical u. s. social - movement - building during the \u2019 60s and \u2019 70s by describing the organizing efforts of poor and working - class whites \u2014 a constituency historian roxanne dunbar - ortiz describes in the book \u2019 s introduction as \u201c the achilles \u2019 heel \u201d of the american dream. hillbilly nationalists combines archival research with extensive oral history to critically examine five white, working - class, radical community organizations \u2014 jobs or income now, young patriots organization, and rising up angry in chicago ; white lightning in the bronx ; and october 4th organization in philadelphia. these groups were inspired by the community - based \u201c organize your own \u201d strategies of the black panthers and distinguished themselves through their culturally - rooted approach to community organizing, described as \u201c meeting people where they were at. \u201d the book moves from profiles of an eclectic cast of working - class history makers such as peggy terry, junebug boykin, and mike james to the broader context of social, political, and economic changes of the time. by highlighting individuals and community organizations that defied assumptions about the racist and reactionary nature of poor and working - class white communities, sonnie and tracy provide us with important untold histories of the new left. these histories reveal how critiques of racism, patriarchy, and empire are a natural fit for class - based community organizing and remind us that poor communities of all colors have the capacity to define and confront, on their own terms, the injustices that constrain their lives. sean burns wrote this article for making it home, the summer 2012 issue of yes! magazine. sean is a berkeley - based historian and leads the band, professor burns and the lilac field. - bring on the next american revolution book review : at 96, grace boggs gives us a new handbook for transformation \u2014 from victims to empowered citizens. - invincible : detroit \u2019 s homegrown, hip - hop activism powerful, passionate, and politically charged rhymes that speak for marginalized people. - 10 everyday acts of resistance that changed the world vaclav havel called it \u201c the power of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43777153021500115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3041d9ce-b0a8-4868-a3ec-aa67b15fac9f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.630144"}
{"text": "fact sheet 10 cannabis and your mental health cannabis is the most common illicit drug used by young australians. 1 but there are many negative health effects linked to cannabis use, especially if you start using it when you are under 18 or use it regularly or over a long period of time. if you have a personal or family history of mental illness, cannabis use can trigger problems or make your symptoms worse. psychological effects of cannabis some people experience very unpleasant psychological effects when they use cannabis, like severe anxiety, paranoia or panic. generally, people who start smoking cannabis when they are teenagers, and smoke heavily, are more likely to experience negative effects. heavy or frequent use of cannabis may also lead to depression in later life, particularly for women. in some cases, cannabis can also cause confusion, having beliefs that are not based on reality ( delusions ) or seeing or hearing things that are not there ( hallucinations ). this is called psychosis. usually, it only lasts until the effects of the cannabis wear off and if the person isn \u2019 t used to the effects of cannabis or has consumed more than they are used to. having said that, there is now evidence that cannabis use in adolescence is linked with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. but some people have a greater risk of developing mental health problems than others. cannabis use may trigger psychosis if, for example, you have a family history of mental illness / schizophrenia. cannabis can also make symptoms worse in people who already have depression or schizophrenia. a lot of people don \u2019 t realise that it can also increase anxiety. some people attempt to deal with their depression or anxiety by smoking cannabis to \u2018 escape \u2019. what they later discover is that their problems are made worse. if you have depression, cannabis may seem to help ease it before the effects of the drug wear off. but after that, using cannabis can make the depression worse. cannabis can also reduce your chances of recovery from a psychotic episode. the psychological effects of cannabis can have a \u2018 flow - on \u2019 effect to other areas of your life, such as conflict at home or school / work, financial problems and memory problems, which also increase your risk of mental health problems. if you have a mental health problem, cannabis can cause other problems ( for example with school work or relationships ) that make dealing with your mental health problem harder. why cut out cannabis? while most people use cannabis to relax or have fun, the negative psychological effects of cannabis can be unpleasant in the short term. for many people, there are also more serious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45978573237338044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc889659-e6cf-42fc-a3b0-405fd5fe6393>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.635699"}
{"text": ") that make dealing with your mental health problem harder. why cut out cannabis? while most people use cannabis to relax or have fun, the negative psychological effects of cannabis can be unpleasant in the short term. for many people, there are also more serious effects in the longer term. - if you are under 18, using cannabis regularly is more likely to lead to dependence, mental health problems and more general problems in life, like conflict at home or school / work. - your chances of having problems with cannabis are greater if you already have emotional problems, or problems at school, at home, or with the law. - however old you are, cannabis use can cause bad psychological effects, like severe anxiety, paranoia or panic. - if you have a family history of mental health problems, using cannabis makes you more likely to develop mental health problems yourself. - if you already have a mental health problem like depression or schizophrenia, cannabis use is likely to make your symptoms worse, prolong episodes or cause you to relapse. tolerance and dependence when people use cannabis regularly, they can develop a tolerance to it. this means they need to take more and more to get the same effect. heavy and frequent use of cannabis can cause physical dependence. physical dependence occurs when a person \u2019 s body has adapted to a drug and is used to working with the drug present. it \u2019 s also possible to become psychologically dependent on cannabis. this means that using cannabis becomes far more important than other activities in life. some people crave the drug and find it very difficult to stop using it. the chance of becoming dependent on cannabis is similar to the chance of becoming dependent on alcohol. using cannabis when you are younger than 18 years of age makes it more likely that you will become tolerant to its effects or develop dependence. the more frequently you use cannabis, the greater the chance that you will become dependent. it also seems that young people can become dependent on cannabis using smaller amounts, and in a shorter time, than adults. managing your cannabis use deciding to do something about your cannabis use can be a big step and it may help to talk to someone you trust. this person could be a friend or family member or you may prefer to talk to a counsellor. some counsellors specialise in drug and alcohol treatment but any counsellor should be able to offer you help. a counsellor can help you to work out how best to manage your drug intake. counselling can either be done in a group or individually \u2013 your counsellor can help you work out which option", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4371135009066871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc889659-e6cf-42fc-a3b0-405fd5fe6393>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.637862"}
{"text": "any counsellor should be able to offer you help. a counsellor can help you to work out how best to manage your drug intake. counselling can either be done in a group or individually \u2013 your counsellor can help you work out which option is best for you. if you have a mental health problem, it \u2019 s a good idea to talk to your doctor about your cannabis use, especially if you are taking any medications. drug and alcohol services and mental health services are available in most areas of australia and each state has information available from an alcohol and drug information service phone line. the more information and support section below lists phone numbers and websites with useful advice and contacts. key points to remember - if you \u2019 re at all concerned about your cannabis use, get help. call the cannabis information and helpline 1800 30 40 50 \u2013 for anonymous and non - judgmental support and advice, or call the alcohol and drug information service in your state ( see below ). - cannabis worsens the symptoms of existing mental health problems \u2013 if you have a mental health problem, it \u2019 s especially important that you get help to stop using cannabis. - if cannabis use starts taking up more and more of your time, it \u2019 s a sign that you are relying on it rather than developing other aspects of your life. this places you at risk of becoming dependent. - being dependent on cannabis increases your chances of experiencing its negative physical and psychological effects. - cannabis use makes you more likely to develop a serious mental health problem, especially psychosis, in the long term. more information and support - phone help lines and websites - national cannabis prevention and information centre \u2013 www. ncpic. org. au - somazone \u2013 www. somazone. com. au - cannabis information and helpline \u2013 1800 30 40 50 - druginfo clearinghouse \u2013 1300 85 85 84 state - based alcohol and drug information services : - act \u2013 ( 02 ) 6207 9977 - qld \u2013 1800 177 833 - nsw \u2013 1800 422 599 or ( 02 ) 9361 8000 - nt \u2013 1800 131 350 - sa \u2013 1300 131 340 or ( 08 ) 8363 8618 - vic \u2013 1800 888 236 - tas \u2013 1800 811 994 - wa \u2013 1800 198 024 or ( 08 ) 9442 5000 this fact sheet is based on information from : - ncpic ( 2007 ) what \u2019 s the deal? cannabis facts for young people. adelaide : australian network for promotion, prevention and early intervention for mental health (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41045129010906595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc889659-e6cf-42fc-a3b0-405fd5fe6393>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.638897"}
{"text": "guides and case studies for hot - humid climates the department of energy ( doe ) has developed a series of best practices and case studies to help builders improve whole - house energy performance in buildings found in hot - humid climates. best practice guides new construction case studies project : bimini green home \u2014 plant city builder : palm harbor homes profile : builders challenge spotlight and features highly efficient 17 seer / 9 hspf heat pump, extra snug envelope sealing, and solar hot water system. project : cobblefield \u2014 gainesville builder : g. w. robinson builders profile : infill development of 265 single - family homes featuring improved air quality, better dehumidification, and hot water recirculation loop system. project : green smart zero energy home \u2014 gainesville builder : g. w. robinson profile : 2, 081 - square - foot production home with 16 - seer heat pump and ducts in conditioned space, radiant barrier in the attic over r - 38 blown cellulose to keep inside air cool for < 60 hers without photovoltaics ( pv ), - 3 hers with 6. 6 kw pv. project : habitat for humanity \u2014 lakeland builder : lakeland habitat for humanity profile : fifty affordable homes achieving at least 34 % energy savings through use of radiant barrier, conditioned ducts, and heat recovery systems. project : nextgen flex - home \u2014 orlando builder : genesis by champion homes profile : the modular home was built at the international builders show with a hers score of 58 using spray foam wall, hybrid hvac system, low - e double pane windows, and gathers energy from a delta wind system. project : sunsmart zero energy home - melbourne builder : lifestyle homes profile : affordable zero energy home with 14 seer heat pump and ducts in conditioned space, solar - powered attic fans, solar thermal water heating, concrete block walls with reflective insulation and air gap, plus pv. project : two zero energy homes - gainesville builder : tommy williams homes profile : an engineered duct design with ducts and 16 seer / 9. 5 hspf heat pump in conditioned space, solar thermal water heating, air sealing to 2. 3 ach @ 50pa, and raised heel energy trusses achieve hers < 60 without pv, - 2 with pv. project : project home again \u2014 new orleans builder : green coast enterprises profile : largest developer of builders challenge - qualified homes in louisiana constructs energy - efficient, storm - resistant homes achieving hers scores of 66. project : bryant park cottages \u2014 hilton head builder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5184000504651453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b3014b8-4fab-43e3-8354-3e059f91bda2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.644355"}
{"text": "project : project home again \u2014 new orleans builder : green coast enterprises profile : largest developer of builders challenge - qualified homes in louisiana constructs energy - efficient, storm - resistant homes achieving hers scores of 66. project : bryant park cottages \u2014 hilton head builder : coastal habitats construction & development profile : by right sizing hvac units, conditioning ducts, superior insulation, and solar hot water system, these houses achieve approximately 50 % energy savings. project : 779 builders challenge homes in 2010 - houston builder : david weekley homes profile : builder with largest number of builders challenge homes in 2010 achieves this with superior insulation, air sealing, and framing ; high - efficiency hvac, appliances and lighting to reach hers scores of 59 - 68. project : monterrey model - san antonio builder : imagine homes profile : this 3, 600 - square - foot production home with hvac in conditioned space in spray - foam - insulated sealed attic ; spray - foamed rim joists ; advanced frame walls with r - 3 foam sheathing ; scores 48 on hers index without pv. project : timbercreek zero energy house - lewisville profile : more than 5, 000 people have toured this 2, 500 - square - foot spray and rigid foam - insulated demonstration home that scores 1 on hers index with pv. solutions that work across climates doe has developed several building solutions that work across climate regions. - insulation : a guide for contractors to share with homeowners identifies steps to take to increase insulation in homes, ensure healthy levels of ventilation, and prevent moisture problems. - hvac : a guide for contractors to share with homeowners offers tips about energy - efficient heating, ventilation, and cooling options to help homeowners cut their energy use, reduce carbon footprint, and increase their homes ' comfort, health, and safety. - energy performance techniques and technologies : preserving historic homes ( volume 13 ) focuses on being aware of and adhering to historic designation regulations, and addressing health and safety issues while preserving the features that make historic homes appealing. - air sealing : a guide for contractors to share with homeowners ( volume 10. provides information to help homeowners understand ways to seal unwanted air leaks in homes, while ensuring healthy levels of ventilation and avoiding indoor air pollution. - solar thermal & photovoltaic systems ( volume 6 ) features current photovoltaic and solar thermal building practices by more than a dozen builders. for additional, updated information on hundreds of building science topics that can help you build or retrofit to the most recent high -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49546515735236885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5b3014b8-4fab-43e3-8354-3e059f91bda2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.645443"}
{"text": "panorama from mars rover shows mount sharp lower slopes of mount sharp remain a destination for the curiosity mission. march 18, 2013 rising above the present location of nasa ' s mars rover curiosity, higher than any mountain in the 48 contiguous states of the united states, mount sharp is featured in new imagery from the rover. this mosaic of images from the mast camera ( mastcam ) on nasa ' s mars rover curiosity shows mount sharp in a white - balanced color adjustment that makes the sky look overly blue but shows the terrain as if under earth - like lighting. / / nasa / jpl - caltech / msss a pair of mosaics assembled from dozens of telephoto images shows mount sharp in dramatic detail. the component images were taken by the 100 - millimeter - focal - length telephoto lens camera mounted on the right side of curiosity ' s remote sensing mast during the 45th martian day of the rover ' s mission on mars \u2014 september 20, 2012. this layered mound, also called aeolis mons, in the center of gale crater rises more than 3 miles ( 5 kilometers ) above the crater floor location of curiosity. lower slopes of mount sharp remain a destination for the mission, though the rover will first spend many more weeks around a location called \" yellowknife bay, \" where it has found evidence of a past environment favorable for microbial life. in the version of the mosaic that has been white - balanced, it shows the terrain as if under earth - like lighting, which makes the sky look overly blue. white - balanced versions help scientists recognize rock materials based on their terrestrial experience. the martian sky would look like more of a butterscotch color to the human eye. the version of the mosaic with raw color displays how a typical smart - phone camera would show the scene. this mosaic of images from the mast camera ( mastcam ) on nasa ' s mars rover curiosity shows mount sharp in raw color as recorded by the camera. raw color shows the scene ' s colors as they would look in a typical smart - phone camera photo, before any adjustment. / / nasa / jpl - caltech / msss in both versions, the sky has been filled out by extrapolating color and brightness information from the portions of the sky that were captured in images of the terrain. nasa ' s mars science laboratory project is using curiosity and the rover ' s 10 science instruments to investigate environmental history within gale crater, a location where the project has found that conditions were long ago favorable for microbial life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43725496361122285, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6922b369-7103-4031-af50-e002ade257d9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.648899"}
{"text": "role of states and local communitiesin every state, and in many local communities, there are examples of how the application of technology has transformed teaching and learning, and improved student achievement. state leaders, such as governors, state legislators, and state utility regulators, are building information infrastructures and supporting teacher professional development ( see appendix c for examples of state support for technology in education ). local community leaders, such as school district officials, school board members, educators, families, students, and other interested citizens, are developing plans to use technology in schools and are raising money to implement them. these pioneers have a tremendous opportunity to maximize the impact of their efforts by reaching out to those districts and communities that are not as far along. california schools that were wired on netday ' 96, for example, can help the next wave of california schools. similarly, school districts with effective professional development or technical support programs can share these ideas with others. leadership and planningsustained state and local community leadership will be required to meet the nation ' s technology goals. by putting forth compelling visions of the use of technology in education and fostering a sense of urgency, teachers, parents, educators, administrators, and policymakers at all levels can build public awareness and support for the effective use of technology in classrooms. leadership also means setting high standards for the results expected from the use of technology for both students and educators. alaska, for example, considers technological literacy a content area for which it should hold students accountable. building and supporting the infrastructure needed to bring about the increased use of technology in schools is an enormously complex undertaking. any effort that does not seek out the best thinking available, and that does not reach out to all members of the community will be difficult to sustain. university personnel, museum and library staff and volunteers, and members of other private or industry groups, for example, can all provide valuable expertise and are often overlooked resources. families of students are also valuable participants in the planning process, not only in identifying how technology can be used in the classroom, but also in how it can be used to support learning at home. some state and community plans may include linking schools with homes, enabling students to continue learning with technology at home and parents to communicate with schools and to better participate in their children ' s education. indeed, before making investments, communities will want to understand how much they will need to invest and what benefits they will likely receive. and states and communities can assist each other in the planning process. for example, as more states and districts come on - line", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5197449986663633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3fc5fdf4-3954-484a-ba4f-eb544362a0d5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.657818"}
{"text": ", before making investments, communities will want to understand how much they will need to invest and what benefits they will likely receive. and states and communities can assist each other in the planning process. for example, as more states and districts come on - line, they can share local and state technology plans and specific information about the challenges they face and solutions they have adopted. until recently schools could rely on the tools they have always used - - paper, pencils, and books - - to accomplish their basic mission of equipping students with the skills and knowledge they need to be productive citizens. today, that is no longer true. - - district superintendent, northwest regional forum ongoing support for teachersstates, school districts, and schools play a critical role in ensuring that teachers receive adequate training in how to use technology to improve learning and that they receive the ongoing support they need to use technology well in the classroom. states can begin by setting high standards for teachers ' skills in technology. state teacher certification requirements that ask that teachers have a working knowledge of educational technology and how to use it in the classroom to improve student achievement would send important signals to teacher training institutions and prospective teachers. once teachers are in the workforce, states and school districts can require and encourage ongoing training in the use of technology. for example, as part of state and local professional development strategies, states and school districts can require in - service training in technology that is both sufficiently sustained and intensive to bring teachers up to speed with this new tool for teaching and learning. states and school districts can also tie pay raises and promotions to training in technology and effective use of technology in the classroom. they also can ensure that teachers have the technical support they need by budgeting for staff to maintain equipment and otherwise provide much - needed technical support. teachers can often help each other learn new technological skills. for example, a trained cadre of exemplary technology - using teachers can help train and support other teachers, and, in this manner, sustain a state ' s efforts over the long term. or, through the use of local or state wide networks, teachers can communicate with each other, get advice from each other on how to use technology to improve their teaching and their students ' performance, and update each other on technological advances. finally, states and districts can allocate adequate resources to teacher training and support in the context of their overall technology budget. today, less than 9 percent of technology funding is allocated to teacher development and ongoing support, but at least 30 percent is necessary for teachers to have the training and support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4682882098553994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3fc5fdf4-3954-484a-ba4f-eb544362a0d5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.658890"}
{"text": "states can reap savings through bulk purchasing by creating master bid lists that schools and districts can use to order computers and other equipment. schools and districts can also network computers in new ways ( for example, by connecting a powerful server to a number of less powerful computers ) to create cost - effective access to technology. states can also work closely with private industry to develop lower - cost computers specially designed to meet the needs of teachers and students. effective educational software and on - line learning resourcesstates and districts have an important role to play in ensuring that effective educational software is available for students and their teachers. as more and more states and communities develop their own standards of what students should know and be able to do, the demand grows for educational software that helps students learn basic and advanced skills in all of the core subject areas. to ensure that suitable software is available, states and districts can work closely with software producers to develop software that meets the needs and goals of their students. to create a large enough market to spur the private sector to produce high - quality software appropriate for schools, states or districts may band together to support the development of high - quality software that helps to teach the basic and advanced material and skills they expect their students to know, purchase software in bulk, and tailor their procurement processes for the specifics of the software marketplace. today, there is already a great deal of educational software available to schools. but teachers need help in identifying which products will help them in the classroom. states and school districts can assist by evaluating software and developing lists of high - quality software for schools and teachers to use. even the one computer i have had in my classroom for the past year has made a big difference. the computer touches students in a unique way and sparks enthusiasm for learning. - - elementary school teacher, southeast regional forum adequate financial support and equitable accesswhile some states and communities have already committed themselves to investing hundreds of millions of dollars to connect schools, others will need to find creative ways to redirect existing educational funds to support the use of technology in education. one promising possibility is for state leaders to take advantage of the opportunities afforded by the recent passage of the telecommunications act of 1996, which makes it easier for states to adopt rules that lower the costs of connections and services to schools. many local communities do not have the resources to reach the nation ' s technology goals. recognizing this, states could distribute funds based on need or through competitive grants with preference given to the neediest districts. in many cases, state and local efforts to ensure equitable access", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5196195960263615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3fc5fdf4-3954-484a-ba4f-eb544362a0d5>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.661243"}
{"text": "resources from edc ' s cshp initiative about the book health is academic about the modules talking about health is academic resources from other edc resources from other organizations and initiatives self - study guide for ches subdivided into the following catagories : note : cdc resources are marked with a * - building business support for school health programs : an action guide the national association of state boards of education ( nasbe ) developed this guide to help state and local coalitions communicate effectively with the public about the nature and benefits of coordinated school health programs ( cshps ). it describes how to build support among the business community and guides readers through such steps as assembling communications teams and strategies, working with business leaders and employees, reaching out to the media, and handling difficult or controversial this manual, prepared by the academy for educational development ( aed ) with the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), is designed to assist those responsible for developing coordinated school health infrastructure at state and local levels. it is a planning tool for developing organizational supports to build a coordinated school health program and an implementation tool for institutionalizing those supports at the state and local levels. - fit, healthy, and ready to learn this guide from the national association of state boards of education ( nasbe ) is designed to help state and local decision - makers establish effective policies to foster academic achievement and lifelong healthy habits among students. it provides guidance on developing an overall school healthy policy framework and specific policies to promote physical activity and healthy eating and discourage the use of tobacco. - school health starter kit this kit, sponsored by the council of chief state school officers and the association of state and territorial health officials with funding from the centers for disease control and prevention, is designed to help schools and communities build support for coordinated school health by describing it to the general public. the materials include ( 1 ) an overview of the benefits of coordinated school health, ( 2 ) clear, jargon - free messages that resonate with target audiences ( e. g., parents and school personnel ), and ( 3 ) tools to enable action, including a cd - rom that users can customize for their own marketing activities. - step by step to health promoting schools : a guide to implementing coordinated school health programs in local schools and districts developed by education, training and research associates ( etr associates ), this book is a guide to assist schools and their collaborating partners as they implement a coordinated school health program. this book helps administrators, teachers, nurses, counselors, social workers, other school staff, parents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4743708929099568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c46c3d5c-9b35-4221-892f-dc7f8eb5a302>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.669079"}
{"text": "and research associates ( etr associates ), this book is a guide to assist schools and their collaborating partners as they implement a coordinated school health program. this book helps administrators, teachers, nurses, counselors, social workers, other school staff, parents / guardians, and health - related agencies within an individual school, at the district level, or both, assess their school needs and resources and create coalitions for change. back to top this is the fourth annual report prepared by the interagency forum on child and family statistics on the condition of children in the united states. included are eight contextual measures that describe the changing population, family characteristics, and context in which children are living and 23 indicators of well - being in the areas of economic security, health, behavior and social environment, and education. this is the third annual report from the u. s. departments of education and justice describing the nature and extent of crime and violence on school property, as well as the measures that some schools have taken to prevent and address school violence. the encyclopedia of ed stats brings together data from several national center for education statistics sources, including : the condition of education, the digest of education statistics, projections of education statistics, and youth indicators. youth funding database ( hy - fund ) formerly known as the adolescent and school health funding database, this resource contains information on federal, foundation, and state - specific funding sources for school health programs. this report, the third in a series of annual reports on school crime and safety from the bureau of justice statistics and the national center for education statistics, presents the latest available data on school crime and student safety. it synthesizes information from a variety of independent data sources from federal departments and agencies including the bureau of justice statistics, the national center for education statistics, and the centers for disease control and this report presents an overview of the key findings from the 2000 monitoring the future survey of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students, which is funded by the national institute on drug abuse. it emphasizes recent trends in the use of various licit and illicit drugs covered by the study and shows trends in the levels of perceived risk and perceived disapproval associated with each drug. this is the fourth edition of an annual report from the u. s. department of health and human services ( hhs ) on trends in the well - being of our nations children and youth. the report presents recent and reliable estimates on more than 90 indicators of well - being. it is intended to provide the policy community, the media, and all interested citizens with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46021411319508176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c46c3d5c-9b35-4221-892f-dc7f8eb5a302>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.671674"}
{"text": "describes research - based practices designed to assist schools and communities in identifying warning signs and developing prevention, intervention, and crisis response plans. safeguarding our children is a follow - up guide that emphasizes early intervention and prevention and the importance of teamwork among educators, mental health professionals, parents, and the first bulletin in the office of juvenile justice and delinquency preventions ( ojjdp ) family strengthening series, this document will inform you of the latest research detailing the crucial role played by the family in delinquency prevention and will describe ojjdps strengthening americas families initiative. mental health : a report of the surgeon general provides an up - to - date review of scientific advances in the study of mental health and of mental illnesses that affect at least one in five americans. the national action agenda represents an outgrowth of this report and introduces a blueprint for addressing children ' s mental health needs in the united states. this guide from the national institute on drug abuse was written in a question - and - answer format to provide important research - based concepts and information and further efforts to develop and implement effective drug abuse prevention programs. specific questions were solicited from state and local drug abuse prevention practitioners and key leaders in national prevention organizations. the answers were developed in consultation with prevention scientists. this report from the secretary of health and human services and the secretary of education, released by the white house, november 29, 2000, outlines ten strategies to promote health through lifelong participation in enjoyable and safe physical activity and sports. includes a bibliography and appendices of helpful materials. this report introduces a blueprint for addressing suicideawareness, intervention, and methodology, or aim. the action steps presented in this document were prioritized from among a variety of recommendations developed through a public - private collaboration of non - governmental organizations, federal and state governmental agencies, corporations and foundations, and public health, health, mental health experts. back to top - programs that work ( centers for disease control and preventiondivision of adolescent and school health ) other major reviews tools for selecting programs back to top if you would like to suggest further resources to include here, please contact email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5029670548252472, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c46c3d5c-9b35-4221-892f-dc7f8eb5a302>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.675069"}
{"text": "by duncan tonatiuh publishers weekly suggestive of stained glass windows, tonatiuh ' s mixed - media collages combine ancient mexican art motifs with blocky, stylized figures, to pay tribute to this versatile artist. rivera paired classical and modern techniques with traditional mexican aesthetics to create socially and politically relevant murals. tonatiuh invites readers to speculate about what rivera might paint if he were alive today - \" would he paint students at their desks... just as he painted factory workers in the production line? \" - while creating vignettes whose symmetries draw further connections between past and present. tonatiuh ' s biography celebrates rivera, but focuses on the inspiration driving artistic expression in his time and in our own. ages 5 - 9. ( may ) ( c ) copyright pwxyz, llc. all rights reserved. ( c ) copyright pwxyz, llc. all rights reserved school library journal k - gr 3 - tonatiuh relates key moments in the famous muralist ' s life and ponders what would capture his interest if he were alive today. the stylized brown figures are shown in profile with open mouths, exaggerated features, and heads that seem hinged to the bodies. with only one page mentioning the subject ' s childhood ( in which the young artist is wearing a hat and suit as he draws near his toys ), the text concentrates instead on how rivera internalized traditional and modern styles while studying art in europe, absorbed the aesthetics of ancient mexican civilizations after returning home, and then applied his training to local politics and culture. in scenes both thoughtful and humorous, tonatiuh contrasts interpretations of rivera ' s work with renderings of imagined work today. a contemporary mall scene faces the flower vendor with calla lilies. dynamic, brightly lit luchadores ( professional wrestlers ) are paired with a scene of aztec warriors and conquistadores. back matter includes a glossary of words / concepts in sequence, an author ' s note, selected sites for viewing the murals, and a list of specific works that inspired the cartoonlike art. students looking closely will note that some of rivera ' s historical paintings include brown figures, in profile, mouths open. the original murals can be found along with biographical details in mike venezia ' s diego rivera ( children ' s press, 1995 ) and in guadalupe rivera marin ' s highly personal my papa diego and me / mi papa diego y yo ( children ' s book press, 2009 ). an inspired approach that combines child appeal, cultural anthropology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47515486721093836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:598f1515-9853-40c5-ba64-8f7871b563bd>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.682176"}
{"text": "diego rivera ( children ' s press, 1995 ) and in guadalupe rivera marin ' s highly personal my papa diego and me / mi papa diego y yo ( children ' s book press, 2009 ). an inspired approach that combines child appeal, cultural anthropology, and art history. - wendy lukehart, washington dc public library ( c ) copyright 2011. library journals llc, a wholly owned subsidiary of media source, inc. no redistribution permitted. ( c ) copyright 2010. library journals llc, a wholly owned subsidiary of media source, inc. no redistribution permitted. book list in this illustrated biography, tonatiuh introduces diego rivera and shows how the mexican artist drew on the history of his people for his murals, which combined ancient mexican art with modern styles. then tonatiuh asks a crucial question : what would rivera paint if he were alive today? would he paint the bustle of city life. would he paint the way we play. working in his own blend of styles, working motifs borrowed from ancient mexican art into contemporary images, the pictures show kids on busy city streets with laptops and cell phones, scooters and rollerblades, shopping at the mall. a long author ' s note fills in more about tonatiuh ' s inspiration and his technique, drawing first by hand and then creating digital collages. with only one reproduction of rivera ' s work, this title won ' t give young people much sense of rivera ' s style, but kids will want to talk about the great painter, and young artists will find inspiration for their own creations. - - rochman, haze. copyright 2010 booklist from booklist, copyright \u00a9 american library association. used with permission.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43445718787463417, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:598f1515-9853-40c5-ba64-8f7871b563bd>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.682994"}
{"text": "declining water resources, land degradation and a rise in sea levels of a few centimetres are all direct consequences of rising temperatures. \" in urban areas, temperature increases of 1 to 3\u00ba c could expose between 6 and 25 million people to the risk of coastal flooding, \" say nicolas peridy from the university of toulon - var and ahmed ghoneim from cairo university, the authors of this study. ecosystems could also undergo changes. \" these impacts are likely to affect economic activities with major effects on agriculture and tourism, following the significant drop in crop yields and increased salination of the land due to erosion and soil pollution by salt, \" according to the report. the study predicts an increase of 2\u00b0c within 15 to 20 years and between 4 and 6. 5\u00b0c by the end of the 21st century. a sharp drop in rainfall, estimated at 20 %, will also hit the maghreb and the middle east. the water deficit could affect 80 to 100 million people in the coming years. this is considered a \" worrying \" situation, as the people of the maghreb and the middle east currently have the lowest water resources. some countries have already evaluated these changes and are developing action plans with the support of the european commission and the world bank. \" in terms of water management, many adaptation measures can be implemented through rational use of water, based on new pricing systems and recycling. \" finally, the authors of the femise report recommend that, \" measures related to new supply sources, such as desalination, should be considered \". these actions, which are considered insufficient, require large - scale implementation. countries must boost structural changes and coordinate their environmental policies. femise is an eu - funded project, which aims to contribute to the reinforcement of dialogue on economic and financial issues in the euro - mediterranean partnership, within the framework of the european neighbourhood policy and the union for the mediterranean.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45455778937585045, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:daae560e-9234-4b5f-bad9-98c74b4db481>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.685100"}
{"text": "volume 3, number 2 \u2014 june 1997 seroepidemiologic studies of hantavirus infection among wild rodents in california a total of 4, 626 mammals were serologically tested for antibodies to sin nombre virus. all nonrodent species were antibody negative. among wild rodents, antibody prevalence was 8. 5 % in murids, 1. 4 % in heteromyids, and < 0. 1 % in sciurids. of 1, 921 peromyscus maniculatus ( deer mice ), 226 ( 11. 8 % ) were antibody positive, including one collected in 1975. the highest antibody prevalence ( 71. 4 % of 35 ) was found among p. maniculatus on santa cruz island, off the southern california coast. prevalence of antibodies among deer mice trapped near sites of human cases ( 26. 8 % of 164 ) was significantly higher than that of mice from other sites ( odds ratio = 4. 5 ; 95 % confidence interval = 1. 7, 11. 6 ). antibody prevalence increased with rising elevation ( > 1, 200 meters ) and correlated with a spatial cluster of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome cases in the sierra nevada. in spring 1993, a cluster of unexplained severe acute respiratory illnesses associated with a high death rate was reported in the southwestern united states ( 1 ). the outbreak was linked to a newly recognized hantavirus strain, sin nombre virus ( snv ), carried by the deer mouse, peromyscus maniculatus ( 2 - 5 ). sporadic cases of the illness, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ( hps ), were subsequently identified in other regions of north america, especially the western united states ( 6, 7 ). three additional pathogenic viruses associated with hps were later discovered outside the usual range of p. maniculatus : 1 ) black creek canal virus, harbored by the cotton rat, sigmodon hispidus, in florida ; 2 ) bayou virus, identified in the rice rat, oryzomys palustris, in louisiana ; and 3 ) new york virus, isolated from the white - footed deer mouse, peromyscus leucopus, in new york ( 8 - 12 ). these viruses have not been found in california ; however, two novel hantaviruses, el moro canyon virus ( emcv ) and isla vista virus ( isla ), were recently discovered in that state ( 13 - 15 ). genetic studies identified the harvest mouse, reith", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.475937584561378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:413e8d4b-b598-4f0f-b3a5-a30f66605982>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.705376"}
{"text": "california ; however, two novel hantaviruses, el moro canyon virus ( emcv ) and isla vista virus ( isla ), were recently discovered in that state ( 13 - 15 ). genetic studies identified the harvest mouse, reithrodontomys megalotis, and the california meadow vole, microtus californicus, as the reservoirs for emcv and isla, respectively. human infection with emcv and isla has not been documented. through 31 january 1997, 156 cases of hps were reported to the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) ; the case - fatality rate is approximately 50 % ( t. ksiazek, p. rollin, unpub. data ). hps has been confirmed in 26 states, with california reporting the third largest number of cases ( 14 cases, 8 deaths ), after new mexico ( 29 cases ) and arizona ( 22 cases ). hantaviruses are excreted in the urine, feces, and saliva of asymptomatic infected rodents ( 16 ). transmission to humans occurs when aerosols contaminated with the virus are inhaled ( 16 - 18 ). bites by infected rodents or exposure to broken skin or mucous membranes may represent alternative routes. although specific risk factors are poorly defined, persons engaging in activities that bring them in contact with rodents and / or their excretions may be at a higher risk for infection ( 19 ). the present study compiles retrospective and prospective serologic data to 1 ) confirm p. maniculatus as the primary reservoir of snv and identify alternative reservoirs, if any, in california ; 2 ) assess differences in snv seroprevalence in vector populations from various geographic regions ; and 3 ) compare seroprevalence rates of reservoirs collected near sites of human cases with those from other sites. the california department of health services ( cdhs ) contacted 18 agencies ( local vector control districts, local health and environmental health departments, universities, state and national park and forest services, the military, and wildlife refuges ) involved in cross - sectional surveys of california mammals to participate in developing a centralized, statewide database of snv serologic results and ecologic data. historical surveys used archived specimens collected in 1975, 1976, and 1988 and stored at the university of california, berkeley, museum of vertebrate zoology, and specimens collected from 1989 through early 1993 by local vector control districts. prospective surveys and human case investigations were conducted from late 1993 through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4834103554816673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:413e8d4b-b598-4f0f-b3a5-a30f66605982>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.706456"}
{"text": "in 1975, 1976, and 1988 and stored at the university of california, berkeley, museum of vertebrate zoology, and specimens collected from 1989 through early 1993 by local vector control districts. prospective surveys and human case investigations were conducted from late 1993 through the end of 1995. wild rodent trapping and processing methods were as previously described ( 20 ). reports by participating agencies included ecologic data on individual mammals ( species, age, and sex ). information on survey sites included county, physical location of trapline, date of survey, elevation, and habitat. habitat was categorized by a single dominant vegetation type : chaparral, conifer trees, grassland, hardwood trees, sage / scrub brush, or urban environment ( 21 ). within 2 weeks after a confirmed diagnosis of hps, the patient or a surrogate was interviewed to determine potential sites of exposure to infected rodents. an environmental / ecologic investigation was conducted at possible sites of exposure ( 20, 22 ). rodent serum samples were tested by one or more of six laboratories ( cdc ; cdhs ; university of new mexico ; university of california, davis ; and university of nevada, reno ). serum samples were examined for igg antibodies to the snv nucleocapsid protein by western blot and / or enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay with cdc reagents ( 23, 24 ). for archived specimens, liver tissue from frozen carcasses was used for polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) ( 22, 25 ). descriptive data were analyzed by epi info, version 6. 0 ( 26 ). frequency distributions were obtained, and chi - square tests of homogeneity for two - by - two contingency tables were used to examine the statistical significance of any association. a crude relationship between altitude and snv - antibody prevalence was assessed by the mantel - cox test for trend. adjusted odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated by logistic - binomial regression ( 27 ). a random effects model was chosen because of the presence of important clustering effects from the sampling design. the presence or absence of antibodies to snv was the primary dependent variable, and characteristics that were identified in the descriptive analysis were the independent variables. data from samples collected on the channel islands were analyzed separately from mainland data where indicated. sin nombre virus antibody prevalence a total of 4, 626 ( 4, 549 rodent and 77 nonrodent species ) mammals representing 47 species were collected between 1975 and 1995 in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4934439269723566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:413e8d4b-b598-4f0f-b3a5-a30f66605982>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.707613"}
{"text": "the channel islands were analyzed separately from mainland data where indicated. sin nombre virus antibody prevalence a total of 4, 626 ( 4, 549 rodent and 77 nonrodent species ) mammals representing 47 species were collected between 1975 and 1995 in california and serologically tested for igg antibodies to snv ( table 1 ). wild rodents ( most 3, 109, from the family muridae ) made up 98 % of the sample, followed by sciuridae ( 1, 369 ), and heteromyidae ( 71 ). among the muridae, 78 % were deer mice or related species, 11 % were wood rats, 6 % were domestic rodents ( house mice, rats ), 3 % were harvest mice, and fewer than 1 % were meadow voles or cotton rats. antibodies to snv were found only among wild rodents. prevalence of antibodies reactive with snv was 8. 5 % among the muridae, 1. 4 % among the heteromyidae, and less than 0. 1 % among the sciuridae. nonrodent species tested included 74 carnivores ( five domestic dogs, canis familiaris ; 26 coyotes, canis latrans ; 25 island foxes, urocyon littoralis ; six domestic cats, felis domesticus ; two opossums, didelphis virginiana ; three striped skunks, mephitis mephitis ; seven raccoons, procyon lotor ), one black - tailed jackrabbit, lepus californicus, one nuttall ' s cottontail, silvilagus nuttallii, and one shrew, sorex sp. deer mouse populations of 1, 921 p. maniculatus, 226 ( 11. 8 % ) had antibodies to snv ( table 1 ). other peromyscine - related species ( e. g., cactus mice, canyon mice, california mice, and pinyon mice ) also had antibodies to snv, but prevalence was lower. in almost all instances, infected p. maniculatus were collected at the same site as snv - antibody - positive animals of other species. retrospectively, antibodies to snv were identified in 3 ( 6. 0 % ) of 50 deer mice specimens collected in 1975 ( 1 of 22, 4. 5 % ), 1976 ( 2 of 17, 11. 8 % ), 1981 ( 0 of 2 ), 1992 (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4526729221470368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:413e8d4b-b598-4f0f-b3a5-a30f66605982>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.708489"}
{"text": "were identified in 3 ( 6. 0 % ) of 50 deer mice specimens collected in 1975 ( 1 of 22, 4. 5 % ), 1976 ( 2 of 17, 11. 8 % ), 1981 ( 0 of 2 ), 1992 ( 0 of 1 ), and early 1993 ( 0 of 8 ). the three seropositive p. maniculatus collected by the university of california, berkeley in 1975 and 1976 were from alameda, kern, and mono counties. frozen liver tissue available from the seropositive kern county specimen yielded a pcr sequence of the g1 amplimer of snv that differed from a p. maniculatus collected in nearby mono county in 1994 by only five residues out of 274. the largest comparative protein dissimilarity was with a p. maniculatus from the channel islands, which differed by seven amino acid substitutions. among the deer mice for which age ( 1, 165 animals, 87 % adults ) and sex ( 1, 239 animals, 57 % male ) were available, snv antibody prevalence was, respectively, 13. 5 % in adults and 6. 7 % in juveniles and 13. 0 % in males and 10. 1 % in females. differences in age ( chi - square = 5. 5 ) and sex ( chi - square = 2. 5 ) were not significant. thirty - four of the state ' s 58 counties were surveyed ( table 2 ). antibodies to snv were identified in deer mice from 21 ( 62 % ) of these counties ( figure 1 ). most samples were from coastal counties ( 56 % ), followed by foothill / mountainous ( 36 % ) and inland / valley ( 8 % ) counties. among these, the prevalence was 14. 5 % of 684 in the foothills / mountains, 11. 6 % of 112 on the coast, and 0. 7 % of 151 in the inland / valley areas. one hundred and thirty - nine individual sites were surveyed within 34 counties with a mean of four sites per county ( table 2 ). antibody prevalence at individual sites was 0. 0 % to 71. 4 % ( 25 of 35 tested on santa cruz island, santa barbara county ). in the sierras, the highest antibody prevalence ( 50. 0 % of 52 ) was found in deer mice captured in truckee, nevada county, during a human case - patient investigation ( table 3, case 3 ). at least one snv - antibody - positive mouse was detected at each mainland site where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47566416444086856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:413e8d4b-b598-4f0f-b3a5-a30f66605982>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.709334"}
{"text": "% of 52 ) was found in deer mice captured in truckee, nevada county, during a human case - patient investigation ( table 3, case 3 ). at least one snv - antibody - positive mouse was detected at each mainland site where 38 or more mice were tested. the channel islands, a group of eight islands located south of the santa barbara - los angeles coast, are 20 km ( anacapa ) to 98 km ( san nicolas ) from the mainland and 5 km to 45 km from each other. despite the proximity between them, snv - antibody prevalence varied significantly between islands. antibody prevalence in deer mice trapped on the islands ( 20. 9 % of 382 ) was significantly higher than that of deer mice from the mainland ( chi - square = 40. 9, p < 0. 001 ). in addition, channel island sequences differed by approximately 17 % to 19 % from any mainland california sequences ( 22, 25 ). the highest prevalence was found on santa cruz and santa rosa islands, where, respectively, 25 ( 71. 4 % ) of 35 and 47 ( 58 % ) of 81 deer mice were snv - antibody positive. antibody prevalence among deer mice on the other islands was 7 ( 17. 9 % ) of 39 on san miguel, 1 ( 14. 3 % ) of 7 on santa catalina, and 1 ( 2. 9 % ) of 34 on san clemente. however, deer mice sampled on anacapa ( n = 37 ), san nicolas ( n = 91 ), and santa barbara ( n = 58 ) islands were all snv - antibody negative. a higher snv - antibody prevalence was observed in the sierra nevada, great basin, and southern coastal habitats ( figure 1 ). likewise, antibody prevalence was higher among deer mice trapped in vegetation associated with these environments : 15. 1 % of 531 in conifer, 14. 8 % of 597 in grassland, 13. 4 % of 86 in hardwood, 11. 2 % of 165 in sage / scrub brush, and 5. 8 % of 474 in chaparral. in urban environments, only 2. 9 % of 68 deer mice were snv - antibody positive. antibody prevalence among deer mice increased significantly ( p < 0. 001 ) with rising altitude ( figure 2 ). in the regression model, adjusted odds ratios steadily increased with elevation, peaking at 4. 3 in the 1, 800 - to 2, 100 - meter range ( 95 % confidence intervals = 1. 3, 16", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5058024544051498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:413e8d4b-b598-4f0f-b3a5-a30f66605982>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.710222"}
{"text": "with rising altitude ( figure 2 ). in the regression model, adjusted odds ratios steadily increased with elevation, peaking at 4. 3 in the 1, 800 - to 2, 100 - meter range ( 95 % confidence intervals = 1. 3, 16. 7 ) ( table 4 ). the increased prevalence of snv antibodies in deer mice trapped at higher elevations correlated with an increased incidence of hps cases at elevations above 1, 200 meters ( table 3 ). hps cases were spatially clustered in the state ' s sierra nevada region ( figure 1 ). results from antibody prevalence studies among rodents collected during the investigation of six hps cases in california are presented in table 3. antibody prevalence in deer mice trapped at these sites was significantly higher than at sites not associated with a human case ( odds ratio = 4. 5 ; 95 % confidence interval = 1. 7, 11. 6 ) ( table 4 ). reservoirs of hantavirus in california extensive serologic testing unequivocally identified p. maniculatus as the primary reservoir of snv in california, as did previous studies in the western united states ( 2, 20, 28 - 30 ). the overall prevalence of snv antibodies in deer mice ( 11. 9 % ) in california is also comparable with results published by nearby western states such as montana ( 8. 0 % ) and nevada ( 12. 5 % ) ( 28, 30 ). other peromyscine rodents ( e. g., canyon mice and pinyon mice ) may harbor the virus in california, but at much lower levels. because these related wild mice species frequently inhabit the same environment as p. maniculatus, their infections may represent transmission from the primary reservoir population rather than from each other, as would occur in a permanent virus - species relationship. the extremely low prevalence of snv antibodies ( table 1 ) in heteromyids ( kangaroo rats, pocket mice ), sciurids ( ground squirrels, chipmunks ), and old world murids ( domestic mice and rats ), despite a large sample size ( > 1, 600 ), suggests that these animals are not important in the epidemiology of snv in california. positive serologic test results from california meadow voles and harvest mice probably represent cross - reaction with snv antigen by isla and emcv, respectively ( 13 - 15 ). the high prevalence of antibodies identified in meadow voles ( 22. 7 % of 29 ) and harvest mice ( 14.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4717970574295251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:413e8d4b-b598-4f0f-b3a5-a30f66605982>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.711129"}
{"text": "harvest mice probably represent cross - reaction with snv antigen by isla and emcv, respectively ( 13 - 15 ). the high prevalence of antibodies identified in meadow voles ( 22. 7 % of 29 ) and harvest mice ( 14. 8 % of 108 ) is a cause for concern, even though human infection by these viruses has not been documented. precautionary measures should be taken against exposure to hantaviruses through all potential wild rodent reservoirs until more is known about these newly discovered strains. temporal and spatial trends in deer mice populations our data from historical surveys indicate that snv was already circulating in deer mice 20 years ago in parts of california. the antibody - positive deer mouse originally trapped in kern county in 1975 is the oldest documented evidence of snv infection in wild rodents. notably, snv - antibody - positive deer mice identified retrospectively were captured almost 20 years before the first hps cases were recognized in california and in some of the same geographic regions ( 20, 22, 29, 31 ). the slight difference ( approximately 2 % ) between sequences from the kern county deer mouse trapped in 1976 and a mono county deer mouse trapped in 1994 indicates a long - standing stability of the virus, as previously demonstrated by nerukar et al. in mono county ( 32 ). although snv infection in deer mice is widespread in california, represented biotypes vary considerably in seroprevalence levels. for example, deer mice in foothill / mountainous ( 14. 5 % of 684 ) counties have a higher seroprevalence than those in inland / valley ( 0. 7 % of 151 ) and coastal ( 6. 4 % of 704, excluding the channel islands ) counties. the trend of increasing prevalence with rising elevation found in this analysis has been observed in other states ( jim mills, pers. comm. ). the channel islands offered a unique opportunity to study snv infection in a relatively isolated population of deer mice. deer mouse populations have been on the channel islands long enough that each island has its own subspecies and have considerable variation genetically within those subspecies ( 33, 34 ). likewise, hjelle et al. found significant divergence between genetic sequences of virus from infected deer mice collected on the islands and those from the nearby coastal mainland ( 25 ). although travel from the mainland to the islands and from island to island is common, evidence suggests that snv coevolved separately within the deer mouse populations on each island ( san clemente,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48489135804801226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:413e8d4b-b598-4f0f-b3a5-a30f66605982>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.712175"}
{"text": "and those from the nearby coastal mainland ( 25 ). although travel from the mainland to the islands and from island to island is common, evidence suggests that snv coevolved separately within the deer mouse populations on each island ( san clemente, san miguel, santa catalina, santa cruz, santa rosa ). it appears that the virus is not endemic or is present at very low levels among deer mice on anacapa, san nicolas, and santa barbara islands. the antibody prevalence of snv in deer mice collected at potential exposure sites during the investigation of sporadic hps cases in california ( 26. 8 % ) was similar to the antibody prevalence ( 30. 0 % ) in deer mice observed during the 1993 hps outbreak in the four corners region ( 2 ). prevalence was significantly higher ( p = 0. 002 ) in deer mice trapped near human case exposure sites than in those from survey sites with no cases ( table 4 ). together these findings imply that the percentage of infected deer mice may be a risk factor for human exposure to snv. in addition, landscape features such as high elevation may be another important predictor of hantavirus in the state. the spatial clustering of hps cases in the sierra nevada range supports this conclusion. characteristics of the mouse population, the environment, or human lifestyles may explain these geographic differences. the climate and vegetation in the mountains could be conducive to large populations of deer mice, a factor which might influence snv prevalence. in addition, the occupational and recreational activities of the inhabitants of rural, mountainous environments bring them into frequent contact with rodents. in addition, local residences ( e. g., old log cabins ) are prone to rodent infestation, a possible risk factor for hps infection ( 35 ). otteson et al. documented a higher snv antibody prevalence among rodents trapped near buildings, regardless of the presence of a human case ; a case - control study of the four corners outbreak had similar findings ( 30, 36 ). information on proximity to human dwellings was not available for our analysis ; however, most mice were collected near buildings during investigation of human cases. since other survey sites were probably less likely to be located near human dwellings, this factor may represent a source of bias in our study. other biases may have been introduced because of nonrandom sampling and small sample size at some survey sites. systematic longitudinal studies of snv infection in deer mice at the key locations identified in this analysis are needed to further develop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4912382262679754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:413e8d4b-b598-4f0f-b3a5-a30f66605982>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.713158"}
{"text": "in our study. other biases may have been introduced because of nonrandom sampling and small sample size at some survey sites. systematic longitudinal studies of snv infection in deer mice at the key locations identified in this analysis are needed to further develop a predictive model for hantavirus infection in california which could elucidate the natural history of snv and enhance prevention efforts. public health implications preliminary results indicate a need for health education of residents, visitors, and workers at high risk, especially in the sierra nevada range. human dwellings in the mountains may be more vulnerable to deer mice infestation, especially if the buildings are older and / or intermittently occupied. in addition, persons working in or cleaning these structures may be at an even higher risk ( 22, 29, 35, 36 ). local health care providers and tertiary care centers should be aware of the potential for hps cases in the state. the authors thank the many workers who conducted field surveys and participated in the compilation of a state - wide mammal database ; those providing laboratory support, including david cottam, dale dondero, cdhs ; mary lane martin, george gallucci, and brad hotard, cdc ; jeff riolo, university of nevada, reno ; and vicki kramer for her helpful comments and review of this manuscript. this work was supported in part by public health service grant ro1 ai36336. - centers for disease control and prevention. outbreak of acute illness - southwestern united states, 1993. mmwr morb mortal wkly rep. 1993 ; 42 : 421 \u2013 4. - childs je, ksiazek tg, spiropoulou cf, krebs jw, morzunov s, maupin go, serologic and genetic identification of peromyscus maniculatus as the primary rodent reservoir for a new hantavirus in the southwestern united states. j infect dis. 1994 ; 169 : 1271 \u2013 80. - hjelle b, jenison s, torrez - martinez n, yamada t, nolte k, zumwalt r, a novel hantavirus associated with an outbreak of fatal respiratory disease in the southwestern united states : evolutionary relationships to known hantaviruses. j virol. 1994 ; 68 : 592 \u2013 6. - elliott lh, ksiazek tg, rollin pe, spiropoulou cf, morzunov s, monroe m, isolation of the causative agent of han", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48568359485349133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:413e8d4b-b598-4f0f-b3a5-a30f66605982>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.714058"}
{"text": "associated with two fatal human infections in california. am j trop med hyg. 1995 ; 52 : 180 \u2013 2. - ornduff r. introduction to california plant life. berkeley and los angeles : university of california press, 1974 : 152. - hjelle b, torrez - martinez n, koster ft, jay m, ascher ms, brown t, epidemiologic linkage of rodent and human hantavirus genomic sequences in case investigations of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. j infect dis. 1996 ; 173 : 781 \u2013 6. - yamada t, hjelle b, lanzi r, morris c, anderson b, jenison s. antibody responses to four corners hantavirus infections in the deer mouse ( peromyscus maniculatus ) : identification of an immunodominant region of the viral nucleocapsid protein. j virol. 1995 ; 69 : 1939 \u2013 43. - feldmann h, sanchez a, morzunov s, spiropoulou cf, rollin pe, ksiazek tg, utilization of autopsy rna for the synthesis of the nucleocapsid antigen of a newly recognized virus associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. virus res. 1993 ; 30 : 351 \u2013 67. - hjelle b, chavez - giles f, torrez - martinez n, yamada t, sarisky j, ascher m, dominant glycoprotein epitope of four corners hantavirus is conserved across a wide geographical area. j gen virol. 1994 ; 75 : 2881 \u2013 8. - dean ja, coulombier d, smith dc, brendel ka, arner tg, dean ag. epi info, version 6 : a word processing, database, and statistics program for public health on ibm - compatible microcomputers. atlanta : centers for disease control and prevention, 1994 : 601. - egret. seattle : statistics and epidemiological research corporation, 1995. - douglass rj, van horn r, coffin kw, zanto sn. hantavirus in montana deer mouse populations : preliminary results. j wildl dis. 1996 ; 32 : 527 \u2013 30. - jay m, hjelle b, davis r, ascher m, baylies hn, reilly k, occupational exposure leading to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in a utility company employee. clin infect dis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4796087479968653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:413e8d4b-b598-4f0f-b3a5-a30f66605982>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.717115"}
{"text": "on _ a _ balanced _ budget _ amendment < = = pdf version the idea of adding an amendment to the u. s. constitution requiring a federal balanced budget has been circulating since the reagan era. although it was proposed a few times in congress over the years, it was never able to attain the required two - thirds affirmation in either house of congress, which is necessary before any proposed amendment can be sent to the states for consideration. but with the large budget deficits of the past 5 years or so, this concept is coming into fashion again. a recent poll shows that a large majority of americans now favor such an amendment. advocates for a federal balanced budget amendment argue two points. first, they point out that most states have this requirement ; the logic being, what is good for the states is good for the federal government. their second argument is that the congress would be forced to prioritize spending and balance those priorities with tax policies necessary to meet the revenue requirements. it is this lack of restraint, they say, that caused congress to run up large deficits in nearly every year since the carter administration. generally the advocates allow two exceptions to the balanced budget rule : a ) when the nation is in a state of war or some emergency ; and b ) by a supermajority of both houses of congress. it appears to me that a balanced budget amendment is a bad idea whose time has come. first, there is no reason to believe that what is good for the states is necessarily good for the federal government, since they have inherently different duties. states do not have a role in foreign policy ; they do not manage wars ; they do not manage the currency. all of these pertain to situations relegated to the federal department because they represent existential threats ; the cost of combating these, should it ever become necessary, must be paid. more than that, they must be paid regardless of any budget deals made by congress. as for the stated exceptions, they will either be too restrictive ( and thus potentially deadly ), or so loose and subject to interpretation as to result in more talk than action. the great fallacy in the whole concept of exceptions is that no mention is made of who shall determine the conditions under which an exception applies consistent with the separation of powers between the president and the congress. shall conflicting claims of emergencies be arbitrated by the supreme court? if so, we would surrender our fiscal situation to robed masters who may not even understand the question, or who might impose their ideology on the budget. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4576108492864388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:579b5999-f664-4c0d-ab9d-06a30e0453b9>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.724448"}
{"text": "and the congress. shall conflicting claims of emergencies be arbitrated by the supreme court? if so, we would surrender our fiscal situation to robed masters who may not even understand the question, or who might impose their ideology on the budget. if not, we are back to the usual rhetoric between the president and the congress \u2014 all pain, no gain. as to the advocates second line of reasoning, i doubt it will actually restrain congress. keep in mind that a considerable portion of the federal government \u2019 s spending is considered \u201c off - budget \u201d. in this context, \u201c off - budget \u201d refers to expenditures that are not called out on any budget document, including, at the present time, a ) social security, b ) the postal service, c ) some funding for the wars in iraq, afghanistan, and libya, and d ) all of the bailouts. fortunately, both on - budget and off - budget status is included when calculating the impact on the national debt. but under the proposed amendment, balancing the \u201c budget \u201d will be easy : congress can simply relocate all the excesses to new categories of \u201c off - budget \u201d spending. it will not force congress to set priorities in the normal sense of the word. if any \u201c balanced budget amendment \u201d is to be considered, it must first specify that all revenue and all expenditures by the federal government must be included in the definition of \u201c budget \u201d. otherwise, congress will simply continue to expand the fiscal deceptions and fail to make progress on achieving fiscal stability. in order to force congress to face the actual facts, we should require, if anything, a \u201c zero - deficit \u201d amendment rather than a \u201c balanced budget \u201d amendment. sachs / mason - dixon, 27 may 2011. the results indicated that a balanced budget amendment is favored by republicans and independents by 81 % and 68 % respectively ; even democrats favored it by 45 %.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46014432473259187, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:579b5999-f664-4c0d-ab9d-06a30e0453b9>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.725336"}
{"text": "\" autistic \" : a short word, often misheard as \" artistic. \" it ' s a complicated word, one that refers to a developmental disorder, but also one that irrevocably brands the people to whom it is applied. for many, it is a word that inspires fear and remorse. autism is an unknown. when andrea kramer was first told that her son, danny, had autism, \" i asked them if he would ever be able to have children, and they said ' no. ' \" yet danny shows every sign of living a perfectly fulfilling life ; he goes to public school, and talks, and reads, and plays, and has a whole lot in common with most seven - year - olds. clinically, autism is characterized by emotional distance, a fascination with manipulating objects, revelry in routine, and a tendency to \" zone out \" into an unseen world. autism is often accompanied by delays in language development ; many autistic children don ' t speak. yet this gamut of symptoms is not clearly defined. within a person with autism, each is present to varying degrees. due to its breadth of symptoms and degrees, the many varieties of autism are commonly referred to as \" autism spectrum disorders. \" up to. 6 percent of american children have an autism spectrum disorder, according to the center for disease control, yet autism is still an enigma to most. i hope to shed some light on autism by showing it by reference, through mark sherrett and danny kramer ; and by showing the ways in which they have learned to live in a skeptical and unaccommodating world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5296966684332055, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3bc9a10d-4093-4105-915a-52a8e83dfaa6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.727040"}
{"text": "until now, patients with advanced melanoma that has spread to the brain have received a dire diagnosis. they survive only for an average of four months. but cancer researchers at the university of sydney, melanoma institute australia, sydney \u2019 s westmead hospital and the acrf - funded westmead millennium institute, have for the first time found a drug which shrinks brain tumours in these patients with advanced melanoma. dr georgina long of the university of sydney said the drug, called dabrafenib, works by targeting a gene mutation found in many melanoma cancers. the drug works by causing the cell to stop multiplying and in many cases it shrinks and disappears. dr long, together with her colleague professor rick kefford tested the drug on 46 melanoma patients, including 10 whose cancer had metastasised and spread to their brain, and 22 non - melanoma patients. brain tumours in nine of the 10 patients shrank in the first six weeks and completely disappeared in four patients. \u201c brain metastases in melanoma are a major unsolved problem, \u201d said dr long. \u201c up to this point, melanoma has been notoriously resistant to drug therapy in general, and responses in highly lethal brain metastases are particularly uncommon. \u201c providing these early data are supported in larger cohorts of patients and durable responses are confirmed, this activity in the brain may assist in addressing a large unmet need in patients with metastatic melanoma worldwide. \u201d no related posts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.433251959924907, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a7728eea-c689-43ac-821b-2ca19e057fd8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.729897"}
{"text": "\u201c i was a child when all this occurred, but i do believe i had a bond with my family \u2019 s help. \u201d it was the system of segregation at fault and those who sought to reinforce it. experiences of genuine affection between domestics and employers are just as valid as real life tales of oppression and terror under segregation. but it should also be understood that african americans had no choice regarding their behavior. a smile and humble demeanor were the keys to employment, staying alive and a phrase frequently heard in both the north and south, \u201c being a credit to their race \u201d. children are generally more accepting of an individual who treats them with kindness, regardless of race, and emotional bonds can indeed be formed. \u201c the primarily gripe is about the black dialect, but that \u2019 s how african americans talked back then. \u201d while it \u2019 s true that many southern blacks spoke with a pronounced southern drawl, so did white southerners. it \u2019 s clear that there was a decision to strip the white characters of their regional dialect, resulting in accentuating the differences between the two groups vernacular and making the african american dialect more pronounced. the sentences uttered by the white characters read as though they inhabited the north instead of the south. the author failed to take into account that many african americans worked just as hard to limit their southern accent as some whites did, realizing early on that the way they spoke was crucial to how far they could go, especially in attempting to get more whites to join the fight for civil rights. in addition, education was stressed in not only white households but also black. this was a time period where more blacks were enrolled in traditionally black colleges and also attempting to integrate white grammar schools and universities. what many readers may not be aware of is that stockett is not the first author to portray black dialect as broad and hard to decipher, while white characters read without a distinct regional accent. female authors such as margaret mitchell ( gone with the wind ) fannie hurst ( imitation of life ) and edna ferber ( showboat ) used this same tactic, and faced similar controversy. like the help, these novels were deemed \u201c beloved \u201d so that the objections of some readers were all but ignored. \u201c the author was writing about a small section of her life. she couldn \u2019 t include everything. \u201d stockett has a degree in creative writing and seems to have applied this when crafting the white characters. notice how hilly, skeeter and even elizabeth have different paths. skeeter graduated from college and seeks a job as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45857017387397403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4529e5e-eab4-4e56-b02c-387bb79779b6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.744243"}
{"text": "everything. \u201d stockett has a degree in creative writing and seems to have applied this when crafting the white characters. notice how hilly, skeeter and even elizabeth have different paths. skeeter graduated from college and seeks a job as a writer. hilly dropped out of college and got married, and was the socialite. elizabeth had two children and became the harried homemaker. even celia was \u201c different \u201d, the outsider from sugar ditch who married the man hilly was apparently in love with. compare these characters with aibileen, minny and also constantine. all were maids. except for attending church and going to work they don \u2019 t do anything more. even under the oppressive system of segregation, african americans still had lives. the author created three women who were almost the same person. in several early interviews the author admits that they were patterned after one woman, her grandparent \u2019 s maid demetrie ( time magazine, npr, uk interviews ). so one black woman originally served as the voice and character prototype for not only three maids, but other black maids mentioned in the book. in later interviews the writer has expanded this to include an actress as the inspiration for the character of minny. however, even when race is factored out, women are still individuals with separate needs, wants and ambitions. whether stockett even knew any african americans before or during crafting the novel is also a concern. authors aren \u2019 t required to befriend members of the racial group they plan on writing about, yet it seems stockett did just that, only after the fact to help promote the novel. in several interviews the author mentions befriending the actress she patterned the character of minny after. this is the same actress who ultimately won the role of minny and also publicly championed the novel. per an audio interview stockett referenced asking her own maid what she thought of the novel. in many of stockett \u2019 s interviews there seems to be a disconnect between what she was negatively taught about african americans and what she ultimately used for the novel. links to interviews with kathryn stockett can be found here : http : / / acriticalreviewofthehelp. wordpress. com / a - list - of - interviews - with - kathryn - stockett / \u201c the author was courageous for writing this book. \u201d to some it may seem that writing a book in both a white and black voice is courageous. yet african american writers of that time are still being ignored, when they actually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4535874677869678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4529e5e-eab4-4e56-b02c-387bb79779b6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.745311"}
{"text": "kathryn - stockett / \u201c the author was courageous for writing this book. \u201d to some it may seem that writing a book in both a white and black voice is courageous. yet african american writers of that time are still being ignored, when they actually lived through the system of segregation. writers like zora neale hurston, langston hughes, ralph ellison, james baldwin and richard wright to name but a few give a more concise and diverse look at the black experience during that shameful period in american history. what stockett risked by writing the the help pales in comparison to those who actually went through it. much like harriet beecher stowe received accolades for uncle tom \u2019 s cabin, the help, on closer inspection, has much in common with that novel. only time will tell if those who \u2019 ve embraced the book and proclaimed it a classic will continue to do so once more scrutiny is placed on the novel and in particular, its characters. \u201c i don \u2019 t know much about segregation, since i \u2019 m not from the south. at least this book is a starting point. \u201d segregation wasn \u2019 t just african american history. it \u2019 s american history. domestics provided cheap labor, practically ran households, worked from dusk to dawn while depending on segregated buses for transportation, and to this day are still not being given their due. passage of the civil rights law was a triumph, because it benefited not only african americans but women and later on the physically challenged, marginalized groups that are considered minorities. the passage of the law was a combined effort on the part of both blacks and whites. segregation was a time period no less important than slavery, apartheid or the holocaust, and yet many americans seem to know little about it. blacks were forced to maintain a jovial demeanor in order to secure employment and sometimes to preserve their very lives. coded language ( speaking in a way that the whites couldn \u2019 t understand but blacks could ) has been in use until this very day. particularly in the south, if an african american spoke too proper they were considered \u201c uppity \u201d and a threat. a mask of humble servility and a grin were sometimes the only weapons blacks had in order to get along with whites during segregation, and sadly, some still lost their lives because of the color of their skin. the help is is a work of historical fiction through one writer \u2019 s eyes regarding the lives of white females in the south during the 1960s. it is not, in my opinion, and should not be considered a book about segregation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39771499468130794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4529e5e-eab4-4e56-b02c-387bb79779b6>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.746308"}
{"text": "color of their skin. the help is is a work of historical fiction through one writer \u2019 s eyes regarding the lives of white females in the south during the 1960s. it is not, in my opinion, and should not be considered a book about segregation or african americans during that time period. \u201c i thought the book was beautifully written and the characters seemed real to me. minny was hilarious. i don \u2019 t understand the problems some are having with the novel. \u201d many readers don \u2019 t even realize they \u2019 ve been influenced by previous incarnations of characters like aibileen, minny and constantine. but to a number of african americans, the nurturing, humorous, most times overweight domestic is a caricature that \u2019 s been used to represent them repeatedly. from mammy in gone with the wind onward, variations of this character can be seen not only in movies but in older television sit - coms. black females aren \u2019 t the only ones saddled with this stereotype. jack benny \u2019 s popular grumbling manservant was played by eddie \u201c rochester \u201d anderson. in the late 90 \u2032 s a sit - com called the secret diary of desmond pfieffer was the subject of naacp protests, as this black manservant \u2019 s misadventures were supposed to make the civil war and also abraham lincoln \u2019 s bumbling administration hilarious. two fairly modern images come to mind, that of aunt jemima and uncle ben, domestic prototypes with friendly, open grins with the designation of \u201c aunt \u201d and \u201c uncle \u201d to denote familiarity. these images are comfortable, almost revered ones and holdovers from segregation, when african americans were expected to grin and bow. what kathryn stockett didn \u2019 t do in the help ( or perhaps couldn \u2019 t do ) was delve into why black domestics had to put on the mask of meekness and jocularity. stockett was also writing from the perspective of someone born not prior to 1962, but much later ( the author was born in 1969 and recalled events from the 1970s and 1980s ). so she may have unknowingly fallen back on comfortable stereotypes to fill in the gaps. had a maid with minny \u2019 s temperament and smart mouth existed in the 60s south, she would have been soundly dealt with. minny represents the film and television version of a black domestic, one who made white audiences laugh and love their bossy antics. to put it in perspective, enduring stereotypes individuals may more easily recognize are the jolly fat person, the dumb blonde", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4140210037014006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4529e5e-eab4-4e56-b02c-387bb79779b6>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.747259"}
{"text": "with. minny represents the film and television version of a black domestic, one who made white audiences laugh and love their bossy antics. to put it in perspective, enduring stereotypes individuals may more easily recognize are the jolly fat person, the dumb blonde, bratty teen, or hot blooded latino. stockett resurrected the loyal, asexual domestic ( aibileen ), the mammy caricature ( minny ), the tragic mulatto ( lulabelle ) the brute ( leroy ) and others for this novel. \u201c why are some african americans mad at kathryn stockett? the author should be praised and not vilified! \u201d the help is a polarizing novel. some non - minority readers, quick to give stockett praise for her depiction of black vernacular and cultural norms never looked at whether the author was accurate. stockett seems to have been given the benefit of the doubt, much fanfare and accolades when other authors ( especially african american debut authors ) writing about the past don \u2019 t. when some black readers ( and white ) reviewed the novel, they believed there were inaccuracies and even offensive depictions of an already maligned race. so while just as many readers are overly enthusiatic in praising the author and the novel, there are those who feel there are very real problems with the book, problems that are being overlooked in order to crown the next great southern writer. to some, the help is more closely aligned with harriet beecher stowe \u2019 s uncle tom \u2019 s cabin than the novel which comes up as a comparision, the classic to kill a mockingbird. in addition, stockett seems to have patterned the novel after earlier novels which feature a sympathetic, but ambitious white female protagonist paired with a stereotypically loyal black domestic. those novels are imitation of life written by fannie hurst, showboat written by edna ferber and gone with the wind by margaret mitchell. what these novels also have in common with the help, are the broad dialects for the black characters and the negative portrayals of african american males. numerous revisions were done on the character joe from showboat. the movie version imitiation of life left out delilah \u2019 s bigamist husband altogether. the character of leroy jackson from the help will have to either be re - written or left out, because the abusive character is so vile in contrast to stockett \u2019 s adoration of southern white males. many of those same males believed in segregation and that african americans were inferior to whites, something kathryn stockett", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41055139203446656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4529e5e-eab4-4e56-b02c-387bb79779b6>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.748413"}
{"text": "be re - written or left out, because the abusive character is so vile in contrast to stockett \u2019 s adoration of southern white males. many of those same males believed in segregation and that african americans were inferior to whites, something kathryn stockett overlooked in the novel, since hilly holbrook was chosen to be the sole voice of a staunch segregationist. \u201c you don \u2019 t understand that \u2019 s how it was back then. \u201d the help is a work of fiction, and to some extent, even the author doesn \u2019 t know what truly happened back then. while stockett was quoted as relying on archival reference books and a few interviews, she winged it when dealing with the african american characters. considering this was meant to be a \u201c homage \u201d to a sweet, faithful maid who \u2019 s now deceased, the characters as written are divisive and resurrect stereotypes to many readers. it \u2019 s important to remember that there are two issues here. one is the research done on the time period when segregation and the civil rights movement collided. that isn \u2019 t what \u2019 s causing the uproar. it \u2019 s the second issue, the depiction of the african american and white characters. stockett was born in 1969 and was quoted as saying \u201c well, i can only talk about my experience. i grew up in the 1970s, but i don \u2019 t think a whole lot had changed from the \u2019 60s. oh, it had changed in the law books \u2014 but not in the kitchens of white homes. \u201d http : / / www. time. com / time / arts / article / 0, 8599, 1937562, 00. html that is not only naive, but inaccurate. the author also revealed how little research was done on the african american culture in general, especially during that time period. stockett was quoted as saying \u201c the voices of aibileen and minny came to me fairly easily once i got going. i \u2019 d listened to the cadences and dialect of black southerners most of my life, and i just played them back in my head. \u201d by relying almost solely on memory, stockett brought in the speech patterns of the time she grew up in, which was 1969 onward. that \u2019 s probably the reason why minny reads as if she \u2019 s nell carter from gimme a break or tyler perry \u2019 s medea. or worse yet, a resurrected bossy mammy character from an old hollywood film. because if someone like minny had mouthed off as much in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37125539501150767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4529e5e-eab4-4e56-b02c-387bb79779b6>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.749370"}
{"text": "as if she \u2019 s nell carter from gimme a break or tyler perry \u2019 s medea. or worse yet, a resurrected bossy mammy character from an old hollywood film. because if someone like minny had mouthed off as much in the early 1960s south, she would not have survived there for long. stockett was quoted as saying \u201c aibleen and minny i had a ball with, minny was pretty fun because you can let it all out, she \u2019 ll say anything or do anything. aibleen was a little bit more difficult than minny because she was more careful. \u201d there \u2019 s a big difference between writing a minority, specifically an african american and actually being one. stockett took liberties, which she now admits. in addition, stockett seems to have ignored the beauty present in the african american culture. many of her descriptions of the black characters treat the culture as a whole as something she finds quite foreign. though she may have meant well, the end result is a run away best seller dogged by controversy, which over time, may reveal it as merely a modern take on overused, highly stereotypical characters. \u201c i know some black people and that \u2019 s how they talk \u201d no, you know of some black people. those who have close associations and are friends with many, not just one or two african americans would know that very statement is in itself offensive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4179593632519145, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a4529e5e-eab4-4e56-b02c-387bb79779b6>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.749998"}
{"text": "only the security of the country south of the river sutlej, in order to give protection to the southern sikhs who were the rulers of small principalities. ranjit singh was thus required to withdraw his troops to the right bank of the sutlej. on february 8, 1809 colonel david ochterlony declared all states on the left of the river sutlej under british protection. ranjit singh did not want his freedom of action to be curtailed. he required from the british envoy the acknowledgement of his sovereignty over all sikh states and people lying between the sutlej and the yamuna so that he could consolidate them into a great empire. the british were determined not to allow the subjection of the cis - sutlej states \u2014 these principalities were already under british protection. confronted with such pressure from the british envoy metcalfe to sign a treaty, what was ranjit singh to do. ranjit singh kept metcalfe on tenterhooks for about six months. he used all possible means to circumvent british designs. he procrastinated. he dilly - dallied : he flattered metcalfe in order to win him over by his smiles and humour. but metcalfe stood firm. in january, 1809 the british government ordered ochterlony to advance a military force to the banks of the sutlej. ranjit singh realized the danger of war. he distrusted the british but knew that he did not possess sufficient power to withstand them. therefore he signed the treaty of amritsar on april 25, 1809 with the british government which confined his territory to the south bank of the river sutlej with exclusion of a strip of territory on the south bank in which he was bound not to place troops. the broad line of demarcation was the river sutlej. this arrangement preserved the peace of northern frontier for 40 years. for signing the treaty ranjit singh has been strongly criticised by historians like patwant singh and sangat singh on the ground that he had tamely succumbed to the british pressure and forfeited his independence. i think this criticism is totally unjustified. ranjit singh was a realist in politics who could never mistake a shadow for substance. he knew the limits of his powers. he realized that he could not fight the british. nor could he find any indian ally to support him in his resistance to the british. by this treaty ranjit singh managed to retain the independence of his kingdom. he also had a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41851636548655563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f3ba71c-2dfc-4f9c-af1e-fd64b4bd8b0a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.764478"}
{"text": "of his powers. he realized that he could not fight the british. nor could he find any indian ally to support him in his resistance to the british. by this treaty ranjit singh managed to retain the independence of his kingdom. he also had a free hand to expand his territory in the north and the north - west undeterred by the british. when ranjit singh died in 1837 at the age of fifty nine, he was the undisputed ruler of a compact kingdom. he left in punjab, an army which was capable of fighting the british on equal terms. he could dodge and confound the british envoy metcalfe who had come to parley with him, and dismiss the maratha chief jaswant rao holkar as pucca haramzada, ( great rascal ). he drove back the afghans across the indus, into the mountains, and stemmed for all time to come tide of the afghan marauders pouring into northern india and committing arson, pillage and slaughter. but for him, kashmir would have continued to be a part of afghanistan. he brought under his sway, three muslim provinces : peshawar in the west ; multan in the south west ; and kashmir in the north. he incorporated also the numerous petty states into his kingdom. it was only the growth of british power and its strength in india that prevented the sikhs from succeeding the mughals as the controlling authority in india but it is a speculation whether they would have succeeded in this venture. ranjit singh had a questioning mind. he was deeply interested in the how and why of things. his was not a philosophical or speculative mind. he thought in plain terms and simplified even the most complex problems. this extraordinary understanding of human affairs he acquired by mediating over his own experiences through the steps and slips of life. in other words, his experiences were the foundation of his own life. he never ceased learning from others, due to his restless curiosity. victor jacquemont, the french traveller, who met ranjit singh in lahore wrote that the \" maharaja ' s conversations were like a nightmare. jacquemont wrote, \" he asked a hundred thousand questions of me, about india and the british, europe, napoleon bonaparte, the world in general and the next, hell, paradise, the soul, god, the devil and myriad of others of the same kind. in 1812 he rode with the british commander david ochterlony to inspect the drill of the english company, in the style in which they would behave in the field", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43775837885051216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f3ba71c-2dfc-4f9c-af1e-fd64b4bd8b0a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.766082"}
{"text": ", the soul, god, the devil and myriad of others of the same kind. in 1812 he rode with the british commander david ochterlony to inspect the drill of the english company, in the style in which they would behave in the field of battle and he admired their performance. he employed french and italian generals to train his army on western model. that is why both his infantry and artillery were unrivalled for steadiness. ranjit singh had, doubtless, all the wildness and irregularity of an ardent and indisciplined sensualist. wine and women he could not resist, and he believed that the only way to resist their temptation was to yield. he would indulge in riotous career of self - indulgence, drinking and revelling in the company of women with reckless abandon and he let himself go. he was used to taking laudanum almost daily. ranjit singh ' s passion for collecting guns and horses for the army amounted almost to insanity. he would never miss an opportunity of obtaining a gun, and would even storm a fort to seize it. for acquiring the celebrated horse leili, he embroiled himself in a tedious war with a neighbouring province, which cost him upwards of thirty thousand pounds. what kind of a kingdom did ranjit singh establish? was it a military monarchy? monarchy was the only form of government in india for centuries, and the sikhs, in spite of their attachment to democratic ideals, could not think of representative government. ranjit singh refused to sit on the throne. his name was never inscribed on the coin. he kept the army under control, and never used it as an instrument of tyranny. he set up a sikh state in the sense that the ruler was sikh who held power in the name of the khalsa, and the army was predominantly sikh. his was indeed a heterogenous state based on harmony of religious faiths, and cooperation of communities with a rapport with the common man. there was no dictatorship of one community over other. he told faqir aziz ud din, ` god intended me to look all religions with one eye, that is why he took away the light from the other '. by any standards, ranjit singh was statesman who out of anarchy and chaos had created order and stability and made punjab a power to reckon with. there were also a glimmering of punjab nationalism. his task was enormous, his time was short, and his unworthy successes were a lot of trembling pal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46410817042508146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f3ba71c-2dfc-4f9c-af1e-fd64b4bd8b0a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.767162"}
{"text": "thimphu \u2014 impressive economic and human development gains that contribute to bhutan ' s gross national happiness are threatened by changing climate conditions with the country ' s poorest people likely to suffer the worst impact, according to the third national human development report released today in thimphu. building resilience is key to the livelihoods of the one quarter of bhutan ' s population who live in poverty and depend on subsistence farming and local natural resources which are vulnerable to changing weather patterns and melting glaciers, says the report titled \" sustaining progress : rising to the climate challenge. \" \" alternative development pathways, such as gross national happiness ( gnh ) that we are promulgating will influence the capacity of communities... to adapt to climate change, \" said pema gyamtsho, minister of agriculture and forests, at the report ' s launch. as part of its efforts to realize its wide - ranging gnh philosophy of life, bhutan has prioritized conservation of the environment, including commitments to remain carbon neutral by keeping absorption of the greenhouse gases higher than emissions. with imposition of an export ban on unprocessed forest timber and the country ' s forest cover at more than 70 percent, bhutan has been able to keep its carbon absorption from agriculture, energy and industry sectors at levels allowing it to maintain its status as a net sink for greenhouse gases. however, the hydropower sector, the biggest driver of bhutan ' s economy, could come under threat from serious water shortages caused by the retreat of the country ' s glaciers, many melting at a rate higher than in other mountain ranges, according to the report. \" resources are needed quickly given the long - term nature of adaptation initiatives and the short - term prospect of climate - related consequences, \" said ajay chhibber, un assistant secretary general and united nations development programme ( undp ) assistant administrator. \" the financing requirements for climate change adaptation and mitigation are considerable for a landlocked, least developed country such as bhutan, \" headded. the report recommends that bhutan increase its resilience by integrating climate policies, strategies and action plans into national poverty reduction strategies and development plans. to balance economic growth, human development and environmental protection the report calls for ' green development ' and for exercising further control of potentially harmful activities, such as logging, mining, mass tourism and the use of pesticides. it also recommends improvements in other areas, including collection and analysis of research ; establishing baseline climate information and data ; expanding ongoing climate financing mechanisms ; and improving management systems in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46373736098489016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7d0ffa8b-b0c4-4c17-bc5e-9ab0860247f6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.772717"}
{"text": "the founding fathers, as a group, were a band of very wise men. perhaps the wisest was benjamin franklin, a rare combination of genius and solid common sense. he also had that attribute of truly wise people : the sense to hide his intellect to some extent behind a fog of good humor. how fortunate for america that throughout his life he placed his intellect at the service of his country, a country he understood at an early date embraced all of the colonies in british america. at the end of his life his final great service to america was at the constitutional convention where his calming words helped bring disputing factions together to achieve the task of hammering a document together that has endured through the centuries. many of the delegates noted the importance of doctor franklin in the process of bringing the constitution to life. one of the delegates, dr. james mchenry of maryland, a surgeon who had served as an aide to general washington during the revolutionary war, recorded that as franklin was leaving constitution hall \u201c a lady asked dr. ( benjamin ) franklin, \u201c well doctor, what have we got, a republic or a monarchy? \u201d \u201c a republic, \u201d replied the doctor, \u201c if you can keep it. \u201d i have always been struck by that answer, because franklin indicated in it that it is the responsibility of each individual american to keep the nation a republic, not the responsibility of someone else. sound advice in 1787, sound advice in 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4682069417441814, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:88670e1b-de04-4c1f-bb76-cc5738111c55>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.774239"}
{"text": "the terms rich and poor are used variously and often confusingly. they can differentiate material resources, from decided surplus to brutal destitution. they can also be used to address the inner life, and here you have to be a little savvy. for example, one who is \u201c poor in spirit \u201d is a humble person who could thereby also have inner wealth. being poor in spirit is very different from having an impoverished soul. today \u2019 s gospel story, in three short acts, reveals something of the relationship christians ought to have with wealth and poverty. in act one, a wealthy man asks jesus what he needs to do to inherit eternal life. when jesus reminds him of the commandments, he replies, \u201c teacher, all of these i have observed from my youth. \u201d jesus looks at him lovingly and then says to him : \u201c you are lacking in one thing. go, sell what you have, and give it to the poor and you will have treasure in heaven ; then come, follow me. \u201d the man leaves crestfallen, \u201c for he had many possessions. \u201d in act two, jesus tells his disciples that it is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter the kingdom of god. the disciples are astonished. in the old testament, wealth was typically portrayed as a blessing from god and proof that one was righteous. now it appears to be one of the greatest liabilities. in act three, peter announces that they had given up everything to follow jesus. jesus assures them that anyone one who has given up houses and family for the sake of the gospel will be repaid \u201c a hundred times more now in this present age... and eternal life in the age to come. \u201d so, what exactly should our relationship to wealth and poverty be? this is not the sort of question that admits a pat answer. if poverty is a curse, then why would jesus demand it of the rich man? if it is necessary, then why give it to the poor, making them presumably less poor? at least one thing should be obvious : pursuing material wealth at the expense of spiritual wealth is always bad. today \u2019 s first reading, from the book of wisdom, addresses this specifically : \u201c i preferred her [ wisdom ] to scepter and throne, and deemed riches nothing in comparison to her. \u201d it is also the case that jesus \u2019 historical mission was marked by itinerancy. he and his disciples were constantly on the move ; to follow him on his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45081750581557545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8ffc40b-04f3-47ac-9fe2-a511249c1cc0>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.777724"}
{"text": "] to scepter and throne, and deemed riches nothing in comparison to her. \u201d it is also the case that jesus \u2019 historical mission was marked by itinerancy. he and his disciples were constantly on the move ; to follow him on his mission meant literally to leave everything behind. while this is not our situation today, we would do well to consider the aspiration of focusing on jesus and his mission, as his disciples did who dropped everything to follow him unreservedly. we could consider that when our time, energy and even identity are tied up in pursuing material wealth, we have lost sight of the kingdom. finally and most uncomfortably, we need to recognize that material wealth can insulate us from hearing the cry of the poor. st. john chrysostom pointed out : \u201c it is madness to fill our wardrobes full of clothes and to regard with indifference a human being \u2014 made in the image and likeness of god \u2014 who is naked. \u201d consider this challenge, inspired by peter singer : you just bought a new pair of suede boots for $ 200 and you are walking by a pond where a toddler is drowning. you would not hesitate to dash into the water to save the child, even though this would ruin your boots. a child is more important than boots! now consider the moment just before buying the boots, knowing that those $ 200 could feed a starving child. do you buy the boots, or do you give the money to a charity that feeds starving children? where does a poverty calculus like this stop? would you continue to give your money to the point of starving yourself? should you liquidate your children \u2019 s college tuition fund to feed more starving children? without collapsing into neurotic absorption about possessions or unhealthy guilt in having them, we could still ask ourselves : how much is enough? am i hearing the cry of the poor? \u2022 before the lord, review your lifestyle. \u2022 ask him to show you what can be given away.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45059041785388637, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d8ffc40b-04f3-47ac-9fe2-a511249c1cc0>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.778555"}
{"text": "peach - faced or rosy - cheeked lovebirds ( agapornis roseicollis ) have a range centered on the south - western portion of africa. they inhabit the north - west corner of south africa, through the western half of namibia, and into the southwest corner of angola. the area around lake ngami is quickly becoming populated by a. roseicollis due to natural range expansion. this species is kept as a cage bird in many parts of the world, including the united states and japan. ( de grahl, 1984 ; rowan, 1983 ) agapornis roseicollis lives in dry regions near permanent standing water. habitats used by this species include the outskirts of deserts and woodlands, and poorly wooded areas, as long as the few trees are located near water. preferred regions vary from sea level to elevations over 1500 m. ( rowan, 1983 ) agapornis roseicollis is widely regarded as one of the most beautiful lovebird species. these birds weigh about 55 g, and are 15 cm long. females tend to be slightly heavier than males. wingspans range from 98 mm to 102 mm in males, and 99 mm to 106 mm in females. the average wingspans for males and females are 99. 6 and 102. 6 mm, respectively. this species shows age - related and, to a lesser extent, sexual variation in coloration. males have rosy pink foreheads, chins, throats, upper breasts and cheeks. the remainder of the body is typically bright green, although the underside is slightly lighter. the feet are a mix of greenish - grey and the bill is horn - colored. the rump and the feathers covering the tail are bright blue ; the tail feathers themselves are green with blue tips, and all but the central feathers have a black band with red patches toward the end. the females of this species are very similar but slightly duller in color. the young initially have much paler faces than adults. birghter feathers erupt after their first molt at around 4 months of age. also, the upper mandible of young birds is black at first, only later becoming the horn - color common in adults. there are two subspecies of a. roseicollis ; these are a. roseicollis roseicollis, and a. roseicollis catumbella. agapornis roseicollis catumbella can be recognized by its brighter colors. the throat is much redder with a touch of lavender. the green color is much deeper, and the rump is more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4491926022224991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c982be12-bcec-4590-aaf9-c3dfed662ed4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.792293"}
{"text": "roseicollis catumbella. agapornis roseicollis catumbella can be recognized by its brighter colors. the throat is much redder with a touch of lavender. the green color is much deeper, and the rump is more purple than blue. the beak is also much different than that described above ; it is white with green dots. agapornis roseicollis catumbella is less common than a. roseicollis roseicollis, and it typically inhabits the small region of benguela, an area of angola. a blue mutation occurs in both the wild and in captivity, although it is not particularly common. in captivity, several color mutations of this species have been selectively bred. ( rowan, 1983 ; smith, 1979 ; vriends, 1978 ) in this species pair formation is very rapid and can occur at as early an age as two months. pairs formed between siblings are not uncommon. females are dominant and males wait for female approval before approaching. females show this approval by assuming a fluffed position. males feed their mates during courtship. because feeding is an important component of the interaction between mates, males use head bobbing, similar to the movement used in feeding, to attract females. scratching is also used during courtship. a male will position himself near a female and scratch her head, especially the area around the beak and the beak itself. when a male is trying to approach a female, he creeps towards her in a sideways fashion known as sidling. if she appears aggressive, he tries to approach from the other side in a process known as switch sidling ; however, if she seems receptive he continues sidling toward her. ( rowan, 1983 ) agapornis roseicollis has been observed to be a seasonal breeder in the wild, but in captivity can breed year - round. its eggs are typically 23. 5 x 17. 3 mm. on average, 4 to 6 eggs are laid in one season. in captivity as many as 8 have been laid. eggs hatch after about 23 days of incubation, and young fledge at about 43 days of age. the young begin to form pairs at around 2 months of age, and also begin to seek their own nests at this time. ( rowan, 1983 ) eggs are laid every other day during the breeding season. beginning when the first egg is laid, a female spends the majority of her time in the nest incubating the eggs. males often bring their mates food during the period of incubation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4829748554303417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c982be12-bcec-4590-aaf9-c3dfed662ed4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.793304"}
{"text": ") eggs are laid every other day during the breeding season. beginning when the first egg is laid, a female spends the majority of her time in the nest incubating the eggs. males often bring their mates food during the period of incubation. the average incubation period is 23. 3 days. after the young hatch, a female regurgitates food brought to her by the male to feed the young. food that the young eat has therefore been regurgitated twice. starting midway through the nestling period, which lasts between 5 and 6 weeks, both parents feed the young directly. little is known about the behavior of wild a. roseicollis in regards to parental investment after fledging. in captivity, the young remain dependent upon the parents for two more weeks and frequently fly back to the nest to receive food ; this happens for as long as the parents permit. when the young leave the nest, after around 42. 8 days, they are fully feathered and able to fly. agapornis roseicollis shows variability in both nest choice and nest usage. in the wild, these birds commonly breed in the large, communal nests of sociable weavers. they also use the nests of white - browed sparrow - weavers. it is not known if a. roseicollis forces these other birds out of their nests or if they use vacated nests. in captivity a. roseicollis pairs build their own nests. a female prepares strips of bark by cutting them with her beak into relatively uniform shapes and sizes. to carry the bark to the nest site, a female tucks them into the feathers of her rump. together the male and female build the nest in the shape of a deep cup using bark, leaves, and grass. ( de grahl, 1984 ; rowan, 1983 ; vriends, 1978 ) the typical lifespan in captivity of a. roseicollis is 15 to 25 years. it is not known what limits the lifespan of this species. it is also not known what the typical lifespan in the wild is, although it is likely to be shorter than that seen in captivity. ( de grahl, 1984 ) agapornis roseicollis is a very social bird. it tends to move around in flocks of at least 5, with typical groups sizes ranging between 5 and 20 birds. at times, usually when grass seeds ripen in their natural environment, groups of about 100 are not uncommon. movement is primarily by flight, but over short distances these birds prefer to walk or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43676171455282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c982be12-bcec-4590-aaf9-c3dfed662ed4>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.794212"}
{"text": ", with typical groups sizes ranging between 5 and 20 birds. at times, usually when grass seeds ripen in their natural environment, groups of about 100 are not uncommon. movement is primarily by flight, but over short distances these birds prefer to walk or sidle sideways. this species has been recorded flying at 58 km / hr. long flights are regularly interrupted by periods of gliding. gliding periods are most often accompanied by a characteristic squawking sound. these birds can climb up vertical walls using feet and beak, often beating their wings rapidly to facilitate movement. allopreening and bathing are behaviors observed in these birds, but water bathing in this species is far less common than in other agapornis species. when cold, the birds fluff their feathers out and even huddle together in pairs or in groups of 4 or 5 in order to conserve heat. agapornis roseicollis sleeps at night and is active in the day. at night these love birds roost in the nests of the white - browed sparrow - weavers or of sociable weavers. ( rowan, 1983 ; rowan, 1983 ; vriends, 1978 ) this lovebird makes a sharp screeching noise. this can be given as a single sound or as a series of squawks. this species also can make a soft, rasping mechanical noise by rubbing its mandibles together. mates communicate for breeding purposes as discussed in the previous section on mating systems, using visual signals like bobbing. these birds also allopreen as a form of communication and to help maintain the pair bond. ( rowan, 1983 ) agapornis roseicollis typically feeds on seeds, especially seeds native to its habitat, such as those from albizia and acacia. it eats the seeds by either picking them off growing plants or by picking them up off the ground, then husking them rapidly using the tongue, mandible and the cutting edge of the maxilla. it feeds on flowers by plucking them from trees and clipping off the petals and stamens with the beak. this species is known to drink water several times per day in order to cope with the demands placed upon it by the hot, arid habitat in which it lives. ( rowan, 1983 ) agapornis roseicollis deals with predators by mobbing. as part of their mobbing behavior, individuals initially stand upright and squawk loudly. if the predator moves closer, they flap their wings wildly, holding their bodies erect, and increase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45493143493403565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c982be12-bcec-4590-aaf9-c3dfed662ed4>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.795205"}
{"text": "( editor, instructor ), michigan state university, jessica vonck ( author ), michigan state university. living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar. uses sound to communicate young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching. referring to an animal that lives in trees ; tree - climbing. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies. more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous, modular society ) - as in clonal organisms. in deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following rain. deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants. in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil. salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots. humans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals. animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds. forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality. an animal that mainly eats seeds an animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants. offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters, clutches, etc. ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ). iteroparous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5678538844762744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c982be12-bcec-4590-aaf9-c3dfed662ed4>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.797471"}
{"text": "eats seeds an animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants. offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters, clutches, etc. ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ). having one mate at a time. having the capacity to move from one place to another. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body. the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets. \" many forms. \" a species is polymorphic if its individuals can be divided into two or more easily recognized groups, based on structure, color, or other similar characteristics. the term only applies when the distinct groups can be found in the same area ; graded or clinal variation throughout the range of a species ( e. g. a north - to - south decrease in size ) is not polymorphism. polymorphic characteristics may be inherited because the differences have a genetic basis, or they may be the result of environmental influences. we do not consider sexual differences ( i. e. sexual dimorphism ), seasonal changes ( e. g. change in fur color ), or age - related changes to be polymorphic. polymorphism in a local population can be an adaptation to prevent density - dependent predation, where predators preferentially prey on the most common morph. referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually, but not always, a river or stream ). breeding is confined to a particular season remains in the same area reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. uses touch to communicate living on the ground. the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south. uses sight to communicate de grahl, w. 1984. the parrot family. new york : arco publishing, inc. rowan, m. 1983. the doves, parrots, louries and cuckoos of southern africa. claremont, south africa : david phillip. smith, g. 1979. lovebirds and related parrots. london : paul elek ltd. vriends, m. 1978. encyclopedia of lovebirds. neptune, n. j. : t. f", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5586966860978615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c982be12-bcec-4590-aaf9-c3dfed662ed4>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.798481"}
{"text": "written by administrator though the effect of science and technology is experienced in every day life of each and every person, there appears to be a very big gap between scientifically literate and the common person on the road on acquiring scientific attitude and awareness. even in the elite and highly educated group, it is doubtful how many of them have scientific attitude in correct sense. though the constitution stipulates the spread of scientific attitude and temperament as one of the foremost duties of every citizen in india, the pace at which this duty is being fulfilled is at snail \u2019 s speed and sometimes in reverse direction due to vested interests at certain levels. while planning to inculcate scientific attitude in the society, which will certainly eradicate superstitions, it became necessary to concentrate our efforts among school going children who generally acquire the traditions and rituals followed blindly by their parents. if it is possible to inculcate scientific awareness at that tender age by some means, the young will be aware of the importance of scientific attitude throughout their life. formal education as planned by our educationists for primary and secondary education is just not sufficient to inculcate scientific attitude. as such maharashtra andhasraddha nirmoolan samiti ( ans ) planned to educate students informally by appealing to the interested students to study superstitions and scientific reasoning behind the so - called miracles. we have realized that just delivering lectures and performing demonstrations would not be adequate enough specially when audience is full of students. it was also learnt that the assimilation of knowledge is generally through listening to the lectures, self study, discussions with teachers and friends and appearing for examination to evaluate comprehension. to implement the scheme effectively, it became necessary that teachers should be the nodal point. as such a curriculum was formulated to include various related topics and for various age groups and accordingly programs were planned to train teachers so that they in turn can teach the subjects related to scientific attitude during extra hours and on holidays. teachers were also entrusted the task of conducting the examination to assess assimilating abilities of students and successful candidates were awarded certificates. the course has been divided into three levels : vaidnanik janiva parichay ( introduction to awareness of science ) for students studying in fourth to seventh class. this is an introductory course, which enables students to get acquainted with fundamentals of superstitions and of scientific temper. vaidnanik janiva shodh ( search of awareness in science ) is for students studying in eighth to tenth class. during this course, in - depth study of various subjects will be completed. sat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5056120235843388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e082e09-fcbb-4a7a-ae58-e3670ef2e3ad>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.807277"}
{"text": "of superstitions and of scientific temper. vaidnanik janiva shodh ( search of awareness in science ) is for students studying in eighth to tenth class. during this course, in - depth study of various subjects will be completed. satya shodh prabodh ( awareness and search of truth ) is for college going students. it includes the study of theoratical topics like rationalism, secularism, mental disorders etc. the syllabus has been arranged in such a way that it can be covered in about 10 periods of 30 minute each. if a special camp is arranged the syllabus can be completed within a day. generally 20 minutes are spent on explanation of the topic assigned and 10 minute for question - answer and discussions. the subjects covered during these courses are as under : \u2022 scientific attitude \u2022 faith and blind faith \u2022 mental disorder and possible remedies \u2022 astronomy and astrology \u2022 study of snakes and remedies on snakebites \u2022 scientific explanations about miracles, poltergeist and hypnotism \u2022 exposure of god men, babas matajis etc. \u2022 poltergeist ( bhanamati ) \u2022 works of social reformers for example the subject \u2018 scientific attitude \u2019 includes following topics : \u2022 necessity of the removal of blind belief \u2022 the distinguishing factors between scientific literacy and scientific attitude \u2022 methodology to check evidence \u2022 scientific thinking that includes freedom, fearlessness and humbleness \u2022 dangers of glorification of great persons. \u2022 the origins and meaning of prevailing customs, traditions and rituals. \u2022 moral values and scientific attitude. we arranges teachers training camps with the due permission of concerned educational officer in all district place and major towns. teachers can avail the opportunity and attendance of training camp is considered as working day for teachers. mans activists and experts in the field will outline the methodology of conducting the course and examinations, use of course material etc. teachers participate in post lecture discussions and clarifications are sought. in fact ans has compiled the questions that are generally being asked by the audience, which is also applicable to students also. these training camps benefit teachers and in fact some of them serve as activists and / or contact persons for mans. we have trained more than 50, 000 teachers and more than 500, 000 students have undergone various courses. we have observed marked change in the students attending the course. a question like \u201c mention three superstitions followed in house \u201d may trigger their inquisitiveness. children are never passive in this regard. after realization they go out of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5267637565179998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e082e09-fcbb-4a7a-ae58-e3670ef2e3ad>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.808289"}
{"text": "courses. we have observed marked change in the students attending the course. a question like \u201c mention three superstitions followed in house \u201d may trigger their inquisitiveness. children are never passive in this regard. after realization they go out of their way to protest and are not afraid of expressing their displeasure frankly and openly. this in turn influences parents to take corrective measures. as the saying goes \u201c there are no problematic children but there are problematic parents \u2019. ans can cite hundred of examples where children protested against illogical and unscientific behavior of their parents ; thanks to the courses undergone by students. during the euphoria of milk drinking by ganesh on 21 sept. 95, it was the students in maharashtra who protested vehemently about the whole episode. similar protest was observed even during the eclipse. the girls who had attended the course start protesting against rituals, which encourage gender discrimination. it is not only students who are benefited by this course but also the teachers who conduct them. age - old practice of observing fast, believing in astrological predictions, expensive, outdated and irrelevant ceremonies were abandoned by most of the teachers. to sum up we have oticed the following changes : \u2022 influence of babas, matas etc is reduced \u2022 children started showing keen interest in measures of reform \u2022 participation of students in exposing witchcraft, haunting and casting of spells \u2022 girls are becoming bold enough to question rituals of gender inequality \u2022 course material is used as a reference guide during discussions with staunch believers of superstitions \u2022 students advice their juniors and friends to undergo the course \u2022 students show keen interest in the activities and events happening in the surroundings \u2022 students want more material to enhance their knowledge \u2022 training one child in a family is equivalent to training the full family and its neighbourhood. mans has followed the principle of \u201c science and technology at your doorsteps \u201d rather than making students come to a centralized urban place as has been done in many of the ` not so successful \u2019 projects. this is one example, which has a potential to replicate all over india instead of confining to marathi speaking area. in fact mans is ready to extend its assistance to any dedicated team from other states that is prepared to come forward and work hard to conduct such program. this will hasten the process of inculcating scientific attitude among millions of our students.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5333320711030924, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:3e082e09-fcbb-4a7a-ae58-e3670ef2e3ad>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.809311"}
{"text": "a major step towards rational use of medicines was taken in 1977, when who established the 1st model list of essential medicines to assist countries in formulating their own national lists. the present definition of rational use was agreed at an international conference in kenya in 1985. in 1989, the international network for the rational use of drugs ( inrud ) was formed to conduct multi - disciplinary intervention research projects to promote more rational use of medicines ( email : firstname. lastname @ example. org website : http : / / www. msh. org / inrud ). following this, the who / inrud indicators to investigate drug use in primary health care facilities were developed and many intervention studies conducted, a review of all the published intervention studies with adequate study design was presented at the 1st international conference for improving the use of medicines ( icium ) in thailand in 1997. box 3 shows a summary of the magnitude of prescribing improvement by type of intervention, the effect varied with intervention type, printed materials alone having little impact compared to the greater effects associated with supervision, audit, group process and community case management. furthermore, the effects of training were variable and often unsustained, possibly due to differences in training quality and the presence or absence of follow - up and supervision. box 3 review of 30 studies in developing countries size of drug use improvements with different interventions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5200734523011616, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:06c33ac8-2376-42d2-a586-aee36a14b00a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.810787"}
{"text": "fighting poverty : increasing household income through agroforestry in the kadiogo province of burkina faso providing seedlings and training in tree - planting techniques for 150 youths / year in order to fight deforestation while simultaneously generating income and improving quality of life the agroforestry organization association mimang - da fights deforestation by engaging youths in planting a wide variety of trees and starting tree nurseries. the founder of mimang - da was named an ashoka fellow in 2011 for his work in reforestation and fighting rural unemployment. mimang - da addresses the needs of the under - educated youth who are unemployed and without appropriate access to training to be able to secure a decent livelihood for themselves and their families. currently, mimang - da recruits youths to plant a variety of species of trees on the organization \u2019 s land ( mango, orange, papaya, lemon, jathropa, melina, and acacia ). the products from these trees ( wood, fruit, oil ) are sold to generate operating income for the organization. in exchange for their labor, the youth receive training on appropriate planting techniques, maintenance, spacing and pairing of the different species, as well as 100 tree seedlings to plant on their own land. during the following dry season, mimang - da follows up with the young farmers who ' ve planted their 100 trees in order to monitor the survival rate of the trees planted and to offer advice and training on continued maintenance to ensure the highest possible survival rate. mimang - da aims for a minimum of 80 % survival rate of the seedlings. upon follow up visits, if the farmer has achieved this rate, mimang - da donates a goat to the farmer and his family. this donation rests on the understanding the family will breed the goat ( average annual yield is 3 to 4 baby goats per year ) and after two years, give one goat back to mimang - da, who will in turn donate the goat to another family who has achieved the 80 % survival rate. types of trees and their purposes : - fruit trees ( mango, orange, lemon and papaya ) : provide food security for the family, shade, and are an income generating asset as their fruits can be sold on the market - jathropha trees : used to make oil - melina trees : wood is used for heating stoves ; leaves provide animal fodder - acacia : wood is used for heating stoves ; can also be sold at market to generate income - eucalyptus :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45786566169161813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9404bb7-3be7-4103-a029-ec5d57da629a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.815374"}
{"text": "their reforestation and income generating activities ( sale of tree by - products and animal husbandry ). mimang - da \u2019 s goal is to extend support to another 150 farmers per year for the next three years, at which point the income generated from the sale of by - products from mimang - da \u2019 s trees will allow them to purchase seeds for the upcoming years and add a qualified nursery supervisor to accommodate the growth of the association. mimang - da aims to acquire 15 additional hectares of land ( to reforest and grow a nursery of trees for the farming youth ) and to construct a water tower to water the acquired land efficiently. this will permit mimang - da to reach out to a larger number of rural and undereducated youth. - purchase of 15 hectares of land - construct water tower - purchase seeds for the past two decades, the government of burkina faso has emphasized the need for reforestation to battle desertification at all levels of society. however, while projects are undertaken to plant trees, there is little attention paid to maintenance and survival of the trees. thus, without this necessary follow - up, the actions undertaken to fight desertification amount to much less than the desired outcome. got a suggestion on how to make this idea even better? remix it! - embed video from services like youtube, vimeo & flickr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44386794187111994, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9404bb7-3be7-4103-a029-ec5d57da629a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.817041"}
{"text": "for innovative pest control, a new gene - transfer technique insect physiologist paul shirk ( left ) and technician richard furlong examine a genetically transformed indian meal moth caterpillar using fluorescence microscopy. ( d596 - 1 ) many crop insecticides have lost effectiveness because the target pests have developed resistance. others have been discontinued because of the potential or real risks they pose to environmental or human health. the upshot is that growers have fewer chemical options available to them for controlling pest insects. one highly successful nonchemical alternative to insecticides is the sterile insect technique ( sit ), in which masses of male insects are sterilized by irradiation and then released to mate with wild females. no offspring result, and the population diminishes. sit could potentially be improved \u2014 and new types of biological control developed \u2014 by use of genetically modified insects. a genetic tool developed and patented in part by ars researchers, called the \u201c piggybac transposon, \u201d is being used to genetically modify many species of pest insects, such as flies, moths, and mosquitoes. transposons are also called \u201c jumping genes \u201d because they can jump from one place on a chromosome to another. a concern about this genetic modification method, though, is the rare possibility that inserted genes could move again, or \u201c remobilize, \u201d resulting in loss of the desired traits or entry into other organisms. before such modified insects are ever tested or used in the field, scientists must be sure any introduced genes stay put. in an exciting discovery, ars physiologist paul d. shirk and his colleagues at the ars center for medical, agricultural, and veterinary entomology in gainesville, florida, have developed a gene - transfer system \u2014 a \u201c vector \u201d \u2014 that can be used to test foreign gene activity in pest insects without worry that the genetic transformation will pass to the next generation. this new method uses part of a virus called \u201c jcdnv \u201d to ferry new genes into insects. the process is done by injecting insect embryos with the jcdnv vector, which has been altered so it can \u2019 t cause disease. instead, the vector \u2014 carrying the foreign gene \u2014 inserts itself into the insect \u2019 s chromosomes. the newly installed gene can then be tested during all stages of the insect \u2019 s life. unlike piggybac or other transposons, the jcdnv vector enters only the somatic, or body, cells \u2014 not the germline,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5123952411008742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64af3974-db5f-4241-8e73-47817d806084>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.821512"}
{"text": "installed gene can then be tested during all stages of the insect \u2019 s life. unlike piggybac or other transposons, the jcdnv vector enters only the somatic, or body, cells \u2014 not the germline, or reproductive, cells \u2014 so the next generation will not inherit the genes. the vector works well for a variety of insects, including flies and moths. it allows testing of lab - constructed foreign genes that could potentially cause sterility in the insect, and there \u2019 s no worry that the genes will remobilize. the jcdnv vector came from a parvovirus, junonia coenia densovirus, which infects the common buckeye butterfly, junonia coenia. max bergoin, a virologist who originally cloned the jcdnv parvovirus in his laboratory at the university of montpellier in france, collaborated with shirk in the vector research. other team members included postdoctoral researchers herve bossin and jennifer gillett and ars technician richard furlong. \u2014 by jim core, formerly with ars. this research is part of crop protection and quarantine, an ars national program ( # 304 ) described on the world wide web at www. nps. ars. usda. gov. paul d. shirk is in the insect behavior and biocontrol research unit, usda - ars center for medical, agricultural, and veterinary entomology, 1600 s. w. 23rd dr., gainesville, fl 32608 ; phone ( 352 ) 374 - 5720, fax ( 352 ) 374 - 5804. \" for innovative pest control, a new gene - transfer technique \" was published in the september 2006 issue of agricultural research magazine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4770520562072973, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:64af3974-db5f-4241-8e73-47817d806084>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.822120"}
{"text": "by 9 : 35 on a typical morning at a downtown baltimore aids clinic, nearly a dozen hiv - positive children already wait impatiently to see the doctor. some read or color with crayons ; others stare straight ahead - - they are too sick to play. the children are brought to this university of maryland clinic by their hiv - positive mothers or by whatever adult remains in their lives in the wake of the aids epidemic : grandmothers, aunts, the occasional father, a foster parent. families like these are the focus today of the seventh annual world aids day, an observance begun by the united nations to call attention to the estimated 14 million people worldwide who are living with the virus that causes aids or who already have the disease. although recent advances have brought improved treatments and a new way of slowing the spread of the fatal virus among infants, the toll of the epidemic on families is a growing global tragedy, medical professionals say. \" there are so many losses for these children, my heart cries out, \" said sue hines, who has spent seven years as a nurse practitioner at the clinic. \" every day you can see the ripple effect. \" about 25 percent of all babies born to untreated hiv - positive women are infected with the virus. and by 2000, as many as 126, 000 children and adolescents nationwide may be motherless because of the disease, according to the orphan project, a new york research group. in the same time span, more than 5 million children worldwide will have lost their mothers or both parents to aids, according to the world health organization. last year, about 700, 000 children were born to hiv - positive women in africa alone. to mark world aids day in maryland, where 5, 637 people have died of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, gov. william donald schaefer is urging those who know someone affected by the disease to drive with their headlights on during daylight hours. \" aids is a problem for all of us. we all have families and as the epidemic continues, those people who don ' t know anyone with aids or hiv will be rarer and rarer, \" said dr. joseph horman, acting director of the state aids administration. l \" we need to work together to defeat this epidemic, \" he said. in addition, speeches will be given, proclamations made and candles lighted from paris to baltimore. governments and institutions in about 180 countries are backing events that acknowledge the terrible toll and personal tragedies inflicted by the modern - day plague. they include : * distribution of more than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4020729605194001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1852926a-1524-49e7-8179-45517c2f9759>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.828464"}
{"text": "be given, proclamations made and candles lighted from paris to baltimore. governments and institutions in about 180 countries are backing events that acknowledge the terrible toll and personal tragedies inflicted by the modern - day plague. they include : * distribution of more than $ 50, 000 to local aids service providers by baltimore ' s health education resource organization ( hero ). * competitions about preventing aids and other sexually transmitted diseases held by government - run newspapers in china. * an international aids conference being held in saudi arabia, where cases of aids are rarely reported. * and, at a \" summit \" in paris, public health leaders from 42 nations, including u. s. secretary of health donna e. shalala, are meeting to forge greater cooperation in the battle against aids. leaders of participating nations hope to balance how aids funding is spent globally : about 92 percent of aids money now goes to wealthy nations where a fraction of aids cases occur. the paris group will consider a pledge that expresses the idea that \" violations of human rights are co - factors in the spread of hiv, \" said the head of the u. s. national office of aids policy, patricia fleming, who is attending the summit. \" homophobia, racism and sexism are vehicles for hiv if each person is not empowered to defend him or herself from the virus. \" maryland records show that in the 12 months ending in september, the state ' s aids caseload increased by 2, 720. nationwide, the total number of people with aids grew by 85, 260 in the year ending in june, the latest 12 - month period tracked by the centers for disease control and prevention in atlanta. despite such increases, many doctors, researchers and activists express cautious hope as they contemplate medical advances since the last world aids day. \" this is a year with promise. if you had asked me last year, i would have been negative. this year there has been remarkable change in treatments and in hope, \" said dr. peter vink, director of the pediatric aids program for the university of maryland medical center. a key advance came when a study showed that the drug azt, when administered to hiv - positive pregnant women, can dramatically reduce the transmission of hiv to newborns. \" this is the first ' clean needle ' or ' condom ' for infants - - the first chance to intervene in the transmission of hiv to babies, \" dr. vink said. that pathway of hiv infection poses an enormous public health problem in developing countries in africa, asia and south america, where millions of people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4421625749877385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1852926a-1524-49e7-8179-45517c2f9759>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.829386"}
{"text": "history of astrology note : this article should be merged with a historical overview of astrology astrology is not limited to western astrology alone, which by itself has several branches and various offshoot traditions. in modern india the ancient vedic astrology ( or jyotish ) is commonly used to this day, and in china chinese astrology has existed for thousands of years and continues to flourish. the system of hellenistic astrology was developed by greek speaking peoples in alexandrian egypt while the mayans of central america also developed their own form of astrology. the ancient egyptians also had another system of decanic astrology, and the various mesopotamian civilizations developed what can broadly be referred to as babylonian astrology. a unique system of astrology eventually emerged in tibet as well. other cultures and civilizations around the world also developed their own astrological systems independently. the origins much of the astrology that would later develop in asia, europe and the middle east are found among the ancient babylonians and their system of celestial omens that began to be compiled around the middle of the 2rd millennium bce. this system of celestial omens later spread either directly or indirectly through the babylonians to other areas such as india, china and greece where it merged with preexisting indigenous forms of astrology. it came to greece initially as early as the middle of the 4th century bce, and then around the late 2nd or early 1st century bce after the alexandrian conquests, this babylonian astrology was mixed with the egyptian tradition of decanic astrology to create horoscopic astrology. this new form of astrology which appears to have originated in alexandrian egypt quickly spread across the ancient world into europe, the middle east and india. this tradition of hellenistic astrology was passed to india sometime around the 1st century ce where it merged with the preexisting tradition of babylonian astrology and the lunar astrology of the nakshatras and this founded the tradition of vedic astrology in india. hellenistic astrology was practiced from the 2nd century bce until sometime around the 7th century ce when europe entered the middle ages. astrology was then passed to and further developed by the arabs from the 7th to the 13th century. it was subsequently transmitted back to europe beginning in the 12th century and reached its peak in renaissance europe during the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries when astrologers became a dominating influence in european society. in europe, public interest in astrology began to recede around the late 17th century and it was not fully revived again in the west until", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4296511351381659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c8be1bb-61eb-47a8-bc23-0c8742ce8e25>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.838498"}
{"text": "renaissance europe during the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries when astrologers became a dominating influence in european society. in europe, public interest in astrology began to recede around the late 17th century and it was not fully revived again in the west until the late 19th and early 20th century. list of prominent astrologers. first period - babylonian astrology the babylonian system of celestial omens began to be compiled around the 3rd millennium bce. second period - hellenistic astrology hellenistic astrology can be generally defined as the type of horoscopic astrology that was developed in egypt and the mediterranean sometime around the 2nd century bce, and was practiced until the 6th or 7th century ce. several hellenistic astrologers describe the history of the art by acribing its creation to a mythical sage named hermes trismegistus. hermes is said to have written several major texts which formed the basis of the art or its evolution from the system of astrology that was inherited from the babylonians and the egyptians. this system can be labeled as \" horoscopic astrology \" because it employed the use of the ascendant, otherwise known as the horoskopos in greek, and the twelve celestial houses which are derived from it. several authors cite hermes as being the first to outline the houses and their meaning, so the houses date back to the very beginning of horoscopic astrology and indeed they are one of the major defining factors which separate hellenistic astrology and other forms of horoscopic astrology from babylonian astrology and other traditions. this system of horoscopic astrology was then passed to another mythical figure named asclepius to whome some of the hermetic writtings are addressed. according to firmicus maternus, the system was subsequently handed down to an egyptian pharaoh named nechepso and his priest petosiris. 1 they apparently wrote a major textbook which explicated the system and it is from this text that many of the later hellenistic astrologers draw from and cite directly. this system formed the basis of all later forms of horoscopic astrology. vedic astrology history vedic astrology refers to the type of sidereal horoscopic astrology that has been practiced in india at least as far back as the first two centuries of the common era, and also includes the indigenous 27 / 8 sign lunar zodiac that most scholars agree was being used at a much earlier date. third period - medieval astrology medieval astrology largely consist of works done by arab astrologers from the late 7th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44955184916883284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c8be1bb-61eb-47a8-bc23-0c8742ce8e25>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.839479"}
{"text": "common era, and also includes the indigenous 27 / 8 sign lunar zodiac that most scholars agree was being used at a much earlier date. third period - medieval astrology medieval astrology largely consist of works done by arab astrologers from the late 7th century until about the 12th century when astrology began to trickle back into europe. around the 12th century certain prominent european astrologers begin to surface, and they created a segway for the explosion of astrological practice that occurred during the renaissance. fourth period - renaissance & early modern this period generally beginning sometime in the 1400 ' s, and ending in the late 17th century, after the golden age of english astrology. the low period of astrology between the 17th century and the end of the 18th also goes under this section, although it is quite distinct from the period that came before it. the divergence of astrology & astronomy astrology and astronomy were deeply intertwined in the past, and very much one and the same throughout the overwhelming bulk of human history. in medieval europe the word astronomia was often used to encompass both disciplines as this included the study of astronomy and astrology jointly and without a real distinction ; this was one of the original seven liberal arts. the two completely separate disciplines as we define them today cannot, in fact, be distinguished, until only the past few hundred years ( they split up completely around 1750 - 1800 ). astrology and astronomy stayed together for a very long time - the funding from astrology supported major astronomical research, which was in turn used to make more and more accurate ephemerides for use in astrology. indeed for the vast majority of history many of the advancements in astronomy were largely only accomplished in order to improve the accuracy of the astrology. most of the very early, ancient astronomers / astrologers up until about 1750 - 1800 were simultaneously employed as astrologers for the powerful and the wealthy ; many kings and queens employed court astrologers to aid them in the running of their kingdom, and this is where most of the money that was used to fund much need astronomical research came from. more often than not it was only because of the prospect of getting better and more accurate astrological predictions that the rich ( royalty ) were willing to invest in the very expensive projects of creating observatories and funding constant astronomical observations, which were very time consuming and just didn ' t seem quite as interesting or practical as the art of astrology. astrology and astronomy began to take divergent paths towards the end of the renaissance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43622943298095596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c8be1bb-61eb-47a8-bc23-0c8742ce8e25>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.840569"}
{"text": "creating observatories and funding constant astronomical observations, which were very time consuming and just didn ' t seem quite as interesting or practical as the art of astrology. astrology and astronomy began to take divergent paths towards the end of the renaissance largely due to the changing intellectual and religious climate in europe during this time, as a result of the changing worldview and cosmology, and also partially as a result of the rise of the scientific method in the western world. the purely mathematical, mechanical, empirical science of astronomy as is known today is of relatively recent origin. this discipline became separated from and generally antagonistic towards astrology only beginning around the time of the \" great astronomers \" - - galileo galilei, johannes kepler, nicolas copernicus, tycho brahe, etc., although it must be noted that all four of these \" great astronomers \" were also astrologers. this period is defined as the beginning of the scientific revolution, leading on into the age of enlightenment, sometimes referred to as the age of reason - - as stated, the two fields diverged completely in the west between approximately 1750 - 1800. the primary goal of astronomy is to understand the physics of the universe. astrologers use astronomical calculations for the positions of celestial bodies to observe correlations between celestial events with earthly events and human affairs. the role of astrology as an important motivation for astronomical research diminished as the works of galileo and others solved the problems in celestial mechanics that were of interest to astrologers, and as belief in directly causal astrological influences or correlations became largely extinct among astronomers. the needs of modern navigation and physics became the prime motivating factors for subsequent astronomical research. fifth period - modern astrology the modern period of astrology spans from the late 19th century until the end of the 20th century. post 20th century this section is for documenting historical events in the history of astrology that have occurred since the beginning of the year 2000, or those that will occur as time progresses. - wikipedia ' s article on astrology _ and _ astronomy - retrieved 12 / 6 / 2005 under the gnu free documentation license - wikipedia ' s article on the history of astrology - retrieved 12 / 20 / 2005 under the gnu free documentation license note 1 : * see firmicus maternus, ancient astrology theory and practice a\u20ac \u201c matheseos libri viii, translated by jean rhys bram, noyes press, 1975. pg. 118.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48646666456765575, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0c8be1bb-61eb-47a8-bc23-0c8742ce8e25>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.841628"}
{"text": "diesel hybrid mass transit if you live in a city like new york, chicago, or san francisco calif., and you use public transportation, chances are good that you ' ve already been a passenger on a diesel hybrid bus. nearly all buses and heavy - duty large trucks use diesel engines because of the massive torque available - - torque helps the vehicle pull huge amounts of weight. just like cars, they use either parallel or series hybrid systems to assist the diesel engines in these buses. san francisco ' s hybrid bus system, first unveiled in april 2007, uses a series hybrid system where the engine turns a generator that produces electricity to power electric drive motors that propel the bus. the wheels aren ' t turned by diesel power directly, but rather electricity. seattle wash. king county metro transit buses run on a parallel hybrid system - this means that at low speed the bus is mostly electrically driven, while at medium speeds it operates on a blend of diesel and electric power and at high speeds it runs on mostly diesel power. the benefit offered by buses powered with diesel hybrid technology is that they produce significantly lower emissions and increased fuel efficiency. one of the downsides is the cost - - they can be several hundred thousand dollars more expensive than conventional buses. in seattle, according to king county ' s web site, fuel economy in the hybrid - powered buses is more than 4 mpg ( 1. 7 km / l ). that ' s pretty good when compared to the 2. 6 mpg ( 1. 1 km / l ) the conventional diesel - powered buses are currently getting. some dispute whether hybrid buses are truly worth the extra cost. in seattle, it has been reported that the buses have never achieved the fuel economy they were supposed to - - and in some cases, they actually achieved lower fuel economy numbers than standard diesel buses. like a diesel hybrid car, it ' s also difficult to argue whether the added initial cost of the buses is made up for in fuel savings. in the next section, we ' ll take a look at some of the diesel hybrid concept cars that have made their way into the auto show circuit. will one end up in your garage?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46701833520368236, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c56eccbd-df2a-4ca2-8104-035ea4af8d29>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.843778"}
{"text": "by rebecca ruiz - mcgill, university communications resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle limiting the successful treatment of cancer patients. the discovery of a novel antioxidant compound by a group of university of arizona researchers led by pharmacology and toxicology assistant professor donna d. zhang, phd, has proven its ability to combat chemoresistance and enhance the efficacy of current chemotherapeutic drugs. zhang also is a member of the arizona cancer center. the finding, reported in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, represents a breakthrough in the effectiveness of cancer treatment. the key to the discovery is an understanding of the transcription factor, or movement of genetic information of the protein nrf2. nrf2 regulates a multitude of genes that promote cell survival under detrimental environments, such as oxidative stress. oxidative stress is associated with an imbalance between the production and removal of chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen known as reactive oxygen species. during times of oxidative stress, the body ' s ability to detoxify and repair damage is disrupted and has been implicated in cancer and other diseases. the ability of cells to properly regulate the nrf2 defense response is important to protect against the damaging effects of oxidative stress. normally, nrf2 is expressed at very low levels in most organs of the body. but recent studies have shown that high levels of nrf2 are present in many types of tumors. these studies, zhang said, \" suggested that nrf2 has a dark side. \" \" clearly, the control mechanism of nrf2 has been hijacked by the cancer cells, and the high levels of nrf2 are creating an environment for cancer cells to survive and thrive and promote chemoresistance, \" she added. her team searched for antioxidant compounds that were able to inhibit the nrf2 defense response mechanism and found that brusatol, a quassinoid isolated from the fruit of the brucea javanica tree, is a unique inhibitor of the nrf2 pathway. zhang ' s team showed that brusatol can combat chemoresistance associated with cisplatin treatment, a platinum - based chemotherapy drug. through a reduction in the protein level of nrf2, brusatol is able to sensitize cancer cells to therapeutic treatments. their results show that when brusatol is used in combination with cisplatin, there is an increase in cell death, reduced cell proliferation, and a reduction in tumor growth compared to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5252274463061738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:51d9547a-45eb-4680-ae72-c0afc79e4d4d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.846761"}
{"text": "november 9, 2011 leave a comment begin in 3ds max by drawing the outline of your mesh. users typically load an image that that they used for creating an rpc into the background and trace it using splines. don \u2019 t worry about the size. this is determined at the time the rpc is created. be sure and close the spline. i have created an outline of the pumpkin from october \u2019 s blog and create a shape to represent the base of the rpc. the tip of the triangle depicts the front of the rpc. right click on these and select convert to editable mesh. once i have created the shapes for my rpc \u2019 s mesh i arrange them the way the final mesh will look. to export the mesh, select the geometry to be exported and then click on the 3ds max icon ( file button ), export then export selected. choose autocad *. dxf as the file type when naming the file. choose the option for selected objects and click on ok. at this point a. dxf file should be successfully created, however we will need to convert this into a. msh file to use it with rpc creator. this can be performed by using the convert to rpc icon tool. this file can be downloaded here : once installed open the convert to rpc icon tool and select the. dxf file just generated and then select a name and creation path for the rpc icon mesh file that will be created. click on convert and the. msh file will be created. this is the file that will be used during the rpc creation process. select the custom mesh option and then browse for this file. when the rpc is added to a scene it will now have a mesh representation prior to rendering so that a better example is given of what the actual rendered object will look like. custom meshes save rpc users the time necessary to have to reposition objects that could have been placed more accurately using this technique.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46166974157983665, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:17061d30-0fea-4eb1-a866-c02f305f988a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.848779"}
{"text": "women who wish to conceive may do best by avoiding foods with trans fats as a recent study claims that taking trans fats even in small quantities can have significant effects on fertility. in the study, american researchers from the harvard school of public health linked trans fats to fertility problems. of the 18, 500 women studied who were attempting to conceive, 438 women faced ovulatory problems. the researchers concluded that trans fats could raise one \u2019 s likelihood of developing fertility problems even by 70 per cent. but they are unsure as to the exact process by which trans fats affect fertility. meanwhile, british scientists from sheffield university have developed a test that could tell a woman how quickly her biological clock is ticking. the blood test calculates the number of eggs in a woman \u2019 s ovaries and determines whether her fertility is on a downward spiral. this test, named plan ahead is the first fertility test to bring together pituitary hormone fsh and ovarian hormones inhibin b and amh, as they are responsible for the number of eggs. with an increasing number of women preferring to have babies at a later stage in life, this test can help them prioritize between career and family. on the other hand, indian researchers from the institute for social and economic change, bangalore, have uncovered the disturbing fact that indian women as young as 30 are reaching menopause. while 3. 1 per cent women reach menopause between 30 and 34 years, 8 per cent do so between 35 and 39 years of age. also, such premature menopause is more common in the rural areas than in the urban areas. however, women who wish to marry late have no cause for concern as giving birth at a later age delays the onset of menopause. powered by qumana", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42363369388833294, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6121551b-80d9-4e89-b981-9e91281c9d56>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.851374"}
{"text": "filming table top earthquakes ( dec, 1935 ) filming table top earthquakes by earl theisen \u2013 honorary curator of motion pictures, los angeles museum. when the director calls for floods, train wrecks, and volcanoes, the miniature men create the scenes. read how they produce these effects. behind the studio walls tucked off in a corner may be found the miniature department. it is hidden away where persons will not interfere with its work or find out its secrets. to the miniature man everything is possible from the fabrication of airplane crashes, train wrecks, explosions, floods, to the bringing to life on the screen of prehistoric monsters. in this department of the studios is filmed those things that cannot be photographed or are too dangerous to be photographed in full size. the miniature men are specialists in reproducing literally on a table top practically anything that occurs in real life. in a picture entitled, last days of pompeii, the destruction of this historic city by a volcanic eruption can be seen on the screen. because of the risk to human life and the expense involved, it was impossible to make the volcanic scenes other than by miniature. besides, by using miniatures, a more forceful and realistic story could be made. streams of flowing lava, smoke, flying debris, destruction of huge buildings, and other volcanic phenomena were reproduced for the screen in this picture. to do this was no simple matter ; chemistry, physics, and much creative ingenuity contributed to the filming. some scenes required as many as five trick super - imposures exposed on the same film. one such scene depicted a boat burning in the harbor of pompeii. in the background mt. vesuvius was shown erupting while the streets of pompeii began to fill with smoke and ash. the burning boat with real - life players was photographed in full size and then later added to the miniature scene by what is known in the studios as the \u201c projection process. \u201d this process consists of projecting the movie of the burning boat to a screen placed in the miniature setting. the screen being of glass is easily camouflaged in the setting. by moving the projector, which was out of camera lines near the screen, a proper balance between the size of the boat and the miniature city was reached. to photograph this entire scene it was necessary to run the negative through the camera five times, each time a different portion of the picture was photographed. first the city of pompeii was photographed showing the streets beginning to fill with smoke and ash. the negative was then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4228546013486736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fd4ae9d-7c98-4410-9ad7-bc6ecad56808>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.859406"}
{"text": "scene it was necessary to run the negative through the camera five times, each time a different portion of the picture was photographed. first the city of pompeii was photographed showing the streets beginning to fill with smoke and ash. the negative was then re1 wound in the camera and a second exposure was made showing mt. vesuvius ; then another exposure introduced the smoke and fire effects which were being ejected from the mouth of the volcano ; finally the burning boat was added. a fifth exposure introduced birds flying about in the scene. the various exposures were required because different methods or \u201c processes \u201d had to be used for the various effects. the smoke and fire effects had to be photographed at high speed in order to get the proper floating and billowy effect. then the clouds were superimposed over the city by \u201c stop - motion, \u201d which is the studio name for the process of photographing action photograph by photograph rather than continuously as is done when \u201c shooting \u201d real life stars. in \u201c stop - motion \u201d the action is photographed pose by pose on motion picture film. when the progressive poses are projected in the theatre at high speed, the poses blend together to give the illusion of motion. in the destruction of pompeii, the use of \u201c stop - motion \u201d made it possible to project the picture of the clouds and falling ashes into the city while the city was being destroyed. this was done by projecting the motion picture of the clouds, which was taken at high speed on to a \u201c split screen. \u201d the \u201c split screen \u201d which was placed a few inches in front of the camera lens in this \u201c shot \u201d is a partially silvered mirror which reflected the image of the clouds and at the same time permitted the camera lens to see through the mirror to photograph the miniature city. in this way the two pictures were combined. in the fabrication of the destruction of a building by earthquake in the last days of pompeii, willis o \u2019 brien, who did the technical and miniature work on the lost world, king kong, as well as this picture, constructed a miniature building of about four by five feet in size on a table. in order to effect an earthquake movement, the table was set on a series of rocker arms operated by an electric motor. the building was constructed of plaster and wood joined together in sections, and was so built that any desired portion could be made to collapse when desired by pulling wires which ran through the building down to the table, and from there to the control board. in some sea films", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5112187897934288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fd4ae9d-7c98-4410-9ad7-bc6ecad56808>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.860534"}
{"text": "constructed of plaster and wood joined together in sections, and was so built that any desired portion could be made to collapse when desired by pulling wires which ran through the building down to the table, and from there to the control board. in some sea films that show boat wrecks or fires, the work is done by use of miniature. in some instances the boat never touches the water but is run on tracks in the studio sound stage. recently ralph hammeras, who is in charge of miniature photography at fox films corporation, constructed a twelve - foot miniature boat in order to show a fire at sea. the boat was complete with every detail of an ocean going liner, even to the use of three thousand miniature globes that actually furnished illumination. the water was added by the \u201c projection process, \u201d which projected a moving picture of the desired ocean scene to a screen behind the ship. the camera angle was set so the projected picture of the ocean and the burning ship was combined to show the ship moving in water. in so doing a more forceful and effective action for the story was obtained with no risk to human life. things as complicated as a ballroom with dancing couples have been made in miniature. for the big broadcast, harry reynolds, who makes the miniatures for paramount studios, brought to life such a ballroom where sixty couples danced the waltz, and an orchestra of men made in miniature to represent the vincent lopez orchestra went through all the motions of producing the music. to make these miniatures do this was not a simple matter. harry reynolds constructed a number of conveyor belts on which were anchored the figures. these conveyor belts ran over drums, which had an intricate tripping mechanism which moved the figures in a certain manner when in a desired position. the question arises, \u201c why go to all that trouble when the real orchestra and ballroom would be available? \u201d at times it is thought desirable for picture purposes to photograph at an impossible angle, or photograph in a dangerous position. probably the most difficult of all miniature shots are the type that characterize willis o \u2019 brien \u2019 s work ; that is, in such pictures as king kong, wherein people in small size are added to miniatures which seem of heroic proportions. the new \u201c stop - motion \u201d camera is used in photographing miniatures so they may be moved by hand between each exposure while the camera shutter is closed. the process of photographing a miniature by \u201c stop - motion \u201d pose by pose is continued until the desired action is complete. a day \u2019 s work is often only twenty - five feet of film, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4903536811567117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6fd4ae9d-7c98-4410-9ad7-bc6ecad56808>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.861667"}
{"text": "create an elegant patterned vector owl in illustrator follow this step by step adobe illustrator tutorial to create a stylized vector owl illustration with simple shapes and patterns. we \u2019 ll start by building the basic owl character with various vector shapes, then begin bringing it to life with colour, shading and pattern fills. the owl character we \u2019 ll be creating is built from a range of basic shapes to create a simple and elegant style. the illustration is brought to life with shading effects which add depth, and a range of pattern fills to give a feathered impression. to finish off the design it \u2019 s brought into photoshop for some grungy textures to rough up the clean vectors to give a cool tactile feel. open up adobe illustrator and draw a large circle on the artboard. hold alt and drag the circle to one side to make a duplicate, then use the subtract option from the pathfinder palette to punch out the circle from the original. draw a rounded rectangle with max corner radius ( press the right cursor key ) and carefully align it to the width of the crescent shape. toggle outline mode ( cmd + y ) to ensure everything lines up. merge these two shapes with the pathfinder palette. draw another circle, this time overlap it across the top edge of the owl body. use the subtract option from the pathfinder to create a couple of simple ears on the head. elsewhere on the artboard draw a circle, then with the convert anchor point tool remove the bezier handles from the upper and lower points. use the direct selection tool to drag these points upwards and downwards respectively to lengthen this shapes to produce a simple wing. rotate and move the wing into place on the body of the owl. draw another circle as move into place as an eye. use the pucker and bloat effect to convert the shape. copy the shape then paste in front ( cmd + f ). hold shift while rotating to limit the angle to 45 degrees, then go to object > expand appearance to convert the effect into solid shapes then merge the two with the pathfinder. add a few more circles aligned to the centre of this shape. paste each new circle then scale it while holding shift and alt. finish the eye with a couple of smaller circular highlights. duplicate all the shapes that make up the eye and move them to the opposite side. merge the surrounding shapes to blend them together where the two overlap. create the basics of what will be the owl \u2019 s beak using three circles \u2013 two small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45904330437500973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ce7e54-7b08-46e6-a9d5-27b94f192f9e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.867956"}
{"text": "highlights. duplicate all the shapes that make up the eye and move them to the opposite side. merge the surrounding shapes to blend them together where the two overlap. create the basics of what will be the owl \u2019 s beak using three circles \u2013 two small circles placed side by side, then a larger one at the exact with of the two smaller circles. use the direct selection tool to select and delete the upper most point from the larger circle. drag the lower most point downwards vertically ( hold shift ) and remove the bezier curves with the convert anchor point tool. overlap the shapes then use the merge option from the pathfinder to blend them together. move the beak into place between the eyes. use the pen tool while holding shift to draw a flowing shape. keeping the bezier curves on strict angles should help keep the curves flowing smoothly. move all the shapes into their final positions to create the basic structure and outline of the owl character. add a basic blue fill to the body of the owl, then head to effect > stylize > inner glow. select a darker tone of blue and adjust the blur so the glow subtly flows in from the edges. add the same fill and glow settings to the wings. use similar inner glow styling, but this time with grey tones on the \u2018 eyebrows \u2019 and shapes that surround the eyes. to make the eyes stand out that little more, add a drop shadow. adjust the options so there \u2019 s no offset and the opacity is around 40 %. add a grey to white radial fill to the outer circles that make up the complete eye. move the gradient slider so the grey only creeps in slightly from the edge. give the next circle an orange / yellow radial fill to create a bright iris colour, and add another subtle drop shadow. elsewhere in the document draw a small circle. drag the upper most point upwards with the direct selection tool then remove the bezier curves with the convert anchor point tool. select the rotate tool then alt - click just underneath the shape. in the subsequent options box enter 10 degrees and hit the copy button. repeatedly press the shortcut cmd + d to generate a complete circle of radial shapes. remove the black stroke and group them all together ( cmd + g ). move the radial shapes into place over the iris. use the shortcut cmd + [ to alter the stacking order so it sits under the pupil of the eye. finish off the eye with a black to grey gradient on the pupil and leave the highlights with just a white fill. use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47420580043055777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ce7e54-7b08-46e6-a9d5-27b94f192f9e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.868960"}
{"text": "iris. use the shortcut cmd + [ to alter the stacking order so it sits under the pupil of the eye. finish off the eye with a black to grey gradient on the pupil and leave the highlights with just a white fill. use the same colours from iris to colour the beak with a fill and inner glow. don \u2019 t forget a good old drop shadow to list the objects from the screen. draw another small circle elsewhere on the artboard. delete the upper most point to leave a semi - circle. give this semi - circle a vertical gradient fill from the darker blue tone used on the body to transparent. hold alt and shift while dragging the shape to one side to align multiple circles side by side, then select and drag this row downwards to duplicate a series of further rows. align a guide to the centre of the first circle, then move the second row until the edge of the circles aligns with this guide. repeat the movement on each alternating row using the shortcut cmd + d then group them all together. use three more guides to carefully outline a repeating area within the series of rows. zoom right in to ensure the guides sit perfectly against the centre points and outlines of the circles. draw a blank square inside these guides. select both the group of circles and the blank square and click the crop option from the bottom row of the pathfinder to trim the pattern down to size. drag this graphic into the swatches palette. copy the main body shape and press cmd + f to paste it in front. delete the inner glow from the appearances palette then replace the fill with the newly created pattern swatch. change the blending mode to color burn. repeat the process on the wings, but also go to object > transform > rotate. select just the patterns checkbox and enter 30 degrees into the angle to rotate the pattern to match the orientation of the wing. make another duplicate of the wing and give it a black fill. use a large temporary circle with the pathfinder to clip the shape down. add a large gaussian blur ( effect > blur > gaussian blur ) of around 40px. press cmd - [ to send the black shape underneath the main wing, then rotate it slightly so the blur creeps out slightly further from the lower edge. change the blending mode to multiply at 30 %. draw a large oval over the chest area of the owl. adjust the stroke options to 30pt weight with round cap and bevel join, check the dashed line option and change the dash", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4708592104225933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ce7e54-7b08-46e6-a9d5-27b94f192f9e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.870833"}
{"text": "edge. change the blending mode to multiply at 30 %. draw a large oval over the chest area of the owl. adjust the stroke options to 30pt weight with round cap and bevel join, check the dashed line option and change the dash to 0 and gap to match the stroke weight of 30pt. go to object > expand and select just the stroke option to convert the stroke into basic shapes. right click and ungroup, then merge everything together with the pathfinder. use a duplicate of the main body shape as a tool along with the intersect option from the pathfinder to trim the chest shape down to size. give it a basic blue fill then set it to multiply at 40 %. to finish off the design with some rough textures, paste it into a large photoshop document with a grey background. paste a copy of the body pattern fill from illustrator and scale it up to fill the whole document. set this to color burn, then add a rough texture and set it to color dodge at 80 %. import another texture file then load the selection of the owl illustration by clicking the layer thumbnail while holding the cmd key. inverse the selection ( cmd + shift + i ) then clear out the excess. set this new texture overlay to color burn at 70 % opacity to finish off the illustration with some dirty distressed marks. there we have one complete owl illustration. the basic vector shapes help build a simple and stylized illustration while the subtle shading effects add depth and dimension to the design. none of my designs are complete without a dirty texture to rough things up, which in turn give the clean vectors a more tactile feel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4337390938148611, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:20ce7e54-7b08-46e6-a9d5-27b94f192f9e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.871612"}
{"text": "imbolc is traditionally regarded as the first day of spring. life is beginning to stir again. the celtic festival of imbolc or imbolg - pronounced without the \u2018 b \u2019 sound \u2013 is sometimes known as oimelc, means \u2018 ewe \u2019 s milk \u2019 \u2013 named due to the birth of the first lambs at this time, and celebrates the return of fresh milk. sheep are earlier with their offspring than cattle, because they could crop lower for grass and so thrive on the sparse vegetation in late winter. cattle would calf around march. bulbs are beginning to shoot and new lambs are born \u2013 the cycle of new life returns to the earth. imbolc marks the rebirth of nature and fertility. it is the celebration of the gradual dawning of increasing light, bringing nature to life again. nature is awakening from her winter rest \u2013 the long winter darkness begins to break as the daylight hours begin to get longer. christians celebrate this festival as candlemas. \u201c as the light lengthens, so the cold strengthens \u201d imbolc focuses on the goddess, both as mother \u2013 as she gave birth to the sun god at the winter solstice, and as the maiden. brigit was originally considered a form of the triple goddess. imbolc is a feast dedicated to the goddess in her maiden aspect, in her guise as brigid, bridget, bride, brighid, brigit or brig \u2013 goddess of learning, poetry, prophesying, craftmanship, agriculture and healing. imbolc is considered a traditional healing time and it is a good time to consider ways to improve your health. brigid is the virgin goddess who brings new life to the earth. she is known as bride in scotland \u2013 pronounced breed \u2013 which is the origin of the word \u2018 bride \u2019. imbolc is also known as bride \u2019 s day. she was christianised as st. bridget of kildare, the patroness of sheep and fertility, and she was also known as the \u2018 mother of ireland \u2019. briget \u2019 s cross is woven from corn and consists of four arms that meet to form a square centre \u2013 a fire wheel. traditionally, on this day candlelit processions were led to st. bridget \u2019 s holy shrines \u2013 wells imbolc is a \u2018 fire festival \u2019. particular attention was paid to the hearth fire and keeping it alight. a celebratory dish used to be made from the new lambs \u2019 docked tails. bridie dolls are made out of a sheaf of oats and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4320203238572613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e899317-2ecf-4630-b8e1-7f2213dcaa2a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.876168"}
{"text": "\u2019. particular attention was paid to the hearth fire and keeping it alight. a celebratory dish used to be made from the new lambs \u2019 docked tails. bridie dolls are made out of a sheaf of oats and dressed in women \u2019 s clothing, and then ritually buried in the earth as a fertility rite. another custom was to place the doll in a \u2018 bride \u2019 s bed \u2019 of woven wheat, like a basket, which was placed near the front door, or sometimes near the hearth. a white candle was burnt nearby all night. spring cleaning comes from the habit at imbolc of getting rid of unwanted clutter and preparing for the new season, physically and mentally. now is the time to finish old habits and make a fresh start, and realise the world is full of new opportunities. imbolc is a time of optimism and for making new plans for the sunny days ahead. plant the seeds of your plans now and tend them so they mature into your hopes and dreams. now is the time to renew your new year resolutions. like many celtic festivals, the imbolc celebrations centred around the lighting of fires. fire was perhaps more important for this festival than others as it was also the holy day of brigid ( also known as bride, brigit, brid ), the goddess of fire, healing and fertility. the lighting of fires celebrated the increasing power of the sun over the coming months. for the christian calendar, this holiday was reformed and renamed \u2018 candlemas \u2019 when candles are lit to remember the purification of the virgin mary. imbolc is still a special time for pagans. as people who are deeply aware of what is going on in the natural world they recognise that there is strength in cold as well as heat, death as well as life. the horned god reigns over the autumn and winter and although the light and warmth of the world may be weak, he is still in his power. many feel that human actions are best when they reflect the actions of nature, so as the world slowly springs back into action it is time for the small tasks that are neglected through the busy year. rituals and activities might include the making of candles, planting spring flowers, reading poetry and telling stories. merlin says \u201d it is called imbolc in the druid tradition, or sometimes oimelc. although we would think of imbolc as being in the midst of winter, it represents in fact the first of a trio of spring celebrations, since it is the time of the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4241947136721368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2e899317-2ecf-4630-b8e1-7f2213dcaa2a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.877054"}
{"text": "te papa research fellow patrick brownsey was recently contacted about a population near levin of the very rare ophioglossum petiolatum. ophioglossum are odd looking ferns, as befits a common name of \u201c adder \u2019 s tongue ferns \u201d. we don \u2019 t have a picture of o. petiolatum ( stalked adder \u2019 s tongue fern ), but the related o. coriaceum is similar ; o. petiolatum has a rounder leaf and a longer fertile spike than shown in the drawing below. ophioglossum petiolatum has a nationally critical conservation status in new zealand. more details and photos from the plant conservation network. pat saw the hokio population about 30 years ago, and wrote an article about it. a local landowner wanted to know if the population still persisted. primary science teacher fellow wendy hogg and i joined pat for the hunt, but we were unsuccessful. the area is much changed, and it seems unlikely ( but not impossible ) that o. petiolatum survives near levin. 1985 article about ophioglossum petiolatum at hokio ( 2. 3 mb pdf ). however, we did find the unusual, floating liverwort ricciocarpos natans. although only a centimetre or two across, it is very distinctive. it has a nationally endangered conservation status, but it is probably under - collected, and may be more common than appreciated. please look out for it amongst the \u201c duckweed \u201d on your local ponds!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4721559507551788, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8e975049-b22c-4315-85df-1d9926600022>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.878687"}
{"text": "the last time i gave bees much thought was when i was about five years old and the bee \u2019 s name was maya. but last night \u2019 s screening of vanishing of the bees, presented by \u201c whole foods market do something reel \u201d film festival, made me realize how much we depend on these industrious little insects. according to the film, a third of everything we eat grows through pollination, \u201c apples, broccoli, watermelon, onions, cherries and a hundred other fruits and vegetables \u201d. bees are the only efficient way for many crops to pollinate, and without pollination, there can be no food. in 2007, beekeepers from around the country began reporting the mysterious vanishing of tens of thousands of bees - in a matter of hours. the vanishing bee phenomenon, officially called colony collapse disorder ( ccd ), is alarming not just for the welfare of the bees, but for the welfare of our crops and food supply. where are these bees going and, more importantly, why are they leaving their hives? these are the troubling questions vanishing of the bees seeks to answer. it \u2019 s narrated by oscar - nominated ellen page, and as a documentary it \u2019 s intriguing, entertaining and extremely educational. in 90 minutes, i learned more about bees than i ever thought i \u2019 d care to know - and i was glad for the education. ( i still can \u2019 t get over how much we depend on these insects! ) and like all good documentaries, vanishing of the bees provides simple steps that we can take to protect nature \u2019 s little workers - because at the end of the day, we depend on bees to provide something that \u2019 s very near and dear to us all : food.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4579446666916949, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6f070aa8-4631-46a9-af07-fa4e602a67a2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.880690"}
{"text": "in the heart of the large magellanic cloud ( one of the milky way \u2019 s many satellite galaxies ), there lies a vast complex of gas called 30 doradus. and inside that sprawling volume of space is the tarantula nebula, a star - forming region so huge it dwarfs even our own orion nebula. thousands of stars are churning away in there, going through the process of being born. and as they do, the hottest and brightest of them carve huge cavities in the nebula, heating the tenuous gas therein to millions of degrees. the result? this : [ click to embiggen. ] i love this image! it \u2019 s a combination of observations from the chandra x - ray observatory ( in blue, showing the incredibly hot gas ) and from spitzer space telescope ( in red, showing cooler gas ). those bubbles of hot, x - ray emitting gas are constrained by the cooler gas around them, but it \u2019 s likely the hot gas is expanding, driving the overall expansion of the nebula itself. however, it \u2019 s also possible the sheer flood of high - energy radiation from the nascent stars is behind the gas \u2019 s expansion \u2026 or it \u2019 s a combination of both. astronomers are still arguing over this, and observations like this one will help figure out who \u2019 s right. \u2026 but you know me. i love pareidolia, and there \u2019 s no way you can look at this image and not see a really angry screaming face, shrieking at that blue blob hovering in its way. that \u2019 s so cool! and c \u2019 mon, nasa : you release this image two weeks after halloween? oh well, i \u2019 ll add it to my scary astronomy gallery anyway, which is after the jump below. image credit : x - ray : nasa / cxc / psu / l. townsley et al. ; infrared : nasa / jpl / psu / l. townsley et al. i believe without reservation that this may be the greatest instance of pareidolia of all time : an ultrasound of a man experiencing epididymo - orchitis, or pain and swelling of a testicle : having suffered through a similar ( if less traumatic ) version of this, may i add that the expression on the man \u2019 s, um, \" face \" is exquisitely accurate. tip o \u2019 the codpiece to my hive overmind co - blogger ed yong on google +. original image : elsevier, inc. i know", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5081218583500098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c889934-cab3-4687-91d5-26656dafb332>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.889093"}
{"text": "add that the expression on the man \u2019 s, um, \" face \" is exquisitely accurate. tip o \u2019 the codpiece to my hive overmind co - blogger ed yong on google +. original image : elsevier, inc. i know i \u2019 ve posted a lot about the sun lately, and i know i just posted a funny picture by astrophotographer alan friedman. and maybe i should \u2019 ve waited for caturday to post this. but c \u2019 mon. how could i not post this as soon as i saw it? [ click to concatenate. ] it \u2019 s a sol cat! i love how it looks like it \u2019 s rubbing its head on the sun. if you want the technical description of what you \u2019 re seeing, it \u2019 s a solar prominence, a long stream of ionized gas belched out by the sun, flowing along its magnetic field lines. think of it as a 80, 000 kilometer - long cosmic hairball the sun hacked up. i will from now on. and if you liked that picture by alan, this one will make your hair stand on end! [ update : alan calculated the size of this prominence as 80, 000 km, and that looks about right to me. so just for comparison, i added the earth roughly to scale in the picture here. that ' s a pretty big cat. it ' s head is bigger than our whole planet! imagine the litter box that would take... ] i love the images of the sun taken by astrophotographer alan friedman. i love pareidolia. and i love cryptozoology. so of course i love love love this : [ click to sasquatchenate. ] pareidolia is the trait of seeing recognizable objects in random patterns ( usually, but not always, faces ). cryptozoology is the study of fabled creatures like nessie, or the chupracabra, or \u2026 i don \u2019 t know, for a totally random example, let \u2019 s say bigfoot. still not sure what i mean? maybe this \u2019 ll help : ok, i \u2019 ll be a pedantic dork for just a sec, and say that this is actually just a prominence, an eruption of ionized gas off the surface of the sun, guided by the twisting and churning solar magnetic field. prominences can take all sorts of shapes \u2014 even angels and dragons \u2014 as they launch upward and fall back down to the sun \u2019 s surface. alan apeman \u2014 ur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49313157384697826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c889934-cab3-4687-91d5-26656dafb332>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.890068"}
{"text": "the surface of the sun, guided by the twisting and churning solar magnetic field. prominences can take all sorts of shapes \u2014 even angels and dragons \u2014 as they launch upward and fall back down to the sun \u2019 s surface. alan apeman \u2014 urp, sorry, i mean friedman \u2014 takes simply amazing pictures of the sun which i feature here all the time ; see the related posts section below for many more. and you should keep an eye on his pictures. who knows what you \u2019 ll find in them? image credit : alan friedman hey, i haven \u2019 t posted a fun pareidolia ( patterns that look like faces or figures ) news article in a while, and this is a good one : a man in finland found this interesting image on his wall : [ here ' s the google translation into english. ] of course, the article claims it looks like the virgin mary. now look : i know that the standard depiction of mary is usually with her head bent, covered in a cowl, with a robe of some sort. that kind of figure lends itself to pareidolia \u2014 it \u2019 s an easy shape to make, from oil stains to an mri. but this is a pretty far cry from even that! unless mary \u2019 s head is a perfect sphere. it looks very much like this is a simple reflection off a window or other shiny object. the way the light plays on the wall makes that clear. of course, i cannot rule out a supernatural influence \u2026 so if it \u2019 s not mary, who is it? when you build and launch a high - resolution solar observatory that stares at the sun 24 hours a day, you \u2019 re bound to catch some pretty cool stuff. as proof, check out this video of a stunning prominence erupting from the sun \u2019 s surface on july 12, 2011, as seen by nasa \u2019 s solar dynamics observatory : [ make sure you set the resolution to at least 720p. ] that \u2019 s really graceful, especially considering that tower reached the staggering height of about 150, 000 km ( 90, 000 miles ) above the sun in just a few minutes! the gas on the sun is ionized, which means it \u2019 s had one or more electrons ripped away from its atoms. technically called a plasma, this makes it sensitive to the sun \u2019 s strong magnetic forces. that becomes really obvious after it starts to collapse ; it doesn \u2019 t follow a ballistic trajectory like you \u2019 d expect ( the path a ball thrown up in the air would follow ), but instead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5244834792399696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c889934-cab3-4687-91d5-26656dafb332>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.891130"}
{"text": "it sensitive to the sun \u2019 s strong magnetic forces. that becomes really obvious after it starts to collapse ; it doesn \u2019 t follow a ballistic trajectory like you \u2019 d expect ( the path a ball thrown up in the air would follow ), but instead flows along the sun \u2019 s magnetic field lines. this video is in the ultraviolet, where such a plasma glows brightly. for a moment there, just at its peak, it coincidentally looks like a classic angel with wings spread. of course, once the angel dissolves it forms more of an arc \u2026 so i guess this makes it an archangel. i \u2019 m glad no one heard a trumpet playing when this happened. that could \u2019 ve been awkward. i glanced out my office window the other day and saw what is clearly a sign that the weather is ticked off about something : go cloud! punch that sky! i was thinking at first the cloud was the result of a big convective updraft ; warm air screaming upwards and forming a puffy column. a couple of weeks ago i saw this happen in a ginormous cumulonimbus storm cloud. there were several rapidly rising columns of air moving up so quickly they were forming pilei, which are caps of water vapor that look like little shock waves at the top of the cloud. however, when i was looking at this fist cloud just a few minutes later as it blew east toward my house, i saw this was just a perspective effect, and it was just a normal puffy cloud. too bad. i was getting into it. give it to the man! fight the stratus quo! this is a pretty nifty illusion : as you look at a spot between two rapidly changing images of faces, your brain distorts the images, making them look really weird : i could do without the title they chose for the video, but the paper on which it \u2019 s based is called \" flashed face distortion effect : grotesque faces from relative spaces \", which may not explain much, either. what it means, basically, is that as the faces flash, certain features get distorted by your brain, and the amount of distortion depends on how much that feature deviates from the rest in the set. in other words, someone with slightly larger eyes gets perceived by you as having huge eyes. go ahead and pause the video and click through it ; the faces are pretty much normal faces, so the distortion really is an illusion. i think that \u2019 s pretty neat ; i \u2019 m fascinated by how our brains perceive faces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5411800611371742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c889934-cab3-4687-91d5-26656dafb332>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.892120"}
{"text": "as having huge eyes. go ahead and pause the video and click through it ; the faces are pretty much normal faces, so the distortion really is an illusion. i think that \u2019 s pretty neat ; i \u2019 m fascinated by how our brains perceive faces in particular, since people see them everywhere. i \u2019 d love to see some variations on this, like showing men \u2019 s faces, or a man on one side and a woman on the other. would it work for animal faces too? hmmm. i \u2019 ll note that some people have a hard time seeing this illusion ; my friend richard wiseman \u2014 who knows a thing or two on how the brain can be fooled! \u2014 doesn \u2019 t see it well. do you? tip o \u2019 the nacker cube to gizmodo and my old friend bill dalton. it \u2019 s very common to see familiar things in random patterns. we see faces in clouds, jesus in a tortilla, and smiley faces everywhere. it \u2019 s so ubiquitous there \u2019 s a term for it : pareidolia. so when i saw on reddit that people were talking about seeing an epic dragon fight in the orion nebula, i smiled. but then i saw the image, and that smile turned to pure amazement. why? because here \u2019 s the image : [ click to ensmaugenate. ] do you see the dragon on the left, wings outstretched, breathing fire, blasting it at the man on the right? he has a face, and i see his shoulder, back, and outstretched arm as well, as if he \u2019 s battling the dragon. let me be clear : this picture is real! well, the dragon and face aren \u2019 t real \u2014 they \u2019 re more pareidolia \u2014 but the images in the nebula are actually there. you might see them more easily in this contrast - enhanced version, too. let me explain \u2026 pareidolia is the psychological term for seeing patterns in random or near - random distributions of things. the face on mars, the man in the moon, jesus in a taco shell, and so on \u2026 most of the time it manifests as faces, since our brains are geared to recognize them as easily as possible. but sometimes you get other patterns too. i don \u2019 t know about you, but i agree with astronomer yurii pidopryhora : this is a dolphin : it \u2019 s actually a cold molecular gas cloud about 25, 000 light years away in our galaxy, seen in the radio part of the spectrum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.552542528906564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1c889934-cab3-4687-91d5-26656dafb332>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.893035"}
{"text": "\u201c the urinary excretion of ( an ) odorous substance ( s ) after eating asparagus is not an inborn error of metabolism as has been supposed. the detection of the odour constitutes a specific smell hypersensitivity. those who could smell the odour in their own urine could all smell it in the urine of anyone who had eaten asparagus, whether or not that person was able to smell it himself. thresholds for detecting the odour appeared to be bimodal in distribution, with 10 % of 307 subjects tested able to smell it at high dilutions, suggesting a genetically determined specific hypersensitivity. \u201d face it : your pee smells after you eat asparagus. ( and if you think yours doesn \u2019 t, it \u2019 s because you can \u2019 t smell it. ) this phenomenon ( which is caused by various malodorous sulfur - containing compounds ) has tickled the fancies of many researchers, as well as such luminaries as proust, who wrote of asparagus : \u201c exquisite creatures who had been pleased to assume vegetable form, and whose precious essence when, all night long after a dinner at which i had partaken of them, they played ( lyrical and coarse in their jesting like a fairy - play by shakespeare ) at transforming my chamber pot into a vase of aromatic perfume ( translated from du cote de chez swann, gallimard, 1988, i, 119 ; i, 131 ). but our favorite allusion to the asparagus - pee phenomenon has to be from benjamin franklin, who, in 1871 1781, wrote a letter asking researchers to come up with a solution to fart smells ( the letter is definitely worth reading in full : to the royal academy of farting ) : \u201c certain it is also that we have the power of changing by slight means the smell of another discharge, that of our water. a few stems of asparagus eaten, shall give our urine a disagreable odour ; and a pill of turpentine no bigger than a pea, shall bestow on it the pleasing smell of violets. and why should it be thought more impossible in nature, to find means of making a perfume of our wind than of our water? \u201d so, now that we understand why our pee stinks when we eat asparagus, can we address benjamin \u2019 s larger concern? check back tomorrow for some cutting - edge research on fart - smell - reduction!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.522220223069539, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:189216c8-85b1-43c9-8b87-6fba0651e582>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.895325"}
{"text": "forget blackadder, turnips and the black death : medieval england was extremely sophisticated there ' s a tendency to think of the medieval english living an archaic, primitive, blackadder sort of life : a lot of knobbly - faced peasants rotating crops, marrying at 12, before succumbing to their first bubons in the armpit at 15. an exhibition opening at the british library today, royal manuscripts : the genius of illumination, puts that right. not only are the 154 gilded books on display extraordinarily beautiful \u2013 and in fresh, glittering condition \u2013 but they also show how sophisticated medieval england was. pictured is winchester ' s new minster charter, an anglo - saxon manuscript, gilded a century before william the conqueror turned up. the workmanship and the colour are extremely advanced. it ' s not just the works themselves that show up so well. english gothic architecture, which appears as a backdrop to many of the illuminations, comes across as beautiful, skilled and varied, all the way through from around 1150 ad till 1530 ad. the manuscripts give similarly complimentary insights into medieval english philosophy, history, political thought, law and kingship. a convenient view on english history sets up elizabethan england, shakespeare and the arrival of renaissance architecture in the early 17th century as the great turning point \u2013 when stupid old rural england caught up with avant - garde continental thought, art and architecture. this exhibition turns that view on its head. modern architects have forgotten how to build beautiful new houses may 17th, 2013 10 : 44 the british man of letters is alive and well \u2026 may 11th, 2013 9 : 24 people with firsts rarely come first in life \u2013 but, boy, are they pleased with themselves may 8th, 2013 12 : 26 there will never be another alex ferguson \u2013 club owners are too impatient nowadays may 8th, 2013 10 : 26 the queen won ' t abdicate, but she is cleverly planning her succession may 7th, 2013 10 : 28", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4009462677595548, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2d6eb1ab-a26b-43db-9731-8c1b0dbd50ba>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.897385"}
{"text": "published : november 10, 2008 have you ever found an ugly wooden button, perhaps in a poke box, that has an eagle emblem and the letters \" nra \" stamped on the back? other manufactured goods - picture frames, candy boxes, bias tape packaging, cards of snaps - also feature the emblem and initials of the u. s. national recovery administration. like nra buttons, they have quite a story to tell. wood, brass embellishment blond wood, eagle and nra backmark on reverse wood, stylized floral design, painted during world war i, the american economy was booming. farmers were encouraged to grow all the wheat they could, and the price of grain was high. american farmers fed not only americans, but many people in europe as well. u. s. farmers were plowing up great portions of the great plains. what had been prairie for thousands of years was now farmland. the rains came and the crops were plentiful. after the war, soldiers returned and railroads brought trainloads of immigrants to the great plains. prosperity reigned. between 1924 and 1929, wheat acreage in the texas panhandle grew from 867, 000 to 2. 5 million acres. people put money into unregulated banks, which then loaned the money for land. the stock market was booming. in industrial areas, factory workers labored 12 to 15 hours each day for six days a week. children as young as 8 years old were employed in this fashion. prosperity breeds distress by the mid 1920s, europe began supplying her own needs, resulting in great over - production of american wheat, corn and other farm products. inevitably, farm prices fell. in the eastern u. s., factories lost contracts. the downward spiral had started. the american stock market crashed on oct. 29, 1929 - \" black tuesday \" - losing 40 percent of its value over the next three weeks. by the early 1930s, two million americans were living as nomads, having lost their homes and farms. franklin d. roosevelt was elected president in 1932 by 22. 8 million votes. in his inaugural address, roosevelt called for financial reform, emergency relief to the unemployed, realignment of agriculture, and cooperation between labor, government, and management. these tenets were the basis of the u. s. national industrial recovery act, which called for the creation of the national recovery administration, or nra. the nra would form consortiums of like industries to limit competition, raise prices and wages, guarantee the right of workers to organize,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45287543907092154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f38f3dd7-5f51-4df2-ac18-ea7b4982a79e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.902188"}
{"text": ". s. national industrial recovery act, which called for the creation of the national recovery administration, or nra. the nra would form consortiums of like industries to limit competition, raise prices and wages, guarantee the right of workers to organize, establish industry standards, a minimum wage, and limits for working hours. unemployment would drop from 25 million to 10 million. blue eagle soars and falls in the summer of 1933 the nra adopted the blue eagle as its official symbol. charles t. coiner, a noted american advertising executive, designed the blue eagle. it was to be used on all material issued by companies meriting an nra code of authority. if you look closely at the brown nra button pictured with this article, you can see the wheel in the right talon and the bolts of lightning in the left talon. the wheel is a symbol of industry ; the lightning is a symbol of power. parades were held in cities across the country to introduce the symbol and explain the benefits of the nra for industry. but big business mounted a legal challenge against the nra, and in 1935, the supreme court ruled the nra unconstitutional. within weeks, the blue eagle disappeared. the little nra button was out of business, nearly as quickly as it had appeared. button history elusive nra buttons are representative of a short period of time, completed just 2\u00bd years after the nra began. they typically have a face embossed with a geometric or repeating pattern. one frequently found example features a stylized flower. as a button collector, i have not been able to learn the manufacturing location of the nra buttons. in addition, i studied 138 of these buttons and found only 30 with at least a portion of a back mark. of the buttons i studied, eight were painted : four were royal blue, two were green, and two were black. two had dots of paint on the face ( red and blue ). nine buttons had some metal embellishment, either white metal or brass. twenty - two were sew - through buttons. i even found three matching scotty - dog nra buttons. a look at the edge of each button confirmed they were wood, although the same design can be found in wood composition buttons. these dog buttons reflected the popularity of president roosevelt ' s scotty, called falla. did the two companies that made wood - composition buttons under the trade names burwood and syroco produce the wooden buttons for the nra? i tend to think not, as the quality of the nr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45095661073086646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f38f3dd7-5f51-4df2-ac18-ea7b4982a79e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.903396"}
{"text": "' s scotty, called falla. did the two companies that made wood - composition buttons under the trade names burwood and syroco produce the wooden buttons for the nra? i tend to think not, as the quality of the nra buttons is quite poor in comparison with burwood and syroco buttons, and there is so little consistency in production methods exhibited in the buttons. in spite of the brief life of the nra, american society still benefits from many ideas developed as the result of its existence. the national labor relations board was a direct result of the repeal of the nra, as was the bureau of labor and industry. the bureau was established to oversee compliance with industrial safety standards, the 40 - hour workweek, overtime controls, minimum wage enforcement, and restrictions on the employment of children. nra buttons symbolize a period in u. s. history characterized by great hardship and significant progress in labor reform. | this article was provided by the national button society, nationalbuttonsociety. org. dorothy krugner has been a button collector since 1984. she is a lifetime member of the national button society and a member of three state button societies. you can contact dorothy at firstname. lastname @ example. org. | | this denotes premium bead & button magazine subscriber content. learn more \u00bb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45711992935199736, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f38f3dd7-5f51-4df2-ac18-ea7b4982a79e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.903964"}
{"text": "the oxford handbook of modern german history helmut walser smith oxford university press, sep 29, 2011 - 863 pages this is the first comprehensive, multi - author survey of german history that features cutting - edge syntheses of major topics by an international team of leading scholars. emphasizing demographic, economic, and political history, this handbook places german history in a denser transnational context than any other general history of germany. it underscores the centrality of war to the unfolding of german history, and shows how it dramatically affected the development of german nationalism and the structure of german politics. it also reaches out to scholars and students beyond the field of history with detailed and cutting - edge chapters on religious history and on literary history, as well as to contemporary observers, with reflections on germany and the european union, and on ' multi - cultural germany. ' covering the period from around 1760 to the present, this handbook represents a remarkable achievement of synthesis based on current scholarship. it constitutes the starting point for anyone trying to understand the complexities of german history as well as the state of scholarly reflection on germany ' s dramatic, often destructive, integration into the community of modern nations. as it brings this story to the present, it also places the current post - unification federal republic of germany into a multifaceted historical context. it will be an indispensable resource for scholars, students, and anyone interested in modern germany.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4688284977544858, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1e980984-56f0-4f4b-8ca5-ae37e73853e5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.905464"}
{"text": "calculate your loan balance based on current payment, interest rate and remaining term what is the balance on my loan? credit and the consumer while credit stimulates the economy, it does have to be used judiciously. credit is not money. derived from the latin word for \" trustworthiness, \" credit is based on faith that the borrower will repay the debt with real money. one should not use credit in place of money when there is little or no likelihood that payment in real money will be made \u2014 using credit without the intent or ability to pay is theft. today, credit has become a business in its own right. credit is issued by banks, savings and loans, credit unions, public utilities, and even merchants. according to the federal reserve, there was more than $ 2. 5 trillion of consumer debt outstanding by late 2009 \u2014 this is more than double the amount outstanding in 1994. this represents hundreds of billions of dollars in interest earnings to lenders. this is why credit card companies aggressively compete to get you to use their credit cards and services. the marketing is so aggressive that consumers may lose sight of the fact that this is not free money and make excessive purchases to the point where they find themselves in financial difficulty. click here for full article what are the benefits of credit? without credit, the global economic system would grind to a stop. credit allows borrowers to immediately buy things they could not afford now. most persons would not be able to purchase a house without credit. most young adults do not have sufficient savings to afford the cost of even the most humble of homes. yet, credit allows them to purchase a home that they can gradually pay off over time as their earnings increase. without credit, many individuals would not be able to purchase an automobile. credit also makes it convenient to make spontaneous purchases without the need to carry large sums of cash or checks. businesses rely upon credit to manage their cashflow. manufacturers borrow money to buy raw materials. merchants buy goods on credit from manufacturers. consumers buy goods from merchants on credit. without credit, the process would slow to a halt. click here for full article responsible use of credit while credit is very important to the economy, its abuse is harmful. credit is extended with the faith that borrowers will repay the debt. goods and services are provided on credit with the expectation that they will be paid for with money in the future. credit makes commerce more convenient. when credit is abused, everyone loses. credit abuse increases the cost of credit to everyone. one should never use credit to purchase things", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41895988249656174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba2232c7-58a1-46dd-a7b1-0e45a4e14da5>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.909015"}
{"text": "provided on credit with the expectation that they will be paid for with money in the future. credit makes commerce more convenient. when credit is abused, everyone loses. credit abuse increases the cost of credit to everyone. one should never use credit to purchase things for which one will not be able to pay in the future. many impulse purchases are made on credit with little thought given to how the debt will be repaid in the future. if one calculated the true cost of goods bought on credit, one would have second thoughts about making the purchase in the first place. here is an example : a new television flat - screen hdtv model retails for $ 5, 000. if purchased on a credit card with a 12 % annual percentage rate ( apr ) compounded daily, and with minimum monthly payments of $ 166 paid over three years, it winds up costing over $ 5, 980. is it worth almost $ 1, 000 more to have it now ( furthermore, the retail price in 3 years will probably drop )? that is like going into a store that advertised \" sale - - add 20 % to every purchase. \" click here for full article this information may help you analyze your financial needs. it is based on information and assumptions provided by you regarding your goals, expectations and financial situation. the calculations do not infer that the company assumes any fiduciary duties. the calculations provided should not be construed as financial, legal or tax advice. in addition, such information should not be relied upon as the only source of information. this information is supplied from sources we believe to be reliable but we cannot guarantee its accuracy. hypothetical illustrations may provide historical or current performance information. past performance does not guarantee nor indicate future results.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45233726642193495, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ba2232c7-58a1-46dd-a7b1-0e45a4e14da5>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.909685"}
{"text": "from my point of view, \u201c unnatural \u201d spans a range of things. all domesticated breeds are genetically altered. look at corn compared to its progenitor teosinte, a wild grass still found in central america. or a toy poodle compared to the timber wolf that was its progenitor before people started breeding them for all kinds of traits. humans have done a lot to alter animals genetically for thousands of years by just selective breeding. genetic engineering makes it possible to make fast genetic changes without selective breeding. i am not comfortable with it because of unintended consequences. but compared to the unintended ( and intended ) consequences of agriculture in general, with its pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, habitat destruction, predator control, water diversions and groundwater depletion, not to mention the explosion of human population facilitated especially by the green revolution, genetic alteration through genetic engineering seems almost a minor issue. what i do dislike is patents on genetically engineered life forms, and especially the way some companies have used patented, genetically engineered forms to directly drive people out of business through horribly unethical legal maneuvering. so there are broad issues, among which is the sustainability of farmed salmon. one issue with farming is the food conversion ratio, the amount of fish meal, for instance, that you have to feed a salmon to get a pound of meat back. the genetically engineered salmon actually use food more efficiently. and i don \u2019 t believe human safety from eating a genetically engineered salmon is an added concern. i \u2019 d rather they weren \u2019 t genetically engineering farm animals, but to me, in the whole array of environmental and agricultural issues, there are bigger fish to fry. so i have mixed feelings and am generally not comfortable with the larger implications. but at the moment i don \u2019 t think it \u2019 s a human health issue from a strictly culinary or medical standpoint. - carl safina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45297643839646295, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9e448f0f-4a78-4139-98c2-be1bcda4ef58>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.911575"}
{"text": "click the study aids tab at the bottom of the book to access your study aids ( usually practice quizzes and flash cards ). study pass is our latest digital product that lets you take notes, highlight important sections of the text using different colors, create \" tags \" or labels to filter your notes and highlights, and print so you can study offline. study pass also includes interactive study aids, such as flash cards and quizzes. highlighting and taking notes : if you ' ve purchased the all access pass or study pass, in the online reader, click and drag your mouse to highlight text. when you do a small button appears \u2013 simply click on it! from there, you can select a highlight color, add notes, add tags, or any combination. if you ' ve purchased the all access pass, you can print each chapter by clicking on the downloads tab. if you have study pass, click on the print icon within study view to print out your notes and highlighted sections. to search, use the text box at the bottom of the book. click a search result to be taken to that chapter or section of the book ( note you may need to scroll down to get to the result ). view full student faqs 11. 4 summary and exercises the basic law of partnership is found in the uniform partnership act and revised uniform partnership act. the latter has been adopted by thirty - five states. at common law, a partnership was not a legal entity and could not sue or be sued in the partnership name. partnership law defines a partnership as \u201c an association of two or more persons to carry on as co - owners a business for profit. \u201d the uniform partnership act ( upa ) assumes that a partnership is an aggregation of individuals, but it also applies a number of rules characteristic of the legal entity theory. the revised uniform partnership act ( rupa ) assumes a partnership is an entity, but it applies one crucial rule characteristic of the aggregate theory : the partners are ultimately liable for the partnership \u2019 s obligations. thus a partnership may keep business records as if it were a legal entity, may hold real estate in the partnership name, and may sue and be sued in federal court and in many state courts in the partnership name. partnerships may be created informally. among the clues to the existence of a partnership are ( 1 ) co - ownership of a business, ( 2 ) sharing of profits, ( 3 ) right to participate in decision making, ( 4 ) duty to share liabilities, and ( 5 ) manner in which the business is operated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49246030166192045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67491743-06da-4863-a2f1-18d68e4099da>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.918415"}
{"text": "partnership are ( 1 ) co - ownership of a business, ( 2 ) sharing of profits, ( 3 ) right to participate in decision making, ( 4 ) duty to share liabilities, and ( 5 ) manner in which the business is operated. a partnership may also be formed by implication ; it may be formed by estoppel when a third party reasonably relies on a representation that a partnership in fact exists. no special rules govern the partnership agreement. as a practical matter, it should sufficiently spell out who the partners are, under what name they will conduct their business, the nature and scope of the business, capital contributions of each partner, how profits are to be divided, and similar pertinent provisions. an oral agreement to form a partnership is valid unless the business cannot be performed wholly within one year from the time that the agreement is made. however, most partnerships have no fixed terms and hence are \u201c at - will \u201d partnerships not subject to the statute of frauds. - able, baker, and carr own, as partners, a warehouse. the income from the warehouse during the current year is $ 300, 000, two - thirds of which goes to able. who must file a tax return listing this as income, the partnership or able? who pays the tax, the partnership or able? - the havana club operated in salt lake city under a lease running to defendant dale bowen, who owned the equipment, furnishings, and inventory. he did not himself work in operating the club. he made an oral agreement with frances cutler, who had been working for him as a bartender, that she take over the management of the club. she was to have the authority and the responsibility for the entire active management and operation : to purchase the supplies, pay the bills, keep the books, hire and fire employees, and do whatever else was necessary to run the business. as compensation, the arrangement was for a down - the - middle split ; each was to receive $ 300 per week plus one half of the net profits. this went on for four years until the city took over the building for a redevelopment project. the city offered bowen $ 30, 000 as compensation for loss of business while a new location was found for the club. failing to find a suitable location, the parties decided to terminate the business. bowen then contended he was entitled to the entire $ 30, 000 as the owner, cutler being an employee only. she sued to recover half as a partner. what was the result? decide and discuss. - raul, a business student,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48670407983862596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67491743-06da-4863-a2f1-18d68e4099da>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.919541"}
{"text": ". bowen then contended he was entitled to the entire $ 30, 000 as the owner, cutler being an employee only. she sued to recover half as a partner. what was the result? decide and discuss. - raul, a business student, decided to lease and operate an ice cream stand during his summer vacation. because he could not afford rent payments, his lessor agreed to take 30 percent of the profits as rent and provide the stand and the parcel of real estate on which it stood. are the two partners? - able, baker, and carr formed the abc partnership in 2001. in 2002 able gave her three sons, duncan, eldon, and frederick, a gift of her 41 percent interest in the partnership to provide money to pay for their college expenses. the sons reported income from the partnership on their individual tax returns, and the partnership reported the payment to them on its information return. the sons were listed as partners on unaudited balance sheets in 2003, and the 2004 income statement listed them as partners. the sons never requested information about the management of the firm, never attended any meetings or voted, and never attempted to withdraw the firm \u2019 s money or even speak with the other partners about the firm. two of the sons didn \u2019 t know where the firm was located, but they all once received \u201c management fees \u201d totaling $ 3, 000, without any showing of what the \u201c fees \u201d were for. in 2005, the partnership incurred liability for pension - fund contributions to an employee, and a trustee for the fund asserted that able ' s sons were personally liable under federal law for the money owing because they were partners. the sons moved for summary judgment denying liability. how should the court rule? - the volkmans wanted to build a house and contacted david mcnamee for construction advice. he told them that he was doing business with phillip carroll. later the volkmans got a letter from mcnamee on stationery that read \u201c dp associates, \u201d which they assumed was derived from the first names of david and phillip. at the dp associates office mcnamee introduced mr. volkman to carroll, who said to volkman, \u201c i hope we \u2019 ll be working together. \u201d at one point during the signing process a question arose and mcnamee said, \u201c i will ask phil. \u201d he returned with the answer to the question. after the contract was signed but before construction began, mr. volkman visited the dp associates office where the two men chatted ; carroll said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4401134493829172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67491743-06da-4863-a2f1-18d68e4099da>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.920583"}
{"text": "##namee said, \u201c i will ask phil. \u201d he returned with the answer to the question. after the contract was signed but before construction began, mr. volkman visited the dp associates office where the two men chatted ; carroll said to him, \u201c i am happy that we will be working with you. \u201d the volkmans never saw carroll on the construction site and knew of no other construction supervised by carroll. they understood they were purchasing carroll \u2019 s services and construction expertise through dp associates. during construction, mr. volkman visited the dp offices several times and saw carroll there. during one visit, mr. volkman expressed concerns about delays and expressed the same to carroll, who replied, \u201c don \u2019 t worry. david will take care of it. \u201d but david did not, and the volkmans sued dp associates, mcnamee, and carroll. carroll asserted he could not be liable because he and mcnamee were not partners. the trial court dismissed carroll on summary judgment ; the volkmans appealed. how should the court rule on appeal? - wilson and vanbeek want to form a partnership. wilson is seventeen and vanbeek is twenty - two. may they form a partnership? explain. - diane and rachel operate a restaurant at the county fair every year to raise money for the local 4 - h club. they decide together what to serve, what hours to operate, and generally how to run the business. do they have a partnership? the basic law of partnership is currently found in - common law - constitutional law - statutory law - none of the above existence of a partnership may be established by - co - ownership of a business for profit - a formal agreement - all of the above which is false? - an oral agreement to form a partnership is valid. - most partnerships have no fixed terms and are thus not subject to the statute of frauds. - strict statutory rules govern partnership agreements. - a partnership may be formed by estoppel. - are not taxable entities - may buy, sell, or hold real property in the partnership name - may file for bankruptcy - have all of the above characteristics - are free to select any name not used by another partnership - must include the partners \u2019 names in the partnership name - can be formed by two corporations - cannot be formed by two partnerships", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4669921503221537, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67491743-06da-4863-a2f1-18d68e4099da>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.921558"}
{"text": "is red meat really so dangerous? the latest food scare was in the form of news stories that said that eating red meat causes breast cancer. here \u2019 s what the study was really all about. a study of more than 90, 000 nurses, led by a faculty member at harvard medical school, was published in a respected medical journal in november, 2006. when the women entered the study in 1989, they were between 25 and 42 years old. the women reported their own food habits to the researchers in 1991, 1993, and 1995. their health was evaluated from 1991 through 2003. of the 1021 women who developed breast cancer while participating in the study, women with a certain type of common breast cancer ( estrogen and progesterone receptor positive ) were more likely to have eaten, on average, at least 11 servings of red meat every week. in contrast, the study showed that women who ate 5 servings or fewer of red meat every week were only about half as likely to develop breast cancer. in addition to beef, pork and bacon were both included as red meats. the study results showed that women who ate more pork were more likely to develop breast cancer than women eating beef or bacon. the study did not distinguish whether the women ate organic red meat or not. what is surprising, however, is that the red meat that is most associated with breast cancer in this study \u2014 pork \u2013 does not have the hormone residues that beef may have. the researchers therefore conclude that the fat content, processing, and other factors may be more important factors affecting breast cancer than whether the beef is organic or not. for most people, the most reassuring aspect of the study results is that even the women with the lowest risk of breast cancer were eating up to 5 portions of red meat every week. this suggests that even if eating red meat does contribute to breast cancer risk, it is probably safe to eat red meat on a regular basis \u2013 just not everyday. on the other hand, it is important keep in mind that a portion of any food is generally considered about the size of a fist. larger portions, such as a large steak, probably would count as two portions \u2013 or more! perhaps most important to remember : this is just one study. more research is needed to determine if pork or any kind of red meat really does increase the risk of breast cancer, and if so, whether the risk is caused by meat itself, only certain kinds of meat, or the way the meat is processed or cooked. to separate fact from fiction on other internet health info", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45382528928296856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2c7b8f5b-e245-41e6-a7a6-9564d4b673e7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.924120"}
{"text": "while americans and others may celebrate easter only on a sunday, that occasion is marked in spain by an entire week of festivities known as semana santa, or holy week. the holy week festivals that take place all over the country are especially marked in andalucia. here, the emphasis is less on doleful repentance and more on celebration of the central figures of christianity. the central feature of all those activities are the notable processions that take place in every town in the region. the times, participants and style varies considerably from town to town. but almost all have some common themes. typically, traffic is closed off to allow for the floats and the hundreds or sometimes even thousands of people that precede or follow them. the festival is marked by religious figures dressed in church finery carrying candles and directing the parade. encircled by them is the main focus of the event : the floats. every float is a unique and creative construction that contains a figure of jesus, mary or an important saint. a small statue of saint rocco, for example, may be held aloft on one platform, displaying his bare leg. he is regarded as a patron of the sick and the hopeful will often toss money onto the float, seeking relief or improvement. other floats will depict scenes from the bible, early christian stories, or any of a thousand different images that evoke memories of tales passed down through hundreds of generations. there is the gitano del polvorin, the virgen de la victoria and the senor de sevilla, among many more. the processions, like the stories, are an ongoing tradition that has its origins in the early middle ages. as far back as 1, 500 years ago the faithful annually walked with the platforms to celebrate the annunciation, the sermon on the mount, the rising from the dead and other well - known scenes from the bible. for centuries \u2013 during the period spain was ruled by islamic moors, berbers, arabs and others from north africa \u2013 the festivals were forbidden. not surprisingly, therefore, after the reconquest by christian kings and the re - establishment of christianity in the country, the festivals started anew. they have been a regular event in andalucia, with few interruptions, ever since. but the natives are not the only participants. church officials from rome and elsewhere, along with people from around the world merely wanting to take part, celebrate the holy week festivals, too. the celebrations ramp up a notch the final few days before easter, making that an especially good time to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3870063060952841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:813e175f-0f5b-4a67-96b8-31e7a3d4464d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.926895"}
{"text": "that the true intentions of a religious organization, the muslim brotherhood, would become the most hotly debated issue surrounding the overthrow of egypt ' s president, hosni mubarak, would have garnered guffaws among western intellectuals only four decades ago. at that time, virtually all of them \u2014 all of us \u2014 were in the grip of secularization theory : the belief that religion was a dying supernova, enjoying its final glow before disappearing from history. america ' s foreign - policy establishment is still under the theory ' s spell. on february 10, the director of national intelligence, james r. clapper, told a congressional committee that the brotherhood is a \" largely secular \" organization. with equal glibness, other analysts have declared the brotherhood an extremist sect intent on establishing a violent theocracy. when david ignatius, of the washington post, was in tahrir square for a \" victory march, \" he found the sight of egyptians staging mass prayers \" unnerving. \" such is the subtlety of our secularist outlooks. we regard religious people as either not truly religious or as irrational, violent, and scary. but if american foreign - policy makers want to promote democracy and stability, they must come to realize that secularism is a poor analytical tool. the great surprise of the past generation has been the resurgence of religion ' s influence. despite a powerful array of secularizing regimes, ideologies, and social trends, religion has not only outlasted its most ferocious 20th - century rivals, but in many cases, it also appears poised to supplant them. the brotherhood is a perfect example : an organization that survived decades of harsh repression is now in a position to wield considerable influence in egypt. - the rise of shia political activism \u2014 a theological, doctrinal movement \u2014 leading to the iranian revolution of 1979 and the establishment of a theocratic regime. - the dissolution of the ussr and its east european satellites, in part resulting from the efforts of john paul ii, a polish pope who exposed the soullessness, illegitimacy, and corruption of those regimes. - the muslim - extremist attacks of september 11, 2001, the 2004 madrid train bombings, and, a year later, the london bombings. - the proliferation of nongovernmental organizations, particularly faith - based organizations ( fbo ' s ). britain ' s department for international development estimates that as much as half of all health and education services in sub - saharan africa are provided by fbo ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49772399187107885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d5da44e-02d4-4fcb-88b0-f0b31705d695>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.933413"}
{"text": "of nongovernmental organizations, particularly faith - based organizations ( fbo ' s ). britain ' s department for international development estimates that as much as half of all health and education services in sub - saharan africa are provided by fbo ' s. what explains religion ' s resurgence? ironically, it has been empowered by three trends that secularization theory predicted would bury religion. the first is modernization. religion was supposed to wither as people became \" modern \" \u2014 i. e., socialized into an industrialized, urban society in which individuals exercise control over their own fates. in 1968 the great sociologist of religion peter berger predicted that communities of faith would dwindle, and that religious folks would be isolated, \" huddled together [ in small sects ] to resist a worldwide secular culture. \" berger has since retracted his thesis. even in advanced industrialized countries, more than 60 percent of people claim that religion remains important to them ( the global average is just above 80 percent ). the second trend is democratization, which took off in the early 1970s. in contrast to many authoritarian regimes, which sought to eradicate or subjugate religious actors, democracies typically allow religious groups to enter the political arena. in 48 of 78 countries that witnessed democratic progress between 1972 and 2009, religious groups were vocal opponents of repressive governments. and even where religion has played a more minor role, its influence has increased when political systems opened up. in the current \" arab spring, \" religious actors have not always played a leading role, but their effect has been significant. the third trend is globalization. people and ideas now travel across the globe at much greater distances, at much faster speeds, and in much greater volume. as transnational actors, religious groups have been uniquely well positioned to harness new technologies, from the internet to text - messaging to twitter. the global resurgence of religion is a reality. but is it good or bad? is, for example, the muslim brotherhood ' s rise in egypt to be feared or welcomed? two factors are critical when assessing whether religion is more likely, on balance, to yield peace or terrorism, democracy or authoritarianism, reconciliation or civil war. the first is the political theology of the group. does it include the need or right to challenge political authority? if yes, does the group legitimate the use of force? in recent decades, for instance, religious leaders like pope john paul ii and archbishop desmond tutu, of south africa, tapped from their traditions a theology of reconciliation that brought unity among warring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48550214903111044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d5da44e-02d4-4fcb-88b0-f0b31705d695>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.934526"}
{"text": "? if yes, does the group legitimate the use of force? in recent decades, for instance, religious leaders like pope john paul ii and archbishop desmond tutu, of south africa, tapped from their traditions a theology of reconciliation that brought unity among warring peoples. the second critical factor is the degree of freedom that religious actors enjoy vis - a - vis state authority. what we have consistently found is that marginalized groups, those with little freedom of action, are more likely to resort to violence. the roots of al qaeda are not global, but they can be traced to its founders ' relationship with particular repressive regimes in the middle east, especially saudi arabia. the corollary is also true : religious groups that enjoy a semblance of freedom and independence have played peaceful and accommodating roles, advancing democracy and stability in conflict - ridden societies. in indonesia, for instance, two major islamic movements were the only civil - society actors able to maintain a modicum of independence under the three decades of suharto ' s dictatorship \u2014 and they played a robust role in midwifing democracy in the late 1990s. if u. s. foreign - policy makers better understood religion, they would become more adept at working with religious groups to promote democracy, development, and stability. for example, close attention to the muslim brotherhood ' s deeply rooted political theology reveals that it has extremist strands that threaten egypt ' s women and minorities as well as regional peace. but a nuanced understanding of the brotherhood ' s historical trajectory and relationship with the egyptian state suggests that it is a complex organization that has renounced violence, strives to renew religious faith among egyptians, and seeks to do so democratically insofar as it is afforded space to participate in politics. in a democratic setting, the success of the brotherhood will depend on its appeal to a broad swath of egyptian society. it is also possible that the muslim brotherhood could splinter as it shifts from being an opposition movement to a political participant. indeed, this process began abortively in the 1990s when the wasat ( center ) party split from the brotherhood to advance a more moderate agenda. the effort was short - circuited when the mubarak regime refused to license it. now, however, that party can compete with the brotherhood because it won official legitimacy from the new government on february 19 \u2014 the first party to be granted such status after mubarak ' s overthrow. there are precedents. many analysts were rightly concerned about the rise of the hindu - nationalist bjp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49049020354746864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:5d5da44e-02d4-4fcb-88b0-f0b31705d695>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.935787"}
{"text": "food service program fat, oil and grease ( fog ) fat, oil and grease ( fog ) are a major cause of preventable sanitary sewer blockages and overflows that can cause health hazards, damage homes and businesses and threaten the environment. food service establishments generate fog through normal kitchen activities. fat, oil and grease are common and can be found in items such as meat, food scraps, cooking oils, shortening, lards, dairy products, salad dressings, and butter / margarine and are commonly washed into the plumbing system through the sink during clean - up in the kitchen. fog is an issue, because it doesn \u2019 t dissolve in water. when it enters the plumbing that discharges directly into the collections system, it can decrease pipe capacity when it cools down by coating the inside of drain pipes, causing slow drainage, and eventually blocked pipes both within the food service establishments internal plumbing and the subregional wastewater collection system. food service establishments include all restaurants, fast food establishments, caterers, bakeries, donut shops, halls and auditoriums with kitchens, and any other businesses that do commercial cooking or food preparation. the city of santa rosa utilities department environmental compliance section regulates, inspects, and permits all food service establishments within the santa rosa subregional water reclamation system. the fog program encompasses food service establishments located in the cities of santa rosa, rohnert park, sebastopol, cotati and the south park county sanitation district who are our subregional partners. the existing program has been an element of the city of santa rosa non - residential source control program which was initiated in 1986. in 2006, the california state water quality board finalized their statewide approach to reducing sanitary sewer overflows and passed order no. 2006 - 003, the statewide general waste discharge requirement ( wdr ) for wastewater collection agencies. this wdr requires that all owners / operators of sanitary sewer collection systems develop a sanitary sewer management plan ( ssmp ). a fog control program is one of the elements that is now mandated in the state of california to be incorporated within the ssmp. the fog source control program objectives have remained the same since its initial implementation. they include : \u2022 reducing the amount of fog entering the subregional collection system and the laguna water reclamation facility originating from food service establishments. \u2022 protecting the environment by eliminating fog related collection system backups and overflows. \u2022 eliminating storm water pollution sources associated with non - permitted outdoor food service establishment activities such as washing kitchen mats and restaurant equipment and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.491282065928424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ba37ac9-2a8a-426f-a09d-839715b4bc87>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.943853"}
{"text": "reclamation facility originating from food service establishments. \u2022 protecting the environment by eliminating fog related collection system backups and overflows. \u2022 eliminating storm water pollution sources associated with non - permitted outdoor food service establishment activities such as washing kitchen mats and restaurant equipment and other maintenance activities in outdoor areas that discharge to the storm water collection system. \u2022 continuing to comply with the city of santa rosa, the state of california, and other applicable federal regulatory requirements and with other city goals and objectives. grease removal devices all food service establishments that discharge wastewater to the subregional wastewater collection system are required to have city approved and properly sized grease removal device also commonly referred to as \u201c grease traps \u201d or \u201c grease interceptors \u201d. both devices are primary grease removal devices that are designed and work in the same way, by separating and retaining free - floating fat, oil and grease ( fog ). the difference between the two types of grease removal devices is basically the size and physical location of the unit. grease interceptors are larger units ( with a capacity of 800 gallons and larger ) that are typically located in - ground and outside of the building \u2019 s exterior. grease traps are much smaller units, typically located inside the kitchen directly under the sink ( s ). minimum grease removal device sizing requirements in all cases of redevelopment and new construction, staff from the environmental compliance section will review and must approve the type and sizing of any proposed grease removal device ( s ) during the plans approval stage, before a plumbing permit will be issued by the building department within the jurisdiction of the city of santa rosa or the other subregional partner where the food service establishment is proposed to be located.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47609002198595873, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ba37ac9-2a8a-426f-a09d-839715b4bc87>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.944748"}
{"text": "museum tells the story of romania \u2019 s jews we are in the jewish museum in bucharest, which is also known as the museum of the history of the jewish community in romania. \u201c the story of the jews of romania is only beginning to be told, \u201d says elena maxim, a non - jewish historian. the museum in romania is a repository of a rich culture and history. it \u2019 s housed in the ornate three - storey tailor \u2019 s synagogue. on the ground floor are displays of ritual objects \u2013 candlesticks, torah crowns, spice boxes and seder plates. some of the torah ornaments were created in the viennese style ; others reflect the skill of jewish silversmiths and the influence of romanian folk art. on the second floor ( the first balcony ) is a section displaying paintings by 19th - and 20th - century jewish artists. the museum has walls of photos as well as a section devoted to the yiddish theatre, which was founded by abraham goldfaden in the town of iasi in 1876 and soon moved to bucharest. amazingly, the state jewish theatre continues today, although the plays are not always in yiddish. there are posters, costumes and photos of actors, directors and playwrights. one thing missing is a section on music : no other country had such an influence on klezmer music as romania. the word \u201c horah \u201d comes from romanian. photos of noted rabbis and cantors are featured. and there are small models of synagogues across romania. bucharest once had dozens of synagogues, both sephardi and ashkenazi, and a thriving jewish community, urbane and well suited to this city that used to be called \u201c litte paris. \u201d writers paul celan and tristan tsara were two of bucharest \u2019 s literary luminaries. today, only three synagogues remain. most were razed, along with churches, by the communist dictator, nicolae ceausecsu, to make room for his megalomanic projects, including the people \u2019 s palace, the second - largest building in the world, now a tourist attraction. \u201c there were 800, 000 jews in romania and now there are 8, 000, \u201d maxim says, pointing to a statement printed on the wall of the museum. the romanian state \u2019 s responsibility for the deaths of 280, 000 romanian and ukrainian jews was not officially acknowledged before 2004, when a presidential commission of international historians issued a report. for decades, most of the blame had been attributed to the hungarian collaboration with the germans in what had been romanian territory. among the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3650735387535659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d3f1deee-62b7-4a6f-9087-047b99517f5f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.949514"}
{"text": ", 000 romanian and ukrainian jews was not officially acknowledged before 2004, when a presidential commission of international historians issued a report. for decades, most of the blame had been attributed to the hungarian collaboration with the germans in what had been romanian territory. among the 135, 000 romanian jews in northern transylvania who were deported to auschwitz was writer and activist elie wiesel. the presidential commission was named after him. more than half of romanian jews survived, mainly because the antisemitic dictator, ion antonescu, ordered the killing stopped, mostly due to pressure from jewish communities and allied powers. romania switched over to the allied side toward the end of the war, and this deterred adolf eichmann, one of the major organizers of the holocaust, from coming to bucharest to murder romanian jews. the 8, 000 jews that maxim cites ( the number has been cited elsewhere as 12, 000, but nobody knows for sure ) numbered more than 400, 000 after world war ii. many jews left when the western border was opened for a time at the end of the war. others immigrated to israel during the decades that followed. outside of bucharest, there are 98 synagogues, mostly intact, if not in use. their architecture ranges from late baroque and moorish to a painted wooden synagogue that looks as if it was inspired by romanian folk art. there are more than 800 jewish cemeteries in romania. ruth ellen gruber has studied the artful carvings on the gravestones, particularly the depictions of candlesticks on the women \u2019 s stones. she wrote an article called sticks and stones, about representations of women in romania \u2019 s jewish cemeteries, which was published in the sept. 30, 2009, edition of the online magazine tablet ( www. tabletmag. com ). israeli meyer phaina is the mashgiach at the cafe attached to the synagogue. he said that before the war 1, 500 jews lived in brasov. afterward that number doubled. \u201c this was one of the places where people hid jews and made false papers from them, \u201d he added. today, though, there are only about 150 jews there. and while so many jews have left romania for israel, hebrew can be heard in hotel lobbies, as israelis do business in romania. for them, as for many north americans, the romanian specialties of pastrami and mamaliga ( polenta ) are familiar foods.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3896625686072312, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d3f1deee-62b7-4a6f-9087-047b99517f5f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.950491"}
{"text": "nestled in the north - eastern corner of pennsylvania, we are freshmen anxious to share our thoughts with the world! we gladly welcome comments from everyone! to see student work, scroll down to student entries on the right, or select an assignment under teacher assignments and scroll beyond the directions. the amazon rainforest is in danger. deforestation is one of the most known threats facing the rainforest today. logging companies are systematically destroying acres a day. unsustainable expansion of agriculture and cattle ranching, construction of roads and dams, and activities such as illegal logging have the biggest influence on deforestation. this may not seem important right now, but it is. right now we have the ability to change what is to come in the future. ecologists have predicted roughly 55 % of the rainforest could be gone by 2030. think about it \u2026 once this amazing place is gone, its gone forever. there is no bringing it back. containing a variety of plants and animals, freshwater fish, and reptiles ; the rainforest has a huge. when you think about it, the rainforest is just another ecosystem of many. i say no, some of the worlds most unique and productive species of both plants and animals have called this place home. most of the species in which thrive in the rainforest have no chance anywhere else. this means, when the rainforest is gone so are the many species that live there ass well. as technology advances, further research is analyzed. did you know it is in the rainforest that cures are being discovered for cancer, and other devastating diseases we face everyday? scientists have discovered over hundreds of plant species which produce saps, barks, and toxins that when mixed with other ingredients can kill bad bacteria, and tissues in the body, and provide a chance for people to live life without worry or pain. when we are destroying the rainforest, we are destroying the plants in which hold the key to tomorrows answers. imagine a world with a chance against diseases such as cancer and diabetes. the rainforest is natures pharmacy. not only are we destroying ecosystems in which don \u2019 t exist anywhere else in the world, and plants holding future cures for disease ; but homes which belong to our people. more than 350 indigenous and ethnic groups live in the rainforest. these people depend on nature. agriculture, clothing, medication. some of these groups rely on the rainforest solemnly for their basic needs ; food, water, and shelter. are we willing to take away homes of our people to get something of short term gains? these people may live in a different perspective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48783093065426386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:bc168702-663a-43c3-85bb-f2160a9d6d79>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.956144"}
{"text": "world bank publishes paper on inclusive green growth in lac 31 may 2012 : the world bank has released a new publication on inclusive green growth in latin america and the caribbean ( lac ), highlighting experiences in promoting low - carbon growth within the region. the paper, titled \u201c inclusive green growth in latin america and the caribbean, \u201d focuses on lac as a learning lab for inclusive green growth in terms of urban and infrastructure services, as well as natural resources and rural services. the first section of the publication demonstrates how lac has been the world ' s testing ground for inclusive green growth through socially - inclusive innovation, for example by adopting the first regional catastrophic risk insurance facility, as well as rapid bus transit systems, payments for ecosystem services and sustainable cattle ranching practices. it indicates that currently, the challenge is for such innovation to become mainstream in sustainable and urban development policies, infrastructure services, and natural resource use. the second section focuses on green urban planning, the energy sector, water and sanitation services, and urban transport, noting the challenges these sectors face in adopting low - carbon growth strategies especially in low - lying cities vulnerable to extreme weather events. the third section looks at inclusive green growth objectives and progress in a rural context through reviewing issue areas such as rural transport, market access and connectivity, water resource management, and the agriculture sector, in each case highlighting objectives and challenges for the ' greening ' of these sectors. [ publication : inclusive green growth in latin america and the caribbean ] [ world bank press release ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4441147281169575, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9c459c6e-0b43-4884-bb03-24f377e1e876>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.958950"}
{"text": "- signers of the declaration - signers of the a. o. c. - signers of the u. s. constitution - wives of the signers if the world has seldom witnessed a train of events of a more novel and interesting character, than those which led to the declaration of american independence, it has, perhaps, never seen a body of men, placed in a more difficult and responsible situation, than were the signers of that instrument. and certainly, the world has never witnessed a more brilliant exhibition of political wisdom, or a brighter example of firmness and courage. the first instant the american colonies gave promise of future importance and respectability, the jealousy of great britain was excited, and the counsels of her statesmen were employed to keep them in humble subjection. this was the object, when royalty grasped at their charters ; when restrictions were laid upon their commerce and manufactures ; when, by taxation, their resources were attempted to be withdrawn, and the doctrine inculcated, that it was rebellion for them to think and act for themselves. it was fortunate for the americans, that they understood their own rights, and had the courage to assert them. but even at the time of the declaration of independence, just ash was the cause of the colonies, it was doubtful how the contests would terminate. the chance of eventual success was against them. less than three millions of people constituted their population, and these were scattered over a widely extended territory. they were divided into colonies, which had no political character, and no other bond of union than common sufferings, common danger, and common necessities. they had no veteran army, no navy, no arsenals filled with the munitions of war, and no fortifications on their extended coast. they had no overflowing treasuries ; but in the outset, were to depend upon loans, taxation, and voluntary contributions. thus circumstanced, could success in such a contest be reasonably anticipated? could they hope to compete with the parent country, whose strength was consolidated by the lapse of centuries, and to whose wealth and power so many millions contributed? that country directed, in a great measure, the destinies of europe : her influence extended to every quarter of the world. her armies were trained to the art of war ; her navy rode in triumph on every sea ; her statesmen were subtle and sagacious ; her generals skilful and practised. and more than all, her pride was aroused by the fact, that all europe was an interested spectator of the scene", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3731490041264891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f6ba0c65-4e6f-4930-a545-976f7778ae24>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.967309"}
{"text": "| title | | patients and nurse at firland sanatorium, seattle, 1950 | | caption | | firland sanatorium, seattle ' s municipal tuberculosis hospital, was built in 1911 to treat patients infected with tb, the leading cause of death in seattle at the time. originally called the henry sanatorium after leading founder horace c. henry, firland was located 12 miles north of seattle on a 34 - acre campus with open - air cottages for its patients. in 1943 king county assumed responsibility for firland, and in 1947, with demand for beds exceeding firland ' s capacity, patients from firland and the former king county tuberculosis sanatoria, morningside and meadows, were moved to a former naval hospital at 150th street and 15th avenue ne. while this facility was able to accommodate more patients, life in its crowded, impersonal barracks was quite different from the original firland ' s restful, secluded wooded campus. by the 1950s antibiotic therapy greatly reduced the severity of the disease. in 1973 firland was closed and tb patients were moved to mainstream hospitals. | in this photo, two men at the \" new \" firland rest in their beds while a nurse opens a window between them. | notes | | handwritten on negative : two - bed cubicle, firland. | handwritten on sleeve : seattle, hospitals, firland, two - bed cubicle. caption information source : www. historylink. org, essay number 3928 date photograph was filed at the seattle post - intelligencer ( date of photograph and file date may differ by a month or more ) : september 14, 1950. | subjects | | firland sanatorium - - seattle ( wash. ) ; hospital beds - - washington ( state ) - - seattle ; nurses - - washington ( state ) - - seattle ; patients - - washington ( state ) - - seattle ; sanatoriums - - washington ( state ) - - seattle ; tuberculosis - - washington ( state ) - - seattle | | places | | united states \u2014 washington ( state ) - - seattle | | digital collection | | museum of history & industry photograph collection | | image number | | 1986. 5. 9377 | | ordering information | | to order a reproduction or to inquire about permissions contact firstname. lastname @ example. org or phone us at 206 - 324 - 1126. please refer to the image number and provide a brief description of the photograph. | | credit line | | seattle post", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4187808842915972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2f144028-9ba5-4178-9489-d13eb4de846b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.975861"}
{"text": "soybean producers need to recalibrate their drills and planters this year because soybean seed size is 10 - 20 % smaller than average, especially in northern indiana. ellsworth christmas, a purdue university cooperative extension service soybean specialist, says the reduced seed size is likely a result of late - season heat and moisture stresses in 2003. \" soybean seed would normally run 3, 200 to 3, 400 seeds per pound, \" he says. \" many of those same varieties are running 3, 800 to 4, 000 seeds per pound this year. \" seed size will vary depending on location. christmas says seed produced in southern indiana may be near normal size, but seed from the northern part of the state will be small. he said group ii beans, the group grown in the north, were in the middle of seed formation when moisture stress was most severe, causing the small seed size. group iii beans - - those grown in the southern part of the state - - were just beginning seed formation during the moisture stress, which resulted in seed abortion but less reduction in size. the smaller size means farmers need to recalibrate their drills and planters. failing to do so could lead to overseeding and plant stands that are too thick, christmas says. thick stands result in taller plants with small stems that are subject to lodging. \" if lodging occurs while the plants are green and growing, the leaf canopy is reduced and some plants will die, resulting in yield losses, \" christmas says. \" if lodging occurs after plants mature, losses will occur at harvest. \" the smallness of the seed does not appear to have reduced germination and should have no negative effect on the seeds ' vigor. ultimately, the smaller seed may also be a way for farmers to save some money, christmas says. \" the quality of soybean seed is very good this year, \" he says. \" producers need to get seed counts from their suppliers prior to finalizing the number of units needed. they may need to purchase 10 - 20 % fewer units of seed in 2004 to plant the same acreage as last year. \" purdue experts recommend seeding rates of 200, 000 seeds per acre for 7. 5 - inch rows, 165, 000 for 15 - inch rows and 130, 000 for 30 - inch rows. christmas says this recommendation is for seed with at least a 90 % germination rate. \" always check the tag for germination rates and the number of seeds per pound before calibrating, \" christmas says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4143723994647159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:70f21fe0-5108-4f57-8609-5f4be4a48c8e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.982515"}
{"text": "this model has recently been shaken by the discovery that some modern humans are closer to extinct hominins : the neandertals and denisovans. within srooa this is quite unexpected, as these groups were thought to be irrelevant side branches of the human family tree : differential affiliation of some modern humans to them means that they are not. this has invariably led to an acceptance that srooa is basically wrong in its purist form, and an alternative form including some assimilation of archaic hominins is moving to become the new default position. now, a new paper that works within the srooa tradition itself finds another surprising piece of evidence that contradicts srooa. but, first, let ' s examine what srooa entails : - a human group ( proto - eurasians ) moved out of africa, starting to become differentiated from africans - at a later time, different proto - eurasian groups became effectively separated by geography and started diverging from each other, eventually evolving to become europeans, east asians, australian aborigines, etc. - under this model, different eurasian groups are expected to have exactly the same position vis a vis africans, once drift is accounted for. each population ' s divergence from africans can be analyzed into two components, e. g., an african - proto - eurasian one, and a proto - eurasian - chinese one. the genetic drift ( away from africans ) in the first part is the same for all non - african populations ( e. g., chinese or tuscans ), while in the latter it is dependent on population history. i had noticed this phenomenon in my experiments for quite some time, and highlighted the possibility that haplogroup e1b1b, which is shared by west eurasians and africans may have something to do with it. if autosomally african - like populations moved out of africa carrying these y - chromosomes, then we would expect only e1b1b - bearing populations to be shifted towards africans relative to the chinese. the authors rightly reject this idea because they discover that all european populations, including a wide variety of north european ones, where haplogroup e is non - existent, are closer to africans than the chinese are. so, we are left with a bit of a problem : - there is clearly something \" common \" between west eurasians ( even north europeans ) and sub - saharan africans that is not shared by east asians, a factor x which brings them closer to each other than would be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5392009065894529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67ccfaf6-9fbe-4a19-a3ee-27f25ab9b9b8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.992420"}
{"text": "a bit of a problem : - there is clearly something \" common \" between west eurasians ( even north europeans ) and sub - saharan africans that is not shared by east asians, a factor x which brings them closer to each other than would be expected by the srooa - the best candidate of this \" common \" element ( y - haplogroup e ) does not have the expected distribution. solution # 1 : west eurasian back - migration into africa the first solution is based on the idea that there has been a major episode of back - migration into africa that is not captured by the standard model. clearly, this cannot have been a recent event, as sub - saharan africans largely lack ( except in the north and east ) certifiably west eurasian derived markers. but, the event need not have been particularly recent : as long as it occurred after west eurasians began to diverge from east asians it would have established the genetic closeness observed by the authors. i believe that the best signal of such a potential back - migration involves haplogroup e. this is the dominant patrilineage of black africans by far, and almost certainly had an african ( and probably an east african ) origin. however, its sister haplogroup d occurs as a relic in asia, among people such as tibetans, ainu, or andaman islanders. where did the ancestral clade de develop? if i was a betting man, i would say that somewhere between the indian ocean ( where the andamanese live ), and east africa. an early movement of de - bearing men from arabia into east africa would serve to bring a west eurasian autosomal component into africa. that component would then evolve into e in east africa itself, and go on to ( almost ) completely replace pre - existing african y - chromosomes, leaving haplogroups a and b at high frequencies in a few relic african hunter - gatherer populations. from the eurasian perspective, the problem would evaporate : west eurasians ' autosomal shift to africans is not correlated with haplogroup e frequencies, because the latter was not initially associated with a sub - saharan - like autosomal gene pool. solution # 2 : archaic admixture in east asians a second potential solution would interpret african - west eurasian closeness not as evidence of a common population element in west eurasians and africans, but as a consequence of a population element in east asians that both west eurasians and africans lack. the obvious candidate for such an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5061000975046945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67ccfaf6-9fbe-4a19-a3ee-27f25ab9b9b8>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.993585"}
{"text": "solution would interpret african - west eurasian closeness not as evidence of a common population element in west eurasians and africans, but as a consequence of a population element in east asians that both west eurasians and africans lack. the obvious candidate for such an element involves archaic admixture in east asians. this is no longer an exotic possibility, given the evidence for such admixture that the sequencing of the neandertal and denisovan genome has produced. under this scenario, europeans and east asians are genetically close because of their common proto - eurasian ancestry, and they both shared an initial same distance to africans, but east asians diverged from both west eurasian and african populations by admixing with archaic humans they encountered in the east. a test of solution # 1 suppose that solution # 1 is correct. consider also that : - west eurasians are shifted relative to east eurasians by x % to san bushmen ( who have some of the highest frequencies of non - e chromosomes ), and are expected to be least affected by any sort of west eurasian - > africa back - migration. c - west eurasians are shifted relative to east eurasians by y % to yoruba ( who have extremely high e - haplogroup frequencies ), and are expected to be more affected by west - eurasian - > africa back - migration than the san are. it is not clear to me whether east asian archaics / west eurasian back - migration into africa, or a combination of these factors may account for the observed phenomenon. i should point out a second out - of - africa expansion into west eurasia ( the authors ' preferred model ) is also not out of the question, but this cannot be easily tied to a particular event in prehistory or uniparental marker. the study of human origins has just gotten even more interesting... genome research doi : 10. 1101 / gr. 119636. 110 human population dispersal \u201c out of africa \u201d estimated from linkage disequilibrium and allele frequencies of snps brian p. mcevoy et al. genetic and fossil evidence supports a single, recent ( less than 200, 000 yr ) origin of modern homo sapiens in africa, followed by later population divergence and dispersal across the globe ( the \u201c out of africa \u201d model ). however, there is less agreement on the exact nature of this migration event and dispersal of populations relative to one another. we use the empirically observed genetic correlation structure ( or linkage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49842726922529423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67ccfaf6-9fbe-4a19-a3ee-27f25ab9b9b8>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.994553"}
{"text": "dispersal across the globe ( the \u201c out of africa \u201d model ). however, there is less agreement on the exact nature of this migration event and dispersal of populations relative to one another. we use the empirically observed genetic correlation structure ( or linkage disequilibrium ) between 242, 000 genome - wide single nucleotide polymorphisms ( snps ) in 17 global populations to reconstruct two key parameters of human evolution : effective population size ( ne ) and population divergence times ( t ). a linkage disequilibrium ( ld ) \u2013 based approach allows changes in human population size to be traced over time and reveals a substantial reduction in ne accompanying the \u201c out of africa \u201d exodus as well as the dramatic re - expansion of non - africans as they spread across the globe. secondly, two parallel estimates of population divergence times provide clear evidence of population dispersal patterns \u201c out of africa \u201d and subsequent dispersal of proto - european and proto - east asian populations. estimates of divergence times between european \u2013 african and east asian \u2013 african populations are inconsistent with its simplest manifestation : a single dispersal from the continent followed by a split into western and eastern eurasian branches. rather, population divergence times are consistent with substantial ancient gene flow to the proto - european population after its divergence with proto - east asians, suggesting distinct, early dispersals of modern h. sapiens from africa. we use simulated genetic polymorphism data to demonstrate the validity of our conclusions against alternative population demographic scenarios.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5219077016470611, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67ccfaf6-9fbe-4a19-a3ee-27f25ab9b9b8>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:56.995219"}
{"text": "there are two aspects to this paper : first, it appears to be a solid attempt at inferring the age of mtdna haplogroup l3. this haplogroup contains several subclades, including m and n, the two macrohaplogroups of the vast majority of eurasians. i am usually skeptical of very tight age estimates, but there appear to be no obvious flaws in the paper, and alternative mutation rates are used to derive the 70ka bound. moreover, the 70ka age is consistent with what appears to be no longer in doubt, namely the arrival of fully anatomically and behaviorally modern humans all over the old world, starting from the 50 - 40ka period. the second aspect of this paper is its claim that pre - 70ka dispersals are irrelevant to modern human origins. indeed, if the early anatomically modern humans from the levant ( qafzeh / skhul ) or the pre - toba layers in asia were ascribed to out - of - africa humans, then we would expect their genetic differentiation with east african mtdna to trace back to marine isotope stage 5 ( ~ 130 - 75ka ), and indeed to its early stages, to account for the mount carmel hominins. so, have we solved the out - of - africa riddle? did the out - of - africa expansion take place after 70ka? i don ' t think so, not because there is anything wrong with the mtdna age, but because the competing hypothesis, that is rarely, if ever discussed, is that there was an into - africa event post - 70ka. mtdna furnishes the best evidence that humans trace their ultimate origins to africa, since l3, of which m and n are subclades, is a young twig of the mtdna phylogeny. as the authors of the current paper note : although the tree is highly starlike at shallower time depths, suggesting numerous episodes of rapid growth in the human population in the more recent past, it is only at a third of the time depth of the entire tree with the emergence of the l3 haplogroup that the first multifurcating them all the ancient diversity observed outside africa ) ( behar et al. 2008 ; torroni et al. 2006 ; watson et al. 1997 ). whatever humans were doing between ~ 200ka ( when the first anatomically modern specimen is found in ethiopia, and when the mtdna phylogeny coalesces ) and ~ 70ka (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4996776100421834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfd3b376-3202-4bb9-ad28-e14302c5947e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.001959"}
{"text": "al. 2006 ; watson et al. 1997 ). whatever humans were doing between ~ 200ka ( when the first anatomically modern specimen is found in ethiopia, and when the mtdna phylogeny coalesces ) and ~ 70ka ( when the l3 node does ), they were certainly not yet in the overdrive mode we find them c. 50ka when they begin making their grand entrance all over the surface of the planet. so, while the ultimate roots of modern mankind are in africa, there is no clear picture - yet - whether the post - 70ka major expansion of humans originated in africa. certainly, it cannot have originated too far from it, because non m and n mtdna is virtually absent throughout most of the world. but, it is not possible, yet, to exclude a near eastern post - 70ka expansion that would make the ~ 100ka levantine hominins ancestral to most modern humans, rather than irrelevant sidebranches. there are several reasons why this may be the case : at present, i consider the possibility that the recent post - 70ka expansion of modern humans was initiated in the near east as a possibility that cannot be dismissed. the evidence seems ambiguous, at present, since eurasia may have a better case for such an expansion in y - chromosomes, while africa may have a better case in mtdna ( since it has more basal l3 clades than eurasia ). - east african l3 subclades are found in arabia, where one finds a rich assortment of basal n subclades, as well as a not insignificant amount of m. these are often dismissed as the result of recent introgression, but they could in fact, and in part, be remnants of an older population, perhaps associated with the persian gulf oasis hypothesis, and certainly absorbed by j1 - bearing arabian ancestors from further north. - the y - chromosome phylogeny has no clear signal of out - of - africa ~ 70ka. on the contrary, eurasia possesses de *, d and e haplogroups, as well as cf, the major human lineage, with c being totally asian. while africa possesses the oldest y - chromosome lineages ( basal to ct ), the evidence tilts towards asia being the homeland of ct, which has the closest parallels to a post - 70ka event. - finally, africa, including east africa, shows, at present no sign for the presence of fully modern humans at the crucial time period. we do have, of course", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49489138614394557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfd3b376-3202-4bb9-ad28-e14302c5947e>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.003022"}
{"text": "of ct, which has the closest parallels to a post - 70ka event. - finally, africa, including east africa, shows, at present no sign for the presence of fully modern humans at the crucial time period. we do have, of course, omo ~ 195ka, crucial anatomically modern humans in ethiopia, but no clear sign of a bubbling volcano of a population c. 70ka ready to errupt onto the eurasian landmass. a better characterization of near eastern mtdna, especially from arabia, as well as increased archaeological / palaeoanthropological investigations in east africa / the near east / south asia is needed to finally uncover the material counterpart of the major human expansion that is written in our genes. a third aspect of the paper is that the human expansion was linked to climate and not on the emergence of symbolic behavior. i have my own reservations on the whole concept of \" symbolic behavior \". we do see early evidence of such behavior in africa, such as blombos cave in south africa and north africa. the authors of the current paper write : there is an intriguing possible rider to this conclusion. north africa has been entirely depopulated and repopulated, at least with respect to mtdna variation ( pereira et al. 2010 ), since the time of the aterian industry, where modern symbolic behavior is attested very early, similar to southern africa, and in contrast to eastern africa ( barton et al. 2009 ). we might therefore contemplate a possible north africa ancestry for l3, with its rapid radiation corresponding to an early range expansion into eastern africa. however, any potential dispersal between the mediterranean and the horn of africa around the time of the mis4 / 3 transition would face severe environmental difficulties, unlike the \u201c green sahara \u201d conditions of mis5 and the early holocene ( drake et al. 2010 ). we therefore conclude that an indigenous origin for l3 in eastern africa remains by far the most likely scenario. as mellars ( 2006 ) has argued, the early evidence for symbolically mediated behavior in both north and southern africa rules out any simple direct link for the expansion of l3 to ( ambrose 1998 ; watson et al. 1997 ). evidence of engraved ochre now extends back to at least 100 ka ( henshilwood et al. 2009 ), nassarius marine shell beads were evidently present across the range of early modern humans from southern africa to north africa and the levant before 80 ka \u2013 possibly tens of thousands of years earlier ( barton et al. 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5314953292538568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfd3b376-3202-4bb9-ad28-e14302c5947e>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.005387"}
{"text": "##lwood et al. 2009 ), nassarius marine shell beads were evidently present across the range of early modern humans from southern africa to north africa and the levant before 80 ka \u2013 possibly tens of thousands of years earlier ( barton et al. 2009 ; bouzouggar et al. 2007 ; d ' errico et al. 2009 ; mellars 2006 ; vanhaeren et al. 2006 ) \u2013 and evidence for burial ritual is found in early modern humans in the levant dating to 90 \u2013 110 ka ( mellars 2006 ; shea 2008 ). thus, as suggested by basell ( 2008 ) the demographic expansionsthat led to the first successful dispersal out of africa seem better explained by the play of palaeoenvironmental forces than by recourse to the advantages of \u201c modernity \u201d. the absence of markers of behavioral modernity in east africa at the crucial time seems puzzling. climate may have caused out - of - east - africa, but why would out - of - east - africans without clear signs of behavioral modernity be able to outcompete the \" behaviorally modern \" people of north / south africa and the levant? this observation, coupled with the absence of any clear identifiable palaeoanthropological population in east africa at the time in question raises my unease about this scenario. moreover, while we can definitely ascribe symbolic thinking to the cases mentioned in the quoted text, but these may represent precursors, and not the full \" package \" of behaviors that allowed ( or even prompted ) our ancestors to spread around the planet around the middle of the last 100, 000 years. mol biol evol ( 2011 ) doi : 10. 1093 / molbev / msr245 the expansion of mtdna haplogroup l3 within and out of africa pedro soares et al. although fossil remains show that anatomically modern humans dispersed out of africa into the near east \u2013 130 ka, genetic evidence from extant populations has suggested that non - africans descend primarily from a single successful later migration. within the human mtdna tree, haplogroup l3 encompasses not only many sub - saharan africans but also all ancient non - african lineages, and its age therefore provides an upper bound for the dispersal out of africa. an analysis of 369 complete african l3 sequences places this maximum at ka, virtually ruling out a successful exit before 74 ka, the date of the toba volcanic super - eruption in sumatra. the similarity of the age of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4818472283201841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cfd3b376-3202-4bb9-ad28-e14302c5947e>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.007871"}
{"text": "if buonomano turns out to be right, he will have explained only our fastest time telling, because after half a second, the brain \u2019 s ripples dissipate. on the scale of seconds to hours, the brain must use some other strategy. warren meck of duke university argues that the brain measures long stretches of time by producing pulses. but the brain does not then count the pulses in the way a clock does. instead, meck suspects, it does something more elegant. it listens to the pulses as if they were music. meck first began to develop his musical model when he discovered how to rob rats of their perception of time. he had only to destroy certain clumps of neurons deep inside the brain. some of these neurons, known as medium spiny neurons, are unlike any other neurons in the brain. each one is linked to as many as 30, 000 other neurons. and those linked neurons can be found throughout the cortex, the outer rind of the brain that handles much of the brain \u2019 s most sophisticated information processing. certain neurons come from regions that handle vision, others from areas that apply rules to what we perceive, and so on. by receiving so many signals from all over the brain, meck believes, the medium spiny neurons give us a sense of time. imagine you are listening to a 10 - second tone. at the beginning of the tone, neurons around your cortex reset themselves, so that they all begin to fire in sync. but some fire faster than others, and so at any moment some are active and some are quiet. from one moment to the next, a medium spiny neuron receives a unique pattern of signals from the neurons that link to it. the pattern changes like chords on a piano. when the 10 seconds are over, the medium spiny neuron can simply \u201c listen \u201d to the chord to tell how much time has passed. meck has found support for his model by recording the electrical activities of neurons and in other researchers \u2019 studies on people with a skewed sense of time. certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, control pulsing neurons. drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine alter the brain by flooding it with dopamine, and studies have shown that they also change the second - to - second perception of time. in one experiment at ucla, reported in 2007, scientists rang a bell after 53 seconds of silence. healthy people estimated on average that 67 seconds had passed. stimulant addict", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5661938151282622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c8facba-156e-4f04-a770-dab33549bbce>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.015565"}
{"text": "that they also change the second - to - second perception of time. in one experiment at ucla, reported in 2007, scientists rang a bell after 53 seconds of silence. healthy people estimated on average that 67 seconds had passed. stimulant addicts guessed 91 seconds. other drugs have the opposite effect on dopamine and compress the subjective experience of time. in real time even in a healthy brain, time is elastic. staring at an angry face for five seconds feels longer than staring at a neutral one. it may be no coincidence that the pulse - generating neurons are directly wired into regions of the brain that handle emotionally charged sights and sounds. and recent experiments by amelia hunt at harvard university hint that we may actually backdate our mental time line every time we move our eyes. recently, hunt had people stare straight ahead with a ticking clock off to one side. she asked people to move their eyes over to the clock and make a note of the time when they had done so. on average, they reported seeing the clock about four hundredths of a second before their eyes actually arrived there. moving time backward may actually serve us well, by letting us cope with an imperfect nervous system. each of our retinas has a small patch of densely packed, light - sensitive cells called the fovea. in order to get a detailed picture of our surroundings, we have to jerk our eyes around several times a second so that the fovea can scan them. on its own, this stream of signals from our eyes would produce a jarring series of jump cuts. our brains manufacture the illusion of a seamless flow of reality. in the course of that editing, we may need to fudge the time line \u2014 both in anticipation of an event and after the fact. but the most radical reworking of time may come as we inscribe it in our memories. we recall not just what happened but when. we can recall how much time has passed since an event occurred by tapping into our memories. injuries and surgeries that destroy a particular part of the brain can give some hints about how the brain records time in memory. french scientists in 2007 reported their study of a group of patients who had suffered damage to a region known as the left temporal lobe. the patients watched a documentary, and a familiar object appeared on the screen, then reappeared a few minutes later. the patients had to guess how much time had passed. on average, the patients thought an 8 - minute period was roughly 13. ( normal subjects were off by only about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5425785105852923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c8facba-156e-4f04-a770-dab33549bbce>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.016804"}
{"text": "and a familiar object appeared on the screen, then reappeared a few minutes later. the patients had to guess how much time had passed. on average, the patients thought an 8 - minute period was roughly 13. ( normal subjects were off by only about a minute. ) these experiments are helping scientists zero in on the regions of the brain that store memories of time. exactly how those regions record time is still mysterious. it \u2019 s one thing to listen in on the brain \u2019 s music, recognizing chords that mark the passage of five minutes. but how do the brain \u2019 s memory - related neurons then archive those five minutes so that they can be recalled later? at humboldt university of berlin in germany, scientists have been building a model of how memory may store time. when neurons produce a regular cycle of signals, some signals come a little sooner and some come a little later. the researchers propose that as neurons pass these signals along, they can add tiny advances, some bigger than others. with these tiny wobbles, the brain can compress memories of time from several seconds down to hundredths of a second \u2014 a small enough package to store for later retrieval. as it stores time in memories, the brain may alter it in another way that is even more radical. it may record time so that our brains recall events in backward order. scientists at mit discovered reverse memories in an experiment on rats. they had rats run down a track and then stop to eat food at the end. when rats ( and humans ) become more familiar with a place, individual neurons start becoming active when the rats reach particular spots. the scientists identified \u201c place cells \u201d that fired when the rats moved to different spots along the track. when the rats stopped to eat, the scientists eavesdropped on their brains again. they heard the place neurons fire again \u2014 probably as the memories of the track were becoming stronger in the rat brain. but the place neurons at the end of the track fired first, and the ones at the beginning of the track fired last. it \u2019 s possible that we reverse time in our memories in order to focus our brains on goals ( for the mit rats, the goal was the food at the end of the track ). we are not free from time, in other words, but we are not its slaves. we stretch and twist it to serve our own needs. time, in other words, is just a tool.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5400851575847955, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:6c8facba-156e-4f04-a770-dab33549bbce>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.017861"}
{"text": "thr _ suspend ( 3t ) immediately suspends the execution of the thread specified by target _ thread. on successful return from thr _ suspend ( ), the suspended thread is no longer executing. once a thread is suspended, subsequent calls to thr _ suspend ( ) have no effect. signals cannot awaken the suspended thread ; they remain pending until the thread resumes execution. # include < thread. h > int thr _ suspend ( thread _ t tid ) ; in the following synopsis, pthread _ t tid as defined in pthreads is the same as thread _ t tid in solaris threads. tid values can be used interchangeably either by assignment or through the use of casts. thread _ t tid ; / * tid from thr _ create ( ) * / / * pthreads equivalent of solaris tid from thread created * / / * with pthread _ create ( ) * / pthread _ t ptid ; int ret ; ret = thr _ suspend ( tid ) ; / * using pthreads id variable with a cast * / ret = thr _ suspend ( ( thread _ t ) ptid ) ; thr _ suspend ( ) returns zero after completing successfully. any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. when the following condition occurs, thr _ suspend ( ) fails and returns the corresponding value.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4672915521320571, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ec2bdd72-c883-4621-ab48-ce4591e57178>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.019140"}
{"text": "an smtp instance has the following methods : if the hostname ends with a colon ( \" : \" ) followed by a number, that suffix will be stripped off and the number interpreted as the port number to use. note : this method is automatically invoked by the constructor if a host is specified during instantiation. this returns a 2 - tuple composed of a numeric response code and the actual response line ( multiline responses are joined into one long line. ) in normal operation it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly. it is used to implement other methods and may be useful for testing private extensions. if the connection to the server is lost while waiting for the reply, smtpserverdisconnected will be raised. in normal operation it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly. it will be implicitly called by the sendmail ( ) when necessary. unless you wish to use has _ option ( ) before sending mail, it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly. it will be implicitly called by sendmail ( ) when necessary. 1if name is in the set of smtp service extensions returned by the server, 0otherwise. case is ignored. note : many sites disable smtp \" vrfy \" in order to foil spammers. note : the from _ addr and to _ addrs parameters are used to construct the message envelope used by the transport agents. the smtp does not modify the message headers in any way. if there has been no previous \" ehlo \" or \" helo \" command this session, this method tries esmtp \" ehlo \" first. if the server does esmtp, message size and each of the specified options will be passed to it ( if the option is in the feature set the server advertises ). if \" ehlo \" fails, \" helo \" will be tried and esmtp options suppressed. this method will return normally if the mail is accepted for at least one recipient. otherwise it will throw an exception. that is, if this method does not throw an exception, then someone should get your mail. if this method does not throw an exception, it returns a dictionary, with one entry for each recipient that was refused. each entry contains a tuple of the smtp error code and the accompanying error message sent by the server. this method may raise the following exceptions : unless otherwise noted, the connection will be open even after an exception is raised. low - level methods corresponding to the standard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5111240113084647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:9f2fcc7c-898f-4ab4-b47c-c39cebcaa7d8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.024803"}
{"text": "the three major operating systems used today are microsoft windows, apple ' s macintosh os, and the various unix derivatives. a minor irritation of cross - platform work is that these three platforms all use different characters to mark the ends of lines in text files. unix uses the linefeed ( ascii character 10 ), macos uses the carriage return ( ascii character 13 ), and windows uses a two - character sequence of a carriage return plus a newline. python ' s file objects can now support end of line conventions other than the one followed by the platform on which python is running. opening a file with the mode ' ru ' will open a file for reading in universal newline mode. all three line ending conventions will be translated to a \" \\ n \" in the strings returned by the various file methods such as read ( ) and universal newline support is also used when importing modules and when executing a file with the execfile ( ) function. this means that python modules can be shared between all three operating systems without needing to convert the line - endings. this feature can be disabled when compiling python by specifying the - - without - universal - newlines switch when running python ' s configure script. see about this document... for information on suggesting changes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47800207244393955, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:89787f62-14b1-4967-9555-b6fa1113a9f4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.026302"}
{"text": "this module implements an interface to the crypt ( 3 ) routine, which is a one - way hash function based upon a modified des algorithm ; see the unix man page for further details. possible uses include allowing python scripts to accept typed passwords from the user, or attempting to crack unix passwords with a dictionary. notice that the behavior of this module depends on the actual implementation of the crypt ( 3 ) routine in the running system. therefore, any extensions available on the current implementation will also be available on this module. word will usually be a user \u2019 s password as typed at a prompt or in a graphical interface. salt is usually a random two - character string which will be used to perturb the des algorithm in one of 4096 ways. the characters in salt must be in the set [. / a - za - z0 - 9 ]. returns the hashed password as a string, which will be composed of characters from the same alphabet as the salt ( the first two characters represent the salt itself ). since a few crypt ( 3 ) extensions allow different values, with different sizes in the salt, it is recommended to use the full crypted password as salt when checking for a password. a simple example illustrating typical use : import crypt, getpass, pwd def login ( ) : username = input ( ' python login : ' ) cryptedpasswd = pwd. getpwnam ( username ) if cryptedpasswd : if cryptedpasswd = = ' x ' or cryptedpasswd = = ' * ' : raise \" sorry, currently no support for shadow passwords \" cleartext = getpass. getpass ( ) return crypt. crypt ( cleartext, cryptedpasswd ) = = cryptedpasswd else : return 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6164707618206627, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:62708ab8-96b3-462f-9482-87a7af429490>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.029472"}
{"text": "dragons are creatures with nearly unlimited life spans. they can survive for long periods of time, and no one has found a dragon that has died of old age. adolescence is usually marked by the growth of a hatchling \u2019 s wings, although not all breeds of dragons grow wings and some breeds have other traits that indicate the beginning of maturation. once they hit adolescence, hatchlings change quickly, maturing to their full forms in only 2 years. dragons don \u2019 t communicate with each other verbally, but they will growl to scare off predators and frighten prey. young dragons will emit an extremely high - pitched squeal when they are frightened. to communicate, they use telepathy with each other and to speak to other creatures. white dragons are pacifists and specialize in extremely strong healing magic. the only limit of this magic is that it can \u2019 t bring back the dead. they only eat plants and never kill living things. a quiet, introverted dragon who is usually spending time by himself in the wilderness, enjoying the peace and solitude. he was the first dragon to breed with aolani but unfortunately their egg did not survive, and eidel is still reeling from that blow. sometimes tries to help her take care of the young dragons, but his awkwardness often gets the better of him. incredibly jealous of the vain and seemingly perfect silver dragon alirion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4631215126880097, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0e0f8569-21a2-4c26-81d3-906d8924000c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.030915"}
{"text": "smoothing the bumps a scientist could hardly be expected to be happy about finding a mistake in his work after he published it. but if you have to watch your research go down in flames, it may help to regard it as an offering on the sacrificial fire of scientific progress. in the case of \u201c ocean cooling, \u201d willis has plenty of reasons to consider the sacrifice worth it. the first payoff for finding and fixing the xbt errors was that it allowed scientists to reconcile a stubborn and puzzling mismatch between climate model simulations of ocean warming for the past half century and observations. the second was that it helped explain why sea level rise between 1961 - 2003 was larger than scientists had previously been able to account for. much of what scientists know about how ocean heat content has changed over the past half century comes from the work of sydney levitus, the director of noaa \u2019 s ocean climate laboratory in silver spring, maryland, and his colleagues. in the early 1990s, the united nations education and scientific organization ( unesco ) asked levitus to undertake a scientific rescue mission. the group wanted levitus to locate historical ocean data sitting around in dusty library stacks, moldy basements, and forgotten filing cabinets around the world before they were lost to natural disaster or neglect. the project became known as the global oceanographic data archeology and rescue project ( godar ). \u201c since 1993 or so, we have added several million historical temperature profiles. this collection allowed us for the first time to estimate the change in ocean heat content from 1955 on. when we first published these results in 2000, they received a great deal of media, congressional, and scientific attention, because the warming that we saw was consistent with what would have been expected due to the increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, \u201d recalls levitus. what wasn \u2019 t consistent was several large bumps in the graph of heat content over time. \u201c we saw an overall linear [ warming ] trend that was consistent, \u201c says levitus, \u201c but we also saw some very large interdecadal variability. in particular, toward the late 1970s, heat content increased substantially and then around 1980, it decreased substantially. \u201d \u201c those bumps gave everyone heartburn, \u201d says willis. there was no established physical explanation for them, and climate models didn \u2019 t reproduce them. the science community wasn \u2019 t sure whether the discrepancy cast doubt on the models or the observations, but fingers got pointed in both directions. smoothing the bumps in mid - 2008, however, a team of scientists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47015963059486626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c73bddb0-5638-4050-adba-7af18ac03713>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.035195"}
{"text": "didn \u2019 t reproduce them. the science community wasn \u2019 t sure whether the discrepancy cast doubt on the models or the observations, but fingers got pointed in both directions. smoothing the bumps in mid - 2008, however, a team of scientists led by catia domingues and john church from australia \u2019 s csiro, and peter gleckler, from lawrence livermore national laboratory in california, revised long - term estimates of ocean warming based on the corrected xbt data. since the revision, says willis, the bumps in the graph have largely disappeared, which means the observations and the models are in much better agreement. \u201c that makes everyone happier, \u201d willis says. levitus agrees that the interdecadal variability is substantially decreased, but it isn \u2019 t totally gone. he argues that before anyone assumes that the observations must be wrong, they should remember that the amount of variability they are talking about is probably less than the amount of heat gained and lost during the intense el nino in 1997 - 98. \u201c climate models don \u2019 t reproduce el nino events very well either, \u201d he says, but no one doubts they are real. although he has \u201c caused a stir \u201d among his colleagues in the past by criticizing models \u2019 inability to simulate how ocean heat storage varies on short - term time scales, he stresses, \u201c i have said from the beginning that the fact that the long - term trends in models and observations do agree so well is what is most important. \u201d \u201c my point is just that we need to remain open - minded because it may be that it is possible for the ocean to gain heat and lose it more rapidly than we think. there may be other phenomena [ similar to el nino ] operating on different time scales that can explain interdecadal increases and decreases, \u201d says levitus. even if these ups and downs don \u2019 t change the long - term destination of global warming, they could reveal more detail about what kind of ride we can expect.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47251544219919706, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c73bddb0-5638-4050-adba-7af18ac03713>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.036297"}
{"text": "this map, based on data from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ( modis ), shows average aerosol amounts around the world for march 2012. an optical thickness of less than 0. 1 ( palest yellow ) indicates crystal clear sky with maximum visibility, whereas a value of 1 ( reddish brown ) indicates very hazy conditions. this week \u2019 s indicator : 76. no, that is not a reference to the return time of halley \u2019 s comet ( 76 years ) or the atomic number of the world \u2019 s densest natural element ( the metal osmium ). in this case, 76 is a percentage. and it \u2019 s a particular percentage that represents how much of the variability in north atlantic sea temperatures new climate simulations attribute to small airborne particles called aerosols. british scientists at the met office hadley center ran the simulations, and nature published the numberin a recent issue. north atlantic sea temperatures have gone through warm and cool phases over the last 150 years ( a phenomenon called the atlantic multidecadal oscillation, or amo ). the sea was cool, for example, during the 1900s \u2013 1920s and 1960s \u2013 1990s, while a warm phase occurred in the 1930s \u2013 1950s ( see graph below ). since the mid - 1990s, the north atlantic has been in a warm phase. the difference between average ocean surface temperatures over the north atlantic and those over the global oceans has oscillated between cool and warm phases. figure from the april 4, 2012 edition of nature. that may sound like arcane trivia, but the cycling of north atlantic sea temperatures matter. earlier research has linked its phase ( warm or cool ) to high - stakes weather events, such as the frequency of atlantic hurricanes and drought in the the amazon basin and the sahel. cool phases, for example, have coincided with decreased rainfall in the amazon, more atlantic hurricanes, and increased rain in the sahel. conventional wisdom has held that the cycling of north atlantic sea temperature is a natural phenomenon driven by ocean currents. the new climate simulations suggest that aerosols are the real culprit. the british team considered a number of aerosol types in their analysis but the most important was one called sulfates, which come from volcanic eruptions and from humans burning fossil fuels. the researchers used a state - of - the - art climate model to see if they could reproduce the changes in north atlantic sea temperatures seen over the last 150 years. this wasn \u2019 t the first time scientists have tried this, but it was the first time any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49311854918393666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2762aaa0-125c-49a1-9352-720f6f9344d2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.044078"}
{"text": "used a state - of - the - art climate model to see if they could reproduce the changes in north atlantic sea temperatures seen over the last 150 years. this wasn \u2019 t the first time scientists have tried this, but it was the first time any group did it so accurately. and the key to their success, the british team concluded, was that they incorporated better estimates of how aerosols affect clouds \u2014 something that most previous models omitted or only partially included. how do aerosols ( for the sake of simplicity, let \u2019 s just call it pollution for the moment ) affect clouds and how does that affect sea surface temperature? in short, pollution tends to brighten clouds ( see illustration above ) causing the clouds to reflect more light back to space and cool the sea. clouds in clean air are composed of a relatively small number of large droplets ( left ). as a consequence, the clouds are somewhat dark and translucent. in air with high concentrations of aerosols, water can easily condense on the particles, creating a large number of small droplets ( right ). these clouds are dense, very reflective, and bright white. this influence of aerosols on clouds is called the \u201c indirect effect. \u201d nasa image by rob simmon. after taking this indirect aerosol effect into account, the british team \u2019 s simulations suggested that the majority ( the number they came up with was, of course, 76 percent ) of the observed variability in sea temperatures seen since 1860 was due to cooling caused by sulfates from volcanic eruptions and from the buildup of industrial pollution. the results of the simulation also imply that sea temperatures have risen in recent decades because clean air regulations passed in the united states and europe in the 1960s and 1970s have reduced levels of air pollution. if the new simulation is right, it would be a big deal. it would not only mean, as a nature news & views article pointed out, that humans are the key factor driving changes in sea surface temperatures ( and that cleaning up the air could be fueling hurricanes ) ; it would also mean that the atlantic multidecadal oscillation ( amo ) doesn \u2019 t really exist. before you start mourning its death, however, realize there are some indications that this latest simulation may not be right. understanding how aerosols affect clouds remains a young science, and the british team may have made some incorrect assumptions about how aerosols affect particular types of clouds. plus, the model didn \u2019 t reproduce changes in the frequency of outbreaks of african dust storms, something that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47067307016866267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2762aaa0-125c-49a1-9352-720f6f9344d2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.045264"}
{"text": "atlanta \u2019 s air quality is improved, but not enough to ease regulatory standards ' us epa and georgia epd should focus on making sure atlanta is prepared to meet the next level of air pollution requirements, rather than spending time on the paperwork exercise for the 1997 standard. ' breathing smog is like getting a sunburn on your lungs. it inflames your airways, making it more difficult to breathe. smog is especially tough on kids, who pound - for - pound breathe more air in their developing lungs than adults. for many years, smog was thought to just impact people who already had respiratory conditions, but more recent studies have shown that it can cause respiratory disease and impair lung function in otherwise healthy people. the u. s. environmental protection agency is charged with establishing safe levels of ambient air quality for a variety of pollutants, and revisit them periodically to make sure they are consistent with the latest scientific research about what levels of those pollutants are harmful to public health. smog is more formally known as ground - level ozone. it forms when nitrogen oxide, which come from burning fossil fuels and volatile organic compounds, which come from dry cleaners, paint, and surprisingly, trees, come together in the presence of heat or sunlight. because metro atlantans burn a lot of gasoline, diesel, coal and natural gas, we are blessed with a lot of trees, and we are affectionately known as hotlanta, we have all the ingredients needed for a good recipe of smog. in fact, atlanta has struggled to meet federal health - based air quality standards for ground - level ozone since they were first established in 1991. while we have never had problems as serious as beijing, our air quality was a major concern for the 1996 olympics. atlanta \u2019 s olympic organizers took great measures to reduce the amount of traffic downtown, encouraging people who didn \u2019 t need to be downtown to not commute or take transit. studies showed that these efforts worked : - traffic was down 22 percent - ozone concentrations went down 28 percent - emergency room trips for asthma attacks went down 42 percent so we know that reducing emissions of air pollution improves air quality and public health. however, in 1999, atlanta had our worst summer on record for air pollution. air pollution monitors showed violations 69 out of the 150 days of ozone season. you can check out the state \u2019 s data here. the state of georgia complex on confederate avenue has one of the state ' s many ozone monitors, and, in fact, the one that still routinely registers the highest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45127476590669674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:336f00fc-b0e7-442d-a801-d7f3dca94520>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.052378"}
{"text": "the 150 days of ozone season. you can check out the state \u2019 s data here. the state of georgia complex on confederate avenue has one of the state ' s many ozone monitors, and, in fact, the one that still routinely registers the highest levels of ozone. you might remember that sierra club sued the state and the epa in the late 1990s and atlanta \u2019 s federal highway money was cut off. and that \u2019 s when we started getting serious about reducing our air pollution emissions in metro atlanta. programs like the annual vehicle inspection were implemented, lower pollution gasoline was brought to the metro area, and rules were established for installing controls at georgia power \u2019 s atlanta - area coal - fired plants. also established was a program that requires new sources of air pollution to find an existing source of air pollution who will reduce their emissions to make room for them without making our air quality worse. these programs have resulted in great progress and there are far fewer days we violate the federal standards. however, the latest science has shown that even lower levels of ground - level ozone are more harmful than previously thought. in 1997, the epa updated the ozone standard from a 1 - hour standard of 120 parts per billion to an 8 - hour standard of 80 parts per billion, because researchers had discovered that lower levels of ozone over longer periods of time were harmful. in 2008, the bush administration lowered that limit to 75 parts per billion, but the obama administration withdrew it upon taking office because it wasn \u2019 t protective enough. under intense political pressure before the 2010 midterm elections, the epa did not finalize the new standard. the range that scientists said was appropriate was somewhere between 60 and 70 parts per billion. meeting the 1997 federal air quality standard for ozone requires that the three - year average of the fourth - highest reading of an ozone monitor is below 85 parts per billion. because emissions from cars and power plants were down in 2009 due to the recession, and we had an unusually cold and wet summer, levels from that year drag down the average. the epa is proposing to designate atlanta in \u201c attainment \u201d for the 1997 standard based on the data from 2008 - 2010. the trick is that they have to demonstrate that the air quality is better because of \u201c real, permanent and enforceable \u201d reductions in air pollution. you can see from the attached chart that they weren \u2019 t because levels have gone back up in recent years. and, at our backyard monitor at confederate avenue, if levels in 2013 are as high as they were in 2012, we will be back out of attain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47222720148000163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:336f00fc-b0e7-442d-a801-d7f3dca94520>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.056155"}
{"text": "at the moment, the project that will transform the future of el hierro doesn \u2019 t look like much more than a hole in the ground. or two, to be exact : one on top of a mountain, another smaller one down below, and in between, a long stretch of pipeline tinted the same color as the scrub that grows so abundantly on this volcanic island. but when this innovative wind - power system goes online at the end of 2011, it will turn el hierro, the easternmost of spain \u2019 s canary islands, into the first inhabited landmass in the world to become completely energy self - sufficient. and that \u2019 s just the first step in a plan that may make the island the most sustainable place on earth. sound ambitious? consider the source. el hierro is located over 750 miles ( 1, 200 km ) from the spanish mainland, and its stark, volcanic landscape harbors no coal or fossil fuels. fresh water is scarce, and for electricity, its population of 10, 000 has long depended on the diesel brought in weekly by tanker. which is why, some 25 years ago, the islanders began thinking about ways to convert to renewable energy, using the two resources that they actually have a lot of : wind and water. now, with oil supplies dwindling worldwide and the fukushima disaster offering an all - too - present reminder of the perils of nuclear energy, el hierro \u2019 s hydro - eolic plant looks positively prescient. \u201c at first, it was simply an issue of becoming more self - sufficient, \u201d says tomas padron, president of the island council, whose role is similar to that of a mayor \u2019 s. \u201c we were completely dependent on outside deliveries and could be cut off at a moment \u2019 s notice. but then with the global - energy crisis, and climate change, and everything else that \u2019 s happened, we \u2019 ve realized it has a lot more value. \u201d the future power station is at once a marvel of engineering and remarkably simple in its design. five windmills on the northeastern end of the island will power a pumping station that, when the wind is blowing, will drive water 2, 300 feet uphill, from a small, 5 million - cubic - foot ( 150, 000 - cu - m ) reservoir down by the shore to a larger, 19 million - cubic - foot ( 550, 000 - cu - m ) reservoir snuggled into one of the island \u2019 s volcanic craters. when the wind abates, water from the top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4547663398178776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31b0a8c7-8944-4540-bce5-ec071f2c2ec6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.060830"}
{"text": "cu - m ) reservoir down by the shore to a larger, 19 million - cubic - foot ( 550, 000 - cu - m ) reservoir snuggled into one of the island \u2019 s volcanic craters. when the wind abates, water from the top depository will be released, along 1. 8 miles ( 3 km ) of mostly camouflaged pipes, into the bottom one, and the pressure of that falling water will drive six hydraulic turbines. in other words, el hierro will combine the two resources in which it abounds to deliver a continuous supply of electricity, no matter the weather. \u201c if we don \u2019 t want to depend on fossil fuel, we have to have steady input and output, \u201d says gonzalo piernavieja, director of research and development for the technological institute of the canaries, which designed the plant. \u201c and the only way to do that is through massive storage. in this case, we \u2019 re using nature \u2019 s gifts, wind and sea water, for storage. \u201d the plant is expected to produce 48 gw / h ( gigawatt hours ), enabling el hierro to conserve some 6, 000 tons of diesel per year, and to meet 100 % of its energy needs by 2015. and by that time, the island will be well into its next sustainability projects. one of them, already underway, is a plan convert all 4, 500 of el hierro \u2019 s cars to electric ; the same municipal company, gorona del viento, that is building the new hydroeolic station will supply car batteries powered by excess energy from the plant. \u201c the whole system will be integrated, \u201d says javier morales, el hierro \u2019 s councilman for sustainability. \u201c it \u2019 s beyond green. when the power plant and the car system interact, it will be like galaxies colliding. \u201d and that \u2019 s not all that will be integrated. unlike most of the other islands in the canaries archipelago, which have staked their economies on mass tourism, el hierro remains largely agricultural ( pineapples and mangos are its primary exports ). its farmers too are looking ahead : all of the island \u2019 s agricultural cooperatives have signed on to a plan that will convert their fields to organic production in the next eight years. and those farms, in turn, will be connected to a \u201c biodigester \u201d that converts sewage into both methane ( which can then be used as fuel ) and fertilizer. how did a place so small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4811722129076524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:31b0a8c7-8944-4540-bce5-ec071f2c2ec6>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.062096"}
{"text": "( cnn ) - - marjorye heeney knew something was wrong when she saw a bulging cloud of black dust darken the sky. drought - like conditions dried this kern river bed last year near bakersfield, california. she then heard an eerie, train - like whistle as fierce winds rattled her front door and windows. when she looked outside, hordes of grasshoppers and crows swarmed over her father ' s barren farm. after the storm broke, her father walked outside and muttered curses as he scanned the horizon for rain clouds. \" i can remember my dad just watching the sky so closely, \" heeney says. \" a sprinkle would excite him so much. \" that ' s how heeney, now 83, describes growing up on an oklahoma farm during the dust bowl storms in the 1930s. for much of that decade, \" black blizzards \" - - formed by a prolonged drought and poor farming techniques - - ravaged much of the nation. now a new generation of americans is again anxiously looking to the sky. drought has returned to the united states, and some warn that more tough days are ahead. the value of water is starting to become apparent in america. over the past three years a drought has affected large swaths of the country, and conflicts over water usage may become commonplace in the future, climatologists say. \" our focus is oil, but the critical need for water is going to make water the most significant natural resource that we ' re going to have to worry about in the future, \" says larry fillmer, executive director of the natural resources management & development institute at auburn university in alabama. at least 36 states expect to face water shortages within the next five years, according to a report from the u. s. government accountability office. according to the national drought mitigation center, several regions in particular have been hit hard : the southeast, southwest and the west. texas, georgia and south carolina have suffered the worst droughts this year, the agency said. yet most people don ' t need scientists to tell them there ' s a water shortage. plenty of cities have implemented water bans while state squabbles over water usage are common in some regions. what may surprise people, though, are the causes for the recent drought. it ' s not global warming, some climatologists say. the droughts are caused by rapid population growth and unwise agricultural choices. john r. christy, a professor of atmospheric science at the university of alabama in huntsville, says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39218835805424157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8174098-6698-4bfe-9764-7a7ab2819f51>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.066347"}
{"text": "drought. it ' s not global warming, some climatologists say. the droughts are caused by rapid population growth and unwise agricultural choices. john r. christy, a professor of atmospheric science at the university of alabama in huntsville, says the last three years have been drier than usual in many parts of the united states, but overall there ' s been no shortage of rainfall. he says the u. s. mainland experienced worse droughts in the 12th and 16th centuries. \" the demand for water has gone up, \" christy says. \" the demand has skyrocketed in places like california and new mexico because they ' ve tried to grow crops in deserts. \" even drought conditions in the southeast can ' t be blamed on a shortage of rainfall, christy says. the region ' s water delivery systems can ' t keep pace with the growth, he says. \" the rain is still falling, but you ' re out of water because the storage facilities are not big enough, \" christy says. there ' s also a public perception that ordinary people are wasting more water, but that ' s not true, says mark svoboda, a climatologist with the national drought mitigation center. \" per capita use of water is down because we ' re learning to be more efficient, \" svoboda says. water shortages don ' t have to remain a fact of modern life, drought experts say. many offer the same solutions : build better water delivery systems to accommodate population growth, develop more efficient uses of irrigation, and shift agriculture from the west to the east where it ' s easier and cheaper to water crops. svoboda believes a change in attitude is even more vital than changing habits. \" we take water for granted, \" he says. \" we think it ' s a cheap commodity that ' s always going to be there. \" heeney, the dust bowl survivor, doesn ' t appear to need that lesson. she remembers how precious water was in the 1930s when people fetched water in buckets. and when the rains finally ended the dust bowl, she vividly remembers her joyous father driving his family out into his fields just to watch the water settle into the soil. heeney, who now lives in topeka, kansas, gets upset when she sees people throw away bottled water or use too much water to wash their cars. \" we don ' t value water and we ' re going to regret it, \" heeney says. \" we forget. we ' re as dumb as we can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3898750502184949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f8174098-6698-4bfe-9764-7a7ab2819f51>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.067317"}
{"text": "what the berlin wall still stands for by chris burns cnn berlin bureau chief november 8, 1999 web posted at : 9 : 23 a. m. est ( 1423 gmt ) this news analysis was written for cnn interactive. in this story : why the wall went up how the wall came down still seeking unity yearning for the past berlin ( cnn ) - - there aren ' t many places where history is as in - your - face as the newly restored capital of a unified germany. | helping along the berlin wall ' s demise, in 1989 for 28 years, the berlin wall was the starkest symbol of the cold war. ten years after the wall fell - - an event that unified the city in a street party for days starting november 9, 1989 - - the past still has a vivid influence on daily lives. it starts in the morning with the heavy, acrid smell of coal, which still heats apartments in eastern berlin as it did before the wall came down. even the air symbolizes an ongoing tale of two cities in one, struggling to reintegrate after four decades of division. it continues in the area where the wall once stood, now marked by bricks in the road in front of brandenburg gate. the former communist east is still rebuilding, remodeling, revamping - - a huge construction site with awful traffic jams. the friedrichstrasse area, once grim and gray and divided by checkpoint charlie in what used to be the dour \" worker ' s paradise, \" is becoming the technicolor heartbeat of germany ' s reborn capital. still, it ' s hard to forget that this new berlin sits atop layers of history. | major construction has changed the landscape once dominated by the berlin wall the heart of the third reich, including hitler ' s bunker, lay under what used to be the no - man ' s land on the eastern side of the berlin wall. now government offices and the glass - and - steel buildings of potsdamer platz are being built there. the former no - man ' s land is also the site for a planned holocaust memorial. all but a few strips of the wall have been torn down, with a debate under way about how much of them to preserve. on the world stage, the wall ' s fall heralded a new and less - predictable world order, with the end of a bipolar, two - superpower world and the proliferation of regional tensions and conflicts. the wall ' s absence accelerated the integration and expansion of the european union, with a unified germany playing a leading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47550007230503755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:251bfa42-217a-4ab8-98b9-276991b4bafe>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.076356"}
{"text": "and less - predictable world order, with the end of a bipolar, two - superpower world and the proliferation of regional tensions and conflicts. the wall ' s absence accelerated the integration and expansion of the european union, with a unified germany playing a leading role. but on an individual level, as the germans put it, the wall remains in people ' s heads - - die mauer im kopf. building the wall in 1961 made perfect sense to east german leader walter ulbricht. his people were fleeing to the west by the thousands every month, in a brain drain that threatened the fledgling german democratic republic with collapse. the flow of people from east berlin to west berlin had increased after the communist regime ' s bloody crackdown on a workers ' uprising in 1953, while west germany barreled along with its capitalist \" economic miracle, \" or wirtschaftswunder. the roots of the wall went back to the start of the cold war, following world war ii. moscow ' s efforts to force the western allies out of west berlin and cut off the capitalist haven by land failed, sparking the year - long berlin airlift. on august 13, 1961, east german troops began laying bricks and barbed wire to cut off west berlin from the rest of east germany, except for a few checkpoints. the regime called it the \" anti - fascist protection barrier, \" sheltering its people from the ravages of capitalism. though the wall circled west berlin within east germany, it was the world of east berliners that stopped at the wall. even east german maps, which left west berlin blank, were a kind of orwellian attempt to blot out thoughts of the west. but that did not happen. thousands of east germans still tried to escape in a testament to human ingenuity. they fled in secret compartments of cars, inside surfboards, in balloons and makeshift planes. they swam berlin lakes or canals to freedom, and tunneled their way to the west. many attempts ended tragically. german prosecutors say east german border guards killed some 270 would - be escapees ; it ' s estimated that in all more than 940 people died in the process of trying to flee. the two berlins became rival showcases of the two systems. east berlin was the communist worker ' s paradise, with new high - rise apartment buildings, majestic squares, monuments and the television tower, or fernsehturm, that still dominates berlin today. west berlin was an island of capitalist freedom, propped up by generous aid from west germany. to prevent germany", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5059483202275924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:251bfa42-217a-4ab8-98b9-276991b4bafe>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.077383"}
{"text": "with new high - rise apartment buildings, majestic squares, monuments and the television tower, or fernsehturm, that still dominates berlin today. west berlin was an island of capitalist freedom, propped up by generous aid from west germany. to prevent germany from becoming a literal superpower battlefield, west german leaders such as chancellor willy brandt pursued ostpolitik, improving relations with the east through exchanges and financial support. equally important were changes in moscow. mikhail gorbachev took the helm there in 1985 and shook it up with perestroika reforms. he told eastern bloc leaders they, too, had to change. moscow would no longer intervene militarily to prop up their regimes. but east german leader erich honecker rejected gorbachev ' s calls. and the east berliners ' exodus to the west resumed in earnest. in the summer of 1989, east germans by the tens of thousands drove their trabants to other eastern european countries and then ditched them to flee westward. demonstrations grew in east germany, in leipzig, dresden and finally berlin. by october 1989, on the 40th anniversary of the german democratic republic, crowds chanted not for honecker but for gorbachev. \" gorby, help us! \" they cried. the soviet leader told honecker during an east german politburo meeting : \" he who is late will be punished by life. \" honecker still resisted, and within days the politburo replaced him with egon krenz. but krenz ' s effort to negotiate reform with pro - democracy leaders was too little, too late. | west berliners throng the streets at checkpoint charlie to welcome east berliners in november 1989 then came the decision to allow east germans free passage westward with visas - - a move calculated to relieve pressure on the regime, coupled with the promise of new reforms. it was a futile, last - ditch attempt to save the system. the government ' s spokesman announced free passage on november 9, the day before it was to take effect. but he mistakenly said the decision was effective immediately. within hours, east german border guards threw up their hands, stopped demanding visas and allowed throngs of east berliners through to west berlin, beginning at bornholmer bridge. it was the beginning of what exploded into a cathartic outpouring of emotion, drawing together a divided people who had doubted whether they would live as one again. east berliners were showered with gifts and even given deutschmarks by the west german", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45866137841946697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:251bfa42-217a-4ab8-98b9-276991b4bafe>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.078432"}
{"text": "the beginning of what exploded into a cathartic outpouring of emotion, drawing together a divided people who had doubted whether they would live as one again. east berliners were showered with gifts and even given deutschmarks by the west german government to shop for bananas, blue jeans, rock ' n ' roll music and other items they had coveted for decades. unification came on october 3, 1990, less than a year after the wall fell. but a truly unified germany has yet to be. germans still speak of the ossies in the east and the wessies in the west. despite hundreds of billions of dollars in aid since unification, unemployment in the east is still double that of western germany, as high as 20 percent in saxony - anhalt state. eastern germans are often irritated by what they call the arrogant \" elbow society \" of the market economy. western germans say the easterners are slow to learn the ways of capitalism ; the westerners complain of paying higher taxes to finance eastern germany ' s reconstruction. the millions who lost their jobs to capitalism turned on chancellor helmut kohl, who lost last year ' s election. now kohl ' s successor, gerhard schroeder, is struggling with the same problem. a few recent polls even show some eastern germans wouldn ' t mind seeing the wall return ; they along with many more of their neighbors would like to return to their former job security, generous social benefits and a slower, less consumer - oriented way of life. along with \" the wall in the head, \" the cold war legacy has played out in other ironic and colorful ways, some that divide and others that unify eastern and western germany. ostalgie is nostalgia for the simpler times of the old days in the east. | the east berlin traffic signal is now a pop figure ostalgie parties last month marked what would have been the 50th anniversary of the german democratic republic. eastern germans dressed in green army and blue youth group uniforms, upholding a former cultural identity that has long been discredited and ridiculed by western germans. some symbols of east germany have become common currency among eastern and western berliners alike. much affection is given the ampelman, the short, stubby crosswalk man once seen as subliminal oppression in the east, now a cute memento in the form of coffee mugs, lamps, doormats, backpacks and gummi - candy. the east ' s rickety plastic - body trabant car, no longer built, is now a beloved collector ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4866994321671554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:251bfa42-217a-4ab8-98b9-276991b4bafe>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.079513"}
{"text": "cute memento in the form of coffee mugs, lamps, doormats, backpacks and gummi - candy. the east ' s rickety plastic - body trabant car, no longer built, is now a beloved collector ' s item. there are \" trabi \" clubs for die - hard enthusiasts. the cars are often painted in outrageous colors as a garish fashion statement among avant - garde berliners. another artifact haunts berlin - - some 1 million files of east germany ' s stasi secret police, which coerced or paid hundreds of thousands of informants. former east germans can now consult those files and learn who spied on them - - relatives, friends, co - workers, co - activists. still another symbol of the cold war has become a symbol of german unification. glienicke bridge, which connects western berlin with potsdam, was known as the \" spy bridge \" where east and west exchanged agents. in 1989, when the wall fell, east and west berliners finally met each other there, justifying the name it was given shortly after world war ii - - the bridge of unity. once the capital that launched two world wars, once divided by a wall built to help prop up an economic system and an empire, berlin lives and breathes the irony, the drama and the beauty of the past as it evolves again into a world city. y archives : find cnn correspondent analysis by region cnn interactive : cold war the wall comes down cnn interactive - world bundesregierung deutschland ( german government ) german historical museum berlin airlift historical foundation note : pages will open in a new browser window external sites are not endorsed by cnn interactive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5174806971514605, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:251bfa42-217a-4ab8-98b9-276991b4bafe>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.080186"}
{"text": "today in my ed psych course i asked, \u201c why do we want students to participate in class? \u201d the preservice teachers easily acknowledged that increased participation likely leads to increased mental engagement & having students hear ideas of other students has clear benefits concerning the language accessibility of the exchanges. i then asked, \u201c what things can a teacher do to discourage / encourage participation? \u201d while there are obvious answers, i think one of the more nuanced ideas related to valuing student ideas. when exploring this, we noted that teachers need to flexibly use student ideas, but doing so requires a very well developed pedagogical content knowledge. leave a comment sharing how you encourage your students to participate in class discussion or other activities? last night i tried a new approach with one of my college classes. the course is about science education. we read an article that summarizes a high school science activity that addresses climate, heat capacity, investigation design, & the nature of science. i first had students read the article to identify how the authors addressed the nature of science as well as missed opportunities. then, they went back through the article to note places when the activity fit with learning theory. in a third reading, i asked the preservice teachers to identify teacher actions / behaviors that seemed important for the activity to work. fourth, i had students investigate ways in which the authors addressed safety issues. in a final reading, we investigated how the article sought to teach the science content. that is, how the authors organize & scaffold content learning for students. in between each reading, we discussed ideas & pros / cons of the activity in relation to the lens through which we had just viewed the article. i imagine most people would consider reading the same article 5 times would be redundant. i found the students \u2019 ideas to grow in sophistication as we progressed & the different lenses provided new perspectives. each time we read the article, we embarked on a new inquiry into the nature of teaching. this kind of close reading is not often achieved & asking students to view the same reading through different lenses provided scaffolding for them to dig deeper into the piece. imagine if we encouraged younger students to read so closely instead of quizzing them on mundane details *. * when i wrote the phrase \u201c mundane details \u201d i immediately thought of office space. ; - )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5273054467776296, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:8fb49415-b207-4b68-9ad1-6cae0555b5b7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.082729"}
{"text": "kicksat to launch sprites into space it \u2019 ll look like hundreds of postage stamps fluttering toward earth \u2014 each an independent satellite transmitting a signal unique to the person who helped send it to space. a cornell - based project called kicksat is set to launch more than 200 of these tiny satellites, nicknamed \u201c sprites, \u201d into low - earth orbit as part of a routine nasa - administered mission in 2013 to the international space station. and unlike traditional, big government space exploration, kicksat is truly a launch by the people. several years ago \u2026 zac manchester \u2026 now a graduate student in aerospace engineering, dreamt up the idea of crowd - sourced, personal space exploration. he and ryan zhou \u2026 and justin atchison \u2026 designed and built a prototype spacecraft that fits in the palm of the hand and costs just a few hundred dollars to make. the sprites are a type of micro - satellite called a \u201c chipsat \u2026 \u201d manchester \u2019 s goal, he says in his blog about the mission, \u201c is to bring down the huge cost of spaceflight, allowing anyone from a curious high school student or basement tinkerer to a professional scientist to explore what has until now been the exclusive realm of governments and large companies. by shrinking the spacecraft, we can fit more into a single launch slot and split the costs many ways. i want to make it easy enough and affordable enough for anyone to explore space. \u201d sprites are the size of a cracker but are outfitted with solar cells, a radio transceiver and a microcontroller ( tiny computer ). kicksat, which is the name of the sprites \u2019 launching unit, is a cubesat, a standardized cubic satellite the size of a loaf of bread, frequently used in space research. using kickstarter. com to find sponsors for the mission, manchester raised nearly $ 75, 000 as more than 300 people sponsored a sprite that will transmit an identifying signal, such as the initials of the donor. in 2013, about 250 sprites will be sent into space. one person, who donated $ 10, 000, manchester added, will get to \u201c push the big red button \u201d on the day of the launch. a delightful dedication to citizen science. a special tradition centuries - old.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44284916827388615, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d589faa7-6417-46a9-9ebc-ffea51fd1913>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.085142"}
{"text": "according to contemporary studies, arabic writing is a member of the semitic alphabetical scripts in which mainly the consonants are represented. arabic script was developed in a comparatively brief span of time. arabic became a frequently used alphabet - - and, today, it is second in use only to the roman alphabet. the early arabs were basically a nomadic people. their lives were hard before islam, but their culture was prolific in terms of writing and poetry. long before they were gathered into the islamic fold, the nomadic arabs acknowledged the power and beauty of words. poetry, for example, was an essential part of daily life. the delight arabs took in language and linguistic skills also would be exhibited in arabic literature and calligraphy. the early arabs felt an immense appreciation for the spoken word and later for its written form. arabic script is derived from the aramaic nabataean alphabet. the arabic alphabet is a script of 28 letters and uses long but not short vowels. the letters are derived from only 17 distinct forms, distinguished one from another by a dot or dots placed above or below the letter. short vowels are indicated by small diagonal strokes above or below letters. the nabataean were semi - nomadic arabs who dwelled in an area extending from sinai and north arabia to southern syria. their empire included the major cities of hijr, petra, and busra. although the nabataean empire ended in 105 a. d., its language and script would have profound impact upon the early development of arabic scripts. archeologists and linguists have analyzed and studied the nabataean inscriptions that represent the advanced transitional stage toward the development of such arabic scripts as the um al - jimal, dating from about 250 a. d., and the namarah of the famous pre - islamic poet imru ' al - qays, dating from 328 a. d. another inscription from um al - jimal, dating from the 6th century, confirms the derivation of the arabic script from the nabataean and points to the birth of distinctive arabic writing forms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4307573454883916, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:742861e3-b627-4b77-8592-6c7427970829>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.088790"}
{"text": "bones of ' small - bodied humans ' found in micronesian cave friday, march 21, 2008 another population of small humans has been reported, this time in caves in micronesia. lee berger, steven churchill, bonita de klerk and rhonda quinn, a team of paleontologists and anthropologists from south africa and the united states document a group of \" small - bodied humans \" found in the \" in limestone caves in the rock islands of palau, micronesia. \" the report, in a recent edition of the open access journal, plos one ( 2008 3 : 3 ) argues that these small people may \" represent a congenitally abnormal individual drawn from a small - bodied island population of homo sapiens. \" the term for this condition is insular dwarfism described in foster ' s rule. different radio carbon samples at the site date between 3000 and 4500 calendar years before the present, with the 3000 year old dates being judged the most reliable. the authors argue, \" based on the evidence from palau, we [ berger et al ] hypothesize that reduction in the size of the face and chin, large dental size and other features noted here may in some cases be correlates of extreme body size reduction in h. sapiens. \" unlike the 2004 find of the flores dwarf human population ( dated from 95, 000 to 13, 000 years ago ), known as homo floresienses and nicknamed hobbits, researchers do not consider this population to be a separate hominid population. they also suggest that this more recent population casts some doubt on h. floresienses being a separate species, and that, \" these features when seen in flores may be best explained as correlates of small body size in an island adaptation, regardless of taxonomic affinity... [ this ] palauan sample supports at least the possibility that the flores hominins are simply an island adapted population of h. sapiens, perhaps with some individuals expressing congenital abnormalities. \" in support of this, berger et al also argued that although the dwarf humans appeared to have many features in commons with homo sapiens, there seems to be many features that are not usually associated with homo sapiens. - lee berger, steven churchill, bonita de clerk, rhonda quinn. \" small - bodied humans from palau, micronesia \" \u2014, march 12, 2008 - hillary mayell. \" hobbit - like human ancestor found in asia \" \u2014, october 27, 2004", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4437073136125675, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:836f36ae-9595-4537-a14b-4b3e073b38d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.091374"}
{"text": "financial market participants | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( september 2007 ) | there are two basic financial market participant categories, investor vs. speculator and institutional vs. retail. action in financial markets by central banks is usually regarded as intervention rather than participation. supply side vs. demand side a market participant may either be coming from the supply side, hence supplying excess money ( in the form of investments ) in favor of the demand side ; or coming from the demand side, hence demanding excess money ( in the form of borrowed equity ) in favor of the supply side. this equation originated from keynesian advocates. the theory explains that a given market may have excess cash ; hence the supplier of funds may lend it ; and those in need of cash may borrow the funds supplied. hence, the equation : aggregate savings equals aggregate investments. the demand side consists of : those in need of cash flows ( daily operational needs ) ; those in need of interim financing ( bridge financing ) ; those in need of long - term funds for special projects ( capital funds for venture financing ). the supply side consists of : those who have aggregate savings ( retirement funds, pension funds, insurance funds ) that can be used in favor of demand side. the origin of the savings ( funds ) can be local savings or foreign savings. so much pensions or savings can be invested for school buildings ; orphanages ; ( but not earning ) or for road network ( toll ways ) or port development ( capable of earnings ). the earnings go to owner ( savers or lenders ) and the margin goes to the banks. when the principal and interest are added up, it will reflect the amount paid for the user ( borrower ) of the funds. thus, an interest percentage for the cost of using the funds. investor vs. speculator an investor is any party that makes an investment. however, the term has taken on a specific meaning in finance to describe the particular types of people and companies that regularly purchase equity or debt securities for financial gain in exchange for funding an expanding company. less frequently the term is applied to parties who purchase real estate, currency, commodity derivatives, personal property, or other assets. speculation, in the narrow sense of financial speculation, involves the buying, holding, selling, and short - selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any valuable financial instrument to profit from fluctuations in its price as opposed to buying it for use or for income via methods such as dividends or interest. speculation or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5296131801336267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3d4213d-9528-4594-9d5d-e8c294ec8547>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.095154"}
{"text": ", bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any valuable financial instrument to profit from fluctuations in its price as opposed to buying it for use or for income via methods such as dividends or interest. speculation or agiotage represents one of three market roles in western financial markets, distinct from hedging, long term investing and arbitrage. speculators in an asset may have no intention to have long term exposure to that asset. institutional vs. retail institutional investor an institutional investor is an investor, such as a bank, insurance company, retirement fund, hedge fund, or mutual fund, that is financially sophisticated and makes large investments, often held in very large portfolios of investments. because of their sophistication, institutional investors may often participate in private placements of securities, in which certain aspects of the securities laws may be inapplicable. retail investor a retail investor is an individual investor possessing shares of a given security. retail investors can be further divided into two categories of share ownership. - a beneficial shareholder is a retail investor who holds shares of their securities in the account of a bank or broker, also known as \u201c in street name. \u201d the broker is in possession of the securities on behalf of the underlying shareholder. - a registered shareholder is a retail investor who holds shares of their securities directly through the issuer or its transfer agent. many registered shareholders have physical copies of their stock certificates. in the united states, as of 2005 about 57 million households owned stocks, and in total individual investors owned 26 % of equities. see also - harris l. ( 2010 ). missing in activism : retail investor absence in corporate elections. columbia business law review", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5051006369841773, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:c3d4213d-9528-4594-9d5d-e8c294ec8547>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.095884"}
{"text": "freedom of speech freedom of speech is the political right to communicate one ' s opinions and ideas using one ' s body and property to anyone who is willing to receive them. the term freedom of expression is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. in practice, the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country and the right is commonly subject to limitations, as with libel, slander, obscenity, sedition, incitement of violence, copyright violation, revelation of information that is classified or otherwise. the right to freedom of expression is recognized as a human right under article 19 of the universal declaration of human rights and recognized in international human rights law in the international covenant on civil and political rights ( iccpr ). article 19 of the iccpr states that \" [ e ] veryone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference \" and \" everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression ; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice \". article 19 goes on to say that the exercise of these rights carries \" special duties and responsibilities \" and may \" therefore be subject to certain restrictions \" when necessary \" [ f ] or respect of the rights or reputation of others \" or \" [ f ] or the protection of national security or of public order ( order public ), or of public health or morals \". freedom of speech may be legally curtailed in some religious legal systems and in secular jurisdictions where it is found to cause religious offense, such as the british racial and religious hatred act 2006. the right to freedom of speech and expression concepts of freedom of speech can be found in early human rights documents. england \u2019 s bill of rights 1689 granted ' freedom of speech in parliament ' and the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen, adopted during the french revolution in 1789, specifically affirmed freedom of speech as an inalienable right. the declaration provides for freedom of expression in article 11, which states that : \" the free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law. \" article 19 of the universal declaration of human rights, adopted in 1948", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.540812572342352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.119584"}
{"text": "rights of man. every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law. \" article 19 of the universal declaration of human rights, adopted in 1948, states that : \" everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression ; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. \" today freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. the right is enshrined in article 19 of the international covenant on civil and political rights, article 10 of the european convention on human rights, article 13 of the american convention on human rights and article 9 of the african charter on human and peoples ' rights. based on john milton ' s arguments, freedom of speech is understood as a multi - faceted right that includes not only the right to express, or disseminate, information and ideas, but three further distinct aspects : - the right to seek information and ideas ; - the right to receive information and ideas ; - the right to impart information and ideas international, regional and national standards also recognize that freedom of speech, as the freedom of expression, includes any medium, be it orally, in written, in print, through the internet or through art forms. this means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right includes not only the content, but also the means of expression. relationship to other rights the right to freedom of speech and expression is closely related to other rights, and may be limited when conflicting with other rights ( see limitations on freedom of speech ). the right to freedom of expression is also related to the right to a fair trial and court proceeding which may limit access to the search for information or determine the opportunity and means in which freedom of expression is manifested within court proceedings. as a general principle freedom of expression may not limit the right to privacy, as well as the honor and reputation of others. however greater latitude is given when criticism of public figures is involved. the right to freedom of expression is particularly important for media, which plays a special role as the bearer of the general right to freedom of expression for all. however, freedom of the press is not necessarily enabling freedom of speech. judith lichtenberg has outlined conditions in which freedom of the press may constrain freedom of speech, for example where the media suppresses information or stifles the diversity of voices inherent in freedom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5113744205235271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.121574"}
{"text": "the press is not necessarily enabling freedom of speech. judith lichtenberg has outlined conditions in which freedom of the press may constrain freedom of speech, for example where the media suppresses information or stifles the diversity of voices inherent in freedom of speech. lichtenberg argues that freedom of the press is simply a form of property right summed up by the principle \" no money, no voice \". freedom of speech and expression has a long history that predates modern international human rights instruments. it is thought that ancient athens \u2019 democratic ideology of free speech may have emerged in the late 6th or early 5th century bc. two of the most cherished values of the roman republic were freedom of religion and freedom of speech. freedom of speech, dissent and truth before the invention of the printing press a writing, once created, could only be physically multiplied by the highly laborious and error - prone process of manual copying out. no elaborate system of censorship and control over scribes existed, who until the 14th century were restricted to religious institutions, and their works rarely caused wider controversy. in response to the printing press, and the heresies it allowed to spread, the roman catholic church moved to impose censorship. printing allowed for multiple exact copies of a work, leading to a more rapid and widespread circulation of ideas and information ( see print culture ). the origins of copyright law in most european countries lie in efforts by the roman catholic church and governments to regulate and control the output of printers. in 1501 pope alexander vi issued a bill against the unlicensed printing of books and in 1559 the index expurgatorius, or list of prohibited books, was issued for the first time. the index expurgatorius is the most famous and long lasting example of \" bad books \" catalogues issued by the roman catholic church, which assumed responsibility to control thoughts and opinions, and suppressed views that went against its doctrines. the index expurgatorius was administered by the roman inquisition, but enforced by local government authorities, and went through 300 editions. amongst others it banned or censored books written by rene descartes, giordano bruno, galileo galilei, david hume, john locke, daniel defoe, jean - jacques rousseau and voltaire. while governments and church encouraged printing in many ways because it allowed for the dissemination of bibles and government information, works of dissent and criticism could also circulate rapidly. as a consequence, governments established controls over printers across europe, requiring them to have official licenses to trade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5039004971305987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.122713"}
{"text": "encouraged printing in many ways because it allowed for the dissemination of bibles and government information, works of dissent and criticism could also circulate rapidly. as a consequence, governments established controls over printers across europe, requiring them to have official licenses to trade and produce books. the notion that the expression of dissent or subversive views should be tolerated, not censured or punished by law, developed alongside the rise of printing and the press. areopagitica, published in 1644, was john milton ' s response to the parliament of england ' s re - introduction of government licensing of printers, hence publishers. church authorities had previously ensured that milton ' s essay on the right to divorce was refused a license for publication. in areopagitica, published without a license, milton made an impassioned plea for freedom of expression and toleration of falsehood, stating : \" give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties. \" milton ' s defense of freedom of expression was grounded in a protestant worldview and he thought that the english people had the mission to work out the truth of the reformation, which would lead to the enlightenment of all people. but milton also articulated the main strands of future discussions about freedom of expression. by defining the scope of freedom of expression and of \" harmful \" speech milton argued against the principle of pre - censorship and in favor of tolerance for a wide range of views. as the \" menace \" of printing spread, governments established centralized control mechanism. the french crown repressed printing and the printer etienne dolet was burned at the stake in 1546. in 1557 the british crown thought to stem the flow of seditious and heretical books by chartering the stationers ' company. the right to print was limited to the members of that guild, and thirty years later the star chamber was chartered to curtail the \" greate enormities and abuses \" of \" dyvers contentyous and disorderlye persons professinge the arte or mystere of pryntinge or selling of books. \" the right to print was restricted to two universities and to the 21 existing printers in the city of london, which had 53 printing presses. as the british crown took control of type founding in 1637 printers fled to the netherlands. confrontation with authority made printers radical and rebellious, with 800 authors, printers and book dealers being incarcerated in the bastille in paris before it was stormed in 1789. a succession of english thinkers was at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45858845302119433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.123767"}
{"text": "founding in 1637 printers fled to the netherlands. confrontation with authority made printers radical and rebellious, with 800 authors, printers and book dealers being incarcerated in the bastille in paris before it was stormed in 1789. a succession of english thinkers was at the forefront of early discussion on a right to freedom of expression, among them john milton ( 1608 \u2013 74 ) and john locke ( 1632 \u2013 1704 ). locke established the individual as the unit of value and the bearer of rights to life, liberty, property and the pursuit of happiness. however lockes ideas evolved primarily around the concept of the right to seek salvation for one ' s soul, and was thus primarily concerned with theological matters. locke did not support a universal toleration and freedom of speech, some groups, like atheists, should not be allowed according to his ideas. by the second half of the 17th century philosophers on the european continent like baruch spinoza and pierre bayle developed ideas encompassing a more universal aspect freedom of speech and toleration than the early english philosophers. by the 18th century the idea of freedom of speech was being discussed by thinkers all over the western world, especially by french philosophes like denis diderot, baron d ' holbach and claude adrien helvetius the idea began to be incorporated in political theory both in theory as well as practice ; the first state edict in history proclaiming complete freedom of speech was the one issued december 4, 1770 in denmark - norway during the regency of johann friedrich struensee. however struensee himself imposed some minor limitations to this edict in october 7, 1771, and it was even further limited after the fall of struensee with legislation introduced in 1773, although censorship was not reintroduced. john stuart mill ( 1806 \u2013 1873 ) argued that without human freedom there can be no progress in science, law or politics, which according to mill required free discussion of opinion. mill ' s on liberty, published in 1859 became a classic defence of the right to freedom of expression. mill argued that truth drives out falsity, therefore the free expression of ideas, true or false, should not be feared. truth is not stable or fixed, but evolves with time. mill argued that much of what we once considered true has turned out false. therefore views should not be prohibited for their apparent falsity. mill also argued that free discussion is necessary to prevent the \" deep slumber of a decided opinion \". discussion would drive the onwards march of truth and by considering false views", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5168838436855779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.124876"}
{"text": "out false. therefore views should not be prohibited for their apparent falsity. mill also argued that free discussion is necessary to prevent the \" deep slumber of a decided opinion \". discussion would drive the onwards march of truth and by considering false views the basis of true views could be re - affirmed. furthermore, mill argued that an opinion only carries intrinsic value to the owner of that opinion, thus silencing the expression of that opinion is an injustice to a basic human right. for mill, the only instance in which speech can be justifiably suppressed is in order to prevent harm from a clear and direct threat. neither economic or moral implications, nor the speakers own well - being would justify suppression of speech. in evelyn beatrice hall ' s biography of voltaire, she coined the following phrase to illustrate voltaire ' s beliefs : \" i disapprove of what you say, but i will defend to the death your right to say it. \" hall ' s quote is frequently cited to describe the principle of freedom of speech. in the 20th century noam chomsky states that : \" if you believe in freedom of speech, you believe in freedom of speech for views you don ' t like. stalin and hitler, for example, were dictators in favor of freedom of speech for views they liked only. if you ' re in favor of freedom of speech, that means you ' re in favor of freedom of speech precisely for views you despise. \" professor lee bollinger argues that \" the free speech principle involves a special act of carving out one area of social interaction for extraordinary self - restraint, the purpose of which is to develop and demonstrate a social capacity to control feelings evoked by a host of social encounters. \" bollinger argues that tolerance is a desirable value, if not essential. however, critics argue that society should be concerned by those who directly deny or advocate, for example, genocide ( see limitations, below ). the notion of freedom of expression is intimately linked to political debate and the concept of democracy. the norms on limiting freedom of expression mean that public debate may not be completely suppressed even in times of emergency. one of the most notable proponents of the link between freedom of speech and democracy is alexander meiklejohn. he argues that the concept of democracy is that of self - government by the people. for such a system to work an informed electorate is necessary. in order to be appropriately knowledgeable, there must be no constraints on the free flow of information and ideas. according to mei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5705611263150405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.125991"}
{"text": "concept of democracy is that of self - government by the people. for such a system to work an informed electorate is necessary. in order to be appropriately knowledgeable, there must be no constraints on the free flow of information and ideas. according to meiklejohn, democracy will not be true to its essential ideal if those in power are able to manipulate the electorate by withholding information and stifling criticism. meiklejohn acknowledges that the desire to manipulate opinion can stem from the motive of seeking to benefit society. however, he argues, choosing manipulation negates, in its means, the democratic ideal. eric barendt has called this defence of free speech on the grounds of democracy \" probably the most attractive and certainly the most fashionable free speech theory in modern western democracies \". thomas i. emerson expanded on this defence when he argued that freedom of speech helps to provide a balance between stability and change. freedom of speech acts as a \" safety valve \" to let off steam when people might otherwise be bent on revolution. he argues that \" the principle of open discussion is a method of achieving a more adaptable and at the same time more stable community, of maintaining the precarious balance between healthy cleavage and necessary consensus. \" emerson furthermore maintains that \" opposition serves a vital social function in offsetting or ameliorating ( the ) normal process of bureaucratic decay. \" research undertaken by the worldwide governance indicators project at the world bank, indicates that freedom of speech, and the process of accountability that follows it, have a significant impact in the quality of governance of a country. \" voice and accountability \" within a country, defined as \" the extent to which a country ' s citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and free media \" is one of the six dimensions of governance that the worldwide governance indicators measure for more than 200 countries. social interaction and community richard moon has developed the argument that the value of freedom of speech and freedom of expression lies with social interactions. moon writes that \" by communicating an individual forms relationships and associations with others \u2013 family, friends, co - workers, church congregation, and countrymen. by entering into discussion with others an individual participates in the development of knowledge and in the direction of the community. \" according to the freedom forum organization, legal systems, and society at large, recognize limits on the freedom of speech, particularly when freedom of speech conflicts with other values or rights. limitations to freedom of speech may follow the \" harm principle \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5867030939768225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.127003"}
{"text": "community. \" according to the freedom forum organization, legal systems, and society at large, recognize limits on the freedom of speech, particularly when freedom of speech conflicts with other values or rights. limitations to freedom of speech may follow the \" harm principle \" or the \" offense principle \", for example in the case of pornography, or hate speech. limitations to freedom of speech may occur through legal sanction or social disapprobation, or both. in \" on liberty \" ( 1859 ) john stuart mill argued that \"... there ought to exist the fullest liberty of professing and discussing, as a matter of ethical conviction, any doctrine, however immoral it may be considered. \" mill argues that the fullest liberty of expression is required to push arguments to their logical limits, rather than the limits of social embarrassment. however, mill also introduced what is known as the harm principle, in placing the following limitation on free expression : \" the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. \" in 1985 joel feinberg introduced what is known as the \" offence principle \", arguing that mill ' s harm principle does not provide sufficient protection against the wrongful behaviours of others. feinberg wrote \" it is always a good reason in support of a proposed criminal prohibition that it would probably be an effective way of preventing serious offense ( as opposed to injury or harm ) to persons other than the actor, and that it is probably a necessary means to that end. \" hence feinberg argues that the harm principle sets the bar too high and that some forms of expression can be legitimately prohibited by law because they are very offensive. but, as offending someone is less serious than harming someone, the penalties imposed should be higher for causing harm. in contrast mill does not support legal penalties unless they are based on the harm principle. because the degree to which people may take offense varies, or may be the result of unjustified prejudice, feinberg suggests that a number of factors need to be taken into account when applying the offense principle, including : the extent, duration and social value of the speech, the ease with which it can be avoided, the motives of the speaker, the number of people offended, the intensity of the offense, and the general interest of the community at large. the internet and information society jo glanville, editor of the index on censorship, states that \" the internet has been a revolution for censorship as much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5551102131541027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.127976"}
{"text": "of people offended, the intensity of the offense, and the general interest of the community at large. the internet and information society jo glanville, editor of the index on censorship, states that \" the internet has been a revolution for censorship as much as for free speech \". international, national and regional standards recognise that freedom of speech, as one form of freedom of expression, applies to any medium, including the internet. the communications decency act ( cda ) of 1996 was the first major attempt by the united states congress to regulate pornographic material on the internet. in 1997, in the landmark cyberlaw case of reno v. aclu, the u. s. supreme court partially overturned the law. judge stewart r. dalzell, one of the three federal judges who in june 1996 declared parts of the cda unconstitutional, in his opinion stated the following : \" the internet is a far more speech - enhancing medium than print, the village green, or the mails. because it would necessarily affect the internet itself, the cda would necessarily reduce the speech available for adults on the medium. this is a constitutionally intolerable result. some of the dialogue on the internet surely tests the limits of conventional discourse. speech on the internet can be unfiltered, unpolished, and unconventional, even emotionally charged, sexually explicit, and vulgar \u2013 in a word, \" indecent \" in many communities. but we should expect such speech to occur in a medium in which citizens from all walks of life have a voice. we should also protect the autonomy that such a medium confers to ordinary people as well as media magnates. [... ] my analysis does not deprive the government of all means of protecting children from the dangers of internet communication. the government can continue to protect children from pornography on the internet through vigorous enforcement of existing laws criminalizing obscenity and child pornography. [... ] as we learned at the hearing, there is also a compelling need for public educations about the benefits and dangers of this new medium, and the government can fill that role as well. in my view, our action today should only mean that government \u2019 s permissible supervision of internet contents stops at the traditional line of unprotected speech. [... ] the absence of governmental regulation of internet content has unquestionably produced a kind of chaos, but as one of the plaintiff \u2019 s experts put it with such resonance at the hearing : \" what achieved success was the very chaos that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5151639019229957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.128921"}
{"text": ".. ] the absence of governmental regulation of internet content has unquestionably produced a kind of chaos, but as one of the plaintiff \u2019 s experts put it with such resonance at the hearing : \" what achieved success was the very chaos that the internet is. the strength of the internet is chaos. \" just as the strength of the internet is chaos, so that strength of our liberty depends upon the chaos and cacophony of the unfettered speech the first amendment protects. \" the world summit on the information society ( wsis ) declaration of principles adopted in 2003 makes specific reference to the importance of the right to freedom of expression for the \" information society \" in stating : \" we reaffirm, as an essential foundation of the information society, and as outlined in article 19 of the universal declaration of human rights, that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression ; that this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. communication is a fundamental social process, a basic human need and the foundation of all social organisation. it is central to the information society. everyone, everywhere should have the opportunity to participate and no one should be excluded from the benefits of the information society offers. \" according to bernt hugenholtz and lucie guibault the public domain is under pressure from the \" commodification of information \" as item of information that previously had little or no economic value, have acquired independent economic value in the information age, such as factual data, personal data, genetic information and pure ideas. the commodification of information is taking place through intellectual property law, contract law, as well as broadcasting and telecommunications law. freedom of information freedom of information is an extension of freedom of speech where the medium of expression is the internet. freedom of information may also refer to the right to privacy in the context of the internet and information technology. as with the right to freedom of expression, the right to privacy is a recognised human right and freedom of information acts as an extension to this right. freedom of information may also concern censorship in an information technology context, i. e. the ability to access web content, without censorship or restrictions. freedom of information is also explicitly protected by acts such as the freedom of information and protection of privacy act of ontario, in canada. internet censorship the concept of freedom of information has emerged in response to state sponsored censorship, monitoring and surveillance of the internet. internet censorship includes the control or suppression of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5361964912171469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.129927"}
{"text": "acts such as the freedom of information and protection of privacy act of ontario, in canada. internet censorship the concept of freedom of information has emerged in response to state sponsored censorship, monitoring and surveillance of the internet. internet censorship includes the control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the internet. the global internet freedom consortium claims to remove blocks to the \" free flow of information \" for what they term \" closed societies \". according to the reporters without borders ( rwb ) \" internet enemy list \" the following states engage in pervasive internet censorship : china, cuba, iran, myanmar / burma, north korea, saudi arabia, syria, turkmenistan, uzbekistan, and vietnam. a widely publicized example of internet censorship is the \" great firewall of china \" ( in reference both to its role as a network firewall and to the ancient great wall of china ). the system blocks content by preventing ip addresses from being routed through and consists of standard firewall and proxy servers at the internet gateways. the system also selectively engages in dns poisoning when particular sites are requested. the government does not appear to be systematically examining internet content, as this appears to be technically impractical. internet censorship in the people ' s republic of china is conducted under a wide variety of laws and administrative regulations. in accordance with these laws, more than sixty internet regulations have been made by the people ' s republic of china ( prc ) government, and censorship systems are vigorously implemented by provincial branches of state - owned isps, business companies, and organizations. najat vallaud - belkacem a french socialist minister of women ' s rights proposed that the french government force twitter to filter out hate speech that is illegal under french law, such as speech that is homophobic. jason farago, writing in the the guardian praised the efforts to \" restrict bigotry ' s free expression. \" see also - article 19 of the international covenant on civil and political rights, office of the united nations high commissioner for human rights, adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by un general assembly resolution 2200a ( xxi ) of 16 december 1966, entry into force 23 march 1976 - using courts to enforce the free speech provisions of the international covenant on civil and political rights \u2013 australia & oceania \u2013 australia & new zealand from all business... - smith, david ( 2006 - 02 - 05 ). \" timeline : a history of free speech \". the guardian ( london ). retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02. - \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.547646667119909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.130941"}
{"text": "& oceania \u2013 australia & new zealand from all business... - smith, david ( 2006 - 02 - 05 ). \" timeline : a history of free speech \". the guardian ( london ). retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02. - \" timeline : a history of free speech \" the guardian. february 5, 2006. - universal declaration of human rights - andrew puddephatt, freedom of expression, the essentials of human rights, hodder arnold, 2005, pg. 128 - brett, sebastian ( 1999 ). limits to tolerance : freedom of expression and the public debate in chile. human rights watch. pp. xxv. isbn 978 - 1 - 56432 - 192 - 3. - sanders, karen ( 2003 ). ethics & journalism. sage. p. 68. isbn 978 - 0 - 7619 - 6967 - 9. - \" timeline : a history of free speech \" the guardian. february 5, 2006. - raaflaub, kurt ; ober, josiah ; wallace, robert ( 2007 ). origins of democracy in ancient greece. university of california press. p. 65. isbn 0 - 520 - 24562 - 8 - \" laura robinson : freedom of speech in the roman republic. pp. xiv + 93. baltimore : j. h. furst company, 1940. paper. \" - \" 6. henric van cuyck, bishop of roermond ( 1546 \u2013 1609 ). panegyricae orationes septem. louvain : philippus zangrius, 1596. \". ecclesiastical censorship, \u201c heresy and error \u201d : the ecclesiastical censorship of books, 1400 - 1800. bridwell library. exhibition september 20 \u2013 december 17, 2000. retrieved 26 june 2011. - de sola pool, ithiel ( 1983 ). technologies of freedom. harvard university press. p. 14. isbn 978 - 0 - 674 - 87233 - 2. - macqueen, hector l ; charlotte waelde and graeme t laurie ( 2007 ). contemporary intellectual property : law and policy. oxford university press. p. 34. isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 926339 - 4. - castillo, anastasia ( 2010 ). banned books : censorship in eighteenth - century england. grin verlag. p. 12. isbn 978 - 3 - 640 - 71688 - 3. - \" the index of expurgations \". \u201c heresy and error \u201d : the ecclesiastical censorship of books, 1400 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4360507899986718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.131833"}
{"text": "- century england. grin verlag. p. 12. isbn 978 - 3 - 640 - 71688 - 3. - \" the index of expurgations \". \u201c heresy and error \u201d : the ecclesiastical censorship of books, 1400 - 1800. bridwell library. exhibition september 20 \u2013 december 17, 2000. retrieved 26 june 2011. - \" 52. jacobus de voragine ( c. 1230 \u2013 1298 ). legenda aurea sanctorum. madrid : juan garcia, 1688 \". the index of expurgations, \u201c heresy and error \u201d : the ecclesiastical censorship of books, 1400 - 1800. bridwell library. exhibition september 20 \u2013 december 17, 2000. retrieved 26 june 2011. - sanders, karen ( 2003 ). ethics & journalism. sage. p. 66. isbn 978 - 0 - 7619 - 6967 - 9. - \" 13. john milton ( 1608 \u2013 1674 ). areopagitica ; a speech of mr. john milton for the liberty of unlicenc \u2019 d printing, to the parlament of england. london : [ s. n. ], 1644 \". early censorship in england, \u201c heresy and error \u201d : the ecclesiastical censorship of books, 1400 - 1800. bridwell library. exhibition september 20 \u2013 december 17, 2000. retrieved 26 june 2011. - de sola pool, ithiel ( 1983 ). technologies of freedom. harvard university press. p. 15. isbn 978 - 0 - 674 - 87233 - 2. - jonathan israel, radical enlightenment, oxford university press, 2002, p. 265ff. - jonathan israel, radical enlightenment, oxford university press, 2002, p. 267. - jonathan israel, enlightenment contested, oxford university press, 2006, p. 155ff, 781ff. - jonathan israel, a revolution of the mind, princeton university press, 2010, p. 76. - h. arnold barton, scandinavia in the revolutionary era \u2013 1760 - 1815, university of minnesota press, 1986, p. 90 - 91. - sanders, karen ( 2003 ). ethics & journalism. sage. p. 67. isbn 978 - 0 - 7619 - 6967 - 9. - warburton, nigel ( 2009 ). free speech : a very short introduction. oxford. pp. 24 \u2013 29. isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 923235 - 2. - evelyn beatrice hall quotes, brainyquote. com - boller, jr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48435866041187126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.133400"}
{"text": "( 2009 ). free speech : a very short introduction. oxford. pp. 24 \u2013 29. isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 923235 - 2. - evelyn beatrice hall quotes, brainyquote. com - boller, jr., paul f. ; george, john ( 1989 ). they never said it : a book of fake quotes, misquotes, and misleading attributions. new york : oxford university press. pp. 124 \u2013 126. isbn 0 - 19 - 505541 - 1. - manufacturing consent : noam chomsky and the media, 1992 - lee bollinger, the tolerant society, oxford university press, oxford, 1988 - marlin, randal ( 2002 ). propaganda and the ethics of persuasion. broadview press. pp. 226 \u2013 227. isbn 978 - 1551113760. - marlin, randal ( 2002 ). propaganda and the ethics of persuasion. broadview press. p. 226. isbn 978 - 1551113760. - marlin, randal ( 2002 ). propaganda and the ethics of persuasion. broadview press. pp. 228 \u2013 229. isbn 978 - 1551113760. - a decade of measuring the quality of governance - marlin, randal ( 2002 ). propaganda and the ethics of persuasion. broadview press. p. 229. isbn 978 - 1551113760. - when may speech be limited? - \" freedom of speech \". stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. 17 april 2008. retrieved 29 may 2011. - church members enter canada, aiming to picket bus victim ' s funeral - philosophy of law - glanville, jo ( 17 november 2008 ). \" the big business of net censorship \". london : the guardian. - godwin, mike ( 2003 ). cyber rights : defending free speech in the digital age. mit press. pp. 349 \u2013 352. isbn 0 - 262 - 57168 - 4. - stanford university - klang, mathias ; murray, andrew ( 2005 ). human rights in the digital age. routledge. p. 1. isbn 978 - 1 - 904385 - 31 - 8. - guibault, lucy ; bernt hugenholtz ( 2006 ). the future of the public domain : identifying the commons in information law. kluwer law international. p. 1. isbn 9789041124357. - protecting free expression online with freenet \u2013 internet computing, ieee - pauli, darren", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5393676225624949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.134343"}
{"text": "the future of the public domain : identifying the commons in information law. kluwer law international. p. 1. isbn 9789041124357. - protecting free expression online with freenet \u2013 internet computing, ieee - pauli, darren ( january 14, 2008 ). industry rejects australian gov ' t sanitized internet measure. the industry standard. - martin, robert ; g. stuart adam ( 1994 ). a sourcebook of canadian media law. mcgill - queen ' s press. pp. 232 \u2013 234. isbn 0886292387. - deibert, robert ; palfrey, john g ; rohozinski, rafal ; zittrain, jonathan ( 2008 ). access denied : the practice and policy of global internet filtering. mit press. - \" mission \". global internet freedom consortium. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29. - internet enemies, reporters without borders, paris, march 2011 - watts, jonathan ( february 20, 2006 ). \" war of the words \". london : the guardian. - \" ii. how censorship works in china : a brief overview \". human rights watch. retrieved 2006 - 08 - 30. - chinese laws and regulations regarding internet - \" in praise of vallaud - belkacem, or why not to tolerate hate speech on twitter \". retrieved 4 january 2013. further reading - cram, ian ( 2006 ). contested words : legal restrictions on freedom of speech in liberal democracies. ashgate publishing. isbn 0754623653. - curtis, michael kent ( 2000 ). free speech, \" the people ' s darling privilege \" : struggles for freedom of expression in american history. duke university press. isbn 0822325292. - godwin, mike ( 2003 ). cyber rights : defending free speech in the digital age. mit press. isbn 0262571684. - grossman, wendy m. ( 1997 ). net. wars. new york university press. isbn 0814731031. - krotoszynski, ronald j. ( 2009 ). the first amendment in cross - cultural perspective : a comparative legal analysis of the freedom of speech. nyu press. isbn 0814748252. - lewis, anthony ( 2007 ). freedom for the thought that we hate : a biography of the first amendment. basic books. isbn 9780465039173. oclc 494134545. - mcleod, kembrew ; lawrence lessig ( foreword", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5337845002886594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.135232"}
{"text": "( 2007 ). freedom for the thought that we hate : a biography of the first amendment. basic books. isbn 9780465039173. oclc 494134545. - mcleod, kembrew ; lawrence lessig ( foreword ) ( 2007 ). freedom of expression : resistance and repression in the age of intellectual property. university of minnesota press. isbn 0816650314. - nelson, samuel p. ( 2005 ). beyond the first amendment : the politics of free speech and pluralism. the johns hopkins university press. isbn 0801881730. | find more about freedom of speech at wikipedia ' s sister projects | | definitions and translations from wiktionary | | media from commons | | learning resources from wikiversity | | news stories from wikinews | | quotations from wikiquote | | source texts from wikisource | | textbooks from wikibooks | | travel information from wikivoyage | - free speech hosting companies - speaking out for free expression : 1987 \u2013 2007 and beyond - timeline : a history of free speech - un - resolution 217 a iii \u2013 ( meinungsfreiheit. org ) - article19. org, global campaign for free expression - dissent gets dangerous in the usa ( the first post ) - free speech debate - banned magazine, the journal of censorship and secrecy. - free speech internet television - international freedom of expression exchange - index on censorship - irrepressible. info \u2013 amnesty international ' s campaign against internet repression - organization of american states \u2013 special rapporteur - original meaning of freedom of speech ( u. s. a ) - \" free speech in the age of youtube \" in the new york times, 22 september 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5084131657967106, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:50b35bb9-b652-4adb-9619-d204f52903bb>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.135882"}
{"text": "the feeding system pushes a strip of metal ( as it unrolls from a coil ) through all of the stations of a progressive stamping die. each station performs one or more operations until a finished part is made. the final station is a cutoff operation, which separates the finished part from the carrying web. the carrying web, along with metal that is punched away in previous operations, is treated as scrap metal. both are cut away, knocked down ( or out of the dies ) and then ejected from the die set, and in mass production are often transferred to scrap bins via underground scrap material conveyor belts. the progressive stamping die is placed into a reciprocating stamping press. as the press moves up, the top die moves with it, which allows the material to feed. when the press moves down, the die closes and performs the stamping operation. with each stroke of the press, a completed part is removed from the die. since additional work is done in each \" station \" of the die, it is important that the strip be advanced very precisely so that it aligns within a few thousandths of an inch as it moves from station to station. bullet shaped or conical \" pilots \" enter previously pierced round holes in the strip to assure this alignment since the feeding mechanism usually cannot provide the necessary precision in feed length. progressive stamping can also be produced on transfer presses. these are presses that transfer the components from one station to the next with the use of mechanical \" fingers \". for mass production of stamped parts which do require complicated in - press operations, it is always advisable to use a progressive press. one of the advantages of this type of press is the production cycle time. depending upon the part, productions can easily run well over 800 parts / minute. one of the disadvantages of this type of press is that it is not suitable for high precision deep drawing which is when the depth of the stamping exceeds the diameter of the part. when necessary, this process is performed upon a transfer press, which run at slower speeds, and rely on the mechanical fingers to hold the component in place during the entire forming cycle. in the case of the progressive press, only part of the forming cycle can be guided by spring loaded sleeves or similar, which result in concentricity and ovality issues and non uniform material thickness. other disadvantages of progressive presses compared to transfer presses are : increased raw material input required to transfer parts, tools are much more expensive because they are made in blocks with very little independent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5048641069514942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80f65ecd-c1aa-4a48-a8f4-3bdf86f71a90>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.140061"}
{"text": "in concentricity and ovality issues and non uniform material thickness. other disadvantages of progressive presses compared to transfer presses are : increased raw material input required to transfer parts, tools are much more expensive because they are made in blocks with very little independent regulation per station ; impossibility to perform processes in the press that require the part leave the strip ( example beading, necking, flange curling, thread rolling, rotary stamping ect ). the cost is determined by the number of features, which determine what tooling will need to be used. it is advised to keep the features as simple as possible to keep the cost of tooling to a minimum. features that are close together produce a problem because it may not provide enough clearance for the punch, which could result in another station. it can also be problematic to have narrow cuts and protrusions. an excellent example of the product of a progressive die is the lid of a beverage can. the pull tab is made in one progressive stamping process and the lid & assembly is made in another, the pull tab simultaneously feeding at a right angle into the lid & assembly process. see also - kalpakjian, serope ; schmid, steven r. ( 2006 ). manufacturing engineering and technology. upper saddle river, nj : pearson prentice hall. p. 474. isbn 0 - 13 - 148965 - 8. | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( november 2008 ) |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4794353494127212, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:80f65ecd-c1aa-4a48-a8f4-3bdf86f71a90>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.140647"}
{"text": "walter jackson freeman ii | walter jackson freeman ii | | born | | november 14, 1895 philadelphia, pennsylvania, united states | died | | may 31, 1972 ( aged 76 ) | university of pennsylvania medical school | known for | | popularizing the lobotomy invention of the \" ice pick \" lobotomy | children | | walter jackson freeman iii | | parents | | walter jackson freeman i | | relatives | | william williams keen, grandfather | biography and early years walter j. freeman was born on november 14, 1895 to a privileged family. he was raised in philadelphia, pennsylvania by his parents. freeman was also known for being a bit of an oddball and he complemented his theatrical approach to demonstrating surgery by sporting a cane, goatee, and a wide - brimmed hat. working in the field of medicine ran in his family and his grandfather, william williams keen, was well known as a surgeon in the civil war. his father was also a very successful doctor. freeman attended yale university, which at the time was yale college, beginning in 1912 and graduated with his undergraduate degree in 1916. he then moved on to study neurology at the university of pennsylvania medical school. while attending medical school he studied the work of william spiller and idolized his groundbreaking work in the new field of the neurological sciences. william spiller also worked in philadelphia and was credited by many in the world of psychology as being the founder of neurology. freeman applied for a coveted position working alongside spiller in his home town of philadelphia, but was rejected. shortly afterward, in 1924, freeman relocated to washington d. c. and started practicing as the first neurologist in the city. upon his arrival in d. c., walter freeman began work directing labs at st. elizabeth \u2019 s hospital. working at the hospital and witnessing the pain and distress suffered by the patients encouraged him to continue his education in the field. freeman earned his phd in neuropathology within the following few years and secured a position at george washington university as head of the neurology department. the first systematic attempt at human psychosurgery is commonly attributed to the swiss psychiatrist gottlieb burckhardt. burckhardt ' s experimental surgical forays were largely condemned at the time and in the subsequent decades psychosurgery was attempted only intermittently. on november 12, 1935, a new psychosurgery procedure was performed in portugal under the direction of the neurologist and physician egas moniz. his new \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44566866497665203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45d8a29e-d4a0-4ace-834e-4fbaa51ff66f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.148620"}
{"text": "and in the subsequent decades psychosurgery was attempted only intermittently. on november 12, 1935, a new psychosurgery procedure was performed in portugal under the direction of the neurologist and physician egas moniz. his new \u201c leucotomy \u201d procedure was used to treat patients with mental illness. moniz became a mentor and idol for freeman who modified the procedure renaming it the \u201c lobotomy. \u201d one year after the first leucotomy, on september 14, 1936 walter j. freeman performed the very first prefrontal lobotomy in the united states on housewife alice hood hammatt of topeka, kansas beginning his now infamous career as a neurosurgeon in the united states. freeman \u2019 s lobotomy procedure was assisted by fellow neurosurgeon and research partner, james watts. by november after only two months performing their first lobotomy surgery, freeman and watts had already worked on 20 cases including several second, follow - up operations. by 1942, the duo had performed over 200 lobotomy procedures and had published results claiming sixty three percent improved, 23 percent were reported to be unchanged and fourteen percent were worse after the surgery. after almost ten years of performing lobotomies freeman heard of a doctor in italy named amarro fiamberti who operated on the brain through his patients \u2019 eye sockets, allowing him to access the brain without drilling through the skull. after experimenting with novel ways of performing these brain surgeries, freeman formulated a new procedure called the transorbital lobotomy. this new procedure became known as the icepick lobotomy and was performed by inserting a metal pick into the corner of each eye - socket and moving it back and forth, severing the connections to the prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobes of the brain. he performed the transorbital lobotomy surgery for the first time in washington d. c. on a housewife named sallie ellen ionesco. this transorbital lobotomy method did not require a neurosurgeon and could be performed outside of an operating room without the use of anesthesia by using electroconvulsive therapy to induce seizure. the modifications to his lobotomy allowed freeman to broaden the use of the surgery, which could be performed in state mental hospitals throughout the united states that were overpopulated and understaffed. in 1950 walter freeman \u2019 s longtime partner james watts left their practice and split from freeman due to his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.478449774291057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45d8a29e-d4a0-4ace-834e-4fbaa51ff66f>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.149504"}
{"text": "broaden the use of the surgery, which could be performed in state mental hospitals throughout the united states that were overpopulated and understaffed. in 1950 walter freeman \u2019 s longtime partner james watts left their practice and split from freeman due to his opposition to the cruelty and overuse of the transorbital lobotomy. following his development of the icepick lobotomy, freeman began traveling across the country visiting mental institutions in his personal van, which he called the \" lobotomobile. \" he toured around the nation performing lobotomies and spreading their use by educating and training staff to perform the operation. freeman \u2019 s name gained popularity despite the widespread criticism of his methods following a lobotomy on president john f. kennedy \u2019 s sister rosemary kennedy, which left her with severe mental and physical disability. a memoir written by former patient howard dully, called my lobotomy documented his experiences with freeman and his long recovery after undergoing a lobotomy surgery at 12 years old. walter freeman charged just $ 25 for each procedure that he performed. after four decades freeman had personally performed as many as 3, 400 lobotomy surgeries in 23 states, despite the fact that he had no formal surgical training. in february 1967, freeman performed his final surgery on helen mortensen. mortensen was a longterm patient and was receiving her third lobotomy from freeman. she died of a cerebral hemorrhage as did many of his other patients [ quantify ] and he was finally banned from performing surgery. at age 57, freeman retired from his position at george washington university and opened up a modest practice in california. contributions to psychiatry however controversial his techniques may have been, walter freeman did make a number of important contributions to the studies of psychiatry and neurology. walter freeman nominated his mentor antonio egas moniz for a nobel prize and in 1949 moniz won the nobel prize in physiology and medicine. he pioneered and helped open up the psychiatric world to the idea of neurosurgery as a possible treatment for severe mental illness. he also supported and helped to demonstrate the idea that mental events have a physiological basis. despite his interest in the mind, freeman was \u201c uninterested in animal experiments or understanding what was happening in the brain \u201d. freeman was also co - founder and president of the american board of psychiatry and neurology from 1946 to 1947 and a contributor and member of the american psychiatric association. it is interesting to mention that, up to this day, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4608108246912684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45d8a29e-d4a0-4ace-834e-4fbaa51ff66f>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.150472"}
{"text": "the brain \u201d. freeman was also co - founder and president of the american board of psychiatry and neurology from 1946 to 1947 and a contributor and member of the american psychiatric association. it is interesting to mention that, up to this day, the very idea of \" biological \" psychiatry and the physiological problems of mentally ill people remain controversial for the vast majority of mental illnesses. - freeman, w. and watts, j. w. psychosurgery. intelligence, emotion and social behavior following prefrontal lobotomy for mental disorders, charles c. thomas publisher, springfield ( ill. ) 1942, pp. 337. - \" the lobotomist \". american experience. retrieved 07 / 10 / 2011. \" in the 1940s dr. walter freeman gained fame for perfecting the lobotomy, then hailed as a miracle cure for the severely mentally ill. but within a few years, lobotomy was labeled one of the most barbaric mistakes of modern medicine. \" - rowland, lewis ( april 2005 ). \" walter freeman ' s psychosurgery and biological psychiatry : a cautionary tale \". neurology today 5 ( 4 ) : 70 \u2013 72. retrieved 07 / 09 / 2011. - \" guide to the walter freeman, class of 1916, yale college, photograph albums documenting life at yale \". yale university library manuscripts and archives. retrieved 07 / 08 / 2011. - for example, whitaker, h. a. ; stemmer, b. ; joanette, y. ( 1996 ). \" a psychosurgical chapter in the history of cerebral localization : the six cases of gottlieb burkhardt \". in code, christopher ; wallesch, c. - w. ; joanette, y. ; roch, a. classic cases in neuropsychology. hove : psychology press. p. 276. isbn 978 - 0 - 86377 - 395 - 2. stone, james l. ( 2001 - 01 ). \" dr. gottlieb burckhardt the pioneer of psychosurgery \". journal of the history of the neurosciences 10 ( 1 ) : 79 \u2013 92. doi : 10. 1076 / jhin. 10. 1. 79. 5634. issn 0964 - 704x. pmid 11446267. retrieved 2011 - 08 - 12. text \" d404a21c5bb053405b1a640affd44ae3 \" ignored ( help )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4745568372576776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45d8a29e-d4a0-4ace-834e-4fbaa51ff66f>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.151435"}
{"text": "0964 - 704x. pmid 11446267. retrieved 2011 - 08 - 12. text \" d404a21c5bb053405b1a640affd44ae3 \" ignored ( help ) manjila, s. ; s. rengachary, a. r xavier, b. parker, m. guthikonda ( 2008 ). \" modern psychosurgery before egas moniz : a tribute to gottlieb burckhardt \". journal of neurosurgery : pediatrics 25 ( 1 ) : 1. however, kotowicz notes a difference, irregularly observed, among medical historians and medical practitioners in their location of the origin of psychosurgery. the latter group, he contends, tend to favour beginning the narrative with burckhardt whilst the former group favour starting with moniz. kotowicz, zbigniew ( 2005 ). \" gottlieb burckhardt and egas moniz \u2013 two beginnings of psychosurgery \". gesnerus 62 ( 1 - 2 ) : 78 \u2013 9. in the context of early psychosurgery, berrios unusually also refers to the operations performed in 1889 by a surgeon ( harrison cripps ) at the behest of the british psychiatrist thomas claye shaw in which fluid was drawn from the brain of a patient diagnosed with general paralysis of the insane. while the purpose of the operation was aimed towards the alleviation of mental symptoms attendant on the condition the procedure did not aim to interfere directly with brain tissue and therefore it has been excluded from most conventional accounts of psychosurgery. berrios, german e. ( 1991 ). \" psychosurgery in britain and elsewhere : a conceptual history \". in berrios, german e. ; freeman, hugh. 150 years of british psychiatry, 1841 - 1991. gaskell. pp. 181 \u2013 5. isbn 978 - 0 - 902241 - 36 - 7. - kotowicz, zbigniew ( 2005 ). \" gottlieb burckhardt and egas moniz \u2013 two beginnings of psychosurgery \". gesnerus 62 ( 1 - 2 ) : 79. - \" a lobotomy timeline \". npr. retrieved 07 / 10 / 2011. - cordingley, gary. \" walter freeman ' s lobotomies at athens state hospital \". retrieved 07 / 12 / 2011. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48077230544533606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:45d8a29e-d4a0-4ace-834e-4fbaa51ff66f>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.152296"}
{"text": "working effectively in an it environment if you ' re stuck for a photo, search on flickrcc from the official document : - \" this unit defines the competency required to work effectively within the it environment of an organisation by researching and assembling information about the organisation ' s it systems, equipment, software, policies and governance arrangements. \" basically, that means... ( translate above into plain english ) you can read more about this unit on the national training information systems official document for icaw2001a. this unit is a pre - requisite for the following qualifications : how this unit will help you after learning and applying the skills required by this unit you ' ll be able to demonstrate your skills in : | 1. identify it in an organisation and related relevant policies and procedures | | | 2. identify it equipment, software and operating systems used by the organisation | | - translate the above elements and performance criteria into plain english and summarise here... ideas for learning the required skills it is critical that you have some hands on experience. a great start would be a virtual machine. watching videos pertaining to a specific device or course. reading on the subject can only help understand it. ideas for demonstrating this unit the best way to demonstrate these skills is... if you are demonstrating this unit as part of a formal course, you might find that the unit is graded ( meaning you can not only demonstrate your competence, but can also gain a credit or distinction ). your facilitator may already have set criteria that your college uses. if not, here are some ideas for possible credit / distinction activities that you can discuss with your facilitator : notes and discrepancies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5018422294934469, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2a31dc72-9aa8-4c73-95ae-4f8ce26edaa6>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.154828"}
{"text": "when it comes to leatherback turtles, the world ' s largest species of sea turtle, there ' s a conundrum : the species itself is critically endangered, but at least one leatherback population is stable \u2014 on the rise, even \u2014 while others plummet. now, researchers may have discovered why some of these turtles are doing better than others. studying two leatherback turtle populations, one that is declining and one that seems to be increasing, the researchers say the answer might be simple : food. \" we saw very big differences in their traveling speeds from their nesting beaches to their foraging grounds, \" said helen bailey, an ecologist at the university of maryland center for environmental science who led the study. \" we take that to mean one population is stopping to forage on a nice dense patch of prey, while the other group keeps moving because it ' s constantly in search of food. \" these differences in swimming and eating habits may hold important clues for helping leatherback turtles around the world recover and thrive, bailey told ouramazingplanet. dine in or drive - through? atlantic leatherback turtles seem to be doing ok, but the pacific population could be extinct in the near future, bailey said. leatherback turtles everywhere are often victims of bycatch, the unintentional netting and killing of turtles while fishing for other animals, but leatherbacks in the pacific ocean face another problem. climate patterns like the el nino - southern oscillation cause huge variations in temperature and productivity in the pacific ocean, making it hard for some animals to find reliable food supplies. these challenges, combined with leatherbacks ' advanced breeding age ( around 15 years for females ), mean that the pacific leatherback turtle population has taken a serious hit over the last two decades. to figure out the difference between these two groups, bailey looked at how the turtles swim. using data from leatherbacks that had been tagged and tracked by satellite, she found that atlantic leatherbacks have two modes of travel : fast ( 12 - 28 miles per day, or 20 - 45 kilometers per day ) and slow ( less than 9 miles per day, or 15 km per day ). pacific leatherbacks, on the other hand, have only one : a cruising speed of about 13 miles per day ( 21 km per day ). atlantic leatherbacks seem to run from one smorgasbord to another, stopping at a dense patch of jellyfish ( their main food source ) to eat until it ' s gone. pacific leatherbacks never find dense patches of jellyfish,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4353520794762815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d177b07f-7438-4c58-92c4-e0f3270b3bdb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.158267"}
{"text": ". atlantic leatherbacks seem to run from one smorgasbord to another, stopping at a dense patch of jellyfish ( their main food source ) to eat until it ' s gone. pacific leatherbacks never find dense patches of jellyfish, so they swim at the same rather fast speed the whole time, bailey said. \" they ' re constantly searching for food, \" bailey said. \" if you have to keep moving, you ' re not gaining quite as much energy because even if you manage to eat along the way, you ' re still expending some energy by traveling. \" in other words, the main difference between the two populations is that atlantic turtles can dine in and chow down, while pacific leatherbacks have to settle for the drive - through window and eating on the run. adults are important bailey ' s findings, detailed in the may issue of the journal plos one, point to new leatherback turtle conservation strategies. \" it ' s really highlighted very strongly the importance of protecting adult leatherbacks, \" bailey said in an interview. because leatherback turtles have long life spans ( about 30 years ), they ' ve adapted to survive jellyfish shortages by waiting to build nests and lay eggs after they ' ve found a stable food supply. so far, most efforts have focused on protecting leatherbacks ' nesting beaches. that ' s still important, bailey said, but it may be even more important to protect adult turtles that are old enough to reproduce. \" they really have not adapted in any way to being harvested, \" bailey said. \" so when adults are killed by, for example, getting caught in fishing nets, then that does have a huge impact on the population and its ability to increase. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38585481495035384, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d177b07f-7438-4c58-92c4-e0f3270b3bdb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.158943"}
{"text": "pregnancy and gestational diabetes gestational diabetes is a condition characterized by high blood sugar ( glucose ) levels that is first recognized during pregnancy. the condition occurs in approximately 4 % of all pregnancies. what causes gestational diabetes in pregnancy? almost all women have some degree of impaired glucose intolerance as a result of hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy. that means that their blood sugar may be higher than normal, but not high enough to have diabetes. during the later part of pregnancy ( the third trimester ), these hormonal changes place pregnant woman at risk for gestational diabetes. during pregnancy, increased levels of certain hormones made in the placenta ( the organ that connects the baby by the umbilical cord to the uterus ) help shift nutrients from the mother to the developing fetus. other hormones are produced by the placenta to help prevent the mother from developing low blood sugar. they work by stopping the actions of insulin. over the course of the pregnancy, these hormones lead to progressive impaired glucose intolerance ( higher blood sugar levels ). to try to decrease blood sugar levels, the body makes more insulin to get glucose into cells to be used for energy. usually the mother ' s pancreas is able to produce more insulin ( about three times the normal amount ) to overcome the effect of the pregnancy hormones on blood sugar levels. if, however, the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to overcome the effect of the increased hormones during pregnancy, blood sugar levels will rise, resulting in gestational diabetes. what are the complications of gestational diabetes? diabetes can affect the developing baby throughout the pregnancy. in early pregnancy, a mother ' s diabetes can result in birth defects and an increased rate of miscarriage. many of the birth defects that occur affect major organs such as the brain and heart. during the second and third trimester, a mother ' s diabetes can lead to over - nutrition and excess growth of the baby. having a large baby increases risks during labor and delivery. for example, large babies often require caesarean deliveries and if he or she is delivered vaginally, they are at increased risk for trauma to their shoulder. in addition, when fetal over - nutrition occurs and hyperinsulinemia results, the baby ' s blood sugar can drop very low after birth, since it won ' t be receiving the high blood sugar from the mother. however, with proper treatment, you can deliver a healthy baby despite having diabetes. who is at risk for gestational diabetes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46210436400144494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:966bac73-09fc-4768-b8c3-c6744725d11b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.162030"}
{"text": "s blood sugar can drop very low after birth, since it won ' t be receiving the high blood sugar from the mother. however, with proper treatment, you can deliver a healthy baby despite having diabetes. who is at risk for gestational diabetes? the following factors increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes during pregnancy : \u2022 being overweight prior to becoming pregnant ( if you are 20 % or more over your ideal body weight ). \u2022 being a member of a high risk ethnic group ( hispanic, black, native american, or asian ). \u2022 having sugar in your urine. \u2022 impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose ( blood sugar levels are high, but not high enough to be diabetes ). \u2022 family history of diabetes ( if your parents or siblings have diabetes ). \u2022 previously giving birth to a baby over 9 pounds. \u2022 previously giving birth to a stillborn baby. \u2022 having gestational diabetes with a previous pregnancy. \u2022 having too much amniotic fluid ( a condition called polyhydramnios ). many women who develop gestational diabetes have no known risk factors. type 1 diabetes ( part1 ) type 1 diabetes ( part2 ) type 2 diabetes causes of type 2 diabetes symptoms of type 2 diabetes type 2 diabetes in children ( part1 ) type 2 diabetes in children ( part2 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39437093278600743, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:966bac73-09fc-4768-b8c3-c6744725d11b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.162581"}
{"text": "pacific southwest, region 9 serving : arizona, california, hawaii, nevada, pacific islands, tribal nations epa and the recovery act the region 9 water division is responsible for providing clean and safe surface water, ground water, and drinking water and protecting and restoring aquatic ecosystems in the pacific southwest. we oversee state and tribal implementation of core programs to accomplish these goals. we encourage use of a watershed approach to protect public health and water resources including lakes, rivers, estuaries, oceans, and wetlands. primary authority for epa water programs was established by the 1986 amendments to the safe drinking water act ( sdwa ) and the 1987 amendments to the clean water act ( cwa ). programs & resources - about us region 9 ' s water division priorities for water protection and restoration - compliance & enforcement compliance and enforcement of water regulations - drinking water programs, security, funding issues, tribal drinking water, resources, partnerships - grants, loans & resources financial assistance grants, to support drinking water projects. - ground water underground injection control, source water protection, tribal ground water, newsletter, projects - low impact development treating stormwater as a resource, not a waste - monitoring, assessment and total maximum daily loads assessment, monitoring, reporting and tmdl program under section 303 ( d ) of the clean water act - national pollutant discharge elimination system ( npdes ) wastewater and storm water permits, pretreatment - nonpoint source pollution polluted runoff, state water quality limited segment lists required under cwa 303 ( d ). - oceans, coastlines, estuaries ocean disposal sites | coral reefs & grants - sustainable water infrastructure - tribal water protection ground water, clean water act, safe drinking water program - water archive outdated but still relevant information - water conservation can wastewater and water facilities conserve water? absolutely! - water quality standards | california water projects work with states and tribes to regulate discharges into surface waters - watershed priorities region 9 ' s active watershed partnerships, targeted watershed grants program. regional wetlands & related habitat, regulatory program, grants - us - mexico border water quality projects along the u. s. - mexico border. - state and local resources water resources for arizona, california, hawai ' i, nevada | pacific southwest newsroompacific southwest programs | | grants & fundingus - mexico border | | media centercareers | | about epa pacific southwesta - z index |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4399809175624243, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:30e1df25-6096-4978-82bb-7a32f2a0dc03>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.164900"}
{"text": "king george island ( kgi, isla 25 de mayo ) is located within one of the most rapidly warming regions on earth at the north - western tip of the antarctic peninsula. since 1991 hydrographical characteristics and phytoplankton dynamics were monitored at two stations in potter cove, a fjord - like environment on the south - eastern kgi coastline. seawater temperature and salinity, total suspended particulate matter ( tspm ) and chlorophyll - a ( chl - a, a proxy for phytoplankton biomass ) concentrations were measured in summer and winter over a 19 year period, together with local air temperature. mean air temperatures rose by 0. 39 and 0. 48 \u00bac per decade in summer and winter, respectively. positive anomalies characterised wind speeds during the decade between the mid \u2019 90 and the mid 2000 years, whereas negative anomalies were observed from 2004 onwards. day of sea ice formation and retreat, based on satellite data, did not change, although total sea ice cover diminished during the studied period. surface water temperature increased during summer ( 0. 36 \u00bac per decade ), whereas no trend was observed in salinity. summer chl - a concentrations were around 1 mg m - 3 chl - a with no clear trend throughout the study period. however, summer chl - a correlates positively with water column stratification, which in turn resulted from high air temperature and lower salinity in front of the melting glacier. tspm increased in surface waters of the inner cove during the spring - summer months. the southern annular mode ( sam ) climate signal was apparent in the fluctuating interannual pattern of the hydrographic variables in the outer potter cove and bottom waters whereas surface hydrography was strongly governed by the local forcing of glacier melt. the results show that global trends have significant effects on local hydrographical and biological conditions in the coastal marine environments of western antarctica.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4954000961228554, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:56ddd46d-13ee-44ae-9e63-d452d47de568>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.167621"}
{"text": "everyone knows that rockets are huge, expensive, complicated and impractical. everyone knows that rockets use ridiculous amount of fuel. ok. challenging concept time : the underlying costs of space travel are not much more than that of air travel. space travel is ' cheap ' ; or atleast it will be. first, rockets need a lot of fuel. the amount of fuel is determined by the rocket equation. if you plug in the figures into the rocket equation you find that for every pound of rocket, you need maybe 20x that mass of fuel! and in fact, typical modern - day rockets manage nearer to 50x that. that ' s outrageous ; it ' s obvious where the cost goes right? but it turns out that fuel is cheap. for example liquid oxygen ( lox ) and kerosene, lox is pennies per pound, aviation fuel ( kerosene ) isn ' t much more expensive and you need a lot less mass of that than you do lox, because lox is pretty heavy. the propellent only costs a few tens of dollars per pound of rocket max. therefore if we can get to the point where the fuel is the only thing we need to use up, a 140 lb ( 70kg ) person can get launched for just a few tens of thousand of dollars - hardly any more than the cost of an airflight ; a little bit more than a supersonic airflight. so the fuel is too cheap to be relevant. let ' s look at the rocket itself. here we get into more costs. the costs of the rocket come from 3 main areas : - development costs - buying the rocket - ground support development costs - these add to the price divided proportionally to how often you launch. the more you launch, the cheaper it gets. ( that ' s one thing that went wrong with the space shuttle - they weren ' t able to launch as much as they ' d hope and so it ' s turned out really expensive. ) paying for the rocket - right now of course much of the rocket is thrown away each time ( expendable launchers - elvs ) so you need to build a new one each time ( except for the space shuttle ' s orbiter which is so expensive it might as well be. ) now, there are several designs such as the roton concept that are fully reusable ; and there is no known reason why they wouldn ' t work. the point is that each time you reuse a vehicle, the cost of the vehicle goes down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5113471411148914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d6546b03-e658-44e4-b5a2-9a0218100f70>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.172082"}
{"text": ", there are several designs such as the roton concept that are fully reusable ; and there is no known reason why they wouldn ' t work. the point is that each time you reuse a vehicle, the cost of the vehicle goes down. now metalwork is much more expensive than fuel, thousands of dollars per kilogram is the normal rule of thumb, but if you can use a vehicle 1000 times then it only cost you 1 / 1000 of that per launch ; so expensive hardware becomes cheap. this is the rlv approach. it seems very likely, but it isn ' t necessarily true that this will be cheaper. for example, to make a rocket reusable, the rocket needs to be built more heavily. this cuts into the payload mass ; and so pushes up the cost per kilogram of the rocket. for example if the rlv were to be only reusable 10 times but costs 15x more than elvs then it would cost more ; in fact the breakeven seems to be around 10x - 15x reusability. elvs get cheaper too the more you make them, because of production line techniques meaning that the cost goes down as you increase quantities. ground support - looking beyond the launcher itself you find many other costs, launch pad, control ground crew etc. however most of these also scale well with launch rate - you launch twice as often and the costs certainly aren ' t double, nothing like. the ground support costs for the space shuttle come to about 2 / 3 of the cost per mission. so let ' s assume you launch a lot to bring the costs down. right now it looks like doubling the rate of launch can almost halve the cost. the underlying per trip costs ( fuel mainly ) are relatively small, and mass production reduces the cost of even expendable launchers. the asymptotic cost of getting into orbit seems to be way down around $ 50 / kg, but we are very, very far from that at present.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5168208080778897, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d6546b03-e658-44e4-b5a2-9a0218100f70>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.173012"}
{"text": "written in 1609 obtained from x. j. kennedy and dana gioia, literature : an introduction to fiction, poetry, and drama. 8th ed., longman thou may ' st in me behold when yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang upon those boughs which shake against the cold, bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds in me thou see ' st the twilight of such day as after sunset fadeth in the west, which by - and - by black night doth take away, ' s second self that seals up all in rest. in me thou see ' st the glowing of such fire that on the ashes of his youth as the deathbed whereon it must expire, consumed with that which it was nourished this thou perceiv ' st, which makes thy love more strong, to love that well which thou must leave ere long. in this sonnet shakespeare shows that love will not die as everything else must. shakespeare was an old man when he wrote this sonnet and it seems very personal, but that can only be speculated upon. he uses metaphors to show that death touches everything and to illustrate the time of death drawing closer. he writes in the poetic form of the sonnet and uses it effectively to illustrate his message. he flows through the form, weaving a picture that shows the permanence of love. the narrator of this sonnet could arguably be william shakespeare himself. shakespeare ' s death was in the year 1616. this sonnet was written in 1609. he senses his time drawing near and writes a sonnet to a loved one. he wants to express his feelings about his nearing death. it is unclear who his loved one is, but he writes to show just how strong the love between them is. he wants to express the beauty of that love and its defiance in the face of death. only in the last two lines do we realize he is addressing his loved one. in line thirteen he writes, \" this thou perceiv ' st which makes thy love more strong, \". near the end of shakespeare ' s own life he writes this sonnet to someone dear to his heart. shakespeare expresses a tone of sadness and reluctance through the diction he uses in his sonnet. his reluctance can be felt in line three when he writes, \" upon those boughs which shake against the cold \". against is a very strong word choice. according to the american heritage dictionary, second college edition, against is defined as, \" in a direction or course", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.433332857834083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d973d25-1393-424c-a5e2-3950b2c1b30a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.179100"}
{"text": "in line three when he writes, \" upon those boughs which shake against the cold \". against is a very strong word choice. according to the american heritage dictionary, second college edition, against is defined as, \" in a direction or course opposite to. \" cold is the coming winter, which is the metaphor shakespeare is using to illustrate death in the first four lines of his sonnet. the boughs shaking against the cold are shakespeare poised in opposition to his death. we can also sense his feeling of impotence in line seven, when he writes, \" which by - and - by black night doth take away, \". he is now speaking of a closing day, which is his second metaphor in the sonnet. the phrase shakespeare chooses invokes the picture of having it snatched, unwillingly, from his grasp. life is being taken away from him by death, just as night steals all the sky when the day has finished. in line twelve he shows us a dying fire as his third metaphor. he writes, \" consumed by that which it was nourished by \". again the word choice is very deliberate. consumed gives the feeling of having been engulfed or maybe even wasted. his life is not simply fading away, but instead is being consumed. shakespeare chooses his words carefully to show us his feelings about his waning life. shakespeare uses metaphors from the natural world to effectively describe his own passing. he chooses them carefully to give the reader vivid images that invoke emotion. shakespeare begins his sonnet by telling of a fading season in the year. he writes, \" that time of year thou may ' st in me behold \", telling the reader that the season he is speaking of reflects his own situation. in line two he writes, \" when yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang \" and we see a common picture in autumn ; when trees are clinging to the last bit of evidence showing a life once lived. in line four he writes, \" bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang \". once perches for things full of beautiful song, the branches are lofty choirs deserted in death. the song of life has left shakespeare ' s soul and only lives the memory of the time song filled it. in line five shakespeare writes, \" in me thou see ' st the twilight of such day \", comparing his life to the fading day. in line six he writes, \" as after sunset fadeth in the west \". using this he paints an even more brilliant picture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5164064136448445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d973d25-1393-424c-a5e2-3950b2c1b30a>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.180170"}
{"text": "writes, \" in me thou see ' st the twilight of such day \", comparing his life to the fading day. in line six he writes, \" as after sunset fadeth in the west \". using this he paints an even more brilliant picture in the reader ' s head of standing and looking westward at the gloaming. shakespeare chooses to make the metaphors very vivid so that the feelings and ideas he is having about death are imparted to the reader. the third and final metaphor shakespeare uses is of a dying fire. in lines nine through twelve he writes, in me thou see ' st the glowing of such fire that on the ashes of his youth doth lie, as the deathbed whereon it must expire, consumed with that which it was nourished by. he compares his life to a fire burning out its final embers. the warmth of life is fading from him. shakespeare makes an effective use of all these metaphors to accurately describe how his life too must surrender to the passing of time. shakespeare uses the form of the sonnet to organize his metaphors into a coherent picture of time fading. all of the metaphors he uses relate well to each other on the grounds that they all depict periods of time. the sonnet form uses quatrains rhymed in three different sets. shakespeare uses a different metaphor for each of those sets. what is extremely effective is the order in which he chooses to write them in. the first metaphor depicts a season in the year. the second metaphor ends a single day. the third metaphor shows a single moment. this order is extremely important to give the reader the impression of time running out. passing from a large time period to a small time period illustrates that time is growing shorter and shorter in the shakespeare ' s life. all of the metaphors come together perfectly to bring shakespeare ' s dwindling life to the forefront of the reader ' s imagination. shakespeare chooses to use contrast to show the permanence of love in the face of the transience of life. in lines thirteen through fourteen he writes, \" this thou perceiv ' st, which makes thy love more strong to love that well which thou must leave ere long \". instead of his loved one ' s affection ending, it is growing in contrast to his shrinking time. these last two lines are used to show that love is not affected by time as other things are. time only serves to make love stronger. their love will still persist even though he must die. shakespeare wants this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5179096307283556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1d973d25-1393-424c-a5e2-3950b2c1b30a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.181207"}
{"text": "back (? ), n. [ f. bac : cf. arm. bak tray, bowl. ] 1. a large shallow vat ; a cistern, tub, or trough, used by brewers, distillers, dyers, picklers, gluemakers, and others, for mixing or cooling wort, holding water, hot glue, etc. hop back, jack back, the cistern which receives the infusion of malt and hops from the copper. - - wash back, a vat in which distillers ferment the wort to form wash. - - water back, a cistern to hold a supply of water ; esp. a small cistern at the back of a stove, or a group of pipes set in the fire box of a stove or furnace, through which water circulates and is heated. a ferryboat. see bac, 1 \u00a9 webster 1913. back (? ), n. [ as baec, bac ; akin to icel., sw., & lg. bak, dan. bag ; cf. ohg. bahho ham, skr. bhaj to turn, oslav. bg flight. cf. bacon. ] in human beings, the hinder part of the body, extending from the neck to the end of the spine ; in other animals, that part of the body which corresponds most nearly to such part of a human being ; as, the back of a horse, fish, or lobster. an extended upper part, as of a mountain or ridge. [ the mountains ] their broad bare backs upheave into the clouds. the outward or upper part of a thing, as opposed to the inner or lower part ; as, the back of the hand, the back of the foot, the back of a hand rail. methought love pitying me, when he saw this, gave me your hands, the backs and palms to kiss. the part opposed to the front ; the hinder or rear part of a thing ; as, the back of a book ; the back of an army ; the back of a chimney. the part opposite to, or most remote from, that which fronts the speaker or actor ; or the part out of sight, or not generally seen ; as, the back of an island, of a hill, or of a village. the part of a cutting tool on the opposite side from its edge ; as, the back of a knife", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5241557169129434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc1f49b8-b3d5-42a5-a416-40760015f1f7>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.188967"}
{"text": "or the part out of sight, or not generally seen ; as, the back of an island, of a hill, or of a village. the part of a cutting tool on the opposite side from its edge ; as, the back of a knife, or of a saw. a support or resource in reserve. should have a back or second, that might hold, if this should blast in proof. the keel and keelson of a ship. the upper part of a lode, or the roof of a horizontal underground passage. a garment for the back ; hence, clothing. a bak to walken inne by daylight. behind one ' s back, when one is absent ; without one ' s knowledge ; as, to ridicule a person behind his back. - - full back, half back, quarter back ( football ), players stationed behind those in the front line. - - to be or lie on one ' s back, to be helpless. - - to put, or get, one ' s back up, to assume an attitude of obstinate resistance ( from the action of a cat when attacked. ). [ colloq. ] - - to see the back of, to get rid of. - - to turn the back, to go away ; to flee. - - to turn the back on one, to forsake or neglect him. \u00a9 webster 1913. being at the back or in the rear ; distant ; remote ; as, the back door ; back settlements. being in arrear ; overdue ; as, back rent. moving or operating backward ; as, back action. back charges, charges brought forward after an account has been made up. - - back filling arch., the mass of materials used in filling up the space between two walls, or between the inner and outer faces of a wall, or upon the haunches of an arch or vault. - - back pressure. steam engine see under pressure. - - back rest, a guide attached to the slide rest of a lathe, and placed in contact with the work, to steady it in turning. - - back slang, a kind of slang in which every word is written or pronounced backwards ; as, nam for man. - - back stairs, stairs in the back part of a house ; private stairs. also used adjectively. see back stairs, backstairs, and backstair, in the vocabulary. - - back step mil., the retrograde movement of a man or body of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.556466455852259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc1f49b8-b3d5-42a5-a416-40760015f1f7>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.189873"}
{"text": "in the back part of a house ; private stairs. also used adjectively. see back stairs, backstairs, and backstair, in the vocabulary. - - back step mil., the retrograde movement of a man or body of men, without changing front. - - back stream, a current running against the main current of a stream ; an eddy. - - to take the back track, to retrace one ' s steps ; to retreat. [ colloq. ] \u00a9 webster 1913. back (? ), v. i. [ imp. & p. p. backed ( ) ; p. pr. & vb. n. backing. ] to get upon the back of ; to mount. i will back him [ a horse ] straight. to place or seat upon the back. great jupiter, upon his eagle backed, appeared to me. to drive or force backward ; to cause to retreat or recede ; as, to back oxen. to make a back for ; to furnish with a back ; as, to back books. to adjoin behind ; to be at the back of. a garden... with a vineyard backed. the chalk cliffs which back the beach. to write upon the back of ; as, to back a letter ; to indorse ; as, to back a note or legal document. to support ; to maintain ; to second or strengthen by aid or influence ; as, to back a friend. \" parliament would be backed by the people. \" have still found it necessary to back and fortify their laws with rewards and punishments. the mate backed the captain manfully. to bet on the success of ; - - as, to back a race horse. to back an anchor naut., to lay down a small anchor ahead of a large one, the cable of the small one being fastened to the crown of the large one. - - to back the field, in horse racing, to bet against a particular horse or horses, that some one of all the other horses, collectively designated \" the field \", will win. - - to back the oars, to row backward with the oars. - - to back a rope, to put on a preventer. - - to back the sails, to arrange them so as to cause the ship to move astern. - - to back up, to support ; to sustain ; as, to back up one ' s friends. - - to back a warrant law, is for a justice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5174176795802395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc1f49b8-b3d5-42a5-a416-40760015f1f7>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.190764"}
{"text": "sails, to arrange them so as to cause the ship to move astern. - - to back up, to support ; to sustain ; as, to back up one ' s friends. - - to back a warrant law, is for a justice of the peace, in the county where the warrant is to be executed, to sign or indorse a warrant, issued in another county, to apprehend an offender. - - to back water naut., to reverse the action of the oars, paddles, or propeller, so as to force the boat or ship backward. \u00a9 webster 1913. back, v. i. to move or go backward ; as, the horse refuses to back. to change from one quarter to another by a course opposite to that of the sun ; - - used of the wind. to stand still behind another dog which has poined ; - - said of a dog. to back and fill, to manage the sails of a ship so that the wind strikes them alternately in front and behind, in order to keep the ship in the middle of a river or channel while the current or tide carries the vessel against the wind. hence : ( fig. ) to take opposite positions alternately ; to assert and deny. [ colloq. ] - - to back out, to back down, to retreat or withdraw from a promise, engagement, or contest ; to recede. [ colloq. ] cleon at first... was willing to go ; but, finding that he [ nicias ] was in earnest, he tried to back out. jowett ( thucyd. ) \u00a9 webster 1913. back, adv. [ shortened from aback. ] in, to, or toward, the rear ; as, to stand back ; to step back. to the place from which one came ; to the place or person from which something is taken or derived ; as, to go back for something left behind ; to go back to one ' s native place ; to put a book back after reading it. to a former state, condition, or station ; as, to go back to private life ; to go back to barbarism. ( of time ) in times past ; ago. \" sixty or seventy years back away from contact ; by reverse movement. the angel of the lord... came, and rolled back the stone from the door. matt. xxvii. 2. in concealment or reserve ; in one ' s own possession ; as, to keep back", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5326547814508704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:fc1f49b8-b3d5-42a5-a416-40760015f1f7>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.191875"}
{"text": "thomas hobbes ( 1588 - 1679 ) euclid \u2019 s elements was an important influence. the problem of making space for reason in a world based on religious authority. hobbes was writing parts of what would become leviathan when the english civil war broke out, so he thought that his prediction of \u201c a war of all against all \u201d was being confirmed before his eyes. chapter 6 : hobbes ' s materialist psychology and his non - cognitivist theory of normative and evaluative judgment positive motivators : appetite, desire, love, positive feelings : pleasure and joy, negative motivators : aversion, hate, negative feelings : pain and grief. what they explain : good, evil, and contemptible. note that hobbes begins with definitions. where do the definitions come from? is hobbes \u2019 s psychological theory egoistic? \u201c but whatsoever is the object of any man \u2019 s appetite or desire, that is it which he for his part calleth good : and the object of his hate and aversion, evil ; and of his contempt, vile and inconsiderable. for these words of good, evil and contemptible, are ever used with relation to the person that useth them : there being nothing simply and absolutely so : nor any common rule of good and evil, to be taken from the nature of the objects themselves ;... \u201d ( 97 ). the crucial equivocation : \" [ o ] f the voluntary acts of every man, the object is some good to himself. \" ( 122 ). \" [ o ] f all voluntary acts, the object is to every man his own good. \" ( 129 ) normative / evaluative cognitivism and non - cognitivism, realism and anti - realism. normative / evaluative cognitivism : normative / evaluative statements make claims that are true or false. normative / evaluative noncognitivism : normative moral statements do not make claims that are true or false. [ they may express sentiments or attitudes or in hobbes \u2019 s case, desires. ] for hobbes, to say that something is good [ or evil ] is not to attribute an objective property to it, but to express one \u2019 s desire or appetite for [ or aversion to ] it. normative / evaluative realism : some positive normative / evaluative are true. [ moral realism implies moral cogni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5848837656807836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61a82372-7caa-4474-9e73-bccdefc2287b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.199155"}
{"text": "objective property to it, but to express one \u2019 s desire or appetite for [ or aversion to ] it. normative / evaluative realism : some positive normative / evaluative are true. [ moral realism implies moral cognitivism. ] because hobbes translates all normative / evaluative terms ( good, evil, justice, injustice ) into purely descriptive terms, he avoids ever asserting that any normative / evaluative statements are true. normative / evaluative anti - realism : no positive normative / evaluative statements are true. there are no objective moral values and no objective moral imperatives. hobbes is a noncognitivist about the good, not necessarily an egoist. explain. what is deliberation? what is the will? what is a voluntary action? on this account, if i threatened to kill you if you didn \u2019 t give me your wallet and, as a result, you gave me your wallet, was your act voluntary? hobbes \u2019 s geometry of sovereignty chapter 13 : the state of nature what is the state of nature? the internal security cap : the war of all against all what is a state of war, according to hobbes? what are the crucial assumptions? competition, diffidence, and glory. what does hobbes mean by \u201c war \u201d? is there justice or injustice in the state of nature? why or why not? what does he mean by \" no mine and thine distinct \"? hobbes ' s way out of the state of nature involves passions and reason. how does it involve passions? how does it involve reason? what is the fundamental problem that the sovereign is the solution to? conflict. since the solution is a logical solution, it must allow no possibility of conflict. hobbes ' s state of nature is a collective action problem why does hobbes predict a war of all against all? chapter 14. how reason and passion provide a way out of the state of right vs. so - called laws of nature what is the fundamental right of nature? what is the fundamental law ( so - called ) of nature? what is the second law ( so - called ) of nature? why are \u201c laws of nature \u201d not really laws? hint : do they require us to actually do anything in the state of nature? the logical problem that must be solved to escape the state of nature : how can we make binding covenants in the state of nature? contracts, pacts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6021088346348835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61a82372-7caa-4474-9e73-bccdefc2287b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.200344"}
{"text": "really laws? hint : do they require us to actually do anything in the state of nature? the logical problem that must be solved to escape the state of nature : how can we make binding covenants in the state of nature? contracts, pacts or covenants, and gifts when are contracts or covenants binding? to be binding, does a contract or covenant have to be expressly agreed to? the need for an original contract / covenant which makes all contracts / covenants binding, including itself. what are the terms of the original contract? how does hobbes determine them? to be discussed in chapter 18. are covenants entered into from fear of death binding? why? which covenants cannot be binding? ( another way of asking this question : which rights are inalienable? ) 2 - person prisoners ' dilemma ( higher numbers represent more preferred outcomes. ) player # 1 player # 2 the sequential two - person prisoners ' dilemma. chapter 15 : the necessary conditions for justice. the many laws of nature summarized in one. what is justice? what is injustice? the fool ' s challenge : to be discussed later. how many other laws of nature are there? what are they? what is hobbes ' formula for the laws of nature : the golden rule. why is the golden rule binding only in foro interno in the state of what does hobbes mean by \u201c theorems concerning what conduceth to the conservation and defence of themselves \u201d? the message : we can determine the requirements of justice by the use of reason. but we cannot acquire the motivation to act justly from reason alone. motivation comes from sanctioning of defecters. for hobbes, what is moral philosophy? is it normative or descriptive? why are the laws of nature not true laws, according to hobbes? what are they? chapter 16 sets the stage for men in the state of nature to covenant obedience to a sovereign power. representation of many by one, based on consent. multiple representatives must abide by majority rule. why not less than a majority? why not a requirement of unanimous consent? chapter 17 explains the need for an original covenant to establish a commonwealth to escape the state of nature. what is the difference between human beings, on the one hand, and the bees and the ants, on the other? covenants without the sword \" are but words \". the only way out of the state of nature what is a commonwealth? what is a sovereign? commonwealth by institution ( chap. 18", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5458194374263294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61a82372-7caa-4474-9e73-bccdefc2287b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.201317"}
{"text": ", and the bees and the ants, on the other? covenants without the sword \" are but words \". the only way out of the state of nature what is a commonwealth? what is a sovereign? commonwealth by institution ( chap. 18 ) commonwealth by acquisition ( chap. 20 ) chapter 18 states the terms of the original covenant that establishes a sovereign by consent ( \" by institution \" ). note that the same terms hold when the sovereign is established by force ( \" by acquisition \" ). see chap. 20. does hobbes require unanimous consent to the original covenant? can there be breach of the covenant by the sovereign? why can there be no binding covenant between sovereign and subject? why can the sovereign not do any injustice to a subject? what are the sovereign ' s powers? ( note that these powers are expanded upon in chap. 29. ) why does hobbes insist that these rights of sovereignty are \" essential and inseparable \"? how does hobbes justify the sovereign ' s powers? is it a moral justification? the guiding idea of hobbes ' s political philosophy : the need to avoid conflict. note : hobbes is the author of the idea that it is part of the definition of a state that it have a monopoly on the legitimate use of force. three kinds of sovereignty : monarchy, democracy, and aristocracy. which does hobbes favor? why? what is the only respect in which monarchy is inferior to democracy? chap. 20. paternal and despotical dominion what is the only difference between a commonwealth by institution and a commonwealth by acquisition? are there differences in the rights of the sovereign? how does a sovereign acquire dominion over the children of his subjects? what is the \" greatest objection \" to hobbes ' s account? what is hobbes ' s reply? what liberty do subjects have? do subjects have any inalienable rights? recall chap. 14. chapter 26. hobbes ' s philosophy of law why is the sovereign not subject to the law? what does hobbes mean by \" law can never be against reason \"? ( whose reason? ) what are the conditions for a ( 2 ) publicity ( for positive, not natural law ) ( 3 ) who interprets the law? natural law vs. positive law can the sovereign make a mistake? civil disobedience and conscientious objection to the law chap. 29. infirmities of a commonwealth the six infirmities : not enough sovereign", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5234068311074102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61a82372-7caa-4474-9e73-bccdefc2287b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.202237"}
{"text": "the law? natural law vs. positive law can the sovereign make a mistake? civil disobedience and conscientious objection to the law chap. 29. infirmities of a commonwealth the six infirmities : not enough sovereign power or the division of power. against freedom of expression and freedom of the press : the danger of \" democratical writers \". hobbes ' s fear of conflict : why did he think that separation of powers would make a government less stable or that freedom of expression and freedom of the press would make a government less stable? could they make a government more stable? what is the only way for a commonwealth to be dissolved? can any law be unjust? this is the big issue between hobbes and locke. is there a standard of justice that applies to sovereigns? is there a standard of justice that applies in the state of can any law be bad? what is a good law? the fool \u2019 s challenge the fool says that there is no reason to keep covenants other than fear of sanctions. the example of regicide. why doesn \u2019 t hobbes agree with the fool? whose view better fits the psychology of chapter 6, hobbes \u2019 s or the fool \u2019 s? consider the sequential, two - person pd again. if the first person chooses to cooperate, is there any reason for the second person to defect, if s / he can do so without being sanctioned? is there moral motivation in hobbes \u2019 s theory? if not, why doesn \u2019 t he agree with the fool?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5308613735693878, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:61a82372-7caa-4474-9e73-bccdefc2287b>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.202956"}
{"text": "usda ' s 2007 planting intentions report, issued march 30, indicates 90. 5 million acres of corn could be planted in the u. s. this year. that would be 15 % more corn nationwide than was planted in 2006. will farmers end up planting that much corn? that ' s the big question, as much of the corn belt has started the month of april considerably colder and wetter than normal. the acreage shift to corn projected in the report was bigger than many analysts anticipated. \" it was greater than i was anticipating by 3 or 4 million acres, \" says bob wisner, iowa state university economist. \" the biggest surprise was the shift from cotton and rice to corn in the south. we expected a million and a half acres to shift there. but we ' re looking at 3. 15 million acres of the increase in u. s. corn acreage coming in the mid - south. another 1. 2 million acres in u. s. spring wheat areas are indicating a switch to corn in 2007. \" national average yield also important the acreage is important. but equally important is the national average yield you would likely get. many of the extra acres being pulled into corn production this year are on the fringe of the corn belt. they ' re not the most productive acres to grow corn. also, more corn following corn acres will be planted in 2007. \" when you plant corn following corn, our agronomists tell us we should figure on a yield drag at least in a range of 9 % to 12 % on those corn on corn acres the first year they ' re in corn, \" says wisner. \" so, considering the fringe areas for corn and the corn following corn rotation, what we ' re looking at is the potential for a yield a little below what we would consider a trend line yield. \" obviously, weather will have the final say on what the national average corn yield ends up being in 2007. that will begin with planting dates, which are becoming increasingly important now as cold and wet weather the first week of april will keep corn planting from getting an early start. also, some farmers may change their mind about planting more corn and switch some corn acres back to beans as corn prices have declined following release of the usda report. there seems to be more strength in the soybean market right now. some acres may switch back to beans \" those are important factors and the bean market is trying to buy back some acres, \" says wisner. \" look at field conditions in the midwest now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41034134927900734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:254a63be-fbb2-417f-a56e-1df5bfcec314>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.209617"}
{"text": "be more strength in the soybean market right now. some acres may switch back to beans \" those are important factors and the bean market is trying to buy back some acres, \" says wisner. \" look at field conditions in the midwest now. the last three years corn planting started in central iowa about mid - april. as it looks now, we ' ll be hard - pressed to see much planting activity in the first half of april this year. if we start running later than normal, that will tend to push some of the intended corn acres back to soybeans. \" various projections on the possible size of the 2007 us corn crop are being discussed among market analysts. the largest number being floated is possibly 13. 5 billion bushels of corn being produced in the u. s. this year. wisner has crunched some numbers and that ' s a lot higher than he ' s coming up with \u2014 assuming average growing conditions for 2007. studying the 2007 usda planting intentions, he ' s looked at state - by - state acreage planted, harvested and average yield data for the past three years. based on a three - year average for yield, he calculates a possible 12. 66 billion - bushel u. s. corn crop for 2007. last year the u. s. produced a 10. 5 billion - bushel crop. the largest ever u. s. corn crop was 11. 8 billion bushels harvested in 2004. expect a lower trend line corn yield to come up with a 12. 66 billion - bushel crop for 2007 wisner is using 90. 5 million planted acres and he ' s assuming a harvested acreage of 83 million acres. \" i think the weather is becoming the real key here in april in regard to the planted acreage number, \" says wisner. \" the last three years, we ' ve had anywhere from 25 % to 37 % of the u. s. corn crop planted by around april 25. farmers are going to be hard - pressed to do that again this year. if the weather doesn ' t cooperate with planting, and given the 50 cent or so drop in corn prices that we ' ve seen since the usda report was issued march 30, some of those intended corn acres may end up going back to soybeans. \" to come up with a national average corn yield for 2007, wisner is using 152. 5 bu. per acre in his calculations to project the 12. 66 billion - bushel possible crop. \" i don ' t know how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3713208942654018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:254a63be-fbb2-417f-a56e-1df5bfcec314>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.210612"}
{"text": "action to improve infant and young child feeding in nutrition and child health programmes a mother prepares porridge from soy - fortified bulgur in guatemala proceedings of meeting1 over 50 researchers, programme implementers, infant feeding experts and representatives of who and unicef headquarters departments and regional offices gathered in geneva in october 2008, to discuss how to fill the gap between the progress that has been made in defining principles for appropriate feeding for infants and young children from 6 to 23 months and translating these into specific policies and programmes. participants recognised that there are not enough examples of well - documented, largescale programmes that have successfully improved feeding practices in children 6 - 23 months of age and resulted in improved health outcomes. therefore, there are important weaknesses in the evidence base for effective actions. nevertheless, the evidence is strong to support the following conclusions : - recommendations for optimal infant and young child feeding include that infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life to achieve optimal growth, development and health, and thereafter, they should receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods while breast feeding continues up to 2 years or beyond. - the global strategy for infant and young child feeding, endorsed by who member states and the unicef executive board in 2002, provides the overall framework for actions needed to protect, promote and support appropriate feeding practices in infants and young children 0 - 23 months of age. - the planning guide that accompanies the global strategy is intended to assist country teams to develop national plans of action to improve child nutrition. the guide outlines what needs to be done to protect, promote and support breastfeeding. however, it should be updated to give further clarity on what is needed to strengthen complemen tary foods and feeding practices in children 6 - 23 months of age. - acknowledging the critical contribution of continued breastfeeding to child nutrition, the meeting focused mostly on evidencebased and feasible options to improve the quality of complementary foods and on caregivers ' practices to enhance their intake. - appropriate nutrition in children 6 - 23 months of age requires interventions across the life span, from pregnancy into the first 2 years of life. they include support for maternal nutrition2, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, and the introduction of adequate complementary foods at 6 months with continued breastfeeding for 2 years of age or beyond. influencing appropriate feeding practices is as critical as influencing avail ability and use of adequate foods. - quality counselling of mothers and caregivers, and appropriate behavioural change communication to other family and community decisionmakers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.483323804606558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc6e5e59-de77-4cbe-a7cd-c07c03f6eaf3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.215414"}
{"text": "##eding for 2 years of age or beyond. influencing appropriate feeding practices is as critical as influencing avail ability and use of adequate foods. - quality counselling of mothers and caregivers, and appropriate behavioural change communication to other family and community decisionmakers, are essential for improving infant and young child feeding practices. they should be at the centre of any strategy to improve infant and young child nutrition. - similarly, strategies should maximise the utilisation of locally produced foods in any given setting, and consider the promotion of additional products only if they can fill a critical gap in nutrients in an acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe way, as a complement to continued breastfeeding and the local diet, not as a replacement. - where locally available foods alone will not satisfy nutritional requirements, various types of products offer promise. they may include centrally produced fortified foods, micronutrient powders, and lipid - based nutrient supplements. further research and carefully monitored applications at scale are needed to generate more evidence on which product is best for which circumstance, how best to promote their correct utilisation, and their contribution to improving nutritional, developmental and health status in different circumstances. effective programme design and delivery 1strengthening action to improve feeding of infants and young children 6 - 23 months of age in nutrition and child health programmes. geneva, 6 - 9 october 2008. who, unicef. report of proceedings. available from who website or direct link : http : / / whqlibdoc. who. int / publications / 2008 / 9789241597890 _ eng. pdf 2although not addressed at this meeting, other practices, such as delayed umbilical cord clamping to enhance newborn body iron stores and micronutrient supplementation and nutrition during pregnancy, are also very important for young child nutrition. taken from field exchange issue 36, july 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4864528024584063, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:dc6e5e59-de77-4cbe-a7cd-c07c03f6eaf3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.216172"}
{"text": "goose creek, s. c., recently was the scene of a horrific event spotlighting two government institutions : schools and the war on drug users. on a quiet day early in november a squadron of policemen stormed into stratford high school, automatic pistols and shotguns drawn. they ordered the students to the floor and forcibly placed some there themselves. then the police searched for drugs. they found none. ( had they found ritalin it wouldn \u2019 t have counted. that \u2019 s an approved drug, administered by compulsion when \u201c necessary. \u201d ) police and school officials later explained that they conducted the raid, which was captured by a security video camera, because marijuana and pills had allegedly been bought and sold by students previously. this justified an armed invasion? school principal george mccrackin said he \u2019 d use \u201c any means \u201d to keep his school \u201c clean. \u201d in television interviews several parents angrily pointed out that a tragedy could easily have occurred. the image of belligerent cops pointing loaded guns at children was not what they had in mind when they sent their kids off to school that day. yet we really shouldn \u2019 t be surprised. concern about the schools \u2019 inability to teach reading and arithmetic has overshadowed the fact that those schools were not set up mainly for that purpose. before there were \u201c public schools \u201d literacy and numeracy were high and growing. the government set up schools to accomplish something that the flourishing private - school market wouldn \u2019 t do : indoctrinate children so that they would become pliant subjects of the state. as education historian ellwood cubberly wrote approvingly in 1919, \u201c only a system of state - controlled schools can be free to teach whatever the welfare of the state may demand. \u201d or as the 19th - century sociologist edward ross said, the job of schools is to gather \u201c little plastic lumps of human dough from private households and shap [ e ] them on the social kneadingboard. \u201d or as the u. s. bureau of education put it in 1914, \u201c the public schools exist primarily for the benefit of the state rather than for the benefit of the individual. \u201d that \u2019 s why \u201c socialization \u201d was always the first objective of government school systems. academic subjects were a distant second. \u201c socialization \u201d has two meanings. the benign sense denotes teaching children social skills so they can get along with others at work and play. the malignant sense means instilling collectivism in children so they will see themselves not as autonomous individuals, but rather as more or less", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4911565531600264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a88c27af-0c83-4587-af1a-246bb5fcd438>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.223212"}
{"text": "meanings. the benign sense denotes teaching children social skills so they can get along with others at work and play. the malignant sense means instilling collectivism in children so they will see themselves not as autonomous individuals, but rather as more or less identical worker bees serving the nation. the latter sense, promoted last century by education philosopher john dewey, directly conflicts with america \u2019 s founding tradition of individualism and freedom. such collectivism sometimes becomes the overt theme of presidential campaigns, such as john mccain \u2019 s in 2000 and wesley clark \u2019 s in 2003. given this mission \u2014 the conditioning of each child to believe his own life is less important that the nation \u2014 the raid in goose creek is no surprise at all. for decades the government has conducted a ruthless war against the distributors and users of certain drugs ( but not others ). like the prohibition of alcohol in the 1920s, this war has no basis in pharmacology ; outlawed drugs are no less capable of moderate and responsible use than scotch or bourbon. even former drug czar william bennett admits that most users of illegal drugs are not addicts. ( the quotation is in jacob sullum \u2019 s book saying yes. ) what counts with any substance is the sense of responsibility in the individual using it. we don \u2019 t need prohibition aimed at adults to prevent children from using drugs, just as we don \u2019 t need it to prevent children from drinking. in fact, prohibition encourages drug use because forbidden fruit is the most tempting. thus the \u201c war on drugs \u201d is an exercise in authoritarianism that has nothing to do with the welfare of the american people. of course it is a big part of the school curriculum : schooling \u2019 s main purpose is to mold children into good citizens who will obey the state without question. what better way to teach that lesson than to have gun - pointing cops dropping in at the schools every now and then?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5610314677861652, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a88c27af-0c83-4587-af1a-246bb5fcd438>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.224330"}
{"text": "george washington carver main press release for immediate release contact : nancy o ' shea ( 312 ) 665 - 7100 ( for media use only ) george washington carver an extraordinary man with a mighty vision we are the architects of our own fortune and the hewers out of our own destiny. george washington carver many people today know george washington carver largely from the myths that have grown around him... none of them true. the fact is, he didn \u2019 t invent peanut butter ; it had existed in many cultures for centuries. neither did he create 300 new products from peanuts \u2014 though he created some, and collected many others. the truth about carver is much more interesting than the myths. he was a man with a fascinating life story and an unquenchable thirst for knowledge, who overcame tremendous odds to become one of america \u2019 s most versatile scientists. he was a trail - blazing proponent of sustainability, who believed that \u201c nature produces no waste \u201d and neither should man. he was a humanitarian whose primary goal was, as he put it, \u201c to help the farmer and fill the poor man \u2019 s empty dinner pail. \u201d this complex and intimate portrait of one of america \u2019 s best known names \u2014 and least - studied men \u2014 emerges from the field museum \u2019 s new exhibition : george washington carver. it follows carver \u2019 s entire life and career, revealing both his struggles and his remarkable achievements as scientist, conservationist, educator, and humanitarian. it brings together more than one hundred artifacts from carver \u2019 s personal life and work, along with animated and live videos, interactive displays, a diorama of carver \u2019 s childhood farm, and a re - creation of the jesup wagon, his mobile classroom. the exhibition is organized by the field museum in collaboration with tuskegee university and the national park service. it is sponsored in chicago by motorola foundation and sara lee foundation. a thirst for knowledge carver \u2019 s childhood was both dramatic and protected. a frail child born into slavery, george and his mother were kidnapped by slave raiders when he was still an infant. george was abandoned by the kidnappers and rescued by his owners, moses and susan carver, who adopted both george and his brother. george \u2019 s real mother was never found. moses was a farmer in a missouri frontier town, a frugal man who abhorred waste of any kind. since george was a sickly child, unable to help much on the farm, susan taught him handiwork such as embroidery, knitting, and crocheting. george also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46053487687637507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2c88fb1-ed59-4c84-afb9-c344fa773146>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.235259"}
{"text": ", a frugal man who abhorred waste of any kind. since george was a sickly child, unable to help much on the farm, susan taught him handiwork such as embroidery, knitting, and crocheting. george also spent a lot of his time outside, collecting rocks, observing nature, and creating a \u201c secret garden. \u201d his sensitivity and curiosity were apparent, and even as a child he was known throughout the area for his remarkable skill with plants. \u201c i wanted to know the name of every stone and flower and insect and bird and beast. i wanted to know where it got its color, where it got its life \u2014 but there was no one to tell me, \u201d carver later wrote. his foster parents had no formal education, and there were no schools close to their home \u2014 only a blue - back speller in which george found few answers to his endless questions. so at the age of thirteen he left home, with the carvers \u2019 blessings, to seek an education. with a rich collection of artifacts, the exhibition traces carver \u2019 s path and passions as he worked his way through elementary and high school, through rejection and welcome, to simpson college in iowa, then to iowa state university, and finally to a research and teaching position at tuskegee institute ( now tuskegee university ). a driving vision given his drive and education, carver could have become a theoretical chemist, an academic botanist, or an inventor. but that wasn \u2019 t his bent. he had decided early on that his calling was to help \u201c the man farthest down. \u201d on his way to tuskegee carver saw fields of scraggly cotton in exhausted soil and poor black farmers struggling to survive. he had what he called a \u201c mighty vision \u201d \u2014 of barren fields turning green with crops, whitewashed farmhouses gleaming in the sun, gardens sprouting with vegetables and flowers. \u201c carver was driven by the needs he saw around him, \u201d says michael dillon, chair of the botany department at the field and one of the curators for the carver exhibition. \u201c his research was very goal - oriented. \u201d one of the ideas that carver seized upon, dillon says, was crop rotation \u2014 a practice long known to other cultures but not used in the south, where cotton truly was king. carver understood that cotton had depleted the soil of the nitrogen that plants need in order to grow. and he knew that legumes, such as peanuts and peas, had a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that could take in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48293376595817655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2c88fb1-ed59-4c84-afb9-c344fa773146>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.240454"}
{"text": "truly was king. carver understood that cotton had depleted the soil of the nitrogen that plants need in order to grow. and he knew that legumes, such as peanuts and peas, had a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that could take inert nitrogen molecules from the atmosphere and convert them into a form plants can use. it was the desire to make these alternative crops more useful to farmers and others that led to carver \u2019 s famous work with peanuts, cow peas or black - eyed peas, and sweet potatoes. ( sweet potatoes, though not a legume, grow easily with little or no fertilizer. ) he sought many other practical solutions as well, experimenting with seeds, soil enrichment, natural fertilizers, and more. in every aspect of his research, carver sought to make his findings accessible to the communities around him. he put plain - language information and instructions into bulletins that were distributed widely. and he took the jesup wagon to farms and public spaces, demonstrating farming and composting techniques, cooking, canning \u2014 even home makeovers with paints, furniture, and decorative items made from plants and minerals. sustainable resources for food, fuel, and much more carver \u2019 s ideas on conservation were ahead of their time. \u201c i believe the great creator has put oil and ores on this earth to give us a breathing spell, \u201d he said. \u201c as we exhaust them, we must be prepared to fall back on our farms... for we can learn to synthesize materials for every human need from the things that grow. \u201d carver blazed a trail for the development of products from plants, a field known as chemurgy. he found hundreds of new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soy beans, including milk and cheese, laundry soap and linoleum, wallboard and rubber, and much, much more. carver worked on biofuels with henry ford, and made a massage oil for polio victims \u2014 though it turned out to be the masseur, carver himself, as much as the oil, that was effective. after carver, interest in plant products went out of fashion for decades \u2014 only to be rediscovered at the end of the twentieth century. today \u2019 s accelerating research on plant - based fuels, medicines, and other products is rooted in carver \u2019 s work \u2014 though not always with his altruism. \u201c the most important gift carver gave to people wasn \u2019 t any particular product, \u201d michael dillon says. \u201c it was the gift of self - worth. \u201d carver crossed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46928045636450677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2c88fb1-ed59-4c84-afb9-c344fa773146>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.243553"}
{"text": "rooted in carver \u2019 s work \u2014 though not always with his altruism. \u201c the most important gift carver gave to people wasn \u2019 t any particular product, \u201d michael dillon says. \u201c it was the gift of self - worth. \u201d carver crossed racial and class boundaries. he gave of himself so that others could become educated, self - sufficient, and proud. he followed his own vision to improve the lives of others. a variety of programs are planned for all ages. see attached file for details. admission to george washington carver is free with general admission to the field museum ( $ 12 for adults, $ 7 for children 4 - 11, seniors, and students with id ). discounts are available for chicago residents. visit www. fieldmuseum. org or call 312 - 922 - 9410 for details. to purchase tickets visit fieldmuseum. org. special rates are available for tour operators and groups of 15 or more. call our group sales office toll - free at 888 - field - 85 ( 888 - 343 - 5385 ). hours and general information the field museum is open from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. daily except christmas day. last tickets are sold at 4 p. m. for general museum information call 312 - 922 - 9410 or visit our interactive web site at www. fieldmuseum. org. location and travel information the field museum is located at 1400 s. lake shore drive, on cta bus lines # 6, # 12, and # 146, and close to other routes and the metra electric and south shore lines. an indoor parking garage is located just steps from the main entrance. for more travel information, call the illinois department of transportation, 312 - 368 - 4636, or the rta travel center hotline, ( 312 ) 836 - 7000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40477842254625107, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:e2c88fb1-ed59-4c84-afb9-c344fa773146>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.244395"}
{"text": "i read a great article from imprimis, the free publication put out by hillsdale college in michigan, titled the floating dollar as a threat to property rights. the article started out with the curious case of the incredible shrinking kilo ( a problem normally faced only by drug lords that employ users as traffickers ). apparently this one particular metallic cylinder securely housed at the international bureau of weights and measures near paris, france, is the \" reference kilo \" for not only the global metric system, but even the u. s. customary system in which 2. 2 pounds equals this particular kilo. the problem is, it ' s shrinking! so far it has only shrunk by 50 micrograms, about the weight of a fingerprint on earth. but even so, this is a big problem for scientists that deal in exacting calculations that require global standardization. the problem boils down to the definition of a kilogram. the global standard definition of a kilo is this particular cylinder! it was cast in platinum and iridium by johnson matthey in 1879, adopted by the first general conference for weights and measures in 1889, and has been the global reference point for the measurements of mass ever since. but some scientists are now complaining that with the exacting tolerances of today ' s high - tech world, the 21st century kilo needs a new definition. modern science needs a better reference point for mass. this got me thinking about reference points, and how they have all \u2014 in every single case ; temperature, distance, force, pressure, time, etc. \u2014 changed and evolved their definitions throughout history to best fit the cutting - edge needs of the time. this is a trend that always faces the opposing forces of inertia \u2014 the resistance to change \u2014 and progress \u2014 the need for change. another obvious trend in the evolution of reference points, when viewed in a long - line historical context, is the expansion from local to national to regional and finally to global standardization. this trend, especially, faces the opposition of inertia as national reference points have become part of the national identity of their people. the remnants can be seen everywhere. for temperature we have fahrenheit and celsius. for mass we have avoirdupois ounces, troy ounces and metric grams. the world is littered with national currencies. and even foreign languages are a good example of our innate resistance to global standardization. this trend toward global reference points is a practical \u2014 not a moral \u2014 evolution. it will continue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5927683321236934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.423640"}
{"text": "dollar was defined as 371\u00bc grains of silver, with the u. s. adopting the spanish dollar ' s definition because of its widespread use as a reference point for value. later the dollar was redefined as 1 / 20th of a troy ounce of gold, and then degraded to 1 / 35th. then in 1971 the de facto definition of a dollar was removed and the u. s. dollar began to \" float \" ( or more appropriately, \" sink \" ) as a reference point. throughout the various definitions above, the dollar was gradually adopted by other nations until it became the de facto global reference point for value. or so we in america and the west think. in fact, gold was always the global reference point and the u. s. dollar ' s definition \u2014 a definition that was defended at the u. s. treasury gold window by spewing gold \u2014 became a means to the acquisition of the value reference point itself. if the dollar had been that global reference point, the world would have been happy merely accumulating dollars, and nixon would have never had to close the gold window. it turns out that the dollar was always a poor reference point for value because its definition could simply be changed or removed altogether for political expedience, over and over, again and again. yet some in the u. s., some with a patriotic yet myopic perspective, think that all we need to do is redefine the dollar so that it can once again become the global benchmark of value. something it never was in the first place. and something it never will be. ( all the dollar ever did was adopt the reputation of an external reference point and then fail to live up to it. over and over, again and again. ) long in the past, before telephones and air travel, before computers and the internet, local and national reference points were far more important and relevant than what was happening on the other side of the planet. but today, and moving forward, it matters more how the many national currencies will relate to each other, how they will exchange, on what reference point their exchange will be judged, than what any individual locality or nation does to change or manipulate its own currency. as i wrote above, the trend toward global reference points is a practical \u2014 not a moral \u2014 evolution. it will continue whether we like it or not. it is an artifact of the human superorganism. and this got me thinking about the concept of purchasing power parity, or ppp.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5806399733123913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.425865"}
{"text": "is a practical \u2014 not a moral \u2014 evolution. it will continue whether we like it or not. it is an artifact of the human superorganism. and this got me thinking about the concept of purchasing power parity, or ppp. with the advent of global air travel, i can take $ 10, 000 out of my bank in the morning, get on a plane, and get off in another country in the evening, exchanging my $ 10, 000 at the airport for the local currency. this little exchange should not cost me anything in purchasing power, it should essentially be free, or else i wouldn ' t do it. or perhaps if i actually gained purchasing power by flying somewhere, i would do it more often! but the fact of the matter is that while the ppp concept works in principle, it doesn ' t always work in practice. especially given a variety of purchasing choices in the marketplace, some of which are more native to one country than another. the question comes down to the overvaluation or undervaluation of various economic currencies. the way ants \u2014 and by ants i mean economists ( see footnote # 5 ) \u2014 try to deal with this question is by using \" baskets \" of goods or currencies. but the problem with baskets is that i ) they present too many moving parts, and ii ) they present the option ( temptation ) for political manipulation ( e. g. cpi \" basket \" and sdr \" basket of currencies \" ). and for these two ( obvious? ) reasons, baskets make poor reference points for value. just yesterday, professor michael pettis wrote in is loan growth in china slowing? : \" \u2026 a few years ago people suggested that the rmb might be undervalued by 30 %. since then the rmb has appreciated by 20 - 25 %. and yet today people are still arguing that the rmb may be undervalued by 30 %. how is it possible that so much appreciation has not seemed to affect the estimates of undervaluation? \" before answering it is worth pointing out that there is no way that anyone can determine precisely the amount of undervaluation of the rmb, or any other currency, and so any estimate can be nothing more than that \u2013 an estimate based on many moving parts. there are plausible reasons for arguing that a currency is undervalued or overvalued, but there is absolutely no way to determine with any precision by how much. \" this difficulty is compounded by the fact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.516495172756981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.426825"}
{"text": "based on many moving parts. there are plausible reasons for arguing that a currency is undervalued or overvalued, but there is absolutely no way to determine with any precision by how much. \" this difficulty is compounded by the fact that many analysts are simply getting the math wrong. so for example when people say the rmb is undervalued by 30 %, they often mean that the dollar is overvalued by 30 %. these two claims may sound like the same, but of course they aren \u2019 t. if the rmb is undervalued by 30 %, it means that the dollar is overvalued by 43 %, not 30 %. i have seen so much confusion on this issue that i pretty much give up on trying to understand what people mean when they discuss currency changes without seeing their actual numbers. \" that ' s right! we need a single moving part! and by we, i mean not just the ants, but the colony, the superorganism. the human superorganism desires to streamline the concept of ppp as much as possible, for its own benefit. and the way that is done is by using a single global reference point. but as i wrote in life in the ant farm, we individuals are not nearly as smart as the superorganism. case in point \u2014 reference point : big mac! at any given point in time every currency has a certain purchasing power inside its own legal tender zone, and then it has a different purchasing power outside the zone. the economist magazine has been publishing the big mac index every year since 1986. the index is a humorous way of looking at the purchasing power parities of various currencies using the mcdonald ' s big mac as the reference point. other variants of this index have used as the reference point, the apple ipod, a cup of starbucks coffee, and even ikea ' s billy bookshelf. the economist describes its original, ground - breaking index thusly : the big mac index is based upon the theory of purchasing - power parity ( ppp ), the notion that a dollar should buy the same amount in all countries. supporters of ppp argue that in the long run, the exchange rate between two currencies should move towards the rate that would equalise the prices of an identical basket of goods and services in each country. our \u201c basket \u201d is a mcdonald \u2019 s big mac, produced in 110 countries. the big mac ppp is the exchange rate that would leave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5632004149963317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.427746"}
{"text": "towards the rate that would equalise the prices of an identical basket of goods and services in each country. our \u201c basket \u201d is a mcdonald \u2019 s big mac, produced in 110 countries. the big mac ppp is the exchange rate that would leave hamburgers costing the same in america as abroad. comparing actual rates with ppps signals whether a currency is under - or overvalued. two of the economist ' s findings for 2010 were that the most expensive place to buy a big mac ( with u. s. dollars ) was in norway, where it cost us $ 7. 20 ( on 7 / 21 / 10 after exchanging your dollars into the local kroner currency ), and the cheapest was in the ukraine at us $ 1. 84. interpreting this data is where it gets a little tricky. click on images to enlarge depending on your cognitive agility, there are any number of mental contortions that you can do with this data while extracting whatever value may be hiding in it. for example, you can imagine that big macs are a currency and the local currencies are the object of desire. or that u. s. dollars purchased with big macs transported to foreign countries are the goal. you can pretend that big macs have the properties of gold, like durability, divisibility and portability, and imagine the arbitrage opportunity based on these charts, and how that arbitrage would affect the currency exchange. in fact, there is a bit of real value that can be extracted from this little exercise that i ' ll get to in a moment. but first, the clearest lesson is that big macs make a poor global reference point for value for many obvious reasons. what makes something a reference point is that everything else in its category is measured against it. like the cylinder at the top of the page, all mass everywhere is ultimately measured against this one cylinder. for the category of value, the value of anything anywhere would be measured against the value of the reference point. and in the case of value, this reference point should be a thing that can be owned and valued by anyone anywhere, so that it acts properly as a baseline reference point for the value of everything else. it should also, ideally, provide the same utility to anyone anywhere. the point is that it can ' t be something that is only found in asia, or something that is only made in the us. and it can ' t be a product like a big mac that would not be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5409093510827284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.428693"}
{"text": "the same utility to anyone anywhere. the point is that it can ' t be something that is only found in asia, or something that is only made in the us. and it can ' t be a product like a big mac that would not be valuable to vegetarians or food snobs. it needs to be something that has the same utility to everyone, that utility being that it is only something valuable to buy and store so that later you can redeem that value in some other way. a reference point can be used in its unit of account function even without the presence of the physical item. but the focal point item for a value reference point needs to be something that can actually be gotten and used exactly the same by anyone anywhere. and as we continue on this train of thought, it becomes clear that the ideal reference point for value is, in fact, the single focal point reserve asset chosen by the human superorganism. it also becomes clear that today the u. s. dollar is filling this role, somewhat haphazardly, and also under the opposing forces of inertia \u2014 the resistance to change \u2014 and progress \u2014 the need for change. it could be said that we in the west are providing the inertia while the rest of the world is pushing for change. at least that ' s what i see happening. clearly, we in the west still measure the value of anything anywhere against the dollar. think about it for a second. can you tell me the value of a condo in hong kong? how about the value of a night in a five - star singapore hotel? and what ' s the value of a 50 ' yacht in dubai? you ' d likely quote me all three in dollars, especially if you are a westerner. as foa pointed out, we assess the relative values of any two things \u2014 like an apple versus a banana \u2014 by mentally converting them into dollars. and while our western minds have been trained to use the dollar quite efficiently in this way, there are a few technical problems with the dollar being the reference point of value. not unlike the kilo cylinder at the top which is causing problems for some scientists, the dollar, too, is shrinking. the main problem, which the imprimis article points to, is that the dollar is no longer defined as anything other than how the market decides to value it on any given day. this could be called a floating definition. so the article proposes that the needed fix is to redefine the dollar. perhaps we could redef", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5490542669702019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.429627"}
{"text": "dollar is no longer defined as anything other than how the market decides to value it on any given day. this could be called a floating definition. so the article proposes that the needed fix is to redefine the dollar. perhaps we could redefine the dollar to be equal to one big mac! the u. s. treasury could then buy all mcdonald ' s restaurants everywhere and defend the dollar by globally spewing big macs for a buck. can you think of any problems with this plan? okay, let ' s imagine they redefined the dollar to be 1 / 5, 000th of an ounce of gold. can you think of any problems with this? i can. what will be the definition of gold? does this sound like a silly question? well, today \" gold \" is trading at around $ 1, 435 per ounce, and this price is discovered through the dynamics of supply and demand in a market that includes claim checks on unallocated pools of gold, shares of funds that are physically non - divisible below 10, 000 ounces, and promises of future delivery of gold from a variety of sources including mines ( gold that is still underground ), hedgefunds ( gold that will have to be sourced if demanded ) and banks ( gold which is fractionally reserved ). these markets all trade ( fluctuate ) in dollars. if the dollar is suddenly defined as a piece of gold, what will happen to these markets? maybe they should just define the dollar as 1 / 500th of a share of gld! then the u. s. treasury could defend the definition by spewing gld shares! or they could define the dollar as 1 / 500, 000th of a comex contract! or better yet, they should just define the dollar as 1 / 5, 000th of a bullion bank liability for an ounce of gold. the treasury could partner with jp morgan and defend the definition by spewing liabilities! what we have here is not a problem with the definition of the dollar, the quaint and sentimental reference point artifact of the past. what we have is a problem with the definition of gold, the 21st century ( and all others too ) reference point of value! i said earlier that there was a bit of real value to be discovered by thinking about the big mac index. and that discovery is that a big mac hamburger actually has one characteristic or property that makes it a better reference point for value than either the dollar or even the modern definition of \" gold. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5708056459714084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.432949"}
{"text": "value to be discovered by thinking about the big mac index. and that discovery is that a big mac hamburger actually has one characteristic or property that makes it a better reference point for value than either the dollar or even the modern definition of \" gold. \" that property is physicality! big macs only come in one variety, a discrete, physical hamburger. there are no big mac futures or forward sales, no unallocated big mac pool accounts, and the only way to deliver a big mac is to either make it on the spot or physically transport it to where it is demanded. can you imagine if they handed you a bb ( big mac bank ) liability at the drive - thru window? i wrote above, \" pretend that big macs have the properties of gold, like durability, divisibility and portability, and imagine the arbitrage opportunity based on these charts, and how that arbitrage would affect the currency exchange. \" such an arbitrage would ultimately flatten that first chart, making a big mac cost the same number of dollars in any country you traveled to. in fact, gold ( under its modern definition ) acts just this way. the definition of \" gold \" today, at least in financial circles, is completely messed up. why do you think i have to constantly say physical gold? and not only that, i continuously have to define what i mean by physical whenever i say it! it ' s ridiculous. ask any fund ' s manager how much they have in gold. he ' ll likely quote you a number around 5 - 10 % that includes mining stocks, paper promises and a host of other precious metal stocks. ask him about physical gold bullion, specifically, and he ' ll quote you a much lower percentage that likely includes only phys and gld. those are the financial definitions of \" gold \" and \" physical gold \" today. the problem is that the arbitrage that makes ppp work with gold today is too easily and asymmetrically achieved, which ends up favoring some currencies over others. what i mean is that hamburgers are actually a \" harder currency \" today ( harder = more difficult ) than \" gold \" under the common western understanding of \" gold investments. \" like i said, to be delivered big macs must either be produced on the spot or physically delivered from another place. gold, on the other hand, can be sold into demand with the click of a mouse that creates a new liability on the balance sheet of jp morgan or one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5662991802226038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.434538"}
{"text": "big macs must either be produced on the spot or physically delivered from another place. gold, on the other hand, can be sold into demand with the click of a mouse that creates a new liability on the balance sheet of jp morgan or one of the other bullion banks. this is asymmetric in that most bullion bank gold liabilities originate from london and new york, and it is a definitional problem that makes it impossible for the term \" gold \" to be used to define anything else, like the dollar. so before we can even consider the definition of the dollar, we must first solve the problem with the definition of \" gold. \" and once solved, we may find the question of redefining the dollar to be a moot point. but whether you believe me or not about it becoming moot, we must still face first things first. in order for a thing to perform as a reference point for value, when market demand for that thing rises it must be met with the difficulty of the physical, not satiated with the ease of promises. this is the main reason currency makes a poor reference point for value. when demand for currency rises it is hoarded which slows the economy. value is the output of the economy. it is the opposite of currency. when the demand for currency is collapsing, the demand for value is rising, and vice versa. this is why central banks came into being in the first place ; to make sure that rising currency demand does not hurt the economy. this is why the boj injected trillions of yen after the earthquake ; to protect vital economic activity from the spiking demand for currency. i know this is a difficult concept to swallow, but value and currency are polar opposites, which is why, if gold is the reference point for value \u2014 which it is \u2014 it cannot function properly and also be an economic currency \u2014 or tied at a fixed parity ( price ) to currency in any way! to view an economic currency built to function properly alongside the reference point gold, look no further than the architecture of the euro. this is why the first ecb president stated clearly and publicly that the euro \" is the first currency that has \u2026 severed its link to gold. \" i want to mention one more very significant advantage to physical gold being the global reference point for value. in another recent article by michael pettis, who i mentioned earlier, titled the dollar, the rmb and the euro?, talking about the struggles ahead for the rmb, he writes : \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5384260254247594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.435614"}
{"text": "physical gold being the global reference point for value. in another recent article by michael pettis, who i mentioned earlier, titled the dollar, the rmb and the euro?, talking about the struggles ahead for the rmb, he writes : \" although china will struggle to bring its current account surplus down, there are only two ways it can do so ( remember that the current account surplus is equal to savings less investment ). \" the two ways he lists are 1 ) increase internal investment, a non - starter in china right now, or 2 ) get the people to spend their money ( consume ) rather than saving it \u2014 decrease savings. it ' s a shame that he can ' t see that china is already doing this by encouraging its people to buy the physical reference point of value itself. by buying physical gold, chinese savings don ' t raise the current account surplus, they lower it. it ' s still very real savings, but it acts like consumption on the balance pettis describes. more correctly, his \" accounting identity \" should read, \" current account surplus is equal to non - gold monetary savings less investment. \" or stated another way, \" paper savings = production \u2013 consumption ( including physical gold purchases ). \" and surprise - surprise, china is apparently already ahead of the game. by encouraging savings in gold, this raises demand for gold inside china and uses up some of the dollars that would have otherwise been recycled back to be borrowed and spent by the us treasury. in other words, every ounce of gold that flows into china today represents $ 1, 430 that bernanke will have to print via qe rather than borrowing from china. what it means what this reference point revolution ( rpg / freegold ) means for western savers like you and me is that at some time this year or next ( see footnote # 7 ) perceptions of value will likely be shattered : \" like a mirror in pieces on the floor, revealing another mirror standing right behind it, providing another perspective \u2026 the perspective will be of necessity, a rude awakening, so to speak \u2026 so much value is just perception only, not reality, and that perceived value will go up in flames, to reveal this perspective from which more accurate valuation will spring \u2026 the mass of acting humans ( aka economy ) will better understand money and savings, intuitively, through this perspective \u2026 gold will no longer be talked about, treated, and therefore viewed as a commodity, it will cross over to the other side of the fence \u2026 most won ' t care to really understand in any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5171790528921962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.438615"}
{"text": "money and savings, intuitively, through this perspective \u2026 gold will no longer be talked about, treated, and therefore viewed as a commodity, it will cross over to the other side of the fence \u2026 most won ' t care to really understand in any detail, they will just know that it is reality and will approve of its prospects \u2026 the value of gold will change as people \u2019 s perception of its utility to them changes. \" \" can you imagine a gold price of at least $ 100, 000 per ounce? how about a real purchasing power increase, measured in today ' s dollar purchasing power, to somewhere between $ 10, 000 and $ 100, 000? in the bell curve below we can see that the most probable pp landing zone is between $ 25, 000 per troy ounce and $ 85, 000 per troy ounce. can you think of a better reason to invest in physical gold coins right now? how about protection from hyperinflation? $ 100, 000 is the bare minimum in this case. the top is infinite! imagine $ 12 trillion per troy ounce... the size of today ' s us national debt reduced to one single gold coin you could buy tomorrow! can you imagine it? it doesn ' t really matter if you can ' t see it like i do, as long as you buy the coin. as jfk liked to say, ' a rising tide lifts all boats ', not just the ones that believe in rising tides. \" \" so how much of your perceived wealth have you locked into a real, solid, \" good as gold \" wealth reserve? i shouldn ' t have to say this because it is so obvious, but it is clearly better to \" cash out \" of the paper game and \" lock in \" your profits before the two biggest bubbles in history pop. that way you beat the rush, so to speak. \" the demand necessary to perpetually sustain a revaluation of gold at, say, $ 55, 000 per ounce is already present in the gold market. one only has to understand why giants \u2014 people with enough money to actually move the price of gold \u2014 do not find it in their best interest to use their money to move the price of gold. \" gold is neither expensive nor cheap today. it is theoretically free. it is a monetary conversion, like buying a treasury or a money market fund. to the giants, do you think gold is a game of \" how big is my slice of the pie? \" or is it \" how much is my slice of the pie worth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.472568056146636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.440385"}
{"text": "a monetary conversion, like buying a treasury or a money market fund. to the giants, do you think gold is a game of \" how big is my slice of the pie? \" or is it \" how much is my slice of the pie worth? \" is it better to have a 15 % slice of a commodity pie, or a. 4 % slice of the global wealth pie? is it more likely that all the gold in the world combined, when used as a wealth reserve, will be worth a large percentage of everything? or that it is worth only 30 % of the known oil reserves? \" \" but right now, for perhaps the first time in history, individuals can join central bankers and the true giants of the world by participating in the ultimate hedge fund. one that, like modern hedge funds, focuses on the hedge itself as the key investment with the most leverage, with the expectation of life - changing returns. and the main differences between this and traditional hedge funds are 1 ) much less risk, and 2 ) it is open to all individuals, including you! \" \" freegold is our destination with or without the euro. even on the outside chance that an sdr or a similar super - sovereign currency is accepted as the new global reserve currency, it would have to contain gold at freegold valuations in order to be viable, accepted and trusted, in the same vein as randy ' s comment about an emf. so any way you cut it, the future comes to us with really high value gold by today ' s standards. \" \" anyway, this is what freegold is all about. it is about deducing the inevitable implications of an unstoppable avalanche. and it is about fiat currency finally finding its natural equilibrium with a parallel physical gold wealth reserve. and trust me, fractional paper gold promises won ' t work in this new world, so equilibrium will likely be somewhere north of $ 50, 000 per ounce ( and that ' s from just the functional change, don ' t even ask me about the inflation - adjusted price ). \" \" take it for whatever it ' s worth, which, of course, only you can decide for yourself. the $ imfs is failing. please don ' t let the fears, envy or baseless doubts of others obscure this reality. you can choose to participate in the recapitalization of world finance or you can be a victim of it when the lights go out. the choice is right in front of you. so decide what you ' d rather be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5293316820183454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.442343"}
{"text": "others obscure this reality. you can choose to participate in the recapitalization of world finance or you can be a victim of it when the lights go out. the choice is right in front of you. so decide what you ' d rather be : a participant in the rebuild, or a victim of the collapse. amazingly you still have this choice available as i type these words. \" \" as another and foa taught us, a time of systemic transition is completely wrong for trading on technicals. instead, it is the perfect time to consolidate on fundamentals, then sit back and wait. the reward, as another put it, will be enough for one ' s lifetime. and what is gold? oh yeah, it ' s the ultimate wealth consolidator. \" and now, for all you fofoa noobs, i will close, as i so often do, with another mind - blowing excerpt from foa ' s gold trail. my friends and i are physical gold advocates. we own physical outright and do so employing the same reasoning mankind used in owning gold throughout most of history. however, there is a major difference between our perceptions of this historic reasoning and the current western perceptions so many of you are attuned to. our ' s is not a mission to unseat the current academic culture concerning money teachings ; rather it is to present the historic and present day views of the majority of gold owners around the world. those of simple thought and not of western education. plain people that, in bits and pieces, own and use the majority of above ground gold. most contemporary western thought is centered around gold being money. that is ; gold inherently has a money use or money function ; built into it as part of the original creation. this thought presents a picture of ancient man grasping a nugget of gold, found on the ground, and understanding immediately that this is a defined \" medium of exchange \" ; money to buy something with. this simple picture and analysis mostly grew in concept during the banking renaissance of the middle ages and is used to bastardize the gold story to this day. even the term \" money \", as it is used in modern bible interpretations, is convoluted to fit our current understandings. much in the same way we watch social understandings of music, literature, culture and dress evolve to fit current lifestyles, so too did gold have a money concept applied to it as it underwent its own evolution in the minds of political men. this is indeed the long running, background", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5180347469576039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.444409"}
{"text": "social understandings of music, literature, culture and dress evolve to fit current lifestyles, so too did gold have a money concept applied to it as it underwent its own evolution in the minds of political men. this is indeed the long running, background story of our gold trail ; an evolution, not of gold itself, but of our own perceptions of this wealth of ages. a evolving message of gold that is destined to change world commerce as it has never changed before. onward my friends in ancient times there was no concept of money as we know it today. let me emphasize ; \" as we perceive money today \". back then, anywhere and everywhere, all things known to people were in physical form. all trade and commerce was physical and direct ; barter was how all trade was done. if one brought a cart to market, loaded with 20 bowls and 20 gold nuggets, he used those physical items to trade for other valued goods. the bowls and gold had different tradable value ; as did every other thing at the market. indeed, gold brought more in trade than bowls. also true ; if a barrel of olive oil was in short supply, it might bring even more in trade than all the gold in the market square. the understanding we reach for here is that nothing at the market place was seen as a defined money value. all goods were seen simply as tradable, barterable items. gold included. truly, in time, some items found favor for their unique divisible value, greater worth and ease of transport. gems, gold, silver and copper among others, all fit this description. these items especially, and more so gold, became the most tradable, barterable goods and began to exclusively fill that function. but the main question is : was there money in that market place? sure, but it was not in physical form. money, back then and today, was a remembered value in the minds of men. cumbersome it may have been, but even back then primitive man had an awesome brain and could retain the memory values of thousands of trades. in every case, able to recall the approximate per item value of each thing traded. that value, on the brain, was the money concept we use today. eventually gold climbed to the top of in the most tradable good category. was gold a medium of exchange? yes, but to their own degree, so were the bowls. was gold a store of value? yes, but to a degree, so were dinner plates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5536946542193282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.446478"}
{"text": "the top of in the most tradable good category. was gold a medium of exchange? yes, but to their own degree, so were the bowls. was gold a store of value? yes, but to a degree, so were dinner plates. was gold divisible into equal lesser parts to define lesser barter units? yes, but to a degree one could make and trade smaller drinking cups and lesser vessels of oil. perhaps gold became the most favored tradable good because the shear number of goods for good traded made a better imprint on ones memory ; the worth of a chunk of gold in trade became the value money unit stored in the brain. seeing all of this in our modern basic applications of \" money concept \", almost every physical item that naturally existed or was produced then also held, to a lesser degree, gold ' s value in market barter. but most of us would have a hard time remembering a bowls value and thinking of a bowl as money. the reason this is such a stretch for the modern imagination is because bowls, like physical gold, never contained or were used in our \" concept of money \". back then, as also today, all physical items are simple barterable, tradable goods ; not of the money concept itself. their remembered tradable value was the money. money, or better said \" the money concept \", and all physical goods occupy two distinct positions in our universe of commerce and trade. they have an arms length relationship with each other, but reside on different sides of the fence and in different portions of the brain. for example : say i take a bowl to the mint and place an official government money stamp on the underside. the bowl now is stamped at $ 1. 00. then i take one tiny piece of gold to the mint ; one 290th of an ounce or at today ' s market a dollar ' s worth. they stamp that gold as $ 1. 00. which physical item would be money? answer ; neither. using ancient historic reasoning and the logic of a simple life ; the bowl could be taken to the market square and bartered for another good. perhaps a dinner plate. in that barter trade, we would most likely reach an understanding ; that the \" bowl for plate trade \" imprinted our memory with what a digital, numeric dollar concept is worth. again, the 1. 00 unit was only stamped on the bottom for reference. while the dollar concept is only a rateable unit number to compare value to ; like saying a painting is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5381532205371292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.448625"}
{"text": "memory with what a digital, numeric dollar concept is worth. again, the 1. 00 unit was only stamped on the bottom for reference. while the dollar concept is only a rateable unit number to compare value to ; like saying a painting is rated from one to ten when judging appearance. we could do the exact same thing without 1 / 290th ounce piece of gold as with the bowl above. in the process we again would walk away with the knowledge of what a $ 1. 00 unit of money value was worth in trade. the physical gold itself was not the money in trade ; the value of the barter itself created the actual money value relationship. again, the most important aspect for us to grasp here is this : - - - - - the use of physical gold in trade is not the use of money in trade. we do not spend or trade a money unit, like the dollar, to define the value of gold and goods : we barter both goods and gold to define the worth of that trade as a remembered association to the dollar money unit. that remembered worth, that value, is not an actual physical thing. a dollar bill nor an ounce of legal tender gold represent money in physical form. money is a remembered value relationship we assign to any usable money unit. the worth of a money unit is an endless mental computation of countless barter trades done around the world. money is a remembered value, a concept, that we use to judge physical trading value. - - - - - naturally, for gold to advance as the leading tradable good it had to have a numerical unit for us to associate tradable value with. we needed a unit function to store our mental money value in. in much the same way we use a simple paper dollar today to represent a remembered value only. dollars have no value at all except for our associating remembered trading value with them. a barrel of oil is worth $ 22. 00, not because the twenty two bills have value equal to that barrel of oil : rather we remember that a barrel of oil will trade for the same amount of natural gas that also relates to those same 22 units. money is an associated value in our heads. it ' s not a physical item. the first numerical money was not paper. nor was it gold or silver ; it was a relation of tradable value to weight. a one ounce unit that we could associate the trading value to. it was in the middle ages that bankers first started thinking that gold itself was a \" fixed \" money", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5522831194025801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.451205"}
{"text": "it gold or silver ; it was a relation of tradable value to weight. a one ounce unit that we could associate the trading value to. it was in the middle ages that bankers first started thinking that gold itself was a \" fixed \" money unit. just because its weight was fixed. in reality, a one ounce weight of gold was remembered as tradable for thousands of different value items at the market place. the barter value of gold nor the gold itself was our money, it was the tradable value of a weight unit of gold that we could associate with that barter value. we do the very same thing today with our paper money ; how many dollar prices can you remember when you think a minute? this political process of fixing money value with the singular weight of gold locked gold into a never ending money vs gold value battle that has ruined more economies, governments and societies than anything. this is where the very first \" hard money socialist \" began. truly, to this day they think their ideas are the saving grace of the money world. it isn ' t now and never was then. when investors today speak of using gold coin as their money during a full blown banking breakdown, what are they really speaking of? in essence, they would be bartering and trading real goods for real goods. the mention of spending gold money is a complete misconception in western minds. many would bring their memories of past buying with them and that is where the trading values would begin. still, it would take millions of trades before the \" market place \" could associate a real trading value to the various weight units of gold. it took mankind hundreds of years to balance the circulation of gold against its barterable value. only then could a unit weight value become a known money concept. in that process, in ancient times, gold had a far higher \" lifestyle \" value than it has seen in a thousand years. this value, in the hands of private owners, is where gold is going next. if you are following closely, now, we can begin to see how easy it is for the concepts of modern money to convolute our value and understanding of gold. it is here that the thought of a free market in physical was formed. using the relationship of a free physical market in gold, we will be able to relate gold values to millions to goods and services that are currency traded the world over. instead of having governments control gold ' s value to gauge currency creation ; world opinion will be free to associate the values of bart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5824486070595387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.454429"}
{"text": "in gold, we will be able to relate gold values to millions to goods and services that are currency traded the world over. instead of having governments control gold ' s value to gauge currency creation ; world opinion will be free to associate the values of barter gold against barter currency. in this will be born a free money concept in the minds of men and governments. a better knowledge and understanding of the value of all things. hillsdale college is a small liberal arts college with a student body of about 1, 300. it does not accept federal or state taxpayer subsidies for any of its operations. imprimis is dedicated to promoting civil and religious liberty by covering cultural, economic, political and educational issues of enduring significance. the content is drawn from speeches delivered at hillsdale college events. imprimis is one of the most widely circulated opinion publications in the nation with over 1. 9 million subscribers. that ' s a lot of readers for this type of monetary article. and this article was the only content in the feb. edition. a kilogram is a scientific measure of mass, not weight, because weight is not universal while mass is. an ounce of gold on the moon, for example, would only weigh as much as 5 grams on earth. one of the leading alternatives for a 21st - century kilogram is a sphere made out of a silicon - 28 isotope crystal, which would involve a single type of atom and have a fixed mass. another is to link the kilogram to a fundamental unit of measurement in quantum physics, the planck constant. this redefinition would bring the kilogram into line with the six other base units that make up the international system of units ( si ) \u2013 the metre, the second, the ampere, the kelvin, the mole and the candela. none of these are now based on a physical reference object \u2013 the metre is defined in terms of the speed of light, for example, while the second is based on atomic clocks. an appropriate example is that before the metallic cylinder, a gram was defined as \" the absolute weight of a volume of pure water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of a metre, and at the temperature of melting ice. \" for an explanation of the term superorganism, please see my post life in the ant farm. for an explanation of the term focal point, please see my post focal point : gold. punctuated equilibrium is a good description of how monetary evolution proceeds. here ' s an example of what i mean. notice the regularity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5800644910017521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.456507"}
{"text": "in the ant farm. for an explanation of the term focal point, please see my post focal point : gold. punctuated equilibrium is a good description of how monetary evolution proceeds. here ' s an example of what i mean. notice the regularity of the cycle. your homework assignment is to uncover what the dates represent in the monetary evolutionary cycle : from the cyclical pattern above, it seems to me like _ _ _ _ should be either 2011 or 2012. what do you think? should we ask marty? for an explanation of the term punctuated equilibrium, please see my post evolution. for an explanation of the terms \" hard and easy money camps, \" please see my post the debtors and the savers. \" when we talk about gold money we often use the term \" hard money. \" and one misconception that pops into most people ' s mind is that \" hard \" money means hard like a rock, or hard like a piece of metal versus \" soft \" like a piece of paper that folds nicely into my wallet. or the ultimate soft, a digital electron that moves at the speed of light. \" this may not seem like a big deal, but i think it is. what is actually meant by \" hard \" money is that it is difficult, or hard to get. the opposite of hard being easy, not soft. hard money cannot be expanded easily ( without risk ) because it has an anchor in the physical world. \" from just another hyperinflation post - part 2 for more on the euro ' s architecture, please see my post reference point : gold - update # 1 the full line was, \" it is the first currency that has not only severed its link to gold, but also its link to the nation - state. \" see acceptance speech by dr. willem f. duisenberg, president of the european central bank, aachen, 9 may 2002 quoted from julian ' s excellent comment. from gold is wealth from gold : the ultimate un - bubble from gold : the ultimate wealth reserve from gold : the ultimate hedge fund from synthesis from equilibrium from how can we possibly calculate the future value of gold? from gold : the ultimate wealth consolidator please see the top of this blog for to whom it is a tribute. from 44 : 50 to 47 : 00 robert zoellick discusses his rpg comment. the video will automatically start at 44 : 50.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5739668460516827, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:34925301-c16a-46c6-ab1d-8b88bd52b70a>", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.458448"}
{"text": "by offering religious education / instruction, we could hopefully convince parents that the public school system is where their kids should be. further, we can hopefully expose the children to different ideas about religion and morality, which, demonstrated by the uproar over the comparative ethics course in quebec, can challenge the basic notions of faith as a virtue. i happen to agree with ian on this point ( small wonder, we tend to agree with each other generally ). comparative religious education is like comparative literature or anthropology or history \u2013 presenting overlapping but non - redundant narratives presents fertile ground for developing a skeptic mind. teaching kids that there may not always be a \u201c right answer \u201d, particularly when talking about humanity, invites them to consider and critique the evidence for the answers they are presented with. in the context of society, religion is something we should be particularly skeptical about. many atheists are wary of religious education in public schools, arguing that there ought to be an inviolable barrier between church and state. while those of us living in canada do not enjoy that separation as a matter of law ( we don \u2019 t have an equivalent of the first amendment in the canadian charter ), many of us still feel it would violate an important principle of a just society. maybe those opposed to teaching religion in public schools are worried about something like this : bbc panorama found that more than 40 saudi students \u2019 schools and clubs are teaching the official saudi national curriculum to about 5, 000 pupils. one text book shows how the hands and feet of thieves are chopped off \u2026 one of the text books asks children to list the \u201c reprehensible \u201d qualities of jewish people. a text for younger children asks what happens to someone who dies who is not a believer in islam \u2013 the answer given in the text book is \u201c hellfire \u201d. another text describes the punishment for gay sex as death and states a difference of opinion about whether it should be carried out by stoning, burning with fire or throwing the person over a cliff. well at least they \u2019 re teaching kids about their options \u2026 i think the problem with the blanket objection to religion in schools is a failure to articulate the difference between teaching religion and teaching about religion. religion, like science, or math, or art, or history, is an important subject to have a factual grasp on. i myself took a course on world religions in high school. of course by the time i was that age i had pretty much dismissed all religions as having any claim to exclusive truth. however, learning about the historical roots of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46986055794983345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:425aeafa-5045-42a9-8d62-466fe47f8f01>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.465496"}
{"text": "a factual grasp on. i myself took a course on world religions in high school. of course by the time i was that age i had pretty much dismissed all religions as having any claim to exclusive truth. however, learning about the historical roots of the different religions helped me better understand both the various faiths and their respective adherents. i would argue that a proper understanding of religion requires a comprehension of world history and an appreciation for humanity \u2019 s foibles. the kind of education ( for the former ) and critical appraisal and mature cognition ( for the latter ) that is required for this kind of deep understanding might be beyond the mental capabilities of an elementary school child. however, kids can understand ethics on a more - or - less intuitive level. i would suggest instruction in ethics at that age \u2013 not simply a list of things that are right and wrong ( the religious equivalent of \u201c ethical instruction \u201d ), but instruction on how the kids can work their way through ethical dilemmas. this would accomplish two things. first, it would help ingrain moral behaviour by equipping children with the tools to make good judgments in the absence of supervising authority. second, it would help dispel the idea that morals come from religion, by showing the actual process by which we decide morality. i am not opposed to instruction about religion in public schools. just like we teach the orbital model of atomic structure as a way of showing what we used to believe, we can teach religion as one of mankind \u2019 s many failed models of the world, and what we \u2019 ve learned since then. like this article? follow me on twitter!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49308065172484133, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:425aeafa-5045-42a9-8d62-466fe47f8f01>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.466897"}
{"text": "following in the footsteps of lewis and clark can be a fascinating day trip, or the theme of an entire vacation. visiting the many historic markers, interpretive centers, and monuments along this long trail is a marvelous way to learn more about their journey through present - day montana, idaho, washington, and oregon. as you stand at the same sites where they once stood, look out at landmarks recorded in their journals, and view artifacts from their actual trip, their amazing story comes alive in a remarkable way. the long journey into uncharted lands the journey of lewis and clark and the corps of discovery stands as one of the united states ' great adventure tales, its fascinating history gripping our imagination as both children and adults. many of us fantasize about what it must have been like to travel into uncharted territory, surviving on our wits, teamwork, and the help of people met along the way. the journey took lewis and clark through the present - day states of missouri, kansas, iowa, south dakota, and north dakota, which had already been traveled and charted by white explorers. they then moved into the uncharted lands of montana, idaho, and washington, culminating with a passage along the columbia river to the pacific ocean. plan your own lewis and clark adventure you can choose from a long list of lewis and clark sites to visit on your own adventure. along the way, you ' ll see amazing scenery, fabulous wildlife, and diverse landscapes. some sites along the lewis and clark trail are easy to get to, others require off - road or water transportation. these travel guides, broken down by region, will help you plan your itinerary for one or more lewis and clark - themed trips.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3803932580044332, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:01ea00cb-8cd1-4f35-8cea-bf7f0a99571f>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.475541"}
{"text": "first great seal committee july / august 1776 \" resolved, that dr. franklin, mr. j. adams and mr. jefferson, be a committee, to bring in a device for a seal for the united states of america. \" july 4, 1776, journals of continental congress for the design team, congress chose three of the five men who were on the committee that drafted the declaration of independence. although these distinguished committee members were among the ablest minds in the new nation, they had little knowledge of heraldry. to help convey their vision, they chose the artist pierre eugene du simitiere to work with them. the four men consulted among themselves between july 4 and august 13, then each brought before the committee a suggestion for the design of the great seal. benjamin franklin ' s proposal is preserved in a note of his own handwriting : \" moses standing on the shore, and extending his hand over the sea, thereby causing the same to overwhelm pharaoh who is sitting in an open chariot, a crown on his head and a sword in his hand. rays from a pillar of fire in the clouds reaching to moses, to express that he acts by command of the deity. thomas jefferson also suggested allegorical scenes. for the front of the seal : children of israel in the wilderness, led by a cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night. for the reverse : hengist and horsa, the two brothers who were the legendary leaders of the first anglo - saxon settlers in britain. john adams chose the allegorical painting known as the \" judgment of hercules \" where the young hercules must choose to travel either on the flowery path of self - indulgence or ascend the rugged, uphill way of duty to others and honor to himself. du simitiere designed a proper heraldic seal, \" the shield has six quarters... pointing out the countries from which these states have been peopled. \" the shield is bordered with the initials for \" each of the thirteen independent states of america. \" in du simitiere ' s second design ( below ) the one submitted to congress the soldier was replaced with the goddess of justice. also, the anchor was removed, so the goddess of liberty ' s left hand is \" supporting the shield of the states. \" the above realization drawn in 1856 by benson j. lossing has an error. the initials of the states are supposed to surround the shield, not the seal, as lossing showed. he also drew the below realization of the committee ' s reverse side. the reverse side", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4497008265198534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:7dfba65c-c7bf-4a1c-9735-0349abfe6dcf>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.485161"}
{"text": "a dominantly inherited genetic condition that results in markedly elevated ldl ( low - density lipoprotein ) cholesterol levels beginning at birth, and cause heart attacks at an early age. type ii hyperlipoproteinemia ; hypercholesterolemic xanthomatosis ; low density lipoprotein receptor mutation affected people have consistently high levels of low - density lipoprotein ( ldl or \" bad \" cholesterol ), which leads to premature atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. typically in affected men, heart attacks occur in their 40s to 50s, and 85 % of men with this disorder have experienced a heart attack by age 60. the incidence of heart attacks in women with this disorder is also increased, but happens 10 years later than in men. individuals from families with a strong history of early heart attacks should be evaluated with a lipid screen. proper diet, exercise, and the use of newer drugs can bring lipids ( fats in the blood ) down to safer levels. the mutation that causes this genetic abnormality occurs on chromosome 19. it is possible for a person to inherit copies of the mutated gene for this disorder ( one from each parent, making them genetically \" homozygous \" ). in homozygous individuals the condition is more severe, and cholesterol values may exceed 600 mg / dl. these individuals develop waxy plaques ( xanthomas ) beneath the skin over their elbows, knees, buttocks. these are deposits of cholesterol in the skin. in addition, they develop deposits in tendons and around the cornea of the eye. atherosclerosis begins before puberty and heart attacks and death may occur before age 30, or they may require highly invasive surgery such as a liver transplant. those who have inherited only one copy of the mutated gene ( from one parent ) are called heterozygous. these individuals may respond well to diet modifications combined with statin drugs. - a strong family history of familial hypercholesterolemia or early heart attack - elevated and therapy - resistant levels of ldl in either or both parents - xanthomas ( lesions caused by cholesterol rich lipoprotein deposits ) - cholesterol deposits in the eyelids ( xanthelasmas ) - chest pain ( angina ) associated with coronary artery disease - evidence of obesity exams and tests a physical examination may reveal xanthomas, xanthelasmas and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5005972034035544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2bfd097-3296-437c-a837-48b5a333af93>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.500364"}
{"text": "cholesterol deposits in the eyelids ( xanthelasmas ) - chest pain ( angina ) associated with coronary artery disease - evidence of obesity exams and tests a physical examination may reveal xanthomas, xanthelasmas and cholesterol - laden deposits called a corneal arcus. laboratory testing may show : - elevated triglycerides - protein electrophoresis may show abnormal results - total plasma cholesterol that is greater than 300 mg / dl ( adult ) - total plasma cholesterol that is greater than 250 mg / dl ( children ) - serum ldl that is higher than 200 - studies of heart function, such as a stress test, may be abnormal - special studies of patient cells ( fibroblasts ) may show decreased uptake of ldl cholesterol - genetic testing for mutations in the ldl receptor gene the goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic heart disease and heart attack. the first step is to change what you eat. this is tried for several months before drug therapy is added. diet changes include reducing total fat intake to less than 30 % of the total calories consumed. saturated fat intake is reduced by decreasing the amounts of beef, pork, and lamb ; substituting low - fat dairy products ; and eliminating coconut and palm oil. cholesterol intake is reduced by eliminating egg yolks, organ meats, and sources of animal - derived saturated fat. further reductions in the percentage of fat in the diet may be recommended after the initial trial period. dietary counseling is often recommended to assist people with these adjustments to their eating habits. exercise, especially to induce weight loss, may also aid in lowering cholesterol levels. drug therapy may be initiated if diet, exercise, and weight - loss efforts have not reduced the cholesterol levels after an adequate trial period. various cholesterol - reducing agents are available including : - bile acid sequestrant resins ( cholestyramine and colestipol ) - nicotinic acid ( niacin ) - statin drugs medped ( make early diagnosis to prevent early death ) university of utah the outcome is likely to be poor in people with the homozygote type of familial hypercholesterolemia because it causes early heart attacks and is resistant to treatment. the outcome of other types of familial hypercholesterolemia depends in part on the patient ' s compliance with treatment, but reduction in serum cholesterol levels can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4867757788569383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2bfd097-3296-437c-a837-48b5a333af93>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.501361"}
{"text": "familial hypercholestedolemia, familial hypercholestefolemia, familial hypercholestetolemia, familial hypercholeste5olemia, familial hypercholeste4olemia, familial hypercholesterilemia, familial hypercholesterklemia, familial hypercholesterllemia, familial hypercholesterplemia, familial hypercholester0lemia, familial hypercholester9lemia, familial hypercholesterokemia, familial hypercholesteropemia, familial hypercholesterooemia, familial hypercholesterolwmia, familial hypercholesterolsmia, familial hypercholesteroldmia, familial hypercholesterolrmia, familial hypercholesterol4mia, familial hypercholesterol3mia, familial hypercholesterolenia, familial hypercholesterolekia, familial hypercholesterolejia, familial hypercholesterolemua, familial hypercholesterolemja, familial hypercholesterolemka, familial hypercholesterolemoa, familial hypercholesterolem9a, familial hypercholesterolem8a, familial hypercholesterolemiz, familial hypercholesterolemis, familial hypercholesterolemiw, familial hypercholesterolemiq, amilial hypercholesterolemia, fmilial hypercholesterolemia, failial hypercholesterolemia, famlial hypercholesterolemia, famiial hypercholesterolemia, familal hypercholesterolemia, familil hypercholesterolemia, familia hypercholesterolemia, familialhypercholesterolemia, familial ypercholesterolemia, familial hpercholesterolemia, familial hyercholesterolemia, familial hyprcholesterolemia, familial hypecholesterolemia, familial hyper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4981500775606083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2bfd097-3296-437c-a837-48b5a333af93>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.506907"}
{"text": ", familial hpercholesterolemia, familial hyercholesterolemia, familial hyprcholesterolemia, familial hypecholesterolemia, familial hyperholesterolemia, familial hypercolesterolemia, familial hyperchlesterolemia, familial hyperchoesterolemia, familial hypercholsterolemia, familial hypercholeterolemia, familial hypercholeserolemia, familial hypercholestrolemia, familial hypercholesteolemia, familial hypercholesterlemia, familial hypercholesteroemia, familial hypercholesterolmia, familial hypercholesteroleia, familial hypercholesterolema, familial hypercholesterolemi, afmilial hypercholesterolemia, fmailial hypercholesterolemia, faimlial hypercholesterolemia, famliial hypercholesterolemia, famiilal hypercholesterolemia, familail hypercholesterolemia, familila hypercholesterolemia, familia lhypercholesterolemia, familialh ypercholesterolemia, familial yhpercholesterolemia, familial hpyercholesterolemia, familial hyeprcholesterolemia, familial hyprecholesterolemia, familial hypecrholesterolemia, familial hyperhcolesterolemia, familial hypercohlesterolemia, familial hyperchloesterolemia, familial hyperchoelsterolemia, familial hypercholseterolemia, familial hypercholetserolemia, familial hypercholesetrolemia, familial hypercholestreolemia, familial hypercholesteorlemia, familial hypercholesterloemia, familial hypercholesteroelmia, familial hypercholesterolmeia, familial hypercholesteroleima, familial hypercholesterolemai, ffamilial hypercholesterolemia, faa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5369213532719511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2bfd097-3296-437c-a837-48b5a333af93>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.507660"}
{"text": "##lesteroelmia, familial hypercholesterolmeia, familial hypercholesteroleima, familial hypercholesterolemai, ffamilial hypercholesterolemia, faamilial hypercholesterolemia, fammilial hypercholesterolemia, famiilial hypercholesterolemia, famillial hypercholesterolemia, familiial hypercholesterolemia, familiaal hypercholesterolemia, familiall hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hhypercholesterolemia, familial hyypercholesterolemia, familial hyppercholesterolemia, familial hypeercholesterolemia, familial hyperrcholesterolemia, familial hyperccholesterolemia, familial hyperchholesterolemia, familial hyperchoolesterolemia, familial hyperchollesterolemia, familial hypercholeesterolemia, familial hypercholessterolemia, familial hypercholestterolemia, familial hypercholesteerolemia, familial hypercholesterrolemia, familial hypercholesteroolemia, familial hypercholesterollemia, familial hypercholesteroleemia, familial hypercholesterolemmia, familial hypercholesterolemiia, familial hypercholesterolemiaa, etc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5377967237751727, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:a2bfd097-3296-437c-a837-48b5a333af93>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.508371"}
{"text": "are you intimidated by computers? do you worry that computers might eventually take over everything? see what these textbook authors, computer scientists, have to say on the subject. although computer technology has become increasingly more sophisticated since this selection was written, the principles described in it remain as true today as when they were first written. 1 computers exist to benefit and assist people, not to replace them. computers cannot, for example, make emotional judgments, disobey instructions entered by humans, read people ' s minds, or replace interpersonal relationships. on the contrary, people must be extremely explicit in instructing a computer to perform even the simplest commands. what computers can do, however, is extremely helpful. they can - store data in vast amounts - process data quickly and accurately - simulate possible outcomes based on a given set of conditions - recommend or take action based on output 2 computers cannot be effective unless the people using them are able to identify the results they need and how to achieve those results. ultimately, computers are dependent upon people. 3 accordingly, people should not relinquish their decision - making responsibilities to computers. humans need to be on hand to interpret conditions reported by computers, particularly if medical treatment, national defense, air traffic control, or even loan processing is involved. nonprogrammable, human factors must complement computer read - outs for a complete and fair analysis. 4 at times computers may appear to make decisions. for example, in monitoring a refinery ( a site where substances such as oil are processed ), a computer might trigger a fire - extinguishing system. another computer, used for monitoring vital signs, might regulate the flow of oxygen to a patient. in both cases, however, although the computer initiates action, it does not make a decision. rather, the decisions of these process control systems were made by the human beings who programmed the machines to respond to a particular set of conditions. therefore, people must take complete responsibility for a computer ' s actions. they must anticipate all potential problems and direct computers to avoid them. 5 while computers may be able to enhance a person ' s capabilities, they can never adequately replace interpersonal relationships. even the most sophisticated computing machinery cannot supplant parent - to - child and teacher - to - student relationships. similarly, the rapport between physician and patient is essential for successful treatment. 6 people, then, are an integral part of any computer system that accepts input, processes it, and delivers output. people control computer systems through program design, by monitoring operations, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5001490672581905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1b25de49-b246-4a63-b902-3892e319d5cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.512118"}
{"text": "in 1927, the denver & salt lake railroad ( later merged with the denver & rio grande western ) completed the moffat tunnel in colorado. the six - mile bore eliminated the treacherous main line over rollins pass, providing a shorter route from the midwest to the salt lake basin. in the nineteenth century, denver had been bypassed by the union pacific, the first transcontinental railroad. while it grew to become the great city of the rocky mountain west, it had only roundabout lines westward across the mountains. after lengthy court battles and bruising political fights, david moffat was able to begin construction of the tunnel that bears his name. for three years, miners labored far beneath the blazing summer sun and frigid winter storms to carve a mainline railroad tunnel, through mostly solid rock, at an elevation of more than 9, 200 feet above sea level. when the miners broke through in february of 1927, they had managed to drive two working faces 32, 800 feet through the continental divide - and meet dead - on in the middle of the mountain. denver feted the men, holding a great parade and entertaining them at the cosmopolitan hotel. this was a symbolic triumph, for the 38 - mile dotsero cutoff linking the line west of the tunnel with the railroad to salt lake city would not be finished until 1934. but it opened the way for a far easier crossing of the rockies. the moffat tunnel today carries both amtrak and freight trains. read more about the history of railroads with these articles :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42398401379949685, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0b4ea5b0-9830-4a87-973a-75738d159648>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.513656"}
{"text": "guidelines for the implementation of section 504 of the rehabilitation act of 1973 the rehabilitation act of 1973 required that federal fund recipients make their programs and activities available to all individuals with disabilities. section 504 of the act protects persons from discrimination based on their disability status. a person is disabled within the definition of section 504 if he or she : - has a mental or physical impairment which substantially limits one or more of such person \u2019 s major life activites. - has a record of such impairments. - is regarded as having such an impairment. \u201c major life activities include functions such as caring for one \u2019 s self, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning and working. \u201d when a condition does not substantially limit a major life activity, the individual does not qualify under section 504. points to consider - services that are provided under section 504 are to occur within the regular classroom setting. - students that are suspected of having a disability that falls under section 504 will need to be evaluated by the district. - a group of educators ( preferably a student assistance team or group of educators that is familiar with the student ) must review the nature of the disability and how it affects the student \u2019 s education. - all decisions about section 504 eligibility and services must be documented in the student \u2019 s file and reviewed periodically. - although section 504 does not require school districts to develop an iep with annual goals and objectives, it is recommended that the school document the services and / or accommodations for each eligible section 504 student as provided. section 504 requires appropriate accommodations for student assistance and success. - procedures that have been outlined for the verification of students suspected of having a verified disability ( the student assistance process ) may also be used to evaluate students that are suspected of qualifying for services under section 504. it is important to remember that special education and section 504 programs are not combined, since section 504 services are provided within the regular classroom setting. parent rights afforded by section 504 of the rehabilitation act of 1973 the following is a description of the rights granted by federal law to qualifying students with disabilities. the intent of the law is to keep you fully informed concerning the decisions about your child and to inform you of your rights if you disagree with any of these decisions. you have the right to : - have your child take part in, and receive benefits from, public education programs without discrimination because of your child \u2019 s disability. - have the school district advise you of your rights under federal law.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44761032305012166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc09e165-f3cc-4cbf-a2f7-fb14564f2629>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.524518"}
{"text": "of these decisions. you have the right to : - have your child take part in, and receive benefits from, public education programs without discrimination because of your child \u2019 s disability. - have the school district advise you of your rights under federal law. - receive notice with respect to identification, evaluation or placement of your child. - have your child receive a free appropriate public education. - have your child receive services and be educated in facilities which are comparable to those provided to students without disabilities. - have your child receive an individualized evaluation and receive section 504 accommodations and related services if your child is found eligible under section 504. - have evaluation, eligibility, educational and placement decisions made based on a variety of information sources and by persons who know your child and who are knowledgeable about the evaluation data and placement options - have transportation provided to and from an alternative placement setting at no greater cost to you than would be incurred if your child were placed in a program operated by the school district. - have your child be given an equal opportunity to participate in nonacademic and extracurricular activities offered by the school district. - examine all relevant records relating to decisions regarding your child \u2019 s identification, evaluation and placement. - receive a response from the school district to reasonable requests for explanations and interpretations of your child \u2019 s records. - request amendment of your child \u2019 s educational records if there is reasonable cause to believe that they are inaccurate, misleading or otherwise in violation of the privacy rights of your child. if the school district refuses this request, it shall notify you within a reasonable time, and advise you of the right to a hearing. - file a local grievance in accordance with school policy. - request an impartial hearing related to decisions regarding your child \u2019 s identification, eligibility, and educational program or placement with opportunity for participation by the person \u2019 s parents or guardian and representation by counsel, and a review procedure. this is provided in the local grievance procedure. ( hearing requests are to be made to the department of student services ). for additional information \u2026 if you have additional questions, contact an administrator or counselor at your school or contact the office of student services at 436 - 1688. for additional information regarding the section 504 process download the following tri - fold leaflet :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44672445810910716, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:cc09e165-f3cc-4cbf-a2f7-fb14564f2629>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.526470"}
{"text": "niemann - pick disease is an inherited condition involving lipid metabolism ( the breakdown and use of fats and cholesterol in the body ) in which harmful amounts of lipids accumulate in the spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and brain. there are three variants of niemann - pick disease based on the genetic cause and the symptoms exhibited by the patient. all variants are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. mutations in the npc1, npc2, and smpd1 genes cause niemann - pick disease. this condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means two copies of the gene must be altered for a person to be affected by the disorder. most often, the parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are not affected but are carriers of one copy of the altered gene. if both parents are carriers, there is a one in four, or 25 %, chance with each pregnancy for an affected child. genetic counseling and genetic testing is recommended for families who may be carriers of niemann - pick. type c is characterized by onset in childhood, although infant and adult onsets are possible. other signs include severe liver disease, breathing difficulties, developmental delay, seizures, increased muscle tone ( dystonia ), lack of coordination, problems with feeding, and an inability to move the eyes vertically. people with this disorder can survive into adulthood. the incidence of niemann - pick disease, type c is estimated to be 1 in 150, 000 people. the disease occurs more frequently in people of french - acadian descent in nova scotia. mutations in either the npc1 or npc2 gene cause niemann - pick disease, type c. the npc1 gene produces a protein that is located in membranes inside the cell and is involved in the movement of cholesterol and lipids within cells. a deficiency of this protein leads to the abnormal build up of lipids and cholesterol within cell membranes. the molecular basis for this disease is extremely complex due to the role that endosome formation has on affected patients. recently, three theories have attempted to explain the buildup of cholesterol in the lysosomes of affected patients of niemann - pick disease type c due to the malfunction of the protein npc - 1. * the contention by neufel et al is that the buildup of mannose 6 - phosphate receptors ( mprs ) in the late endosome suggests that the retrograde breakdown of choles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4766949781499372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:848f18e6-c753-46a8-a83e-f0394dc38a3c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.532119"}
{"text": "egypt / politics / muhammad ' anwar ' as - sadat ( 1918 - 1981 ) president of egypt from 1970 to 1981. in the 1930 ' s, sadat as a military cadet. in 1946, during a trial accused for planned assassination of a politician. in 1977, addressing the knesset. in 1981, moments before the assassination. the assassination of sadat. sadat ' s background was military education. he was active in the dissident officer ' s actions of freeing egypt from british control, together with gamal abdel nasser. after becoming president in 1970, sadat set a new course independent from nasser, to the surprise of many. while nasser had oriented himself away from the west, and started cooperation closely with the soviet union, sadat sacked 20, 000 soviet military personnel within two year. the 1973 yom kippur war against israel was the first war of the middle east in which the arabs made great advances, israel needed us aid to fight back. the war did not give back control over the suez canal, which was very important aim for sadat, but it demonstrated that the arab military now had reached a level of equality with the israeli. all in all, the war was regarded as a victory for sadat, especially compared to the falling star of nasser in his last years at power. sadat ' s rising star on the arab sky, dropped to the ground in 1977, when he surprised the world by visiting israel. this visit was to a large degree motivated by the economic problems after many wars with israel. the visit would lead to the signing of the egyptian - israeli peace treaty in 1979. the treaty with israel isolated egypt in the arab world, and strong opposition was expressed from the islamists. 1918 december 25 : born in mit abu al - kawm, al - minufiyya into a poor family of 13 children. 1939 - 45 : active in egyptian resistance, twice arrested for cooperating with the germans. 1946 : put to trial for having planned to assassinate a politician, but was acquitted. 1952 july 23 : army coup led by nasser, against king faruk, in which sadat is a close partner. 1954 february : central in deposing of naguib. 1964 : sadat is appointed vice president. 1966 : steps down as vice president. 1969 : appointed vice president for the second time. 1970 october 15 : becomes president following the death of nasser. 1973 october 6 : in 1973 sadat was one of the instigators of the yom kippur war", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41320435557410545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:ea907ae9-b15a-4efd-b67f-fa4970a75fdc>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.539033"}
{"text": "peptic ulcer is a sore in the inner lining of the stomach or upper small ulcers form when the intestine or stomach ' s protective layer is broken down. when this happens, digestive juices \u2014 which contain hydrochloric acid and an enzyme called pepsin \u2014 can damage the intestine or stomach tissue. treatment cures most ulcers. and symptoms go away peptic ulcers that form in the stomach are called gastric ulcers. those that form in the upper small intestine are called duodenal ( say \" doo - uh - dee - nul \" or \" doo - aw - duh - nul \" ) ulcers. the two most common causes of peptic ulcers are : h. pylori and nsaids break down the stomach or intestine ' s protective mucus layer. different people have different symptoms, and some people have no symptoms at all. your doctor will ask you questions about your symptoms and your general health, and he or she will do a physical exam. your symptoms aren ' t severe and you are younger than 55, your doctor may do some simple tests ( using your blood, breath, or stool ) to look for signs of h. pylori infection. the only way for you and your doctor to know for sure if you have an ulcer is to do a more complicated test, called an endoscopy, to look for an ulcer and to test for h. pylori infection. an endoscopy allows the doctor to look inside your esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. an endoscopy is usually done by a gastroenterologist, a doctor who specializes in to treat peptic ulcers, most people need to take medicines that reduce the amount of acid in the stomach. if you have an h. pylori infection, you will also need to help speed the healing of your ulcer and prevent it from coming back if you quit smoking and limit alcohol. continued use of medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen may increase the chance of your ulcer coming ignoring symptoms of an ulcer is not a good idea. this condition needs to be treated. while symptoms can go away for a short time, you may still have an ulcer. left untreated, an ulcer can cause life - threatening problems. even with treatment, some ulcers may come back and may need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48142957532506814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab06e45-16fb-4a6c-b8a3-1e9b12c0d0cb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.549775"}
{"text": "be treated. while symptoms can go away for a short time, you may still have an ulcer. left untreated, an ulcer can cause life - threatening problems. even with treatment, some ulcers may come back and may need more learning about peptic ulcers : the two most common causes of peptic ulcers are : a rare cause of peptic ulcers is zollinger - ellison syndrome. in this condition, the stomach makes too much acid, damaging the stomach lining. although there is no evidence to prove that emotional or mental stress causes ulcers, it does seem to make ulcers worse in some people. but the connection is still controversial. common ulcer symptoms include : less common but more serious symptoms of ulcers symptoms of ulcers in the upper small intestine ( duodenal ulcers ) and in the stomach ( gastric ulcers ) are similar, except for when pain some ulcers don ' t cause symptoms. these are known as silent ulcers. silent ulcers are more common in : in children, symptoms vary with age : the symptoms of an ulcer often can be confused with other abdominal conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ). many people who have peptic ulcers may not see a doctor when their symptoms begin. their symptoms, such as belly pain, may come and go. even without treatment, some ulcers will heal by themselves. and even with treatment, ulcers sometimes come back. certain factors such as cigarette smoking and continued nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) increase the risk of ulcers coming back. ulcers can cause complications, such as bleeding, perforation, penetration, or obstruction. that ' s why it ' s important to treat an ulcer, even if you have one that isn ' t causing any symptoms. most peptic ulcers without complications heal, regardless of the cause. but an ulcer is likely to come back if you have an h. pylori infection that is not successfully treated. recurring ulcers caused by reinfection with h. pylori are not common in the united states, except in areas that are overcrowded or have poor ulcers in the stomach ( gastric ulcers ) often heal more slowly than ulcers in the upper small intestine the following things can increase your chance of getting a peptic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41290832470012173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab06e45-16fb-4a6c-b8a3-1e9b12c0d0cb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.550731"}
{"text": "in areas that are overcrowded or have poor ulcers in the stomach ( gastric ulcers ) often heal more slowly than ulcers in the upper small intestine the following things can increase your chance of getting a peptic ulcer and may slow the healing of an ulcer you already have : in the past, spicy foods, caffeine, and moderate amounts of alcohol were thought to increase ulcer risk. this is no longer believed to be some things that you cannot control may increase your risk of getting an ulcer. these if you have been diagnosed with peptic ulcer, call 911 or other emergency services immediately if you have : call your doctor or seek medical attention right away if you have : call your doctor if you have been diagnosed with a peptic if you have been diagnosed with a peptic ulcer and medical treatment is not helping, call your doctor. waiting until your symptoms get worse can be serious. if you don ' t know if you have a peptic ulcer and you don ' t have any of the emergency symptoms listed above, you may try taking an antacid or nonprescription acid reducer and other home treatment, such as making changes to your diet. to evaluate your symptoms, see your : if further testing or treatment is needed, you may need to see someone who specializes in the treatment of diseases of the digestive tract ( gastroenterologist ). if surgery is needed, your doctor may refer you to a general surgeon. but surgery is rarely needed to treat ulcers. to prepare for your appointment, see the topic making the most of your appointment. although not all peptic ulcers are caused by bacteria, it ' s getting more common to do a test for helicobacter pylori whenever someone has ulcer symptoms. this includes testing your blood, breath, stool, or a sample of tissue from your digestive tract ( biopsy ). an endoscopy may be done so that a if you are older than 55, you may need an endoscopy because of a higher risk for stomach cancer. this is especially true if you have : other tests that may be done include : left untreated, many ulcers eventually heal. but ulcers often recur if the cause of the ulcer is not eliminated or treated. if ulcers keep coming back, you have an increased risk of developing a serious complication, such as bleeding or a hole in the wall of your stomach or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38788952694761053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab06e45-16fb-4a6c-b8a3-1e9b12c0d0cb>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.551806"}
{"text": "caused by frequent use of aspirin or other nsaids include : you can get some h2 blockers and ppis without a prescription ( over the counter or otc ). if you are using otc acid reducers ( such as prilosec or pepcid ) to help with your symptoms for more than 10 to 14 days at a time, or if your symptoms are very bad, be sure to see your doctor. surgery is rare, but it is needed sometimes to treat : if surgery is suggested, you may want to : when surgery is done, it usually involves one or more of the following : the american college of gastroenterology is an organization of digestive disease specialists. the website contains information about common gastrointestinal problems. the american gastroenterological association is a society of doctors who specialize in the digestive system ( gastroenterologists ). this web site can help you find a gastroenterologist in your area. they also have patient information on many gastrointestinal diseases this clearinghouse is a service of the u. s. national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ), part of the u. s. national institutes of health. the clearinghouse answers questions ; develops, reviews, and sends out publications ; and coordinates information resources about digestive diseases. publications produced by the clearinghouse are reviewed carefully for scientific accuracy, content, and readability. other works consultedyang yx, et al. ( 2006 ). long - term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. jama, january 4, 2012 e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine & jerome b. simon, md, frcpc, facp - gastroenterology how this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4154515574655445, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:0ab06e45-16fb-4a6c-b8a3-1e9b12c0d0cb>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.554831"}
{"text": "august 7, 2003 : this hubble space telescope view of the core of one of the nearest globular star clusters, called ngc 6397, resembles a treasure chest of glittering jewels. the cluster is located 8, 200 light - years away in the constellation ara. here, the stars are jam - packed together. the stellar density is about a million times greater than in our sun ' s stellar neighborhood. the stars in ngc 6397 are also in constant motion, like a swarm of angry bees. the ancient stars are so crowded together that a few of them inevitably collide with each other once in a while. near misses are even more common. see the rest : the stellar density is about a million times greater than in our sun ' s stellar neighborhood. the stars are only a few light - weeks apart, while the nearest star to our sun is over four light - years away. the ancient stars are s o crowded together that a few of them inevitably collide with each other once in a while. near misses are even more common. even so, collisions only occur every few million years or so. that ' s thousands of collisions in the 14 - billion - year lifetime of the cluster. when direct collisions occur between two stars, they may merge to form a new star called a \" blue straggler \" ; these hot, bright, young stars stand out among the old stars that make up the vast majority of stars in a globular cluster. if two stars come close enough together without actually colliding, they may \" capture \" each other and become gravitationally bound. one type of binary that might form this way is a \" cataclysmic variable \" a pairing of a normal, hydrogen - burning star and a burned - out star called a white dwarf. in a binary system, the white dwarf will pull material off the surface of the normal star. this material encircles the wh ite dwarf in an \" accretion disk, \" and eventually falls onto it. the result of this accretion process is that cataclysmic variables are, as the name suggests, variable in brightness. the heat generated by the accreting material also generates unusual amounts of ultraviolet and blue light. to search for cataclysmic variables, the hubble program consisted of a series of 55 images of the cluster taken over a period of about 20 hours. most of the images were taken in ultraviolet and blue filters ; a few images were also taken at green and infrared wavelengths. by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5506926264579461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1be84b54-6e36-4154-80b6-3e6e571dd2e8>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.557732"}
{"text": "history of jain sects the jain religion is one of the oldest religions in the world. the jain religion was also known as shraman dharma, nirgranth dharma, etc. it is not an offshoot of any other religion but is an independent religion recognized by these various names during different time periods. it was has been taught by tirthankaras also called jina. a follower of a jina is called a jain and the religion followed by jains is called jainism. each tirthankara revitalizes the jain order. the jain order is known as the jain sangh. the current jain sangh was reestablished by lord mahvira, who was the 24th and last tirthankar of the current time period. the jain sangh is composed of the following four groups : 1 ) sdhus ( monks ) 2 ) sdhvis ( nuns ) 3 ) shrvaks ( male householders ) 4 ) shrviks ( female householders ) the first tirthankar of the current time period was lord rushabhdev, who is also known as dinth. names of other popular tirthankars are lord shntinth ( the 16th tirthankar ), lord nemnth ( the 22nd tirthankar ), lord prshwnth ( the 23rd tirthankar ), and lord mahvira ( 24th tithankar ). lord mahvira is the most popular tirthankar of our time. mahvira attained nirvn ( liberated from the worldly existence ) in 527 b. c. he had eleven ganadharas ( disciples ). nine ganadharas attained liberation ( salvation ) during the lifetime of lord mahvira, while aother two gautamswmi and sudharmswmi survived him. gautamswmi attained perfect knowledge and perfect perception and became arihant the very night of lord mahavira ' s nirvn. the remaining ganadhar, sudharmswmi, was the next to attain perfect knowledge and perfect perception and became arihant. jambuswmi, the disciple of sudharmswmi was the last arihant of the present half time cycle. after jambuswmi none attained perfect knowledge and the knowledge declined slowly as time went on. lord mahavira ' s teachings were carried on by his ganadharas to us in the form of scriptures ( agams ). they were compiled into twelve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4451717818765386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3dac98d-38a6-492b-abf9-a9cf5364c321>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.573683"}
{"text": "jambuswmi none attained perfect knowledge and the knowledge declined slowly as time went on. lord mahavira ' s teachings were carried on by his ganadharas to us in the form of scriptures ( agams ). they were compiled into twelve separate parts, known as the dwadashangi ( twelve parts ). these twelve compositions were acceptable to all followers. however, the dwadashangi were not put in writing for a long time. the jain pupils learned them by memorizing them. about 150 years after the nirvana of lord mahavira, there was a drought for 12 years. during this time, some monks along with bhadrabahuswami migrated to south. after the drought was over, some monks came back to north. they observed that there was some inconsistency in oral recollection of the jain scriptures by different monks. that made them to compile scriptures. to accomplish that, the first council ( conference ) of monks was held in patliputra about 160 years after lord mahaviras nirvana. monk bhadrabahu, who had the knowledge of all 12 angas, could not be present at that meeting. the rest of the monks could compile only the first eleven angas by recollection and thus, the twelfth anga was lost. the monks from the south did not agree with this compilation, and the first split in jainism started. jains divided into two main groups, svetmbaras and digambaras. svetmbara monks wore white clothes. digambara monks did not wore any clothes jain order had divided into two the digambara sect the svetambar sect the digambara sub - sects the digambara sect, in recent centuries, has been divided into the following sub - sects : taranapantha or samaiyapantha. the followers of bisapantha support the dharma - gurus, that is, religious authorities known as bhattarakas who are also the heads of jaina mathas, that is. religious monasteries. the bisapanthas, in their temples, worship the idols of tirthankaras and also the idols of ksetrapala, padmavati and other deities. they worship these idols with saffron, flowers, fruits, sweets, scented ' agara - battis ', i. e., incense sticks, etc. while performing these worships. the bisapanthis sit on the ground and do not stand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4913774081019707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3dac98d-38a6-492b-abf9-a9cf5364c321>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.574541"}
{"text": "idols with saffron, flowers, fruits, sweets, scented ' agara - battis ', i. e., incense sticks, etc. while performing these worships. the bisapanthis sit on the ground and do not stand. they perform arati, i. e., waving of lights over the idol, in the temple even at night and distribute prasada, i. e., sweet things offered to the idols. the bisapantha, according to some, is the original form of the digambara sect and today practically all digambara jainas from maharashtra, karnataka and south india and a large number of digambara jainas from rajasthan and gujarat are the followers of terapantha arose in north india in the year 1683 of the vikram era as a revolt against the domination and conduct of the bhattarakas. i. e. religious authorities, of the digambara jainas. as a result in this sub - sect, the institution of bhattarakas lost respect in north india, however in south india the bhattarakas continue to play an importent role. in their temples, the terapanthis install the idols of tirthankaras and not of ksetrapala, padmavati and other deities. further. they worship the idols not with flowers, fruits and other green vegetables ( known as sachitta things ), but with sacred rice called ' aksata ', cloves, sandal, almonds, dry coconuts, dates, etc. as a rule they do not perform arah or distribute prasada in their temples. again, while worshipping they stand and do not sit. from these differences with the bisapanthis it is clear that the terapanthis appear to be reformers. they are opposed to various religious practices. as according to them. these are not real jaina practices. the terapantha had performed a valuable task of rescuing the digambaras from the clutches of wayward bhattarakas and hence the terapanthis occupy a peculiar position in the digambara jaina community. the terapanthis are more numerous in uttar pradesh, rajasthan and madhya pradesh. it is pertinent to note that even though the name terapantha sub - sect appears both among the digambara and the svetambara sects. still the two terapanthis are entirely different from each other. while the digambara terapanthis believe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43648969405627563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3dac98d-38a6-492b-abf9-a9cf5364c321>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.575430"}
{"text": "though the name terapantha sub - sect appears both among the digambara and the svetambara sects. still the two terapanthis are entirely different from each other. while the digambara terapanthis believe in nudity and idol - worship, the svetambara terapanthis are quite opposed to both. the sub - sect taranapantha is known after its founder tarana - svami or tarana - tarana - svami ( 1448 - 1515 a. d. ). this sub - sect is also called samaiyapantha because its followers worship sarnaya, i. e., sacred books and not the idols. tarana - svami died at malharagarh, in former gwalior state in madhya pradesh, and this is the central place of pilgrimage of taranapanthis. the taranapanthis strongly refute idolatry but they have their own temples in which they keep their sacred books for worship. they do not offer articles like fruits and flowers at the time of worship. besides the sacred books of the digambaras, they also worship the fourteen sacred books written by their founder tarana - svami. further, taranapanthis give more importance to spiritual values and the study of sacred literature. that is why we find a complete absence of outward religious practices among them. moreover, tarana - svami ; was firmly against the caste - distinctions and in fact threw open the doors of his sub - sect even to muslims and low - caste people. these three main traits of the taranapanthis, namely, ( a ) the aversion to idol worship, ( b ) the absence of outward religious practices, and ( c ) the ban on caste distinctions, were evolved as a revolt against the religious beliefs and practices prevailing in the digambara jaina sect, and it appears that tarana - svami might have formulated these principles under the direct influence of islamic doctrines and the teachings of lonkashaha, the founder of the non - idolatrous sthanakvasi sub - sect of the svetambara sect. the taranapanthis are few in number and they are mostly confined to bundelkhand, malwa area of madhya pradesh and khandesh area of maharashtra. the gumanapantha is not so important and in fact very little is known about it. it is stated that this sub - sect was started by pandit gumani rama or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4337161119267768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3dac98d-38a6-492b-abf9-a9cf5364c321>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.576254"}
{"text": ", malwa area of madhya pradesh and khandesh area of maharashtra. the gumanapantha is not so important and in fact very little is known about it. it is stated that this sub - sect was started by pandit gumani rama or gumani rai, who was a son of pandit todaramal, a resident of jaipur in rajasthan. according to this pantha, lighting of candles or lamps in the jaina temples is strictly prohibited, because it regards this as a violation of the fundamental doctrine of jaina religion, viz., non - violence. they only visit and view the image in the temples and do not make any offerings to them. this pantha became famous in the name of shuddha amnaya, that is pure or sacred tradition, because its followers always stressed the purity of conduct and self - discipline and strict adherence to the precepts. gumanapantha originated in the 18th. century a. d. and flourished mainly during that century. it was prevalent in several parts of rajasthan, and it is found now in some areas of rajasthan the totapantha came into existence as a result of differences between the bisapantha and terapantha sub - sects. many sincere efforts were made to strike a compromise between the bisa ( i. e. twenty ) pantha and the tera ( i. e.. thirteen ) pantha and the outcome was sadhesolaha ( i. e., sixteen and a half ) - pantha or ' totapantha '. that is why the followers of sadheso! aha pantha or totapantha believe to some extent in the doctrines of bisapantha and to some extent in those of the totapanthis are extremely few in number and are found in some pockets in madhya pradesh. in connection with the account of the major and minor sub - sects prevailing among the digambara sect. it is worth while to note that in recent years in the digambara sect a new major sub - sect known as ' kanji - pantha ', consisting of the followers of kanji swami is being formed and is getting popular especially among the educated sections. saint kanji swami ( from whom the name kanji - pantha ' is derived ), a svetambara - sthanakvasi by birth, largely succeeded in popularizing the old sacred texts of the great digambara jaina saint acharya kunda - kunda of south india. but kan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41822891712134636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3dac98d-38a6-492b-abf9-a9cf5364c321>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.577071"}
{"text": "is derived ), a svetambara - sthanakvasi by birth, largely succeeded in popularizing the old sacred texts of the great digambara jaina saint acharya kunda - kunda of south india. but kanji swamis efforts, while interpreting acharya kunda kunda ' s writings, to give more prominence to nischaya - naya, that is, realistic point of view, in preference to vyavahara - naya, that is, practical view point, are not approved by the digambaras in general as they consider that both the view points are of equal importance. however, the influence of kanjipantha is steadily increasing and sonagarh town in gujarat and jaipur in rajasthan have become the centers of varied religious activities of the the svetambara sub - sects - like the digambara sect, the svetambara sect has also been split into three main sub - sects : the original stock of the svetambaras is known as murtipujaka svetambaras since they are the thorough worshippers of idols. they offer flowers, fruits, saffron, etc. to their idols and invariably adorn them with rich clothes and jeweled ornaments. their ascetics cover their mouth with strips of cloth while speaking, otherwise they keep them in their hands. they stay in temples or in the specially reserved buildings known as upasrayas. they collect food in their bowls from the sravakas or householders ' houses and eat at their place of stay. the murtipujaka sub - sect is also known by terms like ( i ) pujera ( worshippers ), ( ii ) deravasi ( temple residents ). ( iii ) chaityavasi ( temple residents ) and ( iv ) mandira - margi ( temple goers ) the murtipujaka svetambaras are found scattered all over india for business purposes in large urban centers, still they are concentrated mostly in gujarat. the sthanakvasi arose not directly from the svetambaras but as reformers of an older reforming sect, viz., the lonka sect of jainism. this lonka sect was founded in about 1474 a. d. by lonkashaha, a rich and well - read merchant of ahmedabad. the main principle of this sect was not to practice idol - worship. later on, some of the members of the lonka sect disapproved of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4356832178025173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3dac98d-38a6-492b-abf9-a9cf5364c321>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.577860"}
{"text": "d. by lonkashaha, a rich and well - read merchant of ahmedabad. the main principle of this sect was not to practice idol - worship. later on, some of the members of the lonka sect disapproved of the ways of life of their ascetics, declaring that they lived less strictly than mahavira would have wished. a lonka sect layman, viraji of surat, received initiation as a yati, i. e., an ascetic, and won great admiration on account of the strictness of his life. many people of the lonka sect joined this reformer and they took the name of sthanakvasi, meaning those who do not have their religious activities in temples but carry on their religious duties in places known as sthanakas which are like prayer - halls. the sthanakvasi are also called by terms as ( a ) dhundhiya ( searchers ) and ( b ) sadhumargi ( followers of sadhus, i. e., ascetics ). except on the crucial point of idol - worship, sthanakvasi do not differ much from other svetambara jainas and hence now - a - days they invariably call themselves as svetambara sthanakvasi. however, there are some differences between the sthanakvasi ; and the murtipujaka svetambaras in the observance of some religious practices. the sthanakvasi do not believe in idol - worship at all. as such they do not have temples but only sthanakas, that is, prayer halls, where they carry on their religious fasts, festivals, practices, prayers, discourses, etc. further, the ascetics of sthanakvasi cover their mouths with strips of cloth for all the time and they do not use the cloth of yellow or any other color ( of course, except white ). moreover, the sthanakvasi admit the authenticity of only 31 of the scriptures of svetambaras. furthermore, the sthanakvasi do not have faith in the places of pilgrimage and do not participate in the religious festivals of murtipujaka svetambaras. the svetambara sthanakvasi are also spread in different business centers in india but they are found mainly in gujarat, punjab, harayana and rajasthan. it is interesting to note that the two non - idolatrous sub - sects, viz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4198397999316736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3dac98d-38a6-492b-abf9-a9cf5364c321>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.578665"}
{"text": "bh1kkanaji laid stress on the 13 religious principles, namely, ( i ) five mahavratas ( great vows ), ( ii ) five samitis ( regulations ) and ( iii ) three guptis ( controls or restraints ), his sub - sect was known as the tera ( meaning thirteen ) - pantha sub - sect. in this connection it is interesting to note that two other interpretations have been given for the use of the term terapantha for the sub - sect. according to one account, it is mentioned that as there were only 13 monks and 13 laymen in the pantha when it was founded, it was called as tera ( meaning thirteen ) - pantha. sometimes another interpretation of the term terapantha is given by its followers. tera means yours and pantha means path ; in other words, it means, \" oh! lord mahavira! it is thy path \". the terapanthis are non - idolatrous and are very finely organized under the complete direction of one acharya, that is, religious head. in its history of little more than 200 years, the terapantha had a succession of only 9 acharyas from the founder acharya bhikkanaji as the first acharya to the present acharya tulasi as the 9th acharya. this practice of regulating the entire pantha by one acharya only has become a characteristic feature of the terapantha and an example for emulation by other panthas. it is noteworthy that all monks and nuns of the terapantha scrupulously follow the orders of their acharya, preach under his guidance and carry out all religious activities in accordance with his instructions. further, the terapantha regularly observes a remarkable festival known as maryada mahotasava. this distinctive festival is celebrated every year on the 7th day of the bright half of the month of magha when all ascetics and lay disciples, male and female, meet together at one predetermined place and discuss the various problems of terapanthis. the penance of terapanthis is considered to be very severe. the dress of terapanthi monks and nuns is akin to that of sthanakvasi monks and nuns. but there is a difference in the length of muhapatti, i. e., a piece of white cloth kept always on the mouth. the terapanthis believe that idol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4804634251464305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3dac98d-38a6-492b-abf9-a9cf5364c321>", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.580496"}
{"text": "to that of sthanakvasi monks and nuns. but there is a difference in the length of muhapatti, i. e., a piece of white cloth kept always on the mouth. the terapanthis believe that idolatry does not provide deliverance and attach importance to the practice of meditation. further, it may be stressed that the terapantha is known for its disciplined organization characterized by one acharya ( i. e., religious head ), one code of conduct and one line of thought. the terapanthis are considered reformists as they emphasize simplicity in religion. for example, the terapanthis do not even construct monasteries for their monks, who inhabit a part of the house which the householders build for themselves. recently their religious head, acharya tulasi, had started the anuvrata andolana, that is, the small vow movement. which attempts to utilize the spiritual doctrines of the jainas for moral uplift of the masses in india. the rise of terapantha is the last big schism in the svetambara sect and this pantha is becoming popular. the terapanthis are still limited in number and even though they are noticed in different cities in india, they are concentrated mainly in bikaner, jodhpur and mewar areas of rajasthan. sdhus ( monks ) and sdhvis ( nuns ) are people who have voluntarily given up their household lives and worldly affairs and have accepted the five major vows to uplift their souls on the spiritual path. they strictly follow the rules laid down for them. shrvaks and shrvikas, on the other hand, continue to lead worldly lives. they may observe in full or to a limited extent, twelve minor vows laid down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.464992950361364, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:f3dac98d-38a6-492b-abf9-a9cf5364c321>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.581255"}
{"text": "finding north jersey : exploring image and identity the thirteen counties of north jersey comprise a special geographic place. peopled with extraordinary achievers in business, professions, and the arts, most focus their attention on nearby manhattan. with a population of more than six million, north new jersey ( nnj ) would rank 100th among nations, alongside israel or laos ; its per capita income would rank nnj among the richest nations in the world. for all that, the region \u2019 s self - perception is confused and uncertain. common media images stress accounts of corruption, mob activity ( the sopranos ), or bad behavior ( jersey shore ) ; little is being done to counter that negativity. this project aims to produce alternatives by reviewing the history, debating alternatives, and promoting a healthier, more positive identity. image vs. identity image is how others perceive a person, entity, or community ; identity is how a person, organization, or city perceives and presents itself to others. to project a positive image requires conviction of a positive identity. what are the good things about nnj? why do people that live here tend to love it? when we fully understand that we can change the prevailing, uncomplimentary image. that would be very advantageous for attracting and retaining the talent and youth that will determine the prosperity and health of the region in the future. a major theme of the north jersey story is social change and transformation. the shifts from an agricultural to an industrial and then to a post - industrial economy occurred here more quickly than in most of the county. richard florida \u2019 s \u201c rise of the creative class \u201d ( 2002 ) illustrates the latest step in the process. educated, talented, and driven by goals of openness, collaboration, inclusiveness, and self - realization rather than materialism and competitiveness, the \u201c creative \u201d contingent appears to be less fully dedicated to the prevailing social - economic paradigm and more open to alternatives. this theory is compatible with david brooks \u2019 ( 2000 ) perceived \u201c bourgeois bohemians, \u201d a highly educated but mannerless new class of the children of the baby boomers. testing these theories in the thinking and reality of north jersey will be illustrative. the identity of a person, or a company, or town, or region, begins with fully understanding its history. what are the major events, personalities, and forces determining today \u2019 s situation? one must understand this before good plans can be made for how to proceed. discussions, surveys, and information gathering are a key to this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5095251073246932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:76da431a-4c7f-4bb8-8ebf-fb53089b0cfb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.584089"}
{"text": "it ' s been 3 days since she got the results, but tina still can ' t believe her pregnancy test came out positive. she can ' t get it off her mind. it feels like her whole life has changed. she knows she has to tell her parents. but she ' s not sure she ' s prepared for how they might react. confused? you ' re not alone if you ' ve just learned you ' re pregnant, you ' re not alone. you might feel confused, scared, or shocked by the news. you might think, \" this can ' t really be happening. \" you promise yourself you ' ll be so much more careful in the future. and you know you ' ll probably have to tell your parents. preparing to talk to parents no matter how close you are to your parents, you ' re going to wonder how they ' ll react. it ' s one thing if your parents realize you ' re having sex and they ' re ok with that. but it ' s another thing if they ' ve forbidden you to date or if having premarital sex is completely against their values and beliefs. most parents fall somewhere in the middle. for example, some parents have pretty liberal values but they ' re still shocked to learn their teen had sex. even parents who know their teens are having sex can still be disappointed or worried about their future. your parents ' personalities also play a part in how they ' ll react. some parents are easy to talk to or calmer in a crisis. some are more emotional, more easily stressed out, more likely to get upset or angry, to yell or cry, or express themselves loudly. most parents want to be supportive of a daughter who is pregnant ( or a son who got a girl pregnant ), even if they are angry or upset at first. but a few may react violently to the news and let anger get out of control. if you think your parents might fall into this category \u2014 for example, if they have a history of physical violence \u2014 read the section on \" protecting yourself \" at the end of this article. some parents don ' t show how they feel at first. they may take time to absorb the news. others react quickly and there ' s no mistaking how they feel. some will listen and be sensitive to your feelings. some parents will spring into action, taking charge and telling you what to do. think about how your parents have reacted to other situations. try to imagine how they might respond \u2014 but remember it ' s impossible to really know for sure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4347058992539734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24c55605-44c9-425c-bd5e-7962c92aea2b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.593282"}
{"text": "to your feelings. some parents will spring into action, taking charge and telling you what to do. think about how your parents have reacted to other situations. try to imagine how they might respond \u2014 but remember it ' s impossible to really know for sure. still, thinking about what to expect can help you feel prepared for the conversation you plan to have. first, find the words. you might say, \" i have something difficult to tell you. i found out that i ' m pregnant. \" then wait. allow your parents to absorb what you said. be prepared to deal with the reaction. what happens next? will your parents be angry, stressed, or emotional? will they lecture you? use harsh words? ask a ton of questions? it ' s good to think ahead about what you might do and how you may feel. for instance, if a parent yells, you ' ll want to be prepared so you can keep the conversation productive and resist any urge to yell back. of course, not every parent yells. many don ' t. even if parents have a strong reaction at first, most want to help their children. lots of teens are surprised at how supportive their parents turn out to be. it can help to tell your parents that you understand their feelings and point of view. saying things like, \" i know you ' re really mad, \" \" i know this isn ' t what you wanted for me, \" or, \" i know this isn ' t what you expected \" can help your parents be more understanding. the key is to be honest and speak from the heart. if you say what you think parents want to hear or make statements just to calm them, it might sound fake. give your parents time to speak without jumping in. listen to what they say. let them vent if they have to. tell them how you feel. part of your conversation might involve telling parents how you feel. for example, if you know you ' ve disappointed them and you feel sorry about it, say that. let them know if you feel disappointed in yourself, too. you might say, \" mom and dad, i know i ' ve disappointed you. i know you ' re upset. i ' m really sorry for putting you through this. i ' m disappointed in myself, too. \" share your fears and worries, such as, \" i ' m scared about how i ' m going to handle this, what my friends will think, and what it means about school. \" or, \" i can ' t believe this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.448633338301651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24c55605-44c9-425c-bd5e-7962c92aea2b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.594264"}
{"text": ". \" share your fears and worries, such as, \" i ' m scared about how i ' m going to handle this, what my friends will think, and what it means about school. \" or, \" i can ' t believe this is happening to me and i ' m not sure what to do. \" putting your feelings into words takes plenty of maturity and it ' s not easy to do. don ' t worry if the words don ' t come out perfectly or if you cry or get emotional as you ' re saying them. it can help to think about your feelings ahead of time. if you can ' t imagine expressing your feelings out loud, consider writing them down in a letter. if you need to, get help breaking the news. a visit to your doctor ' s office or a health clinic is a must \u2014 not just for your health, but to get more information and discuss the realities of your situation. you ' ll want to understand your choices and explore your feelings with an experienced professional. during your visit, the doctor, nurse, or health counselor also can help you think through how to tell your parents. if you want, they could even be there as you talk to your parents. now that you ' ve told your parents, you ' ll have some important decisions to make. talking decisions over with others can help. sometimes parents \u2014 including your boyfriend ' s parents \u2014 can offer a new angle or ideas. whatever you decide, it needs to be what you want, not what someone else wants you to do. that ' s especially true if you think most of the child - raising will fall to you. it ' s a big job. becoming a teen parent affects your education, job, and financial future \u2014 and often your boyfriend ' s too. over half of teen pregnancies end with the birth of the baby. some teens decide to keep the baby. others let someone adopt the child. some teen pregnancies end in miscarriage, and about one third end in abortion. talking about your options isn ' t easy, especially if none of them is what you had in mind. some families need the help of a counselor to talk about this difficult and complicated situation in a way that lets everyone be respected and heard. it ' s more than just breaking the news talking to a parent about your pregnancy takes more than just one conversation. in the coming months, you ' ll probably have many different feelings all at once. sometimes, you might feel shock and disbelief. other times, you may be scared or worried", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45285141049312005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24c55605-44c9-425c-bd5e-7962c92aea2b>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.595414"}
{"text": "news talking to a parent about your pregnancy takes more than just one conversation. in the coming months, you ' ll probably have many different feelings all at once. sometimes, you might feel shock and disbelief. other times, you may be scared or worried. you may feel sad, guilty, or angry at yourself. at times, you might also feel excited and happy. some days you might be ready for what ' s ahead. other days, you may feel totally unprepared and confused. you ' ll have many emotions to sort through and it will take time. it helps if you can talk to a parent about all these thoughts and feelings. to some parents, the news that you ' re having a baby will feel like a terrible crisis. depending on their beliefs, cultural values, or personalities, parents might feel shame, guilt, or embarrassment. they might feel angry and assign blame. sometimes parents scream, yell, and use putdowns. in some cases, anger can get out of control. you know your parent and you know your situation. if you need to tell your parents you ' re pregnant but think they might react in a way that could hurt you, have someone else with you when you tell them. if you ' re concerned about your safety, get advice. a teen health clinic, such as planned parenthood, or a teen pregnancy hotline can guide you and steer you toward resources to support you. of course, most parents won ' t react with extreme anger. the thing to remember is every parent is different and you know yours best. when parents have your back talking to parents whenever you can is a good way to sort through the many feelings and issues that arise. in the best of situations, parents can help you make important decisions and support your choices. they can be a source of guidance and encouragement. sometimes a difficult situation brings people closer and strengthens their bonds. sometimes, however unexpectedly, a difficult situation can help a family discover unconditional love, support, kindness, forgiveness, acceptance, teamwork, and optimism.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44446552737639333, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:24c55605-44c9-425c-bd5e-7962c92aea2b>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.596228"}
{"text": "don ' t you love swimming in a cool, blue pool? splashing around in that clear water, floating like a lily pad, swimming like a shark. but imagine if the water wasn ' t clear or clean. what if it was filled with leaves, dirt, hair, and drowned bugs? yeeech! you ' d be one unhappy shark. you ' d probably want to clean it out before diving in. and you ' d want to make sure the pool has a filter that removes the dirt, leaves, and other uninvited guests. the kidneys and what they do that ' s kind of what your kidneys do for you. your kidneys are fist - sized organs, shaped like beans. they ' re below your ribs, toward the back. when waste that ' s left over from breaking down food and your body ' s other activities naturally builds up in your blood, your kidneys act like a filter to clean waste from your blood. then they mix the waste with a little water. that ' s what urine is \u2014 body waste mixed in water. the urine goes to your bladder, which you empty when you pee. goodbye, waste! when kidneys don ' t work right in addition to removing wastes from your bloodstream, the kidneys also make and regulate hormones and other chemicals in your body. when the kidneys aren ' t working correctly, your body can develop several problems, including : body aches and pains anemia ( say : uh - nee - mee - uh ), a problem in which the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood is too low what is dialysis? when someone ' s kidneys can no longer do their job and can ' t get better, a person has chronic kidney disease. a doctor might say the kidneys are failing. this means they are not working well and the person may need help. the person may be losing weight or feeling tired and sick. a medical treatment called dialysis ( say : dye - al - ih - sis ) can take over the job of filtering your blood. through dialysis, a person is hooked up to an artificial filtering system that removes waste from the blood. not that many people younger than 19 receive dialysis \u2014 about 2, 300 young people in the united states do. there are two dialysis methods : hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. hemodialysis ( say : hee - mo - dye - al - ih - sis ) uses a filtering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48442680583867365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af859c39-857a-4078-8dbc-b954d39bfb14>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.600056"}
{"text": "young people in the united states do. there are two dialysis methods : hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. hemodialysis ( say : hee - mo - dye - al - ih - sis ) uses a filtering machine to remove waste and extra fluid from your blood. in the second type, called peritoneal ( say : per - uh - tuh - nee - ul ) dialysis, the actual filtering is done by the lining of the person ' s belly! kids who need dialysis are most likely to get this type. with hemodialysis, the person ' s blood travels through tubes to the machine \u2014 called a dialyzer ( say : dye - uh - lye - zer ) \u2014 which removes extra fluids and waste. once the blood is cleaned, the machine sends it back to the person through another tube. this process typically takes about 4 hours and has to be done three times each week in a dialysis clinic. some clinics will train people so that they can perform their treatments at home. the most commonly used type of peritoneal dialysis for kids, called continuous cyclic dialysis, uses a machine to put a cleansing solution called dialysate ( say : dye - al - ih - sate ) in the person ' s belly, usually eight to 12 times each night. as blood flows naturally through the blood vessels in the belly, extra fluid and waste products in the blood seep out into the dialysate in the belly. meanwhile, the dialysate cleanses the blood and rebalances the blood ' s chemistry. after about an hour, the machine drains the dialysate from the belly. some kids can sleep through dialysis. others might find it uncomfortable and inconvenient, so a different type of peritoneal dialysis might be used. the good news is that afterward, body fluid levels are balanced and waste is gone. in some cases, a kid can get a new kidney. this is called a transplant, which means receiving an organ from another person ' s body. this operation can be a big help to kids with kidney disease because after the surgery they may no longer need dialysis treatments. but kids who need dialysis can benefit from improving technology. improvements to dialysis machines mean that the machines are smaller and that receiving dialysis is getting easier. this makes it easier for kids with kidney failure to do everyday things and enjoy activities, just like other kids. one doctor puts it this way to kids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4490786678023964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:af859c39-857a-4078-8dbc-b954d39bfb14>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.601014"}
{"text": "scabies ( pronounced : skay - beez ) is a common skin infestation of tiny mites called sarcoptes scabiei. the mites burrow into the top layer of human skin to lay their eggs, causing small itchy bumps and blisters. someone with scabies might notice a bumpy red rash. occasionally, raised wavy lines where the mites have burrowed may appear, especially on the inner part of the wrist or between the fingers or toes. how do people get scabies? scabies is contagious from person to person. scabies mites ( so tiny they need a microscope to be seen ) are usually transmitted by prolonged skin - to - skin contact ( especially among family members ) and also by sexual partners. mites can live for about 2 to 3 days in clothing, bedding, or dust, making it possible to catch scabies from people who share the same infected bed, linens, or towels. scabies spreads more easily in crowded conditions \u2014 like within a household, childcare centers, and college dorms \u2014 where people tend to be in close contact with each other. it may take up to 4 to 6 weeks after infection for symptoms to appear in a person who ' s never had scabies before. in people who have had scabies previously, symptoms may appear in just a few days. what are the signs and symptoms? the most common symptom of scabies is severe itching, which may be worse at night or after a hot bath. a scabies infection begins as small, itchy bumps, blisters, or pus - filled bumps that break when you scratch them. itchy skin may become thick, scaly, scabbed, and crisscrossed with scratch marks. the itching is due to a reaction of your body to the mite and / or its feces and eggs. the areas of the body most commonly affected by scabies are the hands and feet ( especially the webs of skin between the fingers and toes ), the inner part of the wrists, and the folds under the arms. it may also affect other areas of the body, particularly the elbows and the areas around the breasts, genitals, navel, and buttocks. if a person with scabies scratches the itchy areas of skin, it increases the chance that the injured skin will also be infected by bacteria. impetigo, a bacterial skin infection,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4649311924280632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40ee05be-2753-4f5c-a02f-850aac76836c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.606145"}
{"text": "genitals, navel, and buttocks. if a person with scabies scratches the itchy areas of skin, it increases the chance that the injured skin will also be infected by bacteria. impetigo, a bacterial skin infection, may occur in skin that is already affected by scabies. scabies infections need to be treated by a doctor. call your doctor or dermatologist any time you have a skin itch that will not go away, especially if the itch is worse at night and seems to center around the wrists or the webbed part of the fingers. if your doctor suspects you have scabies, he or she may scrape a small part of the affected skin and examine the scrapings under a microscope for signs of scabies mites. doctors treat scabies by prescribing a medicated cream or lotion. the cream will need to be applied all over the body ( except the face, eyes, and mouth ), and usually must remain on the skin for 8 to 12 hours before it can be washed off. after applying it, don ' t wash your hands \u2014 scabies mites love the area between the fingers! most often, the treatment needs to be repeated in 1 week. because scabies can be sexually transmitted, sexually active teens with scabies should be examined for other sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ), too. any sexual partners will also need to be treated for scabies. since scabies is highly contagious and can cause re - infestations, the other members of your household should also be treated for scabies, even if they have no symptoms. if you develop a bacterial skin infection such as impetigo in addition to the scabies infection, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics and, to treat the itching, antihistamines. the itching can, however, last for a few weeks even if you no longer have scabies. if you still have a lot of itching after the infection has resolved, the doctor may prescribe a topical steroid cream like hydrocortisone. such a steroid cream should only be used if recommended by your doctor because certain infections can become worse with its use. you can return to school or work the day after the treatment is complete. can i avoid getting scabies? practicing good hygiene is the best way to prevent getting scabies. take showers or baths daily ; wash your hands frequently, especially before eating ; and wear clean", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41050811444656965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:40ee05be-2753-4f5c-a02f-850aac76836c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.607042"}
{"text": "sooner or later, many families face the prospect of moving. disruptive as moving can be for parents, the experience can be even more traumatic for kids, who may not be a part of the decision to move and might not understand it. kids can need some time and special attention during the transition. try these tips to make the process less stressful for everyone. making the decision to move many kids thrive on familiarity and routine. so as you consider a move, weigh the benefits of that change against the comfort that established surroundings, school, and social life give your kids. if your family has recently dealt with a major life change, such as divorce or death, you may want to postpone a move, if possible, to give kids time to adjust. the decision to move may be out of your hands, perhaps due to a job transfer or financial issues. even if you ' re not happy about the move, try to maintain a positive attitude about it. during times of transition, a parent ' s moods and attitudes can greatly affect kids, who may be looking for reassurance. discussing the move with kids no matter what the circumstances, the most important way to prepare kids to move is to talk about it. try to give them as much information about the move as soon as possible. answer questions completely and truthfully, and be receptive to both positive and negative reactions. even if the move means an improvement in family life, kids don ' t always understand that and may be focused on the frightening aspects of the change. involving kids in the planning as much as possible makes them feel like participants in the house - hunting process or the search for a new school. this can make the change feel less like it ' s being forced on them. if you ' re moving across town, try to take your kids to visit the new house ( or see it being built ) and explore the new neighborhood. for distant moves, provide as much information as you can about the new home, city, and state ( or country ). access the internet to learn about the community. learn where kids can participate in favorite activities. see if a relative, friend, or even a real estate agent can take pictures of the new house and new school for your child. kids younger than 6 may be the easiest to move, as they have a limited capacity to understand the changes involved. still, your guidance is crucial. here are ways to ease the transition for young kids : keep explanations clear and simple. use a story to explain the move, or use toy trucks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43005717595687654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9a20bbf-348a-4672-b55c-53de6fa4a8d3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.611391"}
{"text": "move, as they have a limited capacity to understand the changes involved. still, your guidance is crucial. here are ways to ease the transition for young kids : keep explanations clear and simple. use a story to explain the move, or use toy trucks and furniture to act it out. when you pack your toddler ' s toys in boxes, make sure to explain that you aren ' t throwing them away. if your new home is nearby and vacant, go there to visit before the move and take a few toys over each time. hold off on getting rid of your child ' s old bedroom furniture, which may provide a sense of comfort in the new house. it might even be a good idea to arrange furniture in a similar way in the new bedroom. avoid making other big changes during the move, like toilet training or advancing a toddler to a bed from a crib. arrange for your toddler or preschooler to stay with a babysitter on moving day. moving with school - age kids kids in elementary school may be relatively open to a move, but still need serious consideration and help throughout the transition. there are two schools of thought about \" the right time to move. \" some experts say that summer is the best time because it avoids disrupting the school year. others say that midyear is better because a child can meet other kids right away. to avoid glitches that would add stress, gather any information the new school will need to process the transfer. that may include the most recent report card or transcript, birth certificate, and medical records. it ' s common for teens to actively rebel against a move. your teen has probably invested considerable energy in a particular social group and might be involved in a romantic relationship. a move may mean that your teen will miss a long - awaited event, like a prom. it ' s particularly important to let teens know that you want to hear their concerns and that you respect them. while blanket assurances may sound dismissive, it ' s legitimate to suggest that the move can serve as rehearsal for future changes, like college or a new job. however, also be sure to let them know that you hear their concerns. after the move, consider planning a visit back to the old neighborhood, if it ' s feasible. also, see if if the teen can return for events like prom or homecoming. if you ' re moving midway through a school year, you might want to consider letting an older teen stay in the old location with a friend or relative, if that ' s an option", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42544471451990395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:b9a20bbf-348a-4672-b55c-53de6fa4a8d3>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.612497"}
{"text": "follicle stimulating hormone ( fsh ) is produced by the pituitary gland, a pea - sized gland near the brain that plays an important role in sexual development. an fsh test measures the level of this hormone in the bloodstream. in kids, fsh levels are normally low. as puberty approaches ( usually between ages 10 and 14 ), the brain produces gonadotropin - releasing hormone ( gnrh ), which starts the changes toward sexual maturity. gnrh signals the pituitary gland to release two more puberty hormones into the bloodstream : fsh and luteinizing hormone ( lh ). doctors often order a test for lh when ordering a blood test for fsh. in boys, fsh and lh work together to get the testes to begin producing testosterone, the hormone responsible for the physical changes of puberty and the production of sperm. in girls, fsh and lh prompt the ovaries to begin producing the hormone estrogen, which causes a girl ' s body to mature and prepares her for menstruation. because fsh and lh work so closely with each other, doctors often order these tests together, as well tests for testosterone ( the male sex hormone ) and estradiol ( a form of estrogen, the female sex hormone ). taken together, the results can often provide a more complete picture of a child ' s sexual maturation. why it ' s done doctors may order an fsh test if a boy or girl appears to be entering puberty earlier or later than expected. high levels are associated with precocious ( early ) puberty, while low levels may indicate a delay in sexual development. the test may also be used to check for damage or disease of the testes or ovaries, pituitary gland, or hypothalamus, an almond - sized area of the brain that links the nervous system with the hormone - producing endocrine system. in adults, fsh levels can also help doctors evaluate fertility issues and menstrual problems. no special preparations are needed for this test. it may help to have your child wear a short - sleeve shirt on the day of the test to allow easier access for the technician who will be drawing the blood. a health professional will clean the skin surface with antiseptic, and place an elastic band ( tourniquet ) around the upper arm to apply pressure and cause the vein to swell with blood. then a needle is inserted into a vein (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5042852374580988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91b77d9e-70ed-4c6a-8f24-6ea560d9e09b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.616117"}
{"text": "blood. a health professional will clean the skin surface with antiseptic, and place an elastic band ( tourniquet ) around the upper arm to apply pressure and cause the vein to swell with blood. then a needle is inserted into a vein ( usually in the arm inside of the elbow or on the back of the hand ) and blood is withdrawn and collected in a vial or syringe. after the procedure, the elastic band is removed. once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed and the area is covered with cotton or a bandage to stop the bleeding. collecting the blood for this test will only take a few minutes. what to expect collecting a sample of blood is only temporarily uncomfortable and can feel like a quick pinprick. afterward, there may be some mild bruising, which should go away in a few days. the blood sample will be processed by a machine. the results usually are available after a day or two. the fsh test is considered a safe procedure. however, as with many medical tests, some problems can occur with having blood drawn : fainting or feeling lightheaded hematoma ( blood accumulating under the skin causing a lump or bruise ) pain associated with multiple punctures to locate a vein helping your child having a blood test is relatively painless. still, many children are afraid of needles. explaining the test in terms your child can understand might help ease some of the fear. allow your child to ask the technician any questions he or she might have. tell your child to try to relax and stay still during the procedure, as tensing muscles and moving can make it harder and more painful to draw blood. it also may help if your child looks away when the needle is being inserted into the skin. if you have questions if you have questions about the fsh test, speak with your doctor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45884852520631814, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:91b77d9e-70ed-4c6a-8f24-6ea560d9e09b>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.616847"}
{"text": "fri march 1, 2013 researchers connect rats ' minds via internet an experiment that used rats to create a \" brain - to - brain interface \" shows that instructions can be transferred between animals via electronic signals and the internet, according to scientists who studied how rats can use brain implants to share problem - solving information. the research could be used to create \" novel types of social interaction and for biological computing devices, \" lead scientist miguel nicolelis of duke university writes in his summary of the study, published in scientific reports. in the study, researchers trained rats to perform simple tasks to receive a reward based on either visual or physical stimuli. scientists then implanted microelectrodes in the brains of the animals, which were split into \" encoder \" and \" decoder \" groups. in one experiment, rats were shown a single light that indicated which of two levers to press for a drink of water. when it performed the task, signals were sent to another rat ' s brain in an identical cage, where the animal was shown two lights and two levers. the \" decoding \" rats were able to make the right choice more than 60 percent of the time. a similar test was conducted using an \" encoder \" rat in brazil, paired with a \" decoder \" rat in durham, n. c., via an internet connection. the \" rat mind - meld \" experiment has met with some skepticism. for instance, neuroscientist bijan pesaran of new york university tells wired that he ' d \" really be impressed \" if the rats learned how to achieve a better success rate. a similar idea occurs to university of pittsburgh neurobiologist andrew schwartz, who tells science writer ed yong, \" although this may sound like ' mental telemetry ', it was a very simple demonstration of binary detection and binary decision - making. \" that ' s not quite the same, he says, as a continuous mind - to - mind connection. if that thought makes you worry that rats might someday use the technology to work against humankind, professor christopher james, from britain ' s university of warwick, says you can relax. \" we are far from a scenario of well - networked rats around the world uniting to take us over, the stimulation is crude and specific, \" he tells the daily mail. the lead researcher, nicolelis, tells ed yong that he ' s working to link together the brains of more than two animals \u2014 and that he ' ll soon begin experimenting with monkeys, which could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5795063503313307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:174eadf7-e40f-4e55-bd10-88345a3b3963>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.619744"}
{"text": "pub. date : 2008 | online pub. date : april 25, 2008 | doi : 10. 4135 / 9781412963893 | print isbn : 9781412958783 | online isbn : 9781412963893 | publisher : sage publications, inc. about this encyclopedia gordon p. rands & pamela rands environmental defense ( ed ), an environmental advocacy group headquartered in new york, began when a group of scientists teamed up with a lawyer, went to court, won a battle to ban the pesticide ddt, and incorporated as the environmental defense fund in 1967. environmental defense now prefers to work creatively, without confrontation, for solutions to environmental challenges, the most serious of which it views as global warming, \u201c through partnership with powerful market leaders. \u201d ed prides itself on having on staff \u201c more ph. d. scientists and economists than any similar group \u201d and is noted for its \u201c rigorous scientific approach. \u201d it seeks not only to oppose policies that it deems detrimental to the environment, but also to propose workable, innovative alternatives. in 2007, environmental defense was a founder and organizer of the u. s. climate action partnership ( uscap ), a coalition of environmental organizations and corporations advocating legislative action to address global warming. most of...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4784003269848618, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:37f83397-698f-4dbb-8ba8-1b9a1c17124e>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.621693"}
{"text": "men fail, real men learn from it! transform others \u2019 work into your success. this week a recruit questioned one of the revolutionary figures we honor in our work. rather than dwell on the certain flaws, our focus will always be to choose the virtue in history. great works meet with near universal approval. it generally goes unquestioned that some works stand as examples of man \u2019 s potential. think of works as varied as \u201c starry night, \u201d \u201c beethoven \u2019 s 5th, \u201d \u201c the pieta, \u201d or the \u201c cathedral at notre dame. \u201d we carefully examine the application of van gogh \u2019 s close and deliberate lines, beethoven \u2019 s ominous knock of fate \u2019 s four notes at the door, michelangelo \u2019 s chiseling of the lamentation in marble, or the centuries \u2013 long creation of the gothic cathedral beneath montparnasse. we lift our eyes and bend our ears to discern the greatness of the work. there is value in measuring the producers of these works in greater depth. we can learn from examining their flaws, many, or few, but when we focus on the grandeur of the works they crafted we find inspiration. when we evaluate the works we can even find partial blueprints to build greatness in our own endeavors. we often value a person \u2019 s labor by comparing it to the impact it has on society. the great works often provide a basis for much comity among societies. the art of good governing and great engineering is no less challenging or worthy of our appreciation than a great piece of music or an oil painting. it is in this light we seek to uplift the great artwork of this country. the art takes the form of the declaration of independence, the brooklyn bridge, the light bulb, or the incredible exploits of courage and exploration. each artist passes to us from history complete with flaws. they leave legacies as great artists and as imperfect men. we can hold them accountable for their flaws, based mainly on our opinions. but, rule 48 says, when \u201c \u2026 you reprove another be unblameable yourself. \u201d at 16 george washington wrote 110 rules of civility. this civility towards others then becomes a virtue. thomas aquinas said in his \u2018 summa theologica \u2019 that virtue is not a habit. tom concluded that we exercise virtue, indicating choice and free will. we must choose to exercise our virtue and find things to emulate in our passed artists. so instead of seeing haym salomon as a crown loyalist while interpreting for the hess", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49402893767076056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1da98752-2129-4bde-a96f-6bfad6d7fc6d>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.625389"}
{"text": ". tom concluded that we exercise virtue, indicating choice and free will. we must choose to exercise our virtue and find things to emulate in our passed artists. so instead of seeing haym salomon as a crown loyalist while interpreting for the hessians, we study his clandestine work as a sons of liberty spy who was captured, tortured and carried under the pretense of his own death to his escape. from philadelphia, he raised money and loaned it, along with his personal wealth to robert morris and the us government. he helped fund the revolution and later when peals of the liberty bell echoed throughout philadelphia men hailed him as a hero. at 22, a week after general cornwallis surrendered in yorktown noah webster opened a school. it closed three months later. noah failed as a lawyer, a teacher, and a businessman first. than he completed his revolutionary works of education that culminated with his 1828 dictionary. his work was profound due, in part, to his efforts to standardize grammar and spelling in the new world. we can compare it, in some respects, to charlemagne \u2019 s attempt to encourage literacy through standards. beforecharlemagnetherewerenospacesbetweenwords, and befour webster meny of our werds had awful and varyus spellings, with which to contend. accounts of how great works came to be inspire us to persevere through challenges. discerning minds attribute failure and success properly and learn from each. maybe we find it easier reduce some great men by only seeing their failures. sam clemens used a somewhat cynical puddn \u2019 head to say \u201c few things are as annoying to put up with as a good example. \u201d we at the underground movement like to lift our eyes to great works and good examples americans left to us. we hope to find our own ways to use their blueprints to build our own legacies. in this, we choose to be revolutionary.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5253580722964388, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1da98752-2129-4bde-a96f-6bfad6d7fc6d>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.626205"}
{"text": "common laboratory tests most utis are detected by performing a urinalysis and then confirmed with a urine culture. if there are pathogenic bacteria present, then susceptibility testing is done to make sure that the antibiotic that the doctor chooses will effectively treat the microorganism causing the infection. - urinalysis. a clean catch ( midstream ) sample collection is important to minimize sample contamination. white blood cells ( wbc, leukocytes ), red blood cells ( rbc ), nitrites, and bacteria in the urinalysis may indicate a uti. - urine culture. urine is streaked on a thin layer of nutrient gel ( agar plate ), then incubated for 24 - 48 hours. any bacteria that grow on the agar are counted and identified. usually, if a person has a uti, there will be a high colony count of one type of bacterium that will be present. if there are three or more types of bacteria present ( or, in a woman, if there are vaginal bacteria such as lactobacillus or diphtheroids ), then it is considered to be a contaminated sample and no further work is done on the culture. a repeat sample may need to be submitted if the person ' s symptoms persist. if there is a predominant growth of one type of bacterium present in high number, then susceptibility testing is done ( sometimes the doctor may refer to it as \" sensitivity \" testing ). the ability of different antibiotics to inhibit the growth of the bacteria in a test tube or on an agar plate helps predict which antibiotics are likely to be effective treatments. follow - up laboratory tests if a doctor suspects that a uti may have spread into the bloodstream, the doctor may order a blood culture. if a doctor suspects that a person ' s symptoms may be due to a sexually transmitted disease, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, then the doctor may test for one or more stds. - blood culture. two samples of blood are taken to look for any bacteria in the blood, which is normally sterile. the blood samples are incubated in a broth medium at body temperature and examined at regular intervals for bacterial growth. when a person is septic from a urinary tract infection, the same microorganism is found in both the blood and the urine cultures. susceptibility testing will provide information on which antibiotic is likely to eradicate the pathogen from both the blood and the urine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47844868364305615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07e5c46d-7d0f-4a6f-9e6c-7c6e729b3ff4>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.629899"}
{"text": "urinary tract infection, the same microorganism is found in both the blood and the urine cultures. susceptibility testing will provide information on which antibiotic is likely to eradicate the pathogen from both the blood and the urine. imaging scans and special x - rays may be used to look for anatomical problems and / or signs of an underlying disease or condition. if a person has recurrent or chronic utis, one or more of the following procedures may be ordered. each gives the doctor different information. - kidney and bladder ultrasound \u2013 uses sound waves to determine the structures of the bladder and the kidney ; they can be seen as light and shadowed areas. - voiding cystourethrogram ( vcug ) \u2013 an x - ray test that examines the urethra and bladder while the bladder fills and empties - nuclear scans \u2013 several types may be used to examine the function and shape of the bladder and kidneys. for each scan type, a radioactive dye is injected into a vein. the dye is carried to the bladder and kidney, allowing the visualization of any structural abnormalities. - cystoscopy \u2013 a flexible tube about the diameter of a straw is threaded up the urethra and into the bladder. it allows a doctor to look at the surface of the inside of urethra and bladder. it can help identify blockages and abnormalities. if a stone is present, other instruments can be inserted up through the cystoscope that may allow a stone to be removed or broken into smaller pieces with a laser. the crushing of these stones is called lithotripsy. urine and tissue sample can also be taken using the cystoscope. - intravenous pyelogram ( ivp ) \u2013 used to look at the whole urinary tract. an opaque dye is injected into a vein, then travels to the kidney and bladder. a series of x - rays are taken, which may reveal obstructions or structural abnormalities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5187726561748909, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:07e5c46d-7d0f-4a6f-9e6c-7c6e729b3ff4>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.630722"}
{"text": "canadian language benchmarks ( version 2000 ) the canadian language benchmarks 2000 : english as a second language for adults provides a set of descriptors of what learners can do with english at various levels, expressed as 12 benchmarks for each of the four skill areas : listening, speaking, reading and writing. the purpose of the clb is to describe accurately where the learner ' s ability to use english places him or her within the national descriptive framework of communicative language. the clb describe a personis ability to use the english language to accomplish a set of tasks at 12 benchmark levels, in four language skill areas : each benchmark contains : - a global performance, or a short benchmark performance profile - four selected competencies in social interaction, instructions, suasion and information - examples of communication tasks that may be used to demonstrate the required standard of proficiency clb 2000 : chart overview the following table illustrates how similar competencies require increasing complexity of performance across the three stages of proficiency. competency : reading instructional texts follow very simple short everyday instructions in a predictable context. | follow short common instructions and instructional texts. | | follow extensive, very complex | and / or specialized instructions and instructional texts. follow one - step instructions in educational materials in a classroom situation ( e. g., print, copy, circle and underline, fill in, check and draw ). explain / convey to someone health and safety warnings and instructions for use that are printed on chemical product labels ( e. g., on dishwasher detergent containers ). read selected personnel policy regulations and instructions, and apply the information to a specific case study situation. | competency : writing recording information | | copy words and phrases to record short information for personal use. | reproduce and record simple to medium complexity information for various purposes ( e. g., notes, summaries, main points and other formats ). select and reproduce very complex information from multiple sources in a variety of appropriate formats. copy information from an appointment note into a calendar ( e. g., name, address, time ). | take point - form notes from onepage written text or from a 10 - to 15 - minute oral presentation on a practical topic. | write an article or paper for a public forum, presenting a synthesis or overview of an area of knowledge, based on multiple pieces of research or other publications. note : competencies and tasks are only samples indicative of the range of a personis language ability at a particular benchmark level.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4798335139153631, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:033dcc5d-b9b5-4741-9701-9ee972a22f6b>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.633189"}
{"text": "veterans day 2010, the history and obama ' s words to future veterans serving in korea veterans day didn ' t start out that way. originally, which was 91 years ago, it was called armistice day to mark the official cessation of hostilities in world war i, a. k. a. the great war until that time. that ceasefire came on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month in 1918. ( see photo below of u. s. troops in france waiting out literally the last two minutes of world war i. ) the actual peace treaty, the treaty of versailles, wasn ' t signed until the following june 28. but that ensuing first fall of peace, president woodrow wilson proclaimed nov. 11 armistice day, a time for prayer, thanksgiving and appreciation for the sacrifices of those lost. parades and civic observances were involved, but normal business was to cease only for a few minutes around the armistice time. nineteen years later congress turned nov. 11 into a federal holiday, primarily to.... not coincidentally, president obama, fresh from an overnight stop in his childhood homeland of indonesia, spoke ( full text, as usual, below ) to about 1, 400 american troops and guests in korea. he talked about the enduring u. s. and korean military and political alliance - - never mind the trouble getting an enhanced bilateral trade agreement. as sen. john mccain, himself a veteran, awkwardly noted during the 2008 presidential campaign, the u. s. continues to maintain about 28, 000 troops on that divided peninsula. in fact, nearly 60 years after fighting ceased in that lumpy land, there still is no formal peace treaty. somehow, if you can imagine such a thing, the original meaning of veterans ( armistice ) day got lost in the burning desire of u. s. federal employees to get another three - day weekend. so as with the inconvenient birthdays of presidents washington and lincoln, veterans day was observed on a nearby monday. however, it turns out this twisting of the honored day for the convenience of modern - day folks offended many people. so in 1975, president ford, whose july 14 birthday is celebrated in france as bastille day, signed legislation mandating that veterans day be celebrated on the actual nov. 11, whatever darned day of the week it is. president obama appropriately marked veterans day this year on thursday, nov. 11, in korea, which was actually wednesday, nov. 10, back home. - - andrew malcolm whatever the day, click here to follow the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3965292598063562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:089bc9c5-2897-4fbf-a713-217c89bfbeac>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.643732"}
{"text": "day of the week it is. president obama appropriately marked veterans day this year on thursday, nov. 11, in korea, which was actually wednesday, nov. 10, back home. - - andrew malcolm whatever the day, click here to follow the ticket via twitter alerts of each new ticket item. or follow us @ latimestot. our facebook like page is over here. we ' re also available on kindle now. use the retweet buttons below to share this item with family and friends. hello, yongsan! let \u2019 s give another round of applause to army specialist courtney newby. thank you for that introduction, and thank you for your service. i also want to thank our outstanding representatives here in the republic of korea : ambassador kathleen stephens and general skip sharp. congressman peter roskam from the great state of illinois is here with us today. and our great friend and ally from the republic of korea is here, general jung. it is an honor to be here at yongsan garrison. as president of the united states, i have no greater privilege than serving as commander - in - chief of the finest military the world has ever known. and on this veterans \u2019 day, there \u2019 s no place i \u2019 d rather be than right here with u. s. forces korea. we \u2019 ve got the 8th army in the house. we \u2019 ve got members of the 7th air force. we \u2019 ve got u. s. navy forces korea. we \u2019 ve got just about every marine in south korea here today. and we \u2019 ve got a whole lot of dod civilians, too. it \u2019 s also good to see some spouses and family members in the audience. you bear the burdens of your loved one \u2019 s service in ways that are often immeasurable \u2013 an empty chair at the dinner table or another holiday when mom or dad is some place far away. so i want you to know that this nation recognizes your sacrifice, and we are grateful for your service, too. on this day, we honor every man and woman who has ever worn the uniform of the united states of america. we salute fallen heroes, and keep in our prayers those who are still in harm \u2019 s way \u2013 like the men and women serving in iraq and afghanistan. we recall acts of uncommon bravery and selflessness, but we also remember that honoring those who \u2019 ve served is about more than the words we say on veterans \u2019 day or memorial day. it \u2019 s about how we treat our veterans every single day of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39460354698427846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:089bc9c5-2897-4fbf-a713-217c89bfbeac>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.644740"}
{"text": "we recall acts of uncommon bravery and selflessness, but we also remember that honoring those who \u2019 ve served is about more than the words we say on veterans \u2019 day or memorial day. it \u2019 s about how we treat our veterans every single day of the year. it \u2019 s about making sure they have the care they need and the benefits they have earned. it \u2019 s about serving all of you as well as you \u2019 ve served the united states of america. this has been one of my highest priorities since taking office. it \u2019 s why i asked for one of the largest increases in the va budget in the past thirty years. it \u2019 s why we \u2019 ve dramatically increased funding for veterans \u2019 health care. it \u2019 s why we \u2019 re improving care for wounded warriors, especially those with post - traumatic stress and traumatic brain injury. it \u2019 s why we \u2019 re working to eliminate the backlog at the va and reforming the entire process with electronic claims and medical records. it \u2019 s why there are fewer homeless veterans on the streets than there were two years ago, and why there are nearly 400, 000 veterans and their families who are going to college because of the post - 9 / 11 gi bill. so i want all of you to know that when you come home, your country will be there be for you. that is the commitment i make as your commander - in - chief. that is the sacred trust between the united states of america and all who defend its ideals. it \u2019 s a trust that \u2019 s been forged in places far from our shores : from the beaches of europe to the jungles of vietnam ; from the deserts of iraq and the mountains of afghanistan to the peninsula where we stand today. sixty years have come and gone since the communist armies first crossed the 38th parallel. within three days, they had captured seoul. by the end of the next month, they had driven the korean army all the way south, to pusan. and from where things stood in the summer of 1950, it didn \u2019 t appear that the republic of korea would survive much longer. at the time, many americans had probably never heard of korea. and it had only been five years since we finished fighting the last war. but we knew that if we allowed the unprovoked invasion of a free nation, all free nations would be threatened. and so, for the first time since its creation, the united nations voted to use armed force to repel the attack from north korea. on september 15th, 1950, american forces landed at inchon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3985934646163441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:089bc9c5-2897-4fbf-a713-217c89bfbeac>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.645745"}
{"text": "free nation, all free nations would be threatened. and so, for the first time since its creation, the united nations voted to use armed force to repel the attack from north korea. on september 15th, 1950, american forces landed at inchon. the conditions they fought under were some of the worst that americans had ever experienced. the temperature reached more than thirty below in the winter and over one hundred degrees in the summer. in many places, americans and our korean allies were outgunned and outmanned, sometimes by as much as 20 to 1. at one point, they were hit with 24, 000 artillery shells a day. by the end, the fighting had sometimes devolved into trench warfare, waged on hands and knees in the middle of the night. and still, our soldiers fought on. nearly 37, 000 americans would give their lives in korea. but after three years of fighting, our forces finally succeeded in driving the invading armies back over the 38th parallel. one war historian said that while he believed korea was \u201c the greatest of all trials \u201d for american troops, their performance was \u201c nothing short of miraculous. \u201d many of the men responsible for this miracle were only teenagers. others had just finished fighting in the second world war. most would go home to raise their families and live out their lives. and sixty - two veterans of the korean war have returned to be with us today. gentlemen, we are honored by your presence. we are grateful for your service. and the world is better off because of what you did here. and for those who can, i would ask you to stand and accept the thanks of a grateful nation. i also want to recognize the korean soldiers who battled side by side with our own. these men fought bravely and sacrificed greatly for their country, and some of them have joined us here as well. thank you, friends. katchi kapshida. we go together. the veterans who have traveled here today saw battle at the inchon landing and the pusan perimeter. you survived the bloodshed at heartbreak ridge and the ambush at the chosin reservoir. at one point in that battle, the enemy tossed a grenade into a trench where multiple marines lay wounded. that \u2019 s when private hector cafferata, ran into that trench, picked up that grenade, and threw it back. it detonated in his hand, severely injuring his arm. but because of what he did, private cafferata saved the lives of his fellow marines. he received the medal of honor for his heroism,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4411174206253244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:089bc9c5-2897-4fbf-a713-217c89bfbeac>", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.646683"}
{"text": "picked up that grenade, and threw it back. it detonated in his hand, severely injuring his arm. but because of what he did, private cafferata saved the lives of his fellow marines. he received the medal of honor for his heroism, and he is here with us today. so many of you served your nation with such courage and commitment. you left your homes and your families and you risked your lives in what has often been called \u201c the forgotten war. \u201d well today, i want you to know this : we remember. we remember your courage. we remember your sacrifice. and the legacy of your service lives on in a free and prosperous republic of korea. real change comes slowly, and many people don \u2019 t live to see the difference they \u2019 ve made in the lives of others. for the men and women who have served on this peninsula, all you have to do is look around. whether you \u2019 re a veteran who landed in 1950 or one of the troops at yongsan today, the security you \u2019 ve provided has made possible one of the greatest success stories of our time. there are koreans today who can still remember when this country was little more than rice paddies and villages that would flood during monsoon season. not two generations later, highways and skyscrapers line the horizon of one of the fastest - growing, most prosperous democracies in all the world \u2013 progress that has transformed the lives of millions. one of these people is a man who went from grinding poverty to the presidency of this country. when i visited last year, president lee shared with me his story of what it was like to grow up poor as a child in korea. and he said, \u201c i hope the american people understand how grateful we are for what you \u2019 ve done, because we would not be the extraordinarily strong, prosperous nation we are were it not for the sacrifices made by the men and women of the united states military. \u201d because the korean war ended where it began geographically, some used the phrase \u201c die for a tie \u201d to describe the sacrifice of those who fought here. but as we look around at this thriving democracy and its grateful, hopeful citizens, one thing is clear : this was no tie. this was a victory. it was a victory then, and it is a victory today. sixty years later, a friendship that was forged in war has become an alliance that has led to greater security and untold progress \u2013 not only in the republic of korea, but throughout asia. and that is something for everyone here to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3994560297762659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:089bc9c5-2897-4fbf-a713-217c89bfbeac>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.647628"}
{"text": "victory today. sixty years later, a friendship that was forged in war has become an alliance that has led to greater security and untold progress \u2013 not only in the republic of korea, but throughout asia. and that is something for everyone here to be extraordinarily proud of. but it is also a reminder of what still lies on the other side of the 38th parallel. today, the korean peninsula provides the world \u2019 s clearest contrast between a society that is open and one that is closed ; between a nation that is dynamic and growing, and a government that would rather starve its people than change. it \u2019 s a contrast so stark you can see it from space, as the brilliant lights of seoul give way to utter darkness in the north. this is not an accident of history. it is a direct result of the path that has been taken by north korea \u2013 a path of confrontation and provocation ; one that includes the pursuit of nuclear weapons and the attack on the cheonan last march. in the wake of this aggression, pyongyang should not be mistaken : the united states will never waver in our commitment to the security of the republic of korea. the alliance between our two nations has never been stronger, and along the with the rest of the world, we have made it clear that north korea \u2019 s continued pursuit of nuclear weapons will only lead to more isolation and less security. but there is another path available to north korea. if they choose to fulfill their international obligations and commitments to the international community, they will have the chance to offer their people lives of growing opportunity instead of crushing poverty \u2013 a future of greater security and greater respect ; a future that includes the prosperity and opportunity available to citizens on this end of the korean peninsula. until that day comes, the world can take comfort in knowing that the men and women of the u. s. armed forces are standing watch on freedom \u2019 s frontier. in doing so, you carry on the legacy of service and sacrifice we saw from those who landed here all those years ago \u2013 a legacy we honor and cherish on this veterans \u2019 day. at the korean war memorial in washington, there is a plaque right near the inscription that lists the number of americans who were killed, wounded, mission in action, and held as prisoners of war. it says \u201c our nation honors her sons and daughters who answered the call to defend a country they never knew and a people they never met. \u201d a country they never knew and a people they never met. i know of no better", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4902064239947501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:089bc9c5-2897-4fbf-a713-217c89bfbeac>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.648633"}
{"text": "march 10, 2006 secret of the bees an article by fontaine, et al., published earlier this year in plos biology provided the first experimental evidence that the persistence of a plant community can be affected by a loss of diversity of its pollinating fauna. pollinator / plant diversity the full text is found below. functional diversity of plant \u2013 pollinator interaction webs enhances the persistence of plant communities 1 umr 7618 : biogeochimie et ecologie des milieux continentaux ( bioemco ), ecole normale superieure, paris, france, 2 umr 7625 : fonctionnement et evolution des systemes ecologiques, ecole normale superieure, paris, france, 3 department of biology, mcgill university, montreal, quebec, canada pollination is exclusively or mainly animal mediated for 70 % to 90 % of angiosperm species. thus, pollinators provide an essential ecosystem service to humankind. however, the impact of human - induced biodiversity loss on the functioning of plant \u2013 pollinator interactions has not been tested experimentally. to understand how plant communities respond to diversity changes in their pollinating fauna, we manipulated the functional diversity of both plants and pollinators under natural conditions. increasing the functional diversity of both plants and pollinators led to the recruitment of more diverse plant communities. after two years the plant communities pollinated by the most functionally diverse pollinator assemblage contained about 50 % more plant species than did plant communities pollinated by less - diverse pollinator assemblages. moreover, the positive effect of functional diversity was explained by a complementarity between functional groups of pollinators and plants. thus, the functional diversity of pollination networks may be critical to ecosystem sustainability. received : may 23, 2005 ; accepted : october 11, 2005 ; published : december 13, 2005 copyright : \u00a9 2006 fontaine et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. abbreviations : a, syrphid group ; anova, analysis of variance ; b, bumble bee group ; c, combined ( syrphid and bumble bee ) group ; df, degrees of freedom ; group 1, open flower ; group 2, tubular flower ; group 3, combined ( open and tubular ) flower ; se, standard error * to whom correspondence should be addressed. e -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5264734796559619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2218c14d-72e9-46ce-8b2a-10894e2fe1e2>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.670092"}
{"text": "bumble bee ) group ; df, degrees of freedom ; group 1, open flower ; group 2, tubular flower ; group 3, combined ( open and tubular ) flower ; se, standard error * to whom correspondence should be addressed. e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org citation : fontaine c, dajoz i, meriguet j, loreau m ( 2006 ) functional diversity of plant \u2013 pollinator interaction webs enhances the persistence of plant communities. plos biol 4 ( 1 ) : e1 understanding the consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem functioning and services is currently a major aim of ecology [ 1, 2 ]. animal - mediated pollination is one of the essential ecosystem services provided to humankind [ 3, 4 ]. the negative impact of pollinator decline on the reproductive success of flowering plants has been documented at the species level [ 5 \u2013 7 ], but little information is available at the community level. increasing the scale of study to the community level is essential to account for potential competitive or facilitative effects among species that belong to the plant \u2013 pollinator network. such effects, which are often linked to diversity [ 9, 10 ], are known to have large influences on ecological processes such as community productivity and stability [ 11, 12 ]. experimental evidence for diversity effects on the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems is mainly available for plants. as primary producers, plants play a central role in the flow of energy within ecosystems [ 13, 14 ]. animal - pollinated angiosperms represent up to 70 % of plant species in numerous communities and ecosystems. mutualistic interactions between animals and plants form several intricate interaction webs. recent analysis of plant \u2013 pollinator and plant \u2013 frugivore interaction webs demonstrates that these contain a continuum from fully specialist to fully generalist species [ 17, 18 ]. however, these networks are structured in a nested way [ 19, 20 ], with specialists mainly interacting with generalists. such a pattern might have important consequences for ecosystem functioning, because it might confer resilience to perturbations such as the extinction of species if, for example, generalist pollinators buffer the loss of specialist pollinators [ 18, 22 \u2013 24 ]. furthermore, this hypothesis does not take into account the dynamical properties of these networks. in a plant \u2013 pollinator community, variations in species diversity at different trophic levels may lead to an adaptation of interaction strengths, which may in turn affect the total effectiveness of pollination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5162979749732994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2218c14d-72e9-46ce-8b2a-10894e2fe1e2>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.672487"}
{"text": "not take into account the dynamical properties of these networks. in a plant \u2013 pollinator community, variations in species diversity at different trophic levels may lead to an adaptation of interaction strengths, which may in turn affect the total effectiveness of pollination. we conclude that more information is urgently needed concerning the impacts of biodiversity loss on multispecies and multitrophic interactions. to experimentally test the effect of functional diversity on the functioning and persistence of plant \u2013 pollinator communities, we defined functional groups of plants and pollinators based on morphological traits. for plants, two functional groups with three species each were defined according to accessibility of floral rewards ( pollen and nectar ; see figure 1 ). the first group ( group 1 ) included matricaria officinalis, erodium cicutarium, and raphanus raphanistrum, which have easily accessible floral rewards and will be called \u201c open flowers. \u201d the second group ( group 2 ), called \u201c tubular flowers, \u201d included mimulus guttatus, medicago sativa, and lotus corniculatus, all of which present floral rewards hidden at the bottom of a tubular corolla. for pollinators, two functional groups were defined according to mouthparts length ( figure 1 ). the first group ( group a ) included three species of syrphid flies ( diptera ) with short mouthparts : saephoria sp., episyrphus balteatus, and eristalis tenax. the second group ( group b ) included three species of bumble bees with longer mouthparts : bombus terrestris, b, pascuorum, and b, lapidarius. note that in this case a functional trait ( long mouthparts ) and a phylogenetic group are confounded. preliminary observations showed that these six insect species contribute up to 70 % of all pollinating visits to flowers in our study area in france. constructing a plant \u2013 pollinator network with these four functional groups leads to a nested structure with specialists interacting with generalists ( figure 1, third column ). in principle, syrphid flies cannot efficiently pollinate tubular flowers because their mouthparts are too short. figure 1. experimental pollination web summary of the characteristics upon which functional groups of pollinators ( left ) and plants ( right ) were based. in the middle, the arrows linking insect heads to flower types show the theoretical pollination network when all functional groups are present. at the beginning of spring 2003, we set up 36 4 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5196443361210639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2218c14d-72e9-46ce-8b2a-10894e2fe1e2>", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.674472"}
{"text": "was a higher fruit production in bumble bee \u2013 pollinated communities than in those pollinated by syrphids. moreover, the breakdown of the interaction of pollination and plant treatments into the orthogonal contrasts a1 versus b1 and a2 versus b2 indicates that the two plant functional groups responded differently to the identity of the pollinator functional group. tubular 3 flowers ( group 2 ) produced significantly fewer fruits in the syrphid treatment, whereas open flowers ( group 1 ) produced the same amount of fruits whatever the identity of the pollinator functional group ( figure 2a ). this supports our hypothesis that bumble bees were able to pollinate both plant functional groups whereas syrphids could only efficiently pollinate open flowers. although the functional diversity of plant or pollinator treatment alone had no significant effect, fruit production tended to increase with both plant and pollinator functional diversity ( contrast [ a1 + a2 + b1 + b2 ] versus c3 ; figure 2b ). figure 2. effects of pollinator identity and diversity on plant reproductive success the left panels show the effects of pollinator guild identity ( s indicates syrphid flies, b indicates bumble bees ) on the reproductive success of the two plant guilds ( open circle indicates open - flowers [ group 1 ], closed circle indicates tubular - flowers [ group 2 ] ). reproductive success was measured by ( a ) the standardized number of fruits per plant and ( b ) the standardized number of seeds per fruit. the right panels show the effects of the functional diversity of pollination treatments ( triangle ), plant treatment ( inverted triangle ) and both ( diamond ) on the standardized numbers of fruits per plant ( c ) and seeds per fruit ( d ). lines connecting symbols indicate significant effects ( solid indicates p < 0. 001, dashed indicates p < 0. 08 ). error bars represent one standard error. see table 1 for statistical analysis. table 1. analysis of plant reproductive success with respect to seed set per fruit, the interaction between plant and pollination treatment was marginally significant ( table 1, right ). as with fruit production, the contrasts a1 versus b1 and a2 versus b2 indicate that the two plant functional groups responded differently to pollinator functional group identity. the pattern, however, was different : open flowers produced significantly fewer seeds per fruit in the bumble bee treatment than in the syrphid treatment ( figure 2c ). this means that bumblebees were less - efficient pollinators than syrphids for open flowers. this could be due to the higher rate of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5183744484346371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2218c14d-72e9-46ce-8b2a-10894e2fe1e2>", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.676756"}
{"text": "the bumble bee treatment than in the syrphid treatment ( figure 2c ). this means that bumblebees were less - efficient pollinators than syrphids for open flowers. this could be due to the higher rate of geitonogamous visits ( i. e., consecutive visits to different flowers of the same plant, resulting in self - fertilization ) by bumblebees. indeed, preliminary observations using a similar experimental design showed that bumble bees perform a higher percentage of geitonogamous visits than do syrphids ( i. dajoz, unpublished data ). finally, the mean number of seeds per fruit in the plant communities tended to increase with functional diversity of pollination treatments ( contrast [ a + b ] versus c ; figure 2d ). effects on natural recruitment we analysed the long - term effects of our pollination treatments on the natural recruitment of our experimental plant treatments after the first and second pollination seasons. the results are presented in table 2. there was a significant effect of year on recruitment richness with a higher richness after the second pollination season ( mean \u00b1 se : 1. 916 \u00b1 0. 075 in 2004, and 2. 291 \u00b1 0. 0856 in 2005 ). among the possible causes was a severe drought in 2003, which likely affected both plant and insect populations. such a drought did not occur in 2004. this difference in climate between years may account for a large part of the year effect. table 2. analysis of plant recruitment richness and density recruitment richness was significantly different among plant treatments, with fewer species recruiting in tubular communities ( figure 3 ). this is very likely due to two perennial species ( whereas all species are annuals in the other group ) which may have different reproductive traits and create differences in competitive intensity among the plant treatments. there was a significant effect of pollination treatment, with a higher recruitment richness when both groups of pollinators were present ( means \u00b1 se : syrphid 1. 854 \u00b1 0. 973, bumble bee 2. 052 \u00b1 0. 826, and both 2. 406 \u00b1 1. 062 ). however, as suggested by the significant interaction between plant and pollination treatments, the pattern was more complex ( figure 3a ). in fact, pollination treatments had no effect on recruitment richness in open - flower plant treatment ( figure 3a, left ). in the tubular - flower plant treatment, recruitment in the syrphid fly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5095525681780102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2218c14d-72e9-46ce-8b2a-10894e2fe1e2>", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.678204"}
{"text": "pattern was more complex ( figure 3a ). in fact, pollination treatments had no effect on recruitment richness in open - flower plant treatment ( figure 3a, left ). in the tubular - flower plant treatment, recruitment in the syrphid fly treatment tended to be lower than in the other pollination treatments ( figure 3a, centre ). but the positive effect of pollinator functional diversity was obvious in the plant treatment that contained both plant functional groups ( figure 3a, right ). in the mixed plant treatment, recruitment richness under the most functionally diverse pollination treatment was substantially above that in the two other treatments. figure 3. effects of pollination treatments on plant recruitment effects of pollination by syrphid flies ( s ), bumble bees ( b ), or both ( s + b ) on ( a ) recruitment richness ( mean number of plant species present as seedlings in a quadrat ) and ( b ) recruitment density ( mean number of plant individuals present as seedlings in a quadrat ) in the various plant treatments. error bars represent one standard error. lower - case letters indicate statistically significant differences among pollination treatments within a plant treatment ( bonferroni - adjusted t - test, p < 0. 05 ). considering recruitment density, there was also a significant effect of year, with a higher density after the second pollination season ( mean \u00b1 se : 26. 784 \u00b1 2. 324 in 2004 and 31. 319 \u00b1 1. 937 in 2005 ), and a significant effect of plant treatment, with fewer individuals recruiting in tubular communities ( figure 3b, centre ). these year and plant - treatment effects can be explained in the same way as for recruitment richness ( see above ). there was also a significant effect of pollination treatment, with a lower recruitment density when plant communities were pollinated by syrphid flies alone ( means \u00b1 se : syrphids : 24. 104 \u00b1 20. 464, bumble bees : 34. 364 \u00b1 32. 781, and both 28. 688 \u00b1 21. 459 ). this is congruent with our results on the number of fruits produced per plant ( see table 1, contrast a versus b ). as for recruitment richness, there was a significant interaction between plant and pollination treatments ( figure 3b ). in the open - flower plant treatment, recruitment density was not significantly different among pollination treatments ( figure 3b, left ). but in the tubular - flower plant treatment, recruitment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5077775139635982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2218c14d-72e9-46ce-8b2a-10894e2fe1e2>", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.679181"}
{"text": "significant interaction between plant and pollination treatments ( figure 3b ). in the open - flower plant treatment, recruitment density was not significantly different among pollination treatments ( figure 3b, left ). but in the tubular - flower plant treatment, recruitment density was significantly higher in the bumble bee treatment than in the other pollination treatments ( figure 3b, centre ). finally, in the mixed plant treatment, the same pattern as for recruitment richness was observed : there was a higher density in the mixed pollination treatment than in single - guild pollination treatments ( figure 3b, right ). note that these results on natural recruitment are not an artefact caused by sampling small quadrats in heterogeneous experimental plots since the same patterns were observed when data from all quadrats in a plot were pooled. pollination visitation web in the mixed plant treatment to explain the strong effect of pollinator functional diversity on the persistence of mixed plant communities, we carried out a log - linear analysis on the visitation rate of each insect species in a given pollination treatment, for the six plant species of the mixed plant treatment. data from the year 2003 are illustrated in figure 4, and the results of the analysis on both years are presented in table 3. in the second year, there was a significant effect of plant functional group identity : tubular flowers received a higher number of visits than did open flowers ( mean visitation frequency \u00b1 se : for open flowers 0. 236 \u00b1 0. 097 and for tubular flowers 0. 763 \u00b1 0. 097 ). this is very likely due to the two well - established perennial species, which produced a more attractive floral display during the second year of the experiment. for the two years of the experiment, there was a significant interaction between plant functional group and pollinator functional group. this indicates that the two pollinator functional groups were specialised on different plant functional groups ( mean visitation frequency \u00b1 se on open flowers and tubular flowers, respectively : in 2003, for bumble bees 0. 128 \u00b1 0. 058 and 0. 433 \u00b1 0. 075 ; for syrphids 0. 327 \u00b1 0. 043 and 0. 113 \u00b1 0. 052 ; in 2004, for bumble bees 0. 01 \u00b1 0. 005 and 0. 58 \u00b1 0. 075 ; for syrphids 0. 23 \u00b1 0. 055 and 0. 18 \u00b1 0. 087 ). syrphids mainly visited open flowers whereas bumble bees preferentially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.514931717623659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2218c14d-72e9-46ce-8b2a-10894e2fe1e2>", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.680157"}
{"text": "]. to our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence that the persistence of a plant community can be affected by a loss of diversity of its pollinating fauna. of course, our experimental communities differed from natural ones in several respects. among other things, the interaction networks we studied were much simpler than those occurring in nature ; in particular, they contained fewer species in each trophic level. but such simplifications from natural situations are often necessary to carry out controlled experiments. in plant communities that contained only open flowers, plants produced fewer seeds per fruit in the bumblebee treatment than in the syrphid treatment ( figure 2c ), but this was compensated by a sufficiently high fruit production, leading to a richness and density of natural recruitment that was similar to the other pollination treatments ( figure 3a and 3b left ). thus, in these communities, all pollination treatments were equally effective in the long term. in plant communities that contained only tubular flowers, syrphids were inefficient pollinators ; fruit production was very low ( figure 2a ) and insufficient to allow a good natural recruitment. bumble bees were the most effective pollinators ( figure 3a and 3c, centre ). note that in the bumble bee treatment, the very high value of average recruitment density was due to three measurements in two replicates, in which only m. guttatus seedlings were recorded at a very high density ( more than 150 seedlings per quadrat ). to test the effect of these outliers, we removed them and repeated our analysis. the same significant effects were observed, except for the effect of pollination treatment, which became marginally significant ( p = 0. 0645 ). the new mean number of seedlings per quadrat for this experimental treatment was 32. 17 \u00b1 4. 55 ( se ), which is still slightly above the value for the pollination treatment with both pollinator groups. for plant communities that contained only tubular flowers, recruitment richness in the two pollination treatments that contained bumblebees was similar. these results are in agreement with our theoretical pollination network presented in figure 1. in our experimental system, syrphids can be considered as specialist pollinators since they efficiently pollinate only open flowers. bumble bees were potentially generalists as they induced an important fruit production of the two plant types and a good recruitment in the open - and tubular - flower plant treatments. our results on the reproductive success and recruitment of single - guild plant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5137790295477668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2218c14d-72e9-46ce-8b2a-10894e2fe1e2>", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.683162"}
{"text": "open flowers. bumble bees were potentially generalists as they induced an important fruit production of the two plant types and a good recruitment in the open - and tubular - flower plant treatments. our results on the reproductive success and recruitment of single - guild plant treatments indicate that there are strong functional group identity effects since our plant functional groups responded differently to our pollinator functional groups. however, the functional diversity of both the plant and pollination treatments was also important. plant reproductive success tended to increase with pollinator functional diversity when the number of seeds per fruit was considered, and with both plant and pollinator functional diversity when the number of fruits per plant was considered ( figures 2b and 2d ). although recruitment in single - guild plant treatments was mainly affected by the identity of functional groups, the effect of functional diversity was dramatic in the mixed plant treatment. natural recruitment of plant communities visited by mixed pollinator guilds was largely above that in other pollination treatments. pollination by syrphids alone allowed the reproduction of open flowers but not tubular flowers, as expected from the specialisation of syrphids. more surprisingly, however, bumble bees failed to be efficient generalist pollinators. most of their visits occurred on tubular flowers ( figure 4 ), resulting in a relatively poor recruitment of open flowers. the only pollination treatment that achieved a high recruitment of both open and tubular flowers when they were mixed, was the one containing the two insect functional groups ( figure 3, right ). when syrphids and bumble bees simultaneously pollinated mixed plant communities, they each focused on their target plant functional group, leading to more efficient visits and a better distribution of visits among plant functional groups ( figure 4 ). ultimately, it was the pollination treatment with both pollinator functional groups that produced the highest richness and density of natural recruitment. consequently, since most natural plant communities contain both open and tubular flowers, pollinator functional diversity should strongly enhance the persistence of these communities. although our experimental system differed from natural communities, and information about the reciprocal effects of the functional diversity of plant communities on the diversity of pollinator communities would be useful, our study indicates that the functional diversity of plant \u2013 pollinator interaction webs may be critical for the persistence and functioning of ecosystems and should be carefully monitored and protected. the loss of pollinator functional diversity is likely to trigger plant population decline or extinctions, which in turn are likely to affect the structure and composition of natural plant communities and the productivity of many agroecosytems that rely on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5016038793353383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2218c14d-72e9-46ce-8b2a-10894e2fe1e2>", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.685372"}
{"text": "and protected. the loss of pollinator functional diversity is likely to trigger plant population decline or extinctions, which in turn are likely to affect the structure and composition of natural plant communities and the productivity of many agroecosytems that rely on insect pollination. ultimately, higher trophic levels may be affected since the diversity and biomass of consumers depend on primary production. our results strongly suggest that the functional diversity of complex interaction webs plays a crucial role in the sustainability of ecosystems. materials and methods experimental plant communities at the beginning of spring 2003, plant communities were set up in a meadow that remained almost undisturbed for 10 years at the station biologique de foljuif, france, 80 km southwest of paris. prior to the establishment of the communities, soil was sterilized by injecting 120 \u00b0c steam ( 30 min ) to destroy the seed bank and soil pathogens. in each of the 36 4 - m2 plots, a total of 30 adult plants were planted on a grid, spaced 25 cm from each other, to minimize competition and homogenise spatial distribution. thus, plant density was the same in all experimental plots. we selected a moderate density to maintain within - and among - species competition to a low level, and to allow enough space for future recruitment in the plots. each of these plant communities was enclosed in a 2 - m \u2013 high nylon mesh cage in order to eliminate natural pollinator visitation. during the flowering seasons ( june \u2013 july 2003 and 2004 ), pollinators were captured around the study area and introduced into the cages. the relative abundance of pollinator species in the various pollination treatments reflects their natural abundances. from preliminary observations, we had noticed that, in order to have no more than three insects active at the same moment in a 4 - m2 plot, it was necessary to put about eight syrphid flies, or six bumble bees, or a mixture of six syrphids and four bumble bees in each pollination cage. each pollination round in a given plot included 200 visits in the year 2003 and 300 in the year 2004. in total, each plot received either four ( in 2004 ) or five ( in 2003 ) pollination rounds, leading to a total of 1, 000 visits per plot in 2003 and 1, 200 in 2004. bumble bees needed approximately 30 min after introduction in the cages to calm down and start to pollinate. in the pollination treatment with both pollinator guilds, we then introduced syrphids, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.491952121113348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2218c14d-72e9-46ce-8b2a-10894e2fe1e2>", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.687567"}
{"text": "2003 and 1, 200 in 2004. bumble bees needed approximately 30 min after introduction in the cages to calm down and start to pollinate. in the pollination treatment with both pollinator guilds, we then introduced syrphids, which started to pollinate immediately. mean visitation time was not significantly different between insects in the cages and in nature. this was true both for bumble bees ( mean visitation time in cages : 3. 25 \u00b1 0. 92 s, mean visitation time in nature : 2. 91 \u00b1 1. 33 s, t = 1. 51, df = 96, p = 0. 133 ) and for syrphids ( mean visitation time in cages : 40. 21 \u00b1 8. 89 s, mean visitation time in nature : 35. 38 \u00b1 14. 75 s, t = 0. 77, df = 12, p = 0. 45 ). measurement of reproductive success one month after the first pollination treatments, we counted the total number of fruits on each plant, except for m. guttatus and m. officinalis in which fruits cannot be counted without collecting them. we randomly took five fruits per plant of each species to estimate the number of seeds per fruit. measurement of recruitment richness and density recruitment richness and density were estimated during the second ( april 2004 ) and third ( april 2005 ) year of the experiment by counting the number of seedlings of each species in four 1, 600 - cm2 quadrats in each plot. statistical analyses were performed using sas 8. 2 software. for the analysis of plant reproductive success, we log - transformed the data to ensure normality. we standardized the data by species using the formula : x \u2212 \u03bc / \u03c3 ( where \u03bc = the mean and \u03c3 = the standard deviation of number of fruits or number of seeds per fruit for a given plant species ) in order to make the data comparable among the various species and functional groups. we used a mixed analysis of variance ( anova ) model ( sas proc mixed ), in which the fixed effects were plant treatment, pollination treatment, and their interaction term. to investigate the effects of the various plant and pollination treatments, we subdivided a priori each main effect into two components using orthogonal contrasts. the first contrast tested the effect of the identity of the plant or pollinator functional group, i. e. one group versus the other. the second tested the effect of the functional diversity of the plant or pollination treatment, i. e. single - guild versus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5163124718831358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2218c14d-72e9-46ce-8b2a-10894e2fe1e2>", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.688579"}
{"text": "tested the effect of the identity of the plant or pollinator functional group, i. e. one group versus the other. the second tested the effect of the functional diversity of the plant or pollination treatment, i. e. single - guild versus mixed - guild plant or pollination treatments. similarly, we subdivided the interaction into three orthogonal contrasts testing the effects of pollinator functional group identity on each plant guild, and the effect of the functional diversity of both plant and pollination treatments. see table 1 for the construction of the contrasts. for the analysis of plant recruitment, we used a repeated measure anova model ( sas proc mixed ). the fixed effects were pollination treatment, plant treatment, year, and all the interaction terms. the repeated effect was year, and the subject effect was replicate. for recruitment density, data were log transformed. for each year of the experiment, the visitation rate of pollinators on each plant species in the communities with both plant functional groups was analysed using a mixed log - linear model ( glimix macro, sas ). we subdivided the pollination treatment into two effects : pollinator functional diversity ( one or two pollinator functional groups ) and identity of the pollinator functional group ( bumble bees or syrphids ). the model included pollinator species nested within identity of pollinator functional groups, plant species nested within identity of plant functional group, identity of pollinator functional groups, identity of plant functional groups, pollinator functional diversity, and all interaction terms. the replicate was a random effect. we thank carine collin, romain gallet, jean - francois le galliard, jacques gignoux, andy gonzalez, gerard lacroix, gaelle lahoreau, louis lambrecht, manuel massot, naoise nunan, virginie tavernier, and elisa thebault for useful discussions ; and marco banchi, yves bas, mathilde baude, alix boulouis, marion decoust, patricia genet, alexandra kabadajic, mohsen kayal, fanny marlin, and emilie patural for great help in the field and in the lab. we also thank andy gonzalez, andy hector, marcel van der heijden, claire kremen, jane memmott, nick waser, and three anonymous reviewers for constructive and useful comments on the manuscript. we acknowledge the financial support of the quantitative ecology coordinated incentive action ( aci ecologie quantitative ) of the ministry of research ( france ). competing interests.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5176279702082434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:2218c14d-72e9-46ce-8b2a-10894e2fe1e2>", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.689612"}
{"text": "despite years of reassuring researches, many people still avoid caffeinated coffee because they worry about its health effects. however, according to a recent research, taking one to six cups of coffee in a day could help a great deal in reducing the risk of some diseases. raliat ahmed writes with agency reports. women who drink five or more cups of coffee a day could be protecting themselves against an aggressive form of cancer, says a recent swedish research. although other researches had suggested that coffee which contains a high dose of caffeine poses health risks, scientists believe that people who drink between one or two cups daily have the healthiest arteries. drinking just one cup of a coffee a day could reduce your blood pressure, according to a greek study of 485 people aged 65 to 100. a bristol university study of 600 people found that those who drank a cup of regular coffee performed better in mental tests than those who drank decaffeinated coffee or nothing. another research by a team of scientists from the university of florida also says that taking two cups of coffee a day could keep alzheimer \u2019 s disease at bay. around 200mg of caffeine, the equivalent of two cups of coffee could prevent the build up of proteins in the brain which have been linked to memory loss associated with the disease. and drinking the equivalent of two cups of coffee 30 minutes before exercise may enhance your performance by providing you with more energy, suggests a study in the international journal of sports medicine. when leadership contacted professor tunde oguntona, a professor in the department of nutrition and dietetics, university of agric, abeokuta, he confirmed that there had been various researches which suggested this type of claim mostly in the united states and europe. \u201c it is however too early to jump into conclusions at this stage due to the side effects of coffee as a result of its high caffeine content. \u201c we still need to do more researches to substantiate this claim before it can be put into consideration, especially in this part of the world \u201d, oguntona said. speaking further, oguntona said that there were however, factors to be put into consideration for this claim to be applicable in nigeria. he stated, \u201c one basic factor is the quality of health of individuals in the country. the above claim may have been successful because it was carried out on healthy individuals and as such may not be possible here due to health / disease profile of individuals. \u201d another factor that should be put into consideration is our diet which is different from that of people in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43206735577235605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67a7df48-51ca-40cd-bd8c-dbccf39dfd8c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.693919"}
{"text": "claim may have been successful because it was carried out on healthy individuals and as such may not be possible here due to health / disease profile of individuals. \u201d another factor that should be put into consideration is our diet which is different from that of people in america and europe. the caffeine intake from three cups a day can reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer by a fifth, the american medical journal cancer reported in 2008. after studying more than 122, 000 women, researchers found that the benefits were even greater for women who \u2019 d never been on the contraceptive pill or hrt ( their risk was reduced by 35 and 43 per cent respectively. men who drink three cups of coffee have a 40 per cent lower risk of developing gallstones, according to another study published in the journal of the american medical association. the scientists believe the caffeine stimulates contractions in the gall bladder, helping to remove any small stones before they become a problem. according to the president of nutrition society of nigeria, professor onimawu, coffee contains caffeine, a stimulant. most stimulants, he said, played the role of creating alertness in people. this could be of help to people who suffer from dementia as it helps the sufferer to be smart by creating alertness. speaking on the role of coffee in reducing blood pressure, prof. onimawu said that due to stress and other factors, many nigerians were becoming hypertensive and therefore, taking coffee could aggravate it. as for people who do not have any case of high blood pressure, coffee has no side effect at all. onimawu however, noted that tea unlike coffee contained less caffeine and more antioxidants - substances that help in the prevention of cellular damage - the common pathway for cancer, aging, and a variety of diseases. he added that although coffee also contained antioxidant in limited amount, tea was more helpful than coffee. there is 400mg of caffeine in four cups of coffee and this amount is thought to provide the maximum benefit of coffee \u2019 s disease - combating antioxidants. \u201c tea and coffee are packed with antioxidant polyphenols, which can potentially cut the risk of cancer, \u2019 says dr michelle harvey, research dietician at the genesis breast cancer prevention centre, university hospital of south manchester nhs foundation trust. \u201c studies show it promotes production of a less potent form of the cancer - causing hormone oestrogen, \u201d she said. university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48618826747228844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:67a7df48-51ca-40cd-bd8c-dbccf39dfd8c>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.694852"}
{"text": "what is working memory? working memory is the thinking skill that helps you to : - remember information and then use it later. - perform multi - step directions. - understand what you have read. for example, you use your working memory skills when you remember the rules for basketball while you \u2019 re in the middle of playing a game. sammy & ugene in this comic strip, sammy calls ugene to see if he wants to go to the beach. ugene gets so excited, however, that he forgets some important things when he \u201d s getting ready to go. what can you do? if you ever have a hard time remembering your teacher \u2019 s instructions, or if you often forget how to complete an assignment, then you might need some help improving your working memory skills. the good news is that we can help! here are some simple ideas that you can use to improve your working memory and stop forgetting important things : - learn to \u201c chunk \u201d by trying to remember two or more things as one item. you can often do this by repeatedly doing these activities together, so that three actions become one. for example, every morning you can brush your teeth, wash your face, and comb your hair, so that eventually these become one action that you do in front of the mirror. - repeat what you have heard, such as a new name or phone number, in your head a few times, and at the same time add a visual image or picture in your head of what you are thinking about. for example, if you meet a new person, you might say, \u201c sammy smith with brown eyes \u201d while having an image in your head about this. - leave yourself notes on a sticky pad in one or two places in your home that you always see.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5194539958460797, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:09762d69-2db0-46dc-8cd1-cffdf5e2056c>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.696773"}
{"text": "\" dover beach \" by matthew arnold - critical appreciation arnold ' s \" dover beach \" presents the reader with a virtual journey through time. lamenting the transition from an age of certainty into an era of erosion of traditions - modernism - is the backbone of all four stanzas of the poem, brought together in our imagination by the nostalgic image of the sea. \" misery \", \" sadness \" and \" melancholy \" reign most of the poem, yet the author chooses to conclude it with an emotional appeal for honesty : \" ah, love, let us be true / to one another \" - as it is the only true certainty left as the world around collapses under \" struggle \" and \" fight \". the poet ' s attitude towards the subject of the poem is revealed through key words, which are also references to a number of themes in the poem. the most obvious one of these is \" the sea \" with its nostalgic nature and ability to represent time and timelessness simultaneously. \" sadness \", \" misery \", \" melancholy \", \" pain \" accompany this effect and reveal the overall sense of regret and helplessness the author feels before the powers of time and inevitable change. the tone of the piece is determined by the constant presence of \" melancholy \" and \" misery \" in the poem that stretch on into the distance with a \" long withdrawing roar... \" the calmness of the narrative voice with which the piece is set to work ( \" the sea is calm to - night. / the tide is full, the moon lies fair. \" ) is essential for the descriptive nature of the first stanza. yet, later on its role is to emphasise the negativity in the tone of the poem : \" but now i only hear / its melancholy... \", \" into his mind the turbid ebb and flow / of human misery... \" the end of the piece, however, implies that the alteration of the things around us is something inevitable. the tone changes in the last verse of the poem in the sense that it now not simply resents mutability, but is also a tone pleading with the reader to realise nothing is as stable and reliable as one perceives it, not to take the world for granted, and to stay \" true / to one another \". the fundamental issues of the poem are not only obvious in its conclusion. the theme of time is being discussed in the second verse, where sophocles - an essential historic figure - is referred to. the mentioning of england", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5067806313844978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59bd71fe-cb59-49c2-ad29-0b8e2cecdfff>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.702581"}
{"text": "to one another \". the fundamental issues of the poem are not only obvious in its conclusion. the theme of time is being discussed in the second verse, where sophocles - an essential historic figure - is referred to. the mentioning of england and france at the beginning of the first verse can also be considered a historic reference and therefore - part of the theme of time as history is a natural subject of it. time here is represented by the image of the sea - with its vastness evoking powerful admiration. the theme of mutability follows closely because of the sea ' s unreliable nature. it is presented as something inevitable and insecure and, in its turn, leads onto the theme of humans staying true and honest to one another - this involving love for each other - as the only way to remain together, \" for the world, which seems / to lie before us like a land of dreams / hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light. \" the structure of the poem gives the immediate impression of being inconsistent and built upon no particular rules. there are four verses, none of which are alike, with no particular rhythm or rhyme pattern. yet its tremendous effect on the reader is wittily based upon the impression of sharing the author ' s thoughts as we read - it seems easy to identify with the subject matter just as the latter synchronise with the sea ' s waves. the verses lead onto one another by theme although they appear to be quite unconventionally structured. thus the end of the first stanza - occupied with sadness - brings on the \" misery \" of stanza two ; then the image of sea and insecurity of the end of the second verse invites the beginning of the following and ending verse. the unity of the poem is in this way complete and its impact on the reader stretches far beyond the lines. \u00a9 denitza vlaeva", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5528425241851371, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:59bd71fe-cb59-49c2-ad29-0b8e2cecdfff>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.704229"}
{"text": "julie robotham june 30, 2012 spreading rumours... smartphones are facilitating cyber - bullying, according to an australian psychologist. photo : bloomberg the rise of smartphones has outpaced traditional wisdom on how parents should monitor teenagers ' use of technology and created a powerful new venue for cyber - bullying, according to an australian psychologist who has conducted the most detailed study yet of children ' s behaviour towards each other. sheryl hemphill, from the australian catholic university, followed 700 victorian school students from year 7 to year 9, asking them anonymously whether they had teased, threatened, spread rumours about or excluded other children either in person or using a computer or phone. she found 15 per cent of the teenagers had been involved in cyber - bullying, fewer than the 21 per cent who confessed to having bullied others in person. but there was little overlap between the groups, with only 7 per cent of students engaged both in face - to - face and cyber - bullying, professor hemphill found. she said this might be a result of ' ' anonymity and the perception that this form of bullying was less likely to be detected. cyber - bullying may also rely on different forms of power ' ' related to technology skills rather than physical dominance. it was also possible, she said, that teenagers might act impulsively online because they were remote from the distress caused by their behaviour. ' ' in cyberspace you don ' t have the visual cues, ' ' she said. many authorities, including the federal government ' s stay smart online initiative recommend parents keep computers in the family room so children ' s internet activity is visible. but smartphones had raised the stakes, professor hemphill said. ' ' there have been ideas about how much monitoring parents should do \u2026 but now with smartphones they really can ' t be there all the time. ' ' a survey by google last month showed more than half of mobile phones in australia have internet capability. in contrast to traditional bullying, professor hemphill ' s survey, published this week in the journal of adolescent health, found cyber - bullying was not linked to disrupted family background or poor school performance. she hopes to conduct further research into characteristics of individual children or situations, including whether group dynamics affect the likelihood of bullying as online devices become more prevalent. ' ' what are the peer things that are going on if they ' re all online at the same time? ' ' she asks. ' ' we know peers are really important for adolescents and if you get a group together it could be that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5022844745447335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:1f7a92cb-e570-4a0e-9e7d-c78ec8bccec3>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.709113"}
{"text": "a big question mark stands over washington ' s efforts to deal with ocean acidification is money : how much will be needed and where it will come from? a state panel, the first of its kind in the nation, discussed a wide range of draft recommendations friday ( july 20 ) at the university of washington. gov. chris gregoire appointed the panel \u2014 a collection of scientists, shellfish industry officials, and federal and state government representatives \u2014 to recommend how washington can tackle ocean acidification along its coasts. this is the first state effort of its kind in the nation. because of the rising levels of acidity, tiny oyster shells in washington ' s dabob bay and in oregon ' s netarts bay are crumbling faster than they can grow back. a drop on the water ' s ph is being pinpointed as the culprit for endangering the northwest ' s $ 270 million shellfish industry. ph measures the acidity or alkalinity of a fluid on a 14 - point scale. the lower the number, the more acidic the liquid is. distilled water is considered \" neutral \" ; sea water is normally 8. 1 to 8. 2, which is on the alkaline side. orange juice ' s ph is 3 ; battery acid ' s ph is close to a one. shellfish survives in a narrow ph spectrum. at 100 feet deep, some dabob bay water has sometimes been measured at a ph of 7. 5. gregoire ' s panel is scheduled to present its fix - it recommendations to her on oct. 1. those recommendations will be general ones with plenty of details that will have to be later hashed out. that includes beginning to get a handle on the funding needs, but probably not in detail, said jay manning and bill ruckelshaus, the panel ' s chairmen. manning is gregoire ' s former chief of staff. ruckelshaus was the federal environmental protetcion agency ' s first chief in 1970 and is advisory board chairman of the william d. ruckelshaus center at the university of washington and washington state university. ( disclosure : ruckelshaus is also a member of crosscut ' s board. ) \" we ' ll probably have qualitative discussions about our best guesses to the costs, \" manning said. panelist peter goldmark, washington ' s commissioner of public lands, said, \" we also want an analysis of what no action would cost. \" the panel discussed potential remediation measures such as recycling old shells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46293360247431553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9cfb6c3-a942-4ce5-89fe-e82f8ff3d2fb>", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.714099"}
{"text": "the costs, \" manning said. panelist peter goldmark, washington ' s commissioner of public lands, said, \" we also want an analysis of what no action would cost. \" the panel discussed potential remediation measures such as recycling old shells to provide an underwater substrate for shellfish larvae to grow in ; experimenting with algae to improve water at hatcheries ; and experimenting with eelgrass and seaweed in the field to help remove carbon dioxide from the water. to varying degrees, these measures have worked or have been studied ; more field work is needed to gather better evidence on their effectiveness. other potential measures include expanding the number of ph monitors in washington ' s waters ; studying whether certain shellfish species perform better in specific bays and inlets ; improving how water is treated as it goes into hatcheries ; and collecting water and biological data in a more long - term systematic way. also, the panel is looking at lining up government programs, agencies, and funds that can coordinate and tackle the problem. this includes examining sewage treatment plants. to limit the discharge of nutrients into the water, where they increase acidity, setting up a system of business credits for discharges has been mentioned. nutrient credits could be traded like carbon credits \" we know nutrients are stressors of of the system, even though we can ' t quantify it, \" said panelist ted sturdevant, director of washington ' s department of ecolgoy. another proposition before the panel is to forbid commercial and recreational vessels from discharging sewage into puget sound. some panelists wondered how far new regulations will go on fixing the overall problem ; should the carrot or stick be stressed? \" regulation has not gotten us as far as we should, \" said ron sims, representing the puget sound partnership on the panel. before oct. 1, the panel wants to set up ways its recommendations will be addressed by the state and federal governments, environmental groups, industry and private citizens. that includes setting up written agreements among agencies, and identifying a state entity with the coordination responsibilities. \" we need an insitutional approach to make sure these recommendations are listened to, \" ruckelshaus said. also, panelists said the state ' s efforts need to be coordinated with worldwide ventures on studying ocean acidity. ruckelshaus said, \" it makes sense to make our results as relevant to the rest of the world as possible. \" like what you just read? support high quality local journalism. become a member of crosscut today!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43017824350182093, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "<urn:uuid:d9cfb6c3-a942-4ce5-89fe-e82f8ff3d2fb>", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T04:24:57.715076"}