1929 september 16 daily globe, ironwood, well in hand wounded in the encounter ( at the siaboka rabbinical college at hebron ) in which the jewish dead numbered 45... and the moslem dead was estimated at 40. it ran the total casualties for the three days sanguinary battling between the races in jerusalem and lesser cities in palestine to more than 70 jews and probably as many arabs... " the well armed, well trained condition of the arabs, and charges have been made their attacks have had inspiration other than past racial animosities... " " the grand mufti, head of the supreme council, was warned by the palestine government saturday he would be held responsible for any well trained and well armed? sounds alot like the armed palestinian arab terrorists from palestinian arab occupied gaza, palestinian west bank, palestinian jordan and palestinian continue in full " meanwhile the moslem fury against the jews began to spread in lands bordering upon palestine. it was reported from beirut, syria that 10, 000 demonstrat ( ors ), in sympathy with their moslem brethren in palestine, paraded through the streets yesterday, carrying crosses and moslem banner ( s ) bearing anti - zionist inscriptions and shouting " palestine for the arabs. " " french cavalry accompanied the paraders, who were headed by the grand mufti and by the bishop... " " similar demonstrations were have taken place in other syrian towns... " " it was reported from damascus that the leader of one of the principal tribes was preparing to advance upon jerusalem ' to protect the mosque has been is what will be, and what has been done is what will be done, and there is nothing new under the sun there were anti semitic christians in name only then, just as there are today. gettysburg times, gettysburg to holy war, " moslem arabs throughout the holy land and the bordering states are being called upon by highly inflammatory propaganda to revolt and move against the government of palestine. " " floods of this propaganda were said today to have eminated from cities inhabited by moslem people and to have been instrumental in the smouldering discontent which some regard as dangerous. " " one of the proclamations in circulation among the arabs heralded a ' holy war ' and called upon all arabs to help their people in palestine. " " although jerusalem was quiet today british troops continued their incessant clashes with bands of tribesmen who have penetrated palestine " one automobile which yesterday attempted to cross to palestine was found to


' and called upon all arabs to help their people in palestine. " " although jerusalem was quiet today british troops continued their incessant clashes with bands of tribesmen who have penetrated palestine " one automobile which yesterday attempted to cross to palestine was found to contain 14 rifles with 1000 cartridges. reports persisted despite official denial that skirmishes with bedouins have occurred near beersheba. " " jews who hailed the first proclamation of the british high as aiding their cause were not so joyful today over a second proclamation which announced constitution of special courts. " 1 : 9 what has been is what will be, and what has been done is what will be done, and there is nothing new under the sun we have a call for holy war, we have arms smuggling across the borders. we have calls from neighboring countries for armed revolt. and we have floods of propaganda that some regard as dangerous. what year is it again? 02 april 1930 british commission outlines cause of palastine outbreaks on april 1, 1930 a british commission issued a report on the causes of the 1929 outbreaks of violence. as reported in the edition, between arabs and jews, fear by the arabs that they were to be dispossessed from their lands, and inability of the leaders of the two warring races to compromise were the fundamental reasons for the murderous outbreaks in palestine last august... the outbreak from the beginning ", said the report, " was caused by the attack by arabs on the jews, for which no excuse in the form of earlier murders by the jews is established... but the disturbances were mostly vicious attacks by arabs on the jews, accompanied by wanton disregard of jewish property. a general massacre of the jewish community at hebron was narrowly averted " arabs and jews, inability to compromise ", yasser / uncle haj : stand still so i can kill you all palestinian jews : no " massacre narrowly averted " hundreds wounded and killed isn ' t a massacre. oh yeah, i forgot, a massacre in israel is 10, 000 palestinian jews, or 2 palestinian and please notice how the moslems most of the time refer to their fellow brethren in neighboring lands. thats because they came from the neighboring lands themselves. to get a better perspective of the jewish influx into palestine, how they settled a barren and desolate land, and how they purchased the these news clippings clearly show the miserable conditions of the land. charleston daily mail, charleston, west virginia pact refused by arabs " the hebrew newspaper doar hayom said it


graphology : sexual deviations as seen in handwriting, by marie bernard, a german born artist, psychologist and graphologist, who wrote on a usually not much dealt with topic. the large and thick tom demonstrates through many samples of famous people how sexual deviations can be recognized through their handwriting. sexual conflicts, problems, deviations, disturbances and feelings of one ' s own self in relation to sexuality can be detected through handwriting and the reader can learn something about what are the tell tale signs and graphic syndromes. it is important to note that while the book was written, homosexuality was still treated as deviation, while today it is no longer understood to be that way by the dcm iv, the " catalogue " of psychiatric disorders. marie bernard herself recognizes this by an opening remark about how it is not important whom we love, but how well we do. many of the samples, which include well known figures, artists, poets of the past as well as of unknown writers, do belong to homosexuals ; hence the term " deviation " has better be ignored. instead the reader is advised to simply learn how homosexuality, just like any other human personality dynamic and structure, is seen through the handwriting. names to be found in the books along with many photos, samples and even work of arts are maurice bejart the famous dancer and french ballet and opera director and choreograph, nijinsky the famous ballet dancer, the painter john singer sargent, the american writer nethaniel hawthorne, the french writer collette, the singer liberace, marcel proust the french writer and even michealangelo. marie bernard uses the to show how indeed sexuality in its quirkiness and differences finds expression in the handwriting, an ultimate show of mental and physical expression. marie bernard deals with her subjects with wisdom and love without undue judgement and prejudice. published by the whitston publishing company, 1990 ny


the healing property of silver is a distinct part of the folklore in many cultures. in fact, silver has been used for centuries in many cultures to disinfect the eyes of new born babies. it is for this reason that people used silver milk pails and threw silver coins into wells. the recent scientific studies have proved most of them to be true, thus sparking a renewed interest in the medical benefits of silver. silver sol is one of the first revolutionary products to have capitalized on the anti microbial power of silver. this anti - microbial solution comprises 0. 001 % elemental silver that roughly equals to 10 parts in one million and 99. 999 % pure water. the laboratory tests conducted with silver sol spray have proved the efficacy of this solution in killing even the drug - resistant bacterial strains and preventing the replication of virus beyond doubt. in addition to that, it has provided positive test results with regards to some other powerful health benefits when applied topically on an injury. the best part about this solution is that it produces no side - effects whatsoever and works like magic when it comes to healing or treating infectious conditions. this can be used for prevention of infections as well, especially if one is required to travel to an area with high risk of contagion. silver sol ’ s novel method of action and unique silver compositions has already earned it a united states patent in the year 2006. this is quite an achievement considering the fact that the last time a liquid silver anti - microbial product received a patent, it was in the 1920s. the properties and health benefits of this product have been listed in greater details in the following paragraphs. anti - bacterial properties of silver sol this product has strong anti bacterial properties and can exterminate or at least hinder the growth of various types of pathological bacteria. this includes the drug resistant staphylococcus aureus atcc baa - 44 ( mrsa ) that has become a source of concern in the medical fraternity. to top it all, silver sol ’ s formulation has proved extremely effective in terminating the following bacteria – haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumonie, enterobacter aerogenes, shigella boydii, klebsiella pneumoniae, escheria coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa. in fact, you will be astounded to know that till date this anti microbial solution has achieved 100 percent success when it comes to unleashing its lethal effect on all types of pathogenic bacteria


st. john school has resided in historic north square adjacent to the paul revere house on boston ' s freedom trail 1843 a large brick warehouse on moon street is purchased and converted to the “ free church ” of st. john the baptist to meet the need of the irish immigrants and poor people of the city. 1862 the congregation of st. john the baptist moves to st. stephens church. moon street property is used as a chapel and a hall for parish functions. 1872 st. stephens sells the property for $ 18, 712. bishop williams sends for two sisters of notre dame de namur from cincinnati to open a small school, chapel and parish hall. 1880 - 94 under the effort of rev. michael moran, 20 classrooms and an auditorium named st. john ’ s hall is contracted with an italian - style campanile tower. 1895 st. john ’ s parochial school officially registers 300 boys, 500 girls. many of whom are newly arriving immigrants from the south of italy. 1896 rose fitzgerald ( kennedy ), the future mother of a u. s. president, is enrolled as a student. 1911 the congregation of the sisters of st. joseph are commissioned to st. john school. 1912 the school was added to the parish of sacred heart and the first commencement under the sisters of st. joseph was on june 22 with 12 graduates. 1937 kindergarten class is initiated. 1946 the war and economical situation of the 40 ’ s saw deterioration and finally the removal of the entire third floor auditorium and tower. 1950 the next two decades saw a new wave of immigration in the north end. young families support three local parochial schools, including st. john ’ s. 1976 st. mary ’ s school closed due to demographic changes in the city ’ s population. st. john school welcomes the new students. 1982 st. anthony ’ s school closes. st. john ’ s has the distinction of being the only parochial school in the north end as well as boston proper. 1995 st. john school celebrates its 100th anniversary. 2000 st. john school embraces the new millennium with the latest technology and traditional educational values. 2004 sacred church / parish was dissolved and became a chapel. sacred heart parish merges with st. leonard parish and becomes one parish : st. leonard parish. 2010 st. john school will celebrate 115 years in existence.


melasma is also called the mask of pregnancy and choasma faciei and is a condition that is more frequently found in pregnant women and women under oral and patch contraceptives, as it is caused by the presence of high amounts of estrogen and progesterone. the condition causes darker spots on the surface of the skin and may affect the facial area or the forearms. melasma and pregnancy melasma occurs mostly during pregnancy, as it is a result of the presence of female sexual hormones ( estrogen and progesterone ). these hormones will stimulate the melanocytes, which will produce more pigments than usual, resulting in dark patches. however, these patches occur only if the skin is exposed to sun. the condition is more common in women with a fairer complexion or a light brown skin type. there are also women who are genetically predisposed to developing melasma. stress and thyroid dysfunctions may contribute to the occurrence of melasma. symptoms of melasma melasma manifests through irregularly shaped dark patches which are most visible on the forehead, cheek, nose, lips or the upper lip. the discoloration is typically gradual and may evolve, so the patches will become darker. there will be no other symptoms such as pain or itchiness. a melasma may be detected by using the wood ’ s lamp, which is a device that employs light with wavelength between 340 and 400 nm. the lamp will reveal the presence of excess melanin on the skin. the melanoma will typically disappear without treatment after delivery. this may happen a few weeks to a few months after giving birth, as the estrogen and the progesterone will get back to normal levels. however, there are a few treatments that may lighten the melasma including : - topical ointments that will lighten the pigmentation such as hyrdoquinone ( hq ), which shouldn ’ t be used in concentrations over 4 % ; hq inhibits the production of an enzyme known as tyrosinase, which contributes to the formation of melanin - a diluted solution of azelaic acid ( in concentration of up to 20 % ) may decrease the production of melanin - different facial chemical peels that employ alpha or beta hydroxyacids - glycolic acid peels - laser treatments such as fractional resurfacing or the fraxel treatments - treatment with mandelic acid ( i. e. trilum


flaky skin is most commonly skin that ’ s too dry, although it can occasionally be a sign of another skin condition called seborrheic dermatitis. most cases of flakiness come from skin that lacks moisture. dry, flaky skin is especially common in the winter months when the air is dry and people spend more time indoors where their skin is exposed to dry heat. dry, flaky skin is caused by a lack of moisture in the outermost layer of the skin called the epidermis. the epidermis consists of clusters of skin cells that are held together by lipids. these lipids help to prevent loss of water from the surface of the skin. some people don ’ t have enough of these lipids or the lipid layer is damaged, which makes it difficult for their skin to hold on to moisture. when this is the case, skin cells in the epidermis aren ’ t shed in an orderly manner. instead, they build up and cause skin to look flaky and feel rough to the touch. some people are genetically prone towards dry skin. for others, the lipid layer that protects the skin from moisture loss becomes damaged when they use harsh soaps and cleansing products. damage can also come from bathing frequently in hot water or exposing skin to dry conditions and temperature extremes. some medical conditions, medications and dietary deficiencies, especially a low - fat diet, can contribute to dry skin. skin needs essential fatty acids to make lipids that protect the skin against moisture loss. to reduce flakiness, it ’ s important to treat the underlying problem - dry skin. people who live in a dry home will benefit from getting a humidifier to add moisture to the air. other simple ways to reduce moisture loss is to avoid using soaps and harsh cleansers that damage the delicate layer that protects skin from dryness. choose a product that gently cleanses and removes surface dirt and debris without stripping skin of its natural protective oils. look for added ingredients that gently loosen and exfoliate dead skin cells that cause skin to look rough and flaky. after cleansing, apply a gentle moisturizer formulated for dry skin. many products contain natural botanicals that help to soothe dry skin and restore moisture balance. many also contain antioxidants that protect skin against damage. always apply a sunscreen with an spf of at least 30 that protects against uva and uvb rays for added protection against the sun ’ s damaging rays. sun exposure can worsen dryness


antioxidants that protect skin against damage. always apply a sunscreen with an spf of at least 30 that protects against uva and uvb rays for added protection against the sun ’ s damaging rays. sun exposure can worsen dryness and flakiness. select a nourishing sunscreen with antioxidant vitamins that ’ s specifically formulated to meet the needs of very dry, flaky skin. gentle exfoliation instantly removes dead skin cells that cause skin to look flaky. some people use exfoliating pads, but these can be too rough for some skin types. a gentler alternative is skin polishers which contain very fine particles of jojoba to lift away dead skin cells that cause flaking and reveal the healthier skin underneath. look for ingredients like allantoin to reduce skin irritation and redness. exfoliate once or twice a week in addition to your regular cleansing and moisturizing program to help skin look smoother and less flaky. most skin flakiness comes from the build - up of dead skin cells in the outer layer of the skin. this happens when the protective lipid layer is damaged and skin loses too much moisture. fortunately, this problem can be corrected by using a gentle cleanser made for dry skin and applying a moisturizer formulated for the special needs of dry, dehydrated skin. using a skin polisher like skinmedica skin polisher once or twice a week also helps to keep flakiness in check.


exe file extension the exe file extension is a common filename suffix indicating an executable file ( a program ) working in the dos, microsoft windows, os / 2, openvms and symbian operating systems. there exist several formats of executable files : dos - 16 - bit dos mz executable - that is the original dos executable file format, which can be identified by " mz " in the ascii. - 16 - bit new executable - this format was introduced with multitasking ms - dos 4. 0, these can be identified by the " ne " in ascii. this format was never popular or useful for dos and cannot be run by any other version of dos - 32 - bit linear executable - introduced with os / 2 2. 0, this format can be identified by the " lx " in ascii. they are only able to run in os / 2 2. 0 or higher and they are also used by some dos extenders. - mixed 16 / 32 - bit linear executable - also introduced with os / 2 2. 0, these can be identified by the " le " in ascii. this format is not used for os / 2 applications anymore, but its instead used for vxd drivers under windows 3. x and windows 9x, and by some dos extenders. - 32 - bit portable executable - introduced with windows nt, this is a very complex format which can be identified by the " pe " in ascii. these can be run by all versions of windows nt, and also windows 95 and higher, partially also in dos using hx dos extender. they are also used in beos r3. - 64 - bit portable executable - file format introduced by 64 - bit versions of windows, these are pe files with a cpu type corresponding to a 64 - bit instruction set such as x86 - 64 or ia - 64. these can only be run on 64 - bit machines. an executable file does contain a program, set of tasks or any other instructions to start a program on computer. how to open exe files : you can open, view or decompile it with developer software tools. you can start it ( open ) it by double clicking on it in windows explorer. do not start unknown executables as it can often be a virus or some other malicious program. try to visit computer processes library and search for additional information


. you can start it ( open ) it by double clicking on it in windows explorer. do not start unknown executables as it can often be a virus or some other malicious program. try to visit computer processes library and search for additional informations about your executable, before you execute it. how to convert file with extension exe : there is no way, how to convert exe executable files in to another file format. related software to exe file extension find foreign keys. effortless data models. sql made simple. - windows setup installer maker setup maker tool combines all program files into single self extracting exe file - setup installer software setup extractor tool generates install uninstall packages for windows program - msi to exe setup creator. exe installer maker software to create executable files from msi format - msi to exe package setup creator msi to exe converter software to create installer package executable setup file - screen flash pro the easiest and most effective tool for demonstrating your software product... - setup generator setup generator utility provides install, uninstall feature in software package - setup installation package creator setup installer creator application generate windows exe installation packages - application setup creator software setup maker utility creates executable. exe setup file for your windows software - msi to exe maker utility msi to exe maker utility convert. net framework msi file into exe installer file links to exe file extension - audio files - backup files - binary files - compressed files - configuration files - dangerous and malicious files - data files - database files - developer files - disk files - document files - emulator files - encrypted files - executable files - font files - game files - image files - plugin files - setting file - system files - temporary files - text files - video files - web files - other files - 3d - cad - cam - cae files


reviewed by r. z. ( age 11 ) the food supply was low, so a few children went down to the river where some food was hidden. one of the children fell into an underground cave. the children looked at the cave and thought it would be big enough to hold 15 children to hide from the nazis. the nazis were in the area so the children went to live in the cave with little food and water to live on. when i read about the man that came to the school, i wondered if he was really a german and wanted to see if they would hide the jewish boys and girls. i felt sad for the children to be without any parents. i wondered how long they would be hiding in the cave and if they would have enough supplies. my favorite part was when the nazis had to leave for the normandy front. the hidden children were rescued from the cave by a ladder and taken back to the school house, safe from the nazis. i liked the book because it had to do with historical events. it told about events of children who lived during wwii. i recommend this book for boys because it has to do with periods in world war ii, and they can get an idea of what it was like for the jewish people. pretty much anybody above third grade could read it easily.


is popular among young people. voting, however, is not popular among young people. participating in politics is important. those who don ' t vote must watch while politicians divvy up the available money and services without their input. what better way to use technology is there than to enable more young people to vote and be politically aware? of voting online isn ' t new ; it ' s similar to voting by mail except that the ballots are submitted via keystroke rather than via the postal service. there are concerns that people with more wealth and better education - - who tend to use the internet in greater numbers - - would skew online elections. however, the point is missed that, due to the present election structure, richer people already have a disproportionate say in who is elected. cannot add any more weight to a seesaw that already has one side on the ground, but it can induce more people to participate. already, dozens of candidates and organizations have web sites with much more in - depth information than any 30 - second commercial can include. from the knight - ridder news service included the point that " californians could be voting over the internet in five years with a computerized system that could revolutionize the state ' s voting process and boost sagging voter turnout. of state bill jones is recruiting silicon valley ' s high - tech companies to study how to make such a system private and secure from fraud. momentum is already building nationwide from a pilot project that would let some overseas military personnel cast votes over the internet in the november 2000 election. " is already under development. again, modifying the secure servers that have enabled e - commerce to flourish in the last few years will allow honest elections to be held online. janelle brown, technology correspondent for salon, said in an interview that the necessary technology could be available within the next five companies are working on election server technology including votehere, which was profiled in the new york times this spring. " as president of votehere. net, a start - up company that builds secure internet voting systems, jim adler hears the same question from investors again and again. they don ' t ask about politics or security. they want to know what would happen if microsoft moved into the election business. adler has a ready reply : ' do you think the justice department would let microsoft run elections in this country? ' are focusing their efforts on building the trust of election officials in their products and reputations. votehere. net is new to the industry, but most of


: ' do you think the justice department would let microsoft run elections in this country? ' are focusing their efforts on building the trust of election officials in their products and reputations. votehere. net is new to the industry, but most of these companies are already in the election business, selling voting machines and computer equipment for reading ballot results, and they are anticipating demand for internet concern with online voting boils down to trust. kim alexander, president of the non - profit california voter foundation, said that personal, not technical, issues were the key stumbling block toward acceptance of online voting. " a cvf survey showed that members were supportive with caution, " alexander said in an interview. " i see online voting supplementing polling places. it will be a generation before there is more confidence. the state should provide more information to ease fears. " " there is little trust in what is online, " she said. " there is a lack of familiarity. people don ' t trust interaction with a machine. it ' s not something they ' re familiar with. " comes to using a computer to vote, brown predicted that people will initially be reticent, but it will pass with time. brown nor alexander believed that the democrats or the republicans would be helped or hurt by internet voting. alexander ventured that more independent voters might participate. described a school of thought that believes " voting should be difficult. " that thinking certainly is consistent with america ' s voting history, starting with the constitution, which permitted only white, middle - aged men with property to vote. therefore, it is odd that critics of internet voting cite a lack of access as an issue. from grandfather clauses to literacy tests to poll taxes, suffrage has expanded only slowly and grudgingly. even more reason to provide more opportunity to express their views. the technology, when it is available, must be allowed to operate effectively. education, not fear, must be the impetus behind improving political participation. thanks to kim alexander and janelle brown for their time and assistance. taken from " californians might soon be voting online " an article by deborah kong, knight - ridder news service, dated aug. 8, 1998. taken from " casting ballots through the internet " an article by rebecca fairley raney, new york times on the web, dated may 3, © 2000 tyson chaney all rights reserved is executive director of the millennium 3 foundation, a non - profit, non - partisan political research and education organization. he is writing a book, millennium 3 : political theory in the


kom heill og sell! you can donate money via amazon. com to the american red cross disaster relief fund by clicking here this page is a collection of links mostly concerning or related to asatru, the reconstruction of an ancient polytheistic religion of northern european origin. asatru is faith in the æsir and the vanir, the gods and goddesses of the pre - christian germanic peoples ( goths, saxons, frisians, angles, danes, swedes, norwegians, franks, burgundians, allemanni, etc. ) isatrs is also known by several other names including : the elder troth, the heathen religion, germanic heathenry, forn sisr, forn itrsnasr, heisinn sisr, heisindomr. the majority of the gods and godesses of asatru are most recognisable by their norse names, among the best known are : oðinn ( odin ), frigg, þorr ( thor ), njorðr ( njord ), freyr, freyja, þrudr, sif, hel, bragi, heimdallr, tyr, loki, baldr, nanna, saga, ullr, forseti, sjofn, gefjon, iðunn ( idun ). the tradition of asatru has come down to us from many sources, including the prose edda of snorri sturlusson, the elder edda, the norse and icelandic sagas, skaldic and anglo - saxon poetry, the contemporary observations of those from other cultures, folklore, and archaeological evidence. still, much has been lost. asatru is very much a reconstructed religion of the north adapted to modern life. asatru is not a monolithic religion. there is no centralised and universally accepted authority on interpretation or reconstruction of the elder troth. the links below represent diverse viewpoints. please don ' t assume that because a link is listed here that i or any other practitioner of asatru agrees with everything said. unfortunately, i must also make a brief mention of the ugly issue of racism. a small vocal group of people defile the troth by associating the æsir and the vanir with a racist and homophobic political agenda. these nithings cloak their bigotry and fear with the trappings of asatru and have no place in our community. check


troth by associating the æsir and the vanir with a racist and homophobic political agenda. these nithings cloak their bigotry and fear with the trappings of asatru and have no place in our community. check out my list of translations into english of old norse sagas and eddas. if you enjoy the sagas and can afford it, you can purchase the complete sagas of the icelanders. this is a wonderful set of translations of the old icelandic sagas. " bsis arki as ausnu til hvers sem draga vill. " - - brennu - njils saga " ges a wyrd swa hio scel! " - - beowulf you are visitor number since 15. december, 1997 email - firstname. lastname @ example. org ( pgp keys ) squirrel. com home page useful tools for sun workstations and solaris of the niebelung webring site is owned by squirrel. com asatru page. click for the [ next page | skip it | next 5 | random site ] want to join the ring? click here for info. this site is best viewed with netscape communicator. download netscape now!


currently we test and support the following browsers : please note that this is not intended to be an exhaustive list of browsers that support web standards, nor a test of browser compliance, nor a side - by - side comparison of various manufacturers ’ browsers. suzanne jackowski, phd part of a cellular mechanism that regulates the folding of new proteins into their proper shapes also includes a genetic response that enlarges the factory where both protein folding and packaging of proteins occurs. this finding, from researchers at st. jude children ’ s research hospital, loyola university ( chicago ) and kyoto university ( kyoto, japan ), are published in the oct. 15 issue of the journal of cell biology. the link between protein folding and factory construction ensures that the two processes are coordinated when the cell is called upon to quickly make, fold and secrete large amounts of specific proteins. the investigators discovered that the cell makes a molecule called xbp1 in response to an increased demand on the protein - folding machinery. this increased demand for folded proteins triggers the so - called unfolded protein response ( upr ), as well as the expansion of the factory where proteins are folded and packaged so they can be secreted from the cell. the upr also prompts the cell to make molecules called chaperones, which do the actual task of protein folding. xbp1 triggers the cell to make phosphatidylcholine, the major building block of the rows of membranes that make up much of the factory, which is called the endoplasmic reticulum ( er ). membranes in the er serve as envelopes to package the folded proteins. after leaving the er, the envelope fuses with the inside face of the membrane that surrounds the cell itself. once fused to the cell ’ s membrane, the envelope pops open, ejecting the protein out of the cell. “ by linking chaperone production to the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, xbp1 coordinates the processes of building and equipping new er to increase the cell ’ s capacity for folding and shipping proteins, ” said suzanne jackowski, phd, a member of st. jude infectious diseases. jackowski is an author of the journal of cell biology report. the study explains how the cells are able to rapidly meet the need for increased production of specific proteins by coordinating the tasks of folding and packaging them. the need for close coordination of protein processing and packaging is especially critical in the case of antibody production, according to joseph w. brewer


cells are able to rapidly meet the need for increased production of specific proteins by coordinating the tasks of folding and packaging them. the need for close coordination of protein processing and packaging is especially critical in the case of antibody production, according to joseph w. brewer, assistant professor in the department of microbiology and immunology at loyola university medical center. the cells that make and secrete antibodies — the b cells — must synthesize, fold and release thousands of these proteins per minute, in response to an infection. brewer is senior author of the paper. the researchers made their findings in mouse cells called fibroblasts. they inserted the gene for xbp1 into a virus and used the genetically modified virus to transfer the gene into the fibroblasts. the xbp1 gene triggered an increase in the activity of key enzymes involved in membrane production. because it is already known that upr triggers activation of the xbp1 gene, findings of the current study suggest that xbp1 links the expansion of er to the increased ability to fold and package newly made proteins for secretion. other authors of this paper are rungtawan sriburi ( loyola university ) and kazutoshi mori ( kyoto university ). this work was supported in part by the national institutes of health, a cancer center ( core ) support grant and alsac. last update : january 2005


we each have our own cultural history. here is part of mine. my mother ’ s family members were immigrants to the united states. my grandparents and eldest aunt came over first ; then my mother and three of her siblings were born here. english was my mom ’ s second language, which she started learning in school. she was very proud of her english and critical of her friends who never got rid of their family accents. she never taught me her native language and today i regret that. i envy those who still have that language connection to their cultural heritage. this was western pennsylvania. the country my family came from is poland, but our background is actually not polish but a mix of czech, yugoslavian, iranian / persian, and french! my mom was been born in 1933. and i grew up in the sixties. my parents at that time were not very tolerant people. i remember them making disparaging remarks about other immigrant groups, other races, and other religions. why did i not adopt all those prejudiced attitudes of my parents towards other groups of people? i think it ’ s partly because when several other minority families ( african americans, south and latin americans, asians ) moved into my neighborhood, my parents could not afford to move away as they wanted to. living as neighbors with people my parents had previously disliked and feared helped break down many barriers. my parents ( and i ) came to respect and care for many families in our neighborhood, who, it turned out, were not so very different from us. that was a past time in western pennsylvania and this is 2009 in philadelphia where i live. the minorities have changed, but the dynamics remain similar. we are still studying, working, and living alongside some folks who are different from us. there are differences in skin color, language, religion, food, and country of origin. in addition to our personal cultural history, each of us has had certain experiences, teachers or books that have shaped our tolerance for people different from ourselves. it ’ s time to share our stories with each other and with our children. i ’ m hoping that parents will take some time to reflect on their own levels of tolerance and think about what your children are learning from your words, attitudes, actions, and family stories. and if it seems too complicated as you ’ re teaching your children how to get along with their diverse classmates and neighbors, just check in with any elementary students. they ’ ll tell you the simple truth. we should all treat others respectfully, the way we each want to be


hypoglycemia is a condition that occurs when your blood sugar ( glucose ) is too low. blood sugar below 70 mg / dl is considered low. blood sugar at or below this level can harm you. insulin shock ; low blood sugar hypoglycemia occurs when : - your body ' s sugar ( glucose ) is used up too quickly - glucose is released into the bloodstream too slowly - too much insulin is released into the bloodstream insulin is a hormone that reduces blood sugar. it is produced by the pancreas in response to increased glucose levels in the blood. low blood sugar is most commonly seen inpeople with diabetes who are taking insulin or other medicines to control their diabetes. babies who are born to mothers with diabetes may have severe drops in blood sugar. hypoglycemia in people who do not have diabetes may be caused by : - drinking alcohol - insulinoma - a rare tumor in the pancreas that produces too much insulin - lack ( deficiency ) of a hormone, such as cortisol or thyroid hormone - severe heart, kidney, or liver failure or a body - wide infection - some types of weight - loss surgery symptoms you may have when your blood sugar gets too low include : - double vision or blurry vision - fast or pounding heartbeat - feeling cranky or acting aggressive - feeling nervous - shaking or trembling - tingling or numbness of the skin - tiredness or weakness - trouble sleeping - unclear thinking sometimes your blood sugar may be too low, even if you do not have symptoms. if your blood sugar gets too low, you may : - have a seizure - go into a coma exams and tests home monitoring of blood sugar with a fingerstick sample will show readings lower than 70 mg / dl on your glucose monitor. a blood glucose test in a blood sample taken from your veins will be low. treatment depends on the cause. people with diabetes will need to learn how to treat and prevent low blood sugar levels. if hypoglycemia is caused by an insulinoma ( insulin - releasing tumor ), surgery to remove the tumor is the best treatment. severe hypoglycemia is a medical emergency that may cause seizures and permanent brain damage. severe hypoglycemia in which you become unconscious is also called insulin shock. when to contact a medical professional if signs of low blood sugar do not improve after you have eaten a snack that contains sugar : - get a ride to the emergency room, or - call a local emergency number ( such as 911


architecture images - sydney architects barnet, james johnstone ( 1827 - 1904 ) born : 1827 scotland. died : 1904. james johnstone barnet was clerk of works at the university of sydney 1854 - 1860. in 1860 barnet joined the office of the colonial architect, becoming its permanent head in 1865 after acting in the position for two years. as colonial architect barnet was responsible for many of sydney ' s significant public buildings until his departure in 1890. | " the greatest of all colonial architects " james barnet was born in scotland and studied drawing, design and architecture in london before he sailed for sydney with his wife amy in 1854. he lived all his australian years in glebe ( derwent street in 1865 ) and forest lodge ( braeside, now demolished ). in 1860, barnet joined the colonial architect ' s office. in 1865, he became colonial architect and served in this position for 25 years. barnet ' s work in sydney signalled its maturation from a georgian town to a victorian city. his work contributed to a sense of stability and civic pride and includes : the australian museum ( 1864 ) the gpo in martin place ( 1866 - 90 ) the colonial secretary ' s building ( 1878 ) the lands department building ( 1876 - 81, 1888 - 93 ) further afield, barnet designed 169 post and telegraph offices, 130 courthouses ( including the glebe courthouse ( 1889 ) ) and many other public buildings across the state. glebe courthouse with the police station in the background. barnet was ' a promoter of new technologies, used concrete and fire - resistant materials, introduced electricity into his buildings and was first to install a telephone in a government office. ' chris johnson, the current government architect, states that barnet was the colonial architect who most significantly affected the shaping of sydney. james barnet has left sydney a legacy of iconic and much - loved victorian buildings. he died at forest lodge aged 78 on 16 december 1904 and was buried at rookwood cemetery. johnson, chris, shaping sydney, 1999 herman, morton, the architecture of victorian sydney, 1964 lawrence, joan and warne, catherine, balmain to glebe, 1995 macdonnell, freda, the glebe : portraits and places, 1975 smith, bernard and kate, the architectural character of glebe, 1989 special thanks to


this sort ( matching game ) has 3 parts and 4 levels level 1 : the graphs and equations are only translations : horizontal, vertical, or both. this level includes graphs, equation, and descriptions of the translations. students can match equations to graphs, graphs to descriptions of the shifts, or a combination of the 3 level 2 : the graphs and equations show translations and reflections across the x - axis. this level includes graphs, equation, and descriptions of the translations. level 3 : the graphs and equations show translations, reflections across the x - axis and dilations ( stretching and shrinking ). this level includes only graphs and equations. level 4 : uses the same graphs as set a2 but the equations must be rewritten before graphing. this matching sort is designed to reduce chances of getting it right by guessing. the cards are very similar. for instance, 1 card shifts to the right 4, another to left 4, another up 4, and another down 4. students must know which direction to shift based on the equation and not because it was the only one that moved 4 units. also i have switched some values around to make sure student understand where the shift is up or to the right ( right 2 up 3 or right 3 up 2 ). you will have a good idea if students understand the concept after they have completed the matching exercise. great for differentiated instruction. as a class you may be on reflections, but some students are still struggling with translations. so when the class is doing the level 2 sort, those students can be completing the level 1 sort. as far as everyone is concerned they are completing the same assignment, they dona¢i ¿ ½i ¿ ½t realize that they are working at different levels. having students work at their own level increases their confidence. - review station for test - math station for student that have completed their work - mid - lesson practice - end of lesson check for understanding - alternative to homework


archive for august, 2004 for teachers who have attempted a digital story project in the classroom, you have undoubtedly faced the snarly challenge of explaining how a script for a digital story is different from any other type of written story. the most widely used approach seems to be to focus on the classic elements of effective composition : description, character, setting, and dialogue. but is this the best approach for creating a digital story that seems to rely more on the synthesis of images and voice? when i used the composition approach, i would get a few students who wrote extensively detailed stories, four pages in length, complete with analogies. fortunately, there were only a few 500 word stories that i had to help students revise. it didn ’ t seem to make sense to push the students for two weeks to write, revise, add more detail and dialogue and then tell them they could only use a fraction of what they had written. i had a hunch i would run into this problem and when it came time to cross that bridge, i sped on to the production parts of the project. i still believe that strong composition skills are an important part of the digital story process for young students, not so much for adults. i started using ds in the classroom because i wanted to prove that multimedia production enhanced student ’ s literacy development. in general, i have plenty of data to support that claim, but when you take a closer look at the specific writing skills that can be evaluated that ’ s when you see how writing a script for a digital story differs from writing a detailed piece that will meet your english teacher ’ s standards. i had a brief conversation with storyteller jay o ’ callahan, who recently embarked on writing his first book, about how writing a story differs from creating a story to be performed. i can only remember that he said that the two processes are very different. i think the same is true of writing a digital story script. what ’ s the most effective approach for teaching the most important part of the digital story process? how does the approach differ for teaching students or those with little to no ‘ story ’ background? what can we learn from video production classes and photography writing classes? it ’ s been over a month since my tour of europe, meeting a bunch of really cool folks doing really cool things in the field of digital storytelling. for those whose brows wrinkle at the sight of the term “ digital storytelling, ” the capture wales project is a good place to start for a clear example of the end product. how did i


really cool things in the field of digital storytelling. for those whose brows wrinkle at the sight of the term “ digital storytelling, ” the capture wales project is a good place to start for a clear example of the end product. how did i get involved with the digital storytelling community? back in ’ 98, i was working on a masters in creative arts and learning. i wanted to develop a ‘ multimedia storytelling ’ approach that i could use in the 4th grade classroom i was teaching at the time. i found on the web a multimedia live storytelling performance called next exit by a man named, dana atchley, co - founder of the center for digital storytelling. later that year, i saw his last performance at the annual digital storytelling festival and began working with joe lambert and the folks from the center. what did i do as an intern with cds inpolverigi, italy? cds uses a workshop model where each participant completes a 3 - 4 minute digital story over the course of 3 days. i assisted with story development, image manipulation, editing in premiere, post - production and general trouble - shooting. after a month in italy, joe sent me on a tour of europe to meet people he ’ s met over the years who are working in the digital storytelling field. where did i go after polverigi? ( after seeing the ancient cities of assisi, florence, siena and rome ) first stop : stockholm, sweden second stop : malmo, sweden third stop : amsterdam, netherlands henk – waag : society for old and new media fourth stop : halverston, netherlands frank – teleac : school tv “ > fifth stop : copenhagen, denmark sixth stop : bristol, uk seventh stop : cardiff, wales


story : otago places page 4 – otago harbour port chalmers, with neighbouring careys bay, sawyers bay and roseneath, had a population of 2, 619 in 2006. 14 km north - east of dunedin, it is on the north side of otago harbour at the end of state highway 88. the locality, known to maori as koputai, is where local ngai tahu sold the otago block to the new zealand company in 1844. a european town was founded there when otago was settled in 1848. it was named after thomas chalmers, the free church of scotland leader who had died the previous year. the union steam ship company started in 1875, and one early building – a pumphouse – survives at port chalmers. in 1882 the first frozen meat shipped from new zealand to the northern hemisphere left from the port. port chalmers became a borough in 1866, and part of dunedin city in 1989. a tale of two ports from 1881, when the otago harbour board opened the dredged victoria channel from port chalmers to dunedin, the ‘ port ’ and ‘ city ’ factions fought over which would be the main port. port chalmers finally won that battle when it became the lower south island ’ s deep - water container port ( opened in 1977 ). it became a major forest products export port, and hosts cruise ships through the summer. buildings and monuments the town centre has an impressive combined town hall and library building, and a scenic road follows the coast. the headland flagstaff and signal station is above the port ; nearby campbell buchanan lane commemorates a young port chalmers sailor who died in action in the solomon islands in january 1943. the hotere garden oputae has four sculptures, including one by ralph hotere which was previously at the artist ’ s nearby studio. iona presbyterian church was built in 1883. the scott memorial, commemorating the ill - fated british antarctic expedition of 1910 – 12, sits high above the town on the road to waitati. nearby roseneath, on another promontory, is purely residential, but sawyers bay has industry as well. careys bay, north of the port, has a historic hotel and a tradition of alternative lifestylers. also known as st martin island, the island was first used for quarantine purposes in 1863, when the victory arrived with a smallpox case on board. buildings from the quarantine years remain. a small settlement of cribs ( holiday houses ) north - west of port chalmers, aramoana had a permanent population of around 260 in 2006. in 1996


arrived with a smallpox case on board. buildings from the quarantine years remain. a small settlement of cribs ( holiday houses ) north - west of port chalmers, aramoana had a permanent population of around 260 in 2006. in 1996 the christchurch press interviewed 88 - year - old lina davis, a long - time aramoana resident, about defeating the aluminium smelter proposal. ‘ people came here for the peace and the bracing air and sea. they did not want a giant factory at their backdoor, she says. they did not want the birdlife, fish, wetlands and beaches threatened. ’ 1 in the later 1970s a proposal to site an aluminium smelter at aramoana met with vigorous – and successful – opposition from locals, conservationists and economists. on 13 and 14 november 1990 local recluse and gun collector david gray murdered 13 people, four of them school children, in a shooting rampage before being killed by police. a natural world inland of the sandspit on which aramoana is sited is an extensive salt marsh. it is a haven for kingfishers, godwits and other wading birds, and a habitat for plants that relish the salty environment – sarcocomia quinquefiora, shore pimpernel, saltmarsh musk, sedges, jointed rush and others. in 1998 aramoana was gazetted a protected area.


one ring to log in all the yubikey is a device that adds a layer of security to logging into online accounts. google engineers are experimenting with yubikeys and other schemes for added protection. credit : from " yubikey neo - world ' s first nfc enabled one - time password tokenm " by yubico on youtube google is working on small devices — including one designed as a ring — that people would need to log onto all of their online accounts, wired reported. such devices could add a layer of security to online email, banking and other accounts, but they could also add another necessity for people to carry around in their purses or wallets. google ' s security team are experimenting with extra log - in hardware because they thought passwords aren ' t enough to deter hackers anymore, wired reported. because of the increasing sophistication of hacks, everything that is now password - protected might in the future require some kind of personal key, too, the google researchers thought. google has experimented with yubikey, a small card that plugs into computers ' usb ports. they also imagined that tomorrow ' s internet keys could be built into rings or smartphones, which would eliminate the need to carry around an extra device. the jewelry and smartphone - based keys could work with a tap. one of the major challenges now is to convince other websites to agree to a unified log - in system. google ' s ideas for increasing the security of online accounts are alternatives to another popular idea, adding biometrics such as iris or fingerprint scans to people ' s personal devices.


the contents of your closet not only shape your style and individuality, but also have a profound impact on the planet. ethical fashion means a lot of things … ethically designed, upcycled, recycled, sharing, swapping, second hand, locally made, locally purchased from vintage or second hand shops. words like fair trade – though it might travel far it supports people in marginalized countries to make a living wage, organic – no pesticides used which supports the earth and worker ’ s health. the bottom line is to be conscious, ask questions, make thoughtful and sustainable decisions for the earth, and higher quality purchases when you buy new so they last. support designers and businesses that are supporting you and the planet! the process of making clothing poses environmental, health, and social justice concerns. your choices can ensure humane working conditions and labor rights, sustainable and planet - friendly materials, repurposed and recycled materials, safe processing and manufacturing, waste minimization, earth friendly packaging and shipping, and proper recycling and disposal. don ’ t sacrifice style for sustainability designers have proven that stylish clothing can be made from sustainable materials like organic cotton, bamboo, hemp, and silk. more big companies are adding eco fashion - forward options to their collections! and, buying local vintage, second hand, and repurposed items are as eco as it gets, lighter footprint and eco - nomical! check out this link. check out sites like ebay green and yerdle. post some of the ways you are becoming an eco fashionista on our fb page.


office of the dean 1803 n. broad street 400 carnell hall philadelphia, pa 19122 mark feitelson, professor in the department of biology and co - director of the temple university biotechnology center at temple since 2007, focuses his research on the hepatitis b and c viruses and their role in engendering liver cancer. the hepatitis b virus ( hbv ) is among the most common infections in the world. transmitted through bodily fluids, it has infected approximately 2 billion people — roughly one third of the earth ' s population — mostly in developing countries in asia and africa. more than 350 million people are chronically infected, including about 110 million chinese people, or 10 % of the nation ' s population. hepatitis b doesn ' t appear on any list of the world ’ s deadliest diseases because the infection itself is rarely fatal. but long - term hbv and hepatitis c virus infections result in chronic liver disease ( hepatitis ), cirrhosis ( end - stage liver disease ) and liver cancer, the third most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. one product of the virus, known as the hepatitis b x antigen ( hbxag ), plays a major role in the life cycle of hbv and is an important contributor to the development of liver cancer. hbxag has been the focus of feitelson ' s research since 1983. hbxag stimulates the production of virus proteins that are involved in enlisting the cell to create more viruses. during chronic hbv infection, it also protects infected liver cells from destruction by the immune system. the immune system ' s response to the virus, stymied by the actions of hbxag, results in the development of inflammatory liver disease ( chronic hepatitis ) without eliminating the virus - infected cells. sustained virus replication and progressive chronic liver disease are major risk factors for the appearance of liver cancer. over the years, the focus of feitelson ' s research has been how hbxag promotes the survival of virus - infected cells which, like cancer cells, often survive despite the persistence of immune responses that would otherwise eliminate such cells. his lab has also identified events triggered by hbxag that are important contributors to cancer development. in effect, the hepatitis b and c viruses cause their host cells to acquire the quick growth and resistance to immune elimination characteristics of cancer cells in the course of promoting their own survival. liver cancer itself often follows. the current model for managing aggressively mutating viral infections is combination therapies, or " drug cocktail


to acquire the quick growth and resistance to immune elimination characteristics of cancer cells in the course of promoting their own survival. liver cancer itself often follows. the current model for managing aggressively mutating viral infections is combination therapies, or " drug cocktails. " highly successful in treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ), this approach uses drugs aimed at multiple chemical targets on the virus to suppress replication to such low levels for such a long time that the virus cannot reach the critical mass of mutated forms required to repopulate around the drugs. feitelson thinks hbxag might be a good additional target for hbv drugs. continuously funded by the national institutes of health ( nih ) since 1988, feitelson recently received a grant to develop combination therapies for hbv. he is currently working on a total of three nih - funded projects and has received funding from industry and foundations over the years for multiple translational and applied research projects. one such industrial contract is from the chinese company hec, which has enlisted feitelson to test a promising new hbv drug with a new target in his lab. hbv receives relatively little attention in the west due to the low infection rates in europe and the americas and the delayed impact of the virus on the health of infected people. but hbv - associated diseases are a national priority in china, and feitelson has formed strong ties with the hbv research community there as he helps to fight these diseases. many of his graduate students are from china and he often travels there for conferences and consultations. he has been a visiting professor at five different chinese universities, including the elite fudan university in shanghai. feitelson has even formed a small company in china called usino to aid in accomplishing one of his goals ; helping china to develop their own drugs for hbv, which could then be made available at affordable prices. usino is presently helping to standardize clinical testing throughout china, laying the groundwork for advanced drug development, but the company also facilitated the hec contract. feitelson earned a bs in biology from the university of california, irvine in 1974 and a phd in microbiology and immunology from the ucla school of medicine in 1979 before becoming an american cancer society postdoctoral fellow in the department of medicine at stanford university from 1980 - 1982. he was then recruited to fox chase cancer center by nobel laureate baruch blumberg, who discovered hbv and developed the test and vaccine


hydrocephalus is a buildup of fluid inside the skull, leading to brain swelling. hydrocephalus means " water on the brain. " water on the brain causes, incidence, and risk factors : hydrocephalus is due to a problem with the flow of cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ), the liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. the fluid brings nutrients to the brain, takes away waste from the brain, and acts as a cushion. csf normally moves through areas of the brain called ventricles, then around the outside of the brain and the spinal cord. it is then reabsorbed into the bloodstream. buildup of csf can occur in the brain if its flow or absorption is blocked or if too much csf is produced. this buildup of fluid puts pressure on the brain, pushing the brain up against the skull and damaging or destroying brain tissues. hydrocephalus may start while the baby is growing in the womb. it is commonly present with myelomeningocele, a birth defect involving incomplete closure of the spinal column. genetic defects and certain infections that occur during pregnancy may also cause hydrocephalus. in young children, hydrocephalus may also be associated with the following conditions : - infections that affect the central nervous system ( such as meningitis or encephalitis ), especially in infants - bleeding in the brain during or soon after delivery ( especially in premature babies ) - injury before, during, or after childbirth, including subarachnoid hemorrhage - tumors of the central nervous system, including the brain or spinal cord - injury or trauma hydrocephalus most often occurs in children, but may also occur in adults and the elderly. see : normal pressure hydrocephalus the symptoms depend on the cause of the blockage, the person ' s age, and how much brain tissue has been damaged by the swelling. in infants with hydrocephalus, csf fluid builds up in the central nervous system, causing the fontanelle ( soft spot ) to bulge and the head to be larger than expected. early symptoms may also include : - eyes that appear to gaze downward - separated sutures symptoms that may occur in older children can include : - brief, shrill, high - pitched cry - changes in personality, memory, or the ability to reason or think - changes in facial appearance and eye spacing - crossed eyes or uncontrolled eye movements - difficulty feeding - excessive sleepiness - ir


brief, shrill, high - pitched cry - changes in personality, memory, or the ability to reason or think - changes in facial appearance and eye spacing - crossed eyes or uncontrolled eye movements - difficulty feeding - excessive sleepiness - irritability, poor temper control - loss of bladder control ( urinary incontinence ) - loss of coordination and trouble walking - muscle spasticity ( spasm ) - slow growth ( child 0 - 5 years ) - slow or restricted movement signs and tests : when a health care provider taps fingertips on the skull, there may be abnormal sounds that indicated thinning and separation of skull bones. scalp veins may appear stretched or enlarged. part or the entire head may be larger than normal. enlargement is most commonly seen in the front part of the head. head circumference measurements, repeated over time, may show that the head is getting bigger. the eyes may look " sunken in. " the white part of the eye may appear above the colored part of the eye, given the eyes a " setting - sun " appearance. reflexes may be abnormal. a head ct scan is one of the best tests for identifying hydrocephalus. other tests that may be done include : - brain scan using radioisotopes - cranial ultrasound ( an ultrasound of the brain ) - lumbar puncture and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid ( rarely done ) - skull x - rays the goal of treatment is to reduce or prevent brain damage by improving the flow of csf. the blockage may be surgically removed, if possible. if the blockage cannot be removed, a shunt ( flexible tube ) may be placed within the brain to allow csf to flow around the blocked area. the shunt tubing travels to another part of the body, such as the abdomen, where the extra csf can be absorbed. antibiotics are given if there are signs of infection. severe infections may require the shunt to be removed. another option is endoscopic third ventriculostomy ( etv ), which relieves pressure without replacing the shunt. removing or burning away ( cauterizing ) the parts of the brain that produce csf may reduce csf production. follow - up examinations generally continue throughout the child ' s life. these are done to check the child ' s developmental level and to treat any intellectual, neurological, or physical problems. visiting nurses, social services, support groups, and local agencies can provide emotional support and assist


generally continue throughout the child ' s life. these are done to check the child ' s developmental level and to treat any intellectual, neurological, or physical problems. visiting nurses, social services, support groups, and local agencies can provide emotional support and assist with the care of a child with hydrocephalus who has significant brain damage. untreated hydrocephalus has a 50 - 60 % death rate, with the survivors having varying degrees of intellectual, physical, and neurological disabilities. the outlook for treated hydrocephalus depends on the cause. hydrocephalus that is caused by disorders not associated with infection has the best outlook. persons with hydrocephalus caused by tumors usually do very poorly. most children with hydrocephalus that survive for 1 year will have a fairly normal life span. approximately a third will have normal intellectual function, but neurological difficulties may persist. shunt placement may lead to blockage. symptoms of such a blockage include headache and vomiting. surgeons may be able to help the shunt open without having to replace it. there may be other problems with the shunt, such as kinking, tube separation, or infection in the area of the shunt. other complications may include : - complications of surgery - infections such as meningitis or encephalitis - intellectual impairment - nerve damage ( decrease in movement, sensation, function ) - physical disabilities calling your health care provider : seek immediate medical care if your child has any symptoms of this disorder. go to the emergency room or call 911 if emergency symptoms occur, which include : - breathing problems - extreme drowsiness or sleepiness - feeding difficulties - high - pitched cry - no pulse ( heart beat ) - severe headache - stiff neck you should also call your health care provider if the child has been diagnosed with hydrocephalus and the condition gets worse and you are unable to care for him or her at home. protect the head of an infant or child from injury. prompt treatment of infections and other disorders associated with hydrocephalus may reduce the risk of developing the disorder. kinsman sl, johnston mv. congenital anomalies of the central nervous system. in : kliegman rm, behrman re, jenson hb, stanton bf, eds. nelson textbook of pediatrics. 18th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 592. golden ja, bonnemann cg. developmental structural disorders. in : goetz cg, eds. textbook of clinical neurology. 3rd


the use of prescribed fire as a land management tool has deep and ancient roots in south carolina ’ s heritage. however, conducting prescribed burns is becoming increasingly challenging due to a variety of factors, according to a state wildlife biologist and forester. johnny stowe, s. c. department of natural resources ( dnr ) representative to the south carolina prescribed fire council and a certified wildlife biologist and forester, said properly conducted prescribed burns ( also called “ controlled burns ” ) have multiple benefits. stowe is also a landowner who burns his own land. prescribed fires help restore and maintain vital habitat for wildlife, including bobwhite quail and other grassland birds, wildprescribed burn turkeys, white - tailed deer, gopher tortoises, and red - cockaded woodpeckers. besides the many wildlife species that require fire - dependent habitat, many plants thrive only in regularly burned forests. the demise of the longleaf pine forest and associated grasslands, which once made south carolina one of the best quail hunting states, is tightly correlated to the decrease of woods - burning. also, plants like the insectivorous pitcher plants, sundews, and venus ’ fly trap — as well as many other plant species, some of them rare — require frequent fire. “ fire - maintained lands also have a special unique beauty, ” stowe said. “ the open, park - like vistas of properly burned lands appeal to many of us. ” stowe can be reached via e - mail at stowej @ dnr. sc. gov or by calling 803 - 419 - 9374 in columbia. for more information on prescribed burning assistance, call your local s. c. forestry commission office or visit the south carolina prescribed fire council. prescribed fire enhances public safety, according to stowe, by reducing or even eliminating fuel loads, thereby making wildfire on that area impossible or unlikely for some time afterwards. and wildfires are usually less destructive on areas that have been prescribed burned. wildfires often either lose intensity or go out when they reach areas that have been prescribed burned. prescribed fire is also, along with hunting and agriculture, an essential part of the heritage and character of the south. every culture that has ever lived in the south has had an ancient tradition of woods burning. the indians transformed the southern landscape for thousands of years with fire, and the africans and europeans brought with them from the old world the time - tested practice of using fire to mold the land to their needs. sadly,


an ancient tradition of woods burning. the indians transformed the southern landscape for thousands of years with fire, and the africans and europeans brought with them from the old world the time - tested practice of using fire to mold the land to their needs. sadly, one of the main threats to prescribed burning is the legacy of smokey bear. “ smokey is one of the best - known icons in the united states, ” stowe said, “ and while part of smokey ’ s message always has been, is, and always will be wise — that no one should carelessly or maliciously use fire under any circumstances — smokey ’ s legacy is that several generations of americans view forest fires as universally destructive. ” another key threat to the southern tradition of prescribed burning as a land management tool is south carolina ’ s increasingly urban population. many south carolinians now come from backgrounds that did not expose them to rural land management activities such as burning, hunting and agricultural operations, according to stowe. often these folks do not appreciate the multiple benefits to society that these practices provide, nor the long - standing role that they play in the state ’ s natural and cultural history. noted conservationist aldo leopold correctly observed that one of the dangers of not living on a farm is that you may get the idea that heat comes from the furnace and food from the supermarket. stowe said that one of the many public benefits of the dnr ’ s heritage preserves and wildlife management areas is that they provide folks with a chance to see on - the - ground land management — how it works and why it is vital to protecting the state ’ s natural landscapes.


on the relative well - being of the nonmetropolitan poor : an examination of alternate definitions of poverty during the 1990s. 1. introduction understanding the geographic distribution of poverty is important to help target poverty - reduction policies. throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the proportion of people living in poverty in the united states poverty in the united states refers to people whose annual family income is less than a " poverty line " set by the u. s. government. poverty is a condition in which a person or community is deprived of, or lacks the essentials for, a minimum standard of well being and life. was significantly greater in nonmetropolitan than in metropolitan areas. in the 1980s the average incidence of poverty was 4. 4 percentage points larger in nonmetropolitan areas than in metropolitan areas, and in the 1990s the average difference was 2. 6 percentage points. ( 1 ) although it is well documented that the incidence of poverty, also called the head count index, has been higher in nonmetropolitan areas, there is very little research that examines whether poverty is deeper or more severe in nonmetropolitan areas. zheng zheng ( zheng ), n a chinese term for an acupuncture diagnosis achieved by thoroughly examining and interviewing a patient., cushing cush · ing, harvey williams 1869 - 1939. american surgeon known for his innovations in the field of neurosurgery and for his studies of the pituitary gland., and chow ( 1995 ) note that the u. s. federal government uses the proportion of poor as virtually the only indicator of poverty. ( 2 ) similarly, much of the academic research on poverty is also focused on the incidence of poverty and does not examine distribution - sensitive measures of poverty. ( 3 ) for example, hanratty and blank ( 1992 ) compare u. s. and canadian canadian ( kəna ` deən ), river, 906 mi ( 1, 458 km ) long, rising in ne new mexico. and flowing e across n texas and central oklahoma into the arkansas river in e oklahoma. poverty rates from 1970 to 1986 and provide an explanation for why the canadian poverty rate improved dramatically relative to the u. s. rate. sawhill ( 1988 ) presents a comprehensive review of poverty measurement in the united states united states, officially united states of america, republic ( 2005 est. pop. 295, 734, 000 ), 3, 539, 227 sq mi ( 9, 166, 598 sq km ), north america


measurement in the united states united states, officially united states of america, republic ( 2005 est. pop. 295, 734, 000 ), 3, 539, 227 sq mi ( 9, 166, 598 sq km ), north america. the united states is the world ' s third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. and proposes explanations for why there was so little change in poverty from the mid - mid - middle : midbrain. 1960s to the mid - 1980s. using a consumption - based measure of poverty, rather than the official income - based measure of poverty, slesnick ( 1993 ) counters that there was significant progress made in reducing poverty during this time period. in all cases, however, when the authors discuss poverty, they are referring to the incidence of poverty and never to any sort of distribution - sensitive measure. understanding the depth and severity of poverty, in addition to the incidence, may provide information on important differences in the qualitative nature of poverty that would suggest different types of poverty - reduction policies for the different area types. the purpose of this paper is to examine nonmetropolitan poverty relative to metropolitan and other geographic areas of the united states during the 1990s. this paper extends on the current literature in two ways. first, the analysis considers three different measures of poverty : the head count, poverty - gap, and squared poverty - gap indices. these measures belong to the foster - greer - thorbecke ( 1984, hereafter in the future. the term hereafter is always used to indicate a future time — to the exclusion of both the past and present — in legal documents, statutes, and other similar papers. referred to as fgt fgt female genital tract ) family of poverty indices and have been widely used in the international poverty literature. ( 4 ) the head count is the standard measure used and provides a measure of the incidence of poverty. the poverty - gap index provides a measure of the depth of poverty, and the squared poverty - gap index is sensitive to the income distribution of the poor and provides a measure of the severity of poverty. the usefulness of these measures can be illustrated by considering a transfer of money from a rich person to a poor person that is not large enough to push the poor person over the poverty line. this transfer has no effect on the head count index, but the poor person is better off and this welfare improvement is reflected in a reduction of both the poverty - gap and squared poverty - gap indices. as another example,


person over the poverty line. this transfer has no effect on the head count index, but the poor person is better off and this welfare improvement is reflected in a reduction of both the poverty - gap and squared poverty - gap indices. as another example, a transfer of income from a poor person to a poorer person will not alter either the head count or the poverty - gap index, but it improves the distribution of income of the poor, and this change is reflected by a reduction of the squared poverty - gap index. ( 5 ) these examples point to an important reason to consider the poverty - gap and squared poverty - gap indices in addition to the commonly reported head count index. a frequently stated goal of many programs is the reduction of poverty, but the policies that are appropriate to attain tiffs goal will vary depending on which poverty measure is considered. if policy makers are focused on the head count index, then the most efficient way to reduce poverty is through assistance to the least poor. if, on the other hand, policy makers are concerned about the overall welfare of the poor and not just on reducing the number of persons living in poverty, then the appropriate measure is one that captures the depth and severity of poverty. the second way in which this paper extends on the literature is that the statistical tests for differences in poverty are corrected for features of the sample design. ( 6 ) most nationally representative data sets, particularly those from which poverty estimates are formed, are not based on pure random draws from the population ; rather they are frequently based on stratified stratified / strat · i · fied / ( strat´i - fid ) formed or arranged in layers. arranged in the form of layers or strata. and multistage mul · ti · stage 1. functioning in more than one stage : a multistage design project. 2. relating to or composed of two or more propulsion units. sample designs. as one example, the sample used for the current population survey ( cps ( 1 ) ( characters per second ) the measurement of the speed of a serial printer or the speed of a data transfer between hardware devices or over a communications channel. cps is equivalent to bytes per second. ) is drawn from a census frame using a stratified, multistage design. howes howes can refer to : people in zoning law, an official permit to use property in a manner that departs from the way in which other property in the same locality. an example from jolliffe, datt datt defense attache


howes howes can refer to : people in zoning law, an official permit to use property in a manner that departs from the way in which other property in the same locality. an example from jolliffe, datt datt defense attache datt department of aviation trades training datt data access temporary table, and sharma sharma is one of the most common brahmin surnames among hindus in india, nepal and other countries. meaning of the surname sharma is derived from the sanskrit ' sharman ' which means teacher. according to sanskrit scholar dr. ( in press ) shows that in the case of poverty indices for egypt egypt ( e ` jipt ), arab. misr, biblical mizraim, officially arab republic of egypt, republic ( 2005 est. pop. 77, 506, 000 ), 386, 659 sq mi ( 1, 001, 449 sq km ), ne africa and sw asia., falling to adjust for the characteristics of the sample design would result in an underestimate of the correct standard errors by 187 - 212 %. the remaining part of this paper proceeds as follows. section 2 covers poverty measurement issues, which includes a discussion of the data, poverty line, poverty indices, and the estimates of sampling variance. section 3 provides a discussion of the results. examining only the incidence of poverty provides the result that poverty is worse in nonmetropolitan areas during all 10 years of the 1990s. when looking at the depth of poverty, this difference in poverty is only statistically significant in six of the 10 years ; and when examining the severity of poverty, the difference is only statistically significant in three of the 10 years ( at the 95 % confidence level ). this section also establishes that there are important nonmetro - metropolitan differences in the distribution of income of the poor and provides further geographic decompositions and some economic explanations for the differences. section 4 provides a brief conclusion. 2. poverty measurement the 1991 - 2000 current population survey ( cps ) and the u. s. poverty thresholds the poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living. in practice, like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in developed the data used in this paper are from the 1991 - 2000 march supplement to the cps, which is conducted by the by the bureau of the census noun 1. bureau of the census - the bureau of the commerce department responsible for taking the census ;


the data used in this paper are from the 1991 - 2000 march supplement to the cps, which is conducted by the by the bureau of the census noun 1. bureau of the census - the bureau of the commerce department responsible for taking the census ; provides demographic information and analyses about the population of the united states census bureau for the bureau of labor statistics bureau of labor statistics ( bls ) a research agency of the u. s. department of labor ; it compiles statistics on hours of work, average hourly earnings, employment and unemployment, consumer prices and many other variables.. the cps data are the basis for the official u. s. poverty estimates and provide information on approximately 50, 000 households in each year. the march supplement, also called the annual demographic survey of the cps, collects information on income and a variety of demographic characteristics. the reference period for income - related questions is the preceding calendar year, and therefore the 1991 - 2000 cps data provide poverty estimates for 1990 - 1999. the sample is representative of the civilian, noninstitutionalized adj. 1. not committed to an institution ; - op people. opposite of institutionalized nt >. adj. 1. noninstitutionalized - not committed to an institution noninstitutionalised population and members of the armed forces either living off base or with their families on base. the sample frame is based on housing structures and not individuals, so all individuals who are homeless at the time of the interview are excluded from the sample. estimates of the number of homeless range from a 1990 bureau of census bureau of census a division of the federal government of the united states bureau of commerce that is responsible for conducting the national census at least once every 10 years, in which the population of the united states is counted. estimate of 250, 000 to a 1987 urban institute estimate of up to 600, 000 service - using homeless individuals. ( 7 ) the exclusion of homeless persons an individual who lacks housing, including one whose primary residence during the night is a supervised public or private facility that provides temporary living accommodations ; an individual who is a resident in transitional housing ; or an individual who has as a primary residence a from the sample frame is noteworthy for poverty analysis, as this is a group that has a very high incidence of poverty, and it is noteworthy for a geographic analysis of poverty as homeless persons are disproportionately dis · pro · por · tion · ate out of proportion, as in size, shape, or


has a very high incidence of poverty, and it is noteworthy for a geographic analysis of poverty as homeless persons are disproportionately dis · pro · por · tion · ate out of proportion, as in size, shape, or amount. dispro · por located in metropolitan areas. ( 8 ) because the homeless are disproportionately located in metropolitan areas, their exclusion from the sample biases the estimates in the direction of increasing the estimated gap between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan poverty rotes. relative to the population of poor persons ( estimated at 33. 6 million in 1990 ), the homeless population is small, and this sample - selection bias will not significantly affect the estimated proportion of persons living in poverty. this statement is tempered, however, by noting that the homeless are most likely living in extreme poverty, and their exclusion has a greater impact on the poverty measures that are sensitive to the distribution of income. a primary finding of this paper is that distribution - sensitive measures of poverty reveal that the relative nonmetrometropolitan difference in poverty is smaller than what is indicated by comparing the incidence of nonmetropolitan and metropolitan poverty. if the homeless were included in this analysis, they would reinforce this finding. the geographical poverty comparisons considered in this paper are primarily between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. ( 9 ) nonmetropolitan is often referred to as rural, but these terms define different geographic areas. ( 10 ) the office of management and budget the office of management and budget ( omb ), formerly the bureau of the budget, is an agency of the federal government that evaluates, formulates, and coordinates management procedures and program objectives within and among departments and agencies of the executive branch. ( 2002 ), which issues federal standards for defining statistical areas, states that a metropolitan area is any county that contains a city with a population of at least 50, 000, a county with an urbanized area as defined by the bureau of census, or a fringe fringe ( optics ) one of the light or dark bands produced by interference or diffraction of light. distances between fringes are usually very small, because of the short wavelength of light. county that is economically tied to a metropolitan area. ( 11 ) nonmetropolitan areas are all areas outside the boundaries of metropolitan areas. the measure of welfare used in this paper is income as it is defined for federal poverty rates. this definition includes all pretax income pretax income reported income before the


##metropolitan areas are all areas outside the boundaries of metropolitan areas. the measure of welfare used in this paper is income as it is defined for federal poverty rates. this definition includes all pretax income pretax income reported income before the deduction of income taxes. pretax income is sometimes considered a better measure of a firm ' s performance than aftertax income because taxes in one period may be influenced by activities in earlier periods., but does not include capital gains or any noncash benefits such as public housing, medicaid medicaid, national health insurance program in the united states for low - income persons ; established in 1965 with passage of the social security amendments and now run by the centers for medicare and medicaid services., or food stamps food stamp a stamp or coupon, issued by the government to persons with low incomes, that can be redeemed for food at stores. noun 1.. the poverty thresholds used in this paper are the u. s. federal government poverty lines, which were developed in 1965 following a cost - of - basic - needs methodology that sets the poverty line at the value of a consumption bundle considered to be adequate for basic consumption needs. basic needs, in this context, represent a socially determined, normative nor · ma · tive of, relating to, or prescribing a norm or standard : normative grammar. nor minimum for avoiding poverty. for more details on this methodology and other methods of drawing poverty lines, see ravallion ( 1998 ). the u. s. poverty line set in 1965 was based on the cost of the u. s. department of agriculture ' s ( usda ' s ) economy food plan, a low - cost diet determined to be nutritionally adequate. in addition to the cost of this food plan, the poverty line includes an allowance for nonfood non · food of, relating to, or being something that is not food but is sold in a supermarket, as housewares or stationery. expenditures that was twice the value of the cost of the usda usda, n. pr see united states department of agriculture. economy food plan. ( 12 ) to account for inflation, the poverty lines set in 1965 are adjusted each year using a price index. ( 13 ) the latest poverty line used in this study is from 1999, and it is set at $ 8, 667 for an individual under 65 years of age ; $ 11, 483 for a two - person family with one child


index. ( 13 ) the latest poverty line used in this study is from 1999, and it is set at $ 8, 667 for an individual under 65 years of age ; $ 11, 483 for a two - person family with one child and one adult ; and $ 19, 882 for a family with two adults and three children. for a listing of 1999 poverty lines for various family sizes, see dalaker and proctor a person appointed to manage the affairs of another or to represent another in a judgment. in english law, the name formerly given to practitioners in ecclesiastical and admiralty ( 2000 ). ( 14 ) poverty measures and standard errors the previous section describes the measure of welfare and poverty lines used to identify who is poor. the next step is to aggregate this information into a scalar scalar, quantity or number possessing only sign and magnitude, e. g., the real numbers ( see number ), in contrast to vectors and tensors ; scalars obey the rules of elementary algebra. many physical quantities have scalar values, e. g. measure of poverty. to examine the sensitivity of estimated poverty levels to the choice of a poverty index, i consider three measures that belong to the fgt family. the first is the head count index ( [ p. sub. 0 ] ), which is the percentage of the population living in families with family income less than the poverty line. the second measure is the poverty - gap index ( p0, defined by the mean distance below the poverty line ( expressed as a proportion of the poverty line ), where the mean is formed over the entire population and counts the nonpoor as having zero poverty gap. the third measure is the squared poverty - gap index ( [ p. sub. 2 ] ), defined as the mean of the squared proportionate pro · por · tion · ate being in due proportion ; proportional. tr. v. pro · por · tion · at · ed, pro · por · tion · at · ing, pro · por · tion · ates to make proportionate. poverty gaps. the fgt class of poverty indices, also referred to as [ p. sub. [ alpha ] ] can be represented as ( 1 ) [ p. sub. [ alpha ] = 1 / n [ summation summation n. the final argument of an attorney at the close of a trial in which he / she attempts to convince the judge and / or jury of the virtues of the client ' s case. ( see : closing argument )


n [ summation summation n. the final argument of an attorney at the close of a trial in which he / she attempts to convince the judge and / or jury of the virtues of the client ' s case. ( see : closing argument ) over ( i ) ] i ( [ y. sub. 1 ] < z ) [ [ ( z - [ y. sub. 1 ] / z ] [. sup. [ alpha ] ], where n is the sample size, i subscript ( 1 ) in word processing and scientific notation, a digit or symbol that appears below the line ; for example, h2o, the symbol for water. contrast with superscript. ( 2 ) in programming, a method for referencing data in a table. is the family or individual, y is the relevant measure of welfare, z is the poverty line, and i is an indicator function in mathematics, an indicator function or a characteristic function is a function defined on a set that indicates membership of an element in a subset that takes the value of one if the statement is true and zero otherwise. when [ alpha ] = 0, the resulting measure is the head count index, or [ p. sub. 0 ]. when [ alpha ] = 1, the fgt index results in the poverty - gap index, or [ p. sub. 1 ], and the squared poverty - gap index ( [ p. sub. 2 ] ) results when [ alpha ] = 2. in order to answer the question of whether poverty is higher in nonmetropolitan than metropolitan areas, or more generally most any question regarding whether poverty has changed over time or varies over some geographic or demographic characteristic, estimates of the sampling variance for the indices are required. kakwani ( 1993 ) provides two asymptotic estimates for the variance of the fgt poverty indices that are easy to calculate and frequently used. the kakwani formula for the variance of p0, the head count index, is [ p. sub. 0 ] ( 1 - [ p. sub. 0 ] ) / ( n - 1 ), where n is the sample size. the formula for all other variance estimates of the fgt indices is ( [ p. sub. 2 [ alpha ] ] - [ p. sup. 2. sub. [ alpha ] ]. ) / ( n - 1 ). the primary disadvantage of the kakwani estimates is that they assume the sample was collected using a simple random draw from the population. as noted in the introduction


n. sub. j ] is the size of each subgroup, and z is again the poverty line. by treating each observation as a subgroup, the estimate of poverty is the weighted mean of the individual - specific measures of poverty and the sampling variance of the poverty measure is the variance of this mean, or ( 3 ) [ mathematical expression not reproducible in ascii ] where i subscript is the individual. the next step is to incorporate the sample design information, which typically requires that the researcher has access to not only unit record data, but also data identifying the characteristics of the sample design. in the case of the cps data, the sample design information that identifies the strata and primary sampling units ( psus ), has been censored cen · sor 1. a person authorized to examine books, films, or other material and to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable. 2. from the public - use files to maintain respondent in equity practice, the party who answers a bill or other proceeding in equity. the party against whom an appeal or motion, an application for a court order, is instituted and who is required to answer in order to protect his or her interests. confidentiality. to compensate for the missing design information, the u. s. bureau of census ( 2000, appendix c ) provides detailed notes on how to approximate design - corrected standard errors for a limited set of poverty estimates. an important shortcoming short · com · ing a deficiency ; a flaw. a fault or weakness noun 1. of this method is that parameter ( 1 ) any value passed to a program by the user or by another program in order to customize the program for a particular purpose. a parameter may be anything ; for example, a file name, a coordinate, a range of values, a money amount or a code of some kind. estimates are only provided for the head count index ; there are no corrections provided for any other measures of poverty. ( 15 ) in addition to the issue that the census does not provide sample - design corrections for either the poverty - gap or squared poverty - gap indices, there is the additional problem that the recommended method appears to be significantly less precise for nonmetro - metropolitan comparisons. the proposed correction for all nonmetropolitan statistics provided by the u. s. bureau of census ( 2000, appendix c ) is to multiply mul · ti · ply 1. to increase the amount, number, or degree of. 2. to breed


nonmetropolitan statistics provided by the u. s. bureau of census ( 2000, appendix c ) is to multiply mul · ti · ply 1. to increase the amount, number, or degree of. 2. to breed or propagate. the design - correction coefficients by 1. 5. the implication of this correction is that for all statistics the ratio of the design effects for metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas is constant. another factor likely to affect the accuracy of this correction is that it has not been updated in the last 20 years, whereas the design - correction coefficients for all other characteristics are frequently updated. ( 16 ) given that the census - recommended method does not provide corrections for the sampling variance of [ p. sub. 1 ] and [ p. sub. 2 ], and that the adjustment factor for nonmetropolitan areas appears to be a rough approximation approximation / ap · prox · i · ma · tion / ( ah - prok? si - ma´shun ) 1. the act or process of bringing into proximity or apposition. 2. a numerical value of limited accuracy., i abandoned this method. instead, i followed an approach based on replicating aspects of the cps sample design by creating synthetic variables for the strata and clusters that induce in · duce 1. to bring about or stimulate the occurrence of something, such as labor. 2. to initiate or increase the production of an enzyme or other protein at the level of genetic transcription. 3. similar design effects. a more detailed description of the approach, and simulation results suggesting that it provides useful approximations, are provided in jolliffe ( 2001 ). the first step of the synthetic design approach for this analysis of poverty is to sort the data by income. ( 17 ) then each set of four consecutive housing units is assigned as · sign tr. v. as · signed, as · sign · ing, as · signs 1. to set apart for a particular purpose ; designate : assigned a day for the inspection. 2. to a separate cluster. the purpose of the sorting is to induce a high level of intracluster correlation, and the choice of four matches, on average, the actual cps cluster size. i select the four regions of the united states as synthetic strata to capture the geographic aspect of the cps stratification stratification ( lat., = made in layers ), layered structure formed by the deposition of sedimentary rocks. changes between strata are interpreted as the