no matter what it ' s called. like anyone who ' s being bullied, people who are sexually bullied or harassed can feel a great deal of emotional stress if the situation continues without relief. some images, jokes, language, and contact are called " inappropriate " for a reason. if a behavior or interaction makes you uncomfortable or upset, talk to a trusted adult. it may fall into the sexual harassment or bullying category. sexual harassment or bullying can include : making sexual jokes, comments, or gestures to or about someone spreading sexual rumors ( in person, by text, or online ) writing sexual messages about people on bathroom stalls or in other public places showing someone inappropriate sexual videos or pictures posting sexual comments, pictures, or videos on social networks like facebook, or sending explicit text messages making sexual comments or offers while pretending to be someone else online touching, grabbing, or pinching someone in a deliberately sexual way pulling at someone ' s clothing and brushing up against them in a purposefully sexual way this is one reason why " sexting " isn ' t a great idea, even if you ' re in a loving relationship. in some cases these messages can be considered harassment or bullying, and can bring very serious consequences. also, messages or images you intend to be private can get into the wrong hands and be used to embarrass, intimidate, or humiliate. forcing another person into doing things he or she doesn ' t want to do, such as kissing, oral sex, or intercourse, goes beyond sexual harassment or bullying. forcing someone to do sexual things is sexual assault or rape, and it ' s a crime. sometimes people who make sexual jokes, comments, or innuendos laugh off their behavior as flirting, and you might be tempted to do the same. so what ' s the difference between flirting and sexual harassment? here are three examples of flirting versus harassment : you and your crush have been flirting and you both start making jokes about people who sext. your crush asks if you ' d ever do that. you say, " no way! " with normal flirting, that ' s the end of it. but if your crush starts pressuring you to send sexual pictures, then it ' s getting into harassment territory. a guy in class says your new jeans look great. that ' s a compliment. but if he says your new jeans make your butt look great, that ' s crossing the line. someone you ' re not attracted to asks you to go to a dance. it seems harsh to say you '


great. that ' s a compliment. but if he says your new jeans make your butt look great, that ' s crossing the line. someone you ' re not attracted to asks you to go to a dance. it seems harsh to say you ' re not interested, so you make up an excuse. the person asks a couple more times, but eventually gets the hint. this is a normal social interaction. but if the person hits on you in a creepy way — like making references to sex or your body, sending stalkerly messages, or touching you inappropriately — that ' s harassment. some things may be awkward, but they don ' t count as harassment. a guy who blurts out a sex - related swearword because he spills his lunch tray isn ' t harassing or bullying anyone. but if someone is deliberately doing or saying sexual things that make you uncomfortable, it ' s probably sexual harassment. not sure? ask yourself, " is this something i wanted to happen or i want to continue happening? how does it make me feel? " if it doesn ' t feel right, talk to a parent, teacher, guidance counselor, or someone else you trust. if you think you ' re being harassed, don ' t blame yourself. harassers can be very manipulative. they are often good at blaming the victim — and even at making victims blame themselves. but no one has the right to sexually harass or bully anyone else, no matter what. there is no such thing as " asking for it. " there ' s no single " right " way to respond to sexual harassment. each situation is unique. it often can be helpful to start by telling the person doing the harassing to stop. let him or her know that this behavior is not ok with you. sometimes that will be enough, but not always. the harasser may not stop. he or she might even laugh off your request, tease you, or bother you more. that ' s why it ' s important to share what ' s happening with an adult you trust. is there a parent, relative, coach, or teacher you can talk to? more and more schools have a designated person who ' s there to talk about bullying issues, so find out if there ' s someone at your school. most schools have a sexual harassment policy or a bullying policy to protect you. ask a guidance counselor or principal about your school ' s policy. if you find the adult you talk to doesn ' t take your complaints seriously at first, you may have


. most schools have a sexual harassment policy or a bullying policy to protect you. ask a guidance counselor or principal about your school ' s policy. if you find the adult you talk to doesn ' t take your complaints seriously at first, you may have to repeat yourself or find someone else who will listen. there ' s no doubt it can feel embarrassing to talk about sexual harassment at first. but that uncomfortable feeling quickly wears off after a minute or so of conversation. in most cases, telling someone sooner leads to faster results and fewer problems down the line, so it ' s worth it. it can help to keep a record of the events that have happened. write down dates and short descriptions in a journal. save any offensive pictures, videos, texts, or ims as evidence. that way you ' ll have them if your school or family has to take legal action. to avoid going through feeling upset all over again, save this evidence someplace where you don ' t have to see it every day. bystanders play an important role in stopping bullying — even sexual bullying. if you see someone who is being harassed, take action. if it feels safe and natural to speak up, say, " come on, let ' s get out of here " to the person you see getting bullied or bothered. there ' s no need to speak to the harasser. he or she isn ' t worth the energy, and sometimes it ' s better not to engage the person. if you don ' t feel you can say something at the time you see the incident, report the event to a teacher or principal. this isn ' t snitching. it ' s standing up for what ' s right. no one deserves to be harassed. you could also talk to the victim afterward and offer support. say that you think what happened is not ok and offer some ideas for dealing with harassment. if you suspect something you won ' t always see sexual harassment or bullying happening. a friend who is going through it might not talk about it. sometimes people show signs that something ' s wrong even if they don ' t talk about it. maybe a normally upbeat friend seems sad, worried, or distracted. perhaps a friend has lost interest in hanging out or doing stuff. maybe someone you know avoids school or has falling grades. changes like these are signs that something ' s going on. it may not be sexual harassment or bullying ( things like mood swings or changes in eating habits can be signs of many different things ). but it is a chance for you


perhaps it ’ s the overwhelmingly enthusiastic response to the mosaic skull on view in children of the plumed serpent or maybe it ’ s the museum ’ s proximity to the page museum ’ s treasure trove of fossils — whatever the reason, i ’ ve got skulls on the brain ( pun unfortunately intended ). once upon a time, a post about skulls would have seemed better suited for autumn. that is, after all, when halloween haunts us with deliciously spooky skeletons and dia de los muertos wields memento mori to commemorate both our own mortality and those we have lost. however, the skull ’ s iconographic popularity now seems to be a year - round phenomenon. having the privilege of perusing lacma ’ s galleries each day, i ’ m reminded that skulls have had a longstanding role in art history, long before damien hirst ’ s for the love of god triggered a cranium craze in the art world and residually throughout pop culture. allow me to guide you through a mere sampling of skulls in lacma ’ s collection : on view : resnick pavilion the aforementioned mixteca - puebla mosaic skull in children of the plumed serpent is specked with turquoise, jadeite, and shell and is thought to have been produced between 1400 - 1521 in mexico in veneration of mixtec ancestors. such ornate tributes trumpet the wealth of the commissioner, as they highlight the exchange of luxury goods between mexico and the puebloan region of new mexico, from where the turquoise originated. children of the plumed serpent closes on july 1, so be sure see this spectacular artifact if you haven ’ t already. horse ’ s skull with pink rose, georgia o ’ keeffe on view : art of the americas building, level 3 o ’ keeffe ’ s “ bonescape ” compositions from the 1930s were a result of inquisitive scavenging during her time in new mexico. intrigued by fragments of sun - bleached animal skeletons found in the desert and fabric flowers left on graves in hispanic cemeteries, the artist collected these objects and traveled with them to her studio in new york. there, she began her foray into still life paintings of bones with a particular affinity toward skulls. for o ’ keeffe, the durability of skeletons and fabric flowers represented the eternal, parched beauty of the american southwest. head - skull, alberto giacometti on view : ahmanson building, level 3 in the early 1930s, alberto giacometti made significant


the durability of skeletons and fabric flowers represented the eternal, parched beauty of the american southwest. head - skull, alberto giacometti on view : ahmanson building, level 3 in the early 1930s, alberto giacometti made significant contributions to surrealist sculpture. in head - skull, he flattened the planes of his approximately life - sized subject, thus eradicating the standard curvature associated with the human skull. instead, his rendition appears cubist — almost architectural — in its smooth geometry and examines the beautifully complex semiotic implications of a skull in both life and death. skull rack, papua new guinea on view : art of the pacific, ahmanson building, level 1 despite its smiling face, this one is a bit grim. the sacred agiba — a flat, carved, painted, wooden figure — comes from the kerewa people of papua new guinea and exists to showcase skulls procured by a given clan. headhunting was a central part of religious practice in historical kerewa tribes, and raids were carried out, as i read in island ancestors : oceanic art from the masco collection, “ in preparation for initiations and for such rituals as the inauguration of a new ceremonial house or the completion of a canoe. ” yikes. the magdalen with the smoking flame, georges de la tour the skull is an accessory in this french baroque masterpiece by georges de la tour, helping to set the tone for mary magdalen ’ s contemplation of penance and the afterlife. de la tour ’ s iconic painting is not currently on view at lacma, as it is currently vacationing in europe as part of the bodies and shadows : caravaggio and his legacy tour. luckily, we don ’ t have to wait long to celebrate its return as the same exhibition opens at lacma on november 11. stephanie sykes, communications manager


| january | | garnet | | the garnet group is largest and most colourful group of gems ; they can be found in every colour except blue. some varieties display the phenomenon of asterism ( the appearance of a " star " on a cabochon cut stone ) or change their colour from daylight to artificial light. the most remarkable varieties are tsavorite, hessonite, demantoid, almandine, pyrope, rhodolite, and mandarin. | | " the stone of love and devotion " - the stone of passion and courage | | february | | amethyst | | amethysts are the best known variety of quartz. they are transparent and range in colour from bluish purple to purple to reddish purple. | | " the stone of the spirit " - protects against anger, hate, envy and fear. | " aquamarines are part of the beryl family and are generally very pure and crystalline. they are commonly blue with shades of green. aquamarines are said to restore harmony for couples who are having problems. they are also claimed to strengthen the intellect. " | " the stone of courage & serenity ” - accelerates the intellectual reasoning process. " diamonds are the crystaline form of pure carbon ( 99. 95 % pure ) and is the hardest naturally occuring substance on earth. colourless diamonds are the most commonly known. however, there are also coloured diamonds, in deep yellow, blue, pink or green, for example. these are called fancy diamonds and are very rare ( red being the rarest ). the tradition of presenting a diamond ring as an attestment of marriage began in 1477, when archduke maximilian of austria gave mary of burgundy a ring adorned with a diamond to seal their marriage vows. | " the stone of love, excellence and purification " - symbolizes power, strength, brilliance and unparalleled beauty. | | may | | emerald | | emeralds are generally green with hues of blue and yellow. gem - quality emeralds are transparent but often have " gardens " of inclusions. they have often been considered powerful talismans in ancient civilizations. | | " the healer ’ s stone ” - a symbol of hope. | " pearls are formed entirely of organic material and are cultured in both freshwater and saltwater. pearls are formed of concentric layers of nacre. nacre consists of aragonite ( approximately 85 % ), conchiolin ( approximately 12 % ) and water ( approximately 3 %


organic material and are cultured in both freshwater and saltwater. pearls are formed of concentric layers of nacre. nacre consists of aragonite ( approximately 85 % ), conchiolin ( approximately 12 % ) and water ( approximately 3 % ). they come in a variety of colours. the different colours of pearls had different meanings : | " symbol of purity & spiritual transformation " - it was said that pearls were the solidified tears of venus. some claim that pearls are a symbol of faith and purity. | | july | | ruby | | the most beautiful rubies are called " pigeon ’ s blood ”, and are saturated red ; they are not tinged with orange or purple. this magnificent red gives a satiny look due to the " silk ” — fine needles of a mineral called rutile — contained in these rubies. | | " the stone of fire and passion ” - symbolizes passion, courage and love. | | august | | peridot | | peridot is transparent and only green in colour, generally with a hint of yellow. the most sought - after colour is known as " spring green. ” the kashmire peridot is said to be the finest quality peridot in the world. it is only found in pakistan. | | " the stone of emotional healing ” - brings emotional balance, and helps heal emotional imbalances. | | september | | sapphire | | sapphires are blue but exist in other colours ; these are called fancy sapphires. the most beautiful sapphires are pure, saturated blue. they sometimes have slightly violet shades. people often talk about " kashmir sapphires ” as being the most beautiful. they have a smooth blue colour with a slight hint of turquoise. | | " the stone of loyalty and fidelity " - symbolizes truth, sincerity and faithfulness. | | october | | opal | | precious opals are those that exhibit the beautiful play of colour seen in the specimens mounted in jewellery. they come in a variety of body colours from white, to red, to black. in many countries, opals have been considered to be good luck charms which are mood - sensitive. | | " the stone happiness and truth " symbolizes purity and intensity. | november | | yellow topaz | | topaz is a transparent gemstone. it exists in many colours : colourless, yellow, orange, brown, pink to red to purple - red, light to dark blue and light green. the yellow variety of topaz is also known as " sherry


questions about issues in the news for students 13 and older. do you make decisions quickly based on incomplete information? do you lose your temper quickly? are you easily bored? do you thrive in conditions that seem chaotic to others, or do you like everything well organized? read what a science times article says about new research showing how novelty - seeking, a personality trait long associated with trouble, can now be a predictor of well - being. in “ what ’ s new? exuberance for novelty has benefits, ” john tierney writes : as researchers analyzed its genetic roots and relations to the brain ’ s dopamine system, they linked this [ novelty - seeking ] with problems like attention deficit disorder, compulsive spending and gambling, alcoholism, drug abuse and criminal behavior. now, though, after extensively tracking novelty - seekers, researchers are seeing the upside. in the right combination with other traits, it ’ s a crucial predictor of well - being. “ novelty - seeking is one of the traits that keeps you healthy and happy and fosters personality growth as you age, ” says c. robert cloninger, the psychiatrist who developed personality tests for measuring this trait. the problems with novelty - seeking showed up in his early research in the 1990s ; the advantages have become apparent after he and his colleagues tested and tracked thousands of people in the united states, israel and finland. “ it can lead to antisocial behavior, ” he says, “ but if you combine this adventurousness and curiosity with persistence and a sense that it ’ s not all about you, then you get the kind of creativity that benefits society as a whole. ” fans of this trait are calling it “ neophilia ” and pointing to genetic evidence of its importance as humans migrated throughout the world. in her survey of the recent research, “ new : understanding our need for novelty and change, ” the journalist winifred gallagher argues that neophilia has always been the quintessential human survival skill, whether adapting to climate change on the ancestral african savanna or coping with the latest digital toy from silicon valley. students : tell us where you rank on the novelty - seeking, or “ neophilia, ” scale. do you thrive in chaos, and embrace change? do these traits get you into trouble sometimes? do you agree with those scientists who consider novelty - seeking to be an essential survival skill in a world where new information comes at us faster all the time? do you also have persistence and “ self - transcendence, ” or the capacity


links to related repositories in the united states at the beginning of the year 2000, there were more than 650 repositories and private holdings of archival and manuscript materials in the united states, relating to the russian empire, the former soviet union and other east european countries. the materials represented in these collections are extremely diverse and cover the broadest possible range of subjects : political, historical, social, diplomatic, artistic, literary, religious, military, musical and other matters. description and links to the most significant repositories in the united states can be found on this page. the hoover institution library and archives, in stanford, ca, founded in 1919, is the oldest american repository of archival materials related to russia and eastern europe. the library ' s founder, herbert hoover, saw the need to collect documents relating to world war i which were in danger of perishing in its aftermath. hoover and his american relief administration staff, while engaged in famine relief in soviet russia in 1921 - 1923, took the opportunity to collect published and unpublished materials, including ephemera, particularly that which related to the contemporary situation. in the years that followed, exiles from tsarist russia and emigres belonging to groups which lost out to the bolsheviks in the civil war continued to donate materials to the archives. as a result, the depth of the collections permits research on many topics in russian and east european history. the european reading room of the library of congress, in washington, d. c., currently holds more than 700, 000 physical volumes ( books, sets, continuations, and bound periodicals ) in russian and approximately the same number of volumes in other languages of the former ussr and volumes in western languages about russia and the former soviet union. there are also significant collections of other non - book print materials ( music scores, newspapers, microforms and cartographic materials ) and non - print materials ( sound recordings, motions pictures, manuscripts, photographs, and posters ), although statistics on these categories of holdings are less readily available. the slavic and baltic division of the new york public library was established as the russian division in 1898 - 99, after the board of trustees was petitioned by members of new york ' s large emigre community. for more than a century, the nypl has been concerned with the acquisition, processing, care, and public service of many hundreds of thousands of volumes relating to slavic and east european peoples, cultures, and languages produced in both the homelands, and in the diaspora. the yale university library, in new haven,


the acquisition, processing, care, and public service of many hundreds of thousands of volumes relating to slavic and east european peoples, cultures, and languages produced in both the homelands, and in the diaspora. the yale university library, in new haven, ct, was among the first in america to collect slavic materials systematically. joel sumner smith, its associate librarian in the late 19th century, was one of the very few in his profession who read russian. the books and serials he acquired today form the core of one of the major holdings in the west. with currently over 100, 000 volumes concerning central and southeast europe, as well as some 500, 000 volumes relating to russia and the states of the former soviet union, yale has one of the five largest collections in the united states. the manuscript and archives division of sterling memorial library holds important archival collections related to russia and eastern europe, primarily concerned with diplomatic and political history of the 19th and 20th centuries. in addition, the beinecke library holds an impressive collection with a particular emphasis on emigration. among its holdings are the papers of czeslaw milosz, nina berberova, konstantin balmont and others. the houghton library of harvard university, in cambridge, ma, holds a very important collection of first editions of russian literature. harvard alumnus bayard l. kilgour, jr., gathered this collection, which is renowned not only in the united states but all over the world. the kilgour collections represents the works of russian poets and novelists from lomonosov to blok and is specially strong in the great writers of the 19th century. the harry ransom humanities research center at the university of texas at austin holds an important collection of russian avant - garde theater design. the ransom center has its major emphasis at the study of the literature and culture of the united states, great britain, and france. the center ' s collections contain some 30 million leaves of manuscripts, over one million rare books, five million photographs, three thousand pieces of historical photographic equipment, and 100, 000 works of art, in addition to major holdings in theater arts and film. the museum of russian culture in san francisco was established in 1948 as a cultural non - profit corporation. from its inception, it has been a repository for emigre archives and cultural and historical artifacts. the museum contains about fifteen thousand books, mostly written in russian, published in russia and abroad, in addition to a collection of pre - revolutionary serials and emigre newspapers and journals, with many titles available on microfilm ; it also holds


the first kentucky, a confederate transport, was captured by the union navy in june, 1862 ; the name kentucky was retained. she was assigned to the mississippi squadron in support of union forces performing various transport duties on the mississippi river and its tributaries. kentucky sank in june, 1865, by accident with great loss of life, while operating on the red river. among those who died were some thirty paroled confederate soldiers. the career of the second kentucky ( bb - 6 ), a turn - of - the - century battleship, lasted for twenty years. about the size of a world war ii destroyer, she was one of the most advanced warships of her day and the first american battleship to make extensive use of electricity and to provide ventilation below decks. launched in march, 1898 and commissioned in may, 1900, the battleship sailed to hong kong in 1901 and became the flagship of the asiatic fleet, watching over american interests in the far east. upon her return to the united states in 1904, kentucky was involved in tactics and maneuvers off the atlantic coast with the north atlantic fleet. in the fall of 1906, she transported marines to havana and offered support to forces ashore during the cuban insurrection. in 1907 she returned to hampton roads, virginia, to join the " great white fleet " of sixteen battleships on a fourteen - month cruise around the globe. the voyage was widely acclaimed for the honor it brought to the united states navy and for its demonstration to the world of america ' s strength. following the successful cruise, she was decommissioned, though she was recommissioned in june, 1915 as a training vessel. later that year she sailed to the coast of mexico to protect american interests during the period following the mexican revolution. during world war i, kentucky served as a training ship for thousands of recruits along the atlantic coast. she was finally decommissioned in may, 1920. construction was begun on a third kentucky ( bb - 66 ), an lowa - class battleship, but was never completed. her keel was laid in december, 1944, but construction was suspended in 1947 when the vessel was 70 percent complete. technology has dramatically changed the size and capabilities of naval warships since the battleship kentucky was commissioned in 1900, but the mission of the united states navy has not significantly changed. that mission is to protect the vital interests of the united states of america. kentucky ( ssbn 737 ) is uniquely suited to this task. the submarine uss kentucky ( ssbn 737 ) is the third u. s. naval vessel to be named in honor of the bluegrass state, and the twelfth trident


behavior makeover : whining start by thinking about whining kids. why do you think they use this behavior? whining is learned, so where do you think kids learn it? how do other parents you know respond to whining? how did your parents respond? which parenting responses do you think are most successful in stopping whining behavior? why? now it ' s time to take action to begin making over your kid ' s behavior. use your makeover journal to write down your thoughts and develop your plan. - think about how you typically respond to your kid ' s whining. if possible, discuss this with your partner or another parent who knows you and your child well. why hasn ' t your response succeeded in stopping the behavior? does your child use this behavior with other adults? if so, who? who doesn ' t he use this behavior around? why not? - reread steps one, two, and three, and commit to no longer tolerating your kid ' s whining. think through what you will say to explain your new behavior expectation. most important is to plan how you will respond the next time your kid whines. recognize that in most cases, steps one and two are mandatory for behavior makeovers. - usually there ' s a predictable pattern to kids ' behavior in which certain situations are more likely to provoke bad conduct. think about your kid, and identify the kinds of circumstances that might incite her to whine. for instance, is there a time of the day she is more likely to sulk : when she ' s hungry or tired? when you ' re on the phone and she wants your attention? when you ' re tired? once you ' re aware of the pattern, you can anticipate when your child is more likely to resort to using the behavior and head it off before it starts. for example, you might distract her attention before she starts whining : " look, there ' s a gorgeous butterfly! " kids often whine to get attention, so responding promptly to your child can fend it off. " i ' ll be off the phone in two minutes. as soon as i ' m done, let ' s read a book. " - if it ' s not nipped in the bud, whining rarely stops by itself. if the whining continues, try step four and set consequences that are appropriate for your child. remember that the best consequences fit the situation and are administered immediately. make a


not nipped in the bud, whining rarely stops by itself. if the whining continues, try step four and set consequences that are appropriate for your child. remember that the best consequences fit the situation and are administered immediately. make a list of what you could do when your kid whines in a public setting and at home. at the first whimper, you ' ll be ready. here are a few consequence ideas suitable for whining : for a young whiner, create a " whining chair " at home, and use it when necessary : " that ' s whining. go sit in the whiner ' s chair for two minutes so you remember to use your nice voice when you want something. " when driving, pull to the side of the road ( when safe ), and wait until your kid talks correctly. feel free to listen to the radio or even read as you wait. he ' ll get the point. in a public setting, such as a restaurant, a mall, a movie theater, or a park, immediately leave the scene with your kid. you and your spouse may have to resort to driving in two cars, with your whiner leaving the scene of the crime with one of you. how will you use the four steps and the behavior makeover plan to help your kid achieve long - term change and stop whining? on the lines below, write exactly what you agree to do within the next twenty - four hours to begin your kid ' s behavior makeover. more on : behavior and discipline from no more misbehavin ' by michele borba, ed. d. copyright © 2003 by michele borba. all rights reserved. used by arrangement with john wiley & sons, inc. buy the book at www. amazon. com.


manual section... ( 3 ) - page : _ _ freadable name _ _ fbufsize, _ _ flbf, _ _ fpending, _ _ fpurge, _ _ freadable, _ _ freading, _ _ fsetlocking, _ _ fwritable, _ _ fwriting, _ flushlbf - interfaces to stdio file structure size _ t _ _ fbufsize ( file * stream ) ; size _ t _ _ fpending ( file * stream ) ; int _ _ flbf ( file * stream ) ; int _ _ freadable ( file * stream ) ; int _ _ fwritable ( file * stream ) ; int _ _ freading ( file * stream ) ; int _ _ fwriting ( file * stream ) ; int _ _ fsetlocking ( file * stream, int type ) ; void _ _ fpurge ( file * stream ) ; descriptionsolaris introduced routines to allow portable access to the internals of the file structure, and glibc also implemented these. the _ _ fbufsize ( ) function returns the size of the buffer currently used by the given stream. the _ _ fpending ( ) function returns the number of bytes in the output buffer. for wide - oriented streams the unit is wide characters. this function is undefined on buffers in reading mode, or opened read - only. the _ _ flbf ( ) function returns a nonzero value if the stream is line - buffered, and zero otherwise. the _ _ freadable ( ) function returns a nonzero value if the stream allows reading, and zero otherwise. the _ _ fwritable ( ) function returns a nonzero value if the stream allows writing, and zero otherwise. the _ _ freading ( ) function returns a nonzero value if the stream is read - only, or if the last operation on the stream was a read operation, and zero otherwise. the _ _ fwriting ( ) function returns a nonzero value if the stream is write - only ( or append - only ), or if the last operation on the stream was a write operation, and zero otherwise. the _ _ fsetlocking ( ) function can be used to select the desired type of locking on the stream. it returns the current type. the type argument can take the following three values : - perform implicit locking around every operation on the given stream (


_ fsetlocking ( ) function can be used to select the desired type of locking on the stream. it returns the current type. the type argument can take the following three values : - perform implicit locking around every operation on the given stream ( except for the * _ unlocked ones ). this is the default. - the caller will take care of the locking ( possibly using flockfile ( 3 ) in case there is more than one thread ), and the stdio routines will not do locking until the state is reset to fsetlocking _ internal. - don ' t change the type of locking. ( only return it. ) the _ flushlbf ( ) function flushes all line - buffered streams. ( presumably so that output to a terminal is forced out, say before reading keyboard input. ) see alsoflockfile ( 3 ), fpurge ( 3 ) colophonthis page is part of release 3. 24 of the linux man - pages project. a description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http : / / www. kernel. org / doc / man - pages /. this document was created by man2html, using the manual pages. time : 15 : 26 : 43 gmt, june 11, 2010


forget smart cars, smart appliances and smartphones. mit researchers are taking intelligent inanimate objects to a more granular level : smart sand. the effect they ' re aiming for, as described on mit ' s news site, is this : you would bury an object in smart sand. seconds later, you ' d be able to pull from that sand a full - sized sand replica of the object. smart sand isn ' t, however, at sand scale yet. so far the researches have conducted experiments on dice - sized cubes in a two - dimensional grid. the cubes are configured with special magnets that allow each one to communicate with and attach to its neighboring cubes. when there ' s an object inserted into a grid of cubes, those that touch it notice they ' re no longer touching another cube. they inform the others that they are one of the cubes outlining the object — together defining exactly how the object is shaped. with the perimeter of the original object thus defined, other cubes have the information they need to attach themselves in the same shape. all cubes not participating in this shape drop away. and wha - la, a duplicate shape is created ( those interested in the less - simplified details should read this ). this two - dimensional, cube - sized simulation doesn ' t quite match the vision of self - sculpting sand, but the project ' s creators have performed computer simulations that show the same system would work in a three - dimensional environment as well. as for shrinking the experiment? “ they have the ability to latch onto their neighbors ; they have the ability to talk to their neighbors ; they have the ability to do some computation, " an associate professor of electrical engineering at harvard university named robert wood told the mit news site. " those are all things that are certainly feasible to think about doing in smaller packages. ”


the mid - michigan children ’ s museum is committed to building the future through nurturing learning experiences, encouraging family relationships, and serving as a resource for both the communities and educational systems throughout the region. each of the mmcm exhibit galleries has been tied directly to the michigan department of education curriculum and national early learning standards. for details on the correlations of exhibits and michigan curriculum framework, please click on the pdf links below. check out our pre - visit lesson plan and worksheet to help explain the concept of a museum to your classroom, or you can utilize the lesson plan as a warm - up activity during your visit to the mid - michigan children ’ s museum. schedule a visit to see how the mid - michigan children ’ s museum can enhance your classroom learning. mmcm is an environment dedicated to supporting your teachings with hands - on experiences. we offer a special rate for a group or classroom visit. our typical time experience for group reservations is two hours. to schedule a group or classroom visit to the mmcm, or for any questions, please email email @ example. com or call ashley mckibbin at ( 989 ) 399 - 6626. mmcm special school group programs for k - 4th grades — subject to availability in addition to a scheduled visit to the children ’ s museum, special programs are available to heighten students ’ ; visit. these 15 - 30 minute programs are designed to enhance the galleries through direct ties to school curricula and michigan glces. to schedule one of these programs during your visit to the mid - michigan children ’ s museum or for any questions please contact : firstname. lastname @ example. org. meet the artists @ the mmcm – this great opportunity is only offered through august 31, 2013. please click here for full details! “ get up and grow ” — in this hands - on activity, children will examine the needs of a plant as they piece together a flower and complete the activity by planting a flower to take home. “ magnificent magnets ” — children will discover the properties of magnets in relation to other objects, and the basics of magnetic poles. children will participate in a magnetic scavenger hunt in the museum. “ it ’ s shocking! ” — magnets and basic static electricity experiments will be utilized to explain positive and negative charges. students will extend their knowledge of positive and negative charges with demonstrations on a van de graff generator ( static electricity generator ). “ matching mammals ” — children will utilize the maze to review heredity by locating and


utilized to explain positive and negative charges. students will extend their knowledge of positive and negative charges with demonstrations on a van de graff generator ( static electricity generator ). “ matching mammals ” — children will utilize the maze to review heredity by locating and matching pictures of adult animals to their offspring. “ force and free fall ” — ( available for smaller class sizes on slower days due to having to conduct part of the lesson in the galleries. ) children will examine the force of gravity on a variety of objects, create a parachute pal or helicopter, and discover exceptions to free fall with our air machine. “ build - a - biome ” — create a miniature environment in a baggie. learn about the water cycle as you watch the water evaporate and condense in your very own miniature world. “ sink or float ” — explore the properties of objects as you test buoyancy in our water table. children will test objects and make predictions as we drop various objects into the water table. “ buoyant boat ” — students will work in teams to create their own boat design using a variety of materials or learn to fold a paper boat. if the boat floats, students can then test how much weight their boat can hold. “ playful polymer ” — polymers can be fun, as children will find out when they make their own ( in the form of silly slime ) to play with. students will learn what makes a polymer, the properties of polymers, and how polymers move. “ dem bones ” — ( available for smaller class sizes on slower days due to having to conduct part of the lesson in the galleries. ) children will explore our life - sized skeleton with a story, learn about the major bones of the body, and match real x - rays to the skeleton. “ dig it ” — ( available for smaller class sizes on slower days due to having to conduct part of the lesson in the galleries. ) children will uncover bones just like a paleontologist in this simulated dig. then, children will need to use the information they have to reconstruct the bones they have and determine to which animal the bones belong. “ dig it : archeology edition ” — just like in the original “ dig it, ” children will participate in a simulated dig to uncover items. this time children will find items left behind by a person. they will record the items found and collaborate to try to determine to whom the items belong and what kind of activities you would expect from that person.


we have a lot of twins in our family tree, 54 pairs to be precise, must be in the genes. this page is dedicated to janet and ellen. siblings baptized the same day might appear to us, hundreds of years later, to be twins, but but i tried to weed these out. for the most part, our puritan ancestors were pretty strict about baptizing their children on a timely basis. 7 pairs of twins – direct ancestor – two adults 3 pairs of twins – direct ancestor – one adult 18 pairs of twins – two adults 14 pairs of twins – one adult 12 pairs of twins – died young i ’ m not going to count all the children in our family tree, but assuming each of 700 families had about 5 children each, we have about 3500 births. with those assumptions we have had 14 twins per 1, 000 births which is about average. the twin birth rate in the united states rose 76 percent from 1980 through 2009, from 18. 9 to 33. 3 per 1, 000 births. the yoruba people of central africa have the highest rate of twinning in the world, at 45 - 50 twin sets ( or 90 - 100 twins ) per 1, 000 live births, possibly because of high consumption of a specific type of yam containing a natural phytoestrogen which may stimulate the ovaries to release an egg from each side. in latin - america and south asia and south - east asia the lowest rates are found ; only 6 - 9 twin sets per 1, 000 live births. north america and europe have intermediate rates of 9 – 16 twin sets per 1, 000 live births. i noticed that many of the twins that died young came when their mothers had already had six or seven children. the incidence of twins is highest among women between 35 and 39. this increase is attributed to higher levels of gonadotropin, the hormone that stimulates the ovaries to develop and to release eggs. as a woman gets older, the level of gonadotropin increases, and she is more likely to produce two eggs during one menstrual cycle. i was surprised that many of our twins were boy / girl pairs. it turns out that fraternal ( dizygotic ) are actually more common than identical ( monozygotic ) twins. twins from one egg occur about once in every 250 births around the world ( 0. 4 % ). twins from two eggs occur in 1 out of every 100 births ( 1. 0 % ) in white women


( monozygotic ) twins. twins from one egg occur about once in every 250 births around the world ( 0. 4 % ). twins from two eggs occur in 1 out of every 100 births ( 1. 0 % ) in white women and in 1 out of 79 births in black women. in certain areas in africa, twins occur once in every 20 births! triplets are much less common ; they occur only once in every 8, 000 deliveries. most doctors never deliver a set of triplets in their entire careers. we have one possible set of triplets — mercy, sarah and mary lawrence, daughters of george lawrence and elizabeth crispe all show a birth date of 4 dec 1671 watertown, mass. all three grew up and married. i haven ’ t found any evidence to refute the birth dates, but you would think someone would comment on triplet girls. fertility drugs and the growing number of women who are having babies at an older age are two major reasons for the increased incidence of twins. fertility drugs can stimulate the ovaries to release more than one egg, increasing the chance of a multiple pregnancy. in - vitro fertilization techniques are more likely to create dizygotic twins. my favorite twin story here is cornelius brink ‘ twin sons adam and jan who enlisted in the continental army together. they were members of the regiment of the levies under the command of colonel albert pawling and served in the fifth regiment of the line ( the continentals ) under colonel lewis dubois. at a dinner given fifty years after the close of the revolution in kingston, ny, on sep 10, 1832, both of these brothers were present, having come to celebrate together. remember that thomas jefferson and john adams both died on the 50th anniversary of the declaration of independence 4 jul 1826. direct twin ancestor – two adult twins 13 may 1625 england – john & james reynolds, sons of william reynolds and esther ruth. james reynolds first married susannah sheldon about 1645. he next married deborah jordan ( or sweete ) between 1647 – 1650 in rhode island. james died aug 1700 kingstown, washington, rhode island. john reynolds married anne holbrook about 1652 in weymouth, mass. john died before 4 jan 1691 in stonington, ct. 22 sep 1665 ipswich, mass — elizabeth and richard, daughter and son of john kimball and mary bradstreet. elizabeth married jeremiah jewett 4 jan 1687 / 88 15 and died feb 1731 / 32 ipswich. corporal richard kimball first married lydia wells 13 feb


ipswich, mass — elizabeth and richard, daughter and son of john kimball and mary bradstreet. elizabeth married jeremiah jewett 4 jan 1687 / 88 15 and died feb 1731 / 32 ipswich. corporal richard kimball first married lydia wells 13 feb 1688 – ipswich, essex, mass and second married sarah waite 30 aug 1705 richard died 26 may 1716 – ipswich, essex, mass 4 dec 1671 watertown, mass — mercy, sarah & mary, daughters of george lawrence and elizabeth crispe all show this date for their birth. i don ’ t really think they were triplets, maybe they were all baptized together. mercy married willliam baker about 1691 as his second wife. mercy died 25 nov 1753 harwich, mass. sarah lawrence married thomas rider 5 apr 1689 in roxbury, mass. sarah died 1714 in roxbury. mary lawrence first married john earl ( erle ) 5 apr 1687 in watertown. she second married michael flagg on 27 dec 1704 in watertown. mary died 1744 groton, mass. 17 feb 1694 / 95 rowley, mass — benjamin and hepibah, son and daughter of edward hazen jr. and jane pickard. benjamin first married elizabeth blanchard 25 jul 1717 in rowley. benjamin married second to betty nutting 2 apr 1740 in groton, mass. benjamin died 18 sep 1755 groton, mass. hepzibah married nathaniel perkins 15 nov 1716 boxford, mass hepzibah died before 1768. 20 aug 1709 dorchester, mass. — ebenezer & robert, sons of maj. john foster and margaret ware. ebenezer foster married desire cushman on 17 sep 1730 attleboro, mass. ebenezer died from consumption 18 jun 1749 in cumberland, providence, ri. robert foster married mary [ _ _? _ _ ]. robert died in 1760. 17 aug 1738 in haverhill, mass — john & susannah, son and daughter of john bradley sr. and susannah staples. john bradley jr. married mary heath 21 mar 1760 in haverhill, mass. john died before 1830. susannah bradley married philbrook colby 13 jul 1758 haverhill, mass. susannah died 2 aug 1778 in pembroke or weare, nh. a haverhill, mass marriage was recorded between john bradley and mary heath so the following is presented merely as legend and — although it is a wonderful tale — totally unverifiable. a man named john bradley who was born in 1753 in vermont became the first permanent white


mass marriage was recorded between john bradley and mary heath so the following is presented merely as legend and — although it is a wonderful tale — totally unverifiable. a man named john bradley who was born in 1753 in vermont became the first permanent white settler in this area ( washburn ). a tall strong man with a fiery temper, he joined ethan allen and the green mountain boys in vermont. when the revolutionary war began, bradley was with ethan allen at the capture of ft ticonderoga. when benedict arnold started his march through maine, bradley was chosen as a scout and hunter. arnold expected to find enough wild game to feed his men, but game was scarce. after hunting all day, bradley returned with only one partridge. arnold sent for him and called him a worthless loafer. bradley talked back to the commander who then drew his sword, which bradley knocked from his hand. the fighting continued and aaron burr came with a file of soldiers and had bradley arrested and bound to a tree. a man had been shot that morning and bradley had no doubt that he would also be shot. he finally managed to twist the straps free from his wrists and attempted to escape. a guard tried to stop him and he killed the guard. bradley had no weapons and his enemies were behind him as he ran into the woods. he had not traveled far when he found himself surrounded by the st francois ( abenaki ) indians, members of a scouting party watching the white men. as two of the indians understood english, bradley told the story and was untied and given food. the next day, two of the indians took him and started toward the village of washburn. when they arrived he was taken to see chief crooked knife, who liked him. the chief promised him his life if he could prove himself of greater strength than any man in the village. after he had outjumped and bested all the strongest of the braves, chief war knife adopted him and gave him his only daughter for a wife. the old chief was a hunchback and, also, a very intelligent temperance crank who drilled temperance in the daughters of his tribe. ” ( note : from boston library resource ) bradley could not return to the country he had left for he had killed a man and would surely be hanged for his crime, and he didn ’ t want the indians to kill him so he was happy to become a member of the tribe. some years later bradley went with some indians up river on a bear hunt and never returned. the indians said he was


for his crime, and he didn ’ t want the indians to kill him so he was happy to become a member of the tribe. some years later bradley went with some indians up river on a bear hunt and never returned. the indians said he was killed by a bear in a trap. he left a large family of children and many of his ancestors live in aroostook today. 14 dec 1742, topsfield, mass — john & zebulon, sons of richard estey and ruth fiske. john married mary hartt 14 nov 1769 in sheffield, maugerville, new brunswick. john died 12 oct 1824 in kingsclear, york co. new brunswick. zebulon was one of jacob ’ s sons in the bible. zebulon estey married mary ( molly ) brown aug 1765 newburyport, ma. zebulon died 10 oct 1825 in new brunswick canada. the esteys resided in rowley, mass until 1764 when they relocated to a settlement on the st john ’ s river in new brunswick canada called maugerville. zebulon made the trip the next year with his new bride and was one of the signers of the original covenant of the congressional church. zebulon ’ s daughter molly estey married her first cousin amos estey so many of our direct ancestors made the trip. - grandfather richard estey – age 58, - son richard estey ii age 36, wife hannah hazen age 37 and his son amos estey age 5 - son zebulon estey age 22 and his new bride molly brown - zeb ’ s twin brother john and sister sarah who married thomas barker also made the trip. the river st. john ” by rev. wm. raymond published in 1910, pages 334 - 5 : “ on 15 january 1765 on captain francis peabody ’ s schooner, came zebulon estey to maugerville. he paid 12 shillings passage money from newburyport to st. john and 13s 6d for ` his club of cyder ’ on the voyage. richard estey and thomas barker built a saw - mill on a small creek near middle island. ( after 1765. ) they sold it in 1779 – near maugerville. richard estey signed a church covenant for a distinct church society. many moved from maugerville due to the annoyance of the spring freshets. [ a sudden overflow of a stream resulting from a heavy rain or a thaw ] zebulon estey moved to gagetown. some went across


society. many moved from maugerville due to the annoyance of the spring freshets. [ a sudden overflow of a stream resulting from a heavy rain or a thaw ] zebulon estey moved to gagetown. some went across the river to the township of burton. these included israel estey, moses estey and amos estey. ” excerpt from “ the studholme report – 1783 ″ “ zebulon esty has a wife and 8 children. has been on about 5 years ; built a house and grist milland has about 3 acres of cleared land. went on in consequence of an agreement with mr. john crabtree acting as attorney for capt jades, and was promised a lease for ever on paymeny of a small acknowlegement yearly. said esty is a good man, his character very loyal and we beg leave to recommend him to be confirmed in his possessions ” 3 aug 1835 vassalboro, maine — ellen celeste and emma a., daughters of oliver webber and abigail hawes. ellen celeste webber married guilford dudley coleman 9 oct 1855 in vassalboro, maine. ellen died 31 oct 1881 in anoka, mn. emma married jacob melvin prescott bef. 1863 emma died between 1895 - 1900 in tama, iowa. ellen was educated in a new england “ female seminary ” and wrote beautifully and expressed herself elegantly. since her family disapproved of her marrying oliver webber, they eloped and emigrated to minnesota. he was young and poor. in minnesota he was a farmer and a blacksmith. see his page for details, i don ’ t think she liked frontier life very much. emma ’ s husband jacob melvin prescott was born 13 jul 1839 in maine. his parents were jacob prescott and mary chadbourne. jacob died 22 feb 1924 in jackson, oregon. emma was a student at maine state seminary students ( now bates college, a liberal arts college located in lewiston, maine. emma appears in this 1858 list of students from the bates college ( maine state seminary ) catalogue. emma married jacob melvin prescott before 1863. emma was six years older than her husband. in the 1880 census jacob was a laborer in montour, tama, iowa and their two oldest sons were working in a machine shop. emma died between 1895 when she was recorded in an iowa census and 1900 when jacob was living alone in montour and working as a jeweller. by 1910, jacob had moved in with his son herbert in grant ’ s pass, oregon. montour grew


died between 1895 when she was recorded in an iowa census and 1900 when jacob was living alone in montour and working as a jeweller. by 1910, jacob had moved in with his son herbert in grant ’ s pass, oregon. montour grew to be a thriving community with churches, a high school, hotels, general stores, gas stations and even at one point a car dealership. in the past 30 years, most of these have faded away. the high school was incorporated into the tama county school system in the 1950s, became an elementary school in the 1980s and, with dwindling attendance, closed its doors completely in 2003. children of emma and jacob melvin prescott i. llewellyn prescott ( 1863, china, maine – 1 jan 1938, jackson, oregon ) in the 1900 census, llewellyn ( 37 ), clarence ( 36 ) and alfred ( 24 ) were boarding together in omaha, nebraska. llewellyn was working as an electrician, clarence as a mechanical engineer and alfred as a journalist. in 1910, llewellyn was living with his sister mabel and her husband putnam in oakland, california and working as a machinist in a planing mill where putnam was the foreman. in the 1930 census, llewellyn had a plumbing shop in ashland, jackson, oregon and was living next to his brother ’ s widow anne prescott. ii. clarence prescott ( feb 1864 in china, kennebec, maine – 23 dec 1919 in jackson, oregon ) ; m. anna t austin ( abt 1874 in iowa – 4 sep 1958 in ashland, jackson, oregon ) anna ’ s parents were from norway. in the 1910 census, clarence had a carpentry shop in east ashland, oregon, in the 1930 census, anna was living with her daughter marie, a 24 year old school teacher and her son glen, a 19 year old newspaper typsetter. iii. herbert s prescott ( jun 1867 in china, maine – 13 nov 1928 in salem, oregon ) ; m. 1897 alice m. peck ( mar 1864 in cedar falls, iowa – 9 dec 1940 in salem, marion, oregon ) in the 1900 census, herbert was working as a mechanic in waterloo, iowa. in the 1910 census, herbert was a newspaper editor in grants pass, oregon. strangely, herbert is listed twice in the 1920 census, as a newspaper reporter living with alice in salem, oregon and as a laborer living with his sister mabel smith in atascadero, california. iv.


editor in grants pass, oregon. strangely, herbert is listed twice in the 1920 census, as a newspaper reporter living with alice in salem, oregon and as a laborer living with his sister mabel smith in atascadero, california. iv. justine prescott ( 1869 in china, kennebec, maine – after 1895 iowa census ) v. mabel prescott ( 1 mar 1872 in montour, tama, iowa – 5 jan 1956 in los angeles, california ) ; m. putnam david smith ( 11 aug 1857 grant county, wisconsin – 27 nov 1933, monfort, grant, wisconsin ) putnam was 15 years older than mabel. in the 1910 census, mabel was an artist ( picture painter ) in brooklyn township, oakland, calfornia. in the 1920 census, putnam was now the artist living in atascadero, california. by the 1930 census, putnam and mabel were retired in los angeles. after putnam died, mabel married a man named liddle. putnam david smith was born in grant county, wi on aug. 11, 1856. smith settled in los angeles in 1910. he died there on nov. 27, 1933. he was known for portrait painting source : edan hughes, “ artists in california, 1786 - 1940 ″ not much is known of the american beauty doll company, who began making composition dolls during world war i ( 1914 - 1918 ), when german dolls became scarce, due to the war. it was a family run business of hand made artist dolls by mr. putnam david smith, his wife mabel smith and their young daughter margaret. dolls were sold on the west coast of california, each composition doll was hand made and unique. most of the dolls have cloth stuffed bodies, but others used a ball jointed, german style all composition body. very few of these artist dolls have survived, as it proved to be unprofitable to make the dolls and due to the short duration of the company. below is a rare composition dolls, all courtesy of doll collector, m perkins. [ see oliver webber ' s page for all four ] 1963 san diego californa — ellen genevieve & janet eleanor, daughters of everett miner and nancy blair. this history of twins is dedicated to them! direct ancestor – one adult twin 11 sep 1644, roxbury, mass — peter & andrew, sons of john lewis and elizabeth [ _ _? _ _ ]. peter lewis married grace diamond about 1667. when he was 24, peter bought a house and fishing stages on smuttinose island from matthew


essay that traces the ancestry of thomas back to a henry bullman who lived in the 1300s. the essay is written on a colorful, six foot long scroll and was originally published in nehgs register of april 1859 ( volume xiii, pages 161 - 5 ). it is stored in the library of the connecticut historical society located in hartford, connecticut. warning : a study titled “ the curious pedigree of lt. thomas minor ” by john a. miner and robert f. miner and published in the nehgs register of july 1984 ( volume 138 pages 182 - 5 ) indicates that much of the contents of this document and the coat of arms it presents are false. lodovick married anna dyer daughter of thomas dyer of staughton in the countie of huntington and had issue thomas born 1436 and after that twins born twenty two years after the birth of the said thomas and the twins george and arthur who both served the house of austria the younger married ( as philipe comines relates ) one henreta d ’ la villa odorosa. 1578 regis, dorset, england — cicely & joan, daughters of william phippen and jane jordaine. cicely married thomas reynolds, son of christopher reynolds and clarissa huntington. thomas and cicely died before 1611 when their daughter cecily traveled to virginia with her her mother ’ s twin sister and joan phippen and uncle capt. william pierce. the younger cecily reynolds ( wiki ) first married thomas bailey ( b. 1580 in england d. 20 sep 1620 in jamestown, charles city, virginia. next she married samuel jordan ( wiki ) ( b. 1578 in england d. 1623 in virginia. she married third to william farrar. she married our peter montague fourth around 1645. after peter died, she married thomas parker ( b. 1600 in burnham, buckinghamshire, england d. 1663 in isle wight, virginia. cicely died 12 sep 1660 in charles city, virginia. legend says that cecily was spoken of as a “ a notorious flirt ” and “ the glamour girl ” in the colony. see peter montague ’ s page for an account of her amorous adventures. her husbands had interesting tales too, for example samuel jordan was a passenger on the 1609 sea venture which wrecked in bermuda and inspired shakespeare ’ s play the tempest our step - mom twin, joan phippen died 1650. in a durable fire, the following comments were made about joan : “ joan pierce, brisk blackhaired young woman,


thomas drowned before 5 may 1689. thomas was a constable 1661 and 1664 ; had a grant of land in 1665. there was an inquest into the untimely deaths of samuel lord, robert houston, and thomas littlefield of wells maine who all drowned the same day at berwick. the inquest, held prior to 5 mar 1689, consisted of three constables and three coroners. hannah married peter cloyes about 1663. hannah died in 1699 in wells, maine, 3 feb 1639, sudbury, mass. — joseph & nathaniel, sons of solomon johnson sr and elinor craft. joseph married susannah joslin 19 nov 1667 hoseph died apr 1668. nathaniel married mary plimpton in marlborough, mass. nathaniel died 24 jul 1718 in marlborough, mass 31 may 1640 salem, mass. — zacharaih & sarah son and daughter of robert goodale and catherine [ kilham? ]. zachariah married elizabeth beauchamp 30 apr 1666 in salem, mass. samuel died in 1715. elizabeth ( beacham ) goodale, wife of zachariah goodale, accused her brother - in - law john smith of sexual assault ; this case brought forth many illuminating depositions from family members and neighbors. ( see robert goodale ’ s page for details. ) sarah goodale married john batchelder ( son of our ancestor joseph batcheller ) 4 may 1666. sarah died 22 mar 1729 / 30 in wenham, mass. 4 feb 1647 rehoboth, mass. — elizabeth and mary, daughters of sgt. thomas wilmarth and elizabeth bliss. elizabeth married jonathan fuller 14 dec 1664 in rehoboth, mass. elizabeth died 4 oct 1690 rehoboth, mass. mary married first joseph rocket 5 jan 1680 in rehoboth, mass. she married second giles gilbert on 28 oct 1686 in taunton, mass and third to jeremiah wheaton 12 jun 1723. 15 oct 1651 eastham, barnstable, mass, ( tip of cape cod ) — apphia & mercy bangs, daughters of capt. edward bangs and rebecca hobart. apphia and mercy were first married on the same day. apphia married john knowles 28 dec 1670 in eastham, mass. next she married stephen atwood jun 1676 in eastham, mass. apphia died 12 jun 1722. mercy married stephen merrick 28 dec 1670 eastham, mass. she died after 1684 when her last child was born. the earliest appearance of apphia ’ s husband john knowles may have been while he was still


1676 / 77, for the murder of john knowles, john tisdell, sr., and samuel atkins. the jury found grounds of suspicion against two and acquitted one, but all three were sold into slavery as ‘ prisoners of war. ’ the sum of £10 was presented by the colony to ‘ apthya widow of john knowles lately slain in the service. ’ in 1676 lieut. jonathan sparrow and jonathan bangs were delegated by the court to asssist the yound widow in settleing her husband ’ s affairs. “ 17 mar 1665, rehoboth, mass. — joseph & mercy, son and daughter of john titus and abigail carpenter. joseph married martha palmer, daughter of jonah palmer, 19 jan. 1687 / 88 in rehoboth. joseph was living rehoboth 16 jun 1741, aged 76. mercy married dr. richard bowen 9 jan 1683 in rehoboth, mass. mercy died 27 jan 1747 in rehoboth. 2 may 1666, watertown, mass — benjamin & daniel, sons of george lawrence and elizabeth crispe. these twins married seven times, a record for our family. benjamin first married mary clough 4 jul 1689, charlestown, mass. he married 2nd to anna phillips 3 feb 1695, third to anna coolidge 18 nov 1716 and fourth to elizabeth bennett 9 jul 1719. benjamin died 7 sep 1733. daniel lawrence first married sarah counce 19 jun 1689. he married 2nd to hannah mason nov 1695 and third to maud russell 23 aug 1722. daniel died 20 oct 1743 in watertown, mass. 13 jun 1671, bradford mass. — john & hannah, son and daughter of john griffin and lydia shatswell. john first married mary green 1694 haverhill, essex, mass. he next married mary ( capen ) baker. john died 23 june 1739. hannah married daniel morrison 1690 in newbury, mass. hannah died 9 oct 1700 newbury, mass. jan 1677 / 78, malden mass. — hannah & joseph, daughter and son of deacon thomas skinner and mary pratt. hannah married john grover. hannah died 21 aug 1728 in colchester, ct. joseph died 18 jan 1725 in malden, mass. 1685, yarmouth, barnstable, mass — samuel & william, sons of nathaniel basset and dorcas joyce, sammuel married elizabeth jones 1699 in yarmouth, mass and died feb 1760 east greenwich, kent, rhode island. william first marrried martha godfrey 23 feb 1710 yarmouth, barnstable, mass. and


waldo, maine. he next married mrs. harriet m baker joshua died in 1876 in corinth, maine. joseph married mrs. ellen maria ( boody ) pride on 7 oct 1845 joseph died 12 jun 1885 in deering, maine. tamzin is a short form of thomasina ( aramaic ) “ twin ”. this family had four sets of twins : - isaac and tamzin had twins : joshua and joseph - isaac ’ s son joseph had twins ; henry and mary - isaac ’ s son john had twins, hadley and henry. - isaac ’ s daughter abigail had twins ellen and emma. ellen is our ancestor. - isaac ’ s grand daughter annie shaw ( almira ’ s daughter ) had twins, sumner and attic. joshua ’ s son granville was a judge in new york city. joshua lived in corinth, penobscot county, maine, his house was famous through the countryside for its ample proportions and generous hospitality ; he held for many years the offices of justice of the peace, and deacon. granville graduated from bowdoin college in 1860. subsequently he became professor of rhetoric and english literature in the state college of maryland. he was also a graduate of the columbia college law school, and started in the practice of the law shortly after leaving the institution. he was for four years in the military service, going all through our civil war, being on the stafif of major - gen. william h. emory, commanding the nineteenth army corps. his success at the bar led to his nomination, in 1879. for the old marine court judgeship. after a very exciting election he was elected judge of that court, being the only republican elected on the entire city and county ticket. one adult twin 13 sep 1614, beccles, suffolk, england — samuel & nathaniel, sons of rev. robert peck and anne lawrence. samuel died young. nathaniel married deliverance [ _ _? _ _ ], nathaniel was an original purchaser in hingham mass in the 1635 land grants. nathaniel ’ s wife deliverance died 30 apr 1675 in sawnsea, bristol, mass. nathaniel died 1658 in mass 1 jan 1641 salisbury, mass — gregorie & thomas, sons of john hoyt and frances tewksbury. gregorie died the day he was born. thomas married mary brown 17 dec 1667 in salisbury. thomas died 3 jan 1690 19 oct 1642, drc new amsterdam – grietjen hendrickje & margarieet westercamp daughters of femmetje albertse


and goods burnt, and voe malum, a daughter of about 10 years of age, who directed her brother so that he got out, was herself consumed to ashes. ’ josiah first married margaret hopkins 23 dec 1686 rowley and next married mary felt. josiah died 10 dec 1728 enfield, hartford, ct 26 jul 1665, baptized dutch reformed church, kingston — jan & jacob, sons of francois lesueur and jannatie hildebrand pietersen. jan married rachel smedes 1 oct 1686 in the dutch reformed church, new york city, jan died in kingston, ny. 30 oct 1674 harwich mass, edmund, henry & mercy freeman, sons and daughter of deacon thomas freeman and rebecca sparrow. edmund and henry died young. mercy married paul sears 1693 harwich, mass. mercy died 30 aug 1747 in w brewster mass. 6 jan 1689, baptized in french church in narragansett, rhode island — pierre and marie magdelene, son and daughter of marie arnaud and pierre traverrier. pierre marriedn mary rezeau ( anne rezeau ‘ s sister and daughter of rene rezeau ) pierre died in 1749. marie arnaud ’ s first husband, jean perlier was a pilotte de navire, a title that literally translated means a naval pilot. back then that meant not only a navigator but the person who actually created the charts. he worked for ship owner andre arnaud and married his daughter 27 nov 1667 in temple of la tremblade, perche, france. during this time there was a great turmoil in france and the huguenots ( french protestants ) were under tremendous pressure. children were taken from their parents and put into catholic homes, parents were persecuted and frequently put to death. when the slaughter and persecution began, the perlier family was ripped apart. possibly jean was at sea, for he managed to flee north to holland. he never saw his family again and for many years believed then dead. andre arnaud smuggled daughter marie, marie ’ s children, sister jael and cousin andre out of the country hidden in wine casks aboard one of his ships. it has been told that they hid in hogsheads which had holes bored in them and were stored with the freight in the bottom of the ship until they were out of reach of the inspectors. the first known record of marie arnaud in the united states is in 1687 when she appears as a widow on a list of the french church at narragan


freight in the bottom of the ship until they were out of reach of the inspectors. the first known record of marie arnaud in the united states is in 1687 when she appears as a widow on a list of the french church at narragansett, rhode island. on the ship marie met the captain, pierre traverrier. marie and pierre were married 4 jan 1688 in the church at frenchtown, narragansett, rhode island. their marriage was recorded on 20 apr 1688, in the registers of the old french church in new york city. 27 nov 1692, albany, ny — alida & catrina, daughters of jacobus turck and cathryntje van benthuysen. alida married willem van beeck 14 aug 1714 in new york, ny. alida died 26 dec 1756 in new york or kingston, ny 3 jun 1694, saugerties, ulster county, ny — jacob & rachel, son and daughter of cornelis lambertsen brink and marijken egbertse meynderse. rachel married arend ploeg 30 jun 1720 in kingston, ny. rachel died in 1737 in ulster, new york. 4 jun 1819 upper kent, new brunswick — george f & john, sons of jonathan parks and sarah hannah bradley. george married rebecca bubar on 20 mar 1840 eaton grant, aroostook, maine. he enlisted as a private on 26 jan 1864 at the age of 42 in company g, 15th infantry regiment maine. george was still enlisted in company g, 15th infantry regiment maine when he died of disease on 7 aug 1864 in washington, dc. george participated in the red river campaign, a series of battles fought along the red river in louisiana from march 10 to may 22, 1864. the campaign was a diversion from lt. gen. ulysses s. grant ’ s plan to surround the main confederate armies by using banks ’ s army of the gulf to capture mobile, alabama. it was a dismal union failure, characterized by poor planning and mismanagement, in which not a single objective was fully accomplished. while at matagorda peninsula in texas, from jan. 17 to feb. 28, 1864, three - fourths of the original members of the maine 15th regiment reenlisted for another term of three years. returning to new orleans in march, the regiment formed a part of gen. banks ’ red river expedition, during which it marched more than 700 miles in two months, and participated in the battles of sabine cross -


you pick for your baby name? 5 sep 1664 dover, nh — ebenezer and john varney, sons of humphrey varney and sarah starbuck. john died 14 aug 1666 dover, nh. 20 apr 1669 newbury, mass — francis and thomas, sons of francis thurlow and ann morse. both died young. 22 sep 1674 scituate, mass. — margaret & sarah, daughters of edward wanton and elizabeth [ _ _? _ _ ]. margaret died 19 apr 1676 in scituate, mass. sarah died 9 dec 1675 in scituate, mass. 6 dec 1677 gloucester, essex, mass — mary & john, daughter and son of thomas prince jr. and elizabeth harraden. mary died before 11 jan 1705. capt. john prince first married abigail ellery 1705 in gloucester, mass. he next married mary wharff 7 aug 1746 gloucester john died 19 apr 1767 in gloucester, mass. 1682 taunton, bristol, mass. — mary & sarah, daughters of john harvey and elizabeth willey. the girls died a few days apart in lyme ct when they were 23. mary on 10 jan 1705 and sarah on 13 jan 1705. 23 aug 1713 lyme, ct — emphraim & dorothy willey, son and daughter of isaac willey ii and rose bennett. one source states that both ephraim and dorothy died in 1770. since it is unique and provides no further details, i ’ m assuming they died young. 25 jul 1737 rumford, merrimack, new hampshire — john & sarah, son and daughter of thomas jewell iii and judith lancaster. both john and sarah died in 1738. 15 feb 1769 / 70 east haddam, ct — molly & sarah miner, daughters of sgt. elihu miner and mrs mary dean. both molly and sarah died before 1790.


japanese art and the andon : there is a light that never goes out the outstanding feature of the andon is its portability. noted for their elegance and restrained design, they were developed in the early edo where interiors were sparsely furnished and the few objects that there were all conformed to a certain design aesthetic. the paper shades were very probably a development of the shoji : paper lined sliding doors that allowed diffused sunlight to enter rooms during the day. the type illustrated here is a kaku - andon, the commonest, portable version. maru - andon, popular in osaka were cylindrical versions and there were smaller versions, like bedside lights that were called ariake - andon or daybreak lanterns. yoshitoshi borrowed the device of the lantern and much else in his own version of the story of jirozaemon illustrated above. lanterns – light, shadow, silhouette – these had superstitious meaning to the edo japanese. ghosts and demons were commonly thought to be revealed by a cast light, a shadow or a shape seen through a shade or a shoji. the illustration above left of a print by kunichika of the cat demon of okazaki illustrates how the hand of the demon is revealed as a paw by the paper shade of a kaku - andon and the print of the geisha otoyo ( above right ), possessed by the spirit of a vampire cat shows the same relationship, this time drawn in the shadow of a sliding shoji, thrown by a hanging andon. the andon is used to great effect in the print of the 24 paragons of filial piety by chikanobu. in this case a beautiful example of a high quality lantern is shown being held by a faithless wife in the act of profaning the statue of her mother - in - law. the supernatural subject matter and eerie setting is heightened by the storm outside and the light cast by the portable andon. of course there were no real demons exposed by the ghostly light of these shadow makers, but there were countless tragedies caused by the careless use of andon. the structures were tall, top heavy and fragile. the construction of thin, dry wood and lacquered paper, tinder dry, were highly flammable as were the traditional timber houses of old edo. devastating fire was commonplace throughout the city, even despite the highly organised guilds of firemen, watch towers and alarm bells. there were 1798 recorded major fires in 267 years, 49 of which levelled


assembly : system. xml ( in system. xml. dll ) xmlresolver is used to resolve external xml resources, such as entities, document type definitions ( dtds ), or schemas. it is also used to process include and import elements found in extensible stylesheet language ( xsl ) style sheets or xml schema definition language ( xsd ) schemas. xmlurlresolver is a concrete implementation of xmlresolver and is the default resolver for all classes in the system. xml namespace. you can also create your own resolver. you should consider the following items when working with the xmlresolver class. xmlresolver objects can contain sensitive information such as user credentials. you should be careful when caching xmlresolver objects and should not pass the xmlresolver object to an untrusted component. if you are designing a class property that uses the xmlresolver class, the property should be defined as a write - only property. the property can be used to specify the xmlresolver to use, but it cannot be used to return an xmlresolver object. if your application accepts xmlresolver objects from untrusted code, you cannot assume that the uri passed into the getentity method will be the same as that returned by the resolveuri method. classes derived from the xmlresolver class can override the getentity method and return data that is different than what was contained in the original uri. your application can mitigate memory denial of service threats to the getentity method by implementing a wrapping implemented istream that limits the number of bytes read. this helps to guard against situations where malicious code attempts to pass an infinite stream of bytes to the getentity method. the following example creates an xmlreader that uses an xmlurlresolver with default credentials. / / create an xmlurlresolver with default credentials. xmlurlresolver resolver = new xmlurlresolver ( ) ; resolver. credentials = credentialcache. defaultcredentials ; / / create the reader. xmlreadersettings settings = new xmlreadersettings ( ) ; settings. xmlresolver = resolver ; xmlreader reader = xmlreader. create ( " http : / / servername / data / books. xml " ) ; windows 98, windows 2000 sp4, windows ce,


the arabs carrying islam westwards to the atlantic ocean first set foot on spanish soil during july 710 the leader of the raid, which was to prove the forerunner of long moslem occupation of the iberian peninsula, was named tarif, and the promontory on which he landed commemorates his exploit by being called to this day tarifa. the main invasion followed a year later ; tariq ibn ziyad, a berber by birth, brought over from the african side of the narrows a comparatively small army which sufficed to overthrow roderick the visigoth and to supplant the cross by the crescent ; he gave his name to that famous rock of gibraltar ( jabal tariq, the mountain of tariq ), which has been disputed by so many conquerors down the ages, and over which the british flag has fluttered since the early years of the eighteenth century. when ibn hazm, the author of the book here translated, was born on 7 november 994, islam had been established in andalusia for nearly three hundred years. since 756 cordova, his birthplace, had been the capital of the umaiyad rulers of this now independent kingdom ; ' for it was in the far west of the moslem empire that the remnant of the first dynasty of caliphs found shelter and renewed greatness after being supplanted in baghdad by their conquerors the abbasids. the two centuries which followed the inauguration of the western caliphate witnessed the rise of a brilliant civilization and culture which have left an ineradicable impress on the peninsula, embodied in so many fine moorish buildings ; the cathedral mosque of cordova, founded in 786, mentioned several times in the pages of this book, was converted into a christian cathedral by ferdinand iii in 1236, but its familiar name " la mesquita " still recalls the purpose for which it was originally erected. it was during ibn hazm ' s own lifetime that the umaiyad caliphate was finally extinguished. abu muhammad ` ali ibn muhammad ibn sa ' id ibn ' hazm, to give our author his full name - for the arabs call a man first after his son, secondly by his own name, and thirdly after his father and his ancestors - belonged to a notable family converted from christianity several generations before. his father was a high official in the service of al - mansur, regent of hisham ii, and of his son al - muzaffar ; al - mansur and al - muzaffar were


from christianity several generations before. his father was a high official in the service of al - mansur, regent of hisham ii, and of his son al - muzaffar ; al - mansur and al - muzaffar were members of the banu ' amir who had succeeded in arrogating to themselves all the power and privileges of the caliphate but its name. being the son of such a man, to whom he always refers as " the late vizier ", ibn hazm enjoyed a happy though secluded childhood, and the advantages of an excellent education ; he tells us that most of his early teachers were women. the fall of the banu ' amir led soon after to the dismissal and house - arrest of their faithful minister, who died four years later on 22 june 1012. the umaiyads were now near their end ; andalusia was in a state of anarchy ; in 1013 the berber insurgents seized and sacked cordova, and on 13 july of that year ibn hazm fled from the city of his birth and set out upon extensive wanderings, of which he gives us fascinating glimpses in the pages of this book. in 1 o 16 ` ali ibn hammud proclaimed himself caliph, but did not long survive his usurpation of power. the next fourteen years were chaotic in the extreme, as umaiyad and hammudid pretenders struggled for possession of the precarious throne. in 1030 the citizens of cordova, weary of so much disorder, declared the caliphate to be at an end and set up in its place a sort of republic ; but the authority of cordova had meanwhile dwindled away, and andalusia was split between numerous independent principalities. the way was being prepared for the reconquista. the fall of granada in 1492 drove the moslems from their last foothold in the iberian peninsula. ibn hazm ' s first refuge after his flight from cordova was almeria, where he lived quietly and in comparative security for a time. but in 1016 khairan, the governor of that city, having made common cause with ` ali ibn hammud against the umaiyad sulaiman, accused ibn hazm of harbouring umaiyad sympathies, and after imprisoning him for some months banished him from his province. our author made a brief stay at aznalcazar, and then betook himself to valencia, where ` abd al - rahman iv al


for the copyist of the manuscript was not very careful ; but many improved readings were proposed by a succession of learned reviewers, prominent among them being i. goldziher, c. brockelmann, w. marcais and a. r. nykl. in 1931 an english translation was published by nykl at paris ; ten years later m. weisweiler produced an amiable german rendering, which has had a very considerable success. in 194. 9 f. gabrieli offered an italian version ; and in the same year l. bercher issued at algiers a revised edition of the text, accompanied by an interleaved french translation. finally in 1952 an elegant spanish translation was published by e. garcia gdmez. the present writer is profoundly indebted to the labors of these his distinguished predecessors, which have illuminated most of the obscurities that disfigured petrof ' s text. he has been eclectic, he hopes judiciously, in his interpretations of those not infrequent passages where scholars have been in conflict ; and he has taken into his translation a few emendations of his own. he feels reasonably confident, though by no means complacent, that all but a very small number of cruxes have now been resolved. the extremely interesting and learned introduction with which nykl prefaced his meritorious but inelegant and somewhat unsatisfactory rendering disposes of the necessity of covering the same ground again ; in brief, that most widely - read and humane scholar has discussed the relationship between the ring of the dove and the writings of the troubadours, a subject which he has studied further in his excellent hispano - arabic poetry ( baltimore, 194, 6 ). my own intentions are in any case more modest ; i have aimed at making an accurate and, i trust, tolerably readable translation for the perusal of the general public, and not so much for the consideration of experts. i do not propose therefore to adventure into the perilous arena of comparative literature, and shall confine the remainder of these brief comments to a discursive appreciation of the contents of ibn hazm ' s book. arabic literature, which is exceedingly extensive in bulk, does not abound in books of the sort that modern taste finds readable. the explanation of this paradox is fairly obvious. before the advent of islam the arabs appear to have had no tradition of writing and reading, and their literary instinct was satisfied


, does not abound in books of the sort that modern taste finds readable. the explanation of this paradox is fairly obvious. before the advent of islam the arabs appear to have had no tradition of writing and reading, and their literary instinct was satisfied by the composition of poetry and proverbial sayings, all transmitted by word of mouth. the fast book to be compiled in arabia was the koran ; and that, according to native report, was put together by an editor after the death of mohammed. though poetry was regarded as a suspect pursuit by the narrowly orthodox, even they could not deny its value as an instrument of religious propaganda ; and since religion in islam soon became entangled with politics, the age - old forms of panegyric and satire continued to flourish in the brave new age of faith in action. meanwhile the requirements of dogma, ritual and law encouraged the growth of a kind of literature which soon found acceptance as a respectable and indeed a meritorious occupation ; wandering scholars made it their care to collect the traditional sayings of mohammed, carried into remote provinces of the far - flung moslem empire by the victorious expeditionaries of the cause. these traditions were in time organized into digests following a set pattern, the arrangement being by topics of ritual and law. in this way the arabs came to regard the book as a collection of anecdotes written down in accordance with a premeditated scheme ; though some still considered the memory to be a superior medium of transmission to the written word. contact with other peoples presently made the arabs aware of the existence of other literatures. the persians introduced them to the idea of adab, a term most difficult to translate ; broadly speaking, adab is a form of prose composition whose primary purpose is not religious but secular, and which is intended not merely for instruction but also for enjoyment. it was the persians who taught the arabs to appreciate and to write elegant prose ; they also initiated their rude conquerors into the pleasures of amusing fiction, and encouraged them to amorous adventures. from the greeks the arabs learned science and philosophy, the art and the delight of discussion and dialectic. persians and greeks together persuaded the austere and somewhat joyless arabs that concubinage could be an tsthetic and ' intellectual as well as a physical pleasure. they taught them many other things besides, but these are not relevant to the present subject. many of these lessons were naturally rejected with horror by the strictly religious, but they left their impress on arabic literature. the arabs had certainly


as a physical pleasure. they taught them many other things besides, but these are not relevant to the present subject. many of these lessons were naturally rejected with horror by the strictly religious, but they left their impress on arabic literature. the arabs had certainly known and appreciated the joys of the flesh, long before islam persuaded them that these were inferior to the delights of the spirit. so the poets inform us ; and it is significant that poets were the heroes of the numerous desert romances, which now passed into wide circulation. islam made it increasingly difficult for the situation to develop in which boy meets girl. love became a complicated and dangerous exploit ; though marriage was of course never difficult ; the romantic drama acquired its stock characters and conventional scenes. moreover the puritanical spirit of islam, making a virtue out of social necessity, discovered as much satisfaction in the quest as in the conquest. the idealization of a sort of. platonic love, in which the lover never achieved union with the beloved, inspired much of the finest poetry of the arabs ; it supplied the mystics with a favourite theme of meditation, when they substituted the divine for the human object of the most powerful of man ' s natural passions. in the ring of the dove we find these various tendencies and influences meeting together, to form a perfect blend of sacred learning and profane delectation. ibn hazm never lets us forget that he is a moslem, with a reverence for and an expert knowledge of the traditional - moslem values and sciences. he freely illustrates his discourse with quotations from the koran, and the traditions of the prophet, these latter supported by all the paraphernalia of what the arabs called ` ilm al - hadith, those chains of transmission " which are considered to guarantee the authenticity of the sayings put into mohammed ' s mouth. he contrives to keep the discussion on a high moral level, though he occasionally takes a plunge into more dangerous depths ; he rounds off his book with a pair of erudite and ethically irreproachable chapters ( though even these contain a shocking anecdote or two ) which he hoped would conciliate even the most austere spirit. at the same time he tells his stories, many of them autobiographical, in polished prose, embellished with extracts from his i own poetry ; which would have been considerably s more extensive, had they not been drastically pruned by the copyist. in order that he may escape the charge of amusing


them autobiographical, in polished prose, embellished with extracts from his i own poetry ; which would have been considerably s more extensive, had they not been drastically pruned by the copyist. in order that he may escape the charge of amusing without instructing, he binds his scattered narratives together with connecting links of theoretical discussion, in which he betrays his acquaintance with greek philosophy - and we have yet to appreciate the full extent of plato ' s influence on the arabs - and organizes the whole material into a systematic pattern. he has written not a collection of tales, but a book. ibn hazm ' s prose, judged by the canons of adab accepted in his day, is of a very high quality ; it is learned without becoming frigid, rhetorical without being bombastic, fluent without degenerating into flatulence. his poetry, of which he appears to have had a considerable conceit, is in truth very mediocre, and we need shed few tears over its cavalier treatment at the hands of the scribe ; nevertheless it is not wholly lacking in merit, and if in translation it comes out somewhat pedestrian and humdrum - and the fault is not entirely the translator ' s - yet for all that it succeeds to some extent in fulfilling the author ' s purpose of varying the pitch and pattern of his composition. the book as a whole is a book in our understanding of the word, and as such belongs to the very rare category of arabic book which merits translation exactly as it stands. for the sad but plain truth is that extremely few arabic books translate well. apart from that passion for the display of traditional religious learning which animated most arab writers and recommended them to their fellows but inevitably set up a barrier between them and the outside world, grammar and philology were also held to be indispensable weapons in the armory of the ambitious author. the arabs were fiercely proud of the complexities of " their syntax and the opulence of their vocabulary where learning conflicted with taste, learning generally won the day. ibn hazm is therefore surprisingly free of pedantry ; it is doubtful whether any other arab writer so well qualified as he would have resisted, as he does in one striking passage, the temptation to enumerate all that earlier scholars had said on the derivation of the arabic word for " passion ". yet ibn hazm was after all only human, and therefore indulges occasionally in poetic images drawn from the technicalities of grammar and syntax or from the obscurities of


said on the derivation of the arabic word for " passion ". yet ibn hazm was after all only human, and therefore indulges occasionally in poetic images drawn from the technicalities of grammar and syntax or from the obscurities of scholasticism. as a mirror to the society in which he was brought up he is almost uniquely valuable. i have tried to translate as faithfully as possible, given the difficulties posed by the task of rendering a semitic into an aryan idiom. i do not think that the prose parts of this version need too much apology ; but something ought certainly to be said on behalf of the pieces in metre and rhyme. the first thing to repeat and this is quite honestly not a case of an indifferent workman blaming his tools - is that ibn hazm was not a great poet ; and as every translator is aware, there is no more baffling labour than to endeavor to do justice to the mediocre ; the result is bound to be mediocre at best, and at worst it may be intolerable. if the translator possesses a sufficient degree of technical dexterity in versifying, he usually finds that indifferent verse is easier to stomach - when put into metre and rhyme than when dissected into strips of prose. and since his original for his part said what he had to say in rhyme and metre, it seems, at least to my way of thinking, that the interpreter should take the same trouble, for there is always the off - chance that he may occasionally produce something memorable. those modern critics who decry the tradition, established in our own literature over several centuries, of rendering classical poetry into the traditional forms of english verse, have yet to prove, so far at least as arabic is concerned, that their alternative solution of the problem is either theoretically more sound, or in practice, more successful. page last modified on 2008 - 01 - 04. page url is : www. muslimphilosophy. com / hazm / dove / template. htm site © copyright 2004 by islamic philosophy online, inc. a not - for - profit organization dedicated to the study of islamic philosophy. individual content may have its own individual copyrights. see copyright information. click here for an internet citation guide. page created on : 2004 - 03 - 03


as we age, the macula ( the small part of the retina at the back of the eye that provides sharpness of vision ) begins to break down and produces small white particles called drusen, which are seen in a fundus photograph and in a cross - sectional diagram above. these can be an early sign of age - related macular degeneration, but they do not usually cause vision loss by themselves and not all patients who develop drusen go on to require macular surgery. the dry or atrophic form of age - related macular degeneration, seen above in fundus photography and in a cross - sectional diagram, is the most common form of macular degeneration, accounting for about 90 percent of cases. although this form of age - related macular degeneration does not usually cause severe vision loss, it can progress to the wet form, so patients who have it should see their ophthalmologist regularly. the wet or exudative form of age - related macular degeneration, seen here in fundus photography and in a cross - sectional diagram, affects about 10 percent of amd patients. it is caused by the growth of abnormal blood vessels at the back of the eye that can leak fluid and blood. the wet form of amd typically causes significant vision problems in the affected eye and can progress very rapidly and cause permanent vision loss. what is age - related macular degeneration? age - related macular degeneration ( amd ) is the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 50 in the united states. this eye disease affects the macula, the central part of the light - sensing nerve tissue in the eye known as the retina. the macula provides the sharp, straight - ahead vision that allows you to see small detail, read fine print, recognize faces and see street signs. what causes amd? there are two types of amd - the dry ( atrophic ) form and the wet ( exudative ) form. the dry form of amd affects about 90 percent of amd patients and usually begins with the formation of tiny yellow deposits called drusen in the macula. drusen usually do not cause serious loss of vision, but can cause distortion of vision. however, for reasons that are not yet understood, sometimes drusen will cause the macula to thin and break down, slowly leading to vision loss. the wet form of age - related macular degeneration occurs in


cause distortion of vision. however, for reasons that are not yet understood, sometimes drusen will cause the macula to thin and break down, slowly leading to vision loss. the wet form of age - related macular degeneration occurs in about 10 percent of patients. it is caused by the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the macula that can leak fluid and blood. wet amd typically causes significant vision loss. age - related macular degeneration is the leading cause of vision problems in the affected eye and can progress very rapidly, causing permanent central vision loss. the exact cause of amd is not known. amd may be hereditary. if someone in your family has or had amd, you may be at higher risk for developing the disease. what are the symptoms of amd? a primary symptom of amd is a distortion in vision that makes straight lines appear wavy or irregular. patients also may notice blurriness and dimming of vision, a dark or blank spot in the center of their vision, or that the size or color of something looks different when viewed through different eyes. how is amd diagnosed? your ophthalmologist will perform a complete clinical examination to diagnose amd. he or she may order a fluorescein or indocyanine green angiogram to look for the abnormal blood vessels within or under the retina. during each of these procedures, dye is injected in the arm, and photographs ( not x - rays ) are taken from a special camera to track the movement of the dye as it reaches the eye and to show any changes in the retina. these photographs will serve as a guide for treatment. what treatments are available for amd? many national eye centers, including the cleveland clinic cole eye institute, are investigating new medications and other ways to treat amd. although there currently is no medical or surgical treatment for the dry form of amd, eyesight may be helped with low - vision aids that use special lenses or electronic systems to produce enlarged images of nearby objects. patients also can be trained to use their peripheral ( side ) vision to help them see more clearly. one recent study found that taking high levels of antioxidants can reduce some patients ' chances of developing amd. ask your eye doctor if this type of therapy is right for you. because the dry form of amd can change into the wet form, it is very important for patients to monitor their eyesight carefully and see their ophthalmologist on a