reviewed at marbl and ghs, louisville road and augusta road were visible ; louisville road runs adjacent and parallel to the central of georgia railroad tracks. using each map ' s scale, i measured three miles from the outer limits of savannah along the central of georgia tracks. the triangular area bounded by augusta and louisville roads was almost always at the three - mile mark. even prior to seeing the 1872 platen map, i was convinced that the racetrack was in the immediate vicinity, but where was its exact location? | charles g. platen, detail of map, savannah, georgia, 1872. | this excerpt from the platen map shows a " race course " three miles west of savannah, adjacent to the central of georgia. the savannah river ( and north ) is to the bottom of the page. louisville road and the central of georgia tracks parallel each other as the dark central spine in the image ( oriented south - west to north - east ). augusta road is the diagonal that appends louisville road. that the race course is so clearly delimited is as exciting as the multiple cultural layers evident in the map. former plantation names and attendant boundaries are inscribed, as are hydrologic features. immediately adjacent to the savannah river ( bottom of image ), the words ' vale royal, ' ' glebeland, ' ' mcalpine, ' ' hermitage ' and ' retreat ' are discernible ; these were plantations. the land that became the ten broeck race course was once part of the vale royal plantation. according to keber, the thousand - acre vale royal plantation " consisted of the land bounded by the savannah river, fahm street on the east, augusta avenue to the south, and what is today west lathrop avenue. " originally granted to pickering and thomas robinson in the 1750s, vale royal was purchased by joseph clay in 1782 ; " in the 1790s clay added the distinctive triangular plot of land between louisville road and augusta road to vale royal. " 60 the palimpsest of near faded and faint dashed lines amid bold city lines and plots excoriated in grid form show in this map alone, the nearly 140 years of euro - and african - american settlement. old trails, possibly used by american indians, became the roads of colonial americans ; augusta avenue appears on very early savannah maps as a trail. 1890s images of several savannah jockey club members, obtained from ghs, show the racetrack and structures : a covered grandstand to one side of the track, shed - like buildings on one side of the


appears on very early savannah maps as a trail. 1890s images of several savannah jockey club members, obtained from ghs, show the racetrack and structures : a covered grandstand to one side of the track, shed - like buildings on one side of the " turns " in the track, and smaller ( likely time keeper ' s ) raised platforms. the 1872 platen map shows two rectangular structures adjacent to the straight stretch of the racetrack, on the north side. these structures are most likely a seating grandstand, and covered stables. doesticks writes that prior to the slave sale, for four days while under inspection by buyers, and for two days during the actual sale, the enslaved were kept in sheds typically used for the horses. he mentions that the slave sale, however, took place in the grandstand : 61 this morning they were all gathered into the long room of the building erected as the " grand stand " of the race course, that they might be immediately under the eye of the buyers. the room was about a hundred feet long by twenty wide, and herein were crowded the poor creatures, with much of their baggage, awaiting their respective calls to step upon the block and be sold to the highest bidder.... the room in which the sale actually took place immediately adjoined the room of the negroes, and communicated with it by two large doors. the sale room was open to the air on one side, commanding a view of the entire course. a small platform was raised about two feet and a half high, on which were placed the desk of the entry clerks, leaving room in front of them for the auctioneer and the goods. 62 the specific location of the slave sale can be identified on the actual landscape because of doesticks ' report, the 1872 platen map, and the 1890s image of the grandstand. a scaled drawing showing the racetrack and the grandstand superimposed on a current aerial photograph ( with geographic coordinates ) situates the exact slave sale site. at the ghs, i also searched for " charles lamar, " and " ten broeck, " trying to find what, if any, connection lamar had to the weeping time. i discovered a deed, dated 1872, for the sale of the race course lands, sold by mrs. caroline lamar, " widow and executrix of c. a. l. lamar, " to the agricultural and mechanical association of georgia. the association utilized the ten broeck race course site for agricultural fairs and allowed the continuation of horse racing


. caroline lamar, " widow and executrix of c. a. l. lamar, " to the agricultural and mechanical association of georgia. the association utilized the ten broeck race course site for agricultural fairs and allowed the continuation of horse racing there. the deed below shows the four pages from the deed of sale, which indicates that charles lamar acquired the property " known as the race track " from ebenezer jencks according to a deed dated january 31, 1857. this earlier deed strongly suggests that charles lamar may have had something to do with the renaming of the site as the ten broeck race course, since prior to his purchase it was known as " oglethorpe ' s race track, " " jencks ' old track " or simply the " race track. " an advertisement in the savannah republican on january 4, 1857 refers to races at the " ten broeck course, " and this, prior to the inaugural ten broeck race, mentioned in the newsmagazine spirit of the times as having occurred on january 7, 1857. it is plausible that lamar was involved in the plans and actions to acquire, reconstitute and name the race track site prior to the inaugural race, and the recording of his purchase of the race course on january 31, 1857. 63 | deed of sale for ten broeck race course, page 1 of 4, 1872. | | deed of sale for ten broeck race course, page 2 of 4, 1872. | | deed of sale for ten broeck race course, page 3 of 4, 1872. | | deed of sale for ten broeck race course, page 4 of 4, 1872. | plausibly, slave dealer joseph bryan, in anticipation of a large turnout for his slave sale, reached out to lamar and requested the use of the ten broeck race course ; alternatively, lamar may have proffered the race course site near savannah ; open, but with stables to house the enslaved, and accessible by louisville and augusta roads, and by the central of georgia railroad. after the archival discoveries at ghs in savannah, i visited the site of the former race course, and found it mostly erased and hidden. bifurcated by highway i - 516, half the site is behind walls and a chain - link fence — currently part of a lumber yard owned by the bradley plywood corporation. 64 across i - 516, the other half of the race course site is now part of bartow elementary school. the trees shown are very likely growing in the


link fence — currently part of a lumber yard owned by the bradley plywood corporation. 64 across i - 516, the other half of the race course site is now part of bartow elementary school. the trees shown are very likely growing in the infield of the former race course. at the southeast corner of the former ten broeck race course site is a paved section of abbot street, from which one can see the central of georgia railroad tracks. | kwesi degraft - hanson, marker commemorating " the weeping time, " savannah, georgia, july 2008. | place reverberates with the history of its unique past. " place stays, not only in rememory, " writes toni morrison, " but out there in the world. " 65 nothing brings tangibility to history like walking on the terrain where events took place. on a sunny, calm morning, march 3, 2008, i was present near the former ten broeck race course location where savannah and georgia historical society officials unveiled a marker commemorating the slave sale, exactly 149 years earlier. 66 the commemoration site is approximately a thousand feet to the northeast from the actual slave sale location. it is a small, triangular lot at the intersection of augusta avenue and dunn street that the city of savannah purchased, designed, and developed as a pocket park for the memorial. the site features a few small trees, an existing large oak tree, and lawn grass traversed by a walkway. the marker reads : largest slave sale in georgia history : the weeping time one of the largest sales of enslaved persons in u. s. history took place on march 2 - 3, 1859, at the ten broeck race course 1 / 4 mile southwest of here. to satisfy his creditors, pierce m. butler sold 436 men, women, and children from his butler island and hampton plantations near darien, georgia. the breakup of families and the loss of home became part of african - american heritage remembered as " the weeping time. " the event was reported extensively in the northern press and reaction to the sale deepened the nation ' s growing sectional divide in the years immediately preceding the civil war. erected by the georgia historical society and the city of savannah the mood at the commemoration was pensive, expectant, and quiet. the atmosphere was reminiscent of a funeral with conversations in hushed tones. while most of the assembled were african - americans, a racially diverse gathering had come to pay their respects to those who had been sold in 1859. dr. keber recounted the events, personalities, and


of a funeral with conversations in hushed tones. while most of the assembled were african - americans, a racially diverse gathering had come to pay their respects to those who had been sold in 1859. dr. keber recounted the events, personalities, and range of feelings surrounding the sale. todd groce, executive director of the georgia historical society, said that he had received a phone call asking, " why are you doing this? why are you putting a marker in that neighborhood? all it will do is stir up anger and resentment. " groce replied, " what we are doing today is being honest about the past. " the day ' s most stirring comments came from savannah mayor johnson, an african american, who decried the events responsible for the commemoration. he also noted how remarkable it was for a descendant of enslaved americans to be mayor of this historic city. johnson wrestled with " a number of emotions, " including " anger, over the inhumanity that took place on this site. " he had recently met a descendant of one of the butler slaves sold at the ten broeck race course, who told him how it " tore up the family. " " race remains a factor in all decisions made in this country, " concluded johnson. " we ' re a long way from the weeping time, but we have a long way to go. " kwesi degraft - hanson, marker commemorating " the weeping time, " savannah, georgia, july 2008. in race and reunion, historian david blight writes that african americans were sidelined from the fiftieth anniversary celebrations of the emancipation. their only participation in the events at the gettysburg reunion was to pass out mess kits and blankets. the purposes of the civil war had been rewritten, with slavery and the fate of blacks scripted out of the narrative : the war was remembered primarily as a tragedy that forged greater unity, as a soldier ' s sacrifice in order to save a troubled, but essentially good, union, not as the crisis of a nation in 1913 still deeply divided over slavery, race, competing definitions of labor, liberty, political economy, and the future of the west... it was a white man ' s experience and a white nation that the veterans and the spectators came to celebrate in july 1913. any discussion of the wars ' extended meanings in america ' s omnipresent ' race problem ' was simply out of place. 67 white reunification, blight explains, joined hands with white supremacy in " an unblinking celebration, " as whites


any discussion of the wars ' extended meanings in america ' s omnipresent ' race problem ' was simply out of place. 67 white reunification, blight explains, joined hands with white supremacy in " an unblinking celebration, " as whites and blacks remained unknown to each other across the divides of separated societies and an anguished past. 68 at the commemoration day ceremonies for the weeping time, it was evident that this was a reunion of sorts but a far cry from that at gettysburg described by blight. kwesi degraft - hanson, michael page, and kyle thayer, superimposition, ten broeck race course and 1907 plat map on 2007 aerial photo of site, savannah, georgia, 2010. to depict the actual site of the slave sale, i worked with gis specialist michael page, geospatial librarian, of emory university, and kyle thayer, emory graduate student in computer science, to create a composite map and attendant 3 - d images at the culmination of this research project, using the aerial photographic software google earth, the computer - aided design software autocad, and a three - dimensional design software, lightwave. initially, a race course meeting the specifications of ten broeck was drawn using autocad. track width and all pertinent dimensions, including the location of the finish line, were obtained with assistance from the keeneland equestrian library in lexington, kentucky, and from belmont park, home of the new york racing association in elmont, new york. the computer - generated race track, with attendant grandstand, was imported into a mapped contemporary image of the site area of the former race course. ultimately, our composite map was created from interrogating and analyzing a historic plat of the ten broeck race course site, historic maps of savannah and chatham county, 1890s photographs of the savannah jockey club members at the ten broeck race course, and a contemporary aerial photograph of the site. detail showing ten broeck race course location, from " map of part of chatham county, state of georgia showing property lines in the environs of savannah, from the latest surveys, " 1897. plat of ten broeck race course site, savannah, georgia, 1907. courtesy of georgia historical society archives. a 1907 plat labeled as the " plan of the lands of the agricultural and mechanical association [ of georgia ] old ten broeck race course " which i located at the ghs, was scanned, adjusted to the same scale as an aerial photo image of the current site,


as the " plan of the lands of the agricultural and mechanical association [ of georgia ] old ten broeck race course " which i located at the ghs, was scanned, adjusted to the same scale as an aerial photo image of the current site, and imported into a composite image. the 1907 plat shows augusta avenue as the northern boundary of the site, and louisville road as the southern boundary. both roads are still in the same locations, and it was relatively easy to see exactly where the plat fit over the contemporary site image. the superimposed map shows i - 516 bisecting the site of the former race course. to the right of the highway is the current bartow elementary school ; on the left is the bradley plywood company. three historic maps were utilized as guides for the location and orientation of the re - imaged ten broeck race course site. the 1872 platen map showed the location of the race course between louisville road and augusta avenue. the location from the 1872 platen map was congruent with the ten broeck site ' s boundaries depicted by the 1907 plat. prior to creating the composite map, another search was conducted to find other maps that would corroborate the platen map. at the university of georgia ' s map library, i located a map from 1897 labeled, " map of part of chatham county, state of georgia, showing property lines in the environs of savannah, from the latest surveys. " this map showed an oval in the vicinity of louisville road and augusta road, and a label : " tenbrook racecourse. " this was definitive proof of the race course ' s location at the site, and it corroborated both the 1872 platen map and the 1907 plat. kwesi degraft - hanson, michael page, and kyle thayer, superimposition : ten broeck race course on 2007 aerial photo of site, savannah, georgia, 2010. a trip to the city engineers ' offices in savannah yielded a map that most clearly shows the ten broeck race course. a detail from the blandford map, created in 1890 after almost a decade of work by texan robert a. blandford, under commission from the city of savannah, corroborates the earlier maps found during this research, and shows an oval track, the words " ten broeck race course, " and importantly, the location of the grandstand, the lieu de memoire of the 1859 slave sale. the blandford map locates the grandstand slightly west


research, and shows an oval track, the words " ten broeck race course, " and importantly, the location of the grandstand, the lieu de memoire of the 1859 slave sale. the blandford map locates the grandstand slightly west of center, adjacent the north section of the race track, and shows a pathway leading from east of the grandstand through entrance gates, to augusta avenue. | robert a. blandford, detail showing ten broeck race course location from county of chatham topographic and drainage map 0 - 22 north 0 - 60 west savannah, georgia, 1888 - 1890. | the detailed map also shows topographic and hydrologic features, labels the " central railroad, " and even includes mile - markers along both the railroad and louisville road below the railroad. the mile markers indicate that the race course is approximately 2. 5 miles west of savannah, corroborating doesticks account of 1859. the blandford map even shows a fence around the site, and other building structures in addition to the grandstand. the level of engineering detail suggests that this is a very accurate map, and one that our composite map can borrow from in confidence. the composite map shows a race track, grandstand, buildings and entrance pathway copied after the 1890 blandford map, superimposed on a recent ( 2007 ) aerial photo of the contemporary site, along with the 1907 plat. the re - imaged, angled buildings at the northwest corner of the track are located in reference to the 1872 platen map, which was closest in time to the 1859 slave sale. this composite most likely approximates the ten broeck race course site of 1859. the composite image without the 1907 plat shows the race course site from 1859 in juxtaposition to the contemporary site, the approximate location of the former race course, and its accompanying grandstand where the slaves were sold in 1859. identifying the location of the grandstands at the former ten broeck race course with as much specificity as possible allowed the sale of the butler slaves to be tied to an almost exact location. doesticks was clear that the slave sale was conducted from the long room of the grandstand at the ten broeck race course. he wrote that the sale room was open on one side, allowing views to the race track. the composite map allows an almost exact location of the slave sale to be identified in the contemporary landscape — on the bradley plywood corporation ' s property, a quarter - mile away from the ghs marker. prior to re - imaging the


race track. the composite map allows an almost exact location of the slave sale to be identified in the contemporary landscape — on the bradley plywood corporation ' s property, a quarter - mile away from the ghs marker. prior to re - imaging the ten broeck race course grandstand of 1859, historic images of race track grandstands were investigated, and distinctive characteristics borrowed. the 1870 image of the grandstand at long branch, monmouth county, new jersey, shows some seating covered, and some open to the elements. this image also shows windows, suggesting rooms, mostly used for concessions, underneath the grandstands. it is likely that such rooms existed underneath the ten broeck grandstand that doesticks referred to as the slave holding, and sale, rooms. it also shows the cone - roofed judges ' booths astride the race track. an 1865 winslow homer sketch of saratoga, ny ' s race course and grandstand shows a tarp - topped grandstand, and racing enthusiasts, some under, and others outside, the covered area. a postcard image, likely from the early 1900s, of a race track in maxwellton, st. louis, missouri shows clearly the judges ' booths, the fencing that kept spectators off the horse track, and spectators standing in the open. a 1973 image from ak - sr - ben race track in omaha shows a grandstand with a sloping roof. comparing the winslow homer sketch of 1865 to this more contemporary image, it appears that the general structure of horse race grandstands have not changed much ; they are open air structures, partially covered, and may have rooms below the stands. based on the reviewed images of horse tracks and grandstands, and on doesticks ' s description that there were rooms in the grandstand, at least one measuring a hundred by twenty feet, an image of a grandstand was created using lightwave, a computer software. all views show a grandstand with partially covered seating, the horse racing track, and judges booths adjacent the track. the location of the re - imaged grandstand in juxtaposition to the current landscape and buildings is telling. behind the re - imaged grandstand is the entrance drive into the current bradley plywood corporation property, suggesting that the former grandstand ( the actual slave sale ) site is to a visitor ' s immediate left upon entry into the bradley compound from the north entrance gate. the actual site of memory, the grandstand, the lieu de memoire, should be marked. its approximate coordinates are : latitude :


sale ) site is to a visitor ' s immediate left upon entry into the bradley compound from the north entrance gate. the actual site of memory, the grandstand, the lieu de memoire, should be marked. its approximate coordinates are : latitude : n 32° 5 ' 12. 4332 " longitude : w 81° 7 ' 49. 5444 ". the dark, shadowed area on the ground floor underneath the grandstand in the three - dimensional images of the re - imaged site suggests the room that doesticks mentioned : " the room in which the sale actually took place immediately adjoined the room of the negroes, and communicated with it by two large doors. the sale room was open to the air on one side, commanding a view of the entire course... " a final trip to savannah, in january 2010 in search of the deed of sale from ebenezer jencks to charles lamar, referred to in the deed of sale between lamar ' s widow caroline and the agricultural and mechanical association of georgia yielded the deed, replete with a sketch of the ten broeck race track site. the sketch map shows bearings and distances which help confirm the site ' s location. the south boundary of the site has a bearing : s 76 ¾ e. 40. 34. this means that the direction of the line which represents this edge of the property is 76 degrees and 45 minutes ( 3 / 4 of 60mins ) east from true south, at a distance of 4034 feet. surveyors of that era used 100 foot - long chains as standard units of measurement, so a distance of 4034 feet would be recorded as 40. 34 chains. the west boundary had a bearing of s 14 ½ w, at 1576 feet. the north boundary ' s bearing was n 76 e at 40. 30 ( 4030 feet ). the east boundary ' s bearing was n 14 ½ e, at 1543 feet. michel foucault writes that if we listen, we will hear the abundance of history trapped or wedged in the spaces of " words without language " — spaces " peopled and empty at the same time. " the search for the ten broeck race course attempts to " lend an ear " to the " dull sound [ s ] from beneath history, " the hidden history of one landscape of slavery. 69 research led through archives and onto the landscape. the site of perhaps the largest sale of enslaved persons in north america, although erased, hidden, and silent, endures in the narratives and historical memories


" the hidden history of one landscape of slavery. 69 research led through archives and onto the landscape. the site of perhaps the largest sale of enslaved persons in north america, although erased, hidden, and silent, endures in the narratives and historical memories of some savannah residents. the ten broeck slave sale site is one of many silent, erased, or hidden landscapes of slavery — tangible places to be rediscovered, re - narrated, re - imaged, and recreated for their historical importance. in listening, i have heard the murmurs of the landscape, empty and peopled at the same time, haunted by those who were sold here. 70 kwesi degraft - hanson, michael page, and kyle thayer, detail showing room under grandstands where 1859 slave sale was conducted, re - imaged ten broeck race course grandstand on 2007 aerial photo of site, savannah, georgia, 2010. this work has benefited from numerous people. the author would like to acknowledge especially the following that helped in diverse ways with this essay : dr. allen tullos, editor, and the editors at southern spaces — sarah toton, katie rawson, franky abbott, and mary battle ; the anonymous readers for southern spaces ; dr. michael moon, emory university professor, and my fall, 2007 cohort in dr. moon ' s foundations course ; naomi nelson, kathy shoemaker, lloyd busch, betsy patterson and michael page, emory libraries ; dr. martha keber ; allynne tosca owens, city of savannah department of economic planning ; monifa johnson ; david anderson and derrick hillery, chatham county department of engineering ; tom hardaway, uga map library ; all the staff of the georgia historical society, and kyle thayer. aiken, charles s. the cotton plantation south since the civil war. baltimore and london : the johns hopkins university press, 1998. anquandah, k. j. castles and forts of ghana. ghana museums and monuments board. paris : atalante, 1999. bancroft, frederick. slave trading in the old south. columbia : university of south carolina press, 1996. basso, keith h. wisdom sits in places : landscape and language among the western apache. albuquerque : university of new mexico press, 1996. beardsley, john ( with contributions by roberta kefalos and theodore rosengarten, principal photography by len jenshel ). art and landscape in charleston and the low country : a project of spoleto festival usa. washington, d. c. : spacemaker press


with contributions by roberta kefalos and theodore rosengarten, principal photography by len jenshel ). art and landscape in charleston and the low country : a project of spoleto festival usa. washington, d. c. : spacemaker press, 1998. bell, malcolm jr. major butler ' s legacy ; five generations of a slaveholding family. athens & london : the university of georgia press, 1987. berry, daina ramey. " ' we ' m fus ' rate bargain ; ' value, labor and price in a georgia slave community. " the chattel principle : internal slave trades in the americas, ( ed. ) walter johnson. new haven & london : yale university press, 2004. blight, david w. race and reunion : the civil war in american memory. cambridge, mass. : belknap press of harvard university press, 2001. brundage, w. fitzhugh. the southern past : a clash of race and memory. cambridge, mass. : belknap press of harvard university press, 2005. calonius, erik. the wanderer : the last american slave ship and the conspiracy that set its sails. new york : st. martin ' s press, 2006. carney, judith. black rice : the african origins of rice cultivation in the americas. cambridge : harvard university press, 2001. d ' alonzo, mary beth. streetcars of chatham county. charleston : arcadia press, 1999. degraft - hanson, kwesi. " the cultural landscape of slavery at kormantsin, ghana. " landscape research 30, 4 ( 2005 ) : 459 - 481. dizikes, john. sportsmen and gamesmen. boston : houghton mifflin, 1981. dusinberre, william. them dark days ; slavery in the american rice swamps. athens & london : the university of georgia press, 2000. fraser, walter j. savannah in the old south. athens : university of georgia press, 2003. hayden, dolores. the power of place : urban landscapes as public history. cambridge, mass. : mit press, 1995. hilliard, sam b. " the tidewater rice plantation : an ingenious adaptation to nature. " coastal resources, geoscience and man, vol. 12, ( 1975 ) : 57 – 66. ( published by the school of geoscience, louisiana state university. baton rouge. h. j. walker, editor. ) johnson, walter, ed. the chat


tennessee press, 1985. stewart, mart a. " what nature suffers to groe " : life, labor and landscape on the georgia coast, 1780 - 1920. athens : university of georgia press, 1996. vlach, john michael. back of the big house ; the architecture of plantation slavery. chapel hill and london : the university of north carolina press, 1993. wells, tom henderson. the slave ship wanderer. athens : university of georgia press, 1967. baily ' s magazine of sports and pastimes, volume 8. london : a. h. baily & co., cornhill, 1864. book digitized by google. http : / / books. google. com / books? id = db0gaaaaqaaj & pg = pa55 & dq = richard + ten + broeck # ppa54 - ia2, m1. berry, stephen w. ii. " butler family. " the new georgia encyclopedia. 2002. www. georgiaencyclopedia. org / nge / article. jsp? id = h - 617 georgia historical society. website announcement of the slave sale marker, and an embedded interview by the ghs director re : the marker. herrick, steve. " " weeping time " park - savannah, ga " waymark, posted 8 / 14 / 2008. http : / / www. waymarking. com / waymarks / wm4evx savannah city council. " savannah city council meeting minutes of aug. 2, 2007. " www. ci. savannah. ga. us / cityweb / minutes. nsf / 80a034128361e60e85257337004b72af / $ file / 08 - 02 - 2007. pdf sickler, linda. " marker honors ' weeping time ' ; slave sale historical marker is dedicated. " connect savannah online, march 11, 2008. thomas, william g. iii. " the countryside transformed. " southern spaces, 2007. u. s. national archives ( s. e. region ). " vessel license for schooner clotilde, 1855. " records of the u. s. customs services, collector of customs, mobile, alabama. voyages : the trans - atlantic slave trade database, 2008. http : / / www. slavevoyages. org / tast / database / search. faces wgbh educational foundation. " africans in america, america ' s journey through slavery. " 1999. www. pbs


trade database, 2008. http : / / www. slavevoyages. org / tast / database / search. faces wgbh educational foundation. " africans in america, america ' s journey through slavery. " 1999. www. pbs. org / wgbh / aia / wright, ron. " history of the central of georgia railway. " 2006. http : / / cofg. org / index. php? option = com _ content / & task = view & id = 77 & itemid = 43 - 1. q. k. philander doesticks, " great auction sale of slaves at savannah, georgia, march 2d and 3d, 1859, " the new york tribune, march 9, 1859, 8. - 2. w. fitzhugh brundage, the southern past : a clash of race and memory ( cambridge, ma : belknap press of harvard university press, 2005 ), 4. - 3. kwesi degraft - hanson, " the cultural landscape of slavery at kormantsin, ghana. " landscape research 30 no. 4 ( october 2005 ) : 461. - 4. keith h. basso, wisdom sits in places : landscape and language among the western apache ( albuquerque : university of new mexico press, 1996 ). - 5. the precise sale site is a quarter mile away, and not visible, from the commemorative marker. - 6. r. muir, approaches to landscape ( new york : barnes & noble, 1999 ). - 7. d. w. meinig, ed., the interpretation of ordinary landscapes : geographical essays ( new york : oxford university press, 1979 ), 7. - 8. butler resided mainly in philadelphia, but spent a few months out of some years visiting his georgia plantations inherited from his maternal grandfather, major pierce butler. the major ' s will stipulated that for his grandson ( s ) to inherit his properties they had to change their last name from mease, to butler. for brief biographic details of both mease butler and major butler, see the new georgia encyclopedia ( http : / / www. georgiaencyclopedia. org / nge / article. jsp? id = h - 617 ) ; for complete biographic information about the butler family, see malcolm bell, jr., major butler ' s legacy : five generations of a slaveholding family ( athens and london : the university of georgia press, 1987 ). because butler visited the plantations infrequent


berry, " ' we ' m fus ' rate bargain ' ", 67, 68. - 22. doesticks, 14, 21. - 23. berry, " ' we ' m fus ' rate bargain ' ", 66. - 24. doesticks, 10. - 25. ibid., 19. - 26. bell ; doesticks, 13. - 27. bell, 312. - 28. for the story and controversy surrounding the wanderer, see tom henderson wells, the slave ship wanderer ( athens : university of georgia press, 1967 ) ; also, erik calonius, the wanderer : the last american slave ship and the conspiracy that set its sails ( new york : st. martin ' s press, 2006 ). see also henry r. jackson, the wanderer case ; the speech of hon. henry r. jackson of savannah, ga., ( atlanta : e. holland, 1891 ). the last documented shipment of enslaved africans brought to the united states was disembarked at mobile, alabama in 1859 from aboard the schooner clotilde, http : / / www. archives. gov / southeast / exhibit / popups. php? p = 2. 5. 2, accessed september 12, 2008. - 29. mills b. lane, neither more nor less than men : slavery in georgia : a documentary history ( savannah : beehive press library of georgia, 1993 ). - 30. johnson, soul by soul, 2, 117 – 134. - 31. ibid, 164, 165, 179, 214. - 32. ibid, 214. - 33. see doesticks. bell captures the emotions and frustrations of the enslaved in the chapter : " the weeping time. " see also berry, " ' we ' m fus ' rate bargain ' ", 64, for a discussion on the slaves ' perspectives, and the social impact of this slave sale. - 34. for a synopsis of both sides of this controversy, see pages l through lei in the editors ' introduction by john a. scott, in frances a. kemble, journal of a residence on a georgian plantation in 1838 – 1839, ed. and introduction john a. scott ( new york : alfred a. knopf, 1961 ). - 35. mart a. stewart, " what nature suffers to groe : " life, labor and landscape on the georgia coast, 1780 – 1920 ( athens : university of georgia press, 1996 ) : 194. and


, " environmental history 10 ( january 2005 ) : 69. - 46. ibid, 69. - 47. the statement that there was a riding track at the site of the ten broeck race course in the 1790s is from keber, " sale of pierce m. butler ' s slaves ; march 2 – 3, 1859. ten broeck race course, " georgia historical society, unpublished paper, 2007, 2 ; stewart, what nature suffers to groe. - 48. the dates given for cape coast castle are from : k. j. anquandah, castles and forts of ghana. ghana museums and monuments board ( paris : atalante, 1999 ). - 49. doesticks ; bell, 329 ; fraser, 310. - 50. thomas gamble, " a history of the municipal government of savannah from 1790 to 1901, " in report of hon. herman myers, mayor, together with the reports of the city officers of the city of savannah, ga., for the year ending december 31, 1900 : to which are added the commercial statistics of the port, reports of public institutions, ordinances passed during the year 1900, and a history of the municipal government of savannah from 1790 to 1901 ( savannah, 1901 ), 170 - 177. the central of georgia company was organized in december 1833 ; however, exact dates for when portions of rail lines were constructed are sketchy. gamble ( 1901 ) is an excellent, but tedious source. see also, ron wright, " history of the central of georgia railway, " central of georgia railway historical society, http : / / cofg. org / index. php? option = com _ content / & task = view & id = 77 & itemid = 43, accessed august 11, 2006. - 51. gamble, 38. - 52. ibid., 33. - 53. for information on richard ten broeck and his horse racing exploits, see john dizikes, sportsmen and gamesmen ( boston : houghton mifflin, 1981 ), 124 – 157 ; also john dizikes, yankee doodle dandy : the life and times of tod sloan ( new haven : yale university press, 2000 ), 104 – 106. - 54. " spirit of the times : a chronicle of the turf, agriculture, field sports, literature and the stage ( 1835 – 1861 ) jan 17, 1857 ; 26, 49 ; aps [ american periodicals series ] online pg. 583. - 55. allynne tosca owens,


chronicle of the turf, agriculture, field sports, literature and the stage ( 1835 – 1861 ) jan 17, 1857 ; 26, 49 ; aps [ american periodicals series ] online pg. 583. - 55. allynne tosca owens, city planner, city of savannah, personal communication, march 2, 2009. - 56. monifa johnson, personal communication, march 2, 2009. in his book, neither more nor less than men : slavery in georgia : a documentary history ( savannah : beehive press library of georgia, 1993 ), mills b. lane prints doesticks ' account of the auction sale of slaves. - 57. allynne tosca owens, personal communication, november 2007 ; owens, personal communication, july 10, 2008. see also the online archive of the savannah city council meeting minutes, aug. 2, 2007, http : / / www. ci. savannah. ga. us / cityweb / minutes. nsf / 80a034128361e60e85257337004b72af / $ file / 08 - 02 - 2007. pdf, 10 – 14. accessed, november 2007, and july 15, 2008. - 58. keber, " sale of pierce m. butler ' s slaves, " 2. - 59. martha l. keber, low land and the high road : life and community in hudson hill, west savannah, and woodville neighborhoods ( savannah : the city of savannah ' s department of cultural affairs, 2008 ). - 60. ibid., 2, 3. - 61. doesticks, 14 ; for other details of the sale, see also bell, and berry, " ' we ' m fus ' rate bargain. ' " - 62. doesticks, 14. mary beth d ' alonzo ( 1999 ) utilizes two of the ghs images of the savannah jockey club in her book on chatham county streetcars and provides corroborative information in her captions : " the ten broeck race course was a 1 - mile long, horse - racing track at the fairgrounds of the agricultural and mechanical association of georgia, located 2. 5 miles west of savannah on the augusta road. " mary beth d ' alonzo, streetcars of chatham county ( charleston : arcadia press, 1999 ), 104. my research revealed that a mrs. lamar had sold 62 plus acres to the agricultural and mechanical association of georgia in 1872. - 63. specifically, caroline lamar sold 62 6


streetcars of chatham county ( charleston : arcadia press, 1999 ), 104. my research revealed that a mrs. lamar had sold 62 plus acres to the agricultural and mechanical association of georgia in 1872. - 63. specifically, caroline lamar sold 62 6 / 10 acres adjacent to louisville road, and an additional forty - five acres south of augusta road, and north of " oglethorpe ' s race track, " to the association, for eight thousand dollars. - 64. site ownership ascertained from a personal conversation with tosca owens, planner, city of savannah, november 2007. owens is the planner who worked behind the scenes to ensure that redevelopment plans for west savannah would not any longer disregard or be silent about the slave sale at the ten broeck race course. - 65. morrison, 43, 44. - 66. for journalistic coverage of the commemoration, see linda sickler, " marker honors ' weeping time ' ; slave sale historical marker is dedicated, " connect savannah online, march 11, 2008. http : / / www. connectsavannah. com / gyrobase / content? oid = oid % 3a6873, accessed october 11, 2008. see also steve herrick, " ' weeping time ' park - savannah, ga, " waymark, august 14, 2008. http : / / www. waymarking. com / waymarks / wm4evx, accessed october 11, 2008. see also the georgia historical society website for the announcement of the marker, and an embedded interview by the ghs director re : the marker, http : / / www. georgiahistory. com / containers / 137, accessed october 11, 2008. - 67. david w. blight, race and reunion : the civil war in american memory ( cambridge, ma : belknap press of harvard university press, 2001 ), 386, 387. - 68. ibid., 391, 397. - 69. michel foucault, history of madness, ed. jean khalfa ; trans. jonathan murphy and jean khalfa ( london : routledge, 2006 ), xxxi – xxxii. - 70. ibid., xxxi – xxxii.


teacher : samantha melvin, rj richey elementary, burnet, texas level : grade 4 and up the project : i tested staedtler ’ s fimoair natural modelling clay with a group of fifth graders who created three - dimensional portraits to accompany a language arts research project. each student was given one packet of the individually wrapped clay. the clay is fibrous, and students liked the clay ’ s papier - mache - like finish. students first formed a head and neck for their portraits, using clay tool to achieve greater detail. fimoair is paintable, so students used acrylic to turn the portraits into realistic works of art. they were also able to easily add embellishments using regular white school glue. i saved the leftover pieces of clay in a ziploc bag with the air squeezed out so that students were able to use the clay again later. when working with fimoair, it is very important that students have a clear picture of what they need to accomplish, as the surface does dry quickly. fourth and fifth graders are able to manage their work process with that in mind. older students, in middle or high school, would have an amazing time integrating this material into larger sculptural pieces. please also visit www. schoolartsonline. com


urination - excessive at nightdefinition : excessive urination at night is a condition in which you wake up several times during the night to urinate. waking up at night to urinate is called nocturia. normally, urine decreases in amount and becomes more concentrated at night. that means most people can sleep 6 to 8 hours without having to urinate. people who have nocturia get up during the night to urinate. because of this, they often have disrupted sleep cycles. keep a diary of how much fluid you drink, how often you urinate, and how much you urinate. record your body weight at the same times and on the same scale daily. call your health care provider if : make an appointment with your health care provider if : - excessive nighttime urination continues over several days and is not explained by medications or increase of fluids before bedtime - you are bothered by the number of times you must urinate during the night what to expect at your health care provider ' s office : your health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask questions about your nighttime urination, such as : - when did it start? - how many times does this occur each night? - has there been a change in the amount of urine you produce? - do you ever have " accidents " or bedwetting? - how much urine do you release at a time? - what makes the problem worse? better? - how much fluid do you drink before bedtime? have you tried limiting fluids before bedtime? - what other symptoms do you have? do you have increased thirst, pain or burning on urination, fever, abdominal pain, or back pain? - what medications are you taking? - how much caffeine do you consume each day? - have you had any bladder infections in the past? - do you have a family history of diabetes? - does nighttime urination interfere with your sleep? - do you drink alcoholic beverages? if so, how much each day? - have you changed your diet recently? tests that may be performed include : treatment depends on the cause. if excessive nighttime urination is due to diuretic medications, you may be told to take your medication earlier in the day. gerber gs, brendler cb. evaluation of the urologic patient : history, physical examination, and the urinalysis. in : wein aj, ed. campbell - walsh urology. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 3. landry


the urologic patient : history, physical examination, and the urinalysis. in : wein aj, ed. campbell - walsh urology. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 3. landry dw, bazari h. approach to the patient with renal disease. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 116. | review date : 9 / 16 / 2011 | reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine ; and scott miller, md, urologist in private practice in atlanta, georgia. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


the housing market crash of 2007 was the worst housing crash in u. s. history. the housing market crash of 2007 was the cause of the financial crisis. this nearly caused the u. s. to experience another depression like the great depression. there are a number of things we can look at to determine how the housing bubble occurred and what happened to cause the bubble to collapse. the housing market experienced modest but steady growth from the period of 1995 to 1999. when the stock market crashed in 2000, there was a shift in dollars going away from the stock market into housing. to further fuel the housing bubble there was plenty of cheap money available for new loans in the wake of the economic recession. the federal reserve and banks praised the housing market for helping to create wealth and provide a secured asset that people could borrow money to help the economy grow. there was a lot of financial innovation at the time which included all sorts of new lending types such as interest adjustable loans, interest only loans and zero down loans. as people saw housing prices going up, they were stepping over each other to buy to get in on the action. some were flipping homes in an effort to take advantage of market conditions. if you understand fractional banking, you would know that with a 10 % reserve requirement, in theory it would means that 10 times that money can be created for each dollar. with 0 % down needed to buy new homes, an unlimited supply of money could be created. with each loan, banks would quickly securitize the loan and pass the risk off to someone else. ratings agencies put aaa ratings on these loans that made them highly desirable to foreign investors and pension funds. the total amount of derivatives held by the financial institutions exploded and the total % cash reserves grew smaller and smaller. in large areas of ca and fl there were multiple years of prices going up 20 % per year. some markets like las vegas saw the housing market climb up 40 % in just one year. in california, over ½ of the new loans were interest only or negative - amortization. from 2003 to 2007 the amount of subprime loans had increased a whooping 292 % from 332 billion to 1. 3 trillion. the housing market peaked somewhere in 2006. we were beginning to see some of the early signs of trouble when some types of subprime loans started to go into default. there wasn ’ t worry at that time since never in history have prices for housing market gone down nationally. once the credit markets froze in the summer 2007, things began to deteriorate rapidly


types of subprime loans started to go into default. there wasn ’ t worry at that time since never in history have prices for housing market gone down nationally. once the credit markets froze in the summer 2007, things began to deteriorate rapidly. subprime credit stopped completely and interest rates for credit for other types of borrowing including corporate loans as well as consumer loans rose dramatically. february : freddie mac announced that they were no longer buying the most risky subprime. april : subprime lender new century financial corporation files for bankruptcy. june : bear stearns announced a loan of 3. 2 billion dollars to help bailout one of its funds that invested in collateralized debt obligations ( cdos ). july : the stock market hit a new all - high over 14, 000. on july 31, bear stearns liquidates two of its mortgage - back security hedge funds august : a worldwide credit crunch had begun and there were no subprime loans available. subprime lender american home mortgage files for bankruptcy. this marked the start of the housing market crash september : the libor rate rises to its highest level since december of 1998, at 6. 8 %. december : the stock market finishes the year at 13, 264. january 11 : bank of america acquired countrywide financial for 4. 1 billion dollars. countrywide had a total of 1. 5 trillion dollars worth of loans. march 16 : bear stearns on the verge of bankruptcy signs a merger agreement with j. p. morgan to sell itself for $ 2 a share which was fraction of the current trading price. may 19 : the markets had its final day above 13, 000 closing at 13028. september 6 : the treasury announced a takeover of both fannie mae and freddie mac that had over 5 trillion dollars in mortgages. september 14 : bank of america signs a deal to acquire merrill lynch. september 15 : lehman brothers files for bankruptcy. the dow drops 400 points closing at 10, 917 september 17 : the federal reserves lends $ 85 billion dollars to american international group ( aig ). september 18 : fed chairman ben bernanke and treasury secretary meet with congress to propose a $ 700 billion dollar bailout. bernanke tells congress “ if we don ’ t do this, we may not have an economy on monday. ” september 26 : federal regulators seize washington mutual and then strike a deal to sell most of to j. p. morgan for 1. 9 billion dollars. this represents the largest bank failure in u. s.


may not have an economy on monday. ” september 26 : federal regulators seize washington mutual and then strike a deal to sell most of to j. p. morgan for 1. 9 billion dollars. this represents the largest bank failure in u. s. history. september 29 : congress votes down the $ 700 billion bailout plan. that same day citigroup acquires wachovia. october 1 : the senate passes the $ 700 billion bailout bill. october 3 : the house passes the $ 700 billion bailout plan and the president signs it into law. october 6 : the fed announces that it will provide $ 900 billion in short - term loans to banks. the dow closes below 10, 000. october 7 : the fed announced that it will lend around 1. 3 trillion dollars directly to companies outside the banking sector. october 10 : the dow closes at 8451, the stock market has had its worst week ever losing 22 % over the past 8 trading days or 8. 4 trillion dollars from the market highs in 2007. october 14 : the treasury taps $ 250 billion of the bailout fund and uses the money to shore up the nations top banks. december 31 : there were over 3 million foreclosures by this year. florida, arizona and california had rates of 4 % with nevada at 7. 3 % even though the financial crisis was resolved by start of 2009 the housing market continued to decline throughout 2009. there were over 3 million foreclosure filings for 2009. unemployment rose to over 10 % and the housing market crash created the worst recession since the early 1980 ’ s. by the 4th quarter of 2009 the u. s. has experienced significant gdp growth and corporate earnings had increased by over 100 %. the unemployment rate had stabilized towards the end of 2009. by 2010 housing prices still haven ’ t gone up and we are still working through a surplus of housing inventory.


a relatively simple way to improve interconnectedness among community members is to develop a database that identifies each community member ’ s areas of expertise. for example, a searchable database designed around key words — indicating, for example, such subject areas as “ china, ” “ economic forecasting, ” or “ nuclear weapons ” — can allow community members to swiftly identify appropriate experts. to ease the tension of contacting an unknown colleague, we also suggest that database profiles include some personal information. knowing that the person you ’ re contacting shares your hobby or alma mater can help start a conversation that might otherwise never happen. such databases are worth the small investment of time they require, but no purely technological solution will be enough to spark effective collaboration among community members. many people are reluctant to ask colleagues whom they don ’ t know personally for help, even within the same organization, and for a wide range of reasons : will they think i ’ m stupid for asking the questions? are they really experts? how can i trust them? to reduce these inhibitions, companies can initiate face - to - face contact and well - structured virtual forums. these naturally lead to better introductions and interactions among erstwhile strangers and reduce the barriers to subsequent contact. both face - to - face and virtual events vary in effectiveness, depending on how carefully they are planned. left to their own devices, most people naturally congregate with known peers. but if event organizers use data from a sociogram to design seating or to break out work groups, they can bring together people who have never met but have much to learn from each other. and the web of connections need not be fostered by command ; it can also emerge from the right sort of design. recently, a large consumer products company held a global meeting of its researcher community. each participant ’ s name badge contained a radio frequency identification ( rfid ) chip, coded with data about that person and his or her work : some personal background, some areas of expertise, and current research interests. as the attendees mingled during the cocktail hour, their name tags glowed whenever two people with common or complementary interests passed. as people responded to the lights and made introductions, a computer tracked the connections and continuously updated a sociogram of the participants on a large projection screen. although a natural extrovert may find such a technique gimmicky, it resonated well with the generally introverted and technology - enamored scientists and researchers. by the end of the evening, a poorly connected network had evolved into a richly linked


extrovert may find such a technique gimmicky, it resonated well with the generally introverted and technology - enamored scientists and researchers. by the end of the evening, a poorly connected network had evolved into a richly linked community of practice. leveraging natural brokers fostering networks by increasing connectivity among all members is a common approach, but the greatest improvements can often come from concentrating on the “ natural brokers ” in the community through targeted interaction. consider our experience with the technology community of one of the largest utilities in the united states. the cio feared that this widely distributed organization was solving the same problem repeatedly, without consistent standards, strategies, or solutions. given the wide range of specialists in her department — database managers, field support technicians, web site developers, power plant operating systems overseers, and more — it wasn ’ t surprising that her staff of highly skilled ( and highly compensated ) technologists often operated in isolation with limited collaboration and meager knowledge of each other. to help, we conducted a network analysis and identified five “ brokers ” within the community. these people tended to provide the connections across organizational silos. we asked the five of them to get to know two specific people in parts of the network where they had few contacts. inevitably, the natural brokers developed a better understanding of these colleagues ’ expertise ; they then drew upon that knowledge as they fulfilled their natural role of linking others to requisite expertise.


for some time, the healthy food message has been that eating fatty food is bad. recently, that message has become more sophisticated and it seems that some kinds of fatty food are good. in fact, fat is needed to maintain our health. it enables the body to absorb certain fat - soluble vitamins, including vitamin d and e and also supplies essential fatty acids. part of the reason that fat intake is sometimes restricted is due to its calorific content. however, cutting fat from a diet to reduce calorie intake and lose weight is not a healthy choice. there are two kinds of fat : saturated fats, which can increase cholesterol levels and lead to heart disease and unsaturated fats, which are associated with some health benefits. for example, some unsaturated fats have been shown to reduce the risk of heart attacks and others to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. some unsaturated fats are also believed to reduce cholesterol levels. this list compiled by www. rangecookers. co. uk highlights 10 foods which have a significant proportion of unsaturated fats. avocado is an unusual fruit in that it has a high fat content, of largely unsaturated fats. the avocado also contains various minerals, including potassium, zinc, iron and magnesium and vitamins a, b complex, c, e and k. olive oil contains a mix of saturated and unsaturated fats. it is viewed as a healthy food because of its high percentage of oleic acid, an unsaturated fat which helps the heart and may also reduce the risk of some cancers. olive oil also contains vitamin e and flavonoid antioxidants, which are good for the heart. fatty fish such as tuna and mackerel these fish contain up to 30 % oil and in particular omega - 3 fatty acids, which is an unsaturated fat. omega - 3 is believed to help protect the heart and it may also be necessary for young children ’ s brain development. fatty fish also contain vitamin a and d. walnuts and other nuts walnuts contain 47 per cent unsaturated fats ; other nuts also have a significant unsaturated - fat content. about half of peanut butter content is fat. it is a mix of saturated and unsaturated fats, with about 80 % unsaturated fat a similar proportion to olive oil. peanut butter also contains vitamins and minerals. sunflower


entertainment / baseball / ball ball : the basketball is 9 ½ inches in diameter and weighs 20 to 22 ounces. embedded ball : ( also ' plugged ' ) a ball stuck in the ground as a result of its impact nothing ball : a ball that accomplishes little because of a poor hit, no action, or both. an ineffective ball. pin ( as it applies to a ball ) : the small circle of a different color found on the surface of the ball. it locates the center of the weight block that identifies the direction it is tilted. broom ball : a ball with so much action that it seems to sweep the pins away. lose the ball : the dropping of the ball off your hand early ; the ball slipping out of your hand. cheater ball : a derogatory term used to describe modern highly aggressive bowling balls that can offer the hook and power formerly attained only by players that imparted the action due solely to the effor... view full definition cover the ball : ( also ' trap the ball ' ) to contact the ball with the hands forward ( more toward the target than the club head ), causing to some degree a descending angle of approach and a hooded club face, t... view full definition ballad : a popular song, often recited aloud, narrating a story, and passed down orally. over 300 traditional english ballads, in up to 25 versions each, were edited as the so - called ' child ballads '... view full definition ballade : poem with three seven -, eight -, or ten - line stanzas and refrain. respectively, these have the rhyme schemes and envoys ababbcc bcbc ( cf. chaucer ' s ' ballade of good counsel ' ), ababbcbc bcbc (... view full definition


it is hard to believe, but it ’ s already may! report cards will be due soon, promotion ceremonies must be planned and end of the year testing is upon us. so what is a teacher supposed to do when the only thing greater than the looming to do list is the students ’ desire to be on summer vacation? here are some tips to keep students engaged in curriculum without adding too much to our already overextended schedules. leverage the power of technology : there are so many awesome online resources available that can easily be aligned to our curriculum and common core standards. find a site that works for you and sign up for some computer lab time! a well - placed webquest, multimedia presentation project, or interactive online experience can solidify concepts in new ways without demanding a ton of prep work or grading. some of my favorite online and computer resources are : - prezi or powerpoint : students can create presentations covering any subject they ’ re learning! creating and delivering presentations is an important language arts skill for students to learn and it can do double duty if they are presenting information related to science, history, literature, or other content areas. in my experience, upper grade students love to create cool presentations and the accountability of presenting to their peers spurs them on to do their very best work. note : prezi is a little more complicated and requires an email address to sign up, so it is most appropriate to use with older students who are highly computer proficient. i suggest you make some teacher prezis for lessons before you teach students to make them. powerpoint may be the best option for starting out this kind of project. - starfall : this is a great resource for lower grade students. there are a variety of phonics and literacy resources for students to work at their own level. - arcademic skill builders : this website is dedicated to engaging and exciting k - 8 students in math, literacy, geography, and more all in a safe environment! you can use this site for free, but if you sign up for the subscription, you can customize game content, track student achievement, and help students earn awards for performance. leave us a comment and share your favorite online resources for students. tip : be sure to research the site, understand how it works, and check to make sure it won ’ t be blocked from your school ’ s internet filter before you take your class to the lab. get kids moving with kinesthetic learning activities : we all know that many kids learn best from active, hands - on activities, but


sure it won ’ t be blocked from your school ’ s internet filter before you take your class to the lab. get kids moving with kinesthetic learning activities : we all know that many kids learn best from active, hands - on activities, but we don ’ t always have the budget or time to create elaborate, new kinesthetic activities. worry not, my fellow tired teacher, i recently attended a kagan cooperative learning seminar where i picked up fun strategies for getting students up and moving that can be used across subjects and grade levels. these are definitely easy and fun tools to keep in your pedagogical toolbox! - quiz - quiz trade : students make flashcards ( or are provided with flashcards ) for academic vocabulary or facts that you are learning in class. each student needs to have a set of flashcards that match everyone else ’ s set, but shuffled up in different orders. then, everyone stands up and picks a partner. it is best if you have a big open space in the classroom or outside. i love to take my class out to the field next to my classroom on a beautiful spring day. partner 1 quizzes partner 2 on just one flashcard, and partner 2 is praised or coached by partner 1. next, they switch and partner 2 quizzes partner 1 on one flashcard with praise or coaching. once both have had a chance to ask and answer one card, they trade the used cards and find new partners. the whole class continues to mingle for an allotted amount of time quizzing, quizzing, trading, and finding new partners. i love this activity because it gets students ’ blood flowing while also developing vocabulary and study skills! it can work in almost any subject. - 4 corners : the teacher asks students to stand in the middle of the room and then announces “ corners ” and a question with four possible answers. for example, the teacher says that the four corners of the room represent 4 characters from charlotte ’ s web : charlotte, wilber, templeton, and fern. then, the teacher asks, “ which character from the book can you relate to most? ” after a short “ think time ”, students go to the corner labeled with the character that they can relate with most. once there, they must find a partner and discuss their reasoning. later, students can write about this topic with a plethora of ideas gleaned from their own thinking and discussions with others. - stand up, hand up, pair up : when reinforcing concepts and continuing to develop


discuss their reasoning. later, students can write about this topic with a plethora of ideas gleaned from their own thinking and discussions with others. - stand up, hand up, pair up : when reinforcing concepts and continuing to develop academic vocabulary, it is helpful for students to have a chance to discuss their ideas, but all too often i find the same hands raised and the same students dominating the conversation. to get everyone in the class talking, try asking students to walk around the room shaking hands and greeting their classmates. this helps mix up the usual friend - partners and work on social skills. after a minute or so, tell everyone to stand with their hand in the air and high five one person near them. the high five partners turn into discussion partners. once the partners are picked, the teacher asks a question and each partner has an allotted amount of time to answer. after both have answered, students sit down and the teacher calls on a few students to re - tell partner ’ s answers. this gives all students a chance to speak, listen, and participate actively. check out more teacher created resources creative classroom ideas! i especially love the hands - on projects found in each section of the literature guides, like this one about the novel holes. what are your favorite kinesthetic learning strategies? leave us a comment and share the love! emily guthrie has taught english language arts in grades 6 - 12 for the last 7 years. she lives with her husband, chris and toddler miles in sunny southern california. emily loves creating curriculum, cooking, running, and blogging.


ready to use substitute lesson plans for a complete school day! as teachers we all know the truth. it is honestly easier to go ahead and drag yourself into school when sick or cancel the long over due appointment than it is to plan for a substitute during an emergency or planned absent. substitute days are typically lost days. we try to come up with somewhat meaning instruction for someone else to complete with students. however, even the best substitute canaƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½t read your mind ( or your plan book ) and many times you end up re - teaching the content anyway. as a teacher, you have an enormous amount of work to do and content to cover and canaƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½


##ƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½t afford to miss any instructional days. in addition, those of you working as subs, have the daunting responsibility of reporting into a brand new job each day without the foggiest clue of what is in store for you. your day becomes even more difficult when you are subbing for a foreign language class! these lesson plans were written for regular primary / elementary classrooms and substitute teachers. everything is written for you! all you need to do is program ( this is an electronic copy aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½ so go ahead and type before printing ) the class schedule, the class procedures sheet and the grade level lesson time periods for your specific classes so the sub knows when to do what, make class set of worksheet copies ( if applicable ), and then place the plans, copies and class rosters in a folder on your desk. thataƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½


aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½s it! you can keep the plans on your desk for an emergency situation or use them for a scheduled absence. the only other materials you need to make sure the sub and students have access to are everyday desk / tub items such as pencils, crayons, scissors, glue, writing paper, construction paper and a white board or chalkboard. so, treat yourself and allow someone else to do the planning for you! you can pick and choose which lessons to include in your substitute folder for the day. this third grade level kit contains : the programmable information sheets, programmable class schedule, worksheet masters to be copied ( great lakes cause and effect worksheet, the pantry ghosts poetry analysis worksheet, describe how to make an ice cream cone writing prompt worksheet, writeraƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a


##a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ ¿ ½a ‚ a ¿ aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ ‚ a ¿ a ‚ a½aƒi ¿ ¿ a½aƒi ¿ ½a ‚ a½s check list, glyph worksheet, glyph legend, and drawing stick figures worksheet ), 60 - 90 minute reading lesson ( poetry analysis and cause and effect ), 45 - 55 minute math lesson ( shoe glyph ), 40 - 50 minute writing lesson ( describe how to make an ice cream cone ( using written format for high stakes tests ), 30 minute spelling lesson ( spelling detective check game ), 30 minute science lesson ( science vocabulary race game ), 30 minute social studies lesson ( uhm! game ), 30 minute art lesson ( drawing stick figures using various lines ), and 30 minute extension lesson ( backs to the board game ). the lessons are designed to be presented in a way consistent to the standard cycle of instruction. kindergarten, first grade day 1, first grade day 2 second grade, and k - 3 spanish substitute lesson plans are also available on tpt. this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 license


we took our earth day ball outdoors on a bright and sunny day and played a game called, “ around the world! ” dreading those cold winter days? see how just spending a few minutes outdoors can make your whole day a better, happier experience. taking a walk through our “ forest ” to gather up the colors of fall! exploring pumpkins through all kinds of play in our outdoor classroom! there are so many wonderful ways preschoolers can explore scrap wood. stop by and see some of the unique ways we are exploring in our classroom! introducing the basics of a relay race to preschool age children with this stack the box relay! counting and drawing our own ants and exploring our outdoor log maze too! taking our cans outside to play a preschool version of “ kick the can ” on “ i can day! ” collecting, counting, and tweezing acorns in the summer time – isn ’ t this supposed to be a fall activity? noodles bring a big variety of playful opportunities into the preschool classroom! see how hula hoops can create all sorts of outdoor play opportunities! get outside and play this simple color mix - up game. a great way to give those large motor skills a workout! heading outdoors to explore our very own erupting volcanoes in preschool … make your own simple easels to take outdoors for some outdoor easel painting … we read the children ’ s book, “ the listening walk ” by paul showers then headed outdoors with a checklist in hand to do our own listening walk! there are so many types of toddler development going on with time spent in a little water play! ← previous entries enter your email address : delivered by feedburner get smart with the thesis wordpress theme from diythemes. © 2009 - 2013 teach preschool by deborah j. stewart all rights reserved! - - copyright notice by blog copyright


it ’ s good that you are using group work and you are right to say that it can sometimes be difficult to get students moving. i ’ ll first consider interesting ways to group students and then look at how to help the activity go more smoothly. there are a variety of ways of putting students into groups ; you could consider any of the following : all students who have their birthday in january and february work together. those who have their birthday in march and april work together, etc. all students wearing black shoes work together, those wearing brown shoes work together, etc. people who come to class by bus work together, those who walk to class work together, etc. students with brown eyes, green eyes work together. people who prefer skiing holidays work together. those who prefer beach holidays work together. there are many other options like these that you can invent yourself. you can even link it into the topic of the lesson. for example, in a lesson about the family, you could group people from families of three children together, those from families of four children together, etc. these are all novel ways of grouping students but you will need to organise it carefully. if we take the example of eye colour, first of all ask those with brown eyes to put their hands up. tell them they are the brown - eyed group. then do the same with green eyes and blue eyes. you then designate areas of the classroom as being for brown, green and blue - eyed people. check everybody understands where they should be going, for example by asking 2 or 3 students what colour eyes they have and then asking the group where those students should go. tell students that when you give the signal, they are to move to that area of the room and not before. make sure you leave enough time to give clear instructions, to check understanding and leave plenty of time for students to actually move. you might also want to tell them what to take, e. g. just a pen and paper. some students might start moving everything, including coats and bags. another thing to consider is that in any of the examples above, you will not get groups of even numbers. some groups will be bigger than others. you might need to ask some people to move to another group, but that breaks up the identity of the group. you could also split a large group into two smaller groups. for example, two groups of brown - eyed students, one group of blue - eyed students, etc. also consider your choice of grouping carefully. for example, in some cultures,


mary ' s genealogy treasures at this site the first company of latter - day saint settlers entered canada on the 1st of june 1887. they paused here where a stone cairn marked the international boundary. in a driving rain, each member of the group of eight families added a rock to the pile, and they all gave three cheers for their new home and religious freedom. in the united states there was at the time anti - mormon activity such that some members of the church felt themselves to be in danger. on the advice of church leaders in salt lake city, utah, an exploring expedition the previous autumn had located a new settlement site for them. early in the spring the president of the enterprise, charles ora card, returned with an advance party to establish the first colony at what is now cardston. the main body of the group left northern utah on the 3rd april 1887. president card met them near helena, montana, to guide them home. after passing here, they continued through a late snow storm, arriving at the site of cardston on the 3rd of june. with all 40 settlers assembled there, that date was recognized as the founding of the community. the monument originally constructed 1937 was restored by the cardston alberta stake of the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints to commemorate the centennial of the mormon pioneers entry into canada and the founding of the town of cardston. it was dedicated on 3 june 1987. ( there are 8 large rocks on the top of the cairn to represent the 8 families. )


the osmolality urine test the concentration of particles in urine. osmolality ( particles / kg water ) and osmolarity ( particles / liter of solution ) are sometimes confused, but for dilute fluids such as urine they are essentially the same. how the test is performed : a " clean - catch " ( midstream ) urine sample is needed. for information on how to collect the sample, see clean catch urine culture. how to prepare for the test : your health care provider will tell you if you need to stop taking any drugs that may interfere with the test. drugs that can increase specific gravity measurements include dextran and sucrose. receiving intravenous dye ( contrast medium ) for an x - ray exam up to 3 days before the test can also interfere with results. eat a normal, balanced diet for several days before the test. how the test will feel : the test involves normal urination, and there is no discomfort. why the test is performed : this test helps evaluate your body ' s water balance and urine concentration. osmolality is a more exact measurement of urine concentration than the urine specific gravity test. normal values are as follows : - random specimen : 50 to 1400 milliosmoles per kilogram ( mosm / kg ) - 12 to 14 hour fluid restriction : greater than 850 mosm / kg note : normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. what abnormal results mean : abnormal results are indicated as follows : greater - than - normal measurements may indicate : lower - than - normal measurements may indicate : - aldosteronism ( very rare ) - diabetes insipidus ( rare ) - excess fluid intake - kidney failure renal tubular necrosis - severe pyelonephritis additional conditions under which the test may be performed : - complicated uti ( pyelonephritis ) - high blood sodium level - low blood sodium level - excessive urination bazari h. approach to the patient with renal disease. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 115.


it was a late night in 1984, and graduate student xiaoning wang was all alone in the lab. at first military medical university ( now southern medical university ) in guangzhou, china, he was working at the lab ’ s only camera - equipped microscope, under a wooden hood constructed by his advisor, using a hair dryer to keep a cell culture of murine sarcoma cells at 37°c — mouse ( and human ) body temperature. he ’ d been doing the same thing nearly every night for the past month, hoping to capture on film what he had witnessed just a few weeks earlier — a tumor cell engulfing a live natural killer ( nk ) cell, a lymphocyte of the innate immune system and a major player in tumor suppression. after many sleepless nights, he had started to worry that perhaps he ’ d be unable to repeat the results. “ i watched day by day, night by night, ” he recalls. he often saw the two cell types interact, but “ most of the time, the lymphocyte killed the tumor cell. ” but that fateful night it happened again. “ i watched the whole process, ” he says, “ one cell entering another cell. ” controlling his excitement, wang snapped pictures repeatedly as the two cell types came together, attached — and then the nk cell moved completely within the tumor cell. after another nerve - racking few hours of developing the film, wang surveyed his pictures with pride. “ i see success. i got the whole process from the beginning to the end. i think, i can graduate! ” not having easy access to scientific literature in post - revolution china, wang didn ’ t realize that he wasn ’ t the first to observe these so - called cell - in - cell structures ( though he was one of the first to photograph the engulfment process ). in fact, sporadic reports of live cells inside tumor cells date back to the beginning of the 20th century. with an internalized cell housed in a large vacuole, the strange cellular event was typically recognized by the crescent shape of the host - cell nucleus, squished along the cell ’ s perimeter by the intracellular structure. over the last 100 years, lymphocytes, neutrophils, nk cells, and even other tumor cells have been found living temporarily within the cells of a variety of human cancers, including those of the skin, lung, breast, brain, pancreas, kidney, and blood. but until recently, little research


nk cells, and even other tumor cells have been found living temporarily within the cells of a variety of human cancers, including those of the skin, lung, breast, brain, pancreas, kidney, and blood. but until recently, little research has been devoted to how the cells got there and what consequences their engulfment has for tumor growth and survival. “ for a long time, the cell - in - cell phenomenon had been overlooked in research, ” wang says. over the last 100 years, lymphocytes, neutrophils, nk cells, and even other tumor cells have been found living temporarily within the cells of a variety of human cancers. in the last few years, however, a handful of labs have begun to detail the process, documenting cell - in - cell structures in as many as 12 percent of tumor cells in vivo and 30 percent or more in vitro, depending on cancer type. in 2006, a group in italy described metastatic melanoma cells that internalized t cells. [ 1. l. lugini et al., “ cannibalism of live lymphocytes by human metastatic but not primary melanoma cells, ” cancer research, 66 : 3629 - 38, 2006. ] the following year, another group analyzed breast tumor cells ingesting other tumor cells. [ 2. m. overholtzer et al., “ a nonapoptotic cell death process, entosis, that occurs by cell - in - cell invasion, ” cell, 131 : 966 - 79, 2007. ] and in 2009, wang, now with his own lab complete with a proper hood, confirmed and added to his results from the 1980s, demonstrating that a variety of tumor cell lines harbor nk cells. [ 3. s. wang et al., “ internalization of nk cells into tumor cells requires ezrin and leads to programmed cell - in - cell death, ” cell research, 19 : 1350 - 62, 2009. ] the names given to the process include cell cannibalism, entosis, and emperipolesis. the molecular details of the engulfment seem to vary depending on cell type — as do the fate of internalized cells and, most likely, the consequences of the phenomenon, which have been proposed to range from tumor promotion to tumor suppression. but there is one thing most researchers tend to believe : cell engulfment is biologically important in tumor pathogenesis, and may hold potential for both the diagnosis and


of the phenomenon, which have been proposed to range from tumor promotion to tumor suppression. but there is one thing most researchers tend to believe : cell engulfment is biologically important in tumor pathogenesis, and may hold potential for both the diagnosis and the treatment of cancer. “ cannibalism is a very important discovery, ” says stefano fais, an oncologist at the istituto superiore di sanita in italy, who led the study on t - cell - eating melanoma cells. “ cannibalism is a feature common probably to all malignant cancers. ” who ’ s eating whom? in the summer of 2006, a small group of researchers gathered in guangzhou, china, to discuss recent developments in stem cell research. one evening, after hosting a social event alongside the picturesque pearl river for the meeting attendees, wang — by then the dean of the school of bioscience and bioengineering at south china university of technology in guangzhou — decided to take the opportunity to share his work from grad school ( which had been published in english in 1987, along with more detailed electron micrograph images of the cell engulfment activity [ 4. x. wang and l. wenjian, “ mechanisms of natural killer cell - mediated tumor cell cytolysis at a single cell level, ” journal of medical colleges of pla, 2 : 107 - 17, 1987. ] ). in the dim light of a local pub that overlooked the river and the city, wang showed the researchers the photos. at this time, wang says, few people had ever heard of such cell - in - cell structures, and “ they were very excited about this phenomenon. ” the images caught the eye of one researcher in particular, cell biologist xuebiao yao of the university of science and technology of china in hefei. “ i was surprised, ” yao recalls. “ seeing dr. wang ’ s early electronic micrographs reminded me of the technology used for hybridoma cell making, chemically putting two different kinds of cells together ” — but wang had not chemically induced this phenomenon. “ i [ wanted ] to investigate whether this cell - in - cell process occurs in regular physiology or pathophysiology in [ the ] human body, ” yao says. so the two arranged a collaboration to reignite wang ’ s graduate work on tumor - cell engulfment. but among many other ongoing projects, the work got pushed to the side until the following year, when a group at harvard medical school published


. so the two arranged a collaboration to reignite wang ’ s graduate work on tumor - cell engulfment. but among many other ongoing projects, the work got pushed to the side until the following year, when a group at harvard medical school published a paper detailing the engulfment of breast cancer cells by other breast cancer cells. led by michael overholtzer and joan brugge, the group found that approximately one - quarter of breast cancer cells in a suspension culture contained internalized sibling tumor cells. the researchers detailed the engulfment process, which they termed entosis, noting that it required many elements of cytoskeleton regulation and cell - cell junctions, including actin, myosin ii, cadherins and rho signaling. inhibiting any of these factors suppressed cell engulfment. unexpectedly, when the researchers inhibited components of the rho pathway in only a subset of tumor cells, they found that those cells were unable to enter other tumor cells, but they were still able to host internalized cells. 2 “ the mechanism really took us by surprise, ” says overholtzer, now at memorial sloan - kettering cancer center in new york city. unlike phagocytosis, the process by which macrophages take up dead cells and other extracellular materials for digestion and disposal, the cell that was being internalized seemed to take an active role in its own engulfment. “ the data suggested that the cells were not being eaten at all, ” he says. “ they were invading. ” the researchers proposed that engulfment may be initiated after the cells detach from the extracellular matrix. this is a common occurrence among tumor cells in vivo, overholtzer says, as cells proliferate from a single epithelial sheet to form a three - dimensional mass. once they are freed from the forces attaching them in place, the dynamics holding cells together at cell - cell junctions take over. if there is an imbalance in these forces between two cells, with one cell pulling more strongly than the other, engulfment may result. indeed, anecdotal reports of cell - in - cell structures in tumors are documented in fluid samples. “ we have noted that most of the malignant tumors [ have ] significant numbers of cell cannibalism, particularly in body fluids where the cells are floating, such as effusion fluids and urine samples, and also in breast carcinomas, ” says cytopathologist pranab dey of the postgraduate institute


of cell cannibalism, particularly in body fluids where the cells are floating, such as effusion fluids and urine samples, and also in breast carcinomas, ” says cytopathologist pranab dey of the postgraduate institute of medical education and research in india. though overholtzer ’ s work clearly differs in some experimental details from wang ’ s grad - school observations — overholtzer ’ s group found that cancer cells engulf other cancer cells, while wang observed the engulfment of immune cells — the results spurred wang and yao into action. they and their colleagues were able to re - document the phenomenon, finding internalized nk cells in up to 10 percent of tumor cells, depending on cancer type. further characterizing a cell line from an epidermoid, or squamous cell, carcinoma, the researchers identified a role for e - cadherin in forming the connections between the nk and tumor cells prior to engulfment. they also identified a role for ezrin, a protein that links the plasma membrane with the actin cytoskeleton, in the internalization process. 3 like overholtzer, wang suspects that the internalized nk cells may play an active role in the process. the tumor cells he studied did not engulf dead lymphocytes, distinguishing the process from phagocytosis and suggesting that the tumor cells may respond to a signal produced by living nk cells. furthermore, the knockdown of ezrin appeared to affect the fluidity and flexibility of the tumor cells ’ plasma membranes, wang explains, making them more rigid, potentially hindering nk cells from pushing into tumor cells. while sirna - mediated knockdown of ezrin had no effect on the conjugation of the two cells, it inhibited nk cells from fully entering the tumor cells. conversely, when the tumor cells were treated with reagents to activate the phosphorylation of ezrin, nk cell engulfment became more efficient. just a few years earlier, fais ’ s group had similarly documented a role for ezrin in the engulfment of t cells by melanoma cells. 1 those researchers also identified another key player — a protein called caveolin - 1, a main component of invaginations in the plasma membrane called caveolae, which research has suggested participate in the uptake of bacteria and viruses. “ my idea is that ezrin binds to caveolin - 1, thus connecting caveolae to


component of invaginations in the plasma membrane called caveolae, which research has suggested participate in the uptake of bacteria and viruses. “ my idea is that ezrin binds to caveolin - 1, thus connecting caveolae to actin and allowing the endocytic process [ to proceed ], ” says fais, who believes that t cells do not have an active role in engulfment. in the highly acidic tumor microenvironment, he says, “ t cell activities are virtually abolished, [ yet ] t cells are equally cannibalized in both buffered and acidic media. ” for this reason, fais distinguishes this phenomenon as true cell cannibalism, with the host cell actively engulfing its victims, in contrast with the invasive aspect of entosis. despite this difference and the suspected role of caveolae in certain endocytic processes, fais still argues that the cannibalistic activity he observed in melanoma cells is distinct from phagocytosis. his group documented t cells resting close to the cannibalistic melanoma cells before the tumor cells began to invaginate to capture the live lymphocytes. in contrast, phagocytosis is characterized by the formation of cellular extensions that embrace and engulf the external material. “ cannibalism looks to me like a swallowing of the external body, ” says fais, who proposes that it functions to provide nutrition to tumors. “ phagocytosis is to scavenge, not to feed. it ’ s really different. ” hungry tumors or kamikazes? though the mechanisms of engulfment may differ among cell and cancer types, the end result is nearly indistinguishable — a whole, living cell is housed within a large vacuole inside a tumor cell. internalized cells usually follow one of three paths. they can continue living, at least temporarily, within the host cell, even dividing within their vacuole homes. occasionally, they escape from the host cell to once again become a single, individual cell in the extracellular space. by and large, however, death is the most common fate for cells engulfed by tumor cells. wang and colleagues demonstrated evidence of the apoptotic death of nk cells following their uptake by tumor cells. nearly 90 percent of the internalized lymphocytes underwent traditional, programmed cell death, as evidenced by the activation of caspase 3. work by overholtzer ’ s group, on


of nk cells following their uptake by tumor cells. nearly 90 percent of the internalized lymphocytes underwent traditional, programmed cell death, as evidenced by the activation of caspase 3. work by overholtzer ’ s group, on the other hand, suggests that cell engulfment between tumor cells represents a different type of cell death altogether — one mediated by lysosomes. the vacuoles housing the internalized tumor cells, his group observed, became acidic and surrounded by lysosomal membranes, indicative of fusion with lysosomes. furthermore, when the researchers overexpressed b - cell lymphoma 2 ( bcl - 2 ) to inhibit apoptosis, it had little effect on the death of internalized cells. on the other hand, inhibiting lysosomal acidification of the vacuoles could rescue the captured cells, when it was combined with apoptotic inhibitors. interestingly, when only the lysosomal inhibitors were introduced, more cells appeared to undergo an apoptotic death, suggesting that apoptosis serves as a backup mechanism to the more common lysosomal death of the internalized cells. fais suggests it is simply the acidic environment of the tumor - cell vacuoles in metastatic melanoma cells that kills the internalized lymphocytes, though lytic enzymes may help to further digest the cell, he says. he argues that the engulfment and subsequent killing of cells such as lymphocytes is cell cannibalism in the most literal sense — one cell eating another. once the victim is digested, the tumor cell can theoretically derive nutrients from it, promoting cancer survival and growth. “ we know that nutritional stress is a common feature of tumors, ” says eileen white, a cancer biologist at the cancer institute of new jersey and rutgers university. “ we know they ’ ll undergo this process of autophagy where they ’ ll eat themselves. if they have the capability of eating each other or other cells — that would open a whole new door for tumors to sustain themselves. ” as evidence for this hypothesis, fais showed in vitro that cell cannibalism increased under starvation conditions, and that the ingestion of t cells promoted the survival of melanoma cells. “ the t cell is great because it has all these wonderful complex carbohydrates on the surface, ” says cancer biologist thomas seyfried of boston college. “ they can all be degraded to glucose and other fuels [ that tumor


. “ the t cell is great because it has all these wonderful complex carbohydrates on the surface, ” says cancer biologist thomas seyfried of boston college. “ they can all be degraded to glucose and other fuels [ that tumor cells ] could be using. ” but even if cells are deriving nourishment from their cannibalistic activities, it ’ s likely not the only benefit of the behavior, says immunologist yufang shi, who studies apoptosis at the chinese academy of sciences and the child health institute of new jersey. “ for one cell to digest another cell and to get energy... this is very uneconomical, ” shi explains. “ you have to really make the cell into amino acids and polysaccharides. it ’ s very hard to use that as energy. ” the fact that cell cannibalism increased when the cells were starving may simply be due to the fact that nutrient deprivation can cause cells to become detached from the extracellular matrix, shi added — an event that overholtzer ’ s group suggests could promote cell engulfment as a result of imbalanced cell - cell adhesion forces. another possibility is that the engulfed cells are driving the process. internalized immune cells, for example, may have the potential to suppress tumor growth. during his initial graduate studies in the 1980s and again when he resumed this work more recently, wang observed that some nk cells internalized by tumor cells can actually kill their host cells from the inside out. “ after they enter into the tumor cells, they make the tumor cells erupt, ” wang says. “ when [ these nk cells ] die, they also release a lot of enzymes, ” shi explains. “ they are cytotoxic cells, so they can kill by releasing directly into the target cell, like the suicide bombers. ” but whether the internalized nk cells are initiating the engulfment is still unclear. if, on the other hand, the tumor cells are actively consuming the lymphocytes, it could provide a way for cancer to evade attack by the immune system. “ i have a suspicion that maybe tumor [ cells ] in some conditions can kill the nk cells as a way to escape the surveillance of the immune system, ” wang says. this may become particularly important as the cancer metastasizes, yao adds. “ one of the physical challenges for those tumor cells will be how to survive in the new sites. one way is by taking [ up ]