assyrians have been dislocated to syria in significant but unknown numbers. the diaspora population accounts for roughly 300, 000 people, the largest diaspora community in the near east being in jordan, and the largest oversea communities found in the united states and in sweden. ancient period assyrians are eastern aramaic - speaking, descending from the pre - islamic inhabitants of mesopotamia, and in particular ancient assyria. the old aramaic language was adopted by the population of the neo - assyrian empire from around the 8th century bc, and these eastern dialects remained in wide use throughout mesopotamia during the persian and roman periods, and survived through to the present day. early christian period the first division between syriac christians occurred in the 5th century, when christians of the sassanid persian empire were separated from those in the west over the nestorian schism. this split owed just as much to the politics of the day as it did to theological orthodoxy. ctesiphon, which was at the time the sassanid capital, became the capital of the church of the east. after the council of chalcedon in 451, many syriac christians within the roman empire rebelled against its decisions. the patriarchate of antioch was then divided between a chalcedonian and non - chalcedonian communion. the chalcedonians were often labelled ' melkites ' ( emperor ' s party ), while their opponents were labelled as monophysites ( those who believe in the one rather than two natures of christ ) and jacobites ( after jacob baradaeus ). the maronite church found itself caught between the two, but claims to have always remained faithful to the catholic church and in communion with the bishop of rome, the pope. middle ages both syriac christianity and the aramaic language came under pressure following the islamic conquest of mesopotamia in the 7th century, and syriac christians throughout the middle ages were subjected to arabizing superstrate influence. early modern period modern period after world war i, the assyrian homeland was divided between the british mandate of mesopotamia, which would become the kingdom of iraq in 1932, and the french mandate of syria which would become the syrian arab republic in 1944. assyrians faced reprisals under the hashemite monarchy for co - operating with the british during the years after world war i, and many fled to the west. the patriarch mar eshai shimun xxiii, though born into the line of patriarchs at qochanis, was educated in britain. for a time he sought a homeland for the assyrians in iraq but


and many fled to the west. the patriarch mar eshai shimun xxiii, though born into the line of patriarchs at qochanis, was educated in britain. for a time he sought a homeland for the assyrians in iraq but was forced to take refuge in cyprus in 1933, later moving to chicago, illinois, and finally settling near san francisco, california. the present patriarch of babylon is based in chicago, and perhaps less than 1 million of the world ' s 4. 5 million assyrians remain in iraq. the assyrian chaldean catholic community was less numerous and vociferous at the time of the british mandate of mesopotamia, and did not play a major role in the british rule of the country. however with the exodus of church of the east members, the chaldean catholic church became the largest non - muslim group in iraq, and some later rose to power in the ba ' ath party government, the most prominent being deputy prime minister tariq aziz. see also - minorities in the middle east : a history of struggle and self - expression by mordechai nisan - the origins of war : from the stone age to alexander the great by arther ferrill - page 70 - massacres, resistance, protectors : muslim - christian relations in eastern anatolia during world war i by david gaunt - p. 9, map p. 10.


nj limousine history limousine ( or limo ) is an unusually long luxury car, traditionally black or white in color ( other colors, however, have also been used for limousines, such as pink, magenta, or blue ). limos are most commonly driven by licensed chauffeurs and were often associated with the wealthy the past. while some limousines are owned by individuals, many are owned by governments to transport senior politicians, by large companies to transport executives, or by broadcasters to transport guests most limousines, however, operate as livery vehicles, providing up market competition to taxicabs. the word limousine is derived from the name of the french region limousine, and is associated with the long cloaks once worn by the shepherds there. a limousine typically has a partition between the driver compartment and the rear passenger compartment. this partition usually contains a sliding ( sometimes even soundproof ) glass window so that conversations between passengers in the rear compartment may be kept private from the chauffeur. traditionally, the limousine has been an extension of a large sedan. a longer frame and wheelbase allow the rear passenger compartment to contain the usual forward facing passenger seat but with a substantial amount of foot room — more than is actually needed. usually then two " jump seats " are mounted, facing rearward behind the driver. these seats fold up when not in use. in this way, up to five persons can be carried in the aft compartment in comfort, and up to two additional persons carried in the driver ' s compartment, for a total capacity of seven passengers in addition to the driver. this type of seat configuration has however become less popular in recent limousines. this type of vehicle was once rather common in some locations. an example of its use was in the transport of travelers arriving by railroad at merced, california to glacier national park and yosemite national park in the first half of the 20th century. in glacier national park, these were referred to as " jammers " in reference to the nickname of their gear - jamming drivers. in yosemite, passengers would then stay in rustic platform tent camps or more expensive lodges and hike or rent bicycles for movement around the park. a modern version of the stage is seen in some novelty stretch hummer or hummer h2 vehicles. some funeral homes maintain six - door stages to carry the family of the deceased between the church and the cemetery. these are usually not used for private hire. a limousine based on a ford excursion sometimes a coach builder or car designer will develop the " ultimate " stretch limo


maintain six - door stages to carry the family of the deceased between the church and the cemetery. these are usually not used for private hire. a limousine based on a ford excursion sometimes a coach builder or car designer will develop the " ultimate " stretch limo, adding amenities that are somewhat impractical but which make a significant design statement. one such design includes double rear axles to support the weight of an operational hot tub. coach builders can perform aftermarket extensions on luxury sedans and suvs. these extensive limousine conversions have been performed on several luxury marques, including : audi, bentley, bmw, cadillac, chrysler, ford, holden, hummer, infiniti, jaguar, lexus, lincoln, mercedes - benz, rolls - royce and volkswagen. in the united states the most popular vehicles for stretch limousines conversion are the lincoln town car, cadillac dts, hummer h2, and the lincoln navigator. there are even instances of corvettes and vw bugs being stretched to accommodate up to 10 passengers. most custom coach builders are located in the united states and europe and cater mainly to limousine companies. few such vehicles are available for public hire. a typical price to buy a lincoln town car sedan and have it stretched to hold 6 passengers is approximately usd $ 85, 000 ( at 2006 prices ) depending on the additional features added into the vehicle. in addition to luxuries, security features such as armoring and bulletproof glass are available. ● to be on time, when and where you need us. ● to provide you with the finest luxury vehicles available. ● to provide professional, courteous and knowledgeable drivers, committed to making your limousine experience memorable and trouble - free and stress free. ● to provide you with the best in class limousine service available. we will not be satisfied unless you ' re completely delighted with our limousine service. be aware we possess a complete line of limousines consisting of newer models to vintage models. about the staff all drivers are courteous, friendly and attentive to every detail of your occasion. all drivers are uniformed for your occasion. our employees are trained and trustworthy to provide the best in professionalism and service to make your event or occasion a success.


become an editor the entire directory only in alternative / phrenology open directory - science : social sciences : psychology : alternative : phrenology science : social sciences : psychology : personality society : history : by topic : science : psychology society : religion and spirituality : divination : physiognomy bronte sources, texts, and criticism - the text, " elements of phrenology " by george combe is offered in its entirety. history of phrenology and the psychograph - a brief overview of the psychograph, a device used to measure the anatomical structure of a head. - dedicated to the promotion of modern scientific study, van den bossche peter offers a synopsis of the study and offers examples in modern and paleolithic man. also includes a bibliography and a sign - up for a mailing list. phrenology and the fine arts - offers an interactive phrenological head which maps the various organs to their characteristics. includes images of the symbolic head and physiognomy illustrations. skeptic ' s dictionary : phrenology ( cranioscopy ) - historical information, details on related sciences and a list of links are offered from a skeptic ' s perspective. " search on : to edit this category. copyright © 2013 netscape visit our sister sites last update : tuesday, june 23, 2009 11 : 54 : 04 am edt -


elizabeth lake nature preserve location and access : from richmond at jct. hwys. 12 & 173, take hwy. 12 north 1 mi. to an access lane to the east. the nature preserve is 0. 8 mi. to the east. special note : access to this preserve is only through special mchenry county conservation district sponsored tours. elizabeth lake is a large, diverse wetland in northeastern mchenry county. the natural communities at elizabeth lake represent the morainal section of the northeastern morainal natural division. they include graminoid bog, calcareous floating mat, graminoid fen, marsh, pond, lake, low gradient creek, sedge meadow and dry - mesic savanna. one of the more unusual and extremely rare communities at elizabeth lake is the graminoid bog. it is always floating, is close to open water and is considered the first stage of bog succession. the bog is dominated by sphagnum moss, sedges and marsh shield fern. the calcareous floating mat has a floating layer of calcareous sedge peat dominated by sedges and blue joint - grass. the graminoid fen is on peat with calcareous seepage and is dominated by big bluestem and sedge. the other communities are typical examples of their types and support common wetland plant species as well as several rare, threatened and endangered species. this diverse wetland provides habitat for a wide variety of animals and many can be seen during any season of the year. the aquatic community present at this preserve is of excellent quality. ownership : mchenry county conservation district dedicated : april 1985 size : 212. 477 acres with buffer topo map : richmond 7. 5 for further information contact : mchenry county conservation district, 6512 harts road, ringwood, il 60072 ( 815 / 678 - 4431 ) 03 / 10 r. heidorn


medication safety for children : important advice for caregivers ( bpt ) - each year, an estimated 71, 000 children are treated in emergency rooms for accidental medication poisonings, many of which are caused by dosing mistakes. thankfully, while health care professionals or poison control resources resolve most issues, extreme cases that go untreated can result in complications, particularly in very young children. " many well - intentioned caregivers can get mixed up when it comes to administering medication, " says dr. michael app, a pediatrician in grand rapids, mich. " with so many factors playing a role in proper dosage, such as weight and age of the child, it is essential that caregivers closely follow the directions on the label to avoid potentially life - threatening mistakes. " several manufacturers of children ' s medications are also making efforts to improve safety and reduce the likelihood of errors. perrigo company, the world ' s largest manufacturer of over - the - counter pharmaceutical products for retailers ' store brands, has been investing in equipment to insert " flow restrictors " in the bottles of all of their pediatric acetaminophen products. flow restrictors reduce the size of the bottle opening and limit access to the medicine inside the bottle. perrigo has added flow restrictors to all of its infants ' products and began converting the packaging of all of its children ' s products with flow restrictors in january 2012. perrigo is also participating in the centers for disease control and consumer healthcare products association protect initiative, which is bringing together experts to create strategies to reduce unsupervised medication ingestion in children. experts remind caregivers to be diligent and avoid these common medicine mistakes : not paying attention to potential drug interactions caregivers should always check medication labels and take care to avoid administering multiple drugs at the same time, unless recommended or prescribed by a pediatrician. also, before administering medicine, caregivers should always review the enclosed packaging materials and directions. overmedicating due to measuring errors when administering medicine, caregivers should always use the dosing device provided by the pharmacist or manufacturer, and never attempt to " eyeball " the proper amount. that household teaspoon your mom used? according to a study in the international journal of clinical practice, household spoons or similar objects can hold two to three times more liquid than standardized materials. most pediatricians recommend using a syringe over any other dispensing device for the most accuracy. basing the


the international journal of clinical practice, household spoons or similar objects can hold two to three times more liquid than standardized materials. most pediatricians recommend using a syringe over any other dispensing device for the most accuracy. basing the dose on age instead of weight " children grow at different rates, which makes it hard for parents and doctors to base dosage recommendations on age, " says app. " since children metabolize medicine differently depending on how much they weigh, this is how most manufacturers label their dosage recommendations - not based on age. this is especially important for children who are over - or underweight. " as with adults, doctors need to know every medication or vitamin that a child is taking, as certain vitamins can decrease the effectiveness of medicines or cause complications. caregivers should always have a list of medicines on hand that lists the types and dosage amounts of every medication, vitamin and supplement that a child takes, as well as a list of allergies. not taking medicine as directed most prescriptions, especially antibiotics, are meant to be used in full. even though a child may feel better, it is important to complete the dosage, or else the illness could recur. furthermore, this practice can ultimately contribute to the development of antibiotic - resistant bacteria. in the same vein, caregivers should avoid giving leftover pills from a previous prescription for something they " self - diagnose " to be the same as a previous illness. it is also important to avoid giving medicine for any purpose other than that specified by the instructions. failing to adhere to expiration dates manufacturers list expiration dates on packaging for a reason, as these dates are generally based on internal testing that demonstrates the longest period a medicine is known to be effective. using medicine left in the cabinet after it has expired can result in reduced effectiveness. " parents should always ask their pharmacist or pediatrician if there are any special precautions or directions with any drug - over - the - counter or prescription - their child is taking, " says app.


desdemona and emilia ( 3. 4 ) on men and misconceptions in 3. 4 and again in 4. 3 desdesmona and her attendant emilia engage in conversations about othello and men in general. they are motivated to do this by othello ' s strange behavior in 3. 3. 280ff, where he complained of a headache to desdemona. emilia will argue that othello ' s conduct is a result of jealousy while desdemona will deny that possibility. what is striking, however, are the various ways in which desdemona misconstrues her husband ' s behavior. this is all the more arresting because desdemona has claimed that she " saw othello ' s visage in his mind ( 1. 3. 252 ). " is shakespeare trying to suggest, as he does in so many of his other plays, that the act of seeing in othello is also an act of blindness? misconstruing through denying jealousy as she is searching in vain for the lost handkerchief, desdemona shows that jealousy is on her mind, even if she doesn ' t think that othello is jealous : " believe me, i had rather have lost my purse / full of crusadoes ; and but my noble moor / is true of mind, and made of no such baseness / as jealious creatures are, it were enough / to put him to ill thinking ( 3. 4. 25 - 29 ). " emilia quickly takes the bait. " is he not jealious ( 3. 4. 29 )? " perhaps emilia is sensitive to issues of jealousy because she has already been the victim of her husband ' s jealousy because she purportedly slept with othello. as she later says in disgust to iago : " some such squire he was / that turn ' d your wit the seamy side without, / and made you to suspect me with the moor ( 4. 3. 145 - 147 ). " maybe she has seen the telltale signs of jealousy in othello ' s unwillingness to join his party guests, and wants to suggest that possibility gently to desdemona. but desdemona will have none of it. " who, he? i think the sun where he was born / drew all such humors from him ( 3. 4. 30 - 31 ). " medical writers since hippocrates and philosophers since aristotle were aware of the four " humors " in the body which


think the sun where he was born / drew all such humors from him ( 3. 4. 30 - 31 ). " medical writers since hippocrates and philosophers since aristotle were aware of the four " humors " in the body which determined temperament : black bile ( the melancholic ), yellow bile ( the bilious or jaundiced ), white humor ( the phlegmatic ) or red humor ( the sanguine ). jealousy would have been one aspect of the bilious temperament, but, according to the vivid picture of desdemona, the sun had sucked this feature from him. how wrong she is. perhaps a new lover does not want to see this characteristic in the beloved. but, then again, othello ' s own jealousy seemed even to surprise him. in his valedictory lines in the play, when he wanted others to " speak of me as i am ; nothing extenuate, / nor set down aught in malice ( 5. 2. 342 - 343 ), " he described himself as one " that lov ' d not wisely but too well ; / of one not easily jealious, but being wrought, / perplexed in the extreme ( 5. 3. 344 - 346 ). " unless he is self - deceived at this point or is " extenuating " himself, maybe dedesmona had reason to believe what she said. from all she has seen, and we have seen, othello is a calm, dignified commander who seems very sure of himself and very unthreatened even by the menacing acts of brabantio and others. emilia knows better, however ; she has developed a " theory " of men from her own experience with iago. misconstruing through promoting cassio desdemona is also deaf to the meaning of othello ' s clumsy examination of her hand and the handkerchief ( 3. 4. 35 - 98 ). rather than taking his comments about her heart being " liberal ( 3. 4. 38 ) " and her hand being " frank ( 3. 4. 44 ) " to be indications of othello ' s distrust, she hears those words in their positive sense : as a commendation of her graciousness and generosity. a naively optimistic evaluation of othello ' s nature is now wed to a similar evaluation of her own. because she cannot see the potential vitriol in another, she cannot see how someone could


commendation of her graciousness and generosity. a naively optimistic evaluation of othello ' s nature is now wed to a similar evaluation of her own. because she cannot see the potential vitriol in another, she cannot see how someone could construe anything that she did in a negative way. she does not know that a person who " reads " the world negatively also includes good people in that net of negativity. it is always a sign of naivete when a person says, " i did absolutely nothing to provoke such a reaction. " of course you didn ' t. tsunamis wash over the just and the unjust alike. but she certainly doesn ' t help matters by continuing to ply cassio ' s cause. she tries to get othello off his focus on her hand by directing his attention to his " promise " to restore cassio. but the mere mention of cassio ' s name by desdemona ( " i have sent to bid cassio come speak with you " - - 3. 4. 50 ) stabs othello afresh : " i have a salt and sorry rheum offends me ( 3. 4. 51 ). " later, in the midst of the conversation about the handkerchief, desdemona interrupts : " pray you let cassio be receiv ' d again ( 3. 4. 88 ). " a deafening crescendo follows ; a ping - pong richochet of " cassio " by desdemona and " handkerchief " by othello leads to desdemona ' s uncharacteristic " i ' faith, you are to blame ( 3. 4. 97 ) " and othello ' s quick exit. she is blind to the way that her representing cassio ' s cause, innocent as it may be, speaks volumes of deceit to the jealous person. indeed, it will be her unrelenting effort to get cassio restored that leads to one of the dramatic events of the play : othello slapping her ( 4. 1. 240 ). she cannot see, or refuses to see, the effect her mention of cassio ' s name has on othello. when emilia tries to suggest for a second time that jealousy is the culprit ( " is not this man jealious? " - - 3. 4. 99 ), desdemona claims ignorance : " i nev ' r saw this before. / sure, there ' s some


the body contains a number of digestive enzymes known as proteases which break down proteins into their component amino - acids. these are on the whole confined to the digestive tract and other places where they are needed, but they do to some extent get through into the blood plasma, where they tend to break down the tissues of the body indiscriminately. this tendency is counteracted by the presence in the plasma of a protein which functions as a protease inhibitor. this exists in a large number of forms controlled by a set of alleles, and having different degrees of inhibitory activity. there is one with extremely low activity, and there also probably exists an amorph gene which produces no activity at all. ( ) individuals with two low - activity or amorph genes for the protease inhibitor ( pi ) system suffer from one or more diseases characterized by protein breakdown. they invariably have some degree of pulmonary emphysema, with breakdown and running together of the alveoli, the little air sacs of the lungs. they also often have a form of liver cirrhosis, and sometimes duodenal ulcers. they are probably also more than normally liable to a number of other diseases. the protease inhibitor or pi variants certainly vary considerably in frequency in different populations and one might expect that, for instance, low or absent pi activity would suffer negative selection in populations where pulmonary function is particularly important, such as high altitudes, but so far no such functionally based population studies appear to have been done. as with so many pathogenic genes, it is problematic how the harmful genes of the pi system persist with substantial frequencies in most populations. one suggestion is that their harmful effects are balanced by a selective advantage in that the spermatozoa of males with these genes, containing little or no protease inhibitor, can without inhibition break down the proteins present in solution in the fluids of the female reproductive tract, and so penetrate these fluids more easily, and that such males are therefore more fertile than normal.


bone drug fails to prevent breast cancer recurrence : study sunday sept. 25, 2011 - - the bone drug zometa, once considered a promising weapon to reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence, should not be used routinely in treatment of the disease, researchers say. in a new study of breast cancer patients, zometa ( zoledronic acid ) did not increase disease - free survival overall, and it appeared to raise the risk of a serious side effect, said study co - author dr. robert coleman, a professor of medical oncology at the university of sheffield in england. however, " for the one - third of women in the study who had gone fully through menopause at the time of study entry, there is significant benefit in terms of both disease recurrence and overall survival, " coleman added. the results of the trial, published online sept. 25 in the new england journal of medicine, were slated to be presented sunday at the 2011 european multidisciplinary cancer congress in stockholm. coleman also presented findings from the study at the san antonio breast cancer symposium in late 2010. women receiving hormone therapy for breast cancer treatment are prone to weakening and thinning of the bone, a condition known as osteoporosis, so they often receive bone - building drugs known as bisphosphonates. some previous research had suggested these bone drugs might also help to prevent recurrence of breast cancer. zometa, which is delivered intravenously, is also used to relieve pain when cancer spreads to the bone. in the study, coleman and his colleagues randomly assigned almost 3, 400 patients with early - stage breast cancer to standard therapy or to standard therapy plus zometa. the research team looked at overall survival and disease recurrence for an average of nearly 5 years of follow - up. they found no significant differences between the groups. according to the study, 377 patients in the group receiving the bone drug either died or had a recurrence during the five - year study, compared to 375 in the standard therapy group. overall, survival rates were 85. 4 percent in the bone - drug group and 83. 1 percent in the standard therapy group. in each group, 77 percent had disease - free survival. but among the zometa users, they reported 17 cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw, a severe disease that can cause the death of jawbone tissue. another nine women were thought to have the condition. no one in the control group developed it


zometa users, they reported 17 cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw, a severe disease that can cause the death of jawbone tissue. another nine women were thought to have the condition. no one in the control group developed it. while the results suggest routine use of zometa for women with breast cancer is not advised, the researchers said zometa might still be of some benefit for breast cancer patients who are more than five years past menopause. among this group were 519 women on the bone drug and 522 on standard therapy alone. at the five - year follow up, 78. 2 percent of the bone drug group were alive and free of invasive recurrence, compared to 71 percent of the standard therapy group. " the study is probably telling us that the interaction of reproductive hormones and bone is very important in driving recurrence of breast cancer, " coleman said. the study was funded by novartis ag, which makes the drug, and the national cancer research network. coleman has reported speaker fees from novartis. dr. otis brawley, chief medical officer of the american cancer society, commented on the overall findings. " we had hoped that zoledronic acid would harden bone and reduce the rate of metastatic disease, " he said. " we had also hoped this would increase survival. neither occurred. " the increased risk of osteonecrosis is a concern, brawley said. even so, doctors must still pay attention to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in all cancer patients, he said. to learn more about breast cancer, visit the american cancer society. posted : september 2011


pinworms ( enterobius vermicularis ) are small, white worms, about half an inch long, that live in the intestines. infections with pinworms aren ' t dangerous, but they are a nuisance. about two weeks after infection, the females crawl out via the anus and lay eggs on the surrounding skin. this causes itching around the rectum that usually is worse at night and can be annoying enough to disturb a child ' s sleep. in girls, a pinworm infection can spread to the vaginal area causing irritation, itching, and even a discharge. when kids scratch the itchy area, the eggs can get under their fingernails and then be transferred to toys, eating utensils, dishes, glasses, and other objects where they can live for two to three weeks and infect other youngsters or family members. kids unknowingly pass pinworm eggs back and forth at school and at child care centers. the adults most likely to pick up infections are the mothers of infected youngsters. to make sure that your son really has pinworms, his pediatrician may ask you to do a " tape test ", which merely involves applying some cellophane tape to the child ' s anal area first thing in the morning before he has bathed or had a bowel movement. the doctor will examine the tape under a microscope to look for pinworm eggs. treatment is simple : two doses of medication, either a chewable tablet called mebendazole ( vermox ), available by prescription, or an over - the - counter drug called pyrantel ( pin - x or pin - rid ). everyone in the family should be treated. with vermox, you chew one tablet and then, two weeks later, a second one. pyrantel comes as a liquid or capsule. follow the dosage directions on the package. you only take two doses, two weeks apart. to prevent the spread of pinworms and re - infection, take these precautions : - bathe when you wake up ( to help reduce egg contamination ). - change and wash your underwear daily ; change night clothes frequently. - change underwear, night clothes and sheets after each treatment ; open blinds or curtains on bedroom windows during the day ( the eggs are sensitive to sunlight ). - always wash your hands after going to the toilet, before eating and after changing diapers. - trim fingernails short. - discourage children from nail - biting and scratching bare anal areas. andrew wei


| | a - b - c - d | e - f - g - h | i - j - k - l | m - n - o - p | q - r - s - t | u - v - w - x - y - z | the fact that some digital numbers can only take a set of discrete values. image format as output by a sensor software for transforming sensor image output into an viewable image using, for example, screens and printers. an image whose pixels contain values corresponding to red, green and blue channels the property of light reflection on a material ( quantity, direction, spectrum … ). the data giving for each wavelength the ratio between the reflected light and the incident light the fact that a measurement performed in the same conditions will always produce the same results. it is a necessary condition for measurement accuracy although not sufficient. reportage includes all forms of photography that tell a story related to people ’ s lives. wedding photography, photojournalism, street photography, documentary and war photography all fall into this category. read more about lens reportage score requirements. from red, green, blue, the typical primaries used in color space, image synthesis or image capture. the process of capturing a finite number of values from an infinity of values. the highest attainable gray level on a sensor. changing the resolution of an image. scaling up means increasing the resolution, and scaling down means decreasing. a bi - cubic algorithm can be used to obtain a softer result, by intelligently merging the values of neighboring pixels. a device that transforms light into a digital signal. the sensor overall score is an average of the portrait score based on color depth, the landscape score based on dynamic range and the sports score based on low - light iso. it shows only sensor performance. read more about sensor overall score. characteristic of a sensor that describes its response to light with known wavelength. exposure levels corresponding to low gray levels on the sensor. sharpness is a subjective quality attribute of an image or a lens. sharpness indicates the visually perceived quality of details of an image or details reproduced by a lens. it is associated with both resolution and contrast of reproduced details ( within an image or by a lens ). the dxomark score for sharpness is based on the perceptual megapixel ( p - mpix ) concept that weights the modulation transfer function ( mtf ) of the lens with the human visual acuity. read more about perceptual megapixels. device or process allowing to start


##ual megapixel ( p - mpix ) concept that weights the modulation transfer function ( mtf ) of the lens with the human visual acuity. read more about perceptual megapixels. device or process allowing to start and stop light acquisition on a sensor. process that allows exposing the lines of the sensor one after the other. mechanical device used to block light from or allow light onto a sensor. ratio between the value of a signal and the noise standard deviation. the data showing the signal - to - noise ratio function of the gray level values. the data describing the relative amount of light converted into signal for each wavelength device used to measure the variation of the energy of incident light as a function of wavelength. the data relating any arbitrary wavelength to a numerical value. the expected difference of a signal to its mean value. the process of decreasing the number of pixels of a digital signal. it is commonly used to display an image on a lower resolution device ( screen or print ). a gray level value representing the expected gray level over all possible well exposed photos. tonal range is the effective number of distinguishable gray levels a camera can produce. target illuminated from behind. light beams go through the target to reach the camera. transmission of a photographic lens describes its ability to transmit light from the photographic scene to the sensor surface. lenses consists of many glass elements, each reflecting or absorbing a portion of the light ; therefore the more elements, the lower the transmission. read more about how transmission is defined, measured and scored. travel & family photography involves shooting both indoors and out, and includes landscapes, portraits, group shots, and close - ups when sightseeing. the field of view requirement is very broad, from wide - angle to long telephoto, so photographers typically look for a high - power zoom with a good trade - off between all image quality parameters. read more about lens travel score requirements.


do you or a loved one smoke? smoking causes many different things to happen in the body all at once. for instance, nicotine reaches the brain in less than ten seconds. this is then found in every cell that it comes into contact with. carbon monoxide can stick to itself and cause the red blood cells to reduce oxygen compared to a normal red blood cell. this should be frightening to everyone who reads this! smoking can indeed cause oxidative stress, meaning it increases the aging process, promotes atherosclerosis, and damages the lung tissue. an individual who smokes has a weakened immune system and are constantly battling with carcinogens and chemicals in the cigarette smoke. this can cause inflammation and lower antioxidant levels in the body. there are so many reasons why smoking is detrimental to your health and many people want to indeed quit. hyperbaric oxygen therapy hbot puts oxygen into the areas where red blood cells can ’ t go and this regenerates the blood. oxygen is required for not only vitality, but life! hbot slows aging and regenerates damaged cells and tissues. research has shown that many individuals who ’ ve tried hyperbaric oxygen therapy say their cravings are nearly gone almost immediately. so, why is smoking so difficult to quit? well, when your body ingests a foreign toxin it is treated like just that, something that should not remain in the body. your body begins to build up defenses against this causing your body to build adrenaline in the bloodstream. most individuals like this adrenaline rush because it doesn ’ t cause a sever reaction so they continue to crave these sensations over and over again until their addicted. smoking is very similar to many other addictions like compulsive over - eating. some people say that every time they eat a particular food they feel bad for eating it ; however, they enjoy that food so much that they continue to do it. why you ask? this is because their addicted to it. hyperbaric oxygen therapy ( hbot ) is used for smoking cessation. upon further treatment you feel better and possess greater lung capacity and more energy overall. this will in turn allow you to perform more physical activity because you have more lung capacity and don ’ t fatigue as easily. stop smoking - it ’ s one of the absolute worst habits you can ever start! talk with your primary health provider today about your treatment options and what to expect with hbot. check out other environmental toxins.


biodiversity in the eastern mediterranean sea could take a deadly hit if drillers rush in on recently discovered gas - rich fields, the world wildlife fund warned wednesday. the international environmental organization warned that gas drilling in the area shared by turkey, israel and egypt could ravage the sea ’ s ecosystem, which would take at least a millennium to regrow. gas drillers have been eager to capitalize on the recently discovered leviathan gas field, a deepwater area off the israeli coast that may hold as much as 16 trillion cubic feet of gas, afp reports. the west nile delta gas field, another potentially lucrative region for drillers, was discovered earlier this year. that field is located off the coast of alexandria, egypt. but the eastern mediterranean is home to rare species that are millennia old, including deep - sea sponges and cold water corals. sergi tudela, head of wwf ’ s mediterranean fisheries program, says this makes them particularly vulnerable. tudela said that once the sea is tapped for gas, “ it can take a millennium or more before the unique micro - ecosystem grows again, so the most fragile and valuable species and under - sea areas must be left untouched by gas development, ” according to afp. wwf appealed to the european union and a number of mediterranean countries to prohibit deep - sea drilling and industrial development in the areas.


phones gain ability to learn by touching new york ( ap ) - there ’ s a form of extra - sensory perception called psychometry, whose practitioners claim to learn things about objects by touching them. smartphones set to be released this month by samsung and sony will have some of that ability : they ’ ll learn things when you touch them to pre - programmed " tags. " for example, you can program a tag with your phone number, and stick it on your business card. when someone taps the phone to the card, the phone would call you. or you can put a tag on your night stand. place the phone there, and it goes into " alarm clock " mode, holding your calls until the morning. samsung electronics co. announced this week that it will be selling these tags in the form of stickers it calls " tectiles " - $ 15 for 5 of them. they ’ ll work with its new flagship samsung galaxy s iii smartphone, set to launch in a few weeks, and several others already in the market, including the htc evo 4g lte sold by sprint nextel. sony corp. ’ s xperia ion, to be released june 24, will come with the ability to read different coin - like plastic tags that read " home, " ’ ’ office " and so forth. the tags cost $ 20 for four, and the phone can be programmed to react differently to each tag. the " car " tag can launch a navigation application, for instance. tapping " home " can send a text message to the rest of the family that you ’ re home, and set the ringer volume to maximum. the big push behind the technology, which is known as near - field communications, comes from companies that see the phone as the wallet of the future. when touched to payment terminals, nfc - equipped phones can act as credit or debit cards. but turning phones into credit cards is a tall order. mobile payments already work with a few phones, but broad adoption is being held up while cellphone companies, banks, payment processors and retailers work out who pays for what and who benefits. this ability to sense things close by is made possible by a new type of communications hardware in phones, complementing long - range cellular radios, medium - range wi - fi and short - range bluetooth. the latest version of google inc. ’ s android software, known as ice cream sandwich, comes with the ability to use nfc to communicate from phone to phone. when the backs are tapped together, the owners


- fi and short - range bluetooth. the latest version of google inc. ’ s android software, known as ice cream sandwich, comes with the ability to use nfc to communicate from phone to phone. when the backs are tapped together, the owners can trade information like contacts. samsung takes this one step further with the galaxy s iii. tap two phones together, and they set up a connection via wi - fi. that means the owners can walk away from each other, and as long as they ’ re in the same room or so, they can transfer photos and even hefty video files between their phones. there are issues to work out. the samsung tags can be read by most android phones that have nfc capability, but not the sony phone. samsung and htc phones won ’ t recognize the sony tags. apple inc., whose iphones are trendsetters in many ways, hasn ’ t built nfc into them - yet. its patent filings hint at an interest in nfc, but they ’ ve given no clue when the technology might show up in iphones. nick holland, an analyst with yankee group, believes nfc will shine first in non - payment applications, because they ’ re easier to sort out, and the technology has many uses. there have been nfc trials in sweden, using phones as hotel room keys, he points out. another compelling use case would be wi - fi hotspots. a cafe that wants to limit access to the local hotspot might let patrons tap their phones against a tag instead of having them laboriously enter a password. " there ’ s been an over - focus on the wallets, " holland said. " it ’ s a technology that ’ s not designed purely for payments. " for advertisers, nfc tags could replace the so - called " qr " codes - two - dimensional bar codes that need to be photographed with specially downloaded software to be deciphered, so they can send a consumer to the advertiser ’ s website or earn them a coupon for a discount. qr codes work at a distance, unlike nfc tags, but have significant drawbacks. " someone described them as ’ digital vomit ’ recently. you can ’ t make them look pretty, " holland said. each nfc tag includes a tiny chip, which explains the relatively high prices samsung and sony are charging. those prices will come down, holland said, as adoption rises. qr codes, of course, have the advantage of being very cheap, since they can be created on


skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. bones can break ( fracture ) as a result of a fall, blow, or other trauma. most fractures aren ' t life - threatening, but may be very painful and lead to serious problems if not treated properly. getting proper treatment is crucial for a healthy recovery. any fracture to the leg or arm should be considered a medical emergency. the arm or leg should not be moved until help arrives. don ' t attempt to straighten or adjust the bone. this can damage the bone and injure nearby blood vessels and nerves. if an open wound is present, cover it with a clean cloth to keep it from getting dirty and to help prevent infection. a doctor will ask about your injury and examine you carefully. any wounds you have will be cleaned. x - rays of the injured area will be taken. treatment depends on where the bone is broken and whether there is an open wound. if you have an open wound, you may receive iv antibiotics and have the wound flushed with sterile water. most fractures are treated in two stages : reduction : the bone is put back into its proper position. immobilization : the bone is held in place so it doesn ' t move as it heals. for many arm or leg fractures, this done with a splint or cast. serious or compound fractures may first need surgical repair. in that case, you will be referred to a bone specialist ( orthopaedic surgeon ). the leg or arm is crooked a joint looks out of place a bone protrudes from the skin weight can ' t be put on the leg or arm the limb swells or is very painful the limb is numb or tingles a popping or snapping was heard during the injury


a replica moai was created and transported in an experiment, filmed for nova “ secrets of lost empires : easter island ”, 1997. this is an edited version specifically for publication on this web site of a paper originally published in “ onward and upward! papers in honor of clement w. meighan ” ( k. johnson, ed. 2005 ) © jo anne van tilburg and ted ralston our model for rapa nui statue carving is polynesian canoe building. experimental anthropology has established maritime methods for pre - contact hawai ’ i and elsewhere in oceania. canoe builders and handlers were, like statue carvers, specialists who performed expert ( and often sacred ) work at the behest of powerful chiefs and for their communities. canoe experts were socially and politically powerful. in addition to the adze, the tool kit employed in canoe building contained the clamp, chisel, cordage and drill. apprentices began by developing basic skills, including roughhewing and hauling massive logs. when wood materials were inadequate to build the desired size vessel, planks or logs were spliced and patched. practiced methods of joinery provided strength, flexibility and protection of lashings from the sea, and finish details were carved with intricate artistry. positioning, stepping, raising and rigging a canoe mast required precision timing and a well - coordinated work force. a canoe ’ s survival in rough seas depended upon robust and durable cord lashing, which was required to withstand forces of many thousands of pounds per square inch. complex methods of lashing outrigger components to both single and double hull canoes required such specialty tools as the keke ( or ke ’ ke ), a y - shaped lash - tightening device that varied in size. a device such as the keke may be depicted in the y - shaped bas - relief tattoos on the chins of some moai. wire diagrams arrived at after photogrammetric work accomplished at ahu akivi depict the statistically average statue used in computer simulations and then in our transport experiment. ©1992 eisp / jvt. this is an abbreviated version of a paper originally published in pacific art : persistence, change and meaning ( herle et al. eds. adelaide : crawford house, 2002 for citations and notes ). experimental archaeology is the systematic approach used to test, evaluate and explicate method, technique, assumption, hypothesis and theory at all levels of archaeological research. this paper employs a replicated moai to describe relationships between real time and individual energy,


internal displacement global overview of trends and developments in 2008 2008 saw 4. 6 million people newly displaced. the biggest new displacement was in the philippines whilst there were also massive new displacements in kenya, drc, pakistan, somalia, sri lanka and india. the largest internally displaced populations are in sudan ( 4. 9 million ), colombia ( up to 4. 3 million ) and iraq ( 2. 8 million ). there are three ways idps can address their displacement : through returning to their place of origin ; integrating in the place to which they have been displaced ; or settling in a third location. however there are obstacles to all these solutions. insecurity was seen as a main impediment to return as was lack of access to education. the most frequent obstacles both to durable return and local integration was the lack of livelihood opportunities. overall the absence of a political settlement or peace agreement was extremely prominent in 2008 and was perceived as one of the main obstacles to durable solutions in 21 countries. to assist durable solutions, programmes should promote income - generating activities and address land and property disputes arising when properties left behind by idps are occupied by others or destroyed. the report suggests that addressing these issues requires immediate and long - term action, first to register abandoned land and property, and then to rebuild properties and implement restitution and compensation mechanisms.


worldwide, one out of every five people lacks access to modern electricity. affordability, quality of service, and social and environmental impacts … this post was co - written with sarah martin, an intern with wri ’ s electricity governance initiative. the theme of today ’ s blog action day is the “ power of we, ” a … india recently experienced one of the world ’ s worst blackouts, with … sarah martin and gayatri gadag also contributed to this blog post. rio + 20 may have ended more than three weeks ago, but the environmental and development communities are … this post was written with sarah lupberger, project coordinator with wri ’ s electricity governance initiative. a year and a half has … as feed - in tariffs gain traction as a policy mechanism of choice, we must keep in mind the bigger picture of the financial health of developing country electricity sectors. renewable energy has the potential to transform asian society, but only if its leaders can take it to the next level. this piece originally appeared in the jakarta globe. p > recently, the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) released a comprehensive study on renewable energy, entitled special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation. developing countries are expecting billions of dollars to fund a clean energy transformation. how can they ensure this money is spent in the public interest? at a moment in which countries seek billions of dollars of financing to transition to low - carbon economies, there has been little focus on how decisions about these expenditures are actually made. p > last month, wri convened a group of international experts to discuss policies and incentives for increasing the use of renewable energy in the developing world.


ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is the overstimulation of the ovaries that may occur as a result of assisted reproductive technology ( art ). art is a type of infertility treatment that uses multiple eggs at one time to raise the chances of producing embryos that are good candidates for fertilization. before an art procedure, a woman uses medicine or hormones to stimulate multiple egg production ( superovulation ). the eggs are then collected for laboratory use. in a small number of art cycles, superovulation overstimulates the ovaries. this problem is called ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. doctors watch closely for signs of ovarian hyperstimulation during superovulation. when this condition occurs, the medicine is stopped. any procedure, such as egg collection, planned for that particular cycle is postponed until all symptoms are gone, usually in 2 to 4 weeks. ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome can be mild, moderate, or severe : emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies


the climate time bomb dud in the 1994 greenpeace released a publication called “ the climate time bomb catalogue ”. in it they state categorically that the burning of fossil fuels will cause all kinds of disasters. as you will see, all of these “ disasters ” and “ unprecedented ” weather events are not new and have occurred many times in the near and distant past. the climate time bomb predictions of the awful consequences of global warming have failed. even in light of these failures organizations like greenpeace, the sierra club, the national resources defense council and many others continue to pump out scary storm stories, animal extinction dramas and dangerous sea level rise predictions. they rely on people ’ s ignorance of historical weather events to sell their predictions of doom. what you will find as you read on is that nearly 20 years ago, environmentalists were using exactly the same propaganda scare stories we hear today. as joseph goebbels said “ it ( in this case the environmental movement ) must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over ”. here is a list of some of the “ climate time bombs ” listed in 1994 by greenpeace. they will all sound very familiar. climate time bomb claim # 1 in 1994 … greenpeace claimed a significant increase in global average temperature in the last 140 years is due to burning fossil fuels. the proof is that eight hottest years on record have all occurred since 1980. bomb defused : the average temperature of the earth has been rising unevenly since the bottom of the “ little ice age ” around 1700. analysis of temperature reconstructions from proxies reveal that earth ’ s temperature was as warm or warmer than today 1, 000 years ago and 2, 000 years ago. temperature reconstructions from ice cores in greenland reveal that most of the last 10, 000 year were warmer and at times much warmer than today. the southward movement of the tree line in siberia indicates that earth average temperature was much warmer than today 3 to 9 thousand years ago. since 1945 the global average temperature has only increase during one period, from 1977 to 1998. there was a slight cooling from 1945 to 1976 and there has been no warming since 1998. the rate of warming since 1850 is consistent with previous warming periods during the last 2, 000 years. today environmental groups continue to chant that the last few years have been “ the hottest on record ”. the story never changes but to the young and uninformed it sounds like something new and scary. climate time bomb claim # 2 in 1994 … unusually intense (


groups continue to chant that the last few years have been “ the hottest on record ”. the story never changes but to the young and uninformed it sounds like something new and scary. climate time bomb claim # 2 in 1994 … unusually intense ( tropical ) cyclones have hit the caribbean and the pacific in recent years. august 1992 hurricane andrew devastates the caribbean and southeast coastal us. bomb defused : there have always been devastating hurricanes. galveston texas, september 1900, 8, 000 drowned in massive hurricane, largest loss of life ever from a hurricane or anything else in the us. in september 1935 over 400 killed in florida keys by hurricane with winds near 200 miles per hour. september 1938, the “ great new england hurricane ” kills more than 600 in the northeast with winds gusting to 160 miles per hour. increases and decreases in the numbers and strength of hurricanes in the atlantic come and go in response to a cycle of warming and cooling of atlantic ocean water temperature known as the atlantic multi - decadal oscillation. since 1970 there has been no increase in the number of global tropical storms or hurricanes. recently the intensity of hurricanes around the world has been the lowest since 1960. claims that hurricanes would become more intense and more frequent were wrong and the opposite has been the trend. today the environmentalists continue to insist that global warming is making hurricanes worse. climate time bomb claim # 3 in 1994 … many climate scientists expect that global warming will increase the intensity and severity of storms in the middle latitudes. december 1992 : “ the great nor ’ easter of 1992 ″ wreaks havoc along more than 900 kilometers of us coastline and floods the new york subway system. march 1993, the “ storm of the century ” causes hurricane force winds and 2 to 4 feet of snow in the appalachian mountains along with severe damage from cuba to new england. bomb defused : the 1950 “ super storm ” brings wind gust of 108 miles per hour at newark new jersey and 110 miles per hour to concord new hampshire. la guardia airport in new york flooded by storm surge from hurricane force winds. the storm causes massive forest blow down and 2 to 3 feet of snow in the midwest and appalachian mountains. the “ blizzard of 1888 ″ brings hurricane force winds and two feet of snow to new york city. hundreds die as temperature falls below zero. up to 4 feet of snow bury southern new england with hurricane force winds. the claim that mid - latitude storms are becoming more severe is not supported by historical facts. there have always been severe mid - latitude storms. climate


as temperature falls below zero. up to 4 feet of snow bury southern new england with hurricane force winds. the claim that mid - latitude storms are becoming more severe is not supported by historical facts. there have always been severe mid - latitude storms. climate time bomb claim # 4 in 1994 … best guess forecast of the ipcc ( un intergovernmental panel on climate change ) for sea level rise is a global average of 3 - 10 millimeters per year. as more than 70 percent of the world ’ s population live on coastal plains, the potential for massive personal, economic and physical dislocation becomes clear. bomb defused : tide gauges from around the world show that sea level has been rising for more than a century. the rate averages out to about 8 inches per century and that rate is not accelerating as the environmental movement claims. satellite measurements of sea level rise since 1993 show a rate of 3 millimeters per century but that has slowed to 2 millimeters per century in the last 6 years. any estimate about climate and its effect on sea level rise from the united nations can ’ t be trusted. in november of 2010 a leading un ipcc official ottmar edenhofer said in an interview “ but one must say clearly that we ( the un ipcc ) re - distribute de facto the world ’ s wealth by climate policy. ” he went on to say “ one has to free oneself from the illusion that international climate policy is environmental policy. this has almost northing to do with environmental policy anymore. ” anything that comes out of the un ’ s ipcc is tainted by its political advocacy and its use of global warming fear to propel their agenda 21 forward. there is no real world evidence that the rate of sea level rise is changing. climate time bomb claim # 5 in 1994 … global warming would reduce global food production, increase prices and cause new uncertainties about food supplies. bomb defused : the environmentalists can only see the negative side of increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, they are blind to its benefits. “ thousands of laboratory and field experiments have demonstrated that atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment ( increases ) significantly enhances plant growth and water use efficiency. and because those benefits have positively impacted crop yields in the past, there is ample reason to believe that future increases in carbon dioxide concentrations will produce increases in crop yields. ” there will also continue to be scientific innovations that will increase food production. bad policy decisions based on fear of global warming have increased food prices by using corn to make ethanol. do not be fooled the next


antigone - tags - army tips for getting a great answer fast - what is the nature of rebellion in antigone? - antigone thinks she is obeying the gods ' law. however, is she still guilty of hubris because she is disobeying the king ' s law who is the... - in antigone, by sophocles, what is the meaning of the fourth choral ode? - what is ismene ' s main purpose in sophocles ' antigone? - in sophocles ' antigone, what does the chorus say that " even the pure immortals cannot escape "? - creon makes several errors in judgement before the end of sophocles ' antigone that lead to his downfall. at the end of the play,... - how does sophocles characterize haimon in sophocles ' antigone? - o tomb, vaulted bride - bed in eternal rock, / soon i shall be with my own again - antigone says this, but to whom is she talking? - give a brief character sketch of antigone and creon is the tragedy, antigone by sophocles. - why didn ’ t sophocles show antigone ’ s burial of polyneices?


hazard summary - created in april 1992 ; revised in january 2000, march 2009 motor vehicle exhaust is a constant source of 1, 3 - butadiene. although 1, 3 - butadiene breaks down quickly in the atmosphere, it is usually found in ambient air at low levels in urban and suburban areas. acute ( short - term ) exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene by inhalation in humans results in irritation of the eyes, nasal passages, throat, and lungs. epidemiological studies have reported a possible association between 1, 3 - butadiene exposure and cardiovascular diseases. epidemiological studies of workers in rubber plants have shown an association between 1, 3 - butadiene exposure and increased incidence of leukemia. animal studies have reported tumors at various sites from 1, 3 - butadiene exposure. epa has classified 1, 3 - butadiene as carcinogenic to humans by inhalation. please note : the main sources of information for this fact sheet are epa ' s integrated risk information system ( iris ), which contains information on the health effects of 1, 3 - butadiene including the reference concentration and unit cancer risk for inhalation exposure, and the agency for toxic substances and disease registry ' s ( atsdr ' s ) toxicological profile for 1, 3 - butadiene. - 1, 3 - butadiene is used in the production of rubber and plastics. it is also used in copolymers including acrylics. ( 1 ) sources and potential exposure - sources of 1, 3 - butadiene released into the air include motor vehicle exhaust, manufacturing and processing facilities, forest fires or other combustion, and cigarette smoke. ( 1 ) - 1, 3 - butadiene was detected in ambient air of cities and suburban areas from 1970 to 1982 at an average level of 0. 3 parts per billion ( ppb ). ( 1 ) - higher levels of 1, 3 - butadiene may be found in highly industrialized cities or near oil refineries, chemical manufacturing plants, and plastic and rubber factories. ( 1 ) - 1, 3 - butadiene has been found in drinking water and in plastic or rubber food containers, but not in food samples. ( 1 ) - occupational exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene may occur in the rubber, plastics, and resins industries. ( 1 ) assessing personal exposure - there is no reliable medical test available at this time to assess personal exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene


to 1, 3 - butadiene may occur in the rubber, plastics, and resins industries. ( 1 ) assessing personal exposure - there is no reliable medical test available at this time to assess personal exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene. ( 1 ) health hazard informationacute effects : - acute exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene by inhalation in humans results in irritation of the eyes, nasal passages, throat, and lungs. neurological effects, such as blurred vision, fatigue, headache, and vertigo, have also been reported at very high exposure levels. ( 1, 3 ) - dermal exposure of humans to 1, 3 - butadiene causes a sensation of cold, followed by a burning sensation, which may lead to frostbite. ( 1 ) - tests involving acute exposure of animals in rats and mice have shown 1, 3 - butadiene to have low acute toxicity. ( 1, 4 ) - one epidemiological study reported that chronic ( long - term ) exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene via inhalation resulted in an increase in cardiovascular diseases, such as rheumatic and arteriosclerotic heart diseases, while other human studies have reported effects on the blood. ( 1 ) - animal studies have reported effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, blood, and liver from chronic, inhalation exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene. ( 1 ) - epa has established a reference concentration ( ( rfc ) ) a chronic reference level of 0. 002 milligrams per cubic meter ( mg / m3 ) for 1, 3 - butadiene based on reproductive effects in mice. the rfc is an exposure concentration at or below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur. it is not a direct estimator of risk, but rather a reference point to gauge the potential for effects. at lifetime exposures increasingly greater than the reference exposure level, the potential for adverse health effects increases. ( 5 ) - no information is available on reproductive or developmental effects of 1, 3 - butadiene in humans. ( 1 ) - animal studies using mice have reported developmental effects, such as skeletal abnormalities and decreased fetal weights, and reproductive effects, including an increased incidence of ovarian atrophy and testicular atrophy from inhalation exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene. ( 1 ) - a large epidemiological study of synthetic rubber industry workers demonstrated a consistent association between 1, 3 - butadiene exposure and


and testicular atrophy from inhalation exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene. ( 1 ) - a large epidemiological study of synthetic rubber industry workers demonstrated a consistent association between 1, 3 - butadiene exposure and occurrence of leukemia ( 10, 11 ). - several epidemiological studies of workers in styrene - butadiene rubber factories have shown an increased incidence of respiratory, bladder, stomach, and lymphato - hematopoietic cancers. however, these studies are not sufficient to determine a causal association between 1, 3 - butadiene exposure and cancer due to possible exposure to other chemicals and other confounding factors. ( 1, 5, 6 ) - animal studies have reported tumors at a variety of sites from inhalation exposure to 1, 3 - butadiene. ( 1, 5, 6 ) - 1, 3 - butadiene is metabolized into genotoxic metabolites by experimental animals and humans. ( 1 ) - epa has classified 1, 3 - butadiene as carcinogenic in human by inhalation. ( 5 ) - epa uses mathematical models, based on animal studies, to estimate the probability of a person developing cancer from continuously breathing air containing a specified concentration of a chemical. epa has calculated an inhalation unit risk estimate of 3 × 10 - 5 ( µg / m3 ) - 1. ( 5 ) - 1, 3 - butadiene is a colorless gas with a mild gasoline - like odor. ( 1 ) - the odor threshold for 1, 3 - butadiene is 1. 6 parts per million ( ppm ). ( 7 ) - the chemical formula for 1, 3 - butadiene is c4h6, and the molecular weight is 54. 09 g / mol. ( 1 ) - the vapor pressure for 1, 3 - butadiene is 2100 mm hg at 25 °c, and it has an octanol / water partition coefficient ( log kow ) of 1. 99. ( 1 ) conversion factors ( only for the gaseous form ) : to convert concentrations in air ( at 25°c ) from ppm to mg / m3 : mg / m3 = ( ppm ) × ( molecular weight of the compound ) / ( 24. 45 ). for 1, 3 - butadiene : 1 ppm = 2. 21 mg / m3. to convert concentrations in air from µg / m3 to mg / m3


) × ( molecular weight of the compound ) / ( 24. 45 ). for 1, 3 - butadiene : 1 ppm = 2. 21 mg / m3. to convert concentrations in air from µg / m3 to mg / m3 : mg / m3 = ( µg / m3 ) × ( 1 mg / 1, 000 µg ). health data from inhalation exposure aiha erpg - - american industrial hygiene association ' s emergency response planning guidelines. erpg 1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed up to one hour without experiencing other than mild transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor ; erpg 2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects that could impair their abilities to take protective action. lc50 ( lethal concentration50 ) - - a calculated concentration of a chemical in air to which exposure for a specific length of time is expected to cause death in 50 % of a defined experimental animal population. niosh idlh - - national institute of occupational safety and health ' s immediately dangerous to life or health concentration ; niosh recommended exposure limit to ensure that a worker can escape from an exposure condition that is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from the environment. osha pel - - occupational safety and health administration ' s permissible exposure limit expressed as a time - weighted average ; the concentration of a substance to which most workers can be exposed without adverse effect averaged over a normal 8 - h workday or a 40 - h workweek. osha stel - - osha ' s short - term exposure limit. the health and regulatory values cited in this factsheet were obtained in march 2009. ahealth numbers are toxicological numbers from animal testing or risk assessment values developed by epa. bregulatory numbers are values that have been incorporated in government regulations, while advisory numbers are nonregulatory values provided by the government or other groups as advice. osha numbers are regulatory, whereas niosh, acgih, and aiha numbers are advisory. cthe loael is from the critical study used as the basis for the epa rfc. - agency for toxic substances and disease registry ( atsdr ). toxicological profile for 1, 3 - butadiene. public health service, u. s. department of health and human services,


used as the basis for the epa rfc. - agency for toxic substances and disease registry ( atsdr ). toxicological profile for 1, 3 - butadiene. public health service, u. s. department of health and human services, atlanta, ga. 1992. - e. j. calabrese and e. m. kenyon. air toxics and risk assessment. lewis publishers. 1991. - u. s. department of health and human services. hazardous substances data bank ( hsdb, online database ). national toxicology information program, national library of medicine, bethesda, md. 1993. - u. s. department of health and human services. registry of toxic effects of chemical substances ( rtecs, online database ). national toxicology information program, national library of medicine, bethesda, md. 1993. - u. s. environmental protection agency. integrated risk information system ( iris ) on 1, 3 - butadiene. national center for environmental assessment, office of research and development, washington, dc. 2009. - california environmental protection agency ( calepa ). technical support document for the determination of noncancer chronic reference exposure levels. draft for public comment. office of environmental health hazard assessment, berkeley, ca. 1997. - j. e. amoore and e. hautala. odor as an aid to chemical safety : odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution. journal of applied toxicology, 3 ( 6 ) : 272 - 290. 1983. - occupational safety and health administration ( osha ). occupational safety and health standards, toxic and hazardous substances. code of federal regulations. 29 cfr 1910. 1000. 1998. - american conference of governmental industrial hygienists ( acgih ). 1999 tlvs and beis. threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents. biological exposure indices. cincinnati, oh. 1999. - delzell e, sathiakumar n, hovinga m, et al. a follow - up study of synthetic rubber workers. toxicology 113 : 182 - 9. 1996. - macaluso m, larson r, delzell e, et al. leukemia and cumulative exposure to butadiene, styrene and benzene among workers in the synthetic rubber industry. toxicology 113 : 190 - 202. 1996. - national institute for occupational safety and health ( niosh ). pocket guide to chemical hazards. u


participants were thoroughly tested after completion of bed rest the antarctic concordia station is located in one of the harshest, isolated environments on earth. wintering - over crew members of concordia are faced with conditions in several ways similar to what astronauts could endure during a long duration mission such as a human exploration of mars. a small multicultural crew is confined during a long period of time in an isolated facility with limited resources and located in a harsh and dangerous environment where the communication capabilities in case of an emergency are also limited or inexistent. autonomy of the crew is required during an extended period of time and living quarters present similarities with a space - ship : confined environment with limited access to the outside where specific life support systems are in place to face the harsh atmospheric conditions and limited resources and where a water recycling and waste management capability is in place. the absent night / daylight variations, with constant light during the summer and constant darkness during the winter, is likely to cause similar problems in the circadian rhythms and sleep architecture as the one seen in astronauts in the iss. esa offers research opportunities to perform studies in the concordia station, especially in the field of medicine, physiology and psychology. the team at concordia is made of up to 16 persons who will be involved in studies performed in various other research fields. from the medicine and operational point of view esa will test a system for the monitoring of the psycho - physiological status of a crew member and new technologies in the field of tele - medicine and / or tele - diagnostic will benefit the health of crew in a remote isolated and harsh environment as it is at concordia. person of contact : oliver. angerer @ esa. int last update : 26 march 2008


ecologists point to forests as important sinks for atmospheric carbon. but a new report suggests that climate change could induce environmental stresses that would chnge the role of forests into a net carbon source. the report, titled “ adaptation of forests and people to climate change – a global assessment, ” was coordinated by the international union of forest research organizations ( iufro ) and the collaborative partnership on forests ( cpf ). the findings came from an analysis of how different forest ecosystems worldwide would be affected under specific climate change scenarios developed by the ipcc report. the report brings together 35 international forest scientists, some of whom contributed to the ipcc. the study reports that higher temperatures would usher in the probability of prolonged droughts, more intense pest invasions, and a host of other environmental stresses, which would lead to forest destruction and degradation. climate change could thus create a dangerous feedback loop in which damage to forests significantly increases global carbon emissions, which then exacerbates the greenhouse effect. this scenario is likely to occur if the world warms more than 4. 5 degrees farenheit. “ even if adaptation measures are fully implemented, unmitigated climate change would, during the course of the current century, exceed the adaptive capacity of many forests. the fact remains that the only way to ensure that forests do not suffer unprecedented harm is to achieve large reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. ” the report will be formally presented at the united nations forum on forests ( unff ) session taking place april 20 - may 9 at the un headquarters in new york city.


ecstasy – the illegal " rave " drug that produces feelings of euphoria and emotional warmth – has been in the news recently as a potential therapeutic. clinical trials are testing ecstasy in the treatment of post - traumatic stress disorder. but headlines like one in time magazine ' s health section in february – " ecstasy as therapy : have some of its negative effects been overblown? " – concern ronald cowan, m. d., ph. d., associate professor of psychiatry. his team reports in the may issue of neuropsychopharmacology that recreational ecstasy use is associated with a chronic change in brain function. " there ' s tension in the fields of psychiatry and psychotherapy between those who think ecstasy could be a valuable therapeutic that ' s not being tested because of overblown fears, and those who are concerned about the drug ' s potentially harmful effects, " cowan said. " we ' re not on one side or the other ; we ' re just trying to find out what ' s going on in the brain – is there any evidence for long - lasting changes in the brain? " the message in news reports needs to be accurate, cowan said. his team ' s studies suggest that the current message should be : " if you use ecstasy recreationally, the more you use, the more brain changes you get. " cowan and his colleagues examined brain activation during visual stimulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ), in subjects who had previously used ecstasy ( but not in the two weeks prior to imaging ) and in subjects who had not previously used ecstasy. they found increased brain activation in three brain areas associated with visual processing in ecstasy users with the highest lifetime exposure to the drug. the findings were consistent with the investigators ' predictions based on results from animal models : that ecstasy use is associated with a loss of serotonin signaling, which leads to hyper - excitability ( increased activation ) in the brain. the hyper - excitability suggests a loss in brain efficiency, cowan said, " meaning that it takes more brain area to process information or perform a task. " the investigators found that this shift in brain excitability did not return to normal in subjects who had not used ecstasy in more than a year. " we think this shift in cortical excitability may be chronic, long - lasting, and even permanent, which is a real worry, " cowan said, noting that the ecstasy users in the study are young ( 18 to 35 years old ). " the question is what will happen to their


##ability may be chronic, long - lasting, and even permanent, which is a real worry, " cowan said, noting that the ecstasy users in the study are young ( 18 to 35 years old ). " the question is what will happen to their brains as they age over the next 60 years. " cowan said that the pattern of hyper - excitability is similar to that observed in fmri studies of individuals at risk for, or with early, alzheimer ' s disease. " i ' m not saying that these people are at increased risk for dementia, but that there ' s a loss of brain efficiency in both recreational ecstasy use and early alzheimer ' s. " the findings suggest that brain hyper - excitability ( increased activation in fmri scans ) may be a useful biomarker for ecstasy - induced neurotoxicity, which the investigators will continue to study. " our goal is to be able to let people know whether or not the drug is causing long - term brain damage, " cowan said. " that ' s really critical because millions of people are using it. " the 2009 national survey on drug use and health estimated that 14. 2 million individuals 12 years or older in the united states had used ecstasy in their lifetime ; 760, 000 people had used ecstasy in the month prior to being surveyed. cowan is also interested in determining the doses of ecstasy that are toxic, and whether there are genetic vulnerabilities to toxicity. if clinical trials show that the drug has therapeutic benefits, it ' s critical to know the risks, he said. the research was supported by the national science foundation, the national institute on drug abuse, the national institute of mental health, and the national center for research resources. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.


in the 1960s and 1970s, classic social psychological studies were conducted that provided evidence that even normal, decent people can engage in acts of extreme cruelty when instructed to do so by others. however, in an essay published november 20 in the open access journal plos biology, professors alex haslam and stephen reicher revisit these studies ' conclusions and explain how awful acts involve not just obedience, but enthusiasm too — challenging the long - held belief that human beings are ' programmed ' for conformity. this belief can be traced back to two landmark empirical research programs conducted by stanley milgram and philip zimbardo in the 1960s and early 1970s. milgram ' s ' obedience to authority ' research is widely believed to show that people blindly conform to the instructions of an authority figure, and zimbardo ' s stanford prison experiment ( spe ) is commonly understood to show that people will take on abusive roles uncritically. however, professor haslam, from the university of queensland, argues that tyranny does not result from blind conformity to rules and roles. rather, it is a creative act of followership, resulting from identifying with authorities who represent vicious acts as virtuous. " decent people participate in horrific acts not because they become passive, mindless functionaries who do not know what they are doing, but rather because they come to believe — typically under the influence of those in authority — that what they are doing is right, " professor haslam explained. professor reicher, of the university of st andrews, added that it is not that they were blind to the evil they were perpetrating, but rather that they knew what they were doing, and believed it to be right. these conclusions were partly informed by professors haslam and reicher ' s own prison experiment, conducted in 2002 in collaboration with the bbc. the study generated three findings. first, participants did not conform automatically to their assigned role ; second, they only acted in terms of group membership to the extent that they identified with the group ; and finally, group identity did not mean that people simply accepted their assigned position — it also empowered them to resist it. although zimbardo and milgram ' s findings remain highly influential, professor haslam argue that their conclusions do not hold up well under close empirical scrutiny. professor reicher concludes that tyranny does not flourish because perpetrators are helpless and ignorant ; it flourishes because they are convinced that they are doing something worthy. funding : the authors received no specific funding for this work. competing interests :


how to select a dc block a dc block is a coaxial component that prevents the flow of dc current into the rf signal path, thereby minimizing interference. the key specifications to look for when looking for an rf or microwave dc block are : type : there are three main types : inner dc blocks : inner dc blocks have a capacitor in series with the center conductor. outer dc block : outer dc blocks have a capacitor in series with the outer conductor. inner / outer dc block : inner - outer dc blocks have a capacitor in series with both the inner and outer dc block. connector : rf dc blocks are available in a number of connector options – sma dc blocks, bnc dc blocks etc. there are also options available where the input and the output connecters are different. impedance : the impedance of the dc block is matched to the circuit impedance to prevent any reflections. 50 ohms and 75 ohms are the two most common options. frequency ( mhz ) : the frequency up to which the dc block can effectively block out the dc signal from the rf signal path. power rating ( w ) : this is the level of power that the dc block can handle. breakdown voltage ( v ) : this is the voltage beyond which the dc block ceases to operate. everything rf lets you search for both commercial and military rf microwave dc blocks by specification. you no longer need to look through individual supplier websites or catalogs to find the dc block that meets your requirements. everything rf simplifies the process for you.


sometimes it seems that punishing a child is a whole lot easier than taking the time to think of a natural consequence to teach a lesson. it ’ s just so easy to say “ go up to your room and stay there until dinnertime! ” grounding is another favorite punishment, but what do those two particular punishments actually teach? being sent to one ’ s room or being grounded both communicate parental dissatisfaction with a particular behavior. but, will either punishment actually give your child the opportunity to work through and fix his mistake the way that a natural consequence would? what is a natural consequence for a teen who stays out an hour after he is to be home? perhaps he should not be allowed out the next time he is invited to be with friends, and the next time after that, he should have to come home one hour earlier than his usual curfew. those are two natural consequences that will have meaning, impact, and teach a lesson. they allow that teen to earn back parental trust by coming home on time. what do you do with a ‘ tween or teen who has stolen something? natural consequences would be to return the item to its owner, apologize directly to that person, work to earn enough money to pay for the item, and do some sort of community service or act of kindness for the person from whom he stole. when you really think about it, natural consequences aren ’ t so difficult to come up with. why then do some parents choose to punish or humiliate, knowing that it is not the most effective way to teach? the facts are in. children can ’ t think clearly when they are angry or humiliated. very few people can. there is a common saying that “ a child who is mad or sad can ’ t add. ” simply put, when emotions run high, children are less able to learn. that is not to say that we need to keep our children happy, as that is not our job. our job is to educate our children with healthy values, and provide natural consequences which are directly linked to the misbehavior in order to teach a lesson. read more about natural and unnatural consequences in my column, what ’ s your parenting style?


yard and garden : recycling christmas trees and poinsettias ames, iowa — when christmas is over, the egg nog gone, relatives departed and decorations are getting packed away, it also is time to get rid of the real christmas tree. horticulturists with iowa state university extension and outreach have advice on disposing of trees and options for poinsettias after the holidays. to have additional yard and garden questions answered contact the iowa state university hortline at email @ example. com or 515 - 294 - 3108. what are some good ways to dispose of a christmas tree after the holidays? after the holidays, there are several ways to dispose of or recycle your tree. ( before recycling your christmas tree, remove all ornaments, lights and tinsel. ) place the tree in the yard or garden for use by birds and other wildlife. the branches provide shelter from strong winds and cold. supply food by hanging fruit slices, seed cakes, suet bags or strings of cranberries or raisins on the tree ’ s branches. you also can smear peanut butter and seeds in pine cones and hang them in the tree. prune off the tree ’ s branches and place the boughs over perennials as winter mulch. chip the tree and use the chipped material as mulch around trees, shrubs or in perennial flower beds. if you can ' t use the tree yourself, contact your solid waste agency or sanitation service. most communities have some type of christmas tree disposal program. some have central collection points, others collect trees at curbside. collected trees may be chipped into mulch and made available to local residents or used in city parks. others may be chipped and composted. conservation groups may be another option. some hunting and fishing groups collect trees and use them to provide habitat for wildlife. don ’ t burn your christmas tree in a fireplace or wood stove. dry, evergreen branches literally explode when burned and could cause a house fire. also, burning the tree may contribute to the buildup of creosote and lead to a flue fire. what should i do with my poinsettia after the holidays? if given good care in the home, a poinsettia should remain attractive for two to three months. toss the poinsettia when you grow tired of it or it becomes unattractive. for those home gardeners who enjoy a challenge, it is possible to get the poinsettia to bloom again next season.


two to three months. toss the poinsettia when you grow tired of it or it becomes unattractive. for those home gardeners who enjoy a challenge, it is possible to get the poinsettia to bloom again next season. cut the stems back to within 4 to 6 inches of the soil in march. the poinsettia also may be repotted at this time. when new growth appears, place the poinsettia in a sunny window. continue to water the plant when the soil surface becomes dry to the touch. fertilize every two weeks with a dilute fertilizer solution. in late may, move the poinsettia outdoors. harden or acclimate the plant to the outdoors by placing it in a shady, protected area for two or three days, then gradually expose it to longer periods of direct sun. the poinsettia should be properly hardened in seven to 10 days. once hardened, dig a hole in an area that receives six to eight hours of sunlight and set the pot into the ground. to obtain a compact, bushy plant, pinch or cut off the shoot tips once or twice from late june to mid - august. continue to water and fertilize the plant outdoors. the poinsettia should be brought indoors in mid - september. place the plant in a bright, sunny window. the poinsettia is a short - day plant. short - day plants grow vegetatively during the long days of summer and produce flowers when days become shorter in fall. to get the poinsettia to flower for christmas, the plant must receive complete darkness from 5 p. m. to 8 a. m. daily from early october until the bracts develop good color, usually early december. protect the plant from light by placing it in a closet or by covering with a box. during the remainder of the day, the poinsettia should be in a sunny window. photo : before recycling trees, remove all ornaments, tinsel and lights. counties main menu - county home - about us - 4 - h & youth - agriculture & environment - business & community - families & healthy living


eugene shoemakereugene shoemaker ( or gene shoemaker ) ( april 28 - july 18 ) was one of the founders of the field of planetary science, best known for co - discovering the comet shoemaker - levy 9, with his wife carolyn shoemaker and david levy for his ph. d. at princeton, dr. shoemaker conclusively showed that barringer meteor crater arose from meteor impact. dr. shoemaker founded the astrogeology research program of the usgs in 1961 and was its first director. he was prominently involved in the lunar ranger missions to the moon, which showed that the moon was covered with a wide size range of impact craters. dr. shoemaker was also involved in the training of the american astronauts. coming to caltech in 1969, he started a systematic search for earth - crossing asteroids, which resulted in the discovery of several families of such asteroids, including the apollo asteroids. dr. shoemaker received a national medal of science in 1992. in 1993, he co - discovered comet shoemaker - levy 9, which was the first observed planetary impact of a comet. dr. shoemaker perished in a car crash in alice springs, australia in 1997. his ashes were carried to the moon by the lunar prospector space probe. external links and references


reactive power is a concept used by engineers to describe the loss of power in a system arising from the production of electric and magnetic fields. although reactive loads such as inductors and capacitors dissipate no power, they drop voltage and draw current, which creates the impression that they actually do. this " imaginary power " or " phantom power " is called reactive power. it is measured in a unit called volt - amps - reactive ( var ). the actual amount of power being used, or dissipated, is called true power, and is measured in the unit of watts. the combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power, and it is the product of a circuit ' s voltage and current. apparent power is measured in the unit of volt - amps ( va ). devices which store energy by virtue of a magnetic field produced by a flow of current are said to absorb reactive power ; those which store energy by virtue of electric fields are said to generate reactive power. reactive power is significant because it must be provided and maintained to insure continuous, steady voltage on transmission networks. reactive power thus is produced for maintenance of the system and not for end - use consumption. power losses incurred in transmission from heat and electromagnetic emissions are included in the total reactive power requirement as are the needs of power hungry devices, such as electric motors, electromagnetic generators, and alternators. this power is supplied for many purposes by condensers, capacitors, and similar devices, which can react to changes in current flow by releasing energy to normalize the flow. if elements of the power grid cannot get the reactive power they need from nearby sources, they will pull it across transmission lines and destabilize the grid. in this way, poor management of reactive power can cause major blackouts. sections in this article : the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright © 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. see more encyclopedia articles on : electrical engineering


columbus — crop growers should take extra precaution to scout their fields this spring for black cutworm, slugs, bean leaf beetles, rootworms and other invasive insects. the near - record warm winter ohio has experienced this year is expected to cause a significant increase in the potential for crop - damaging pests, according to ohio state university extension entomologist ron hammond. insects such as the corn flea beetle, which targets corn through the spread of the bacterium that causes stewart ’ s bacterial wilt and leaf blight on both field and sweet corn, likely will be seen earlier than normal this year. black cutworms also could be a bigger problem this year, as could slugs, bean leaf beetles and cereal leaf beetles, he said. — black cutworm : weed growth has been heavier this year because of the earlier warm weather, especially chickweed. with this extra growth comes the potential for greater black cutworm problems, as adult cutworms already are being collected throughout the midwest. when corn is planted and starts to emerge, cutworms already might be at damaging stages. thus, there is a greater need to pay extra attention in those fields conducive to cutworm problems, such as no - till and / or weedy fields. — slugs : warmer weather and soil temperatures will cause slugs to hatch and begin heavier feeding earlier. if planting times are normal, slugs will be a bigger and larger threat than normal. if planting early, slug feeding could be more similar to normal conditions. if planting late, slugs will be relatively larger and capable of even heavier feeding. — bean leaf beetles : growers may find more bean leaf beetles this spring. but, if most fields are planted and crops emerged about the same time, the beetles should disperse themselves over all those fields and not be a major problem. however, if only a few fields have emerged crops, beetles could concentrate on those fields and require growers to monitor them more closely. — rootworms : while rootworm larvae are expected to hatch earlier this year, they won ’ t necessarily cause more problems. because most fields already are planted to transgenic varieties with rootworm control, treated with a soil insecticide if continuous corn or are part of a rotation, good control is expected. growers likely will not need to make any additional or two - tactic applications, such as soil insecticide applications on transgenic corn. — corn flea beetle : seed treatments on most corn should offer control, at least for the beetle, but it is