overheard between young officers in some well - known restaurant. they talked with their landladies, their servants, or members of their families. these papers constituted an invaluable find for the dutch authorities, and enabled them to round up a number of these spies, some of whom stated when tried that they had been terrorized in various ways into doing espionage work. at the same time, however, this went to prove beyond doubt, that germany was interested in our defenses to an extent which gave rise to the gravest misgivings. a complete list of the discoveries in this connection which were made in holland, and against which immediate measures were taken with all possible despatch and energy, would be too long and too monotonous, moreover, to give here. the ultimate effect was for the dutch government to take an extreme measure of precaution. towards the end of april, martial law was declared for the whole country. this gave the government, and especially the military authorities, considerable powers, the exercise of which would normally have been against the constitution. in order to track all subversive espionage, censorship on communications by mail, telephone, and telegraph was imposed. the right to hold public gatherings and of habeas corpus were curtailed and other similar measures were enforced. the military authorities were being kept constantly informed, in so far as they were not already informed through sources of their own. although prospects looked very dark, we never for a moment thought of revealing what we knew to the allies ; experience goes to show that any rash communications of such a nature, made to third parties, always become known, and if that happened, the germans would undoubtedly have charged us with a breach of neutrality. we would merely have played into their hands by any such imprudent action, the more so since it was doubtful what help the allies could give us, especially at such short notice. the dutch diplomatic missions abroad, as well as our intelligence service, did their utmost to inform the government as fully and as rapidly as lay in their power. what they reported was always interesting, sometimes more or less alarming, but never so far - - except in the critical days of november, 1939 - - positive in announcing an imminent menace to the country ' s safety. on saturday, the 4th of may, however, we quite unexpectedly obtained information to the effect that an invasion of the netherlands might have to be reckoned with within the next few days. this report, without giving certainty with regard to the date on which the attack was to be


of may, however, we quite unexpectedly obtained information to the effect that an invasion of the netherlands might have to be reckoned with within the next few days. this report, without giving certainty with regard to the date on which the attack was to be carried out, seemed very positive and came from a very reliable source. we passed it on to be checked by other agents ; next day, confirmation was received from another quarter, although equally indefinite about the exact date of the projected attack. the german propaganda services of dr. goebbels in those days were trying to focus all attention on the telephone conversation which they alleged had taken place between the british prime minister, mr. chamberlain, and the head of the french cabinet, m. paul reynaud, and according to which plans had been made in order to extend the theater of war by the 20th of may to southeastern europe and the regions of the mediterranean. on may the 9th - - one day before holland, belgium and luxemburg were invaded - - the german press especially stressed the declarations made by lord halifax in the house of lords concerning the reason why british troops had then been withdrawn from norway, in the course of which he stated that this withdrawal had been decided upon in order to begin fresh operations elsewhere. this the germans coupled with a remark made, so they said, by mr. duff cooper, the british minister of information, from which they concluded that the allies were again out to catch small neutral states in their nets, this time in the balkans. it is worthy of note that the netherlands and belgium were not mentioned, which did not prevent the german papers from proclaiming the next day that according to their knowledge the allies had been contemplating for a long time an attack on germany through belgium and the netherlands. lack of logic and consistency have never troubled german propaganda much. if there were any need for confirmation that diversion of attention was the aim of the german government, the radio of the reich provided all evidence that could possibly be required. very striking was the completeness with which this feint was supported by italy. collaboration by the italian radio extended even to those items which at the very last moment purported to reassure the low countries. most active of all the axis stations, however, were the german transmitters. to give a specimen of the tricks used to divert attention from germany ' s true aims, a broadcast made by the deutschlandsender of may the 8th - - two days before the invasion - - taken at random, may be reported here : " the revelation of british plans in southeast europe has


to divert attention from germany ' s true aims, a broadcast made by the deutschlandsender of may the 8th - - two days before the invasion - - taken at random, may be reported here : " the revelation of british plans in southeast europe has created such an impression on the respective nations that england ' s warmongers now resort to employing an equally dull and clumsy manoeuvre to divert their attention. to this effect they use american press agencies which spread the news that holland is gravely threatened. it is the old method - - ' catch the thief ' - - which is being employed here. thus associated press reports having learned, from a highly reliable source, that two german armies were advancing on holland from bremen and duesseldorf at such a speed that they would reach the frontiers shortly. " we are in a position to state that the reliable source of this military nonsense is the british ministry of information. this british ministry of information has been so hard hit by the german revelations of the imminent anglo - french intentions that a manoeuvre to distract attention has to be staged willy - nilly. " dr. goebbels has always excelled in finding scapegoats. for a long time, the jews were the chief culprits. thereafter the british secret service, the " international bankers, " or the oil companies were guilty of everything. this time the british ministry of information was to blame. the netherlands government never for a moment allowed themselves to be lulled into a feeling of security by such manoeuvres. our sources of information, which we knew to be reliable, continued sending news of an alarming nature. absolute certainty there was not ; but then, germany being what it is, under a highly centralized leadership, absolute certainty could hardly be expected. by putting two and two together, however, a composite picture was obtained which was enough to cause the most serious alarm. even then, the government did not warn the allies : we wanted to be absolutely certain that a founded accusation could never be made against us for having secretly abandoned the neutrality we had so consistently observed. all we did, by way of precaution, in the direction of london and paris, was to send sealed orders by courier to the heads of the dutch legations in those capitals, the contents of which were in no way indicated to them, and which they were only to open on the receipt of a given code word. it is a very curious fact that, in the course of the days immediately preceding the attack, the german military and


contents of which were in no way indicated to them, and which they were only to open on the receipt of a given code word. it is a very curious fact that, in the course of the days immediately preceding the attack, the german military and air attaches at the hague stated time and again that the military authorities in berlin were unable to understand why the netherlands government was taking such extensive measures. did they really know nothing? with the centralized leadership as it exists in germany today, that is possible : subordinates are not informed until the last minute. or was it deceit? perhaps we shall never know. on wednesday, may the 8th, rumors were current in german circles in berlin that the british navy was preparing a landing on the dutch coast. since we had not the slightest indication to that effect, our military attache in berlin saw the head of a department in the german army high command who acted as liaison officer with the foreign military attaches in berlin, and told him that the netherlands government had no reason whatsoever to be apprehensive of a british landing. nevertheless, he added, all measures had been taken, both by sea and on land, to counteract any attempt at landing by armed force, adding that the netherlands were perfectly able to maintain their neutrality themselves and that they were in no need of " protection " from any quarter. the german colonel replied that he quite understood this attitude, which he said fell completely into line with the strict neutrality which the netherlands had constantly observed. it is interesting to compare this declaration with the accusations of unneutrality which poured forth from the german propaganda ministry two days later, after the onslaught had begun. as the storm relentlessly gathered force, all the measures, taken with great energy by the dutch government in close collaboration with all loyal citizens, were to be of no avail. the straightforward, impartial policy of neutrality which holland had so rigidly observed, the efforts made to increase military preparedness, the struggle against espionage and subversive action - - it was all to be in vain. fate as interpreted by germany had decreed otherwise.


thousands of volunteers begin epic task of building atlas of our birds britain and ireland ' s vast armies of amateur naturalists are being mobilised, starting this weekend, to undertake the awesome task of mapping and counting the two nations ' wild bird populations. it is the first time in two decades that the ambitious stock - take of the natural world has been attempted and experts believe the resulting bird atlas, to be published in 2012, will give the most comprehensive picture to date of the impact of climate change on species and the success of recent conservation efforts. tens of thousands of volunteers are being sought by the british trust for ornithology over the next four years so each and every corner of the british isles is accurately audited. the independent is backing the project and urging readers to log on to the bto ' s website at http : / / www. bto. org / birdatlas / taking _ part / index. htm to find out how they can help set the agenda for bird conservation in britain and ireland for the next 20 years. there are two ways of taking part. first, enthusiasts can record all the birds they can see over the course of one hour during four visits – two in winter and two in summer – to a specific 2km by 2km square on the map, an area also known as a tetrad. or second, those with a little less knowledge or confidence can join in by reporting one - off sightings, so - called roving records, such as seeing the distinctive blue flash of a kingfisher while out walking or hearing the late night hooting of an owl. with more than a third of the uk ' s birds to be spotted in back gardens, organisers insist that anyone can join in. those taking part will be not be expected to be expert ornithologists but amateurs with a basic ability to identify key species and the commitment to help the environment. professionals will be on hand to authenticate all the results. yesterday, as the sun poked through the clouds at abberton reservoir in essex, lighting up the stunning autumn foliage along the water ' s banks, dr simon cox, a retired gp who is co - ordinating the counting effort in his county, had totted up more than 40 species in his 60 minutes of observation. " not all habitats will be as rich as the one we have here but even in urban areas you can expect to see up to 20 species if you look hard, " he explained. with some 40, 000 ducks, geese and swans thought to


. " not all habitats will be as rich as the one we have here but even in urban areas you can expect to see up to 20 species if you look hard, " he explained. with some 40, 000 ducks, geese and swans thought to be present at the 1, 200 acre reservoir, logging them all is no mean feat. in addition to the dozens of waterfowl, including a family of bewick ' s swans fresh in from the siberian tundra just a few days earlier, there were more familiar birds – chirping robins, swaying wagtails and great tits busy nibbling at the well - appointed nut feeders outside the essex wildlife trust visitor centre. each is equally important to the final picture, he said, illuminating exactly which birds may be thriving and which others are struggling to cope with altered modern conditions. " there is a lot of satisfaction to be obtained by knowing that you are contributing to something vitally important to birds as well as just the sheer pleasure of going out looking for birds on your local patch where inevitably you will make some unexpected discoveries, " said dr cox yesterday. the bto expects to gather data on 250 species during the course of the survey, including 40 currently on the red danger list and 121 amber - listed because of conservationists ' concerns for their future. among the questions they will be asking is whether efforts to help barn owls are working, or if the willow tit and hawfinch are now extinct in some counties. another key issue is whether some of the country ' s bird species are spreading north seeking cooler climes because of global warming and the impact on breeding and migration times. then of course there is the question of the continuing decline of the house sparrow. naturalists believe that bird numbers are a key barometer of how the natural world is coping from the pressures of climate change and habitat depletion. andy clements, the bto ' s director, said : " this is the biggest project that the uk ' s birdwatchers have ever undertaken. we have been making preparations for this survey for more than three years and now finally we are able to fire the starting gun. " ten to look out for * barn owl ( tyto alba ) : has suffered 50 years of decline due to intensive agriculture but numbers now growing. seen in open country or at field edges. estimated : 4, 400 pairs. * willow tit ( parus montanus ) : red - listed, this medium - sized tit is best spotted in willow thickets and boggy


now growing. seen in open country or at field edges. estimated : 4, 400 pairs. * willow tit ( parus montanus ) : red - listed, this medium - sized tit is best spotted in willow thickets and boggy marshland. estimated : 25, 000 territories * hawfinch ( coccothraustes coccothraustes ) : uk ' s largest finch, shy with powerful bill. amber - listed. most likely to be seen in west and home counties. estimated : 3 - 5, 000 pairs. * turtle dove ( streptopelia turtur ) : summer visitor noted for its gentle purr has suffered huge decline. best seen in south and east on woodland edges. estimated : 75, 000 territories. * collared dove ( streptopelia decaocto ) : rapidly spreading bird often seen in flocks where food is plentiful around gardens, parks and farms. estimated : 210, 000 territories. * raven ( corvus corax ) : member of the crow family, bigger than a buzzard, distribution increasing. best looked for in rugged upland areas. estimated : 7, 500 breeding pairs. * buzzard ( buteo buteo ) : most numerous bird of prey, once confined to western england. seen perched on pylons or fence posts. estimated : 44, 000 - 61, 000 breeding pairs. * nightingale ( luscinia megarhynchos ) : secretive brown bird with beautiful song rarely found outside south - east england. arrives in april. estimated : 5 - 6, 000 breeding males. * kingfisher ( alcedo atthis ) : unmistakable blue bird spotted swooping over rivers and watercourses. amber - listed after recent declines. estimated : 3 - 6, 000 pairs. * corncrake ( crex crex ) : normally found in dense vegetation and famed for its rasping call. now perilously few in number and confined to scotland. estimated : 600 calling males. from the blogs david prior ' s very personal reason for thinkg that investigators need appropriate expertise dozens of empty homes in two of liverpool ’ s most deprived areas will be brought back into use thanks... as a reluctant vegetarian ( so reluctant that i ' m not vegetarian at all ) and a reluctant risotto eate... time for the monthly treat from david hayes, who writes about british politics for the australian in... nature studies : mayflies offer gripping scenes of mass birth,


m not vegetarian at all ) and a reluctant risotto eate... time for the monthly treat from david hayes, who writes about british politics for the australian in... nature studies : mayflies offer gripping scenes of mass birth, mass sex and violent death ' to farm i have to rape the countryside. it ’ s got to be wrong ' : the true effect of the badger cull mind how ewe go : the sheep - eating killer plant that ’ s ready to bloom the 10 best folding bikes 10 best hiking boots - 1 bankers could face jail after report urges the government to introduce new criminal offence for reckless management - 2 breaking the silence : in the reality of occupation, there are no palestinian civilians – only potential terrorists - 3 richard nieuwenhuizen death : six teenagers and 50 - year - old father convicted of manslaughter in shocking case of referee killed over a game of football - 4 exclusive : newcastle ' s star talent - spotter on brink as joe kinnear sparks walkout - 5 vast methane ' plumes ' seen in arctic ocean as sea ice retreats £500 - £600 per day : orgtel : fx options front office java / c # developer - ba... £600 - £700 per day : orgtel : project manager - front office - regulatory it c... £33000 - £35000 per annum : the green recruitment company : the green recruitmen... £21000 - £22000 per annum : randstad education chelmsford : nqts required now fo...


by : steven e. brown, fall 1998 as the founder of institute on disability culture ( idc ), steven e. brown earned a doctorate in history from the university of oklahoma. he directed an independent living center in oklahoma, organized numerous community coalitions, and served as a training director at the world institute on disability. he founded the not - for - profit institute on disability culture, with his wife lillian gonzales brown, in 1994. since then he has become an internationally sought speaker, trainer, and writer. when i first became involved in the disability rights movement in the u. s. in the early 1980s, independent living centers were sometimes criticized for catering to the needs of people with mobility impairments, especially those who used wheelchairs. there was some truth to this allegation. after all, it seemed that across the u. s. facilities and services and organizations already existed for those who were deaf or blind or had a developmental disability. if you were a wheelchair user where did you go to find service on a grassroots level? until cils came along, nowhere. the corollary to this accusation was that accessibilty focused on architectural accessibility at the expense sometimes of other kinds of accessibility, such as alternative formats and sign language interpeting. in fact, sometimes architectural accessibility obtained the tag of being easy. how hard could it be, people wondered, to understand that a building needed a ramp or an elevator? anyone could see, if they just looked, that a lift on a bus would benefit a wheelchair rider. it seemed much harder to convince people that braille or large print formats constituted a reasonable accommodation. deaf individuals sometimes became so frustrated with cils and other organizations designed to serve people with disabilities that they stayed away from them. together they could communicate with one another. even when interpreters were provided for meetings, they were rarely contracted for the social time of any meeting agenda. so, what happened? why is it that when i go out in my power wheelchair and my big wheelchair lift - equipped van, i am always conscious of the possibility that i won ' t find a parking space that will meet my needs or a ramp to the building i wish to enter or an elevator to take me to another story? the architectural barriers act of 1968 predates both the rehabilitation act, as we know it today, and the americans with disabilities act. why is this so - called easy aspect of accessibility still so difficult to locate in more than a few places? i had an opportunity to be in germany about a year ago.


act, as we know it today, and the americans with disabilities act. why is this so - called easy aspect of accessibility still so difficult to locate in more than a few places? i had an opportunity to be in germany about a year ago. i spoke with a wheelchair user there who sang the praises of accessibility in america. he ' d even been able to go down into carlsbad caverns, in my home state of new mexico, an experience he had no expectation of being able to accomplish. when the discussion switched to his own homeland, however, his views more closely matched my perceptions of the u. s. in one way architectural access was easy. it ' s easy to see what needs to be done. the catch is doing it. there is no way that anyone can argue that accessibility today is not much greater than it was twenty or thirty years ago, when the modern disability rights movement began. but it is also increasingly more difficult to argue that we have accomplished all that needs to be done. sidewalks leading to curbs without cuts still abound. buildings are still being constructed without ramps or curb cuts or accessible parking spaces. people who don ' t need them still park in handicapped parking spots. what happened to architectural acessibility? the easy parts, i think, are being taken into account. now we must confront harder issues. the sidewalks and buildings and parking lots that were built before any of these accessbility needs were considered by anyone. the cities that were built long ago and whose centers are not only architectually inaccessible, but whose infrastructure is also often disintegrating. in short, there ' s just too much to do. but that still begs the question, why aren ' t more people talking about and taking action to increase architectural accessibility. i don ' t have a good answer. you? about steven e. brown as the founder of institute on disability culture ( idc ), he earned a doctorate in history from the university of oklahoma. he directed an independent living center in oklahoma, organized numerous community coalitions, and served as a training director at the world institute on disability. he founded the not - for - profit institute on disability culture, with his wife lillian gonzales brown, in 1994. since then he has become an internationally sought speaker, trainer, and writer. brown ' s publications have been translated into several languages. they include independent living : theory and practice, and investigating a culture of disability : final report, the result of a prestigious switzer fellowship from the national institute on disability rehabilitation and research of the


deriving its philosophy from the indian metaphysical beliefs, yoga aims to strike a balance between mind and body and attain self - enlightenment. one of the oldest physical discipline in existence, it makes the use of movement, breath, posture, relaxation and meditation to establish a healthy, lively and balanced approach to life. yoga brings stability and relaxation to the mind and helps the individual to have a clear thinking. apart from its cognitive benefits, yoga serves as the best medium to enhance the beauty and the being of a person. however, performing yoga requires a person to follow some specific guidelines, in order to achieve best results. there are various do ' s and don ' ts that a person needs to follow before, while and after performing yoga. to know more about yoga practicing guide, browse through the following lines. tips for practicing yoga - the most appropriate time for practicing yoga is in the morning, before breakfast. this is because it is the time, when our mind is calm, composed and fresh and the body movements can be performed, with considerable ease and vigor. - to get started, you need to have the urge and confidence in - to practice yoga, the place chose must be calm, quiet, ventilated, dust free, moisture free and also distraction free. - before you start practicing yoga, it is very important for you to clear your bowels and bladder as well as clean your nostrils and throat of all mucus. you must also drink a glass of lukewarm water. - yoga clothing should be loose and as comfortable as possible. form - fitting cotton / lycra pants and shirts are the best. - wait for a few minutes and then you can start. - like all other work outs, you must begin with easy poses, thereafter you can advance to the tough ones. be methodical and - remember, to start with your movements should be light and if you feel fatigue in between you must discontinue. - yoga must energize and not cause weariness and depression. - you must take breaks in between, if a particular step or exercise proves tiring. - for a person performing yoga, the diet should be a balanced and you should eat after an interval of 4 hours. - the quantity of food should be such that it satisfies your appetite. generally, the ratio composition of meals should be - grains and cereals ( 30 % of the calorific value ), dairy products ( 20 % ), vegetables and roots ( 25 % ), fruits and honey ( 20 % )


stainless steel pipe is the desired material for process piping systems due to ease of maintaining sanitary conditions and corrosion resistant properties. it is the material of choice for food conveying applications which require conformance to fda requirements. a standard benefit of the stainless steel family of materials is that it covers materials of much different chemistry, permitting economical alternatives to higher end materials and providing greater corrosion resistance to a wide variety of chemical services and environments, as well as providing increased strength. the internal pressure capabilities make stainless steel pipe suitable for use in many heavy duty applications. process piping fluids cover a wide range of applications from water to chemical services. for high pressure applications or highly corrosive environments, it may be necessary to utilize a duplex or super duplex stainless steel because of its high physical properties and greater corrosion resistance. duplex stainless steel differs from austenitic stainless steel in chemical make - up ; it has higher quantities of chromium and molybdenum and lower quantities of nickel. duplex stainless steel can be referred to as 2205, and super duplex 2507 because of the percentages of chromium and nickel in their composition. all stainless steels contain a varying percentage of chromium, molybdenum and nickel. the most common stainless steel is austenitic, which includes the stainless steel pipes made to the specifications of astm a312 in types 304 / 304l and 316 / 316l. types 304 / 304l are for general corrosion applications such as process cooling water. types 316 / 316l have a higher corrosion resistance to chlorides and may be desired based upon the chemical composition of the process fluid. the “ l ” designation means that the stainless steel contains less than 0. 03 % carbon. this is beneficial if the pipe needs to be welded. stainless steel pipe is generally available in diameters up to 36 inches with dimensions ranging from schedule 5s to 160s with schedule 10s being the most readily available. the system working pressure and pipe joining method will determine the required pipe wall thickness for each application. stainless steel pipe may be installed using a variety of joining methods including grooved, welded, flanged, and threaded.


thomas garrigue masaryk masaryk, thomas garrigue ( gəregˈ ) [ key ], 1850 – 1937, czechoslovak political leader and philosopher, first president and chief founder of czechoslovakia. he is revered by most czechs and was internationally recognized as a great democratic leader. born in moravia, masaryk received ( 1876 ) his doctorate from the univ. of vienna and married an american, charlotte garrigue. his first important work, der selbstmord als sociale massenerscheinung der modernen civilisation [ suicide as a mass phenomenon of modern civilization ], was published in 1881, and in 1882 he became professor of philosophy at the new czech univ. of prague. he launched ( 1883 ) a monthly review, the atheneum ; became associated temporarily with the liberal nationalist young czech party ; assumed the editorship ( 1889 ) of cas [ time ], a political journal ; and was elected ( 1891 ) to the austrian parliament and the bohemian diet. in 1893, he turned away from parliamentary activity to devote himself to the political education of his people. disciples had gathered around him, and they launched ( 1900 ) the czech peoples party ( later the progressive party ), based on masaryk ' s ideas. known as the realist party, it emphasized the economic and social foundations of political power and strove for czech equality, suffrage, and autonomy ; the protection of minorities ; and the unity of czechs and slovaks. in 1907, masaryk was reelected to parliament. he did not openly advocate independence at this point, but favored the transformation of the austro - hungarian empire into a federation of self - governing nationalities. he also called for an end to anti - semitism and opposed ( 1908 ) austria - hungary ' s annexation of bosnia - herzegovina. at the outbreak of world war i, masaryk fled abroad and, with eduard benes, formed the czechoslovak national council, which in 1918 was recognized by the allies as the de facto government of czechoslovakia. traveling widely during the war years, masaryk raised funds in the united states for the czech cause, and in russia he organized ( 1917 – 18 ) the czech legion, an independent czech army composed largely of former prisoners of war. the national council, of which masaryk was president, maintained close secret contact with czech nationalist leaders ( notably charles kramar ) at home. upon the collapse of austria - hungary at the end of world war i, masaryk became ( 1918 ) the


, of which masaryk was president, maintained close secret contact with czech nationalist leaders ( notably charles kramar ) at home. upon the collapse of austria - hungary at the end of world war i, masaryk became ( 1918 ) the first president of the czechoslovak republic. he was reelected in 1920, 1927, and 1934. an extensive land reform was one of the first acts of his government. he steered a moderate course on such sensitive issues as the status of minorities ( particularly the slovaks and germans ) and the relations between church and state. in foreign policy, he fully backed his foreign minister, benes. masaryk resigned in 1935 because of his advanced age, and benes succeeded him. masaryk ' s extensive writings on philosophical, social, and political subjects include the making of a state ( tr. 1927, repr. 1969 ), modern man and religion ( tr. 1938 ), and the spirit of russia ( tr., 2d ed. 1955 ). see also study a. m. schlesinger ( 1990 ) ; h. j. hajek, t. g. masaryk revisited ( 1983 ) ; s. b. winters, ed., t. g. masaryk ( 1850 – 1937 ) ( vol i, 1989 ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright © 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved.


they seized power in egypt, libya and tunisia following the notorious arab spring revolutions. they are determined to do the same in syria and jordan. they are the muslim brotherhood, the world ’ s most influential modern islamist organization. but what do we actually know about them? is their reach limited to the middle east, and what threats do they pose to israel and europe? israel today uncovers. the mb was founded in egypt in 1928 by schoolteacher hassan al - banna, who advocated embracing islam as a panacea for personal development and broader social reform. but what started as a religious and social organization was soon turned into a powerful political tool, promoting the establishment of states based on sharia law. as arabs strove to define their identities and break the chains of colonialism during the mid - 20th century, al - banna ’ s ideas were quickly picked up by the arab masses and the muslim brotherhood established branches in nearly every arab and muslim country. downward spiral & infiltration of europe but the early success was short - lived. as the secular nationalist regime of gamal abdel nasser seized power in egypt in the 1950s, the brotherhood was viewed more and more as a threat to state security, the group ’ s members were imprisoned and tortured. other muslim states where the brotherhood had a following implemented similar practices, forcing many “ brothers ” to seek refuge in france, germany, switzerland, the uk and other european countries. during those years, europe also opened its doors to thousands of arab students. once there, muslims started practicing their faith openly, establishing their first religious facilities, publishing magazines, organizing lectures and attracting newcomers to their ranks. although their numbers grew rapidly, the offshoots operated mainly as isolated clusters all of which remained close to the ideology of the movement in the middle east. the situation changed by the late 1970s, when the cells began to interact with one another, creating formal and informal networks ( that spanned europe and north america ), whose priorities were adapted for new generations of muslims born and raised in europe. assessing the threat because the “ brothers ” were not used to being open about their allegiance to the once clandestine movement, it has been hard to estimate the organization ’ s real numbers. “ nobody knows how many members the group actually has, ” said dr. lorenzo vidino, a senior researcher at switzerland ’ s center for security studies and the author of “ the new muslim brotherhood in the west ”. “ they do attract a lot of sympathy, but despite their activism, they never managed to create a mass movement that would


, a senior researcher at switzerland ’ s center for security studies and the author of “ the new muslim brotherhood in the west ”. “ they do attract a lot of sympathy, but despite their activism, they never managed to create a mass movement that would involve a large number of people. despite the fact that their ideas reached many european muslims, most of them either resist the organization or simply ignore it, ” he added. but if that ’ s the case, how did the brothers become the most powerful muslim organization? vidino said it was a combination of several factors. “ first of all, they have access to enormous funds, coming predominantly from gulf states like qatar, kuwait and, to a lesser extent, saudi arabia. no other muslim organization ( whether religious or secular ) can boast having the same level of backing. they use this money to pose as a group that helps people, building schools, mosques or centers and organizing grandiose events where people can mingle and enjoy excellent food. “ secondly, they are well - organized and are visible in the media. of course their claims of representation have been largely exaggerated, but they did succeed in monopolizing the islamic discourse, making their interpretation of islam if not mainstream then at least the most readily available, ” maintained vidino. however, a top muslim brotherhood official, whose name cannot be disclosed for security reasons, told israel today that the secret of the group ’ s success is rooted in its altruistic work. “ we love to help people and we know what their needs are. we can talk to them in public transportation, their work place and even in the comfort of their homes, ” he said. cracks in the foundation yet, the muslim brotherhood ’ s success has been somewhat overshadowed by division. in his book “ the muslim brotherhood in europe ”, egyptian scholar samir amghar identifies three main currents within the movement. the first includes the so - called independents, people who left the global organization but remained loyal to its ideology. the second ( the opposition ) consists of those who either disagreed with the internal structure of the group or who established competing organizations. and, finally, the third, writes amghar, comprises members that follow the mother institution in egypt and swear allegiance to its supreme guide. vidino elaborated : “ it ’ s wrong to assume that the center of the muslim brotherhood is located in cairo. every ‘ branch ’ operates separately, answering the demands of a specific muslim society ”. divided, but with a common goal despite these divisions, brotherhood


elaborated : “ it ’ s wrong to assume that the center of the muslim brotherhood is located in cairo. every ‘ branch ’ operates separately, answering the demands of a specific muslim society ”. divided, but with a common goal despite these divisions, brotherhood members around the world are united by a set of common goals. one of those goals is “ to be the ultimate leaders of their muslim societies, ” explained vidino. “ muslim expatriates are usually divided and disoriented by the impact of life in non - muslim countries. very often they lack any knowledge about islam, which makes them an ideally receptive audience for the muslim brotherhood ’ s message. ” vidino continued by noting that the muslim brotherhood would also like to become the “ official representative of the muslim community in the eyes of the european politicians. they want to be able to interfere with decision - making circles on issues ranging from domestic policies to international affairs, like the israeli - palestinian conflict. ” the brotherhood ’ s effort toward achieving those goals have born fruit. in 2003, for example, france ’ s muslim broterhood - affiliated ufio was invited to join the conseil francais du culte musulman, a group established by the french authorities to help the government get familiar with the needs and demands of the “ arab street ”. a similar initiative was launched in the uk years earlier, when the muslim council became one of the government ’ s chief mediators between the government and the country ’ s muslim population. ‘ european leaders don ’ t get it ’ the reasons for european leaders engaging groups like the brotherhood vary, stated vidino. “ some politicians are motivated by the strong belief that the muslim brotherhood is doing the right thing. others are just too naive to see the group ’ s real nature. ” many european politicians must also worry about keeping the “ muslim vote ”, noted vidino, pointing to the explosive growth rate of the muslim population there. moreover, according to the author, many politicians back the “ brothers ” fearing accusations of racism and xenophobia. the islamization of europe while experts try to decipher politicians ’ intentions, some are concerned that the muslim brotherhood is already leading the islamization of europe. in may, the group organized a massive rally in cairo, with one of the brotherhood clerics declaring : “ the united states of the arabs will be restored by [ egypt ’ s president mohammed morsi ] and his supporters … [ whereas ] the capital of the caliphate … will be jerusalem, allah willing.


, with one of the brotherhood clerics declaring : “ the united states of the arabs will be restored by [ egypt ’ s president mohammed morsi ] and his supporters … [ whereas ] the capital of the caliphate … will be jerusalem, allah willing. ” vidino was skeptical. “ the success they have right now exceeds their highest expectations. muslim brotherhood leaders are very pragmatic ; they know [ the creation of a muslim empire ] won ’ t happen overnight, so meanwhile they concentrate on more short - term goals ”. our muslim brotherhood source acceded, stating that the group ’ s real intention was to “ develop the society with the help of the islamic rules [ taking into consideration ] the religious preferences of every person. ” the brotherhood official seemingly lamented that the establishment of a caliphate including europe “ is highly unlikely in the near future, primarily because of the european media ’ s hateful language against muslims. european governments engage in anti - muslim propaganda, ” he charged, “ depicting us as terrorists when the truth of the matter is muslims are persecuted everywhere ”. where there ’ s smoke, there ’ s fire earlier this month, newsnight ( bbc ) ran a video clip showing a muslim brotherhood - affiliated school in london encouraging children to hate non - muslims. in 2010, another bbc investigation revealed that muslim school textbooks referred to jews and christians as “ pigs and apes ”, and some went as far as to teach kids on “ the correct way to chop off the hands and feet of thieves ”. hatred of israel apart from targeting jews, the brotherhood is fundamentally hostile toward israel, rejecting its right to exist, opposing the peace process, and obstructing all efforts at normalization between israel and the arab states ( especially egypt and jordan ). blaming all middle east problems on the israeli - palestinian conflict, the brotherhood also helps to raise money for the palestinian terrorist group hamas, which has the blood of hundreds of israelis on its hands. to promote anti - israel sentiment, the religiously conservative muslim brotherhood has even joined forces with extremist liberal left - wing groups that make it their aim to delegitimize israel through various media stunts. in fact, london has turned into an important media hub for the brotherhood, which operates the arabic publication risalat al - ikhwan and the satellite channel al - hiwar tv, boasting more than two million viewers, out of the british capital. apart from broadcasting programs with islamic themes and anti - israeli propaganda and incitement, al - hiwar gives stage to various


the old ways are the best — reviving traditional knowledge in west asia 01 july 2011 | news story an ancient conservation practice born in the arabian desert more than 1, 500 years ago is now being revived in the battle - scarred greenery of lebanon to help meet the complex challenges of a modern economy. the pre - islamic system of environmental protection known as ‘ hima ’ — arabic for protected area — means that the local population rather than a distant authority decides how to manage ecosystems and how to reap their benefits. himas are areas set aside seasonally to allow regeneration of renewable natural resources and secure their sustainable use by the people living next to them. but time and political changes have led to their near disappearance. now, led by iucn member the society for the protection of nature in lebanon, a region - wide effort is underway to revitalize himas and other such effective conservation traditions. the tradition of hima spoke a language that the conservation community, after many years of research and field experimentation, has finally arrived at today. for hundreds of years it promoted equitable sharing of resources, social inclusion, sustainable use and management of scarce resources, rights and ethics. it is testimony to the wisdom that the people of arabia showed in managing their harsh and resource - scare environment. a few years ago, iucn ’ s office for west asia ( rowa ) and its partners organised a workshop on the revival of hima in the 21st century. the workshop prepared a roadmap to advance hima through developing the knowledge, policies and implementation of this concept. the workshop produced a publication titled al - hima : a way of life in english, french and arabic which is being used to spread knowledge and awareness. last year in jordan, iucn rowa organized a follow up meeting on hima to try to further revive the traditional knowledge that has been used to manage protected areas and to update the hima publication. the jordan ministry of environment and iucn are supporting environmental organisations and other partners in efforts to conserve the rich biodiversity that is still present in jordan, but that is under severe pressure. iucn has submitted a proposal to the ministry that seeks to strengthen local capacity to protect and manage biodiversity - rich areas outside the formal government - designated protected areas. for more information contact : rania faouri, communications officer regional office for west asia ( rowa )


winner of the koret jewish book award for philosophy and thought " koltun - fromm ’ s reading of hess is of crucial import for those who study the construction of self in the modern world as well as for those who are concerned with hess and his contributions to modern thought.... a reading of hess that is subtle, judicious, insightful, and well supported. " — david ellenson moses hess, a fascinating 19th - century german jewish intellectual figure, was at times religious and secular, traditional and modern, practical and theoretical, socialist and nationalist. ken koltun - fromm ’ s radical reinterpretation of his writings shows hess as a jew struggling with the meaning of conflicting commitments and impulses. modern readers will realize that in hess ’ s life, as in their own, these commitments remain fragmented and torn. as contemporary jews negotiate multiple, often contradictory allegiances in the modern world, koltun - fromm argues that hess ’ s struggle to unite conflicting traditions and frameworks of meaning offers intellectual and practical resources to re - examine the dilemmas of modern jewish identity. adopting charles taylor ’ s philosophical theory of the self to uncover hess ’ s various commitments, koltun - fromm demonstrates that hess offers a rich, textured, though deeply conflicted and torn account of the modern jew. this groundbreaking study in conceptions of identity in modern jewish texts is a vital contribution to the diverse fields of jewish intellectual history, philosophy, zionism, and religious studies. jewish literature and culture — alvin h. rosenfeld, editor published with the generous support of the koret foundation


of all the diversions of life, there is none so proper to fill up its empty spaces as the reading of useful and entertaining authors. spectator 93 ( 16 june 1711 ) the earliest description of jane austen ’ s reading is henry austen ’ s account in the “ biographical notice of the author ” in the first edition of northanger abbey, published posthumously in december 1817. james edward austen - leigh ’ s memoir of his aunt ( 1870 ) also describes her reading, drawing on the information in the “ biographical notice. ” henry and edward focus firmly on authors considered in the nineteenth century to be “ useful and entertaining. ” they both agree that she loved the works of samuel johnson, william cowper, george crabbe, and samuel richardson, in particular richardson ’ s sir charles grandison ( 1753 - 54 ). henry austen tells of her early infatuation with “ gilpin on the picturesque, ” writing also that “ her reading was very extensive in history and belles lettres ” and that she was “ intimately acquainted with the merits and defects of the best essays and novels in the english language ” ( “ biographical notice ” 330 ). james edward suggests that what henry had called “ extensive ” reading in history was actually “ the old guides — goldsmith, hume and robertson ” ( austen - leigh 71 ). he briefly alludes to her admiration of sir walter scott ’ s poetry and waverley ( 1814 ), and quotes her joking determination to read no novels but maria edgeworth ’ s, her relatives ’, and her own. james edward then turns from austen ’ s reading : “ it was not, however, what she knew, but what she was, that distinguished her from others ” ( 72 ). caroline austen documents austen ’ s appreciation of the importance of reading, recalling her aunt ’ s advice to “ cease writing till i was 16 ” and her statement “ that she had herself often wished she had read more, and written less in the corresponding years of her own life ” ( qtd. in le faye, family record 239 ). despite her desire to have “ read more ” in her youth, recent scholarship has established that the range of austen ’ s reading was far wider and deeper than either henry or james edward suggest. isobel grundy makes the point that austen read like a potential author from a very early age, looking for what she could use, “ not by quietly absorbing and reflecting it, but by actively engaging, rewriting, often mocking it ” ( 190 ). austen did not, as far as is


like a potential author from a very early age, looking for what she could use, “ not by quietly absorbing and reflecting it, but by actively engaging, rewriting, often mocking it ” ( 190 ). austen did not, as far as is known, make a list of her reading, but her letters and novels refer, either directly or allusively, to a wide variety of texts. as jocelyn harris argues, austen ’ s excellent memory stood her in good stead when it came to employing her reading ( art of memory ix - xi ). this is not the place for a comprehensive list of the books that austen read, or the plays that she saw, but it is important to give some idea of the scope of her reading. in addition to those authors named by her brother and her nephew, we know from scattered references in the letters and novels that austen knew the canonical authors of the augustan tradition — swift, defoe, pope, gay, and addison, for example. she read both male novelists — fielding, sterne, and richardson — and contemporary female novelists, those still read today, such as maria edgeworth, frances burney, and ann radcliffe, and those now largely forgotten : charlotte lennox, sydney owenson, regina maria roche, mary brunton, rachel hunter, henrietta sykes, elizabeth hamilton, laetitia matilda hawkins, and sarah harriet burney. neither the “ biographical notice ” nor the memoir gives any indication of the real breadth and eclecticism of jane austen ’ s reading, as demonstrated in her letters and the references in her novels, but it is important that both henry and james edward are sensitive to what a person ’ s choice of reading says about them. this emphasis is not surprising — after all, austen ’ s own novels frequently display a similar awareness of the part books play in denoting character. time and again, characters reveal themselves through their responses to literature. we think, for example, of shallow caroline bingley, who uses books only as props, taking up the second volume of mr. darcy ’ s book in a contemptible attempt to gain his attention, in pride and prejudice, and compare her to mansfield park ’ s fanny price, for whom books are the friends and guides that help her to moral growth. northanger abbey sets john thorpe ’ s callow and unthinking rejection of all novels except m. g. lewis ’ s gothic shocker the monk and henry fielding ’ s tom jones against henry and isabella tilney ’ s rational liking for all sorts


abbey sets john thorpe ’ s callow and unthinking rejection of all novels except m. g. lewis ’ s gothic shocker the monk and henry fielding ’ s tom jones against henry and isabella tilney ’ s rational liking for all sorts of literature, including novels and history. the cultural resonance of books allows austen to use them as a sort of convenient shorthand to help her readers swiftly understand her characters. cultural commentators of austen ’ s period frequently suggested that “ we are what we read. ” in austen ’ s novels, it might be truer to say that how we use what we read defines us : it is possible, like mary bennet in pride and prejudice, to reduce reading to an arid collection of cliches or, like sir edward denham in “ sanditon, ” to “ derive only false principles from lessons of morality ” ( later manuscripts 183 ). emma woodhouse, to knightley ’ s despair in the opening chapters of emma, “ ‘ will never submit to any thing requiring industry and patience, ’ ” despite her lists of “ ‘ books that she meant to read regularly through — and very good lists they were — very well chosen, and very neatly arranged — sometimes alphabetically, and sometimes by some other rule ’ ” ( 37 ). it is also possible, however, for austen ’ s heroines to turn reading to good account : a “ fondness for reading ” is, for fanny price, as, we believe, for austen herself, “ an education in itself ” ( 25 ). the exhibition at chawton house library, july 2009 the exhibition curated as part of the bicentennial celebrations of austen ’ s arrival in the village of chawton focused on jane austen ’ s reading during the time she lived in chawton ( 1809 - 1817 ). the books selected thus reflect only a tiny proportion of jane austen ’ s reading and do not include some of her favorites — crabbe, johnson, or edgeworth for example. they were chosen as a snapshot of her reading during the chawton years. the books exhibited, and discussed in this essay, were all from chawton house library ’ s collections, and a substantial minority came from the knight collection. at one time, this collection was owned by jane austen ’ s brother edward, who was adopted into the knight family, and as such it was a library known to and used by jane austen herself. we think it probable that at least one of the books we exhibited in july 2009 — the godmersham


’ s brother edward, who was adopted into the knight family, and as such it was a library known to and used by jane austen herself. we think it probable that at least one of the books we exhibited in july 2009 — the godmersham copy of mary brunton ’ s self - control ( discussed below ) — is the exact copy read by jane austen. the exhibition was structured according to the different kinds of evidence available to us about austen ’ s reading. reconstructing the reading experiences of any reader is always a task fraught with interpretative difficulty, but we tried to combine the best evidence available to ensure that all the works exhibited were actually read or re - read by austen between 1809 and 1817. we used direct references to reading experiences in her letters as well as references, quotations, and allusions in the novels written or redrafted during the chawton years as our primary evidence. we also carefully considered the opinions of biographers and scholars to come to our conclusions. the first section of this essay discusses books that jane austen mentions in letters written during the period under consideration. the next section moves on to books referenced in novels or minor works written or redrafted between 1809 and 1817, taking kathryn sutherland ’ s chronology of composition and publication as our guide. our third section deals with books from the knight collection that are also discussed in novels or letters in the relevant years, and finally we discuss the work that jane austen ’ s family felt was her favorite novel, sir charles grandison, and chawton house library ’ s manuscript of the grandison playlet, written in jane austen ’ s handwriting, but possibly dictated to her by her niece jane anna elizabeth ( anna ) austen, later lefroy. allusions in the letters sydney owenson, lady morgan, woman ; or, ida of athens. london : printed for longman, hurst, rees, and orme, paternoster - row. 1809. in january of 1809, as the austens were preparing to move to chawton, jane wrote to cassandra, “ we have got ida of athens by miss owenson ; which must be very clever, because it was written as the authoress says, in three months. — we have only read the preface yet ; but her irish girl does not make me expect much. — if the warmth of her language could affect the body, it might be worth reading in this weather ” ( 17 - 18 january 1809 ). sydney owenson ’ s wild irish girl had been a runaway success


girl does not make me expect much. — if the warmth of her language could affect the body, it might be worth reading in this weather ” ( 17 - 18 january 1809 ). sydney owenson ’ s wild irish girl had been a runaway success when it was published in 1806, but jane austen clearly did not think much of it, although she was fond of other writers of national or regional novels such as walter scott and maria edgeworth. the “ warmth ” of owenson ’ s language was noticed by others, as shown in these lines from leigh hunt ’ s poem, “ the bluestocking revels ” : and dear lady morgan, look, look how she comes, with her pulses all beating for freedom like drums, so irish, so modish, so mixtish, so wild ; so committing herself, as she talks, like a child, so trim, yet so easy — polite, yet high - hearted, that truth and she, try all she can, won ’ t be parted ; she ’ ll put on your fashions, your latest new air, and then talk so frankly, she ’ ll make you all stare. anne grant of laggan, letters from the mountains ; being the real correspondence of a lady, between the years 1773 and 1803. london : printed for longman, hurst, rees, and orme, paternoster row. 1806. in 1807, while still living in southampton, austen mentioned anne grant ’ s letters from the mountains to cassandra as a recommendation for a present to martha lloyd. she continued, “ what they are about, nor how many volumes they form i do not know, having never heard of them but from miss irvine, who speaks of them as a new & much admired work, & as one which has pleased her highly. — i have enquired for the book here, but find it quite unknown ” ( 20 - 22 february 1807 ). six years later, she had finally got hold of the book, read it, and was ready to pass it on, writing “ i have disposed of mrs grant for the 2d fortnight to mrs digweed ” ( 9 february 1813 ). the reference to the “ 2d fortnight ” suggests that the book belonged to the chawton reading society, and had been borrowed by the austen ladies, then passed on to the digweeds. these snippets from austen ’ s letters remind us that books were relatively expensive luxury items, often bought by circulating libraries or private reading societies and circulated among the members or subscribers


by the austen ladies, then passed on to the digweeds. these snippets from austen ’ s letters remind us that books were relatively expensive luxury items, often bought by circulating libraries or private reading societies and circulated among the members or subscribers. jane austen got hold of books in many different ways — reading them in her father ’ s library at steventon and her brother ’ s godmersham library, borrowing from circulating libraries in bath and southampton, joining the chawton reading society, and borrowing the latest publications from her publisher — but she rarely bought books. those bought during her youth were sold with her father ’ s before the move to bath in 1801, and presumably regularly purchasing books was quite simply outside the limited means of the austen ladies ’ household during their years in bath, southampton, and chawton. frances burney, the wanderer ; or, female difficulties. london : printed for longman, hurst, rees, orme and brown, paternoster - row. 1814. in a letter of 23 - 24 september 1813, jane austen mentioned “ mde darblay ’ s new novel ” — a novel that can only be the wanderer — to cassandra in a letter sent from godmersham park, the home of her brother edward. she could not have read the book at this point, since it was not published until 1814, but the first edition of the wanderer appears as an entry in the godmersham library catalogue, so it is possible that she later read the godmersham library copy while staying there, and that the copy on display here was the copy she read, either at chawton or at godmersham park, since books seemed to have travelled on occasion between the two estates. austen was a great admirer of frances burney ’ s work, mentioning burney ’ s cecilia and camilla as two of the works “ in which the greatest powers of the mind are displayed, in which the most thorough knowledge of human nature, the happiest delineation of its varieties, the liveliest effusions of wit and humour, are conveyed to the world in the best chosen language ” ( northanger abbey 31 ). she also alludes directly to camilla in “ sanditon, ” and paraphrases evelina ’ s dr. villars in pride and prejudice. eaton stannard barrett, the heroine ; or, adventures of a fair romance reader. london : printed for henry colburn, public library, conduit - street, hanover - square,


course have known, on two grounds : that we know that she was interested in the picturesque, and to show off dr. syntax ’ s remarkable chin ( see above ). it may be that austen was thinking of the thomas rowlandson illustrations to the 1812 edition, which caricature nose and chin, rather than the text itself, which does not mention his facial features. but as her brother wrote in the “ biographical notice, ” “ she was a warm and judicious admirer of landscape, both in nature and on canvass. at a very early age she was enamoured of gilpin on the picturesque ; and she seldom changed her opinions either on books or men ” ( 330 ). she kept up with publications on the picturesque, and it therefore seems very probable that she had read the poem, as well as looked at the illustrations. austen satirizes the fashionable cult of the picturesque in sense and sensibility, where edward ferrars tells marianne dashwood : “ you must... remember i have no knowledge in the picturesque, and i shall offend you by my ignorance and want of taste if we come to particulars. i shall call hills steep, which ought to be bold ; surfaces strange and uncouth, which ought to be irregular and rugged ; and distant objects out of sight, which ought only to be indistinct through the soft medium of a hazy atmosphere.... it exactly answers my idea of a fine country because it unites beauty with utility — and i dare say it is a picturesque one too, because you admire it ; i can easily believe it to be full of rocks and promontories, grey moss and brush wood, but these are all lost on me. i know nothing of the picturesque. ”... “ it is very true, ” said marianne, “ that admiration of landscape scenery is become a mere jargon. every body pretends to feel and tries to describe with the taste and elegance of him who first defined what picturesque beauty was. ” ( 112 - 13 ) helen maria williams, a narrative of the events which have taken place in france with an account of the present state of society and public opinion. 2nd edition. london : printed for john murray, albemarle - street. 1816. jane austen borrowed the first edition of this book from her publisher, john murray, while staying in london with her brother henry, writing to cassandra : “ he [ john murray ] has lent us miss williams & scott, & says that any book of his


jane austen borrowed the first edition of this book from her publisher, john murray, while staying in london with her brother henry, writing to cassandra : “ he [ john murray ] has lent us miss williams & scott, & says that any book of his will always be at my service ” ( 24 november 1815 ). her reading of this work suggests an interest in contemporary politics and recent foreign history, with which she is rarely credited. following james edward ’ s statement that “ the politics of the day occupied very little of her attention ” ( memoir 78 ), for many years critics considered austen to be an entirely apolitical writer, with little or no interest in contemporary current events. however, more recent scholarly work has reassessed this early view. austen ’ s reading of the narrative of the events which have lately taken place in france demonstrates the breadth of her reading, and mention of scott and williams in the same breath shows her willingness to read books by those with widely differing political views. helen maria williams was a notorious political radical, an “ unsex ’ d female ” in richard polwhele ’ s 1798 poem of the same name, in which he warns women readers in particular away from “ gallic freaks ” such as mary wollstonecraft and williams. walter scott was broadly conservative in his political ideology. sir walter scott, the antiquary. edinburgh : printed by james ballantyne and co. for archibald constable and co. edinburgh ; and longman, hurst, rees, orme, and brown, london. 1816. walter scott was probably the most popular british writer of austen ’ s period in both verse and prose. austen had known his poetry since at least 1808, and admired much of it, and when he turned to novels with waverley in 1814, she jokingly wrote to her niece anna : “ walter scott has no business to write novels, especially good ones. — it is not fair. — he has fame & profit enough as a poet, and should not be taking the bread out of other people ’ s mouths. — i do not like him, & do not mean to like waverley if i can help it — but fear i must ” ( 28 september 1814 ). it is likely that she read all his works published in her lifetime. we know she read marmion, the lady of the lake, and the lay of the last minstrel. from her letters, we know that she planned to read waverley ( and doubtless did so ), and she certainly read the antiqua


know she read marmion, the lady of the lake, and the lay of the last minstrel. from her letters, we know that she planned to read waverley ( and doubtless did so ), and she certainly read the antiquary, mentioning it humorously in a letter to james edward in 1816 : “ we could make our heroine read [ a sermon by henry austen ] aloud of a sunday evening, just as well as isabella wardour in the antiquary, is made to read the history of the hartz demon in the ruins of st ruth — tho ’ i beleive, upon recollection, lovell is the reader ” ( 16 - 17 december 1816 ). austen read scott ’ s review of emma, writing that “ the authoress of emma has no reason i think to complain of her treatment in it — except in the total omission of mansfield park ” ( 1 april 1816 ), but there is no evidence that she knew that the “ clever ” author of the review was scott, anonymity being a policy of the quarterly review, as indeed it was for every other literary review of the period. austen certainly never knew the extent of scott ’ s admiration for her : he wrote in his journal that he considered “ her talent for describing the involvement and feelings and characters of ordinary life ” to be “ the most wonderful i ever met with ” ( 14 march 1826 ). jane west, alicia de lacy, an historical romance. london : printed for longman, hurst, rees, orme, and brown, paternoster - row. 1814. on 28 september, 1814, jane austen wrote to her niece anna that she was “ quite determined... not to be pleased with mrs west ’ s alicia de lacy, should i ever meet with it, which i hope i may not. — i think i can be stout against any thing written by mrs west. — i have made up my mind to like no novels really, but miss edgeworth ’ s, yours & my own ” ( 28 september 1814 ). this was, of course, a joke from northanger abbey ’ s great defender of the genre of the novel as “ productions [ that ] have afforded more extensive and unaffected pleasure than those of any other literary corporation in the world ” ( 30 ). austen continued to read novels voraciously, including historical romances like alicia de lacy, throughout the following years. she never became a fan of jane west ’ s conservative and didactic work, though she does express


the world ” ( 30 ). austen continued to read novels voraciously, including historical romances like alicia de lacy, throughout the following years. she never became a fan of jane west ’ s conservative and didactic work, though she does express astonished admiration for her multitasking abilities in a letter of 1816 to cassandra : “ and how good mrs west cd have written such books & collected so many hard words, with all her family cares, is still more a matter of astonishment! composition seems to me impossible, with a head full of joints of mutton & doses of rhubarb ” ( 8 - 9 september 1816 ). allusions in novels from the chawton years hannah more, cœlebs in search of a wife. london : printed for t. cadell and w. davies, in the strand. 1808. in a piece of austen ’ s juvenilia, “ catharine ; or, the bower, ” an old - fashioned aunt berates her niece for sitting alone in the garden with a young man. she says : “ i had hoped to see you respectable and good ; to see you able and willing to give an example of modesty and virtue to all the young people here abouts. i bought you blair ’ s sermons, and coelebs in search of a wife, i gave you the key to my own library, and borrowed a great many good books of my neighbours for you, all to this purpose ” ( juvenilia 287 ). peter sabor writes that austen originally wrote “ seccar ’ s explanation of the catechism, ” alluding to lectures on the catechism of the church of england ( 1769 ) by archbishop thomas secker. secker ’ s work was popular in its time, but jane austen might have found it dated by the early 1800s. more ’ s novel, about a bachelor in search of the perfect wife ( his name derives from caelebs, latin for unmarried ) caught jane austen ’ s attention as soon as it was published. in a letter to cassandra of 24 january 1809, she writes, “ my disinclination for it before was affected, but now it is real ; i do not like the evangelicals. ” a week later, she added that in the name “ coelebs, there is pedantry & affectation. — is it written only to classical scholars? ” ( juvenilia 501 - 02, n. 114 ) given the date of the publication of cœlebs in search


name “ coelebs, there is pedantry & affectation. — is it written only to classical scholars? ” ( juvenilia 501 - 02, n. 114 ) given the date of the publication of cœlebs in search of a wife, it seems likely that austen returned to some of her juvenile works once she and the family were settled in chawton cottage, updating the literary reference in “ catharine ” to a more suitable title, one uppermost in her mind because of the correspondence with cassandra earlier in the year. richard brinsley sheridan, the rivals, a comedy. as it is acted at the theatre - royal in covent garden. london : printed for john wilkie, no. 71, st. paul ’ s church - yard, 1775. jane austen was a keen theatre - goer, as demonstrated by ( among others ) penny gay in jane austen and the theatre. in mansfield park, the company rejects a number of plays, including the rivals, before finally settling on elizabeth inchbald ’ s translation of august von kotzebue ’ s lovers ’ vows : “ all the best plays were run over in vain. neither hamlet, nor macbeth, nor othello, nor douglas, nor the gamester, presented any thing that could satisfy even the tragedians ; and the rivals, the school for scandal, wheel of fortune, heir at law, and a long etcetera, were successively dismissed with yet warmer objections ” ( 154 ). the rejection of “ the best plays ” in favour of lovers ’ vows, a play notorious for its validation of free love, shows the intellectual nullity and the moral risk involved in the projected acting scheme. the copy of the rivals displayed at the exhibition in 2009 was open at the scene where lydia languish hides her more risque books such as the innocent adultery under a copy of richard allestree ’ s the whole duty of man. this scene must surely have appealed to austen, given her interest in the use of books to denote character. the works of the right hon. lord byron. london : printed for john murray, albermarle - street. 1815. in persuasion, anne elliot kindly draws out the heartbroken captain benwick by talking about literature. both characters read the latest productions, and delight in discussing the two most popular authors of the time, lord byron and sir walter scott : [ t ] hough shy, he did not seem reserved ; it had rather the appearance of feelings glad to burst their usual


read the latest productions, and delight in discussing the two most popular authors of the time, lord byron and sir walter scott : [ t ] hough shy, he did not seem reserved ; it had rather the appearance of feelings glad to burst their usual restraints ; and having talked of poetry, the richness of the present age, and gone through a brief comparison of opinion as to the first - rate poets, trying to ascertain whether marmion or the lady of the lake were to be preferred, and how ranked the giaour and the bride of abydos ; and moreover, how the giaour was to be pronounced, he shewed himself so intimately acquainted with all the tenderest songs of the one poet, and all the impassioned descriptions of hopeless agony of the other ; he repeated, with such tremulous feeling, the various lines which imaged a broken heart, or a mind destroyed by wretchedness, and looked so entirely as if he meant to be understood, that she ventured to hope he did not always read only poetry ; and to say, that she thought it was the misfortune of poetry, to be seldom safely enjoyed by those who enjoyed it completely ; and that the strong feelings which alone could estimate it truly, were the very feelings which ought to taste it but sparingly.... [ s ] he ventured to recommend a larger allowance of prose in his daily study ; and on being requested to particularize, mentioned such works of our best moralists, such collections of the finest letters, such memoirs of characters of worth and suffering, as occurred to her at the moment as calculated to rouse and fortify the mind by the highest precepts, and the strongest examples of moral and religious endurances. ( 108 - 09 ) austen could have read the giaour and the bride of abydos any time between their publication in 1813 and the writing of persuasion in 1815 - 16. ann radcliffe, the romance of the forest : interspersed with some pieces of poetry. by the authoress of “ a sicilian romance, ” & c. london : printed for t. hookham and j. carpenter, new and old bond street. 1791. regina maria roche, the children of the abbey, a tale. in two volumes. 4th edition. dublin : printed by p wogan, 23, old - bridge. 1801. the romance of the forest and the children or the abbey are books recommended to robert martin by harriet smith in emma. harriet tells emma : “ ‘ [ h ] e has


dublin : printed by p wogan, 23, old - bridge. 1801. the romance of the forest and the children or the abbey are books recommended to robert martin by harriet smith in emma. harriet tells emma : “ ‘ [ h ] e has read a good deal — but not what you would think any thing of. he reads the agricultural reports and some other books, that lay in one of the window seats — but he reads all them to himself. but sometimes of an evening, before we went to cards, he would read something aloud out of the elegant extracts — very entertaining. and i know he has read the vicar of wakefield. he never read the romance of the forest, nor the children of the abbey. he had never heard of such books before i mentioned them, but he is determined to get them now as soon as ever he can. ’ ” ( 28 ) gothic novels such as these appear also in northanger abbey, where both catherine morland and isabella thorpe are addicted to the mysteries of udolpho, and isabella reels off a list of “ ‘ ten or twelve more of the same kind ’ ” ( there are actually seven ) : “ ‘ castle of wolfenbach, clermont, mysterious warnings, necromancer of the black forest, midnight bell, orphan of the rhine, and horrid mysteries. ’ ” they also propose to read the italian together ( 33 ). it seems probable that austen read radcliffe ’ s and roche ’ s works as they came out in the 1790s, and re - read the romance of the forest and the children of the abbey just before or during the writing of emma, as both are particularly relevant in terms of their plot. richard cronin and dorothy macmillan point out : “ both novels tell the story of young women of doubtful birth, adeline and amanda, who are, at the last, revealed to be heirs to noble titles and estates, discoveries which permit them to marry the well - bred young men they love. they offer harriet, the illegitimate ‘ parlour boarder ’ at mrs goddard ’ s school, precisely the kind of wish - fulfilling fantasy that she might be expected to crave ” ( emma liii ). harriet is disappointed when robert martin forgets to get the romance of the forest, and emma takes the opportunity to suggest that this forgetfulness demonstrates his unsuitability as a suitor. charlotte lennox, the female quixote or, the adventures of arabella. london : printed for a. millar, over - against


, and emma takes the opportunity to suggest that this forgetfulness demonstrates his unsuitability as a suitor. charlotte lennox, the female quixote or, the adventures of arabella. london : printed for a. millar, over - against catharine - street in the strand. 1752. jane austen read the female quixote at least twice, as shown by this letter to cassandra : “ ‘ alphonsine ’ [ an 1806 novel by stephanie - felicite de genlis ; see below ] did not do. we were disgusted in twenty pages, as, independent of a bad translation, it has indelicacies which disgrace a pen hitherto so pure ; and we changed it for the ‘ female quixotte, ’ which now makes our evening amusement ; to me a very high one, as i find the work quite equal to what i remembered it. mrs f [ rancis ] a [ usten ], to whom it is new, enjoys it as one could wish ; the other mary [ mrs. james austen ], i believe, has little pleasure from that or any other book ” ( 7 - 8 january 1807 ). its heroine, who takes literally the romances that she reads, seems to have influenced austen ’ s depiction of a number of characters, among them northanger abbey ’ s catherine morland and emma ’ s harriet smith. she may also have had the book in mind when writing “ sanditon ” in 1817, as in this fragment we find a heroine who forms a corrective to the female quixotes of her earlier novels, charlotte heywood, who is “ a very sober - minded young lady, sufficiently well - read in novels to supply her imagination with amusements, but not at all unreasonably influenced by them ” ( 169 ). stephanie - felicite de genlis, adele et theodore, ou lettres sur l ’ education, contenant tous les principles relatifs aux trois differens plans d ’ education des princes, des jeunes personnes, & des hommes. paris : chez les libraires associes. 1782. stephanie - felicite de genlis, adelaide and theodore or letters on education : containing all the principles relative to three different plans of education ; to that of princes, and to those of young persons of both sexes translated from the french of madame la comtesse de genlis. london : printed for c. bathurst, in fleet - street ; and t. cadell


different plans of education ; to that of princes, and to those of young persons of both sexes translated from the french of madame la comtesse de genlis. london : printed for c. bathurst, in fleet - street ; and t. cadell, in the strand. 1783. the godmersham park library catalogue of 1818 shows that there is a copy of the french edition of stephanie - felicite de genlis ’ s adele et theodore in the library collection : the publication date is incorrectly given as 1772, perhaps owing to a misreading of the roman numerals on the title page — a not uncommon error in the 1818 catalogue. the french work was in fact first published ten years later, in 1782, and was a success across western europe, with dutch, italian, polish, spanish, and russian translations appearing in the late - eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century. it is a hybrid epistolary novel / treatise on education, focusing on the education of the female child, and providing her with a lengthy reading list to follow through her education from childhood to marriage. it is not known whether austen read the french originals of genlis ’ s work, or indeed those of any other french writers. however, her letter to james stanier clarke, claiming she is “ a woman, who... knows only her mother - tongue & has read very little in that ” ( 11 december 1815 ) belies the evidence of reading french literature in translation that can be found in austen ’ s letters. she writes to cassandra from steventon in november 1800, “ having just finished the first volume of [ genlis ’ s ] les veillees de chateau, i think it a good opportunity for beginning a letter to you while my mind is stored with ideas worth transmitting ” ( 8 - 9 november 1800 ), and almost sixteen years later, in a letter to her niece caroline from chawton in march 1816, she writes of having lent “ aunt frank the 1st vol. of les veillees du chateau, for mary jane to read ” ( 13 march 1816 ). both the french title of the work and the use of the french names “ olimpe et theophile ” for two of the characters in the novel, perhaps suggest that it was not thomas holcroft ’ s 1785 translation, the tales of the castle, but rather the original french publication of les veillees du chateau, published alongside adele et theodore in 1782, and as a companion volume to the novel, that austen read. in the case of


’ s 1785 translation, the tales of the castle, but rather the original french publication of les veillees du chateau, published alongside adele et theodore in 1782, and as a companion volume to the novel, that austen read. in the case of adele et theodore, however, the situation is less clear. certainly it is the english title of the novel adelaide and theodore, that austen quotes at the end of emma, although she uses the french version of the names of the main characters : “ ‘ she has had the advantage, you know, of practising on me, ’ she continued — ‘ like la baronne d ’ almane on la comtesse d ’ ostalis, in madame de genlis ’ adelaide and theodore, and we shall now see her own little adelaide educated on a more perfect plan ’ ” ( 503 ). the first edition of the english translation ( there were four editions in total, in 1783, 1784, 1788 and 1796 ) is a recent acquisition for chawton house library, purchased in 2007. an inscription identifies the unknown female translators for the first time : to the revd chr. hunter from the * editors & translators who were assisted most kindly by him in this their labour. 1783. * mrs watson of essex & her daughters ( of norman house, stansted ) it was not uncommon for translation to be carried out as a group activity in the late eighteenth century : it was a suitable female accomplishment, and an important part of a young girl ’ s education, as austen ’ s loan of les veillees du chateau to her young niece suggests. like the practice of taking extracts, it turned women ’ s reading into an active, rather than what was seen as a dangerously passive, occupation. in the case of adelaide and theodore, three women seemed to have divided the three volumes between them and to have hidden behind the mask of anonymity : the preface to the 1784 edition identifies them only as some ladies, who through misfortunes, too common at this time, are reduced from ease and opulence, to the necessity of applying, to the support of life, those accomplishments which were given them in their youth, for the amusement and embellishment of it. william cowper, the task. london : printed for john sharpe, duke street, piccadilly ; by c. and c. whittingham, chiswick. 1825. according to her brother, cowper was jane austen ’ s “ favourite moral writer... in verse ” ( “ biographical notice


, duke street, piccadilly ; by c. and c. whittingham, chiswick. 1825. according to her brother, cowper was jane austen ’ s “ favourite moral writer... in verse ” ( “ biographical notice ” 330 ), and he was a favorite poet of many british readers throughout the nineteenth century. this copy of the task is too late an edition for austen herself to have read, but it eventually ended up in austen ’ s great - nephew ’ s library at godmersham and then finally in the library at chawton. austen quotes from or alludes to cowper more frequently than any other poet in her novels and letters. fanny price quotes from the task in mansfield park : “ cut down an avenue! what a pity! does not it make you think of cowper? ‘ ye fallen avenues, once more i mourn your fate unmerited. ’ ” ( 66 ). the task is also quoted in emma : when [ mr. knightley ] was again in their company, he could not help remembering what he had seen ; nor could he avoid observations which, unless it were like cowper and his fire at twilight, “ myself creating what i saw, ” brought him yet stronger suspicion of there being a something of private liking, of private understanding even, between frank churchill and jane. ( 373 ). jane austen alludes to the task in a letter of 8 - 9 february 1807 to cassandra : “ at my own particular desire he procures us some syringas. i could not do without a syringa, for the sake of cowper ’ s line. ” the line in question is from “ the winter walk at noon ” : “ laburnum, rich / in streaming gold ; syringa, iv ’ ry pure ” ( 6 : 149 - 50 ). there are at least four further references to cowper in letters dating from 1798 to 1813. the rev. george austen read cowper aloud to the family in the evenings, as we know from a letter of 1798, and there is little doubt that he was a poet who came to his daughter ’ s mind constantly. books from the knight collection the books discussed in this section come from the knight collection. they are all also to be found in the godmersham library catalogue of 1818, and thus are books that would have been available to jane austen when she visited her brother, edward knight, in kent. “ library catalogue godmersham park 1818. ” 2 vols. godmersham


in the godmersham library catalogue of 1818, and thus are books that would have been available to jane austen when she visited her brother, edward knight, in kent. “ library catalogue godmersham park 1818. ” 2 vols. godmersham. c. 1818 - c. 1842. this manuscript catalogue of the library at godmersham park, the main residence of austen ’ s brother edward, was presumably started in 1818, the date embossed on the cover. however, there are books listed that were published as late as the early 1840s, so clearly the catalogue was maintained and updated over a number of years. the library would have been built up by succeeding generations ; edward inherited it together with the property, but clearly he continued to acquire new works for the collection. jane austen made extended visits to her brother and his family at godmersham, and she certainly knew the library ; on one such visit, she wrote : the comfort of the billiard table here is very great. — it draws all the gentlemen to it whenever they are within, especially after dinner, so that my br fanny & i have the library to ourselves in delightful quiet. ( 14 - 15 october 1813 ) the library was clearly central to life at godmersham ; earlier that year, she told cassandra that “ we live in the library except at meals ” ( 23 - 24 september 1813 ). as is to be expected, most works in the godmersham library date from 1700 onwards, when the number of books being published increased dramatically, but there are a number of seventeenth - century works included and even a handful of books produced in the 1500s : the oldest work listed is a 1523 edition of erasmus ’ s moriae encomium. the library includes books in several languages as well as english. there are texts ( usually in the original greek or latin ) by classical greek and roman writers and philosophers, as would befit a gentleman ’ s library at this time, including works by plutarch, plato, homer, sophocles, epictetus, euripides, horace, virgil, and ovid. there are a substantial number of french books ( including works by major figures in eighteenth - century french philosophy, such as voltaire and rousseau, and classic works of french fiction such as gil - blas ), several books in italian, and at least one in german. in terms of the subjects included, much of what is in the godmersham library probably reflects the interests of many such country house libraries at the time


such as gil - blas ), several books in italian, and at least one in german. in terms of the subjects included, much of what is in the godmersham library probably reflects the interests of many such country house libraries at the time. there are books on travel ( not just around britain and europe but also much further afield, including journeys to egypt, syria, africa, north america, and india ) ; history books ( mainly english history but there are also histories of europe more generally, and of specific countries or regions such as greece, russia, and the ottoman empire ) ; many works on religion, including books of common prayer, several seventeenth - century bibles, and a significant number of collections of sermons by various authors ; examples of conduct literature, such as works by jane west, hester chapone, and hannah more ; books about architecture and painting ; parliamentary records ( more than one owner of godmersham park was an mp ) ; works on science and medicine ; dictionaries ( including two editions of samuel johnson ’ s ) and works on grammar ( not just english but also greek ) ; and a selection of periodicals, such as a 1758 - 1791 run of the annual register. unsurprisingly, given that this is the library of landed gentry, there are books on farming, agriculture, and horsemanship, as well as gardening and landscape, and there are also a number of books on kent and the local area. a glimpse into godmersham leisure pursuits is offered by a short treatise on the game of whist ( by edmund hoyle, 1746 ), and chess analysed ( f. d. philidor, 1773 ). in terms of literature, as one would expect, there are works by many of the major figures, including shakespeare ( three editions of the complete works ), milton, dryden, and pope. there are also a significant number of novels in the library : austen ’ s favorite, according to her family, samuel richardson ’ s sir charles grandison ( 1810 edition ) ; henry fielding ’ s joseph andrews ( 1742 ) and tom jones ( 1749 ) ; laurence sterne ’ s tristram shandy ( 1760 ), and jonathan swift ’ s travels... by lemuel gulliver ( 1726 ). there are, in addition, many titles that are much less well - known today : for example, thinks - i - to - myself by robert nares ( 1812, 2nd ed. ) and the placid man : or,


1726 ). there are, in addition, many titles that are much less well - known today : for example, thinks - i - to - myself by robert nares ( 1812, 2nd ed. ) and the placid man : or, memoirs of sir charles beville, by charles jenner ( 1770 ). the novel collection includes a number of novels by women — works by the well - known and popular writers frances burney and maria edgeworth, and others : harriet and sophia lee ’ s canterbury tales ( 1804, 4th ed. ) ; sarah scott ’ s millenium hall ( 1762 ) and the history of sir george ellison ( 1766 ) ; frances brooke ’ s the history of lady julia mandeville ( 1763 ) ; catherine parry ’ s eden vale ( 1784 ) and jane porter ’ s the pastor ’ s fire - side ( 1817 ) are some examples. there are several novels by french women writers, testimony to the importance and popularity of these writers in eighteenth - century england. these works include letters written by a peruvian princess by francoise d ’ issembourg d ’ happoncourt de grafigny ( or graffigny : both spellings are used, and no less than two english editions of this hugely popular and influential novel appear in the catalogue, as well as one in the original french ) ; lettres de milady juliette catesby, a milady henriette campley, son amie by marie jeanne de heurles laboras de mezieres riccoboni ( 1760, 4th ed. ), and, as previously discussed, stephanie - felicite de genlis ’ s adele et theodore, ou, lettres sur l ’ education ( 1782 ). the implication is that the family at godmersham ( or at least some members ) were not only novel - readers, but also valued their novels enough to retain them, accommodate them on the library shelves, and document them in the catalogue along with the rest of the collection. at the end of the godmersham library catalogue, underneath the entries for self - control, marmion, and several other works austen may have read, a small number of books are recorded as having been “ removed to the drawg. room ” from the library. presumably these were family favorites or those books that were to be given pride of place. among these treasured books are the history of sir charles grandison, works by maria edgeworth, frances burney, and robert southey — and, of course, all six novels by austen


those books that were to be given pride of place. among these treasured books are the history of sir charles grandison, works by maria edgeworth, frances burney, and robert southey — and, of course, all six novels by austen herself. mary brunton, self - control : a novel. 3rd edition. edinburgh : printed for george ramsay & co. for manners and miller, edinburgh ; and longman, hurst, rees, orme, and brown, london. 1811. in april of 1811, jane wrote to cassandra that she had “ tried to get self - controul, but in vain. — i should like to know what [ mrs. knight ’ s ] estimate is — but am always half afraid of finding a clever novel too clever — & of finding my own story & my own people all forestalled ” ( 30 april 1811 ). on 11 october 1813, she wrote from godmersham park, “ i am looking over self control again, & my opinion is confirmed of its ’ being an excellently - meant, elegantly - written work, without anything of nature or probability in it. i declare i do not know whether laura ’ s passage down the american river, is not the most natural, possible, every - day thing she ever does ” ( 11 - 12 october 1813 ). the copy shown above is in all probability the very copy that austen was “ looking over ” in 1813, listed in the 1818 godmersham catalogue. sir walter scott, marmion : a tale of flodden field. 4th edition. edinburgh : printed by j. ballantyne and co. for archibald constable and company, edinburgh ; and william miller, albemarle - street, and john murray, london. 1808. sir walter scott, the lady of the lake, a poem. illustrated edition. london : charles tilt, fleet street. 1839. the knight collection contains three separate editions of the lady of the lake, including the third and fourth ballantyne editions of 1810, both of which austen may have read. we chose to display the later edition, the property of austen ’ s niece, for the charming illustrations. on 22 june 1808, jane austen wrote to cassandra, “ ought i to be very much pleased with marmion? — as yet i am not. — james reads it aloud in the eveng ” ( 20 - 22 june 1808 ). although she was not at first impressed, she liked the work well enough to buy a copy for her brother charles in january


? — as yet i am not. — james reads it aloud in the eveng ” ( 20 - 22 june 1808 ). although she was not at first impressed, she liked the work well enough to buy a copy for her brother charles in january of 1809, and to appropriate some lines from it to her own purposes in a letter of 1813. describing the first edition of pride and prejudice, she writes : “ there are a few typical errors — & a ‘ said he ’ or a ‘ said she ’ would sometimes make the dialogue more immediately clear — but ‘ i do not write for such dull elves / as have not a great deal of ingenuity themselves ’ ” ( 29 january 1813 ). the actual lines are from marmion : “ i do not rhyme to that dull elf / who cannot image to himself ” ( 6 : 38 ). she alludes to the lady of the lake in june of 1811, writing : “ we began pease on sunday, but our gatherings are very small — not at all like the gathering in the lady of the lake ” ( 6 june 1811 ). these works are also alluded to in persuasion. william shakespeare, the works of shakespeare, volume the second. containing, love ’ s labour lost. a midsummer - night ’ s dream. the merchant of venice. as you like it. the taming of the shrew. all ’ s well that ends well. london : printed for j. tonson, and the rest of the proprietors. two title pages giving different publication dates ( 1635 and 1735 ) ; actual date of publication 1725 [? ]. jane austen frequently quotes or alludes to shakespeare. as henry crawford says in mansfield park, shakespeare is “ ‘ part of an englishman ’ s constitution. his thoughts and beauties are so spread abroad that one touches them every where, one is intimate with him by instinct ’ ” ( 390 - 91 ). a midsummer night ’ s dream is quoted by emma woodhouse in emma : “ there does seem to be a something in the air of hartfield which gives love exactly the right direction, and sends it into the very channel where it ought to flow. the course of true love never did run smooth — a hartfield edition of shakespeare would have a long note on that passage. ” ( 79 - 80 ). jocelyn harris suggests that this play is a significant intertext in emma : “ when emma asserts in defiance of shakespeare that the course of true love can run smooth at hartfield, she reveals not only her enchanting hub


( 79 - 80 ). jocelyn harris suggests that this play is a significant intertext in emma : “ when emma asserts in defiance of shakespeare that the course of true love can run smooth at hartfield, she reveals not only her enchanting hubris but a hint that jane austen had at least a scrap of midsummer night ’ s dream in her head when she wrote emma. i believe one can say more. just as predecessors provided her with controlling designs and inspiration in earlier works, so this comedy, even more thoroughly, lies behind emma ” ( art of memory 169 ). there were several unidentified editions of shakespeare in the library at godmersham in 1818. we do not know which of them she used, but it does not seem likely that austen would have relied on this copy, a gift to her nephew in 1812, when structuring the plot of emma. we chose to include this copy in the exhibition to demonstrate the ways in which books frequently passed between members of the austen family as gifts. the new baronetage of england : containing, as well as a concise genealogical history, as the present state and alliances of the english baronets, and baronets of great britain, from the institution of the order in 1611, to the union with ireland, at the close of the year 1800 ; with their armorial bearings, correctly engraved ; and a list of the baronets of the united kingdom since created. vol ii. london : printed for william miller, old bond - street, and edmund lloyd, harley street. june 1804. this copy has been annotated at the following entries : pp. 489 - 90, p. 498, pp. 566 - 67, pp. 621 - 22, p. 792, p. 864. the entry for bridges, baronets of goodnestone park, goodnestone - next - wingham, kent ( 566 - 67 ), has been heavily annotated. since the notes were made, the pages have been re - trimmed and possibly rebound, resulting in the loss of some of the annotations which refer to marriages, deaths and births within the bridges family. at the bottom of page 567 it is possible to read the following : “ x married 1791, edwd. austen esq. [? ] godmersham park, kent. ” the rest of the annotation has been damaged by cropping, but it seems to refer to the births of edward ( austen ) knight ’ s children. within the entry for bridges, the