ask pablo : can food in a bpa - lined can still be considered organic? there are really two questions here : whether or not the usda consider food packaged in bpa - lined cans organic and ; whether or not we should consider food packaged in bpa - lined cans organic. first we need to figure out what bpa is for those that have never heard of it, then we need to look at the usda national organic program ' s standards, and finally, we need to answer the question : even if it is allowed for organic food packaging, do we want to feed it to our children, our selves, or even our pets? what is bpa? bisphenol a ( bpa ) is an organic ( by the carbon - containing chemistry definition ) compound that is used in polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and surprisingly, in cash register receipts. bpa is an endocrine disruptor with several proven and suspected health effects, including cancer, obesity, and reproductive issues. bpa has been classified as a toxic substance by canada and has been banned from use in baby bottles in the european union. in the case of canned vegetables, soup and other products, bpa is used in the lining of the can. this lining prevents the corrosion of the can from the inside and keeps the oxidation products of the metal out of the food. unfortunately, the close contact between the food and this liner, means that compounds such as bpa can leach into the product. this can be increased when the can is exposed to heat ( during packaging or in a hot car ) or if it contains acidic foods. does the usda approve of bpa - lined cans for organic food? the usda national organic program regulates the growing and manufacturing processes for products that wish to use the approved usda organic labels. what is not part of this program is the regulation of unintended ingredients, including the leaching of bpa into the product from its packaging. according to the usda : " the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) approves food packaging materials. any material intended for use in food packaging must be formulated in compliance with fda requirements for its intended use under the federal food, drug and cosmetic act ( ffdca ). " while it is unrelated to the usda ' s national organic program, the fda does regulate the use of " food contact substances " such as bisphenol a, which it does allow. should we accept bpa - lined cans for our


" while it is unrelated to the usda ' s national organic program, the fda does regulate the use of " food contact substances " such as bisphenol a, which it does allow. should we accept bpa - lined cans for our organic food? like the health impact of cell phone microwaves, or radiation for the nuclear disaster in japan, it will take more time to understand the true health impacts of bpa. according to the national toxicology program expert panel report the average adult consumes 0. 008 - 1. 5 µg / kg / day, or 253 µg / year to 0. 0474 g / year for the average american male. measurable amounts of bpa have been discovered in the blood and urine of people for years. however, just the presence of trace amount of anything in our bodily fluids does not automatically equate to health impacts. certainly the precautionary principal is warranted in this case and bpa - containing cans should be avoided. treehugger has identified at least 7 companies you can trust to use bpa - free cans, including eden foods and even general mills. it is recommended that you avoid buying food in bpa - lined cans altogether. if bpa - lined cans are unavoidable, try to stay away from acidic foods, and never heat up your food in the can. if it ' s not organic, should it be? so, is food that is packaged in bpa - lined cans considered organic by the usda national organic program? the answer is yes, because the program regulates the production and manufacture of the foods, not the packaging, or any other environmental impacts ( such as transportation ) for that matter. should it be considered organic? well, there are advocates for stricter organic standards, which would ensure that foods are not only grown in an environmentally conscious way but also delivered to the customer without harmful substances unintentionally added. finally, should you eat food from bpa - lined cans? it is a personal decision, of course. but if you believe in the precautionary principle, it may be better to avoid it until it can be conclusively proven to be safe. you might be waiting for a while. pablo paster is a weekly columnist for treehugger. com and principal environmental consultant at hara software. send your questions to pablo ( at ) treehugger. com or submit the via this form and connect to his rss feed. more treehugger articles on bpa in


leukoplakia are patches on the tongue, in the mouth, or on the inside of the cheek that occur in response to long - term irritation. leukoplakia patches may also develop on the outer female genitals. hairy leukoplakia ; smoker ' s keratosis ; vulvar leukoplakia causes, incidence, and risk factors leukoplakia mainly affects the mucus membranes of the mouth. it is thought to be caused by irritation, but the cause is not always known. irritation in the mouth may be caused by : - rough teeth - rough places on dentures, fillings, and crowns - smoking or other tobacco use ( smoker ' s keratosis ), especially pipes - holding chewing tobacco or snuff in your mouth for a long period of time the disorder is most common in elderly persons. " hairy " leukoplakia of the mouth is a different disorder that is seen mostly in hiv - positive people. it may be one of the first signs of hiv infection. it can also appear in other people whose immune system is not working well, such as after a bone marrow transplant. it is caused by the epstein - barr virus, but is not harmful by itself. the most common symptoms of hairy leukoplakia are painless, fuzzy white patches on the side of the tongue. sores usually develop on the tongue, but they may also appear on the insides of the cheek, or on the outer female genitals. the most common symptoms of hairy leukoplakia are painless, fuzzy white patches on the side of the tongue. the sores are : - usually white or gray - sometimes red ( called erythroplakia, a condition that can lead to cancer ) - thick and slightly raised with a hard surface that can ' t be easily scraped off signs and tests the typical white patch of leukoplakia develops slowly, over weeks to months. the lesion may eventually become rough in texture, and may become sensitive to touch, heat, spicy foods, or other irritation. a biopsy of the lesion confirms the diagnosis. an examination of the biopsy specimen may find changes that indicate oral cancer. the goal of treatment is to get rid of the lesion. removing the source of irritation is important and may cause the lesion to disappear. - treat dental causes such as rough teeth, irregular denture surface, or fillings as soon as possible. - stop smoking or using other


rid of the lesion. removing the source of irritation is important and may cause the lesion to disappear. - treat dental causes such as rough teeth, irregular denture surface, or fillings as soon as possible. - stop smoking or using other tobacco products. - do not drink alcohol. you may need surgery to remove the lesion. the lesion is usually removed in your health care provider ' s office using local anesthesia. leukoplakia on the vulva is treated in the same way as oral lesions. leukoplakia is usually harmless. lesions often clear up in a few weeks or months after the source of irritation is removed. rarely, it may become cancer. calling your health care provider call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have any lesions resembling leukoplakia or hairy leukoplakia. stop smoking or using other tobacco products. do not drink alcohol, or limit your number of alcoholic drinks. have rough teeth treated and dental appliances repaired promptly. sciubba jj. oral mucosal lesions. in : cummings cw, flint pw, haughey bh, et al, eds. otolaryngology : head & neck surgery. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2010 : chap 91. last reviewed 7 / 20 / 2011 by david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine ; seth schwartz, md, mph, otolaryngologist, virginia mason medical center, seattle, washington. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. - the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. - a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. - call 911 for all medical emergencies. - links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


posted 03 june 2012 - 17 : 56 however, i have just been out to tend the plants and have found that four of my fifteen tomato plants have been severed through the stem at ground level. there is some evidence that the stems were pulled. they were attached firmly to bamboo cane and were just about 20 inches tall, so it was not the wind. the foliage suggested the plants had not been severed for that long. would this damage be caused by pigeons?. there are many pairs nesting close by, including one pair in the tree above the tomato plants. i also thought that tomato plants are poisonous to some animals and birds, and therefore not susceptible to problems other than spores, milldew, fungus and blight. thanks in antic... posted 03 june 2012 - 18 : 21 wrap a bit of plastic around the base of the others before dark. sounds more feasible, no to be flippant but it would take superstrength pigeons or incredible teamwork to make that particular sort of damage. posted 03 june 2012 - 18 : 53 i have had mice in the compost heap recently, but i baited them and there has been no activity there since. i will carefully lay some bait behind a tub to see if that is what it is. considering rodents. i also have plenty of tree - rats ( squirrels ) living around. again, thanks for quick replies.


suicide. it ’ s tough to talk about, but learning the facts and signs can save a life. students and suicide college students can face serious mental and behavioral health issues, including depression and binge drinking. the challenge for mental health professionals is how to identify and help them ; nationwide, fewer than 20 % of students who die by suicide are past or current clients of their school ’ s counseling center. however, students who do connect with services often benefit significantly. umass amherst surveys have shown that over 80 % of those who sought mental health care said services helped them stay in school and improve academic performance. suicide myths and facts - people who talk about suicide won ’ t really do it. - if a person ’ s going to attempt suicide, nothing will stop them. - people who commit suicide are unwilling to seek help. - anyone who attempts suicide must be psychotic or insane. - talking about suicide may give someone the idea. fact : almost everyone who attempts suicide has given some clue or warning. don ’ t ignore suicide statements. fact : most who attempt suicide remain uncertain of the decision until the final moment. most suicidal people don ’ t wish for death – they wish for the pain to stop. fact : studies show that more than half of suicide victims sought professional help within six months of their death. fact : most people who commit suicide aren ’ t psychotic, although many are depressed. fact : talking about suicide doesn ’ t give someone suicidal thoughts – the opposite is true. bringing up the subject and talking about it is one of the most helpful things you can do. it helps a suicidal person feel understood and shows you understand the suffering the person ’ s experiencing.


| 2000 - 2001 handbook contents... | | umsl govt. docs... | | umsl libraries... | | umsl home... | loan officers and counselors nature of the work | working conditions | employment | training, other qualifications, and advancement | job outlook | earnings | related occupations | sources of additional information for many individuals, taking out a loan may be the only way to afford a house, car, or college education. likewise for businesses, loans are essential to start many companies, purchase inventory, or invest in capital equipment. loan officers facilitate this lending by seeking potential clients and assisting them in applying for loans. loan officers also gather information about clients and businesses to ensure that an informed decision is made regarding the quality of the loan and the probability of repayment. loan officers usually specialize in commercial, consumer, or mortgage loans. commercial or business loans help companies pay for new equipment or expand operations ; consumer loans include home equity, automobile, and personal loans ; and mortgage loans are made to purchase real estate or to refinance an existing mortgage. in addition, banks and other lenders are offering a growing variety of loans. loan officers must keep abreast of new types of loans and other financial products and services, so they can meet their customers needs. in many instances, loan officers act as salespeople. commercial loan officers, for example, contact firms to determine the firms demand for loans. if the firm is seeking new funds, the loan officer will try to persuade the company to obtain the loan from their institution. similarly, mortgage loan officers develop relationships with commercial and residential real estate agencies, so when an individual or firm buys a property, the real estate agent might recommend contacting that loan officer for financing. once this initial contact has been made, loan officers guide clients through the process of applying for a loan. this process begins with a formal meeting or telephone call with a prospective client, during which the loan officer obtains basic information about the purpose of the loan and explains the different types of loans and credit terms that are available to the applicant. sometimes, the loan officer assists the client in filling out the application and answers questions about the process. after completing the forms, the loan officer begins the process of analyzing and verifying the application to determine the clients creditworthiness. the loan officer may request a copy of the clients credit history from one of the major credit reporting agencies, or in the case of commercial loans, she or he may request copies of the companys financial


the application to determine the clients creditworthiness. the loan officer may request a copy of the clients credit history from one of the major credit reporting agencies, or in the case of commercial loans, she or he may request copies of the companys financial statements. loan officers include this information and their written comments in a loan file, used to analyze the viability of the loan vis - a - vis the lending institutions requirements. at this point, the loan officer, in consultation with her or his manager, decides whether to grant the loan. if approved, a repayment schedule is then arranged with the client. a loan that would otherwise be denied may be approved, if the customer can provide the lender with appropriate collateralproperty pledged as security for the payment of a loan. for example, when lending money for a college education, the bank may insist that the borrower offer her or his home as collateral. if the borrower were ever unable to repay the loan, the borrower would have to sell the home to raise the necessary money. once the loan has been granted, loan counselors, also called loan collection officers, may need to contact borrowers with delinquent accounts to help them find a method of repayment to avoid default on the loan. if a repayment plan cannot be developed, the loan counselor initiates collateral liquidation, in which case the collateral used to secure the loana home or car, for exampleis seized by the lender and sold to repay the loan. a loan officer can also perform this function. working as a loan officer usually involves considerable travel. for example, commercial and mortgage loan officers frequently work away from their offices and rely on laptop computers, cellular phones, and pagers to keep in contact with their offices and clients. mortgage loan officers often work out of their home or car, visiting offices or homes of clients while completing loan applications. commercial loan officers sometimes travel to other cities to prepare complex loan agreements. consumer loan officers and loan counselors, however, are likely to spend most of their time in an office. most loan officers and counselors work a standard 40 - hour week, but many work longer, depending on the number of clients and the demand for loans. mortgage loan officers can work especially long hours, because they are free to take on as many customers as they choose. loan officers usually carry a heavy caseload and sometimes cannot accept new clients until they complete current cases. they are especially busy when interest rates are low, triggering a surge in loan applications. loan officers and counselors


on as many customers as they choose. loan officers usually carry a heavy caseload and sometimes cannot accept new clients until they complete current cases. they are especially busy when interest rates are low, triggering a surge in loan applications. loan officers and counselors held about 227, 000 jobs in 1998. approximately half were employed by commercial banks, savings institutions, and credit unions. others were employed by nonbank financial institutions, such as mortgage banking and brokerage firms and personal credit firms. loan officers are employed throughout the nation, but most work in urban and suburban areas. in rural areas, the branch or assistant manager often handles the loan application process. loan officer positions generally require a bachelors degree in finance, economics, or a related field. most employers prefer applicants who are familiar with computers and their applications in banking. for commercial or mortgage loan officer jobs, training or experience in sales is highly valued by potential employers. loan officers without college degrees usually have reached their positions by advancing through the ranks of an organization and acquiring several years of work experience in various other occupations, such as teller or customer service representative. the american institute of banking, which is affiliated with the american bankers association, offers correspondence courses and college and university classes for students interested in lending as well as for experienced loan officers who want to keep their skills current. the mortgage bankers associations school of mortgage banking also offers classes, both classroom and internet - based, for people involved in real estate lending. completion of these courses and programs enhances ones employment and advancement opportunities. persons planning a career as a loan officer or counselor should be capable of developing effective working relationships with others, confident in their abilities, and highly motivated. for public relations purposes, loan officers must be willing to attend community events as a representative of their employer. capable loan officers and counselors may advance to larger branches of the firm or to managerial positions, while less capable workersand those having inadequate academic preparationcould be assigned to smaller branches and might find promotion difficult. advancement beyond a loan officer position usually includes supervising other loan officers and clerical staff. employment of loan officers and counselors is expected to grow faster than the average for all occupations through 2008. job growth will be driven by an increasing population, expanding economy, and low interest rates, which will lead to more applications for commercial, consumer, and mortgage loans. growth in the variety and complexity of loans, coupled with the importance of loan officers to the success of banks and other lending institutions, should also assure employment growth. although increased demand will generate many new jobs, most openings will


consumer, and mortgage loans. growth in the variety and complexity of loans, coupled with the importance of loan officers to the success of banks and other lending institutions, should also assure employment growth. although increased demand will generate many new jobs, most openings will result from the need to replace workers who leave the occupation or retire. employment growth will be tempered by several factors. first, refinancing of mortgages, a major contributor to the recent growth in the number of loan officers, is expected to diminish, because people who needed to refinance have already done so. also, computers, underwriting software, and communication technologies are making loan officers more productive. they can now spend more time in the field with prospective clients, while still keeping in touch with the office. also, qualifying applicants for loans is being made easier with computers performing much of the analysis. the internet is also expected to slightly dampen the demand for loan officers, as a growing number of people apply for loans online. employment of loan officers is subject to the upturns and downturns of the economy. when interest rates decline dramatically, there is a surge in real estate buying and refinancing that requires additional loan officers specializing in mortgage financing. when the real estate market returns to normal, loan officers can be subject to layoffs. the same applies to commercial loan officers whose workloads increase during good economic times, as companies seek to invest more in their businesses. in difficult economic conditions, loan counselors are likely to see an increase in the number of delinquent loans. even in economic downturns, however, loans remain the major source of revenue for banks, so the fundamental role of loan officers will contribute to job stability. moreover, because loan officers are often paid by commission, the bank may retain them simply by paying less compensation. as in the past, college graduates and those with banking, lending, or sales experience should have the best job prospects. median annual earnings of loan officers and counselors were $ 35, 340 in 1998. the middle 50 percent earned between $ 26, 380 and $ 50, 240. the lowest 10 percent had earnings of less than $ 20, 990, while the top 10 percent earned over $ 82, 270. median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest number of loan officers and counselors in 1997 were : the form of compensation for loan officers varies. most loan officers are paid a commission that is based on the number of loans they originate. in this way, commissions are used to motiv


the largest number of loan officers and counselors in 1997 were : the form of compensation for loan officers varies. most loan officers are paid a commission that is based on the number of loans they originate. in this way, commissions are used to motivate loan officers to bring in more loans. some institutions pay only salaries, while others pay their loan officers a salary plus a commission or bonus, based on the number of loans originated. banks and other lenders sometimes offer their loan officers free checking privileges and somewhat lower interest rates on personal loans. according to a salary survey conducted by robert half international, a staffing services firm specializing in accounting and finance, residential real estate mortgage loan officers earned between $ 31, 600 and $ 47, 000 in 1998 ; commercial real estate mortgage loan officers, between $ 46, 000 and $ 74, 000 ; consumer loan officers, between $ 30, 000 and $ 49, 000 ; and commercial loan officers, between $ 38, 400 and $ 85, 000. smaller banks ordinarily paid 15 percent less than larger banks. loan officers who are paid on a commission basis usually earn more than those on salary only. loan officers help the public manage financial assets and secure loans. occupations that involve similar functions include securities and financial services sales representatives, financial aid officers, real estate agents and brokers, and insurance agents and brokers. disclaimer : links to non - bls internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement. information about a career as a loan officer or counselor can be obtained from : state bankers associations can furnish specific information about job opportunities in their state. also, individual banks can supply information about job openings and the activities, responsibilities, and preferred qualifications of their loan officers. an industry employing loan counselors and officers that appears in the 2000 - 01 career guide to industries : banking last updated : march 30, 2000 | 2000 - 2001 handbook contents... | | umsl govt. docs... | | umsl libraries... | | umsl home... |


if your child needs treatment for weight issues for overweight children, the most successful treatment combines healthy lifestyle changes — improved diet and exercise — with a focus on changing such behaviors as eating while watching tv. overweight children also need psychological support to deal with the lack of self - esteem and isolation they often face. what about drugs or surgery? most doctors consider them last resorts for severely overweight adolescents with other serious risk factors. if you ' re worried about your child ' s weight, talk with your doctor. depending on your child ' s weight and age, the goal might be simply to stabilize your child ' s weight so that, as he or she gets taller, your child " grows into " a more appropriate weight. or, the goal might be to gradually lose and keep off excess pounds. what if your doctor suggests a treatment program? look for a program that involves both you and your child. this is especially important with younger children, because you ' re the one who ' s buying and preparing the food. what to look for experts say a child ' s weight - control program should also : employ a variety of health professionals. the best programs may include registered dietitians, exercise physiologists, pediatricians, family doctors, psychiatrists, and psychologists. evaluate your child ' s medical status. a doctor should review your child ' s weight, growth, and health before enrollment. during enrollment, a health professional should continue to monitor your child ' s weight, height, growth, and health. fit the age and unique capabilities of your child. programs for 4 - year - olds differ from those for 12 - year - olds. they place differing degrees of responsibility on the child and on the parents. focus on behavioral changes. teach your child to select a variety of foods in the right portions. encourage daily activity and limit sedentary activity like watching tv. once your child has achieved a healthy weight, be sue to include a maintenance program to reinforce new behaviors and deal with issues that led to the weight problem in the first place.


connecticut lawmakers voted to abolish capital punishment thursday, becoming the 17th state in the nation ( plus the district of columbia ) to eliminate the death penalty for future prosecutions. among several factors influencing personal opinion about death row – age, life experiences and educational attainment – the passing of the bill was met with positivity and concerns from college students. trends suggest that young people ages 18 to 29 are more likely than middle - aged and older adults to oppose the death penalty, according to executive director richard dieter of the non - profit death penalty information center. overall confidence in the death penalty has steadily decreased since reaching its high point in the mid - 1990s. approximately 80 percent of survey responders approved of capital punishment for individuals convicted of murder in 1994, compared with just 61 percent in 2011, according to gallup. university of california, san diego, communications senior thieny nguyen said the issues are complex and need to be weighed on case - by - case basis. however, the morality and ethics of killing convicted murderers is questionable and in line with the eye - for - an - eye principle. nguyen used the controversial florida case involving george zimmerman and 17 - year - old trayvon martin as an example : “ since ( zimmerman ) murdered trayvon, does that mean we should execute him? it doesn ’ t solve underlying societal issues. it doesn ’ t fix the crime. ” rather than keeping convicted criminals on death row, nguyen said, the humane approach would be to emphasize re - education and rehabilitation programs, especially addressing potential psychological illnesses. for some students, the opposition to capital punishment comes down to money. long - term incarceration for death row inmates demands excessive state funding that could be better served in areas like education or crime prevention in at - risk communities, said feli hernandez, a criminal justice senior at california state university, long beach. according to dieter, it can cost taxpayers $ 1 million to incarcerate an individual for life and $ 3 million per death row inmate for incarceration, trials and the execution, though it should be noted that while many people are on death row, fewer are executed than one might expect. a report by the bureau of justice statistics published in december found that 36 states and the federal bureau of prisons held 3, 158 inmates under sentences of death at the end of 2010. four states – california, florida, texas, and pennsylvania – held more than half of all inmates on death row. during 2010, 46 were executed, 20 died by means other than execution and 53 were removed as a


the report describes a strategy for monitoring, modeling, and research activities to support management decisions to improve water - quality conditions in the mississippi river basin, reduce hypoxia in the northern gulf of mexico, and improve conditions for vanadium and boron were detected at high and moderate concentrations in this area. high concentrations for these constituents were detected almost exclusively in samples collected in the temecula valley study area. overview of klamath ecological research and links to usgs klamath studies on ground water, nutrients, sediment oxygen demand, and fish response to water quality, sucker ecology, publications, bibliographies, and data. a brief definition and explanation of hypoxia with special reference to the gulf of mexico hypoxic zone along the louisiana - texas coast as well as extensive links to usgs and other related information resources. information about the causes and impact of hypoxia with links to usgs and other federal agency information and activities related to nutrients in the mississippi river basin and hypoxia in the gulf of mexico. water from this reservoir will be used more extensively by the city, so we are developing methods of assessing the water quality in real time by measuring characteristics of stream flow that correlate with important water quality data. site on the chlorofluorocarbon laboratory and its analytical services for cfcs, sulfur hexafluoride, dissolved gases including nitrogen, argon, methane, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and helium, and tritium / helium - 3 dating.


appendix no. i remarks on the origin and genealogy of the franklin family. the origin of the name of franklin, in england, may perhaps be traced to a different source from the one supposed by dr. franklin. the name francquelin or franquelin, is found in france ; and, while he resided there, be received letters from several persons bearing that name, who claimed relationship, as having the same ancestry. it was said, that the name could be traced back at least to the fifteenth century in picardy, and that the records of the town of abbeville contained the names of john and thomas franquelin, woollen - drapers, who were inhabitants of that town in the year 1521. from this part of france, the emigrations to england at that time and previously were frequent, and it was inferred, that one or more families of the name of franquelin were among the number, and that in england the orthography of the name was changed, according to a common usage. in the absence of direct proof on the subject, this conjecture is perhaps worthy of some consideration. dr. franklin seems to have taken much pains to search out the history of his immediate ancestors. he traced them back four generations to thomas francklyne of ecton, in northamptonshire. his grandfather had nine children, of whom his father, josiah, was the youngest. josiah franklin emigrated to boston, new england, in the year 1684, or in the early part of 1685. by the record of births in boston, it appears, that there was a family by the name of franklin among the early settlers. in 1638 the birth of elizabeth, daughter of william franklin, is recorded. there were other children, one of whom was benjamin, who also had a son of the same name. the descendants of this family were, numerous. it is likewise probable, that one or two other families, of the name of franklin, settled in boston some time afterwards ; but it is believed that no relationship can be traced between any of these families and that to which dr. franklin belonged. when josiah franklin established himself in boston he had three children, born at banbury, in oxfordshire. after the birth of four others, his first wife died. he then married abiah folger, daughter of peter folger, of nantucket, probably in the early part of the year 1690. by this marriage be had ten children, making seventeen in the whole ; ten sons and seven daughters. benjamin was


married abiah folger, daughter of peter folger, of nantucket, probably in the early part of the year 1690. by this marriage be had ten children, making seventeen in the whole ; ten sons and seven daughters. benjamin was the youngest son, and the fifteenth child, his sisters lydia and jane being younger. all the brothers and sisters of josiah franklin lived and died in england, except benjamin, who emigrated to boston in the year 1715. his son, samuel, a cutler by trade, had preceded him. this benjamin was born march 20th, 1650. at the age of sixteen be began to learn the trade of a silk - dyer, and served an apprenticeship of seven years. he afterwards set up that business in london, and followed it there till he removed to america. he was married to hannah welles, daughter of samuel welles, a clergyman of banbury, on the 23d of november, 1683. in one of the manuscript volumes of poems, mentioned by dr. franklin, is the following printed advertisement. " wrought things, printed english or india calicos, cloth, silk, and stuff, scoured ; linen, cloth, silk, and stuff, dyed, printed, or watered ; and black cloth, silk, and stuff, dyed into colors ; by benjamin franklin, at the indian queen, in princes - street, near leicester fields. " he had ten children, six sons and four daughters. they all died young, except samuel, the eldest. his wife died on the 4th of november, 1705. from a brief account of himself, preserved in manuscript, and from some of his pieces in rhyme, he seems to have had many afflictions. poverty, adversity, and sickness pursued him through life. when he left england, his wife and all his children, except his eldest son then in boston, had been dead several years. after his arrival in boston, he lived with his brother josiah four years, till 1719, when be went to reside with his son, who had recently been married and become a housekeeper. the manuscript volumes of poetry, before mentioned, are curious. the handwriting is beautiful, with occasional specimens of short - hand, in which dr. franklin says his uncle was skilled. the poetical merits of the compositions cannot be ranked high, but frequently the measure is smooth and the rhymes are well chosen. his thoughts run chiefly on moral and religious subjects. many of the psalms are paraphrased in metre. the making of acrostics on the names of his friends


ranked high, but frequently the measure is smooth and the rhymes are well chosen. his thoughts run chiefly on moral and religious subjects. many of the psalms are paraphrased in metre. the making of acrostics on the names of his friends was a favorite exercise. there are likewise numerous proofs of his ingenuity in forming anagrams, crosses, ladders, and other devices. the specimens below were written to his nephew and namesake ; the first two, when he was four years and a half old. sent to his namesake, upon a report of his inclination to martial affairs, july 7th, 1710. " believe me, ben, it is a dangerous trade, the sword has many marred as well as made ; by it do many fall, not many rise, makes many poor, few rich, and fewer wise ; fills towns with ruin, fields with blood ; beside ' t is sloth ' s maintainer, and the shield of pride. fair cities, rich today in plenty flow, war fills with want to - morrow, and with woe. ruined estates, the nurse of vice, broke limbs and scars, are the effects of desolating wars. " acrostic, sent to benjamin franklin in new england, july 15th, 1710. " be to thy parents an obedient son ; each day let duty constantly be done ; never give way to sloth, or lust, or pride, if free you ' d be from thousand ills beside ; above all ills be sure avoid the shelf. man ' s. danger lies in, satan, sin, and self. in virtue, learning, wisdom, progress make ; ne ' er shrink at suffering for thy saviour ' s sake. " fraud and all falsehood in thy dealings flee, religious always in thy station be ; adore the maker of thy inward part now is the accepted time, give him thy heart ; keep a good conscience, it is a constant friend, like judge and witness this thy acts attend. in heart with bonded knee, alone, adore none but the three in one for evermore. " the following piece was sent when his namesake was seven years old. it would appear that he had received from him some evidence of his juvenile skill in composition. sent to benjamin franklin, 1713. " tis time for me to throw aside my pen, when hanging sleeves read, write, and rhyme like men. this forward spring foretells a plenteous crop ; for, if the bud bear grain, what will


benjamin franklin, 1713. " tis time for me to throw aside my pen, when hanging sleeves read, write, and rhyme like men. this forward spring foretells a plenteous crop ; for, if the bud bear grain, what will the top! if plenty in the verdant blade appear, what may we not soon hope for in the ear! when flowers are beautiful before they ' re blown, what rarities will afterward be shown! if trees good fruit un ' noculated bear, you may be sure it will afterward be rare. if fruits are sweet before they ' ve time to yellow, how luscious will they be when they are mellow! if first years ' shoots such noble clusters send, what laden boughs, engedi - like, may we expect in the end! " these lines are more prophetic, perhaps, than the writer imagined. he continued to make verses, and to turn the psalms into rhyme, after he came to new england. the precise time of his death is not known. he was living in 1727, and probably died the year following, at the age of seventy - eight. his son, samuel, had a son of the same name, born october 21st, 1721. he was an only child. he followed the trade of his father, and died in boston, february 21st, 1775, leaving four daughters. 1. eunice, married to benjamin callender. 2. hannah, married to samuel emmons. 3. sarah, married to jerome ripley. 4. elizabeth, married to william clouston. the last three are now living, in 1839. the ancestors of abiah folger, the mother of dr. franklin, emigrated from england to america. in a letter to his sister, dated in london, january 13th, 1772, he says ; " no arms of the folgers are found in the herald ' s office. i am persuaded it uses originally a flemish family, which came over with many others from that country in queen elizabeth ' s time, flying from the persecution then raging there. " for the following facts relating to the family in america, i am chiefly indebted to mr. william c. folger, of nantucket, who has made a diligent search in the early records of that island and of martha ' s vineyard. there is a tradition in the family, that john folger, and his son peter folger, ( the name was then written foulger ) crossed


diligent search in the early records of that island and of martha ' s vineyard. there is a tradition in the family, that john folger, and his son peter folger, ( the name was then written foulger ) crossed the atlantic in the same vessel with hugh peters, in the year 1635. they came from norwich, in the county of norfolk, england. peter was then eighteen years old, and of course was born in the year 1617. the father and son settled at martha ' s vineyard. the time is not exactly known, but it is supposed to have been very soon after they came to the country. it has not been ascertained whether john folger ' s wife came with him, or whether she had died in england, and he married again in america. the name of his wife, meribell, is mentioned in the records of martha ' s vineyard. he died about 1660. his wife was living in 1663. peter was his only child. in the year 1644, peter folger married mary morrell, who had been an inmate in hugh peters ' s family. he resided at martha ' s vineyard till 1663, when he removed to nantucket, being among the first settlers of that island. he was a man of considerable learning, particularly in mathematical science, and he practised surveying both in the vineyard and nantucket. he was one of the five commissioners first appointed to measure and lay out the land on the island of nantucket ; and it was said in the order, that " whatsoever shall be done by them or any three of them, peter folger being one, shall be accounted legal and valid. " this mode of wording the order shows the confidence that was placed in his integrity and judgment. he acquired the indian language, and served as interpreter, both in affairs of business, and in communicating religious instruction to the indians. he rendered assistance in this way to the reverend thomas mayhew, the distinguished missionary at martha ' s vineyard. mr. prince, in his account of mayhew, says, that be had " an able and godly englishman, named peter foulger, employed in teaching the youth in reading, writing, and the principles of religion by catechizing ; being well learned likewise in the scriptures, and capable of helping them in religious matters. " × he is said to have preached on some occasions. there is a long letter from him to his son - in - law, joseph pratt, containing religious counsel, with much use


in the scriptures, and capable of helping them in religious matters. " × he is said to have preached on some occasions. there is a long letter from him to his son - in - law, joseph pratt, containing religious counsel, with much use of scripture, according to the practice of those times. indeed his poem, entitled a looking - glass for the times, published in 1676, shows that he was not only well informed in theology, but in political affairs, such as they then were in new england. he died in 1690, and his widow in 1704. the children of peter and mary folger were, 1. johannah, who married john coleman. 2. bethiah, married john barnard, february, 1668 - 9. they were both drowned four months afterwards by the upsetting of a boat, while crossing from nantucket. to the vineyard. 3. dorcas, married joseph pratt 4. eleazer born 1648, married sarah gardner. 5. bethshua, married pope. 6. patience, married ebenezer harker. 7. john, born 1659, married mary barnard. 8. experience, married john swain 9. abiah, born august 15th, 1667, married josiah franklin. joseph pratt lived at one time in nantucket, but is supposed to have removed to boston. some of the descendants of pope also lived in boston. john pope was a physician of some eminence. joseph pope was ingenious in mechanics, and constructed the orrery in harvard college. robert pope was a watchmaker, skilful in his art. the other children of peter folger and their descendants have nearly all resided in nantucket. a son of eleazer, of the same name, served as register of probate forty - seven years, and died in 1753, aged eighty - one. he was succeeded by his son frederick, who held the same office thirty - seven years, and died in 1790, at the age of sixty - five. peleg, a brother of frederick, wrote many pieces in prose and verse, and was distinguished for his piety and estimable character ; he died in 1789, aged fifty - five. nathan, another son of the first eleazer, had several children. his son abisha was justice of the peace, and for thirty years represented the town in the legislature. barzillai, another son of nathan, commanded a vessel in the london trade. abisha had a large family of children. among


. his son abisha was justice of the peace, and for thirty years represented the town in the legislature. barzillai, another son of nathan, commanded a vessel in the london trade. abisha had a large family of children. among them were william, george, and timothy ; the last of whom was justice of the peace and a merchant. he took an active part with the patriots at the beginning of the revolution. there is a portrait of him by copley. barzillai likewise had many children. among them was walter, a man of great strength of mind, of strict probity and honor, a good mathematician, at one time commander of a vessel, and for many years a merchant and ship - owner. he died much respected in 1826, in the ninety - second year of his age. his son, walter folger, known as the astronomer of nantucket, was born in 1765, and is still living ( in 1839 ). many years ago be invented and constructed a very ingenious astronomical clock. he also made a telescope with a magnifying power of about five hundred. the above are descendants of eleazer, the son of peter. his other son, john, had children, from whom have sprung descendants, but they are less known. although dr. franklin ' s grandfather had five sons, and his father five, who grow up to man ' s estate, were married, and together had a large number of children, yet there is not an individual in the male line, bearing the name, now remaining. thomas franklin was the only one in england as long ago as. 1766. dr. franklin found him at lutterworth, in leicestershire, poor and destitute, and contributed to his relief for several years. he supported and educated his only child, sally, till she was married. he was living at lutterworth, very old, in 1791. his daughter died in 1782. there is none bearing the name in america, who descended from this family. dr. franklin ' s brothers, john and james, each had a son, but these died without children. his first cousin, samuel, likewise had a son, but the children of this son were four daughters. dr. franklin ' s eldest son, william, died in london, november, 1813. his wife, whom he married in london, 1762, just after he was appointed governor of new jersey, died in 1777. as he took the side of the loyalists in the revolution, he went to


william, died in london, november, 1813. his wife, whom he married in london, 1762, just after he was appointed governor of new jersey, died in 1777. as he took the side of the loyalists in the revolution, he went to england after the war, received a pension from the king, and remained there till his death. he had an only son, william temple, who died without issue. dr. franklin ' s other son, francis folger, died in childhood. his daughter, sarah, was born september 11th 1744 ; married richard bache, october 29th, 1767 ; died october 5th, 1808. the children of richard and sarah bache, were, 1. benjamin franklin bache, born 1769, married margaret markoe, died 1798, during the yellow fever in philadelphia. 2. william, married catherine wistar, died 1814. 3. elizabeth, married john harwood. 4. louis. 5. deborah, married william j. duane. 6. richard, married the eldest daughter of alexander j. dallas. 7. sarah, married thomas sergeant. their descendants are numerous. it appears by dr. franklin ' s will, that, at the time of his death, there were living descendants of his brothers samuel and james, and of his sisters, anne, sarah, lydia, and jane. he left a small bequest to each of them. the basis of the subjoined genealogical table is a paper supposed to have been drawn up by dr. franklin. it has been enlarged, and in some instances corrected, particularly in the dates, from the record of births in boston, from dr. franklin ' s letters in which he speaks of his family, and from the manuscript volumes of his uncle benjamin, which contain various particulars illustrative of this subject.


the federal budget is remarkably complicated and detailed. to bring it down to earth, both president barack obama and republican lawmakers alike, have compared it to a household budget. countless news articles have demystified it in the same way : explaining spending cuts by talking about eliminating gym memberships, for example, or putting deficits in terms of credit card balances. it makes sense, of course, to bring budget discussions of such large magnitude down to size — whose eyes don ' t glaze over at the astronomically large numbers in any budget breakdown? in addition, the basics of arithmetic of course apply to both homes and the government alike : high spending plus low income equals debt. but thinking about the federal budget in strictly household terms limits how much one can understand about what is at stake in all of the upcoming budget talks. here are three ways that the comparison falls apart. the federal budget is huge it ' s a very duh sentiment, but also an important one. one of the key differences is a simple matter of size and scope, says one expert : " the federal budget has macroeconomic impacts, " explains stan collender, a federal budget expert and national director of financial communications at qorvis communications. in part that ' s because government spending is so huge — even a relatively small increase in federal spending has far greater ripples than a large household purchase, like a car. but he also points out that sometimes, spending beyond its means is absolutely required of the government. " economic policy is a basic responsibility of the federal government, which means, on the fiscal side, sometimes running surpluses and [ sometimes ] running deficits, " says collender. spending more when the private sector is flagging — say, by paying out emergency unemployment benefits — or to boost an industry via subsidies can be considered a necessary function of the government. meanwhile, if american households do choose to go into debt for profitable investments like student loans or mortgages ( and many are far more indebted than the government, it should be pointed out ), it is neither absolutely required nor ( on an individual basis ) propping up a depressed economy. of course, the government can only run deficits for so long. if the debt gets too large, it could crowd out private investment, in addition to preventing the government from quickly responding to future economic crises. your household doesn ' t have a aaa rating. ok, so the u. s. no longer has a perfect rating from all three major ratings agencies ( thank the 2011 debt ceiling de


addition to preventing the government from quickly responding to future economic crises. your household doesn ' t have a aaa rating. ok, so the u. s. no longer has a perfect rating from all three major ratings agencies ( thank the 2011 debt ceiling debacle and s & p for that ). but even amid economic and budgetary woes, u. s. debt is still considered one of the securest investments out there. the point is that u. s. debt doesn ' t operate in quite the same way that an average person ' s debt does. the nation ' s ability to borrow runs out when markets make borrowing prohibitively difficult. and even with ever - growing debt ( and one downgrade ), markets are still more than fine not only with giving the u. s. plenty more ability to borrow, but to do it at remarkably low rates. no american household has that kind of leeway. after all, they can miss credit card payments once in a while without tanking the economy. the united states, says one expert, simply won ' t do that. " the u. s. government has never missed a payment. i don ' t believe there ' s any chance we ' re going to miss payments, " says l. randall wray, professor of economics at the university of missouri - kansas city. your household also doesn ' t have a central bank. let ' s say that in a u. s. household, the family members simply cannot agree on how to spend money and refuse to come up with a budget, even when their times are tough. there is no ben bernanke waiting in the wings to pump stimulus into the " household economy " and make borrowing easier. in fact, it ' s hard to even conceptualize what that would look like... not to mention whether every household has enough spare room to house a central banker.


the map & atlas museum of la jolla has added an important new volume to its collection : the 1588 “ le voyage de messire francois drake chevalier. ” the book ( originally published in english, french and latin ) is a journal of sir francis drake ’ s 1585 mission to america. an english privateer ( some would say pirate ), drake was sent west to harass the spanish as war broke out between the two countries. apparently, drake was extremely successful, burning cities in what is now colombia and destroying a fort in what is now st. augustine, florida. the journal includes several maps of his journey engraved by baptista boazio. “ there are six known extant copies of the 1588 ‘ voyage ’ with the ( map ) museum holding the only copy in a private collection, ” said the museum ’ s founder, mike stone, in a statement. “ of the six copies, four are in american libraries, with only the huntington and the map museum of la jolla owning copies containing the maps. ” stone founded the map museum in 2011 from his own collection of maps, books and artifacts. it contains approximately 500 items dating back at least five centuries. the museum is open 11 a. m. to 4 p. m. wednesdays and thursdays ( although it will be closed dec. 26 and jan. 2 ) and the first and third saturdays. admission is free. call ( 855 ) 653 - 6277 or visit


click “ view ” and check “ work on this page ( all changes ) ” if you have already created a text element and want to edit the content, click the round gear ( formatted text block no header ), then click " text " to open the formatted text block. to create a new text block, continue reading. a page consists of containers which hold different types of elements. there are four predefined containers on a page. you may add containers. the container icon is a square. inside the container are elements. the element ( a formatted text block in this illustration ) icon is a circle. these icons are referred to as “ gears. ” if you are in " work on this page " view but do not see the gears on a page, check the three icons under the preview / submit area to make sure they are not grayed out. inside ( under ) the container is a link to “ click to insert new element ” which will take you to your list of possible elements. there are a few additional elements ( such as a simple form ) which can be turned on for you after additional training. you will use the text elements : formatted text block ( without header ) almost all of the time - even for images. after you have chosen your element and clicked " next, " you need to click to define the element. the formatted text block is similar to other rich text editors. use the icons to apply styles that are pre - defined in our style sheets for the uwrf website. if you use text from any source ( copy / paste ), you must first copy it to a text editor ( notepad or textedit ) to convert it to plain text. then copy the plain text into the cms text block. this strips formatting tags that may conflict with the style sheets in the cms. notepad ( pc ) is in all programs > accessories. textedit ( mac ) is in your dock. don ' t copy text from one text block to another text block. use the copy element instead. refrain from using heading 1 and heading 2 on a page. these are applied in the headings for the page ( subsite name is heading 1 and page title is heading 2 ). your first paragraph heading should be heading 3. make sure paragraphs have the paragraph style applied ( and not normal ). you should only see the normal style in bulleted / numbered lists. you also have css styles to choose that will add other features such as : when you are


according to existing data, velebit is home to 1854 registered plant species, of which 79 are endemic. such a great many endemic species is why velebit is often called " the centre of endemism " of this part of europe. the essential habitats for these endemic plant species are the rocks and " gulles " ( western velebit slope ), caves, rivers ( krupa and zrmanja ), as well as alpine meadows and grasslands. among the velebit endemics is the velebit degenia ( degenia velebitica ), the croatian sibbirhaea ( sibiraea altaiensis ssp. croatica ), the velebit bellflower ( campanula velebitica ), the window bellflower ( campanula fenestrellata ), kitajbel ' s primrose ( primula kitaibeliana ), the velebit dianthus ( dianthus velebiticus ) … the rocky grounds and cliffs of velebit are also home to peculiar and exquisite plant species – roseroot ( rhodiola rosea ), croatian barberry ( berberis croatica ), twin - flowered violet ( viola biflora ), creeping saxifrage ( saxifraga rotundifolia ), mountain avens ( dryas octopetala ), edelweiss ( leontopodium alpinum ), and others. although forest habitats predominate on velebit, the alpine meadows and grasslands are very important to the conservation of its overall biodiversity. the most widespread forest association in the mountain - vegetation belt, the beech forest with large red dead nettle ( lamio orvalae - fagetum ), inhabits altitudes below 900 meters. at altitudes above 800 m, dwell the dinaric beech and fir forests ( omphalodo - fagetum ). the coastal beech forest with autumn moor grass ( seslerio autumnalis - fagetum ) prevails on the rocky plateaus above 1000 m. subalpine forests of beech and hollyfern ( polystycho lonchitis - fagetum ) inhabit areas from 1100 to 1650 m above sea level that are typically covered in snow, have a shore vegetation period, and are exposed to strong winds. the trees of these forests are bent at their lower section under the weight of the enduring snow. the main features of the top - most landscape are the bare, karst


codjo cakpo gbokou presents selected dance idioms as they relate to ethnicity in their performance, aesthetics, and history. topics vary. may have studio component. the overall goal of this course is to enable students to become familiar with basic west african dance movements and understand the cultural context in which this dance is practiced. in particular we will focus on movements and rhythms from various traditional dances from benin, and a range of contemporary movements found in modern dance across the west african region. class techniques will focus on “ douple ” ( knee flexion ), rhythmic undulation of the chest and back, and isolation of shoulders, pelvis, arms and legs. student learning goals demonstrate basic west african dance movements in choreographed series recognize and demonstrate basic west african dance technique such as moving with knees slightly bent ( “ douple ), arms and legs moving in time to the drum beat, starting and ending with the “ drum call, ” and moving in synchronization with other dancers. demonstrate choreographed sets of movements that are typical of specific ethnic dances from benin, or uniquely contemporary movements from west africa. understand the importance of african dance in african culture and give an example of where and when people in west africa might practice the dance that is being taught. to improve the connection between rhythm, tempo and movement, and the harmonious expression of strength and grace. general method of instruction demonstration by the instructor ; student repetition of movements in place and while moving in lines, circles or free - form. explanation and correction by instructor. come with an open mind and ready to dance! class assignments and grading ( 1 ) in - class demonstration, usually in small or large group. ( 2 ) 1 - page / week journal entry : self - reflection on your personal experience learning african dance through this class ( 3 ) periodic readings with short questions to respond to. 80 % effort and integration of concepts as demonstrated through improvement over time. 20 % journal mapping your progress & short narratives in response to distributed readings.


( reuters ) - with flu season approaching, a canadian study offers more reassurance that children with egg allergies can be safely vaccinated against the virus. because the flu vaccine is grown in chicken eggs, there have traditionally been concerns about the safety of flu shots for people with egg allergies, most of whom are young children. but today ' s vaccine has only tiny traces of egg protein, and studies have been showing that children with egg allergies can be vaccinated without any serious reaction. the researchers, whose findings appeared in the journal of allergy and clinical immunology, followed 367 egg - allergic people, mostly children, who got the flu shot over five years. almost one - third of them had a history of anaphylaxis after eating eggs - that is, serious allergy symptoms such as trouble breathing or a drop in blood pressure. none of the patients, however, had a serious reaction to the flu vaccine, and only 13 of the 367 had mild " allergy - like " symptoms, such as itchy skin or hives, within a day of being vaccinated. " the risk of anaphylaxis appears sufficiently low for patients with egg allergy to be vaccinated like all other individuals, without requiring administration by an allergist, " wrote lead researcher anne des roches, of hopital sainte - justine in montreal, and colleagues. des roches and her colleagues also reviewed 26 past studies that involved close to 4, 000 egg - allergic people who got the flu shot. none of those patients developed a serious allergic reaction. in general, experts recommend that all children age 6 months or older get an annual flu shot. although the flu causes no more than a week or so of misery in most children, children younger than 5 are at increased risk of complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis and sinus infections. about 1. 5 percent of u. s. children have an egg allergy, according to the american college of allergy, asthma and immunology. it ' s thought that many of them have never gotten the flu shot over worries about an allergic reaction. " i think parents of children with egg allergy should be reassured about the safety of the influenza vaccine for their child, and understand that the benefits are likely to outweigh any risks, " said lynda schneider, director of the allergy program at boston children ' s hospital, in an email. source : http : / / bit. ly / ol


css buttons : tutorials and examples creating buttons with css is one of the most experimented - with web design techniques around. examples and tutorials abound. the biggest recent trend in css button design seems to be eliminating images, especially background images, from buttons. but there are plenty of other things designers are doing with buttons, some that do include images. below we ’ ve collected more than twenty tutorials, examples, and tools for creating css buttons, most of which use css3. included are buttons to suit virtually every design style. we ’ ve tried to focus on newer techniques here, leaving out the long - standing techniques ( like the sliding door method for creating rounded corners ) that most designers are already familiar with. if you have other tutorials or examples you ’ d like to share, please do so in the comments! tutorials and articles rediscovering the button element a really helpful article discussing the button element in css, which is often overlooked by designers. it ’ s a bit older, but still has tons of useful information on creating more stylish buttons with css. beautiful css buttons with icon set here ’ s another article that talks about how to create buttons with icons, though using span classes rather than the build kick - ass practical css3 buttons this video tutorial from nettuts + shows how to create practical css3 buttons that even include what appears to be a twitter bird icon image, but is in fact created entirely with css3. beautiful photoshop - like buttons with css3 while the buttons here aren ’ t particularly forward - thinking in terms of look, what is amazing is that they were created entirely using css3, without using an images, and were only based on buttons created in photoshop. better button and navigation interactions this is a great, simple tutorial from darren hoyt on creating better behaviors for your buttons that encourage visitors to interact with your site. super awesome buttons with css3 and rgba this tutorial from zurb covers using css3 and alpha - blending using rgba to create scalable buttons with only a single png image. building beautiful buttons with css gradients a tutorial for building a button using css gradients similar to those used by mozilla for firefox personas. how to design a sexy button using css this tutorial shows how to create a big, vibrant button without using images. realistic looking css3 buttons these are simple buttons, created


those used by mozilla for firefox personas. how to design a sexy button using css this tutorial shows how to create a big, vibrant button without using images. realistic looking css3 buttons these are simple buttons, created entirely with css3, including some pseudo - elements. pretty css3 buttons this tutorial shows how to create a simple, slightly glossy - style button that ’ s scalable and can be created in any color without images. css3 buttons without any images a simple tutorial for creating dynamic buttons that use only css3 and no images. there are four states for each button, including disabled, hovered, and clicked states. 5 different tutorials of dynamic css round corners link buttons this is a collection of five different tutorials for creating css buttons with rounded corners. two include the use of images, but the other three don ’ t. create a css3 button that degrades nicely until all browsers properly support css3, we ’ re going to run into issues when using it to create things like buttons. this tutorial shows how to create great css3 buttons that also look fine in older browsers, like ie6 and 7. apple ’ s navigation bar using only css this tutorial shows how to recreate the button - style navigation menu on apple ’ s website. it works best in safari 3 +, but still looks fine in other browsers. create a css3 call to action button this tutorial shows how to create a call to action button entirely with css that includes different default and hover states. sexy buttons with css3 this simple tutorial shows how to create nicely - styled buttons with unique hover and active states. the buttons can be scaled and their color can be changed easily. glossy buttons without images using only css3 looking at these buttons, it ’ s hard to believe they ’ re made without images unless you look very closely. the code is complicated, but the end result looks great, complete with hover effect. css3 buttons with icons this tutorial shows how to create css3 buttons with gradients that also include icon images and are cross - browser compatible. roll your own google buttons this tutorial shows how to make scalable google - style buttons with colored borders. the end results are minimalist and clean. examples and tools 10 awesome css3 buttons to use on your website here ’ s a collection of ten buttons you can use on your website. they ’


what are the symptoms of brain swelling? symptoms of brain swelling vary, depending on the severity and the cause. usually they begin suddenly. you may notice any of these symptoms : - neck pain or stiffness - nausea or vomiting - irregular breathing - vision loss or changes - memory loss - inability to walk - difficulty speaking - loss of consciousness how is brain swelling diagnosed? the steps used by your doctor to diagnose brain swelling depend on the symptoms and the suspected cause. common exams and tests used in the diagnosis include : - head and neck exam - neurologic exam - ct scan of the head to identify the extent and location of the swelling - mri of the head to identify the extent and location of the swelling - blood tests to check for causes of the swelling what is the treatment for brain swelling? minor cases of brain swelling due to causes such as moderate altitude sickness or a slight concussion often resolve within a few days. in most cases, however, more treatment is needed quickly. the goal is to assure that the brain receives enough blood and oxygen to remain healthy while the swelling is relieved and any underlying causes are treated. this may require a combination of medical and surgical treatments. prompt treatment usually results in quicker and more complete recovery. without it, some damage may remain. treatment for brain edema may include any combination of the following : - oxygen therapy : providing oxygen through a respirator or other means helps make sure that the blood has enough oxygen in it. the doctor can adjust the respirator to help reduce the amount of swelling. - iv fluids : giving fluids and medicine through an iv can keep blood pressure from dropping too low. this helps to make sure that the body - - including the brain - - is receiving enough blood. however, some fluids can make swelling worse. doctors attempt to use the right amounts of the right fluids in someone with brain swelling. - lowering body temperature ( hypothermia ) : lowering the temperature of the body and brain helps relieve swelling and allows the brain to heal. hypothermia as a treatment for brain swelling is not widely used because it is difficult to perform correctly. - medication : in some cases of brain edema, your doctor may start a drug to help relieve the swelling. medication may also be given for other reasons, such as to slow your body ' s response to the swelling or to dissolve any clots. the drugs your doctor gives you depend on the cause and symptoms of brain swelling. - ventriculostomy : in this procedure, a surgeon cuts a small


as a psychologist who has counseled heart patients for more than thirty years, wayne sotile, phd, knows exactly how much they worry about sex after a " and if they ' re not anxious, believe me, their partner ' s anxious, " he couples worry about triggering a second heart attack, or even that a patient could die in the bedroom. but sotile and cardiologists tell webmd that sex isn ' t nearly as risky as many patients believe. with a touch of reassurance, heart patients can once... insulin resistance is a condition in which the body produces insulin but does not use it properly. insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps the body use glucose, a form of sugar, for energy. if a person has insulin resistance, his or her body is not converting glucose for use by muscles and other tissues. how is metabolic syndrome diagnosed? according to american heart association guidelines, any three of the following traits in the same person meet the criteria for the metabolic syndrome : abdominal obesity : a waist circumference over 102 cm ( 40 in ) in men and over 88 cm ( 35 inches ) in women serum triglycerides : 150 mg / dl or above, or taking medication for elevated triglycerides hdl ( ' ' good ' ' ) cholesterol : 40mg / dl or lower in men and 50mg / dl or lower in women blood pressure of 130 / 85 or above ( or taking medication for high blood pressure ) fasting blood glucose of 100 mg / dl or above the world health organization ( who ) has slightly different criteria for defining the metabolic syndrome : high insulin levels, an elevated fasting blood glucose or an elevated post - meal glucose alone with at least two of the following criteria : abdominal obesity as defined by a waist to hip ratio of greater than 0. 9, a body mass index of at least 30 kg / m2 or a waist measurement over 37 inches cholesterol panel showing a triglyceride level of at least 150 mg / dl or an hdl cholesterol lower than 35 mg / dl blood pressure of 140 / 90 or higher ( or on treatment for high blood pressure ) how common is metabolic syndrome? quite. approximately 20 % - 30 % of the population in industrialized countries have metabolic syndrome.


m. 11 feb 1819 m. 30 apr 1840 facts and events from darrell jackson : " it is known that david ( william ' s father ) was in campbell county by 1830 based on the census records. david is not listed as owning land in carter county, but on 24 april 1824 he along with 3 other citizens of carter county proved ( witnessed? ) a land sale in carter county. since this is 3 years after william r. jackson was born... this is the best evidence of william ' s birthplace. " from a web page written by darrell : http : / / www. tngenweb. org / morgan / horacejackson. html " william r. jackson spent his life as a baptist preacher in morgan county. not a remarkable life until you learn among other things that he represented morgan county at the greenville convention in 1861. his brother - in - law joseph alexander cooper who was to become a major general represented campbell county. a total of 30 east tennessee counties participated in this convention in an attempt to prevent secession from the union. the document that these pro - union delegates drew up, signed and delivered to the govenor was called a " declaration of grievances adopted at the greenville convention. " " in a 1908 speech given by william riley cooper he states : " he [ william jackson ] was a baptist preaacher ; a shoe - maker and a blacksmith and a very useful man in his calling and trades ; a man of benevolent spirit and fine personal appearance. " " on 24 october 1857 he recorded the sale of land to david sharp. the land was located on cove creek in campbell co., tn. this was land that his wife mahala cooper inherited from her father. this deed is recorded in the campbell co., tn deed book o ( as in ohio ) on page 184. " " his younger brother george, 14 years old, is living with him during the 1860 morgan county census dated 14 jun 1860. they were living in crooked fork, tn. " " william is found in the 1870 census of crooked fork, morgan co., tn. only the last nine of his children and his wife are living in the household. " 1870 census district 1, morgan county, tennessee ( post office : crooked fork ) enumerated 3 june 1870 1880 census district 1, morgan co., tennessee


what is science : is science about observation or falsification? by : bruce in previous posts i responded ( or gave other peopleas responses anyhow ) to the ideas that science is primarily about prediction, reductionism, or holism. in those ideas we found some truth, but not the whole truth. another common point of view is that science is really about observation. related to this is the idea that science is primarily about empirical evidence or in other words must be falsifiable. as it turns out, these points of view are somewhat correct, but also misleading. science is not primarily observation i doubt science would have any meaning if we didnat take the ideas of observation and empirical evidence seriously. descarte is rumored to have tried to argue in favor of pure reason, but we know that this doesnat work out in real life. the problem is that our reasoning capacity is too broad. we can think of logical possibilities that just happen to not exist. in a past post ( in the notes ) i hinted at one of these : cartesian dualism a the idea that minds and matter are different things and that minds can exist without matter. ( seemingly contradicted by d & c 131 : 7 ). i can conceive of cartesian dualism, but all the evidence currently points against it. plus cartesian dualism is a classic violation of occamas razor. it only provides explanations by pushing the problems it purports to solve to a new location plus creating new ones. ( this does not rule out the possibility that some form of dualism will turn out to be true, and in fact i believe this will turn out to be the case. but classic cartesian dualism seems a rational non - starter for me. ) therefore we need empiricism and observation to test which of our ideas is correct. observation and empiricism are therefore important parts of science. but the simple truth is that you can have science without these. often you have no choice because the technology hasnat developed yet to observe predictions made by scientific theories. the large hadron collider is a good example of this ; it might cost billions to make an observation. worse yet, some observations may forever be cost prohibitive. furthermore, sometimes the smallest of observations cascade into the largest of ground shaking conclusions. as david deutsch points out, thus observations of ever smaller physical effects have been forcing ever greater changes in our world - view. it may therefore seem that we are inferring ever grander


observations cascade into the largest of ground shaking conclusions. as david deutsch points out, thus observations of ever smaller physical effects have been forcing ever greater changes in our world - view. it may therefore seem that we are inferring ever grander conclusions from even scantier evidence. what justifies these inferences? ( the fabric of reality, p. 57 ) but this presents a difficult with defining science through observation. science is not always falsifiable karl popper is famous for having introduced the idea that science should be falsifiable. this is often interpreted as a theory not being ascientifica unless itas possible to falsify it. again, i think this is a powerful idea that has a lot of truth to it. is there any doubt that we should not take freudas non - falsifiable theories seriously any more now that we have better falsifiable psychological theories? a falsifiable theory is automatically better than a non - falsifiable one because the most productive theories make falsifiable predictions so that we can, to a degree, check them for verisimilitude. ( i. e. closeness to reality. ) but i doubt this is what really defines science either. it would seem there are too many counter examples. one of my favorite authors, roger penrose, points out that popper - style falsification is simply not enough to exclude a theory from science. askarl popper provided a reasonable - looking criterion for the scientific admissibility of a proposed theory, namely that it be observationally refutable. but i fear that this is too stringent a criterionas take the example of supersymmetry in modern particle physics. asit is a central ingredient of string theory. it status among theoreticians these days is so strong that it is almost considered to be part of todayas astandarda particle - physics model. yet, it has no ( serious ) experimental supportas the theory predicts asuperpartnersa for all the observed fundamental particles of nature, but none of these has so far been observed. the reason [ given ] as is that a symmetry - breaking mechanism ( of unknown nature ) causes the superpartners to be so massive that the energies needed to create them are still beyond the scope of present - day accelerators. with increased energy capabilities, the superpartners might be foundas but suppose that still no superpartners are actually found. would this disp


that the energies needed to create them are still beyond the scope of present - day accelerators. with increased energy capabilities, the superpartners might be foundas but suppose that still no superpartners are actually found. would this disprove the supersymmetry idea? not at all. it could ( and probably would ) be argued that there had simply been too much optimism about the smallness of the degree of the symmetry breaking, and even higher energies would be needed to find the missing superpartner. [ so ] we see that it is not so easy to dislodge a popular theoretical idea through the traditional scientific method of crucial experimentation, even if that idea happened actually to be wrong. ( the road to reality, p. 1020 - 1021 ) penrose goes on to use another example. one of our current theories predicts the existence of amonopoles. a imagine a magnet that has only a north or a south pole and not both. if even one exists in the entire universe, this theory has been vindicated. but if we never find any itas not really that shocking because what are the odds weare going to find that one monopole somewhere out there in the entire universe? so here is yet another non - refutable theory. but few would argue it isnat science. even popper seems to disagree with this supposedly popper - inspired idea, or at least he never says something isnat science just because it canat be falsified. rather popper only created a demarcation between what he calls aempirical theoriesa and non - empirical ones. he goes on to say : this criterion of demarcation between empirical and non - empirical theories i have also called the criterion of falsifiability or the criterion of refutability. it does not imply that irrefutable theories are false. nor does it imply that they are meaningless. but it does imply that, as long as we cannot describe what a possible refutation of a certain theory would be like, that theory may be regarded as laying outside the field of empirical science. ( the myth of the framework, p. 88 ) therefore a theory that is not refutable is only outside a category he calls aempirical sciencea not necessarily science in general. in fact, popper points out that one of our most important theories a the theory of evolution a is based on a non - falsifiable core tenant ; namely survival of the fittest : there is a difficulty


not necessarily science in general. in fact, popper points out that one of our most important theories a the theory of evolution a is based on a non - falsifiable core tenant ; namely survival of the fittest : there is a difficulty with darwinismas it is far from clear what we should consider a possible refutation of the theory of natural selection. ifas we accept the statistical definition of fitness which defines fitness by actual survival, then the theory of survival of the fittest becomes tautological, and irrefutable. ( myth of the framework, p. 90 ) are we prepared to dismiss the theory of evolution from the realm of science on the grounds that itas central tenet is irrefutable? i would hope not. so we see that asciencea is not primarily either observation nor falsification. popper admits people misuse his epistemology based on faulty understandings of it. using paulias theory of the neutrino as an example, he says : when this theory was first proposed by pauli, it was clearly not testable. it was even said, at one time, that the neutrino is so defined that the theory cannot be tested. about thirty years later the theory was not only found to be testable, but to pass its tests with flying colours. this should be a warning to those who are inclined to say that nontestable theories are meaningless ( a view which has often but mistakenly been attributed to me ) or that they have no acognitive significance. a ( myth of the framework, p. 88 - 89 ) it is my understanding that popper at least partially retracted this quote later. i havenat gotten that far in my reading of him yet. truth be told, i do not think the theory of evolution could be said to be in any way non - falsifiable. but i do tend to agree that asurvival of the fittesta is circular reasoning. but this does not make the theory of evolution not a scientific theory, as popper may have ( at the time ) been suggesting. it just means that we have to test other aspects of it based on that explanation.


making medicines and health technologies safe and accessible the bulletin interview with vladimir lepakhin. q : what challenges do we face with health technologies? a : health technologies cover a diverse area : blood transfusion and safety, medical equip¬ment, diagnostics, surgery, anaesthesia, organ transplantation and so on. who has much experience in blood safety, but started working on transplantation recently. here we advise governments on the technical aspects as well as the ethical concerns relating to organ donation, transplantation and trafficking. q : what is who doing to stop the sale of counterfeit medicines? a : the quality of products on the market in each country is the responsibility of national drug regulatory bodies. we assist and support countries to strengthen their pharmaceutical legislation, drug standards and requirements, national drug regulatory performance at all stages : from production, distribution and sales to their use. quality assurance should be built into the entire process. we have prepared guidelines for countries on distribution and laboratory services. we give workshops in africa and asia and have produced 20 training modules on cd - rom in english, chinese, japanese and spanish. q : are generic medicines less safe or efficient than patented medicines? a : many generic medicines meet all requirements, which means they ’ re equivalent to the patented originals, but others do not. the generics industry is highly developed in both industrialized and in some developing countries. q : what are the common misconceptions about your work at who? a : some people think who is a supranational organization that creates and imposes norms and standards. who is an international organization, not a regulatory authority. our role is to combine knowledge, skills and expertise to create international norms and standards and to assist countries in their implementation by providing information, training and capacity building. q : what is who ’ s view of traditional and alternative medicines? a : traditional medicines have been used in all countries, some for centuries. self - medication with herbal medicines is popular both in developed and developing countries. in some countries, traditional medicine comprises up to 80 % of primary health care. sometimes traditional medicines are the only ones people can afford. unlike modern medicines, these were often not studied in accordance with today ’ s scientific requirements. but without good study and information this can be dangerous, for example, when they interact with other medicines that people may be taking. that ’ s why it is who ’ s responsibility to evaluate these products and limit any damage by providing reliable information and expertise. q : who has been accused of giving conflicting drug recommendations


genetically modified organisms by sarah kacso and colin mcmahon ( windsor, on ) – imagine today was the day that we ended world hunger. in africa, in south america, in downtown metropolises around the world, not a single person was left unfed. certainly, the person or people who accomplished this lofty feat would be celebrated the world over. now imagine that instead of increasing the food supply, we simply decreased the other coefficient – the human demand. that ’ s right – imagine that the human population was decreased, ensuring enough food supplies for humanity to continue. that ’ s a scary thought, and it may, i ’ ll admit, sound like a conspiracy theory. but intended or not, that ’ s the path that genetically modified foods are beckoning us down. first, a quick biology lesson : dna, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the instruction manual for our bodies. our dna contains building instructions for everything from hair and eye colour to the efficiency of our digestive system to the manufacturing of proteins and hormones. patterns of genes make up the dna instructions, like sentences in a book. when dna is genetically modified, those sentences are rearranged in different orders, or sentences from other ‘ manuals ’ are added to replace deleted ones. suddenly, that instruction manual isn ’ t as easy to read. now, imagine that those new ‘ sentences ’ implanted in your instruction manual didn ’ t come from the human species, but instead from a virus, a bird, a jellyfish, or a goat. that ’ s the idea behind genetically modified organisms. genetically modified organisms, or gmos, have been around for millennia. there is some research that suggests that mitochondria, the ‘ batteries ’ in each and every human cell, were once plant - based, and evolved a symbiotic relationship with animal cells millions of years ago. gmos are not always plants or animals – one of the first genetic experiments in 1978 using recombinant dna techniques allowed e. coli bacteria to produce human insulin. genetic modification is also used in gene therapy to combat a variety of diseases and disorders. however, the kind of gmos we ’ re talking about here aren ’ t found in hospitals – they ’ re found in grocery stores. it ’ s been estimated that 60 - 70 % of all food found in stores in the us, including packaged food, has been genetically modified. the statistics for canada are likely in the same range. north americans are woefully misinformed about the


s been estimated that 60 - 70 % of all food found in stores in the us, including packaged food, has been genetically modified. the statistics for canada are likely in the same range. north americans are woefully misinformed about the health and environmental hazards that gmos pose, but it ’ s not entirely our fault. money has been spent by corporations to hide the risks, advertise the supposed benefits, and lobby politicians and even the united nations. in europe, it ’ s a bit different. some gmo companies do operate there, but there are thousands of pages of legislation governing the growth and distribution of gmo products. most importantly, mandatory package labeling allows consumers to differentiate between products made with gmo crops and those naturally produced, and gmo crops must be grown a certain distance from other crops to prevent the genetically altered pollen from mixing with natural crops. gmo food has not been nearly as successful in europe simply because of the government - mandated transparency. so, just how bad are gmo foods? after all, they haven ’ t sparked a global health epidemic … or have they? consider the case of dr. arpad pusztai, one of the world ’ s top gmo safety researchers. dr. pusztai fed supposedly harmless gmo food to lab rats, which caused them to develop cancerous growths, undersized livers, testicles and brains, and damaged livers and immune systems. the russian national academy of sciences also used rats to study gmos, feeding one study group of young rats gmo soy beans and another naturally - produced soybeans. after 3 weeks, 50 % of the rats fed gmo soy had died, compared to 9 % on the natural diet. certainly, these studies have proven that gmo food is not safe for small mammals. but what about humans? only one study on the effects of gmos on humans has ever been released to the public. this study revealed that the foreign genes inserted into the dna of gmo crops transfer to our own cells after we eat the food. this means that when we eat chips made with pest - resistant corn, the bacteria in our digestive systems could start to produce that same pesticide. gmos also impact the environment and peoples ’ livelihoods. monsanto ( manufacturer of 90 % of gmo seeds ) has created terminator and traitor seeds. terminator seeds grow crops that are pest - resistant or disease - resistant. monsanto markets them as ‘ roundup ready ’, after the herbicide normally


##anto ( manufacturer of 90 % of gmo seeds ) has created terminator and traitor seeds. terminator seeds grow crops that are pest - resistant or disease - resistant. monsanto markets them as ‘ roundup ready ’, after the herbicide normally used to banish tough weeds. these crops produce well, but their seeds are sterile. that means that if a farmer grows terminator corn, he can only sell the corn. he cannot save corn kernels to produce more crops the following year. that farmer is forced to buy more seed each year. traitor seeds also make money for patent - holding corporations. in order for traitor seeds to germinate, they must be sprayed with a chemical concoction produced by the patent holder. otherwise, the seeds will not grow. what is our government doing to protect us from these genetic mutations? not much. foods made with genetically altered crops, and the raw fruits and vegetables themselves, fill grocery store shelves. our government does not force producers to label their products gmo, preferring to take the us federal drug administration ’ s stance that gmo foods are almost exactly the same as non - gmo, and therefore consumers should not be made aware of the difference. but only after thousands of documents were revealed by a lawsuit did the public learn what fda scientists really knew : gmo crops were too unpredictable and could likely introduce toxins, allergens, diseases, and nutritional problems to the public. the canadian government prefers to cut funding to departments that oversee food safety, and instead is increasingly allowing the industry to police itself. short url : http : / / www. windsorsquare. ca /? p = 9018


terra / modis color image of copahue eruption plume across south america for the first time since 2000, copahue is erupting, sending an ash plume across southern south america. so far, the eruption is following the same patterns as the activity that ran from july to october 2000. that activity started with phreatic ( water - driven ) explosions, so it will be interesting to see if this eruption has new juvenile magma involved. earlier this year, a study of the summit crater lake suggested new magma was intruding under copahue and the sernageomin report mentioned. that seismicity was rising before today ’ s eruption. i grabbed the brand new terra / modis imagery for south america and the plume from the copahue was glorious – stretching over 350 km across argentina to the east of the volcano. for a sense of scale on the image, the distance between copahue and the embalse los barreales is ~ 225 km. the plume itself has been reported to be over 9. 5 km / 30, 000 feet tall. update 12 / 22 5 pm est : eruptions reader kirby pointed me to the sernageomin webcam pointed at copahue — check out the eruption live! update 12 / 22 7 pm est : onemi has not called for any evacuations on the chilean side of copahue — this article also has a nice gallery of pictures from the eruption as well. check out the original post with more details. erik klemetti is an assistant professor of geosciences at denison university. his passion in geology is volcanoes, and he has studied them all over the world. you can follow erik on twitter, where you ' ll get volcano news and the occasional baseball comment. follow @ eruptionsblog on twitter.


learn something new every day more info... by email commodity money is any form of currency that can serve a purpose other than as money. the best known examples are precious metals such as gold and silver, though other items such as cigarettes or even peppercorns have been or are used for this purpose. it offers benefits like more flexibility for money holders, the possibility of getting rich quick, and a built - in brake on inflation in the economy. it ' s important to note that modern economists argue that these advantages have limitations and are outweighed by drawbacks, which is why this type of money is almost never used as currency in developed economies. there are four main types of money. the most common type is fiat money, a form of currency — usually coins or bank notes — that derives its value simply from the fact that the government has declared it as legal tender, meaning it must be accepted for settlement of debts. representative money is where a token such as a note or certificate derives its value from a government promise that it can be exchanged from a commodity such as hold. commercial bank money is the money that exists within the banking system. as banks usually borrow and lend much more money than they have in cash, commercial bank money is considered non - physical. the main advantage of commodity money is simply that it serves an additional purpose. for example, gold can be turned into jewelry, while cigarettes can be smoked. this gives the holder added options ; he can either use or spend the money. this can also be seen as a disadvantage. if cigarettes become an informal currency in prison, for example, smoking a cigarette can become a costly activity. another advantage of this type of money for some people is that it may be possible to acquire money that wasn ' t previously in circulation. for example, if gold is used as commodity money and somebody discovers more of this metal, he or she may be able to get more value from its role as money than from its role as a base for jewelry. of course, this can be a major disadvantage for the economy as a whole, as it will counteract the way money is used in a market economy to ultimately decide how assets are used and allocated. in theory at least, commodity money has a built - in supply limitation ; without a major discovery, the amount of silver, for example, will remain constant. this contrasts to fiat money, where a government can create more money either through technical measures such as quantitative easing, or simply through printing notes. this means that there is a risk of government actions