the acl injury is a common health injury that occurs specially in athlete. the acl injury take place when the acl ligament get break up or overstretch by knee twisting or hyperextending. in relation of the acl ligament, it connects with the femur ( thigh bone ) & tibia ( shin bone ) just inside of the knee joint. most special thing about the ligament, they are tough and non stretchable fibers that assist in holding the bones together. often, the knee gets stabilization by assistance of acl, menisci ( cartilages ), pcl ( posterior cruciate ligament ) and medial collateral ligament. moreover, these different ligaments which provide stabilization to the knee, the acl, pcl, mcl and menisci ligament, also give protection to the knee while rotating, shifting and hyperextending while jumping, running or landing. the major and very general cause of acl injury is a forceful contact just on the front or outer part of the knee that can be by twisting or hyperextending. the some general symptoms of acl injury are instant knee pain. moreover, the other symptom of acl injury is to feel a “ pop ” just inside of knee during getting the injury. besides it, in the acl injury the swelling occurs within 24 hours, just after the acl get any kind of acl injury. besides it, the some other symptoms of acl injury are minor pain, swelling and weight bearing activity limitation. those individuals which mostly get the acl injury, they are especially athlete and sportsman. including it, this is very essential for the person who got the acl injury by any doctor. while the treatment of acl injury, the doctor first take the mri ( magnetic resonance imaging ) for confirming the acl injury. after confirming the acl injury is or acl injury is not, the doctor giving medical treatment. often, the acl treatment depends on age of athlete & that sports which the athlete plays.


( sen ) - the spacecraft being developed by boeing, the crew space transportation ( cst ) - 100, has completed another successful parachute drop test. the cst - 100 capsule was lifted to 14, 000 feet by helicopter and dropped. the parachutes deployed successfully and the capsule descended smoothly to its landing site, cushioned by six inflated air bags. this was the second successful parachute drop test in recent weeks. " this second parachute drop test validates boeing ' s innovative system architecture and deployment plan, " said john mulholland, vice president and program manager, boeing commercial programs. " boeing ' s completion of this milestone reaffirms our commitment to provide safe, reliable and affordable crewed access to space. " boeing has now achieved 40 milestones in the development of the cst - 100. the development program will see further tests this year including a heat shield jettison test and an orbital manoeuvering control engine hot fire test that will provide more data on key elements of the spacecraft ' s design. boeing has received funding from nasa to assist with development under nasa ' s commercial crew development program ( ccdev ). boeing is one of several u. s. companies developing spacescraft to carry astronauts to low earth orbit including the space station. the spacecraft is being designed to carry up to 7 astronauts, or a combination of astronauts and cargo. the tests were carried out with help from bigelow aerospace, a customer of boeing and a partner for commercial space. bigelow aerospace founder and president robert t. bigelow said " we ' re thrilled to see the robust progress that is being made via the commercial crew program. this successful test provides further proof that the commercial crew initiative represents the most expeditious, safe and affordable means of getting america flying in space again. " bigelow plan to use the cst - 100 to ferry customers to and from its planned bigelow orbiting space complex. the cst - 100 has been designed to be compatible with several rocket launchers. for test flights scheduled in 2015 - 16 boeing will use the atlas v rocket operated by united launch alliance, a 50 - 50 joint venture between the boeing company and lockheed martin that was formed in december 2006. boeing ' s cst - 100 atop a united launch alliance atlas rocket ( artist illustration ). credit : boeing " boeing ' s parachute demonstrations are a clear sign nasa is moving in the right direction of enabling the american aerospace transportation industry to flourish under this partnership " nasa ' s commercial crew program manager ed mango said. "


she was the wife of a notable military man, one of king david ' s mighty men. she understood submission, and the high cost of disobedience. so when the king summoned her, she obeyed. during a time when other kings were gone to war with their armies, king david had remained at home. his idleness had turned into a snare for trouble, and she was unaware and unprepared. the night of his summons, bathsheba ' s life changed forever. there is no indication from scriptures that bathsheba had been manipulative. it had not been her intention to try to seduce king david while he was walking the rooftop that evening. yet his lust for her fueled their encounter and resulted in her conceiving. a series of tragic events marked the months of bathsheba ' s pregnancy ; events that could have destroyed her completely. to have her husband, uriah, simply die in battle would have been a noble sorrow to bear. but for his death to be arranged in order to cover the king ' s adultery with her was unthinkable. then, after mourning her husband ' s death, she was quietly ushered into the king ' s house as his new wife, and gave birth to a son, her firstborn child. it appears that from god ' s perspective, bathsheba was not to blame. she was the little lamb that nathan the prophet had spoken of, who had been nourished and cared for, and held in her husband ' s bosom. the prophetic confrontation between david and nathan was directed at king david alone, who had abused his position of authority and deceptively taken the wife of one of his finest soldiers. not only was bathsheba blameless, but the divine judgment for the king ' s sin was outside of her control. soon after the birth of her firstborn son, the baby became ill and died seven days later. yet through these trials, bathsheba survived because of her unwavering hope for peace. and god heard her cries. ultimately, king david realized the irreparable damage that his sins had caused. his heart was broken knowing that bathsheba had been the silent yet faithful victim through it all. he comforted her, repentant of the sorrow and grief that he had brought into her life. later, king david provided bathsheba with another son named solomon, her " peace. " this marked the acceptance of her position within the king ' s house, and it signified that


in recent decades, union power has declined considerably. in 1945, union membership peaked at 35 % of non - agricultural workers. today, only 12 % of all workers are union members, and if government employees are taken out of the equation, the percentage of the civilian workers that are members of unions falls to 8 %. economists offer several explanations for this rapid decline of union power. some argue that company hostility to unions is the main cause. armed with supportive legislation like the taft - hartley act, large companies have waged a systematic campaign to eliminate union contracts and undercut union influence. yet other economists argue almost the opposite — that overly aggressive unions are primarily to blame for their loss of influence. in the global economy, unions have hurt themselves by demanding too much from employers that can easily take their jobs elsewhere. other economists argue that the changing composition of the workforce is more responsible for declining union membership. women and teenagers represent a larger part of the workforce than they did 50 years ago. and for many of these, their jobs represent a second or temporary income. consequently, they are less interested in the long - term employment objectives pursued by unions. similarly, illegal immigrants, now numbering, according to the united states census, around 10. 4 million adults, are not usually receptive to union organizing efforts. some economists argue that the shifting structure of the american economy is more responsible for declining union membership. unions were well established in heavy industries, like steel and autos. but those represent a far smaller part of the economy than they did a half century ago. far more jobs are being created in the service sector, which has proven resistant to union organization. finally, some economists suggest that since government has taken over some of the roles filled by unions in the past, union membership is less essential to workers. congressional mandates addressing workplace discrimination and conditions, and establishing protections for family and medical leave, have addressed some of the worker concerns that formally led workers into unions. clearly, the workplace and the workforce are changing. the growth of the service sector, the decline of heavy industry, the reduction of union power, and the expansion of government involvement all signal a fundamental transformation in the american economy. why it matters today in the private sector, unions have experienced 55 years of fairly steady decline. in the public sector... not so much. while unions have lost ground in most industries, public employees unions have grown larger and more powerful in recent decades. people are split on whether this growth is a good thing or a bad thing. those who argue against unions cite the


. not so much. while unions have lost ground in most industries, public employees unions have grown larger and more powerful in recent decades. people are split on whether this growth is a good thing or a bad thing. those who argue against unions cite the negative effects of collective bargaining : federal employees now make more money for the same type of jobs than their counterparts in private industry. while the private sector has shed some eight million jobs in the recent recession, employment in the public sector has grown, and those workers often have generous state - funded pensions that could lead to budgetary woes in the long run. some argue that higher costs associated with unionization might make the united states less competitive in the global market. on the other hand, union membership still serves a valuable purpose in ensuring that workers are being paid and treated fairly. democracy is all about participation, and unions give employees a voice in the decision - making process. additionally, there ' s evidence that a high level of union participation doesn ' t necessarily mean less growth. in fact, prior to the global recession, some of the countries with the highest growth rates also had some of the highest rates of unionization. as someone who will eventually be a worker and a taxpayer ( if you aren ' t already ), this discussion affects you. what do you think? are employee unions merely working to ensure a decent living for their members, or are they imposing costs that the states and federal government can ' t afford to bear? saturday night live ’ s discussion of unions and pensions :


one beautiful day, while nosy fox is strolling through the forest, he spies a bear he ' s never seen before. when he asks brainy owl who the bear is and what it ' s doing, nosy fox finds out that the bear is named jack and is making the world a better place. nosy fox has a difficult time believing that jack is doing such a thing, especially since all the bear has is a smile and a jar of honey. although nosy fox insists that monarchs and government officials, scientists and peace prize winners, philosophers and hard - working citizens all have more authority and responsibility in making the world a better place, brainy owl points out that what those people can do is actually limited - - and so, they all need jack ' s help. the story is fun to read, while it also teaches us an important lesson in a gentle and humorous way. the narrative is told with simple text and is able to convey complex terms and ideas in a way that is easily accessible to younger readers and listeners. the conversation between nosy fox and brainy owl is engaging, particularly as nosy fox, along with the reader, seeks to understand the mystery that is jack the bear. leist ' s illustrations are masterful and unique, overflowing with playfulness and rick in detail and texture. with recycled paper shopping bags standing in for the canvases, she uses a variety of other tools, including watercolours, crayons, ballpoint pens, markers and pencils. she also makes use of leaf and twig rubbings ; and children will have fun looking for evidence of these rubbings, as well as evidence of handles and fold - lines in the bags and of what parts of the shopping bags are being used. thematic links : remembrance day - peace ; social responsibility - taking care of others ; friendship ; social responsibility - reusing materials ; art - reusing objects / using found objects " when an unfamiliar bear appears in his forest, nosy fox is immediately curious. nosy asks brainy owl about the stranger and is unimpressed when nosy says that jack the bear is making the world a better place. as nosy and brainy observe the stranger from a distance, brainy answers the fo ' s questions and encourages him to reconsider his assumptions about who can make a difference. the world is awfully big, af ter all, and there are many ways to make it better - - some even involve honey! jack the bear is a terrific starting point for discussion


to reconsider his assumptions about who can make a difference. the world is awfully big, af ter all, and there are many ways to make it better - - some even involve honey! jack the bear is a terrific starting point for discussion about social responsibility. " - carolyn hart, bc certified teacher nominated for a 2009 cybils award! cm magazine review nosy fox just doesn ' t get it. jack the bear is just sitting there, underneath the shade of an old oak tree, eating his honey with grumpy squirrel – and yet, according to brainy owl, bear is making the world a better place. but how could that be? isn ' t that the job of kings and queens? scientists and philosophers? in this heart - warming tale about compassion and benevolence, readers learn that a simple act of kindness can go a long way – even if it ' s as small as putting a smile on someone ' s face. with all of his wisdom and wit, brainy owl tells nosy fox that our world is a very big place and that it takes more than just inventions and ideas to make a positive impact on the world. it is the selfless acts of the individual that can serve as the seed of change, and with a little love and goodwill, we can make a worldwide impact, one good deed at a time. it is an important lesson, and, although it is somewhat ambitious to tackle such an abstract concept within the confines of a 40 page picturebook, leist does succeed, in the end, at sending home a clear and boiled down message. along the way, parents may well have to explain what a " philosopher " is, or who the " peace prize winners " are, but in a sense, the book is more of a jumping off point – its final pages should mean the start of a conversation, rather the end. the book ' s playful illustrations were created on recycled paper shopping bags, using a combination of watercolor, crayon, ballpoint pen, marker and pencil. the effect is incredibly organic, with the most delicious textures, folds, and creases – particularly on the book ' s double - page spreads. occasionally, you can spy a spot of bold red lettering that reads, " pull handles up not out " – a fun little detail that serves to remind us of the book ' s origins. leist ' s artwork is both whimsical and spontaneous, featuring a background of beautifully shaped splotches and scribbles that slowly


not out " – a fun little detail that serves to remind us of the book ' s origins. leist ' s artwork is both whimsical and spontaneous, featuring a background of beautifully shaped splotches and scribbles that slowly emerge to the eye as leaves and branches and earth and sky. the characters themselves are charming, but not in a " cutesy " sort of way – they are quirky and unusual with wide - eyed gazes and bashful grins. for those looking to inspire young children to change the world, this book serves as a good introduction. certainly, if we all learned to be a little bit like jack the bear, who shares his honey, the world would be a much sweeter place. " a beautiful lesson " - abc best books for children " in this charming picture book, jack the bear contributes to world peace through the simple gesture of a smile. this special book should be in every home where young children and youthful spirits reside. " - christianne hayward sal ' s fiction addiction " ' that ' s jack the bear, ' said brainy owl. ' oh? and what ' s he doing? ' nosy fox was, well, nosy. ' he ' s making the world a better place, ' replied brainy owl. ' really? ' nosy fox smirked. ' he looks like he ' s just sitting in the shade with a jar of honey. ' " i love the simple message of this lovely, warm book. we can all make a difference in someone else ' s day... we just need to know that we can. my good friend val and i were just talking about the same thing the other day. there are so many times in our day when a little smile ( or sometimes a persistent one ) can make another person ' s day better! it takes so little effort. the animals in this book are somewhat grumpy and quite opinionated about jack ' s place in the world. they wonder how sitting, smiling and handing out honey can really make the world a better place. after all, isn ' t that what kings, queens, presidents and prime ministers are meant to do? it seems that jack can help them, and he can help scientists, peace prize winners and even philosophers when they haven ' t enough time or energy to meet all the needs of the world. how does jack bear do it??? he smiles! have you got one of those hidden away. try it on everyone you meet today, and see if you can make


' t enough time or energy to meet all the needs of the world. how does jack bear do it??? he smiles! have you got one of those hidden away. try it on everyone you meet today, and see if you can make the world a better place. i am going to try to do just that. the author adds a note about her artwork which states : ' the illustrations in this book were done on recycled paper shopping bags. i used watercolor, crayon, and almost every ballpoint pen, marker, and pencil i could find in my desk ' s untidy drawers. ' they work brilliantly to give this book its glowing warm feeling. review from 50 good deeds my teacher friend nadia put me on to a pretty picture book about making the world a better place through good deeds. “ it ’ s so simply written, and the message is huge! ” she wrote to me. so of course i had to see a copy for myself, and looked forward to the arrival of jack the bear in the mail. it was a sweet read. vancouver author and illustrator christina leist uses her animal characters, with some beautiful drawings made on recycled paper shopping bags, to convey to kids the power of a small act of kindness. what made her an ambassador for the cause? “ when i first came to vancouver – i am originally from germany – i was impressed by how nice people were to me, ” christina says. “ cars were stopping for me when i wanted to cross the street, people were apologizing. ” ( yep, sounds to me like she found her way to canada. ) how did that motivate her? “ i felt respected and cared for as a fellow human being. i wanted to belong to this group of people that made me feel so good, and i started to do the same for other people. ” that ’ s that chain of kindness we keep obsessing about. and she decided to write a book for tiny tots. “ i want to let the little ones know how simple manifesting positive change can be, that they have an important and powerful tool and never need to feel powerless. ” christina adds that upcycling used shopping bags for her artwork is another way she sets an example : it doesn ’ t take much to change the world. jack the bear has been shortlisted for the ontario blue spruce award and the foreword magazine book of the year award. so if you ’ re looking for reading material for the small people in your life, you may make a


| san jose state university | & tornado alley the equipment for demonstrating the aharonov - bohm effect consists of a source of uniform energy electrons, a screen with two slits in it, a screen to capture the interference pattern and a solenoid. the solenoid is an electromagnet encased in an iron tube. the iron tube captures all of the magnetic field created by the electromagnet. outside of the tube the magnetic field zero. without the electromagneti on, the equipment generates the standard interference pattern for the two - slit experiment. a schematic diagram for the experiment is shown below. when the current in the solenoid is increased there is a shift in the interference pattern on the screen. this is quite surprising because the iron shielding of electromagnet confines the magnetic field entirely to the solenoid itself. the magnet field in the paths of the electrons is zero. in any real experiment the magnetic field would be zero except for background levels. paul a. m. dirac proved in 1931 that in such arrangement there would be a phase shift for the wave function of the electron based not upon the level of the magnet field for the region through which it passes but upon the level of the vector potential function. if b ( x ) is the magnetic field function then the vector potential function is such that for any a ( x ) equal to the gradient of a scalar function ∇g the curl is zero, thus the vector potential function in a region can be nonzero even though the magnetic field is zero. the wave function ψ ( x ) is a complex - valued function of the point in space x. the magnitude squared of the wave function | ψ ( x ) | 2 is the probability density for the electron at point x. a wave function can be multiplied by a function of the form exp ( - iφ ) without affecting the magnitude and thus without affecting the probabilities of the electron being found in any region of space. the quantity φ is called the phase angle. it was generally thought before the aharonov - bohm experiment that changes in phase angle do not affect the behavior of electrons. the experiment showed that the phase angle of electrons could be modified even though the magnetic field through which they pass is zero, and that the modification can be detected. what dirac showed is that the change in phase angle of an electron passing through a path s is where e is the charge of the electron, h is planck ' s constant divided by 2π and j is


and that the modification can be detected. what dirac showed is that the change in phase angle of an electron passing through a path s is where e is the charge of the electron, h is planck ' s constant divided by 2π and j is the line integral where a is the vector potential for the magnetic field. the phase difference between electrons traveling on path 1 compared to path 2 is thus based upon the difference in the line integrals. this is equivalent to computing the line integral forward on path 1 and then backward on path 2. this in turn is equivalent to computing the line integral around the path created by path 2 to path 1 in a reverse direction. this creates a closed path. by stoke ' s theorem the line integral around a closed path is equal to the integral of the curl of the vector quantity over the surface enclosed by the path. in this case the curl of the vector potential is the magnet field and this is nonzero for the cross - section of the solenoid. what the aharonov - bohm experiment established is that it is not only the electric and magnetic field that can have observable effects. the vector potential can also produce observable effects. originally the vector potential function was only a mathematical artifact, a convenience. what the aharonov - bohm effect shows is that the vector potential function has a primacy, an existence in its own right. home page of thayer watkins


dry, flaky skin, also referred to as xerosis, not only looks unattractive, it can be uncomfortably tight and itchy. in severe cases, the skin is so dry that fissures and cracks develop which can become inflamed or infected. the symptoms worsen in the winter months when skin is exposed to dry air and heat, but some people deal with xerosis all year round. dry skin is caused by a lack of moisture in the outer layer of the skin. the outermost layer of the skin contains lipids. these lipids consist of ceramides, fatty acids and cholesterol that help to hold in water and prevent dryness. people with dry skin often have lower levels of ceramides. this affects the skin ’ s ability to retain moisture. when the outer layer of skin is too dry, skin cells aren ’ t shed properly and the cells build up on the surface of the skin causing it to look rough and flaky. some people are prone towards dry skin genetically, but lifestyle habits play a role too. ceramides that keep skin moist and supple can be stripped away by using harsh cleansers and detergents, washing skin in hot water, exposing skin to chemicals, frequent bathing and exposure to dry air or extremes in temperature. areas with the fewest oil glands such as the extremities and trunk are most susceptible. it ’ s important to reduce your skin ’ s exposure to elements that damage the lipid layer and remove moisture from the skin. some people live in homes with a low humidity. adding a home humidifier to increase moisture in the air is a simple way to sooth dry, irritated skin. staying covered up outdoors in the winter helps too. another problem that aggravates xerosis is excessive exposure to water, especially hot water. dry skin was less common years ago when people didn ’ t have the convenience of taking a shower every day. using harsh cleansers and bath products including soap also worsen the problem by stripping away the lipids and oils that keep skin moist. a better alternative is to use a soap - free cleanser which contains ingredients that remove dirt while helping to repair the protective lipid barrier. keep baths short, and use warm, not hot, water. a brief shower is a better alternative. after cleansing, it ’ s important to moisturize. pat skin dry and immediately apply a layer of moisturizer while skin is still slightly damp. choose one that contains


the first thing people notice when they look at someone ’ s face is their eyes. that ’ s why most people aren ’ t happy when they look in the mirror and see swollen, puffy eyes. needless to say, it ’ s not a good way to start the day. the skin underneath the eyelids is thinner than it is elsewhere on the body. this means that when the underlying tissue swells, the under - eye area becomes puffy and easily swollen. the tissue underneath can become swollen from eating too much salt and from the effects of allergies or hormones. some people have swollen eyes when they wake up in the morning, especially if they ate a high - salt meal the day before. lack of sleep can also make eye puffiness worse. with aging, tissue under the eyes becomes more lax. this causes the fat underneath to herniate outwards, causing the under - eye area to look puffy. genetics and smoking speed up this process. this puffiness becomes more prominent with fatigue, fluid retention and hormonal fluctuations. one of the simplest ways to reduce under - eye puffiness is to place cold compresses over the eyes. a bag of frozen vegetables works well for this purpose. cold compresses are particularly effective for reducing swelling from too much salt and from allergy - related problems. drinking more water and reducing dietary sodium also helps to prevent under - eye swelling. if the problem is related to allergies, allergy medications like antihistamines can help. another way to reduce morning puffiness is to sleep with the head on an additional pillow. this elevates the head and reduces fluid accumulation during the night. oxidative stress from exposure to sunlight and a bad diet also contributes to laxity of the skin around the eyes, which can lead to a puffy, baggy under - eye area. smoking further accelerates oxidative stress and damage. have you ever noticed how many smokers have under - eye bags? some people use hemorrhoid creams under their eyes to treat puffiness. hemorrhoid cream contains an ingredient called phenylephrine that constricts blood vessels and reduces swelling. this works for some, but most dermatologists don ’ t recommend it since it may not be safe to use under the eyes where the skin is delicate. there ’ s also the risk of getting some the cream into the eyes, which could cause irritation. reserve the hemorrhoid cream for treating hemorrhoids, and use


not be safe to use under the eyes where the skin is delicate. there ’ s also the risk of getting some the cream into the eyes, which could cause irritation. reserve the hemorrhoid cream for treating hemorrhoids, and use a treatment specifically designed for the under - eye area instead. when puffy eyes are caused by too much skin laxity under the eyes and bags are a problem, complex peptides can help diminish the baggy appearance while preventing further damage. topical retinols and prescription - strength retinoids also help by boosting collagen production. in severe cases, some dermatologists recommend a procedure called blepharoplasty to remove extra fat and tighten loose under - eye skin. of course, there are risks to any type of surgery, so this should be a treatment of last resort. most people will experience some improvement with topical treatments. treating mild under - eye puffiness may be as simple as changing sleep habits and consuming less salt. in cases where this doesn ’ t solve the problem, cold compresses and topical treatments that reduce oxidative stress and stimulate collagen production can help, especially where the tissue around the eyes is lax. as a last resort, a blepharoplasty is an option to remove excess fat and tighten the under - eye tissue.


can biodiversity conservation reduce poverty? today, the u. n. convention on biological diversity ( cbd ) kicks off its 10th conference in nagoya, japan. unveiled in 1992, the treaty claims nearly every nation as a party. ( the united states, one of three holdouts, attends the conferences as an " observer. " ) in 2002, the parties set a target, subsequently added to the u. n. millennium development goals : " to achieve by 2010 significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on earth. " ( emphasis added. ) they failed, and biodiversity continues to vanish apace. at nagoya, they will hash out a new plan. but the pledge ' s implicit equation — what ' s good for the planet is good for the poor — sounds suspiciously convenient ; next we ' ll hear that biodiversity can help bring peace to the middle east. is biodiversity conservation really a friend to poor people? the cbd ' s logic goes like this : the world ' s poor live disproportionately in " hotspots " of biodiversity — 70 percent still inhabit rural areas, according to the u. n. — and they depend relatively directly on local wildlife for their livelihoods ( fish and game, mushrooms, fuel wood ). even for communities with other sources of income, biodiversity can provide a crucial safety net in the event of natural disasters or global economic meltdowns. that logic is sound, as far as it goes. but the poor live in these species - rich places not by coincidence, but because, in most cases, their countries have not industrialized and therefore have advanced little economically. likewise, they forage for calories and fuel because they lack access to pathmark and con ed. from this perspective, a real route out of poverty would transcend, rather than cement, their reliance on biodiversity. what ' s more, conservation campaigns of the past have garnered a bad reputation for alienating local communities in poor countries. the establishment of protected areas has created millions of " conservation refugees " : the batwa pygmies, to take one example, were evicted from their ancestral homes in 1991, in the name of protecting the bwindi impenetrable national park in uganda. ( a prevalent strain of conservationism saw any human settlements as tainting the wilderness. ) residents near other protected areas, while not forced to relocate, were cut off from food and fuel sources on which they


impenetrable national park in uganda. ( a prevalent strain of conservationism saw any human settlements as tainting the wilderness. ) residents near other protected areas, while not forced to relocate, were cut off from food and fuel sources on which they ' d banked. the past few decades, however, have seen a gradual sea change in conservationists ' thinking and rhetoric. it is now widely accepted — for ethical and practical reasons — that conservation efforts must turn locals into allies, not enemies. governments, ngos, international institutions and communities have made valiant efforts to align environmental custodianship with poverty reduction. such " win - wins " are a tall order, and countless projects have flunked on both counts. but some have achieved modest success. a report released in august, by the nature conservancy and other groups, reviewed more than 400 studies and documents about the poverty - biodiversity nexus. the authors identified 10 strategies that appeared to have succeeded, in some places, at combining both objectives. the most effective included ecotourism, agroforestry ( integrating trees and agriculture ), and " fish spillover " ( in which an area is designated off - limits for fishing, while an adjacent water body is fair game ). one model initiative is ghana ' s wechiau community hippopotamus sanctuary, founded in 1998 by local chiefs. in 2008, it won an equator prize, which the u. n. has awarded to 103 " outstanding community efforts to reduce poverty through the conservation of biodiversity " since 2002. the sanctuary has generated jobs ( such as accountant, ranger, boatman, and cook ) and attracted investment in solar lighting systems and other infrastructure. ( a 2010 study found that infrastructure development was " 2 - 8 times higher than in surrounding communities. " ) at the same time, the hippo population has held steady, and bird species inside the sanctuary outnumbered those outside. the place is not a utopia — 14 households were displaced — but a survey yielded mostly positive feedback from the community. yet there are formidable obstacles to widespread success. a common problem is " elite capture, " in which the more privileged members of a community reap the greatest reward, while the poorest gain little. in a forest - management project supported by the indian government in andhra pradesh, for example, the upper - caste members dominated the management committee, decreeing quotas and prohibitions on wood collection. meanwhile, lower - caste members suffered because they had depended most heavily on the products that were now verboten. ( members


, for example, the upper - caste members dominated the management committee, decreeing quotas and prohibitions on wood collection. meanwhile, lower - caste members suffered because they had depended most heavily on the products that were now verboten. ( members of the lower castes eventually rebelled, earning two of them powerful posts on the committee. ) land tenure matters, too : without secure property rights, people have little incentive to sacrifice current gains for the future. more fundamentally, the conflicts between economic and environmental priorities will never disappear : with prosperity comes consumption. the latest big thing in conservation circles has a conceptual twist. instead of asking people to conserve because it intrinsically pays off, this approach offers another incentive : money. known as " payment for ecosystem services, " the idea is that resources like watersheds and forests have great economic value that has not been quantified. these resources provide " services " such as fresh air and clean water, erosion control, and carbon sequestration, and so, the reasoning goes, people should be remunerated to guarantee their continued provision. the strategy acknowledges biodiversity ' s global benefits, and allows rich countries to assume financial responsibility — not in the form of donations but as business transactions for services rendered. less - developed countries could become " biodiversity exporters, " selling the stewardship of species and habitats just as china sells nike knock - offs. payment for ecosystem services and kindred proposals will be hot topics at nagoya. but it ' s too soon to assess their potential. typically — though not always — payment goes to landholders, leaving out the very poorest. to boot, many environmentalists distrust market - oriented solutions and balk at the notion of valuing nature strictly for its use to humans. negotiations are sure to be contentious. whatever agreement is reached, let ' s hope it finds more success than the 2010 target did. rebecca tuhus - dubrow is a writer in somerville, mass. photograph of silverback male mountain gorilla by simon maina / afp / getty images.


my pipeline ' s corroded but i thought oil prevented rust. severely corroded pipelines will force bp to shut down its oil field at prudhoe bay, alaska, company officials said on sunday. after a major spill in march, the company discovered stretches where the pipe had lost more than 70 percent of its mass to corrosion. why does oil corrode a pipeline? it has water in it. the crude oil that flows from prudhoe bay isn ' t the pure stuff we might use to stave off rust in our cars. when an oil company pumps crude out of the ground, it can also pump out a hot mixture of water, carbon dioxide, sulfur, and microorganisms. ( crude oil with lots of sulfur in it is called " sour, " as opposed to " sweet. " ) if enough of these contaminants collect in a steel pipe, they ' ll work together to eat away at its inner surface. water is the main concern. if there ' s only a little bit of water in the oil, or if the oil is flowing fast enough, you generally won ' t have a problem. that ' s because the water will be dispersed in tiny droplets that are suspended in the flow. these suspended droplets won ' t react much with the steel surface of the pipes. problems can arise in stretches of pipeline that run at lower pressures. in these spots, water droplets can coalesce and fall out of the oil flow. they might inundate globs of sand or dirt that have also fallen out of the crude - oil mix and form a watery sludge on the edge of the pipe. once a watery muck forms in one part of the pipe, the natural process of corrosion speeds up. the crude can also serve as a breeding ground for anaerobic bacteria, which form slimy, sulfur - producing colonies on the inside of the pipe. to make matters worse, crude oil comes out of the ground hot, and the pipelines are insulated to maintain those high temperatures. oil flows better when it ' s hot, but heat also exacerbates corrosion within the pipes. sometimes the oil companies introduce corrosive bacteria, water, or gas into reservoirs themselves. when an oil field gets old, it starts to lose pressure, and it becomes harder to draw out the remaining crude. engineers can try to add pressure underground by putting in seawater or carbon dioxide. while this increases the field ' s output, it also sours the product and leads to more


to lose pressure, and it becomes harder to draw out the remaining crude. engineers can try to add pressure underground by putting in seawater or carbon dioxide. while this increases the field ' s output, it also sours the product and leads to more pipeline corrosion. bonus explainer : what can the oil companies do to stave off internal pipe corrosion? very little. it would be far too expensive to build pipelines out of stainless steel, and there ' s not much you can do to protect the inner surface of a carbon steel tube from water damage. the companies can paint the outer surface with a protective coating, but there ' s no way to do that on the inside. ( you could paint the inner surface of pipe sections before welding them together, but the assembly process would destroy the coating. ) companies can flush their pipelines with various chemicals that create a mildly protective film on the inner surfaces. they can also wash them with a biocide to kill off the sulfur - producing bacteria. bonus bonus explainer : how do the oil companies test for corrosion in the pipes? they can use ultrasound to measure the thickness of the pipe walls. they can also run corrosion tests by inserting " coupons, " or 3 - inch strips of metal, into the pipe at various points. after six months or so, they remove the coupons and check to see how much they ' ve corroded. the best way to measure corrosion is with a " smart pig, " a bullet - shaped sensor that flies through the pipe measuring the shape of its inner surface. got a question about today ' s news? ask the explainer. explainer thanks srdjan nesic of the institute for corrosion and multiphase flow technology at ohio university, steve nikolakakos of russell corrosion consultants inc., and van cosby and dennis gerson of ibm. thanks also to reader lee goodman for asking the question.


no child left behind, with its accelerated education practices and emphasis on standardized testing, seems to be leaving many american children behind much of the industrialized world, according to a new global table of education, produced for the intelligence unit of the economist. the u. s. is ranked 17th in education, far below first - place finland and many other countries. read why finland has the best education system in the world. what are their secrets? for one, finnish children don ’ t start school until age 7. ( waldorf education advocates that children not read until 7. ) phenomenally, finnish students only take one standardized test, and that is at the age of 16. by that age, a typical american child will have taken dozens of standardized tests, and will have spent much educational time preparing for them, at the expense of other learning and discovery. finnish elementary school students receive 75 minutes of recess per day, as opposed to an average of 27 minutes in the u. s. there is very little homework. education in finland is 100 % state subsidized, as is teacher training. the results of all this attention to teacher support and developmentally appropriate learning, free time and play? 93 percent of finns graduate from high school, a figure that is 17. 5 percent higher than that in the u. s. some might point to finland ’ s smaller size or relative homogeneity as possible reasons for their success, but their success is notably higher than other scandinavian countries, which have similar demographics and diversity. 30 u. s. states have populations equal to or less than finland ’ s, at 5. 5 million. read more about why finland ’ s education system is number one. so how does the u. s. educational system stack up against that of other countries? according to a 2011 program for international student assessment ( pisa ), american 15 - year - olds scored at the international average of industrialized nations in science and reading, and below the international average in math. the above article goes on to note that high - performing countries recruit and retain talented teachers. it noted some interesting cultural differences, as well. for instance, japanese students are encouraged to struggle through problems more than american students are. according to ucla psychology professor james stigler, who studied the japanese educational system : american students “ aren ’ t socialized to struggle hard. they ’ re socialized to put their hands up and say, ‘ i don ’ t know. ’ ” while japanese parents would be inclined to tell a child ’ s teacher,


system : american students “ aren ’ t socialized to struggle hard. they ’ re socialized to put their hands up and say, ‘ i don ’ t know. ’ ” while japanese parents would be inclined to tell a child ’ s teacher, “ thank you for helping my kid struggle, ” american parents are more inclined to say, “ why are you torturing my kid? ” that ’ s a very interesting point that speaks to many parents ’ well - meaning, but sometimes misguided, attempts to rush in and fix perceived problems, a habit that ultimately robs their children of essential problem - solving skills and the mastery and confidence that come with them. the original economist report quoted above makes some of the same key recommendations about economic success in its five lessons for education policymakers : - there are no magic bullets - respect teachers - culture can be changed - parents are neither impediments to nor saviors of education - educate for the future, not just the present and this comes from nyu research professor of education and former u. s. secretary of education diane ravitch, in her review of pasi sahlberg ’ s finnish lessons : what can the world learn from educational change in finland? in the new york review of books : u. s. policymakers have turned to market - based solutions such as “ tougher competition, more data, abolishing teacher unions, opening more charter schools, or employing corporate - world management models. ” by contrast, finland has spent the past forty years developing a different education system, one that is focused on improving the teaching force, limiting student testing to a necessary minimum, placing responsibility and trust before accountability, and handing over school - and district - level leadership to education professionals. the last word about our ( relatively unsuccessful ) competition - driven, test - obsessed educational model will have to go to timo heikkinen, a helsinki principal with 24 years of teaching experience : if you only measure the statistics, you miss the human aspect. these are top 20 countries in the world, in education, as ranked by the global table of education : - south korea - hong kong - new zealand more reading ( some of these are referenced above ) : why finland ’ s unorthodox education system is the best in the world, business insider the pearson report for the economist schools we can envy, new york review of books from finland, an intriguing school model, new york times why are finland ’ s schools successful, smithsonian uk education sixth in global ranking, bbc news great ideas from finnish


how “ green ” is memphis? in today ’ s world of energy issues, from spills to national security, the question of a community ’ s level of greenness has never been more important. to many people, the concept of green is defined by a few issues that have been highly marketed by various interest groups. things like wind turbines, solar panels, alternative fuels and vehicles, and keeping air and water clean come to mind. to others, green is defined by farmers markets and bike lanes. over the last few months, the memphis bioworks foundation has been involved with or done research into a number of green initiatives. what we have found might be a surprise to some people. memphis is a leader in many aspects of green – led mostly by some of our largest and most established organizations. if you think of green in terms of the earth, the sun and the water – as an upcoming issue of bioworks magazine will be doing – the categorization of memphis ’ leadership position becomes quite clear. note that we have left wind out of this equation because at the present efficiency and costs, this part of the country doesn ’ t have the consistent atmospheric criteria to be competitive for wind power. solar leadership begins with the sharp manufacturing plant in memphis. it is the only solar cell manufacturing facility in the nation producing photovoltaic modules. the factory has produced more than two million panels since it got into the solar business in 2003. that ’ s production. what about utilization? if all goes according to plan, memphis bioworks foundation will be using initiatives such as new market tax credits, federal solar investment tax credits, and tva credits under the generation partners program, managed through memphis light, gas and water to create the largest urban solar implementation in the region beginning with installations on the roofs of our existing structures such as its dudley street building and the adjacent parking garage. the top of a parking garage in memphis is an underused asset, often too hot to park the car and not accessible for other applications. we ’ re going to cover ours with solar panels to make it usable — recovering 110 parking spaces — and, at the same time, we will generate energy to mitigate 30 to 40 percent of our existing energy costs. for earth, our agbioworks initiatives in biomass stretch across five states, with memphis at the heart of the burgeoning bioeconomy utilizing plant - based materials in a wide variety of biobased materials including chemicals, plastics and biofuels. and in water, many people may not be aware that memphis - based


- the enterprise - the recorder recently, a team of volunteer sailors from patuxent river naval air station embarked on an atlantic voyage, and they often spoke to one another in a language shared by generations of seafarers. they yelled out terms like “ jib and jigger, ” a way to use sails to travel. or “ starboard, ” which some historians say was coined by vikings. those ancient sailors called the sides of their ships “ boards. ” the oar was the “ star ” and they put it on the right side of the ship. “ it goes back to our old days of sail, ” said tim holland, commodore of the navy patuxent sailing club. order had to be followed correctly because lives hung in the balance, he said. captains barked short, clear commands so that sailors “ would respond instinctively. ” today, sailors and landlubbers alike might recognize these nautical terms that have made their way into everyday conversations. z above board : pirates, pretending to be merchants, hid their crew below boards of ships before an attack. today, it essentially means honest. z ahoy : originally a viking battle cry, the phrase became tradition for greeting other vessels. z fathom : derived from the anglo - saxon word meaning “ to embrace. ” a man often stretches his arms to embrace his lover. the english often used body parts ( such as feet ) to make measurements. in this case, a fathom was the average distance from fingertip to fingertip of men ’ s outstretched arms, as if ready to embrace. it equaled 6 feet. the word also has come to mean evaluating, or taking measure of, one ’ s thoughts. z feeling blue : this modern term for sadness apparently spawned from a tradition where crew members flew blue flags and painted a blue band along the entire hull if a ship lost its captain or any officers during a voyage. z head : the sailors ’ word for bathroom comes from days when the place to relieve oneself was typically located near the front — or more specifically, over the sides of the front — of the ship, near the bowsprit, where the figurehead was attached. z he knows the ropes : referred to a sailor so new, he only knew names and uses of critical ropes on a boat. today, someone who knows the ropes knows a job well. z hunky - dory : legend says this phrase, which means things are going well, derives from a street or district in japan that catered to the pleasures of sailors. z knots : about


who knows the ropes knows a job well. z hunky - dory : legend says this phrase, which means things are going well, derives from a street or district in japan that catered to the pleasures of sailors. z knots : about 200 years ago, sailors would throw a floating “ log line, ” marked by knots tied into it at 47. 33 - foot intervals, over the side of the boat. it was allowed to remain in the water 28 seconds. sailors counted the knots that passed over the side to measure the boat ’ s speed. z log book : ship records used to be written on shingles that had been cut from logs, hinged and made into books. modern versions are paper or electronic but share the same name. z long shot : in olden times, ship guns were largely inaccurate at long distances and, as a result, were used mostly at close range. it was considered lucky if a long shot hit its target. today, the term is synonymous with “ unlikely. ” z mind your p ’ s and q ’ s : this phrase suggests one should pay careful attention to their behavior. long ago, sailors purchased pints or quarts of drinks on credit and settled the debt on paydays. these nautical terms were compiled from www. navy. mil, and at goatlocker. org, a site for navy chiefs.


pinos altos, then and now last updated on monday, january 13, 2003 pinos altos ( tall pines ) is located about six miles north of silver city on nm highway 15. the townsite is located along the continental divide at an elevation of 7, 067 feet at the southern end of the pinos altos mountains. pinos altos is a very old mining town ; it was grant county ' s first county seat. photo by bob wilson gold was first discovered by the spanish and mexican miners. the americans discovered gold in 1859 / 60. hank smith, a german immigrant, described how a placer deposit was found on bear creek in 1859, and other prospectors of the col. snively party talk of the big find on bear creek in 1860 and the naming of birchville, pinos altos ' first name, after the prospector who found the first " color. " pinos altos ' history includes a short time under the flag of the confederacy when the confederate states of america invaded the union territory of new mexico. the confederate legacy was a brief period from february, 1861 until june of 1862. the southerners were defeated at the battle of glorieta pass east of santa fe in march of 1862. the confederate soldiers were routed back to el paso by the union forces from colorado. the miners and the mining camp at pinos altos were under constant threat from the apaches and an occasional band of navajos. the miners and the indians were not good neighbors. in the spring of 1860 chief mangas coloradas was invited for a " friendly " visit to the pinos altos mining camp. the treacherous miners tied him to a tree and lashed him unmercifully with their bullwhips. when the chief recovered from his wounds he enlisted his son - in - law ' s help. his son - in - law was chief cochise, and revenge was an important factor in chiricahua apache warfare. captain thomas marston of the arizona scouts led a company of volunteers in defense of pinos altos in the revengeful apache war of september 27, 1861. captain marston and many others on both sides died in this battle. the combined forces of the apaches some 400 strong under the leadership of cochise and mangas coloradas convinced most of the miners that gold was not worth living in fear of the apaches, and birchville was nearly abandoned. main street in photo by carla demarco the california volunteers of the union forces known as


the normal width of a narrow gauge ) was completed in april of 1906 between silver city and pinos altos a rail distance of 12 miles. the rail operated only for a short time ; the company went bankrupt in the fall of 1907. present day pinos altos the present day pinos altos includes an adobe methodist - episcopal church built with hearst money in 1898 and now houses the grant county art guild. one of the many interesting things that you can find there is the funeral hearse of pat garrett, a famous western lawman, who killed the outlaw " billy the kid. " the opera house captures the flavor of the old west. it is an excellent replica of an old west victorian frontier theater. it was built in 1969 of salvaged old buildings and fixtures. inside are displays of old west photos and artifacts. year round, sean o ' hare & jillian graves hysterically present an old west melodrama every friday and saturday at 8 p. m.. a show worth seeing! photo by bob wilson the buckhorn saloon is located just east of the opera house on main street and is an refurbished authentic building from the 1860s. the inside is decorated " tastefully " with bar room paintings, mannequin representing ' ladies of the night ' and " regular " joe, a mannequin bar patron. there are also many artifacts and early photos of the area. excellent food is served in the dining room as well. the pinos altos museum, an old family log cabin built around 1866 with later add - ons, was grant counties first school house. mrs. george schafer and her son, bob, run a very interesting museum of old mining artifacts and a gift shop. it is open seven days a week year round. the museum is located on main street across from the buckhorn saloon. the mcdonald cabin was built about 1851 before the gold discoveries of 1859 / 1860. it is probably the oldest cabin in grant county and is located on spring street directly behind the opera house. the santa rita del cobre fort and trading post is a 3 / 4 scale of the original fort built at the santa rita copper mines in 1804 by the spanish to protect the miners from apache attacks. inside the fort and trading post are many interesting mining and other artifacts of the era along with a replica of an old miner ' s cave. the actual fort at santa rita was renamed fort webster in 1851 by the american army. santa rita del cobre fort and trading post photo by carla demarco the bear creek motel and cabins are


with a replica of an old miner ' s cave. the actual fort at santa rita was renamed fort webster in 1851 by the american army. santa rita del cobre fort and trading post photo by carla demarco the bear creek motel and cabins are located at the intersection of main street and state highway 15. the cabins are very rustic and shaded by tall pines, with a very serene ambiance. the old judge roy bean general store site was located next to the present day post office. the judge ' s store was built in the early 1860s during the gold rush and was run by roy and his brother samuel. trappers cafe is now located on the site. the site of the first grant county seat and court house of 1871 is located east of bear creek on main street. the " hanging " tree in front of the old court house is said to have brought western justice during troubled times in pinos altos. the pinos altos cemetery, just north of saint alexis catholic church, dedicated on july 17, 1888, is where captain marston and his brother virgil are buried next to each other. the miners erected the cross on cross mountain north of town after an agreement with the indians - no more killings as long as the cross remained. bear creek cabins photo by carla demarco the continental divide rv park is located across from the gold rush cafe and offers many spaces. the gold rush cafe is the site of an earlier post office and a place to get a good meal for a good price. it is located on the way into or out of town depending on which way you are going. the present day pinos altos post office and ice cream parlor was built as the norton store around 1890. the norton store was built on the site of a two - storied log structure known as the occidental hotel. when gary macgrumbley became the proprietor of the ice cream parlor and postmaster of pinos altos a few years back, his true forte came to the forefront. he enjoys customer relations to the utmost. he asks everyone from out of town the where, what, when, and how they are doing. not to be nosy, but to be helpful with local sites to see and things to do. plan a trip to the mountains to visit pinos altos. enjoy a trip back in time when life was simpler and friendlier. while you are there, enjoy a piece of homemade fudge and the best coffee either side of the continental divide at gary mac ' s ice cream parlor, or belly


unearthing the weeping time : savannah ' s ten broeck race course and 1859 slave sale | kwesi degraft - hanson, michael page, and kyle thayer, superimposition : re - imaged ten broeck race course on 2007 aerial photo of site, looking northeast, savannah, georgia, 2010. | in 1859, one of the largest slave sales in u. s. history took place at the ten broeck race course, now an obscured landscape, on the outskirts of savannah, georgia. 436 enslaved persons from the butler plantations near darien were sold in an event remembered as " the weeping time. " despite the prevalence of historic monuments in the u. s. south, memorials to slavery are rare or recent arrivals. not until 2008 did the city of savannah and the georgia historical society place a marker near the site of the sale. in this essay, kwesi degraft - hanson examines how this once hidden landscape can be re - imagined into savannah ' s historic memory through archival research, oral history, physical observations of the landscape, and the art of mapmaking. the blades of grass on all the butler estates are outnumbered by the tears that are poured out in agony at the wreck that has been wrought in happy homes, and the crushing grief that has been laid on loving hearts. — mortimer thomson ( philander doesticks ) 1 fitzhugh brundage has noted that the contemporary term used to describe how people remember and articulate their history is " historical memory, " an imprecise recollection not of " fixed images of the past that [ they ] retrieve intact through acts of memory, " but " memory as an active, ongoing process of ordering the past, " a " product of intentional creation. " 2 historical memory is a dynamic, active, ordering of the past. we remember selectively and parochially. in the southern past, brundage examines black and white southern historical memory. immediately after the civil war, southern whites assuaged their defeat by claiming and dominating not only public spaces with monuments to the confederacy, but utilized history departments and college faculty to inscribe their version of a paternalistic, elite culture of their colonial and antebellum past. brundage contrasts this white spatial aggression with black remembrances and their methods of enshrining their version of historical memory : black teachers and schools, and public parades like the juneteenth and emancipation day celebrations allowed blacks to, if even temporarily, lay claim to civic spaces typically already appropriated by


essay. landscapes are dynamic, challenging to envision when few vestiges remain. they have to be " read " in different ways, using various methods to decipher their past. 6 landscape is an " accumulation, " an accrual of the social and material changes of its inhabitants as well as geographical changes and accretions. 7 in spite of the mutability of landscape, it is often possible to unearth and retrieve hidden histories. augmenting archival research with oral history, physical observations of the landscape, and the work of numerous scholars, reimagining the ten broeck site brings commemorative attention to those who were sold there. on the second and third days of march 1859, absentee georgia planter pierce mease butler of philadelphia had arranged for the sale of 436 slaves in savannah to pay off enormous gambling debts, recoup stock market losses, and stay solvent. 8 the people to be sold constituted almost half of the total 919 bondsmen and women held on two coastal georgia plantations butler owned with gabriella, his brother john ' s widow. this disastrous, ill - fated sale was known as " the weeping time, " an apt expression of the angst and anguish that this sale caused the enslaved who were separated from their loved ones. 9 pierce butler had the impending slave sale advertised continuously in the savannah republican, the savannah daily morning news, and in contemporary newspapers throughout the southeastern states by joseph bryan ( 1812 – 1863 ), savannah ' s largest and most notorious slave - dealer. according to historian malcolm bell, bryan " had a virtual monopoly of the coastal georgia slave trade. " 10 the advertisement that bryan published in the savannah republican began on february 8 and ran daily, except on sundays, through march 3, the last date of the slave sale. a detail from joseph bryan ' s initial advertisement for the butler " sale of slaves, " the savannah republican, tuesday, february 8, 1859. his advertisement in the savannah republican on february 8, 1859 reads : for sale. long cotton and rice negroes. a gang of 460 negroes, accustomed to the culture of rice and provisions ; among whom are a number of good mechanics, and house servants. will be sold on the 2d and 3d of march next, at savannah, by joseph bryan. terms of sale — one - third cash ; remainder by bond, bearing interest from day of sale, payable in two equal annual instalments, to be secured by mortgage on the negroes, and approved personal security, or for approved city acceptance


terms of sale — one - third cash ; remainder by bond, bearing interest from day of sale, payable in two equal annual instalments, to be secured by mortgage on the negroes, and approved personal security, or for approved city acceptance on savannah or charleston. purchasers paying for papers. the negroes will be sold in families, and can be seen on the premises of joseph bryan, in savannah, three days prior to the day of sale, when catalogues will be furnished. * * * the charleston courier, ( daily and tri - weekly ; ) christian index, macon, ga ; albany patriot, augusta constitutionalist, mobile register, new orleans picayune, memphis appeal, vicksburg southern, and richmond whig, will publish till day of sale and send bills to this office. | joseph bryan ' s advertisement in the savannah daily morning news, february 26, 1859. | " the premises of joseph bryan " referred to bryan ' s slave holding and trading pen on savannah ' s johnson square. inspection of the enslaved would have begun on february 26, the very day bryan introduced another, modified ad about the impending slave sale in both the savannah republican and the savannah daily morning news. bryan changed the venue to the " race course, " and reduced the number of persons for sale : sale of 440 negroes! persons desiring to inspect these negroes will find them at the race course, where they can be seen from 10 a. m. to 2 p. m., until day of sale. j. bryan. johnson square. mortimer thomson ( 1831 – 1875 ), a reporter for the new york tribune, travelled to savannah and infiltrated the buyers, pretending to be interested in purchasing slaves. during the sale, thomson made " cautious bids " to prevent being discovered. 11 he wrote " great auction sale of slaves at savannah, georgia, march 2d and 3d, 1859, " published in the tribune, on march 9 under his pseudonym, q. k. philander doesticks. he described the expectant atmosphere in savannah : for several days before the sale every hotel in savannah was crowded with negro speculators from north and south carolina, virginia, georgia, alabama, and louisiana, who had been attracted hither by the prospects of making good bargains. nothing was heard for days, in the bar - rooms and public rooms, but talk of the great sale... 12 according to doesticks, the race course where the " great auction sale of slaves " took place was situated " about


. nothing was heard for days, in the bar - rooms and public rooms, but talk of the great sale... 12 according to doesticks, the race course where the " great auction sale of slaves " took place was situated " about three miles from the city, in a pleasant spot, nearly surrounded by woods. " the site adjoined the central of georgia railroad. 13 the slaves were brought up from the butler rice plantation, a fifteen hundred acre island in the altamaha river estuary adjacent to darien, georgia, and from butler ' s nearby cotton plantation, hampton, on the north end of saint simons island. they arrived in groups, by steamer and rail, several days before the sale and were sent to the ten broeck race course, where they were " quartered in the sheds erected for the accommodation of the horses and carriages of gentlemen [ who attended ] races. " 14 after four days of prodding and inspection by prospective buyers, the slaves suffered through the two - day sale. some stood stoically, resignedly, attempting to keep their dignity, while buyers poked, pinched, and fondled them, looked into their mouths, insisted they bend over or extend their limbs, and searched for ' ruptures ' or ' defects ' that might affect their future productivity. 15 doesticks described the buyers as " generally of a rough breed, slangy, profane and bearish, " including some " fast young men, " " rough backwood rowdies " and also " [ w ] hite neck - clothed, gold - spectacled, and silver - haired old men. " pretend - buyer doesticks recorded the facts of the sale, and his observations of the emotional impact on the men, women, and children ( including thirty babies ), who were sold for a sum of $ 303, 850. 16 parents were separated from children, and betrothed from each other. among the many wrenching stories doesticks describes is that of a young, enslaved man, jeffrey, twenty - three years old, who pleaded with his purchaser to also buy dorcas, his beloved : " i loves dorcas, young mas ' r ; i loves her well an ' true ; she says she loves me, and i know she does ; de good lord knows i loves her better than i loves any on in de wide world - never can love another woman half so well. please buy dorcas, mas ' r. we ' re be good sarvants to


know she does ; de good lord knows i loves her better than i loves any on in de wide world - never can love another woman half so well. please buy dorcas, mas ' r. we ' re be good sarvants to you long as we live. we ' re be married right soon, young mas ' r, and de chillum will be healthy and strong, mas ' r and dey ' ll be good sarvants, too. please buy dorcas, young mas ' r. we loves each other a heap — do, really, true, mas ' r. " 17 realizing that his love alone would not impress his new " mas ' r, " jeffrey tried to appeal to his purchaser ' s business sense by " marketing " his own prospective bride, in a desperate hope that they might be together : " young mas ' r, dorcas prime woman — a1 woman, sa. tall gal, sir ; long arms, strong, healthy, and can do a heap of work in a day. she is one of de best rice hands on de whole plantation ; worth $ 1, 200 easy, mas ' r and fus rate bargain at that. " 18 what is evident is the humanity of jeffrey, dorcas, and all the others seemingly commoditized by this sale. jeffrey makes clear his love for dorcas, and his plans for a future with her — a family that would include children, if even they would all be enslaved. given the uncertainty of slavery, with its immanence of impending loss and unpredictable futures, jeffrey felt that his best odds were to help broker his sweetheart ' s sale, and to suggest her market value. 19 jeffrey ' s new owner considered purchasing dorcas until he realized that she was to be sold in a family of four, and could not be purchased independently. when jeffrey ' s entreaties came to nothing and dorcas was bought by someone else, he walked away and grieved, consoled in silence by a circle of his enslaved friends. 20 jeffrey and dorcas were separated, ironically, because pierce butler had required that, to the extent possible, the enslaved be sold in " families. " in " ' we ' m fus ' rate bargain ' : value, labor, and price in a georgia slave community, " daina ramey berry explains that " because [ jeffrey and dorcas ] were not married, there was no chance that they would be sold as a family. "


bargain ' : value, labor, and price in a georgia slave community, " daina ramey berry explains that " because [ jeffrey and dorcas ] were not married, there was no chance that they would be sold as a family. " she points to the desperation that leads jeffrey to suggest a purchase price for his beloved. while planters and agents were purchasing slaves " based on economic interest, " the enslaved approached the auction block " with overt manipulation and covert strategies to maintain family ties... to try to keep relatives and loved ones together. " 21 doesticks also tells of daphne, a young woman who was wrapped in a shawl when ordered to mount the auction block. buyers, bothered that they were thwarted from making " a thorough examination of her limbs, " insisted that daphne expose herself to their full scrutiny, one asking, " who is going to bid on that nigger, if you keep her covered up? let ' s see her face. " mr. walsh, the auctioneer, spoke to the two hundred buyers gathered at the platform and let it be known that daphne had " been confined only fifteen days [ earlier ], " and that he felt " on that account she was entitled to the slight indulgence of a blanket, to keep from herself and child the chill air and the driving rain. " 22 a week after daphne had given birth she, her husband, and their other small child, along with other enslaved, were sent up to savannah from the butler plantations. the family sold for $ 2, 500. 23 in revealing emotions experienced by the slaves, doesticks paid particular attention to facial expressions and body language : on the faces of all was an expression of heavy grief ; some appeared to be resigned to the hard stroke of fortune that had torn them from their homes, and were sadly trying to make the best of it ; some sat brooding moodily over their sorrows, their chins resting on their hands, their eyes staring vacantly, and their bodies rocking to and fro, with a restless motion that was never stilled ; few wept, the place was too public and the drivers too near, though some occasionally turned aside to give way to a few quiet tears. 24 resignation mixed with dignity and pain to tide the enslaved over during this wrenching transition from one place, and one bondage, to another : the expression on the faces of all who stepped on the block was always the same, and told of more anguish than it is in the power of words to express. blight


wrenching transition from one place, and one bondage, to another : the expression on the faces of all who stepped on the block was always the same, and told of more anguish than it is in the power of words to express. blighted homes, crushed hopes and broken hearts was the sad story to be read in all the anxious faces. some of them regarded the sale with perfect indifference, never making a motion save to turn from one side to the other at the word of the dapper mr. bryan, that all the crowd might have a fair view of their proportions, and then, when the sale was accomplished, stepped down from the block without caring to cast even a look at the buyer, who now held all their happiness in his hands. 25 | kwesi degraft - hanson, location of butler island, georgia, 2007. | the " weeping time " brought much anguish to the enslaved. families, who had been together for all of their lives on butler ' s island or hampton, were torn apart and dispersed ; many of them never saw each other again. the butler slaves were dispersed all over the southern states. the heavens seemed to weep in empathy as the four dry days during which buyers inspected the enslaved gave way to a brooding storm ; it rained " violently, " and the " wind howled " for the two days of sale, letting up only after the last person had been sold. 26 outside the advertisements, the savannah newspapers offered cursory mention that the sale had taken place as planned. slavery and slave sales were a way of life and livelihood in savannah, and much of the u. s. south. after mortimer thomson ' s tribune article was published in the north, savannah morning news editor, william t. thompson ( 1812 – 1882 ) castigated doesticks as a spy, intimating that next time he came south, he would not get away. 27 detailing the callousness and heartlessness of slavery, doesticks ' published expose was a political blow to the south, at a time of escalating sectional animosity. like the arrival of the slave ship wanderer — which in november 1858 landed the last shipment of african slaves brought to georgia, on jekyll island near savannah, the ten broeck slave sale exacerbated tensions between northern and southern states. 28 after the civil war, some butler slaves returned to the plantations where they had been born or raised, where they felt most connected, in search of friends and families. descendants of butler slaves still live


and separations were multiplied for the enslaved ; more families, more couples, more children were violated. 33 if pierce mease butler and the slave sale he ordered hastened the advent of the civil war, his former wife, frances anne ( fanny ) kemble ( 1809 – 1893 ), may have influenced the war ' s outcome. four years after ten broeck, and at the height of the civil war, kemble published a journal she had written fifteen years earlier, when she and butler resided for three months at butler island and hampton plantations. journal of a residence on a georgian plantation in 1838 – 1839, published in london and new york in 1863, was a blistering expose of plantation slavery and mentioned many of the slaves sold in 1859. kemble had advocated for the general welfare of the enslaved while she lived on the butler plantations. her journal, among other provocations, prompted mortimer thomson ' s ( doesticks ' s ) account to be reprinted in 1863 as : what became of the slaves on a georgia plantation? great auction sale of slaves at savannah, georgia, march 2d & 3rd, 1859. a sequel to mrs. kemble ' s journal. it is unclear who published it, likely the new york tribune. in what one writer has called " a sensation little short of that which followed the appearance of harriet beecher stowe ' s uncle tom ' s cabin, " kemble ' s journal affected british sentiment, perhaps turning away some financial and military assistance from the confederacy. 34 | kwesi degraft - hanson, part of the former ten broeck race course site, now bradley plywood corporation property, savannah, georgia, november 2007. | the natural and human landscape of the georgia and carolina coasts was drastically changed after the civil war, a result of military devastation, the collapse and reorganization of agricultural production, and the slow and uneven emergence of capitalist modernization. " by the end of the nineteenth century, " writes environmental historian mart stewart, " the old plantation agricultural landscape had been replaced by a patchwork of small farms and open land, port towns and market gardens, and sea island hunting reserves and vacation retreats. " 35 yet, even now, on surviving " plantations, " the big house may be extant, but few structures directly related to slaves — dwellings, barns, and mills remain. 36 replaced, reordered, and erased sites of habitation and work constitute hidden and obscured landscapes of slavery. concomitant with hidden landscapes of slavery are the similarly obscured personal histories or narratives of


— dwellings, barns, and mills remain. 36 replaced, reordered, and erased sites of habitation and work constitute hidden and obscured landscapes of slavery. concomitant with hidden landscapes of slavery are the similarly obscured personal histories or narratives of the long - ago enslaved. these narratives are often couched in the landscape as cultural, material fragments and as oral histories. crucial to understanding the regional and national cultural histories, the retrieval process requires interrogating hidden landscapes as archives. | kwesi degraft - hanson, the southeast corner, former ten broeck race course site, savannah, georgia, november 2007. | theodore rosengarten has noted that at middleton plantation on the ashley river near charleston, south carolina, there are no extant records or signs to indicate where slave dwellings existed. 37 at butler island in the altamaha estuary of coastal georgia, which at its peak held over five hundred slaves, no visible markers provide evidence of dwellings or of a slave hospital that existed on a plantation site inhabited from 1793 until well after the civil war. 38 the interpretation of such landscapes can begin with archival records and progress to the physical landscapes. slave lists in planter family papers reveal personal information about the slaveholders and the enslaved. plantation rice landscapes disclose irrigation channels, levees separating fields from adjacent rivers, and the gridded network of canals and fields, including the characteristic " trunks " that allowed water on and off. 39 landscapes are written on, erased, and re - inscribed by succeeding cultures. architecture, agriculture, war, pillage, famine, and pollution are cultural inscriptions archived in the land, over time. the palimpsestic nature of landscapes — their ability to be inscribed, erased and re - inscribed — allows them to be read for their secrets. 40 plantation slavery produced significant changes along the carolina and georgia coasts. slave labor cleared swamps thick with cypress groves and matted vegetation, creating rice plantations replete with dikes to regulate water - flows from adjacent rivers via irrigation canals. slaves also cleared wooded landscapes for cotton production. following the post - reconstruction era, new activities of agriculture, industry, and urbanization altered the plantation landscapes. envisioning earlier landscapes is an act of changing and remaking, accompanied by biases, preferred visions ( literally and figuratively ), environmental knowledge, and conceptual frameworks. 41 like landscape, the institution of slavery was subject to dynamic change. william dusinberre ' s them dark days : slavery in the american rice swamps, a grim recounting of the plantation system,


environmental knowledge, and conceptual frameworks. 41 like landscape, the institution of slavery was subject to dynamic change. william dusinberre ' s them dark days : slavery in the american rice swamps, a grim recounting of the plantation system, depicts the extreme changes in the slave labor force and slave life. dusinberre examines a handful of plantations, including butler island. his work substantiates kemble ' s, narrating the brutality and degradation of both rice and cotton plantations. dusinberre shows how slavery was always in dynamic flux. plantation ownership changed, as did the labor force, as well as overseers with their particular management regimens of combating the vagaries of tide and weather. the " miasmic " rice plantations had " frightful " infant mortality rates : over half of all slave children born at butler island perished before their sixth birthday ; sixty percent died before age sixteen. dusinberre recounts the labor and sexual demands imposed on slave women whose health was " shattered by the field work required of them until soon before, and again soon after, their frequent pregnancies. " 42 with the high infant and child mortality rates, the summer malarial fevers, the deaths from drowning and venomous snake or alligator attacks, and deaths from severe floggings and punishments meted out most rice fields, like butler island plantation, were killing fields ; so much so, that some rice planters had to import slaves from their interior cotton plantations in order to maintain their lowcountry labor requirements. 43 in his environmental history " what nature suffers to groe " : life, labor and landscape on the georgia coast, 1780 – 1920, mart stewart describes the dynamism of many plantations, including the butler family ' s. in the plantation south, writes stewart, man attempted to dominate or control nature, and he succeeded only temporarily and only by harnessing and coercing slave labor. following the civil war, the planters ' ability to coerce labor and attempt to dominate nature was lost. nature ' s rivers, floods, freshets and hurricanes countered efforts to subdue land and tides to narrow agricultural purposes. stewart argues that the plantations that were created were a result of socially dynamic forces, and that the enslaved created counter - landscapes in their own spaces — different in scale and order from the sites worked under coercion. 44 the work of environmental historian linda nash complements stewart. while nature does not have " agency, " in that it does not have " intentional


- landscapes in their own spaces — different in scale and order from the sites worked under coercion. 44 the work of environmental historian linda nash complements stewart. while nature does not have " agency, " in that it does not have " intentionality, " nash concludes that human agency is influenced and shaped by nature and environment — " that so - called human agency cannot be separated from the environment in which that agency emerges. " 45 " for those who found themselves in this location, both slaves and planters, " writes nash, " the characteristics of the georgia landscape suggested certain alternatives. to put it simply, tidewater rice cultivation could be imagined on the georgia coast but not in the colorado desert... what we might label planters ' ( or slaves ' ) " intentions " were always under adjustment. 46 in other words, it was not merely the particular techniques of rice cultivation but the very ability to envision those techniques that emerged when planters and slaves interacted with the tidewater lowlands. initially part of the " indian lands " when general oglethorpe and his cohort arrived in the savannah area in 1733, the future site of ten broeck race course became part of a plantation, vale royal, owned by a succession of owners. known as " oglethorpe ' s race track, " it was definitely used for riding in the late 1790s. by the late 1850s, it was a refurbished horse - racing track under the leadership of charles lamar, proprietor of the slave ship, wanderer, and the president of the savannah jockey club. the ten broeck slave sale is the major event shaping the memory of this place, a " stream braided from the old and new, " from plantation landscape and horse racing track. now, in the ongoing mutability of landscape, it is part industrial site with a plywood manufacturing company, part elementary school site, and is bisected by a highway. 47 growing up in ghana ( the former gold coast ), west africa, in the coastal towns of accra and cape - coast, i was often within ten miles of one of the twenty - odd surviving slave forts and castles strung along the country ' s atlantic littoral. at age fourteen i visited cape coast castle, built by swedes in 1653 and eventually taken over by the british in 1665. from the tour guide, i learned of the men and women who had been kidnapped, bought and sold, and shipped as slaves from the castle. in the castle ' s dank dungeons, i could smell traces


taken over by the british in 1665. from the tour guide, i learned of the men and women who had been kidnapped, bought and sold, and shipped as slaves from the castle. in the castle ' s dank dungeons, i could smell traces of the enslaved, trapped in time and space ; the mixed odors of sweat and human excreta exist there today. fifteen miles from cape - coast castle is elmina castle, begun in 1481 by the portuguese — the first european fortification on the west african coast. although these two castles were major sites in the geography of atlantic slavery, i was oblivious to much of this history while i lived in ghana. 48 i came to the u. s. for graduate studies in landscape architecture, and learned to appreciate designed spaces and the natural environments of the georgia and south carolina coasts. i am married to an african american from savannah, and our first jobs out of college took us to charleston. travelling and working in the low country, i became interested in tabby, a colonial concrete made from equal proportions of oyster shells, water, lime ( from burning oyster shells ), and sand. researching tabby led to an interest in plantations and the enslaved, when, in 1997, i recognized some distinctly ghanaian ( gold coast ) names embedded in malcolm bell ' s major butler ' s legacy : five generations of a slaveholding family. i recognized akan ( gold coast ) names in a chapter about slaves of the former butler plantations. though the orthography of some of the names was different from current ghanaian names, the differences were slight, and actually served to recall names i was familiar with, and elicited in me a kinship with these former enslaved people. my knowledge of the harsh conditions that the enslaved endured, and the fact that their labors and contributions were not only unrequited but largely without memorialization led me to think about commemorations of hidden, erased and silent landscapes of slavery. i was surprised that people i queried in savannah knew nothing about the ten broeck slave sale. i searched archives for period maps of savannah and chatham county, examined written documents that might refer to the race course site or to events that took place there, and traveled in search of the site. i studied maps, images, histories and news articles of savannah produced from 1734 through the present, but concentrated my focus on the period 1845 through 1875. since at least three written sources indicated that the ten broeck race course was " three miles " west of savannah on the central of georgia railroad, my hope


savannah produced from 1734 through the present, but concentrated my focus on the period 1845 through 1875. since at least three written sources indicated that the ten broeck race course was " three miles " west of savannah on the central of georgia railroad, my hope was to find maps that would show enough land area in enough detail to allow identification. 49 my research yielded graphic and textual information and led me to people who knew about the site ' s history through research and oral history. research at emory university ' s manuscripts, archives, and rare book library ( marbl ) and at the georgia historical society ( ghs ) archives in savannah yielded maps from the 1730s through the nineteenth century, documenting the site of the slave sale, including one that actually locates the ten broeck race course. at marbl, i viewed maps of savannah dating back to 1734, when the city was taking form. georgia, a slave - free state at its inception, introduced slavery in the 1750s. rice plantations flourished along the savannah river. the city expanded its boundaries on all sides. with copies of maps in hand, i searched for the race course and the central of georgia railroad, commissioned in the mid - 1830s. 50 in the 1818 plan of savannah with the squares james oglethorpe laid out, johnson square ( where slave dealer joseph bryan would one day have his slave pen and office ) is faintly discernible just south of the savannah river and the " exchange " ( north is to the bottom of the page, and west is at the reader ' s right hand ). to the west of ' west broad street, ' and not too far from the savannah river and ' indian street ' on this map, is a label for ' bryan street, ' named after an earlier ( related ) joseph bryan, " benevolent friend of [ james ] oglethorpe, who came [ from south carolina ] with four of his sawyers in 1733 and gave their labor free for two months. " 51 | j. b. hogg, map of savannah city limits, 1868. | bryan street runs adjacent to johnson square. this map shows the west area of the city as agricultural lands. " yamacraw " and " indian st. " allude directly to first nations / native american tenure on the land. discussing savannah ' s history, thomas gamble, writer, historian and mayor of savannah ( 1933 - 1937 and 1939 - 1945 ), writes that in 1766 " the city is increased by two suburbs ; the one to the west is called yamacraw, a


' s history, thomas gamble, writer, historian and mayor of savannah ( 1933 - 1937 and 1939 - 1945 ), writes that in 1766 " the city is increased by two suburbs ; the one to the west is called yamacraw, a name reserved from the indian town formerly at this place, of which the famous thamachaychee [ tomochichi ] was the last king. " 52 earlier eighteenth century maps clearly indicated that these were " indian lands. " the area that was to become the ten broeck race course is not in the image, but is further to the west in the area shown ( by dots ) as vegetated. fifty years later, savannah ' s growth and prosperity is evident in j. b. hogg ' s 1868 map, which shows the city ' s expanded boundaries in 1868. the race course location is not captured in this map. at the west side of the city ( north is to the bottom of the page ), the words : " central railroad depot " are evident adjacent to the intersection of liberty and west broad streets ; and the rail tracks are visible heading west toward macon, their immediate destination. the race course would be located an equal distance west from the edge of the image as the depot is to the east, situated along the central of georgia lines. the race course was most likely named for richard ten broeck ( 1812 – 1892 ), of albany, new york, an avid horseman and racing promoter throughout the country. 53 an electronic search of historical newspapers, using the ten broeck name, unearthed an article in the spirit of the times, published in new york, january 17, 1857 : | richard ten broeck, in baily ’ s magazine of sports and pastimes, 1864. | savannah ( ga. ) races. the maiden race over the ten broeck course came off on the 7th inst [ instant ]. we compile from the " savannah daily news " the following report : the day was as favorable as could have been desired, and on arriving at the course we were gratified to find a large concourse of citizens and strangers on the ground enjoying the exciting sport. much credit is due to the club and its public spirited president, c. a. l. lamar, esq., for the arrangement of the course, in all respects equal to any other in the union. the accommodation for spectators are all that could be desired, while the track itself, in the opinion of good judges, is unsurpassed by that of any course in


arrangement of the course, in all respects equal to any other in the union. the accommodation for spectators are all that could be desired, while the track itself, in the opinion of good judges, is unsurpassed by that of any course in the country. 54 i knew that a charles augustus lafayette lamar ( 1824 – 1865 ), a former savannah police chief and ardent secessionist, had been indicted in 1859 by the u. s. government for importing enslaved africans in the wanderer case. the africans that lamar brought to nearby jekyll island, then to savannah, were among the last shipments of enslaved africans to north america, and definitely the last such shipment to georgia. these africans from the congo area were brought aboard the wanderer, a fast, sleek galley outfitted to accommodate slaves and to out - run naval ships patrolling the high seas. a savannah jury acquitted lamar of federal charges. i was surprised to find his name connected in 1857 with the ten broeck race course and site of the 1859 slave sale. in november 2007, at the georgia historical society archives in savannah, i learned that a former georgia college and state university history professor, martha keber, had preceded me in the search for the ten broeck race course. the city of savannah commissioned her in september 2006 to document the history of the race course and slave sale site as part of the implementation of a comprehensive neighborhood redevelopment plan, the west savannah revitalization plan ( wsrp ), and the city ' s decision to commemorate the slave sale. 55 the city ' s actions were prompted by monifa johnson, a niece of mayor otis johnson, who knew about the slave sale, and shared that knowledge with allynne tosca owens, the wsrp project manager, when she realized that west savannah was to undergo redevelopment. owens, a city planner, thought the historical facts warranted a public research project, an idea supported by mayor johnson and city manager michael brown. monifa johnson recalls hearing about the slave sale from her grandfather who sometimes made statements like, " here is where pierce butler ' s slaves were kept. " " there were always people on the west side of savannah, " johnson says, " who knew about the slave sale. " growing up, she heard " tidbits here and there " that she later followed up. 56 keber and her husband robert made an application on february 20, 2007, to the georgia historical society ( ghs ) on behalf of savannah for a historical marker to commemorate the 1859 slave sale. the


and there " that she later followed up. 56 keber and her husband robert made an application on february 20, 2007, to the georgia historical society ( ghs ) on behalf of savannah for a historical marker to commemorate the 1859 slave sale. the ghs presented the proposed marker to savannah ' s monument and sites committee, and subsequently to the full savannah city council on august 2, 2007. the proposed placement of the marker was at 2053 augusta avenue, a site acquired by savannah for this purpose. 57 martha keber, probable site limits, former ten broeck race course, savannah, georgia, 2007. in 2007, keber produced an unpublished seven - page document, " sale of pierce m. butler ' s slaves ; march 2 – 3, 1859. ten broeck race course, " as the necessary historical background to accompany the marker request. keber ' s paper mentions that horse racing on the site later called the ten broeck race course probably dates to the 1790s, when " gentlemen tested their best mounts on a sandy track, " a mile in length, and a " rounded rectangle in shape. " 58 she writes that the 1872 platen map, an amalgam of several earlier maps, " gives the clearest image " of the course, though " its precise location on louisville road is unclear. " keber annotated a recent, undated savannah city map, and shows ( by an oval ) the general area of the race course location. keber ' s map ( north is to top of page ) shows the ten broeck race course site bounded by the contemporary streets of abbot st. ( east ), louisville rd. ( south ), railroad tracks parallel to hopper st. ( west ) and old lathrop and augusta avenue to the north. at the georgia historical society, she had also found 1890s photographs of some savannah jockey club members at the ten broeck race course. these photographs ( which i also reviewed ) provided images of the course, grandstand, and other structures and corroborated doesticks ' s article and the spirit of the times. i met and talked with dr. keber in february 2008 in savannah about our mutual work on the race course and her published history of west savannah. 59 on the maps that i reviewed at marbl and ghs, louisville road and augusta road were visible ; louisville road runs adjacent and parallel to the central of georgia railroad tracks. using each map ' s scale, i measured three miles from the outer limits of savannah along the central